Harbours of Memory

Harbours Of
Memory

Harbours Of Memory

A book of personal experiences along South African and other romantic waterfronts,
odd characters encountered by the author and the strange tales they told.

ByLawrence G. Green

Author of "On Wings of Fire", "To the River's End", "Full Many a Glorious

Morning" and other books on Africa

FRONT Cover

If you love the waterfront atmosphere these harbours of Lawrence Green's memories
will give you hours of enchantment. Readers of Lawrence Green's previous books
are aware that this experienced author shuns the well known stories and seeks the
strange, weird and curious episodes that other writers have missed. His characters are
not always respectable, he finds many of his people in bars and taverns, and their
behaviour is often riotous and abandoned; hence every page is filled with unexpected
and fascinating material.

Most of these harbours are in Southern Africa. The book opens in Table Bay and
there are tales of Simon's Bay, Mossel Bay, Port Elizabeth, Port Alfred, East
London, Port St. John's and Durban. East African harbours form part of this rich
narrative and there are meetings with magicians in North Africa. Two of the most
vivid chapters in the book deal with Gibraltar and Marseilles. Lawrence Green has a
way of passing on to his readers his own enjoyment of life's pleasures and surprises.
You will remember these adventures, including the wine and food.

Contents

1 The Road to the Harbour

2 Jaggery and Tamarinds

3 Skeleton Harbour

4 Old Naval Base

5 Harbours on the Veld

6 Aloes and Oysters

7 Bay of Lost Cargoes

8 By Wagon to the Kowie

9 River Harbour

10 The Wild Coast

11 Point Road

12 Ports of the Portuguese

13 Haven of Peace

14 Rum Harbour

15 Harbours on the Nile

16 Suez Magic

17 Gibraltar

18 Cous-Cous and Cobras

19 Gateway to Africa

20 London's Dockland

Chapter One
The Road To The Harbour

Dock Road was a roaring waterfront
very close to Table Bay early this
century when I first passed over the
cobblestones bound for the harbour.
Sailormen all seemed to be going in
the opposite direction, heading for the
thousand delights of the land. I can
still see a ghostly panorama of sailing
ships off the broad thoroughfare of
Dock Road, square-rigged ships that

have vanished for ever. Most of the
seamen's canteens and saloons have
gone, too, but there are times when the
voices and the music I heard in the
sailortown of my youth come back to
my ears. I find myself dreaming my
way through the centuries in that
atmosphere while Neptune's heroes
stream past the dock gates to slake
their thirsts as they have always done
in the taverns of Cape Town.

Table Bay washed the fringe of the
Dock Road at the turn of the century
and long afterwards. That old water-
front from the Castle to Mouille Point
had not changed much since the
Dutch departed. The town between
its frontiers of Buitengracht and
Buitenkant still held many buildings
designed and adorned by master
craftsmen long ago and a little of the
beauty remains to this day. Granite

cobblestones that came from Scandi-
navia as ballast in timber-laden
sailing ships are still there, too, and I
only wish that other relics had
proved indestructible. However, I
have my own memories and the tales
I heard from bygone seafarers and
observant characters of the old har-
bour.

Cape Town lost the sea and many
waterfront buildings between the
wars of this century. I met old citi-
zens who could remember the storm-
lashed waters of Table Bay beating
against the Castle walls. Not so long
ago the sea almost reached Garlick's
store and in that area you could smell
the fresh tang of seaweed on the
rocks at low spring tides. House-
wives walked down to Rogge Bay
and bought line fish for their
luncheons. Townsfolk strolled on

wooden j etties where coasters landed
their cargoes. Little factories and the
shops of all sorts of craftsmen
flourished there. Brewing is left to
the financial giants nowadays but the
inspiring aroma of beer came from
many small premises early this
century. If you had barley, hops and
the right sort of water, mash tuns,
copper dome, coolers and casks, you
could go into business. Those old
brewers made brown ales, bitter and
mild beers with their own distinctive
colours, strengths and flavours,
differing one from another like the
wines of various estates. One of the
large breweries stood almost on the
sands of Woodstock beach. Every
member of the staff had a glass on
his desk and two bottles of ale were
supplied free every day. Some
ordered more and got it. Martienssen

of "tickey beer" fame had a brewery
in Queen Victoria Street, of all
places. Stott brewed at Green Point
"to avoid the noxious vapours of the
city". Malay coopers passed on their
secrets to their sons, using their eyes
as they planned the curves of
wholesome hand-made casks. I
watched their descendants still at
work in recent years under aged
vines in the Somerset Road yards.

Along the Dock Road or in the
seafaring streets leading out of it there
were not only brewers and wine
merchants but cigar makers and
pawnbrokers, fish curers, ship
chandlers and consuls. Drysdale the
diver had a shed in Dock Road
towards the end of the last century,
close to the fish jetty and Kamp's ice
factory. Stable boys at AttwelPs
bakery caught rats in cages, then let

them go and unleashed the fox-
terriers; a fierce sport that no longer
disturbs the sedate city of today.
Shipwrecked sailors and other
mariners have had a home near Dock
Road for more than a century; and
there, as a young reporter, I listened to
their adventures, the tales of men who
had faced the ordeals of the sea
unafraid. Along the waterfront their
language was fearful, their behaviour
riotous and abandoned. How well the
landlords in the harbour area knew
their customers! Every seafaring
nation had its own favourite bar; sea-
men from all the ports of the British
Isles, from Norway and Portugal,
could toast the barmaids in their own
language and feel at home as long as
their money lasted.

Billy Biddlecombe catered for blue-
jackets at the Royal Navy Hotel while

Germans from the Woermann steam-
ers went to the Hansa or the Hamburg.
Union-Castle firemen paraded Bree
Street with bands and pantomime
elephants made of canvas, raising
money for drinks at the Fireman's
Arms. There was the Cambrian for
Welsh sailors who came from Cardiff
in full-riggers loaded with coal. Irish
shellbacks rolled joyfully in and out of
McCullie's pub the Limerick, or
Murphy's renowned Ship Hotel. An
Italian named Dimaio welcomed
fellow-countrymen at the Sicilia in
Riebeek Street, while the Queen's at
the dock gates entertained all the sea-
faring nations as it does to this day. Of
course the bars, canteens, inns and
taverns of this quarter were all cosmo-
politan, but each one had its own
strong personality. The atmosphere in
most was Victorian. Splendid

engraved mirrors reflected the colours
of the bottles; walls were covered with
flowered paper; doors and windows
were decorated with the proud
symbols of the liquor trade, from
sheaves of barley to vine leaves.

Some places went in for stained glass,
so that the drinks, the polished copper
measures, the porcelain and brass beer
pulls, the lamps - and the customers -
made up a kaleidoscope worthy of the
brush of a Hogarth. But against this
conventional background there were
all sorts of curios and oddities
gathered at the ends of the earth and
presented to attractive barmaids by
seafaring admirers. You could find
anything from a Mexican stone idol to
Japanese netsukes in those waterfront
pubs. Murphy of the Ship Hotel went
in for small panoramas, forerunners of
the cinema. He also had peep-shows;

seamen dropped their coppers into the
box and were a little disappointed
when they stared at Queen Victoria's
coronation with all the peers and
bishops in perspective. Battles were
better and execution scenes best of all.

Parrots were kept in a number of pubs;
Amazonian parrots with exquisite
green feathers touched with rose;
African grey parrots with red tails and
long-tailed Macaws. African greys
were the most amusing talkers and
Mick Sheehan of the Star Hotel in
Waterkant Street owned one that was
supposed to have come to the Cape in
a man-o'war early last century. This
bald parrot Koko looked the part
though its longevity was probably
exaggerated. "Give the fellow a
groat", Koko often remarked, clear
proof that it had lived in the days of
that departed coin. Koko would shake

hands with Mick Sheehan and then say
decisively: "You red-headed old rat - 1
don't want to speak to you". At that
horse-drawn period Koko had great
fun stopping hansam-cabs and other
vehicles outside the Star with a loud
and authoritative "Whoa!" Drivers
shouted back and their angry remarks
added to Koko's vocabulary. Koko
endeared himself to customers by
calling to the Cockney barmaid: "Let
yer 'hand tremble Liz - give the gent a
proper tot fer 'is money." And
business often picked up during a dull
evening when Koko shouted
persuasively: "Hany horde rs ? Give
yer horders fer the love o' Mike".
However, there was a rival in the same
street at the Table Bay Hotel owned by
George de Lacy. This old parrot made
clicking sounds in time with the piano
and danced on its perch. When a dog

or cat appeared it snarled: "Get out
you brute!" It would lie on its back at
a word from George de Lacy and
pretend to be dead. Then, raising its
head, the parrot would announce
gravely: "Trixie drinks like a fish."

Trixie, barmaid at the Great Eastern in
Bree Street, was a large but shapely
woman who had spent years at sea as a
stewardess. She understood sailors,
she had a philosophy of life and a deep
knowledge of the trinkets and odd-
ments brought in by customers. Trixie
could value sapphires and moonstones
from Ceylon, ivory and jade, carved
teak, scarabs from Port Said, bead
necklaces, gold and silver filigree and
Kashmir shawls. If the customer was
thirsty but penniless Trixie gave credit
or accepted a piece of amber, a prayer
rug, or a cameo from Naples. Seamen
admired the shrewd Trixie and drank

her health in ports as far apart as
Bombay and Valparaiso. Trixie main-
tained law and order with a wink and a
gesture; she never had to call a
policeman.

In those days before darts and radio
every enterprising publican tried to
provide something to accompany the
unfailing charm of liquor. Teutonic
hosts like Dolfie Scharfscheer ran
proper beer halls with alcoves for
secretive parties and counters laden
with sausages, pickled herrings and
sauerkraut. Dolfie had an impressive
German fork beard and flowing
moustache; and when he handled the
beer engine and served the heady
Munich beer with his wife playing a
waltz at the piano a breath of Bavaria
drifted out on to the Table Bay
waterfront. Short drinks such as a
glass of beer, sherry or hock cost a

tickey at the turn of the century. Pale
ale came from England in hogsheads,
but that cost more. Hungry seamen
paid sixpence for pea soup or fish, a
shilling for roast beef or steak. Many
generous hosts provided bread, cheese
and pickles free of charge. A favourite
meal in many harbour taverns
consisted of a plate of mulligatawny
soup followed by sosaties and rice,
curried fragments of mutton on bam-
boo skewers. This cost one shilling
and sixpence, including a glass of
wine.

Curries of various sorts were
favourite everyday meals in the
seafaring quarter. If you passed
down Waterkant or Bree Street
between certain hours there were
such pungent aromas of chillies and
garlic, mustard oil and onions, that
you might have been in Calcutta.

Jacob Watermeyer, a Strand Street
ship chandler, was the far-sighted
business man who transformed the
curry and rice dishes of Cape Town.
This remarkable episode brought him
and his assistant a fortune. The
master of a British sailing ship owed
Watermeyer money for stores and he
departed without paying the bill.
Next time he called, however, the
honest captain entered Watermeyer' s
shop and announced: "I still can't
pay, but if you care to come down on
board my ship I will show you
something valuable." Watermeyer
and his assistant lunched in the
saloon and were given the finest
curry they had ever tasted. After
lunch the captain handed them a list
of ingredients and showed them how
to mix the curry powder which had
made the lunch memorable. I do not

pretend to know the exact amount of
turmeric, ginger, chillies and other
spices that went into the powder; it
was a secret recipe. No one could say
that it was dominated by this or that
condiment. It was a true blend, and
compared with the other curry
powders of the period it seemed to
have an almost magical effect on
soups, pumpkin, beans, crawfish or
snoek, eggs, chicken and meats. The
captain revealed to Watermeyer the
whole secret process and gave him a
sealed barrel of the curry powder.
Watermeyer cancelled the debt, three
hundred pounds, a substantial
amount to write off in those golden
days. He put the curry powder on the
market in tins and Cape Town
flocked to his store to buy more.
Here was a powder with just the right
bite. It gave a rich, almost myste-

rious stimulating quality to a thick
stew. People glowed and perspired
and declared that Watermeyer' s
curry powder made them feel cool in
the heat of summer. The assistant
married Watermeyer' s daughter and
inherited the secret. He built a store
in Adderley Street far more ornate
than the little ship chandler's shop
down on the waterfront. The store
has gone but the curry powder
survives and is still mixed just as that
forgotten sea captain showed Jacob
Watermeyer in the Indiaman's saloon
more than a century ago.

Few old people record their memo-
ries and I was lucky to hear the curry
saga before the origin was lost.
When an interesting person dies a
whole page of the past is torn away. I
am grateful to those who spoke to me
and left their most vivid impressions

for me to pass on. Such a man was
Mr. W. H. Hinton, a railway pioneer.
He knew Table Bay in the fifties of
last century, before the breakwater
was built. He saw the English
navvies coming on shore in their
sleeved waistcoats, moleskin or
corduroy trousers and heavy boots to
lay the first railway line.

Cape Town ended at the early
morning market. Papendorp, with its
fishermen's cottages, had not yet
become Woodstock. London omni-
buses served the suburbs. Salt River
had only one house, Mrs. Slabbert's
homestead. Hinton went to a dance
there, in the forage loft, with a
concertina and violin orchestra. He
said Cape Town was a late town at
that period. Youths paraded the
waterfront with guitars and banjos
and the Malays kept people awake at

night with interminable throbbing
Khalifa sessions. On their high
stoeps the citizens took their ease
and drank their wine; and there were
unkind visitors who said they would
rather drink than eat. When the mail
steamer arrived from England she
fired two guns; the Castle replied and
everyone hurried down to the Central
Wharf to hear the news. Only when
the newspapers were landed did Cape
Town learn of the assassination of
President Lincoln and other great
events.

Hinton saw troops embarking for
Algoa Bay in a wooden man-o'-war
with paddle-wheels. He watched
captured slaving vessels brought into
Table Bay by the navy; seventy-foot
Arab dhows from East African
waters and Portuguese brigs from
Angola. Slaves were housed at a

"negro station" at Papendorp and
sometimes they escaped into the
interior, vainly seeking a way home
overland. "Prize negroes", as the
slaves were called, were apprenticed
to farmers. Slave ships were put up
to auction with their cargoes. In this
way many useful craft found new
owners in Cape Town and many
cargoes of silk and cigars, tea and
coffee, were purchased by the shops.

Leopards were still visiting the
shambles at the foot of Adderley
Street in search of offal when Hinton
was a boy. Wharf Square, outside the
old main line railway station, was
close to the wharf. The slaughter
house, built long before the station,
supplied meat to troops bound for
India before the Suez Canal was
built. Shortly after World War II an
aged coloured man showed officials

the door in this building where he
had stood shovelling refuse into
Table Bay. So many sand sharks
gathered for the feast, that they
called the place Haaibaai. Now the
shambles has been demolished and
the nearest sea is more than twelve
hundred yards from Wharf Square.

Perhaps you remember the Protea
Bar, part of the old Cape Town
station, a bar noted for its tickey
sherry rather than for a clientele of
connoisseurs. This bar stood over
Van Riebeeck's first reservoir, built
to hold the water from the mountain
stream. Steps led down to the beach
where sailors waited to lift the water
barrels into the boats. They needed
the water, but I think they would
rather have had the powerful sherry
of later years.

Hinton was present when the corner-
stone of a great waterfront landmark
was laid. He saw Sir George Grey
the Governor, pouring oil and wine
on the masonry that became a
massive building with seven castell-
ated towers. Grey wanted a building
as magnificent as the Castle and so
he chose a hospital design which
might have been mistaken for an
Elizabethan palace. Newcomers
arriving by sea still gaze in wonder
on the grand old-fashioned facade of
his New Somerset Hospital. This is a
monument not only to an able gover-
nor but also to the naval surgeon Dr.
Samuel Bailey, founder of the origi-
nal Somerset Hospital and still in
practice when the New Somerset was
built. Bailey served in H.M.S. Vic-
tory at Trafalgar, a man of many
adventures, certainly a memorable

figure along the Table Bay water-
front.

British officers and civil servants from
India, officials of the Honourable East
India Company and others, were still
visiting Cape Town during Hinton' s
youth. They regarded the Cape as a
great sanatorium after years of ill-
health in the East. They came in
sailing ships with their horses, their
carriages and Indian coachmen in
turbans and white muslin; and often
there were two thousand of them
spending their rupees generously in
the Cape Peninsula during the late
summer. People called them
"Hindoos" but it was an affectionate
nickname. They brought new life as
well as money to the town. Some of
their favourite Indian recipes are
followed by Cape Town cooks today.
They also left us Indian names, words

and phrases. When the Suez Canal
opened they departed. Most of them
never returned, but there were some
who saw the Cape again because they
had married girls they met in Wynberg
and Constantia.

Martin Leendertz, a waterfront report-
er who passed on a few years ago,
spoke to me of the Norwegian barques
with square sterns that carried timber
from Scandinavia. They were unsink-
able but they leaked badly, so they
were fitted with windmill pumps to
empty their bilges without the usual
back-breaking labour. This was also
the hey-day of the "turret ships", those
peculiar steamers with narrow upper-
decks and full bellies designed to
defeat the Suez Canal charges based
on deck measurements. Some master
mariners regarded them as fine ships
in heavy weather; others pointed out

that two "turret ships" had capsized.
Two of the Clan Line vessels of this
design were lost on the coast of the
Cape Peninsula, but not because of the
unusual design. Those old "turret
ships" brought many heavy cargoes
into Table Bay, railway material and
other "Glasgow jewellery". The small
boys of Cape Town were more
concerned about the arrival of a ship
called the Crown of Aragon, which
came in from Shanghai every year in
good time for November the Fifth with
her cargo of fireworks.

I asked Martin Leendertz to describe
the waterfront aromas of his day and
he replied at once: "Fish drying on the
beaches, bales of snoek, piles of
rubbish, seaweed and ozone, open
drains and malodorous steegs - and the
scent of pines as an occasional relief."
He said the south-easters and the

winter rains saved Cape Town from
disaster.

Electric street lamps were switched on
in Cape Town before the end of last
century, but the waterfront bars clung
to hanging lanterns or gaslight for
years. Carbon filament lamps were
unpopular; they were not bright
enough and electricity was expensive.
However, the harbour area was
illuminated by harsh electric arc
lamps. They burnt steadily without
sputtering and showed many an
unsteady seaman the way to his
gangplank. Candlemakers were among
the first to suffer from the advance of
electricity, and few of the small crafts-
men of last century have survived. In
the streets near the harbour sixty years
ago there were blacksmiths and
saddlers, tallow-chandlers, carpenters,
sailmakers and shoemakers. And

where are the old houses? Stately
mansions with massive walls and lofty
rooms stood side by side, lovely
homes with small-paned windows and
warm tints in. their rooms. Town
houses always had stoeps, often five
feet above road level, stoeps with
basements where the slaves once lived.
Holland saw the creation of the stoep
for the Dutch raised their floor levels
several feet to allow windows in their
basement rooms. Holland sent hun-
dreds of thousands of handsome bricks
called klompjes to decorate the Cape
stoeps; bricks that weathered and
became a rich golden yellow. Cape
Town enjoyed the open-air stoep life
but these obstructions in every street
became a nuisance. Yet the old Cape
Town houses would have lost much of
their beauty without the flight of steps
and the raised floor running the whole

length of the facade with benches at
each end. Those were the days of
Mauritius teak and Knysna stinkwood
beams, heavy carved doors, pediments
with decorated panels, gables with
sweeping scrolls, slates from Robben
Island, reeds from the Liesbeek river,
wrought-iron and. brass railings, iron
and brass lanterns worked into fanlight
designs, dark and cool dining halls,
trellised vines in the courtyards and
pomegranate trees twisted with age.
Some of the ancient vines are still
yielding mellow crystal grapes and
dwarf fig trees still give their fruit.
Most picturesque of all adornments to
the facades of large houses near Table
Bay was the dak-kamer. The purpose
of this roof-room is controversial but I
cling to the belief that it was intended
to give the owner a view of the
shipping. Among the fine houses of

the merchants in Cape Town's sea-
faring streets were much smaller dwel-
lings with a charm of their own. These
were the single storeyed homes of
artisans and others, a central door
flanked with a window on each side,
often with a Malay parapet and flat
roof in obedience to the fire laws.
Whale oil and molasses made the roof
waterproof, a fitting mixture for a
seaport.

Once the cooks of waterside Cape
Town were able to hear the breaking
of the seas as they lifted their nostrils
to a salt tang that mingled with the
kitchen aromas. You can still find
some of those old kitchens. Fireplaces
were ten feet wide and there was a
raised brick hearth and hooks for the
burnished pots. A flue was built into
the chimney for curing bacon with the
smoke of dried mealie-cobs. Water

spouted from an ornamental tap in the
shape of a copper dolphin. Sheets of
brass hung on the walls to protect the
lime-washed surface. On the shelves
were lacquer boxes of spices, blue
earthenware Flemish jars for pickled
fish, oriental stone jars for holding
pickles and ginger, flagons with
flavouring essences. They needed
many servants and they had them.
When you stand on the stone flags
(once polished daily with wax and ox-
blood) the scene returns. Dark, bare-
footed girls bustle round the tart-pans.
Joints sizzle over the coals. From the
oven comes a whiff of bobotie, from a
stewpan a ravishing promise of curried
chicken, while the vark-karmenaadjies
crackle on the grill. Look through the
windows of lilac or pale-green panes
from Holland and you may imagine

the huisvrou of other days, a faint
reflection of hooped skirts in the glass.

Some of the old tavern names remain,
but the buildings, the bars and the
people have been transformed by the
wand of respectability. The waterfront
resorts were not all romantic but they
held in their strong fumes the true
breath of adventure. I wish that I could
listen now to the conversation in the
Queen of the South, the Dolphin or the
Limerick during some long-forgotten
evening when the old sailor men came
up the road from the harbour to find
release from the great wealth of
memory.

Chapter Two

Jaggery And TAMARINDS

Horses still dominated the road to the
harbour for two or three decades this
century. Strong wagon horses with
shaggy hooves drew the cargoes from
every wharf at Table Bay Docks and
mule carts hauled coal round the port.
Good light horses were owned by
hansom cab drivers and those who
favoured victorias and growlers,
broughams and other romantic four-
wheelers of that graceful era. The
sounds of the world of horses never
jarred on people like the abominable
motor-car.

Most of the hansoms were in charge of
Malays wearing the pointed straw
pagoda hats but long ago there were
also a number of Irish drivers. I was
bound for the docks one day and look-

ing speculatively at a hansom named
"Liffey" when a lyric brogue fell on
my ears. "Sure sorr an' ye've an eye
for a horse - there aren't many left like
you sorr," came the flattering words.
"Is it to the docks ye're going sorr?" I
was looking at the wheels, not the
horse; the iron-shod wheels that
promised a bumpy ride. However, the
blarney was irresistible and I jolted
over the cobblestones in the Irish cab.

When the first hansoms reached Table
Bay Docks from London in the middle
of last century they brought with them
the reputation of being fast and disre-
putable. This was never shaken off.
They were decorated with names and
peculiar emblems which took the place
of armorial bearings, but Cape Town
changed the names and the designs.
"My Sweetheart" and "Forget-me-
Not" became "Flying Dutchman" and

"Lismore Castle". Hansoms were for
short journeys without heavy luggage,
of course, as there was little room
inside or out. They were dashing
vehicles with poor brakes. When the
horse fell the passenger was thrown
off his seat on to the glass doors. No
lady rode unescorted in a hansom.
Four-seater hansoms were known as
"parlour" models, two passengers
sitting on each side; but few of these
were seen in Cape Town. Rubber
tyres were first fitted towards the end
of last century and then the hansom
drivers hung bells on the collars of
their horses. Certainly the jingle was
more pleasant than the noise of iron
tyres but there were old fashioned or
parsimonious drivers who preferred
metal to rubber. Hence the blarney.
However, a hansom carried two
people from the station to the docks

for one shilling early this century.
You could pay by the hour, half-a-
crown. Cheap enough, but disputes
were frequent, with the driver
shouting angrily through a little trap-
door in the roof of the cab.

Cape Town's vast horse-drawn
traffic kept a vanished army of
craftsmen at work. Wheelwrights
made spokes and rims by eye. Some
of the paintwork was exquisite and
undercarriages were given curves
and scrolls of real beauty. You saw
elegant cane panels, lamps of frosted
glass, fine leather fittings and
upholstery. All this gave scope for
individual skill and ideas for there
was no mass production in the
carriage trade. It was a gay world of
polished brass and happy clattering
horses, the honest smell of harness
and the sweat of horses. A few

wheelwrights and other craftsmen
were still using their old tools after
the middle of this century. Reliable
drivers are vanishing, however, and
never again shall I hear an Irish
voice assuring me (with the greatest
possible inaccuracy) that I have an
eye for a horse.

Hansom cabs and taxis were for
emergencies when I was a young
reporter and I often took the little
train from Monument station to
Table Bay Docks. They called it the
"Dolly" for no known reason. The
fare was fourpence. Native dock
labourers had their own train, the
"Bombela", a fearsome cavalcade of
dingy coaches drawn by such an
ancient engine that one almost
expected to see William Dabbs on
the foot-plate. "Dolly" landed me
near the port office, where I had to

copy the list of shipping arrivals and
departures and gather any news that
was offering. I returned to town by
train, called at the meteorological
office for the unreliable weather
forecast and then walked to Caledon
Square for the real work of the day,
the police courts. Crime had its
interesting episodes but I would rather
have spent the whole day at the docks.

Of course I had known Table Bay
Docks, every corner of the docks, for
years before I became a reporter. No
one thought of putting guards at the
gangway and so I was able to walk on
board all manner of unusual and
adventurous craft. I was also fortunate
in meeting friendly waterfront
characters who helped me to peer
through those strange doorways which
open into the world of seamen, ships
and the wide oceans. They shared their

experiences with me so that I could
look back on long-departed vessels,
large and small; unknown and
unrecorded sea dramas were played
out again; I could almost hear the
voices and feel the lash of the salt
spray. I came to know the cafe near
the port office where Ma Rees kept a
cow in the bathroom; and I voyaged
with young David Wasserfall the
ferryman from the port office to the
clock tower without ever realising that
this hard-working oarsman would still
be rowing the same boat nearly half a
century later.

Among my first waterfront friends was
"Young Bob" Stephens, son of "Old
Bob" the boatbuilder. "Old Bob"
brought his family to the Cape from
Sydney in 1900 and set up in business.
He hired out pleasure boats from the
Central Jetty and later from the Pier;

and many a shilling I handed him out
of my pocket-money for the joy of
pulling a dinghy round the ships in the
bay. "Young Bob" told me about a
crimp named Charlie Mitchell who
had a place in Mechau Street where
sailors were entertained generously
and shipped away senseless with a
"donkey's breakfast" and a bottle of
dop. Charlie cashed the advance note,
three pounds for an able seaman. Yes,
there were all sorts of sharks in human
form along the old waterfront. "Young
Bob" said his greatest shock came
when a young woman hired a boat and
asked him to row out into the bay. He
turned his head and when he looked
back she had vanished. Piet Fourie of
the harbour police recovered the body
some days later. She had loaded her
clothes with lead so that she went

straight down when she dropped over
the stern.

Another waterfront friend spoke of
memorable craft that called before
my time. He saw the New Bedford
whaler Josephine sail in after a South
Atlantic cruise that had lasted four-
teen months. All about her rose the
pungent odour of sperm oil. She was
manned by Cape Verde islanders,
Portuguese, negroes and half-castes,
with American master and mates. My
friend had a meal in the galley; it
was unexpectedly good, a rich
mutton stew with potatoes and hunks
of bread. They had called at Tristan
for meat and vegetables, and that
explained the fresh mutton. The
captain had his wife with him; it was
strange to find a woman on board a
whaler. They hunted the sperm in
open boats and fired their harpoons

from a brass blunderbuss. That old
trade was coming to an end. I missed
the Josephine but some years later I
saw the last of all the sailing
whalers, the Canton. She was a
barque, built at Swansea in 1835,
wrecked in 1909, not long after
leaving Table Bay. There were many
venerable ships in those days, and
their timber lasted much longer than
the modern steel.

World voyages in small craft were
rare early this century. A few years
after the pioneer Joshua Slocum
called at Table Bay in the Spray there
came a nine-ton ketch that circled
half the globe without any publicity
at all. She was the Brighton, bound
from Brighton, England, to Broome
in Western Australia on a pearling
venture. The Brighton was manned
by two men and a twelve-year-old

boy Antonio who had stowed away
under a heap of sails when the ketch
called at the Cape Verde islands.
Skipper A. L. Napper had previously
commanded a millionaire's yacht,
the Vanderbilt turbine-engined
Tarantula. During the passage of ten
thousand miles they had watched a
whale fighting a swordfish and two
thresher sharks. The sharks killed the
whale. Another whale menaced the
little Brighton, diving under her
repeatedly, so Napper brought his
rifle on deck and put a bullet in the
head. Their pet spaniel Nelson went
mad and was lost overboard. In a
northerly gale the decks were swept,
the rudder was damaged and they had
to use the sea anchor and oilbags.
Steering difficulties delayed them for
so long that they ran short of food.
Christmas dinner, five hundred miles

from Table Bay, consisted of tinned
mutton and pudding. If they had not
caught flying fish they might have
starved. After taking on provisions and
water the adventurers sailed away to
Australia across the stormiest ocean in
the world.

Another yacht that aroused great
interest was a large vessel, the
Pandora. As H.M.S. Newport, a
gunboat in the Royal Navy, she had
been present at the Suez Canal open-
ing ceremony. Then she had surveyed
routes in the Arctic and the Straits of
Magellan. An adventurer named T. C.
Kerry bought her in the hope of
making a fortune in some mysterious
way. He was bound for New Guinea. I
never heard of the Brighton or the
Pandora again, but I often wondered.
I suppose there is no one now who can
tell me the true story of the American

three-masted schooner that entered
Table Bay during my schooldays and
anchored far out. She had no
communication with the port authori-
ties; but "Young Bob" rowed out and
spoke to the visitors. He said they
belonged to some weird religious sect
and were bound for Patagonia to start
a settlement. However, they had been
blown off their course and had fetched
up in Table Bay. Did they ever reach
their destination?

"Old Bob" Stephens was a fine yacht-
builder. Among his customers was a
fellow Australian named Edward
Wearin, a railwayman with a deep
love of the sea. "Old Bob" built the
Advance for Wearin; a yacht rather
like the scow types that raced in
Sydney harbour at that time. She was
only twenty-two feet overall, but
seaworthy. Ted Wearin left the

railways and went sailing in her. He
sailed the little yacht up to German
South West Africa and made so much
money that he was able to buy the
fifty -ton steamer Magnet. I have told
Wearin' s story elsewhere, 1 but there
was one famous episode which I
have not related before. It was in
January 1914 that Wearin was
suddenly asked by Colonel F. H. P.
Creswell (then leader of the Labour
Party) and Advocate Lucas whether
he could take the Magnet to sea
immediately on a mission which they
would disclose after they had left the
docks. Wearin was tempted by the
amount offered for the charter but
pointed out that the boilers were cold
and a scratch crew would have to be

1 In my book "At Daybreak for the Isles",
published by Timmins,

found. However, the ship got away
within a few hours at eleven that
night and Creswell gave Wearin his
orders.

Wearin was to intercept the S. S.
Umgeni outside Table Bay and bring
back a group of Rand strike leaders
who had been deported by General
Smuts. Creswell had secured a court
order, an injunction for the deportees
to be released on bail. Meanwhile the
Umgeni had sailed from Durban
secretly with the whole passenger
accommodation booked for the
deportees. She was bound for
London direct but when she passed
the Agulhas light her master signall-
ed: "All well." By this time the
action by Smuts had been published
and Creswell thought it would be
possible to meet the Umgeni at sea
and present the captain with the court

order. Few ships carried wireless in
those days. Creswell failed to secure
a government tug and Wearin 's
Magnet was the only available ship.
In spite of all the difficulties the plan
might have succeeded but the train,
bringing Lucas to Cape Town arrived
late. Wearin steered westwards at
full speed and sighted the Umgeni but
he was unable to overtake her. A
daring and ingenious plan had failed.
If only Wearin had been able to leave
Table Bay Docks two hours earlier
he would have intercepted the
Umgeni. However, the episode did
not influence the course of history to
any extent for all the deportees
returned to South Africa after a free
if compulsory trip to England.
"Young Bob", who often sailed with
Wearin, told me that the Magnet

earned more that day than she
usually made as a sealer.

Forgotten adventures! The Kinfauns
Castle came into Table Bay early in
1914 with a strange tale. About a
hundred small fishing craft had been
blown out to sea by a West African
tornado and the few ships equipped
with wireless at that time were asked
to keep a sharp look-out for them.
More than three hundred lives were
saved by this early use of radio. A
cable ship searched the ocean for six
days and rescued a number of thirsty,
starving men. A seaman in the
crow's nest of the Kinfauns Castle
noticed a tiny speck on the ocean. It
was a canoe with two negroes lying
unconscious under a white cloth.
They soon recovered, and told the
captain that two steamers had passed
by and left them to their fate.

Strange, romantic and mysterious
craft entered Table Bay in the early
years of the century. They were
under observation, whether they
knew it or not, and there are one or
two secrets which I can now reveal.
Some ships departed with their
stories untold, leaving my burning
curiosity unsatisfied. For years a man
with the eyes of a seaman and the
bearing of a soldier wandered about
the docks with a small camera. His
name was Jones and I have some of
his faded photographs before me. He
showed great interest in the
experiences of all sorts of seafarers;
but few of those who spoke to him
realised that they were talking to a
naval intelligence officer, later Lt.-
Colonel H. L. Jones of the Royal
Marines. He loved his work and had
a special regard for the men who

sailed to German South West Africa
in little coasters. Among them was a
drunken but amusing skipper named
Anderson, owner and master of a
lovely white three-masted barquen-
tine. This vessel had been the British
yacht Sunrise (not to be confused
with Lord Brassey's famous Sun-
beam). Then she had been renamed
Yves de Kerguelen after the discover-
er of the French sub-Antarctic island.
She made several voyages to
Kerguelen under the French flag;
then Anderson bought her and
changed the name to Isles of
Kerguelen. He used to sail her to
Walvis Bay and in the course of his
legitimate business he gathered
information about German activities
along the coast. All this he passed on
to Jones.

Colonel Jones told me that he
became uncrowned King of Table
Bay Docks when war was declared in
1914, and he ruled his domain from
the Clock Tower. One noteworthy
episode, remembered all too vividly
by those who were there, was the
arrival of the Italian barque Mincio
towed by two Norwegian whalers.
The Mincio, an iron ship of 1739
tons, built in 1877, was two hundred
and fifty feet long with a beam of
thirty-eight feet. (Note those dimen-
sions, for they have a direct bearing
on the story.) Launched as the
Cleomene, she had been sold to
Italian owners and she had called at
Luderitzbucht for provisions a few
days before the declaration of war.
War came and the Germans did not
know what to do with more than two
thousand Cape coloured labourers

who had been working on the dia-
mond fields. They sent two hundred
of them to Table Bay in the German
coaster Bismarck, but nearly two
thousand remained. When the Mincio
anchored off Luderitzbucht the
Germans informed her captain that
they would sell him provisions only
on condition that he carried away the
unwanted labourers. The captain for-
esaw the frightful and dangerous
conditions which would be caused by
so many passengers and pointed out
that his crew would be unable to
handle the sails with such a crowd on
deck. "You refuse? Then you cannot
have food or water," replied the
German harbourmaster.

So the Mincio remained at anchor
while her captain grappled with his
insoluble problem. Some of his men
fell ill and some communicable

disease was suspected. The Germans
placed the ship in quarantine, disin-
fected her and kept the sick men
under arrest on shore. Meanwhile the
coloured labourers were still at work
on the Kolmanskop diamond fields.
Luderitzbucht was abandoned by the
German forces and civilians, stores
were taken up-country, the railway
line was dismantled. German
officials of the diamond company
read out faked messages to the
coloured men; they were told that the
German army had entered Paris and
that the British fleet had been sunk.
Then they were asked to volunteer
for service as transport-riders with
the Germans in South West Africa,
but very few responded.

At this period of crisis two Norwe-
gian whalers steamed in and asked for
coal. They were told they could have

the coal provided they towed the
Mincio to Table Bay. The Italian
agreed to this plan and all non-German
subjects were asked to leave Luderitz-
bucht in the sailing ship. White people
had to pay five pounds a head,
coloured labourers three pounds; and
every passenger had to buy food
before embarking. "Sleep where you
can," the unhappy passengers were
told when they went on board the
Mincio. For most of them sleep was
out of the question. Mr. G. K. Forbes,
a British passenger, and twenty-eight
other white people were given shelter,
but the coloured men were huddled in
every corner of the open deck. There
were eighteen hundred and ninety-one
of them standing and lying down in
turn, and with only the most
elementary sanitation. The Mincio was
crowded like a slaver. It was

impossible to serve proper food during
the passage to Table Bay but the
Italian cook handed out mealie meal
and rice at intervals. In spite of the
hardships only one man died during
the six days at sea. He was sewn up in
canvas and put over the side early one
morning.

Colonel Jones told me he looked out
of the Clock Tower window when the
Mincio was towed into Table Bay
Docks and it seemed to the astonished
onlookers that the ship was crawling
with ants. No one had ever set eyes on
such a human cargo before. As she
passed between the Clock Tower and
port office an appalling stench smote
the whole area. Colonel Jones noticed
that the ship was listing to starboard as
she approached the West Quay. "She
had hardly touched the fenders when
nearly two thousand labourers jumped

on shore and raced for the dock gates,"
declared Colonel Jones. "I have never
seen anything so funny in my life.
They poured through the gates into
Dock Road without taking the slightest
notice of the helpless officials. After
the horrors of the Mincio they just
wanted to get home."

There were sequels to this most
sensational arrival Table Bay Docks
had ever witnessed. Colonel Jones
found that he could not work in the
Clock Tower owing to the smell from
the Mincio, so he and Captain "Bully"
Leigh, the port captain, paid an official
visit. They got no further than the
gangway. Her upper deck was a foot
deep in every sort of filth, but the
captain of the Mincio remarked: "I am
quite happy - why should you worry?"
Captain Leigh exploded at this and

had the Mincio towed into the bay
immediately.

Cape Town banks were invaded by
hopeful coloured labourers who
presented the wages they had received
from the diamond companies in
German paper marks. Not a penny
would anyone give them. The "Cape
Argus" suggested that wealthy
Germans who had not yet been
interned might consider redeeming the
paper money of their Fatherland.
There was no response. A coloured
labourer named Jack Johnson was
charged with stealing worthless notes
from his comrades during the voyage
but the magistrate decided that he had
no jurisdiction over a foreign ship
outside the three-mile limit. William
Small, an American negro who had
been serving in the Mincio,
complained to the American Consul

that the Germans had given him
twenty-five lashes in Luderitzbucht
gaol after he had been knifed in the
stomach in a fo'c'stle brawl. He went
to hospital. And to the relief of
everyone at Table Bay Docks the
Mincio sailed in ballast for the Gulf of
Mexico without putting her nose into
the harbour again.

Were the cargoes handled at Table
Bay Docks more romantic in the days
of my youth? I set eyes on strange
bales and cases, and there always
seemed to be a friendly stevedore at
hand to explain the names to an eager
schoolboy. I saw dragon's blood from
Japan, the resin used as a medicine;
camphor and cassia-buds, aniseed oil
and musk. Once there was a barque
from India with a manifest that called
for an interpreter; she had piece-goods
such as palampores, doosooties and

cushtaes; bales of salempores, the
cotton fabrics known as baftahs and
carridaries; strong towels called
humhums; Calcutta silk loonghees and
paunch mats. She had the coarse
brown sugar called jaggery on board;
gunny bags of mirabolines like acorns;
casks of tamarinds and bales of
madder, the root that yields a brilliant
red dye.

Zanzibar sent beeswax in beer
hogsheads. There were bales of
cinnamon and chests of cloves, coffee
in casks. Bags of pepper arrived, too,
stowed away from all other edible
cargo so that the aroma would not
spoil more delicate flavours. Dates
came in cases and barrels. Tea ship-
ments bore marks such as "Gun-
powder", "Hyson" and "Pekoe".
Western Province wheat was loaded
for Mauritius, a treacherous cargo that

shifted at sea if it was not stowed
carefully. You could find barrels of
anchovies, kegs of sturgeon, Irish
hams in casks, puncheons of rum.
Palm kernels sometimes proclaimed
their presence by an odour that made
the stevedores giddy. Puce was another
dangerous cargo in old-fashioned
ships; it heated the hold like an oven.
Yes, I studied commerce and
geography in my own way when I was
a schoolboy. Table Bay Docks, the
small harbour of those days, taught me
to recognise everything from copra to
whangee canes.

Chapter Three
Skeleton Harbour

Cape Town is a city built on
skeletons. In the mud of the harbour
and along the old shoreline rest
thousands who perished during the
gales and the plagues of the centuries.
Often as a reporter I was sent to
excavations where builders or drainage
gangs had unearthed skulls and bones.
Sailors and citizens of long ago came

up into the sunlight and I tried to guess
how they had died.

Professor M. R. Drennan the anatomist
made a collection of skulls found by
chance. Oldest of all were the
Strandlopers who roamed the Table
Bay beaches long before Van
Riebeeck's arrival. The banks of the
Salt River yielded skulls of many
South African native races and the
professor could not explain, why so
many primitive people should have
gone to their graves in that area.
Perhaps there were devastating
epidemics so long ago that the folklore
of the Bushmen and Hottentots held
no memories of the old disasters.

When railway engineers demolished
Fort Knokke to build a new main line
they searched for the legendary
secret passage between the fort and
the Castle. All they found were

South African War relics: dixies,
stirrups, rusty rifles - and skeletons.
No doubt they were the bones of
soldiers buried there in the days
when star-shaped Fort Knokke, the
powder magazines and other build-
ings were links in the "Sea Lines"
stretching along the waterfront.
Ziekestraat has also given up its dead
in recent years. You know it as
Corporation Street but in the early
days of the Cape settlement it ran
beside the Company's hospital.
When the zieketroosters failed in
their task, when scurvy-stricken
sailors died, the bodies were buried
close to the first of all Cape
hospitals. And when the ground was
excavated for a new parking garage a
few years ago the skulls appeared of
men who had never dreamt of motor-
cars.

I was reminded of these strange
encounters with old Capetonians
when the mile-long tunnel was made
recently between the post office and
the new railway station. The tunnel
runs along the edge of the site of Van
Riebeeck's mud fort, the square
"Good Hope" fort with four bastions,
and the Amstel or Fresh River
flowed past one bastion. This fort
covered almost half the present
Parade and parts of it remained there
for half a century. As the Parade was
not built over, the ground was not
disturbed until the post office tunnel
pierced the unexplored area. Fore-
men in charge of this sort of work
are alive to the possibility of
discovering historic relics, and Mr.
R. O. Gericke reported finding old
glass and pottery, porcelain and
seventeenth century clay pipes in the

Amstel River bed. Finally he came
upon two coffins, side by side.
University archaeologists and other
scientists then carried out a clever
piece of detective work and decided
that the remains went right back to
the Van Riebeeck period. These may
have been the remains of Siven
Erasmus and Jacob Hartensz.
According to an entry in Van
Riebeeck's diary on May 20, 1652,
these were the first two men to die as
a result of illness in the new Cape
settlement. The excavations also
brought to light old Dutch and Flemish
pottery, Chinese ware, corroded glass
and parts of a shoe. Relics found under
the railway station were fairly recent;
late Victorian inkpots, mineral water
bottles and china.

Cape Town has known many epide-
mics, some so deadly that the streets

became silent. People chewed angelica
root and orange peel in the hope of
warding off various plagues. Horses
did their work with herbs in their
nostrils. There were panic-stricken
days and weeks when the death-roll
seemed to threaten the whole
population.

Important people who died at sea in
the Dutch East India Company's ships
were not always buried at sea. When
the ship carried sand ballast the body
would be interred in the hold and re-
buried in church on arrival in Table
Bay. This was the procedure when the
wife of a merchant died in the
Vliegende Swaan towards the end of
the seventeenth century. Soon after-
wards the Council of Policy decided to
remove the church and burial ground
from the fort. Hundreds of people
were buried in and round the Dutch

Reformed Church at the top of the
Heerengracht. During a funeral in the
eighteen-forties a vault fell in and
several people disappeared suddenly.
They escaped with their lives and the
graveyard then received attention.

Smallpox reached Cape Town early in
the eighteenth century. This was the
epidemic which almost exterminated
the Hottentots and carried off one-
quarter of the white people. Smallpox
was then known as kinderziekte
because so many children died. During
one epidemic the military authorities
were unable to call up the forces for
the annual parade. It was reported that
"owing to the mortality in the ranks
and the loss of trumpeters, pipers and
drummers the muster would make a
miserable show and would far from
impress any foreign vessels that
happened to be riding in Table Bay."

It seems that the first smallpox
contagion entered Cape Town in the
clothing of people who had been ill
during the passage from India.
Washerwomen at the slave lodge were
among the first victims. Corpses of so
many Hottentots lay about the settle-
ment that the air was fouled and burial
parties had to be sent to every kraal.
The diarist recorded that the air was
"very unwholesome" and noted that
two pigeons fell dead from the
governor's house in the Castle. Soon
there was no timber for coffins. Nearly
one thousand white people died in one
epidemic and more than that number
of slaves. Smallpox was, of course, the
scourge of the world during the
eighteenth century and it accounted for
ten per cent of the mortality from all
causes; thus the world was willing to
try any promise of a remedy. Jenner's

investigations into the link between
cowpox and the immunity enjoyed by
cowherds from smallpox led to
vaccination and very early last century
a Portuguese ship brought the first
consignment of vaccine to the Cape.
Many patients were treated at
Rentzkie's Farm within sound of the
Table Bay breakers. More than a
thousand people who died of smallpox
were buried on the farm.

Only the toughest people survived the
surgery of the eighteenth century.
Valentyn, the Dutch clergyman and
author, watched a soldier's arm being
amputated above the elbow after it had
been shattered by a cannon shot. "He
was placed in a chair and only begged
the surgeon not to hurt him more than
was necessary," Valentyn wrote. "The
surgeon having made the incision cut
through the bone with three jerks. The

arm was shown to the poor fellow and
a cordial was given to him, when he
said: 'God be thanked that I have been
able to endure the pain.' He died two
days later."

Conditions in the Cape Town hospitals
during the eighteenth century were
responsible for many deaths. Governor
Louis van Assenbergh investigated the
high death rate and discovered various
scandals. People suffering from all
sorts of illnesses were in the same
wards. Patients able to crawl visited a
tavern close by. One cook and two
slave assistants prepared the meals for
five hundred people. Towards the end
of that century there were two
physicians and they often had one
thousand patients in hospital. Every
ship brought one hundred or more
scurvy cases. One eighteenth century
visitor gave other reasons for the high

death-rate in Cape Town. "Vast
numbers die between forty and fifty
so that a very old man or woman is
reckoned a wonder," she wrote.
"They are a gross people, eating a
good deal of grease in their food and
needing exercise. Labour is left
entirely to the slaves."

Under the Castle lie countless
skeletons, as one might expect in a
building where so many men were
tortured and executed. Skulls and
skeletons, iron neckbands and
thumbscrews have been found in the
dungeons. Dutch governors built five
long tunnels from the Castle as
escape or communication routes. One
led to Roeland Street, the second to
Hof Street, the third to Fort Knokke
and the fourth and fifth to the Imhoff
and Craig batteries close by. One
tunnel was discovered in recent years

when the floor gave way and a man
fell into a dark passage among a heap
of bones. When the bones were
examined some were found to be
human, others animal. They must
have been there for centuries, and no
one was able to solve the mystery.
Mr. G. W. Allen, soldier and guide at
the Castle, explored all the tunnels as
far as possible, until he reached
points where they had caved in. Now
all the entrances and exits have been
sealed as a safety measure.

Cape Town's small police force was
in charge of sanitation just before the
middle of last century. Two wagons,
fourteen carts and two water carts
were provided; but a quarter of a
century passed before the citizens
approved of an efficient service for
the removal of buckets and the
cleaning of the streets. This was a

time when people believed that
smells caused disease. The first view
of Cape Town was from the sea.
When the newcomer landed he was
shocked to find stinking canals
bearing every sort of rubbish to the
harbour. Much of the filth was flung
back on to the beaches by the tides.
Skeleton harbour indeed!

A mysterious epidemic added more
than one thousand skeletons to Cape
Town's graveyards a century ago.
This was the so-called "Mauritius
fever". Some doctors swore it had
come from Mauritius; others
declared it had arisen in Cape Town
as a result of the weather combined
with filthy conditions. To this day the
medical historians have been unable to
find an accurate scientific name for the
disease that haunted Cape Town for
months and killed one person in thirty.

The death-rate among the afflicted was
one in five. Dr. Landsberg, the dispen-
sary doctor, first reported the epidemic
when he found an unusually large
number of fever cases arriving for
treatment. Patients suffered from
weariness, cold chills and persistent
headaches; some became deaf, others
were delirious. The attack lasted ten
days and those who recovered were
soon back at work. Dr. R. Lawson,
inspector general of hospitals, had
prophesied that a wave of illness
would occur in mid-winter; and the
same disease was reported almost
simultaneously in Mauritius and Cape
Town. It was not malaria but small
doses of quinine were given as a tonic.
The doctors also prescribed aperients
and emetics and encouraged perspi-
ration. The Rev. T. E. Fuller, then
editor of the "Cape Argus" (afterwards

Sir Thomas Fuller, M.L.A.) raised
£500 for soup kitchens. The govern-
ment provided extra medical help but
the doctors were overworked and the
New Somerset Hospital was over-
crowded. Dr. Landsberg went down
with the fever but recovered; Doctors
Graf and Brown were among the
victims who died. The epidemic
became so serious that the Old
Somerset Hospital, which had been
closed for years, was re-opened by the
government to help those who could
not find beds elsewhere. Altogether
more than five thousand people caught
"Mauritius fever".

When it was all over Major R.
Thornton, a military surgeon, pointed
out that there had been only two
deaths in the garrison of nearly two
thousand men. Nine hundred convicts
had escaped the epidemic completely.

Among the six hundred lepers on
Robben Island there had been two
mild cases and no deaths. Major
Thornton deduced that "Mauritius
fever" had been caused by dirt and
want and a flagrant disregard for all
the ordinary laws. He recommended a
better water supply, examination of
fresh food and cemeteries outside the
city limits. He was also in favour of
the registration of births and deaths.
Major Thornton emphasised the
wisdom of calling in a doctor as soon
as possible. "Those who did not get
medical help suffered most," he said.
"The worst doctor a man can have is
himself. He may take the right thing
at the wrong time."

I discovered a queer sidelight on
Cape Town's attitude towards vital
statistics a century ago. Incredible
though it may seem, the signalman

on top of Signal Hill was expected to
keep the death records. He could see
the funerals in the Somerset Road
cemeteries and also the Malay
funeral processions near Hottentot
Square (later Riebeeck Square). So
he entered up each funeral in his log-
book and that was the only record.
Burials carried out stealthily at night
were common at that period but these
escaped the signalman's telescope.

Only in the eighteen-seventies did
Cape Town realise that the
cemeteries and unofficial burial
grounds within the Municipality had
become a menace to health. For
decades the cemeteries had been so
crowded that gravediggers were
always cutting into coffins and
skeletons. Scores of vaults had
become a nuisance, for very few
coffins were lined with lead and the

stench was dreadful. Doors collapsed
or were torn down by vagrants in
search of shelter and the bones of the
dead were exposed. Men burrowing
in the Somerset Road cemeteries
were sometimes buried alive when a
vault caved in; luckier ones were
arrested and sent off to the treadmill.

It was claimed that most of the
smallpox victims during the epide-
mic in the middle of last century
were people who lived near the
cemeteries. The worst areas was
known as White Sands, close to the
New Somerset Hospital. Early last
century a peculiar negro sect known
as the "Angolas" had started burying
their dead at White Sands; then it
became the place where dead horses
and cattle were buried or just left to
rot. People who did not belong to
any congregation used White Sands

as a graveyard and the conditions
there became intolerable. "The
graves are dug on the Common at the
pleasure of the parties who make
them," reported the "Cape Argus".
"The sandy soil is only three feet
deep so there is not much covering on
the bodies. Cattle graze among the
graves." All the cemeteries, official
and unofficial, were closed in 1886
and a healthier era opened with the
proclamation of the Maitland ceme-
teries.

It was not until a few years after
World War I that the Somerset Road
cemeteries were finally cleared up and
levelled. Official notices appeared in
the newspapers inviting relatives to
claim any relics they wished to
remove. Many coffins and gravestones
were taken away. Anatomy students
claimed skeletons to which they may

or may not have been entitled. Among
those buried in this area was the
famous architect Louis-Michel
Thibault and Herman Schutte the
builder. Professor D. Bax, who
searched the records kept early last
century in the hope of finding
Thibault' s grave, thought the site was
in the middle of Buitengracht Street
about fifty feet from the Somerset
Road corner. A picture of Thibault' s
tombstone is to be seen in the Cape
archives but the stone has never been
located. Museum directors keep in
touch with builders and excavators in
the hope that historic relics will come
to the surface when trenches and
foundations are dug. Skeletons, seven-
teenth and eighteenth century china
and porcelain, glass bottles, coins and
"post office stones" are greatly valued
by museum staffs.

Those who know the gruesome story
of Somerset Road and Gallows Hill
are not surprised when skulls and
skeletons are found in. that neighbour-
hood by men digging foundations. I
remember one skeleton that still had
rusty irons round the legs. Criminals
and soldiers convicted of military
offences were hanged or shot and
buried at the scene of execution.
Petrus Borcherds in his "Autobio-
graphical Memoir" described the
shooting of three army deserters at
Gallows Hill during the Batavian
Republic regime. One was the son of a
clergyman. "His coolness when
preparing to meet his fate was
remarkable," Borcherds wrote.
"Methinks I see him yet, kneeling
upon the small heap of white sand,
taking off his military cap previously
to being blindfolded. The native

garrison marched past the corpse, by
order of the general, for example's
sake."

Gallows Hill was paved with blue
flagstones and there were sockets for
the crossbeam from which the bodies
were suspended. Then the bodies
were buried on the eastern slope of
the hill. I found this account of an
execution in the eighteen-thirties:
"On Thursday last the two brothers
convicted of a series of robberies
underwent the dreadful penalty of the
law at the usual place of execution.
They seemed resigned and patient
and possessed fortitude to the last.
Having shaken hands with the
convicts who were placed round the
gallows they joined in prayer with
the clergyman. They then ascended
the scaffold and while the execu-
tioner was adjusting the fatal cord

they employed their few remaining
moments in warning the immense
multitudes of the effects of small
crimes which were sure to lead to
greater. Hence the ignominious and
premature death which now awaited
them." About thirty years ago post
office men were excavating the
foundation of a telephone pole at the
Gallows Hill site when they
uncovered two skeletons. Perhaps
they were the robbers who had rested
there for a century.

When old graveyards in Cape Town
are dug up, George III copper
pennies are sometimes recovered.
They bear the date 1797. Many of
them reached the Cape during the
first British occupation; they were
given the value of two pence and
were known as koper dubbeltjies.
These heavy coins were placed over

the eyes of the dead to keep them
shut, and some people believed they
came in useful for paying Charon for
the j ourney over the Styx.

Paarden Eiland and the area where
Brooklyn now stands were scenes of
a number of dramatic finds years ago
when the ground was a waste of
sandhills and bush. I remember
visiting Ysterplaat with other report-
ers more than forty years ago to
investigate the discovery of a burial
vault after heavy rain had washed
away part of the Salt River bank.
Ysterplaat homestead, occupied by
the Ehlers family, was the oldest
building on the river. The family had
never suspected the existence of the
vault, but a queer story came to light
as a result of the publicity. Near the
vault there was a slate headstone with
German lettering which read;

Here rests in God
Friedrich Adolph Siems
Born May 23 1783
And happy in the Lord
Fell asleep March 11 1799
My first years were sixteen in
number and gave me pain and

great
suffering, therefore I forsook it
and went to eternity

Inside the vault there were two coffins
which appeared to have been smashed
deliberately. Name plates had been
removed but some bones were found.
People living in the neighbourhood
said they remembered the vault and
one old man informed me that he had
attended funerals in a small cemetery
at that spot. It was used by the local
farmers. Records at the Cape Archives
were searched, and it was established
that Friedrich Siems was the son of

Johan Siems, a carpenter who had
arrived at the Cape as a soldier in 1775
and had been granted land on the Diep
River some years afterwards. Friedrich
Siems had a slave mother but in 1790
the mother and child had been freed.
When the facts were published the
Ehlers family remembered that two
Germans had come to the farm and
stated that they were searching for the
graves of two German sailors who had
died at the Cape in the early days.
Later the Germans called again and
reported that the search had been
successful. The mystery of the vault
and the tombstone has never been
cleared up but it seems possible that
the Germans removed the name plates
from the coffins. Lt. -Colonel Graham
Botha told me that he thought the men
were tracing a line of inheritance

leading to a legacy. Friedrich Siems
may have committed suicide.

Hundreds of bodies were washed up
on Paarden Island after shipwrecks in
Dutch East India Company days and
the drowned seamen were buried
there in long trenches. Hottentots
who died during the smallpox
epidemics were also buried there.
The shores of Table Bay have
revealed even more ancient
skeletons. I saw one skeleton four
feet six inches in height, in sitting
posture, with stone implements
beside it. There were the axe-heads
and arrow sharpeners and grinders
the little Strandloper had used in his
lifetime. He had rested in a sand-
dune since the late Stone Age,
possibly for seven thousand years.

Chapter Four
Old Naval Base

Simon's Bay, that small and
crowded harbour within the great arms
of False Bay, has its own rich past, its
own memories of ships and seamen.
You may hear the clatter of Malay
clogs on worn stone terraces and smell
the menacing smoke of bush fires; but
always in the streets of Simon's Town
there is the salt air that comes in from
deep waters to remind you of sailors
and vanished fleets. Now and again
the naval harbour gives up its secrets.
Between the wars, I remember, an old
residence near the Dutch Reformed
Church was demolished; and then,
after more than a century, the sunlight
fell again on the dungeons where Mrs.
Martha Hurter once kept her slaves.
When the sealed rooms were opened
the instruments of torture were still

there. Among the oldest houses close
to the Simon's Town beach is the
restored eighteenth century residence
called Klein Visch Hoek and marked
on the charts as "conspicuous white
house." Lord Charles Somerset went
fishing and hunting from this thatched
and gabled house; and his son, Colonel
Henry Somerset, lived there early last
century. The walls are two feet thick
and the kitchen chimney is one of the
largest in the Cape, with an enormous
bread oven. Millions of harders have
been salted in oaken tubs on the beach
close to the stoep. Simon's Town is
full of old guns, so old that some were
cast long before the Dutch settlement
at the Cape. You can see the heavy
Portuguese cannon bearing the royal
arms and tiny swivel muzzle-loaders
used by slave traders or pirates in the
bows of their cutters. One retired

pirate bought a mansion at Simon's
Town and lived so well there with his
family that people called his home
"The Palace"; hence the Palace
Barracks. The bones of many slavers
lie in the sands of Simon's Bay and
modern clivers find their keel timbers,
cannon-balls and cannon. All sorts of
old-fashioned nautical relics come to
the surface; earthenware jars that held
marmalade in Nelson's day; pots that
contained "Holloway's cure for gout
and rheumatism"; soft copper
cartridges with heavy bullets; clay
pipes by the score; brass candle-lamps
and anchors with wooden stocks.
Huge piles of rubbish were being
thrown on to bonfires during World
War II when a naval chaplain saved a
pair of antique chairs from the blaze.
Small brass plates were revealed when
the chairs were cleaned. The chairs

had been fashioned out of oak from
one of Nelson's ships and had been
presented to the dockyard by the great
admiral himself. Long ago I met
Simon's Town people who remem-
bered a coal hulk that was moored in
the bay for many years, formerly
H.M.S. Badger, the ten-gun brig
commanded by Horatio Nelson as a
young lieutenant during the blockade
of the Bay of Honduras near Panama.
His duty was to guard British mer-
chant ships threatened by American
privateers. Yes, the small anchorage of
Simon's Bay has known great seamen.

Fishermen were the first settlers on the
shores of Simon's Bay during our
three centuries but they came
thousands of years after primitive man.
A cave in a precipice at Waterfall
Kloof was inhabited by people of the
Middle Stone Age. This natural

fortress, with a sheer drop of three
hundred feet below the entrance, gave
them a perfect sanctuary in their world
of dangerous beasts. The fishermen
appear to have been sent to the "Baay
Fals" by the Dutch East India
Company in the seventeen-thirties. A
rough track was made from Kalk Bay
to Simon's Bay. Then came govern-
ment buildings, the powder magazine,
stores and barracks, the bakery and
hospital. Stavorinus, the master
mariner, described the hospital
building. "One hundred patients can
with ease be admitted," he wrote. "It is
built on the brow of a hill, with a triple
front towards the sea. The apartments
which are lofty without ceilings are
very airy. In the centre is a large
square court, so that the sick here have
always fresh air which contributes
largely to their recovery. The hospital

at Cape Town is destitute of that
advantage, whence twice as many of
the patients die there as here."

Simon's Bay had a wharf two
centuries ago. Cattle grazed on Redhill
and in the valleys, meat and vegetables
were sent out to scurvy-ridden ships in
the bay. Adriaan de Nys, ancestor of
Colonel Denys Reitz, was an early
postholder, and he kept a diary
recording the weather and movements
of ships. It was still a tiny settlement
late in the eighteenth century,
however, and Andrew Sparrman the
Swedish physician remarked: "A
tradesman or two have got leave to
build an inn here, in which however
there is not always room and
conveniences sufficient to receive all
such as, after a long sea voyage, are
desirous of refreshing themselves on
shore, the ships that land here being

chiefly such as contain not much
above twenty passengers." Sparrman
said the lodging-houses kept a
"tolerable good table." A farmer
named Ecksteen built a wine-house at
the shore end of the wharf, the first of
many. Admiral Elphinstone was
horrified by the conditions on shore
and reported to the Fiscal, W. S. van
Ryneveld: "There is a licensed wine-
house where boats are sent for water.
Seamen are constantly intoxicated and
commit the most unwarrantable
excesses, chasing the officers ashore
and alarming the inhabitants. Nine
men who put off with a boat have not
since been heard of; they were
overcome with liquor and are
supposed to have been drowned." An
early British governor recommended
that a military detachment should
always be stationed at Simon's Town

"as riots and disturbances are not
infrequent." In the end Ecksteen had to
move his wine-house away from the
wharf.

Naval executions were carried out on
board ships in Simon's Bay at
intervals of years. James Hoiman, a
Royal Navy lieutenant who retired
when he lost his sight, was present in
H.M.S. Tweed in 1829 when a bo'sun
was hanged for murder. A gun was
fired and the murderer was hanged
from the fore yardarm. There he
remained for twenty minutes. The
body was then lowered into a boat and
taken on shore for burial.

When the Russian sloop Diana called
at Simon's Bay early last century Vice
Admiral V. M. Golovnin recorded his
impressions. He thought the farmers
neglected other forms of agriculture in
favour of wines and spirits; and he

praised the Constantia wine made
from Persian grapes and sold in small
barrels each holding five buckets. The
mutton supplied to the ship was fat
and tasty and far superior to the beef.
Butchers prepared fine mutton hams
and polonies and these kept fresh in
any climate. The polonies were a foot
long, one inch in diameter, made of
pork and other meats and fat with
various spices; they were bound in
bundles of twenty-four and sewn up in
airtight bladders. Admiral Golovnin
also noted that seabirds were caught
alive and fed on flour mixed with tepid
water. After a fortnight on diet the
birds lost all flavour of seaweed and
fish and were ready for the table. He
was assured that an albatross treated in
this way became as tasty as a domestic
goose. His crew salted fifty shear-
waters and a few penguins. They also

found seal meat very wholesome but
the admiral preferred the kidney and
liver. Simon's Town people showed
the Russians how to prepare steenbras
so that it would lose its toughness and
keep for some time; they marinaded
the firm white flesh in vinegar, onions,
garlic, pepper and saffron. The admiral
had to contend with scurvy in those
days and he sent his men to collect
young shoots of wild asparagus on the
Simon's Town hillside. Cooked with
meat and rice, it served as an antidote.
The Russian sailors also gathered
nettles and gout-weed.

Among the Simon's Town characters
early last century was Sampson Dyer,
an American negro who was granted
British citizenship. He arrived in a
schooner from Nantucket and joined
the Cloete, Reitz and Anderson
whaling enterprise as a harpooner.

Then he was sent from False Bay to
take charge of a seal island west of
Cape Agulhas. Myriads of seals
flourished on the coffin-shaped island
and the seabirds darkened the sun.
American sealers were raiding most of
the South African islands at this period
and sending the skins to China; but
landing at Dyer's Island (as it was
called) was so dangerous that the
Americans left it to Dyer and his men.
Dyer lived in a hut on the mainland
opposite the island. One night he heard
gunfire and rowed out to find a large
vessel of the English East India
Company firing the distress signals.
She had sailed in among the rocks and
kelp in a fog and could not find a way
out. Dyer saved the ship and the
captain paid the clever negro a
miserable reward of one guinea.

Simon's Town in the middle of last
century was still a single row of flat-
roofed houses with a fort at each end.
Ships of the Royal Navy went out
from there to Mozambique and
Mauritius, St. Helena and Sierra
Leone; steam gunboats and brigs
cruising in search of slavers and earn-
ing prize money. The captured
Portuguese slaver Eolo was sunk next
to the Admiralty pier to strengthen the
pier and many other slavers were
broken up on the beaches. An account
of Simon's Town in 1858 says that the
population of fifteen hundred was
"very mixed." White people were the
business men, the natives were the
"coolies" or labourers. The town lived
almost entirely on supplying the men-
o'-war and the dockyard. There were
four churches, five schools and a
reading-room, but no municipality

worth mentioning. The writer
suggested that this was hardly a disad-
vantage when one considered the
"stinking drains, overcrowded houses,
scarcity of water and heaving burial
grounds of Cape Town." Simon's
Town had a magistrate who was also
collector of customs, and the writer
evidently preferred the naval port to
Cape Town. He spoke with pride of
the handsome and commodious hotel
with its raised stoep and billiard room.
"Some people think that Simon's Bay
is not a pretty place," he remarked.
"Others again admire it. It has fine
scenery, hill and water. The outline is
bold as artist can desire, and the view
to the eastward at sunset on a clear
evening is gorgeous. The range of hills
from Cape Hangklip to away beyond
the Paarl show the most beautiful
effects of light and shade, gold and

purple; and sunrise over the same hills
is as brilliant a prospect as can well be
imagined."

Twelve oxen were needed to haul the
wagons up the steep road behind the
bay. "Horsemen can go up readily
enough and a pleasant ride it is when
you emerge on the tableland above
and feel the cool air," goes on the
centuryold description I have quoted.
"Staid, elderly parties have been
known to frisk like kittens under its
influence. Game is not abundant, but
if preserved would soon become so.
This narrow peninsula is shot over in
season and out by people from the
ships, the town and farmers who hunt
for the market. The game consists of
roebuck, grysbok, klipspringer and
hare, a small pheasant the size of
grouse, partridge, quail, snipe and
wild duck."

Malays were among the first Kaap-
stad people to migrate to Simon's
Bay, and their descendants settled in
white cottages round the Thomas
Street mosque. The pioneer Malays
were fishermen; then came trades-
men and craftsmen. Recently there
were a thousand of them, fishermen,
builders, tailors, launderers, hard-
working people who preserved their
religion and traditions in this shelter-
ed corner of the Cape. Here they cut
up and steamed fragrant orange and
fig leaves for the feast on the Pro-
phet's birthday. Here a learned
imaum translated the Koran into
Afrikaans; the priest who was also
principal of the Malay school for
several decades. Simon's Town has
known fine personalities among the
Malays. Hadji Bakaar Manuel used
to boast that his father Tifley Manuel

had washed the clothing of three
British princes during the eighteen-
eighties. He declared that H.M.S.
Raleigh was the favourite British
man-o'-war of last century. When
she paid off hundreds of Malays
followed her in decorated fishing
boats, shouting their farewells until
she passed Roman Rock. As a boy of
twelve Bakaar Manuel saw the first
train steam into the small, low
Simon's Town station. That was in
1890, and many people enjoyed a
free ride to Glencairn stone quarry
and back. They welcomed the
opening of the railway as cart drivers
had been charging passengers ten
shillings a head for the ride from
Kalk Bay to Simon's Town. Often it
was easier to transport goods by sea;
and old Malays have spoken to me of
the cutters that sailed in with food.

Farm wagons also arrived from
Stellenbosch with dried fruit. Good
coffee cost sixpence a pound, sugar
twopence, rice twopence half-penny.
Wine was a tickey a bottle and brandy
sevenpence. Each ox-wagon had to
pay one shilling and twopence at the
Simon's Town toll gate. There cannot
be many still living who remember the
toll system - or the time signals fired
at five in the morning and nine at night
from British men-o'-war in the bay.
The early morning gun warned
dockyard labourers that they would
have to rise if they wished to earn their
pay, half-a-crown a day. And nine
o'clock was closing time in the public
bars.

Malay fishermen have left their mark
on the Simon's Bay maps. Certain
rocks bear Malay names, Bat Besar
and Bat Sattoe. Jaffer's Bay at Cole

Point was named after a famous
skipper. My account of Simon's Bay a
century ago describes the Malays as
"muscular, long-winded oarsmen."
Five or six men formed a boat's crew
in those days, and when fish, were
plentiful each man earned from fifteen
to twenty shillings a day. They worked
from five to noon as a rule and basked
in the sun for the rest of the day.
Stumpnose, roman and seventy-four,
rare in Table Bay, were among the
main catches of the Simon's Town
fishermen. "Quantities of mullet are
captured in the course of the year,"
says the writer. "They are a small fish,
something like the herring in appear-
ance, but do not come near them in
flavour. They are a great addition to
the breakfast table, but it would be
sacrilege to mention them in the same
breath as a Loch Fyne herring or a

salmon trout. It is great fun to see a net
hauled in and the different fish
jumping and gleaming; the silvery
mullet and the zebralike stripes and
hues of others contrasting with the
bright vermilion of the stumpnose or
the deeper red of the roman."

Hauls worth up to two hundred pounds
were made at that period. Mullet were
salted and sold to the farmers at three
pounds a thousand to feed their
labourers. Oysters were punched off
the rocks with crowbars at low water.
Crawfish were far more common than
they are today. Strange to say, this
writer does not mention the snoek that
gave Simon's Town the nickname of
"Snoekie".

Malays manned some of the open
boats that hunted whales in those
waters. It was often a dangerous game,
the sport of heroes, for the old hand-

flung harpoons never killed the whale.
The boat approached the palpitating
black mountain cautiously. When the
sharp iron entered the flesh the whale
usually made off, towing the boat.
Sometimes it lashed out and then the
boat was smashed and the crew would
have to be rescued. When the whale
streaked off, mad with pain, the
skipper let the harpoon line run free,
then made fast and allowed the whale
to tow the boat. Scores of people raced
along the waterfront to watch the
drama. Sometimes the whale headed
for open sea and at last the harpooner
would have to make a hard decision
and cut the rope. But if the whale lost
blood and became tired the boat would
creep in and the harpooner would
stand in the bows with lance poised.
One shrewd thrust would finish the
whale. Hundreds of people then

assembled on Long Beach to see the
blubber go into the cauldrons. Once
there was a skipper named Abdol
Clark who came alongside a right
whale with calf, lost his head and
lanced the calf. The mother whale
dived to lift the calf, found it was dead
and attacked the boat in a frenzy. The
crew tried to go astern but the whale
took the bows in her mouth and tore
the whole forward part of the boat
away. Those men were in the water for
two hours before Hablutzel came out
in his whaler Sea Queen and rescued
them.

Sharks have found human victims in
Simon's Bay, but the shark episode
that lingers in my mind was an escape.
I was sailing in those waters at the
time, May 1922, but never did I dare
to plunge into the warm anchorage. A
young man named E. G. Pells took the

risk, however, and struck out with the
idea of swimming round the training
ship General Botha. He was halfway
to the ship when he felt a swirl of
water and then a shock as though a
torpedo had collided with him. Pells
realised at once that it was a shark.
Next moment the rows of teeth were
tearing at his back and left thigh. Then
the shark moved downwards, carrying
Pells with him.

Pells fought hard and tore himself free.
He was about fifteen feet below the
surface and he could see the dark
shape looming beside him. In spite of
pain and shock he kept his head. His
main fear at this point was that he
would be unable to hold his breath
long enough, for his lungs were almost
bursting. At last the green light
changed to sunshine. Pells saw white
foam and his own blood on the surface

- and a small rowing boat with three
elderly Malays on board. The Malays
had observed the attack and were
hauling up their anchor, a large stone
on a rope. Pells swam weakly towards
the boat and clung to the side. As the
Malays were dragging him on board
the shark raced up. Pells always
remembered the look of horror on the
faces of the Malays as they saw this
ferocious enemy. It seemed that the
boat would be upset but the shark
moved away. Within minutes Pells
was on the wharf. Very soon he found
himself on the operating table with the
district surgeon attending to his
dreadful wounds.

Pells told me that the shark must have
been a coward. It had failed to kill one
who had proved that he was ready to
defend himself. Soon after this
encounter the Simon's Town port

officer caught a shark with a leg of
pork, a strong hook, steel drum and
steel hawser. The jaws of the shark
fitted the scars on the body of Pells.
Teeth in the lower jaw corresponded
exactly with the shape of the injuries.
The shark was twelve feet long with a
girth of nine feet.

Simon's Bay has known many famous
seamarks, old ships that seemed over
the decades to have become fixtures.
Then at last they were taken out and
sunk - and almost forgotten. In the
days of Rudyard Kipling there were
the gunboats Gadfly, Griper and
Tickler and the corvette Penelope;
and they were succeeded in the
historic seascape by the training ship
General Botha, formerly H.M.S.
Thames. I met this antiquated cruiser
on a grey afternoon in March 1921 at
the end of her last voyage, when she

came wearily alongside the quay in
Simon's Town dockyard. She looked
battered and tired of the oceans she
had been riding for nearly forty
years. The men and boys on board
were even more exhausted. Captain
F. B. Renouf, the old sailing ship
master who commanded her, told me
the story of that strange ordeal.

Renouf had taken charge of the three
thousand ton ship at Sheerness. Two
experienced deck officers and
twenty-four raw little sea cadets were
on board. The hull was covered with
barnacles and she moved so slowly
that she had to go into drydock for
cleaning. Her war service as a
submarine depot ship had left her in
an unseaworthy condition. "I could
have swum as fast as she travelled
with steam in only two boilers,"
remarked Captain Renouf bitterly.

However, two more boilers were
repaired. Engineers, seamen, firemen
and stewards were signed on and one
thousand tons of coal were taken on
board. Lloyd's surveyor shook his
head over a large workshop on the
main deck and told Renouf that he
would have to nurse the ship in
heavy weather as her stability might
be affected. Early in January the
General Botha steamed out of the
Thames and worked up to her top
speed - six knots. Very soon the
worried captain decided that he
would have to put into Plymouth.

When the dismantled cruiser passed
Plymouth breakwater in the darkness
the naval authorities looked upon her
as a ghost ship. They were not
expecting her and a pinnace was sent
to investigate. After some delay the
General Botha sailed again with six

extra firemen and another boiler in
action. She had been designed for a
full speed of seventeen knots.
Renouf hoped to make seven knots
on the passage to the Cape. In the
Channel, however, he had to heave-
to. When the four-inch guns had
been removed the open spaces in the
sides, like bay windows, had been
boarded up with strong deal. Heavy
seas smashed the timber, main decks
were flooded and water swept below.
Dynamos were damaged by salt
water; coal and stores on deck went
over the side; the stern gallery (like a
verandah outside the captain's
quarters) was swept away. Large stern
windows were smashed. All they
could do was to close the doors and
hope for the best when she pitched
violently and put her poop under
water. Captain Renouf had his wife

and five-year-old daughter on board.
His wife's cabin was flooded and
many of their possessions were lost.
The cadets were kept baling day and
night and though they behaved well
many of them were sorry they had
come to sea.

At eight in the morning Captain
Renouf was on the bridge when he
saw an enormous sea approaching. He
estimated the height at thirty feet.
"You know, captain, the lower drawer
in my cabin chest is full of water,"
remarked the second mate at this
moment. "Here comes a sea that will
fill your bunk as well," Renouf replied
grimly. As the sea hit the ship the old
cruiser put her bows right into it. The
sea broke solid over the foredeck,
rolled like surf across a beach, over the
bridge and round the funnel and then
swept the quarterdeck. That was the

greatest sea of the whole voyage. It
carried away the last of the deck-load
of coal and Captain Renouf decided to
put back to Plymouth for repairs. He
was hoping that the deck workshop
with its lathes and heavy machinery
would be swept overboard before they
arrived.

When they anchored Captain Renouf
discovered that his wife had lost nearly
all her clothes. A large oak sideboard,
wine locker and the wardroom silver
had vanished through the opening in
the stern. Mrs. Renouf had to go on
shore in her slippers. They sailed again
after eighteen days in harbour. Off
Lisbon the rudder-head glands jammed
and by the time the engineers had
made repairs they needed double, tots
of rum. Coal became the captain's
main worry, and when he reached St.
Vincent in the Cape Verdes he learnt

to his astonishment that he had only
three hundred tons in the bunkers. He
took on more than six hundred tons at
a high price.

Now the weather was fine and all went
well until a steward rushed into the
wardroom one night while dinner was
being served and shouted: "I've seen
a ghost. There's a ghost in naval
officer's uniform bending over the
dynamos." Others reported the ghost
in various parts of the ship from time
to time. Nevertheless the General
Botha reached Simon's Bay thirty-
eight days out from Plymouth without
further trouble. All those who had
brought her to South Africa left her for
good, but the ghost remained on
board, a legend that died only when
the General Botha left her moorings
for the last time.

How well I remember that old
anchorage in Simon's Bay! Those
were happy Sunday mornings when I
woke up in a canvas berth on board the
cutter Innisfallen, lit the primus,
made the tea, and then stood on deck
taking in the great sweep of land and
water. There in the sunlight slumbered
old Simon's Town with its Martello
towers and solid masonry, its sea walls
and slate roofs, its balconied British
Hotel, its memories of sail and
powder. I remembered the ships I had
seen there. One has remained in my
mind over the years even more firmly
than those I joined as a reporter for
manoeuvres or voyages. She was
H.M.S. Dwarf, a famous little gun-
boat that patrolled for many years in
West African waters. With her white
hull, grey upperworks and yellow
funnel she made a romantic picture;

but her officers told a different story.
She was really a river gunboat built for
the Yang-tse-Kiang, and at sea she
rolled so heavily that newly-joined
ratings expected her to capsize. Hard
to steer, difficult to handle, the Dwarf
was not the most popular ship in the
navy. She was only seven hundred
tons, a lieutenant's command, with a
number of Kroomen from Freetown in
her company. One officer described
her as a "hot floating tin kettle", and
complained that turtle (from Ascen-
sion) was often on the menu when
there was no butter in the storeroom.
Men who sailed in the Dwarf suffered
from malaria and "yellow jack"; they
endured the fogs of South West Africa
and the tornadoes of Benin. More
fortunate naval officers rode and
played civilised games; the "Dwarfs"
hunted goats on St. Helena and caught

sharks at Fernando Po. Yet that was
the ship in which I would gladly have
sailed away from Simon's Bay, bound
for the South Atlantic isles and the
swamps and forests and long beaches
of sweltering West Africa. Everyone
has his own ideas of adventure.
Simon's Bay aroused my imagination
long ago and sent me off at last in the
seatracks of the Dwarf.

Chapter Five
Harbours On The Veld

Southern Africa, with its great
irrigation dams and other sheets of
water, has many inland fleets nowa-
days and harbours on the veld. But
when you left the ocean a century ago
the sight of even a small craft was a
rarity. Rivers had not been surveyed
and the Orange River had long
unexplored stretches. Thus only the

boldest and most enterprising men
considered the possibility of naviga-
ting the interior waterways. It was a
dubious sort of investment. Ship-
builders, usually in Britain, had to
build these vessels in pieces, assemble
and number them and then take the
vessel apart and crate the pieces for
shipment. Dubious and expensive. The
parts often had to be carried inland on
wagons or by native bearers and the
loss of a few parts caused long delays.

Mr. John Owen Smith, one of the
Namaqualand copper pioneers, owner
of the Jessie Smith mine at Kodas in
the Richtersveld, decided to avoid all
this bother. He secured plans for a
small but seaworthy steamer which
could reach the Orange River mouth
from England under her own power.
She would slip into the river during
the flood season when the mouth was

open, steam up to a point on the south
bank near the Kodas mine, take on her
cargo of copper ore and deliver it in
Table Bay. He had already shipped ore
from Alexander Bay; and it was
reported that the mine was yielding
from forty-five to seventy-five percent
pure copper near the surface. "Mr.
Smith is very sanguine and will not
desist from operations before, by
actual results favourable or unfavour-
able, he has satisfied himself and the
public whether or not the mines in that
quarter will pay," reported the
"Eastern Province Herald". That was
in 1854.

Sir James Alexander, the explorer, had
visited the Orange River mouth about
eighteen years previously and had
given a glowing account of the lower
river. "It is difficult to speak of the
Gariep (the Hottentot name for the

Orange) otherwise than in the most
enthusiastic terms," Alexander wrote.
"Besides its beautiful African features
its utility is very great. To the
wandering tribes dwelling near it
affords an unfailing refuge in seasons
of drought and famine. I found great
store of iron and copper ores. But there
may be even more precious metals,
gold and silver. I saw no rocks or
dangers at the mouth. With care, it
seemed that the mouth of the river
could be entered by a schooner."
Smith was probably also influenced by
a much later report by Charles Bell,
surveyor-general of the Cape Colony.
"A minute examination as to the
practicability of navigating the Orange
River should be made," Bell wrote. "I
can hear of no insuperable difficulty in
the way, at least during the floods, if

the ore be heaped on its banks and
shipped when opportunity offers."

So the eager Smith paid for his
steamer. Only after it had been
launched did he learn, that nothing
larger than a rowing boat could
venture across the bar into the Orange
River.

Jules Verne, a pioneer of a different
sort, the first popular-writer of science
fiction heard of Smith's scheme but
not the unhappy sequel. He wrote a
novel called "Meridiana" based on a
voyage up the Orange River by three
Englishmen and three Russians, all
astronomers, in the steamer Queen
and Czar. They were accompanied
by a faithful, noble Bushman who
spoke the polished English of a
professor and assured the scientists
that the river was navigable. Jules
Verne's ship crossed Southern Africa

safely. John Owen Smith lost his
money. There is a harbour near the
Orange River mouth today, but only
for yachts and other small craft.

Thirty years after Smith's disastrous
venture there arrived in the Cape a
determined Scot named John
Thorburn. He made a small fortune
on the Kimberley diamond diggings
in the eighteen-seventies. Then in
1880 he settled down to an occupa-
tion which he regarded as less preca-
rious; that of a storekeeper on the
Vaal River bank near Kimberley. He
was doing well, but the Vaal rose un-
expectedly, sweeping away house
and stock. Thorburn and his wife lost
everything. They had to borrow
clothes before leaving for Kimberley.
There he bought fresh stock and
opened another store on higher
ground.

The swollen river had given Thor-
burn an idea. Old residents assured
him that the river was navigable
every winter and Thorburn decided
to order a steamer to bring coal from
the mines on the upper Vaal to
supply the river diggings and
Kimberley. The distance was one
hundred and eighty miles. Water
transport would obviously work out
much cheaper than ox-wagons.
Thorburn was an enthusiast and a
man of great determination, but he
lacked the vein of caution necessary
in such an enterprise. First he
ordered his steamer, a twin-screw
vessel to be built of steel. She was
only thirty-seven feet overall, with a
beam of eight feet six inches and
draught of twenty two inches; but he
specified towing-gear which would
enable the steamer to bring with her

a barge loaded with three hundred
bags of coal. Edwards and Symes of
London started building the steamer
after Thorburn had paid a deposit of
one thousand pounds. Meanwhile
Thorburn secured permission from the
Transvaal and Orange Free State
governments to clear the Vaal River
for navigation. He built the barge
himself. Then he spent three years
removing obstructions in the rivers;
trees, boulders, anything that might
impede the progress of his steamer and
barge.

At last the great day arrived when
Thorburn heard that his little steamer
had reached Hopetown, then the
railway terminus. It had been shipped
in crates. Thorburn assembled the
vessel at his harbour on the Vaal and
launched her. She behaved well, the
engines ran sweetly; but Thorburn

soon made the tragic discovery that the
Vaal was navigable only over short
distances. New sandbanks had formed
and it was impossible to reach the coal
mines. Thorburn had spent four
thousand pounds on the venture and he
was unwilling to let his ship rust on
the river diggings. He loaded it on to
ox-wagons, trekked to Potchefstroom
and launched her again in the hope
that people there would take river
excursions. Unfortunately they soon
tired of this amusement. Thorburn
looked round for another way of
making a fortune as a shipowner.
Someone advised him to take his
steamer to Delagoa Bay and carry
freight along the Tembe Paver. So he
named his steamer Tembe, loaded her
on a huge ox-wagon, put the engine
and other parts on another wagon and
set out for the sea. A trek of nearly two

thousand miles lay before him. He was
menaced by grass fires and the wagons
were stuck so often that he felt like
abandoning the Tembe in the bush.
Near the headwaters of the Vaal River,
seven thousand feet above sea level,
the large wagon fell over and the
Tembe was almost wrecked on dry
land. One side was smashed, the hull
was knocked out of shape, rivets were
drawn, an iron bulkhead doubled up
and the cabin-fittings were splintered
and used on the camp-fire. "I felt quite
beaten," Thorburn confessed. Never-
theless he repaired the Tembe and
went on and launched her in salt water
at Tembe drift.

Thorburn had sent for his wife and
family, and now he steamed down the
river in triumph. "A sultry hot day, the
monkeys jabbering, the parrots
squeaking," Thorburn recalled.

"Away she went like a duck. At the
sound of the steam-whistle the
monkeys went screeching and
scrambling through the forest. But
our speed of seven knots was too fast
and we ran into the jungle and
carried away the funnel." However,
the Tembe reached Delagoa Bay
safely. Sometimes she carried freight
to Swaziland; often she was
chartered for pleasure trips. Thorburn
shot hippo in the swamps, towed
lighters and made another small
fortune. His little Tembe was still at
work in those waters in 1908 when
Thorburn died.

I can remember the Vaal River vessel
known for years as the "Barkly West
battleship". She was launched by an
optimist named George Beaumont
just before the end of last century: a
huge dredger, one hundred feet long,

thirty-six feet wide, looking rather
like a battleship with her massive
steel mast and conning-tower, with
projecting tubes like guns.

Beaumont was a civil engineer who
had dredged for alluvial gold
successfully in South American
rivers. He dug for diamonds below
the Barkly West bridge; and there he
stared into the large deep pool and
saw visions. Surely it would be
possible to dredge up the diamond-
iferous gravel and make a huge
fortune?

Beaumont and his partners had to
pay about thirty thousand pounds to
get the dredger to Barkly West.
Wagon after wagon arrived, loaded
with huge steel plates, cranes,
engines, 4 sorts of machinery and
anchors. Workmen arrived from
Britain and assembled the dredger on

the river bank. She was launched
with champagne at a party which
those present remembered for the
rest of their lives. Unfortunately the
rocky formation of the riverbed
defeated the expensive machinery on
board the dredger. The scoops failed
to raise the hard masses of conglo-
merated alluvial gravel. Beaumont's
diver went down and confirmed the
disastrous situation. This was not a
pool for conveyor-buckets.

Shortly before World War I the Vaal
River "battleship" was sold to an
Indian and dismantled. The engines
were used elsewhere on the river for a
"breakwater" scheme. The great pool
where Beaumont's "battleship" lay at
anchor for years has yielded a fortune
in diamonds since then, but they were
not recovered by dredging.

Beyond the Limpopo, of course, there
are large fleets and well-equipped
harbours far from the smell of salt
ocean. Along the two thousand miles
of the Zambesi all sorts of craft are to
be found. It was on a remote stretch of
this river that a retired officer of the
Royal Navy put the crews of his power
barges into uniform worn by British
seamen, traditional collars, bell-
bottoms and all.

Only in recent years has a paddle
steamer appeared in the waters above
the Victoria Falls. She is the Chobe
Belle and her harbour is at Kasane on
the Chobe River. She was built by
Colonel Charles Trevor, proprietor of
the Chobe River Hotel, to carry
passengers along the interesting
stretches of lagoon and river where
four territories meet: Bechuanaland,

the Caprivi Strip, Rhodesia and
Zambia.

Steamers have navigated the lower
Zambesi for more than a century.
Rhodesia set up a naval base at
Katsanya, twenty-six miles east of
Tete, many years ago and put a fast
launch on the river. H.M.S. Harari, as
she was called, was built at Durban to
a special design which enabled her to
use the river from the sea to
Kabarabasa rapids at all seasons. The
Harari was painted battleship grey.
Her duty was to protect native
labourers travelling home with their
earnings. Before the Harari arrived
there were pirates on the river and
many natives were robbed and
murdered.

Tete is the oldest town in Southern
Africa and it was an important river
harbour for decades before the

opening in 1949 of the railway to
Moatize close by. Stern-wheelers
loaded at Chinde and steamed up the
Zambesi for four hundred miles to
Tete. David Livingstone started the
traffic with his steam pinnace Ma
Robert, a spectacle that almost
frightened the primitive river people
out of their wits. Then came fleets of
stern-wheelers owned by sugar and
railway companies. They carried the
trade goods of Europe up-country
and returned with coal and sugar,
grain and rice, cotton, cattle, sisal,
copra and ivory.

Tanganyika, the largest lake in the
world, has several modern harbours.
One named Mpulungu was the spot
in the present Zambia where
Livingstone set eyes on the lake for
the first time. Here you may see all
sorts of craft from dugout canoes,

dhows and trimarans to steamers
capable of voyaging round the world.
Mpulungu has a proper quay, cargo
sheds, customs and immigration
offices, police and a cold storage
plant for fish.

I sailed from Mpulungu in the S.S.
Liemba to another lake harbour,
Kigoma. This is the main port on the
eastern shore of the lake; a pretty
harbour with a horseshoe of hills.
Kigoma has replaced Ujiji, five miles
away, as a port, but Ujiji has a huge
population and various claims to
fame and notoriety. It ceased to be a
port when the level of Lake
Tanganyika fell and left Ujiji high
and dry. Across the lake at
Albertville the Belgians launched
some fine steamers, the Baron Dhanis
and Cue de Brabant; but most of their

grand fleet ran on the Congo and its
tributaries.

Ah, the Congo! I have some pleasant
memories of the river harbours of
that equatorial basin. Belgian
steamers built in Antwerp had to last
a long time on the river. One
passenger vessel, the Flandre, was
launched early this century and
remained in service for fifty years.
Missionaries had their own little
ships. Stern-wheelers were sent from
the Mississippi to the Congo. One
tug called Kalina was a typical two-
funnelled Rhine paddleboat. The
Kigonaa, a large passenger steamer
which I knew best of all, was built in
1915 and was still in service as a
training vessel half a century later.
American landing craft reached the
Congo after World War II for use as
pusher tugs on the main river cargo

routes. No longer do the passenger
and freight services run to schedule
but there are still many splendid
vessels on the river.

Chapter Six
Aloes And Oysters

Six oceans had their will of us

To carry all away -
Our galley's in the Baltic,

And our boom's in Mossel Bay!
Rudyard Kipling. "The
Merchantmen"

Kipling's Ship was lucky to have
lost nothing more than her boom in
Mossel Bay. This sandy curve in the
coast behind Cape St. Blaize was a
dangerous summer anchorage before
the harbour was built. It has known
many shipwrecks, many sea dramas
since the day when the first white
explorer Bartholomew Diaz stepped
on shore there and named it Baia dos
Vaqueiros, the "bay of herdsmen".
This was the first landing place of

the Portuguese explorers in South
Africa. (Cape Cross, where Diego
Cam landed in 1486, is in South
West Africa). Portuguese mariners
were calling regularly at Mossel Bay
years before they discovered Table
Bay.

I can almost smell the fumes of boil-
ing aloe juice when I think of Mossel
Bay for this is the land of Aloe ferox
and the old industry that gives the
world a favourite purgative. Perhaps
it is better to recall the other cele-
brated speciality of Mossel Bay,
man's oldest food, the oyster. My
earliest memory of the bay, however,
was rather different; an experience
which would make me unpopular in
the town if I dwelt upon it with too
much emphasis. I was on board a
coasting steamer at anchor. The
master was on shore. Several young

members of the crew decided to
swim from the gangway and I j oined
them in the water. Soon I noticed
that men on deck were putting down
a barrage of lumps of coal, keeping
the sharks at bay. I swam for the
gangway and dared not bathe again.
To this day I cannot tell you whether
the sharks were man-eaters. I thought
of the episode not long ago,
however, when a surfer at Mossel
Bay was attacked by "a seal or a
shark". He escaped with a severed
artery near the toes. Mossel Bay is
really as safe as Muizenberg but
there is no harbour in South Africa
which is not visited by man-eating
sharks on rare occasions. An entry in
the Mossel Bay records long ago
read as follows: "Sharks very bold.
Anderson harpoons one eleven feet
long."

However, there would be no sharks'
fin soup on the menu if I planned a
typical Mossel Bay meal. I would
start with oysters, of course, as
visitors have done for centuries. Not
the giant oysters but the smaller,
narrow ones. And I would eat them
raw; cold and fresh from the dripping
hand of the sea; without red pepper
or tabasco or vinegar and only an
occasional drop of lemon juice.
When I first stayed at a Mossel Bay
hotel there was an Italian chef named
Luigi who was a great man for
cooking oysters. He knew that
Escoifier disapproved of heating
oysters; but he said that when people
could have oysters by the hundred
every day at low prices they demand-
ed a change from the untouched
oyster, even though the wild and

HARBOURS OF MEMORY

"When I first stayed at a Mussel Bay hotel there was an Italian chef
named Luigi who was a great man for cooking oysters."

inimitable tang of the living oyster
was lost. So he served "pigs in
blankets" (oysters wrapped in bacon
and fried) or oysters au gratin, sole
and oyster pie, oysters sweated in
butter and served on hot fried bread,
oyster soufflees, oysters with
spinach, grilled oysters and fried
oysters chopped and mixed with
scrambled eggs. All very interesting
and I must say that Luigi's oyster
sauce for roast mutton was a
masterpiece. But I am still with
Excoffier, whose words should be
remembered by every oyster-eater:
"Oysters are the dish par excellence;
their delicacy satisfies the most
fastidious of epicures and they are so
easily digested that the most delicate
invalid can partake of them freely.
The real and best way of serving

oysters is to send them to the table
raw."

Now for the soup. Luigi was a grand
soup hand and his kitchen gave off
many nostalgic and old-fashioned
aromas. He could turn out a thick pea
soup such as good ships' cooks
simmer; his zuppa di pesce was a work
of art worthy of a Neopolitan
restaurant; and his strong meat soups
were memorable. Luigi also had in his
repertoire a Mossel Bay soup which he
made at my request. The main in-
gredient was the fine avocado pear
grown in the Little Brak Valley; an
avocado puree flavoured with brandy,
mustard, salt, lemon juice and
Worcestershire sauce.

Fish is easy at Mossel Bay and I
would select the local sole, fresh or
smoked. But you could have snoek or
geelbek, kabeljou, leervis or galjoen.

The main course I would set before
you would be that which a bygone
Cape governor, Sir Walter Hely-
Hutchinson, enjoyed to the full when
he arrived unexpectedly at the farm
Kleinberg many years ago. "Ouma
Kleinberg" (Mrs. Muller) had a
splendid kerrie-afval, curried sheep's
tripe, on the stove that day. Some of
the local coriander had gone into the
curry; a carminative with a pleasant
aroma. The governor ate his curry with
sweet potatoes and stamped mealies
and came back for more.

Dessert? In the Mossel Bay district
you will find the largest privately-
owned custard apple farm in the
southern hemisphere. Here, within a
mile of the sea, grow those expensive
and exotic fruits with yellow pulp like
custard. Luigi made use of two other
local delicacies with his puddings.

One was protea nectar, gathered when
the Protea millifera was in flower; a
rare syrup nowadays, rare and delect-
able. The other, believe it or not, was a
jam made from the bitter leaves of the
Aloe ferox, the red-hot pokers that
flourish on the Mossel Bay veld. Luigi
peeled and sliced the fleshy leaves,
soaked them in lime water and boiled
them with sugar and lemon juice.
When he could secure green shoots
from a fig tree in spring he used them
as a flavouring. Aloe konfyt reminded
me of its watermelon counterpart.

Probably the first meal eaten by white
people at Mossel Bay consisted of
mutton. As you know, Vasco da Gama
put in there with his fleet in the
summer of 1497 and gave the
Hottentots small bells and other
trinkets in exchange for sheep. The
explorers remained at anchor in the

bay for about twelve days, so there
may have been a braaivleis (or
Portuguese asado) beside the stream
or under the milkwood tree. How-
ever, there are other possibilities.
Vasco da Gama's men caught fish
and penguins and clubbed seals on
the return voyage and all these foods
were salted. The explorers listened to
the reed flutes of the Hottentots and
a Portuguese musician recorded the
tune with its range of three notes.
Thanks to that written fragment of
history, members of a fairly recent
Kalahari expedition were able to
identify the same flutes and the
identical tune played by Hottentots in
the desert.

Pedro Alverez Cabral called at
Mossel Bay a few years after Vasco
da Gama; his first landing after
discovering Brazil. Cabral put into

Mossel Bay again on his return from
India. He hung a shoe from a branch
of the milkwood tree, with a letter
which was found by Juan de Nova
not long 'afterwards. Juan de Nova
built a little stone church there, the
first place of Christian worship in
South Africa. The ruins of that
church, parts of the walls and
timbering and the flagstone floor,
were still to be seen in the eighteen-
seventies. There was no Historic
Monuments Commission to save the
church and it was demolished.
According to local legend the stone
was used for another building in the
town, a new warehouse, but it cannot
be traced now. A few pieces of tough
green heart timber and some square-
headed, hand-forged Portuguese nails
have been preserved, the only
fragments of the little church.

However, there are a few other relics
of the Portuguese period, when
Mossel Bay was more important than
Table Bay. Portions of two engraved
stones were found during the demo-
lition of an old government building
early this century. One showed a
cannon and this stone disappeared
mysteriously. The other remnant is to
be seen in the South African
Museum. Experts have found the
mutilated inscription very baffling,
but it was in all probability a "post
office stone" left there in 1501 by
Juan de Nova.

Vasco da Gama set up a stone pillar
or padrao with the Portuguese coat-
of-arms; and several historians have
stated without authority that this was
placed on the site of the present
lighthouse. This pillar and a wooden
cross made from a spar were thrown

down by the Hottentots while Vasco
da Gama was still in the bay and no
fragment of these monuments has ever
been found. Dr. Erik Axelson, leading
modern authority on the Portuguese
explorers, searched for the Vasco da
Gama padrao some years ago. He had
been successful in discovering padrao
fragments at other paints along the
South African coast, but the Mossel
Bay padrao defeated him. Dr. Axelson
felt sure that the Portuguese would not
have carried a stone cross weighing
one thousand pounds to the summit of
Cape St. Blaize. He selected a rocky
knoll to the south of the old watering
place for his search. According to the
"Cambridge History of the British
Empire" the cross was set up on Seal
Island at Mossel Bay. Dr. Axelson has
found evidence proving that this could
not have been the site and he thinks

that pieces of the padrao may still be
found somewhere in the vicinity of the
milkwood tree. After deep research in
the Lisbon archives and elsewhere Dr.
Axelson has corrected a number of
statements by earlier historians. He has
shown that the Bahia San Bras of the
Portuguese records was not Mossel
Bay but the modern Fish Bay to the
west of Cape St. Blaize.

Mossel Bay gave up a very old anchor
about sixty years ago and the design
suggests that it was lost by one of the
early Portuguese ships. It has been
placed in the park. An egg-shaped
vase, found in a cave by a Mr. Meyer
under eight feet of bat guano, may also
be a relic of the Portuguese visitors.
Mr. Meyer sent it to the South African
Museum. It would hold about two
gallons.

Fortunately the white milkwood tree
described by the Portuguese has
survived the centuries and is now
much larger than it was when the
explorers landed. This species,
Sideroxylon Inerme L., known in
Afrikaans as melkhout or jakkals-
bessie, is a low, compact evergreen
tree that loves the beaches and does
not suffer from salt spray. Dark green
leaves provide deep shade for men and
animals. The berries have an unpleas-
ant flavour but they are eaten by birds.
Grazing animals will not touch the
foliage and Marloth was puzzled when
he learned that milk from cows
sheltering in these groves had the
odour of the flowers. He discovered
that the milk had been tainted by
pollen. The specimen at Mossel Bay is
now about twenty-two feet high with a
spread more than fifty feet in diameter.

It must be approaching five hundred
years of age and it should last another
five hundred. Milkwood timber has
been used for fencing and boat-
building but this historic tree will not
be cut down. It is surrounded by
chains. Two old ships' cannon of
unknown origin lie in the enclosure.
The official notice reads as follows:

POST Office Tree

So far back as A.D. 1500 Pedro de
Ataide placed in this tree a letter
containing a record of a disaster to
a Portuguese fleet en route for
India. This letter was found by Joas
de Nova who had put in with his
ship to Mossel Bay for water. De
Nova built a hermitage within a few
yards of this tree close to which
was a spring of water.

First of the Mossel Bay coast
shipwrecks occurred in 1504 when a
fleet under Lopo Soares sailed past
Cape St. Blaize and one ship ran
ashore in the night. Pedro de
Mendonca was the captain. The wreck
was sighted in the breakers at dawn
but it was impossible to help the crew
and the fleet sailed on. A year later
Cid Barbudo put into Mossel Bay and
landed two degredados or convicts to
search the coast for survivors. They
returned after three days, stripped by
the Hottentots, and reported that they
had found a ship's mast and a
skeleton. It appeared that the Hotten-
tots had set fire to the wreck to secure
the metal. The crew must have been
massacred.

An official Mossel Bay guide states
that Santos Beach was named after a
Portuguese ship lost there in the early

days. In fact the name is much more
recent. The Santos was a small
German schooner which was at anchor
in the bay on a fine day in July 1874
when a heavy swell set in from the
south-east. The master was on shore
and the mate was ill. Soon the Santos
was dragging her anchor and moving
towards the head of the bay. Distress
signals were seen and the captain
offered a large amount of money to
anyone who would row him out to his
ship; but no one was prepared to risk
his life. Then the anchor chain parted
and the crew of the Santos made sail in
an effort to beat out of the bay. Too
late. The ship would not answer her
helm and she grounded between two
reefs. The rocket apparatus failed to
reach her but a rope was floated ashore
and the crew reached safety by means
of a "traveller". Mr. A. B. Munro

bought the wreck for one hundred
pounds. Cargo and tackle fetched
another three hundred pounds. The
people who watched that drama have
all passed on and the Santos has been
forgotten.

The British three-masted schooner
Rosebud broke adrift during a gale in
Mossel Bay during the eighteen-
eighties and became a total loss. The
beach where she broke up was known
for years as Rosebud Beach; then the
name was changed to Pansy Beach on
account of the rare and lovely pansy
shells found there. Before the century
ended another schooner, the Sea Gull,
had been wrecked in Mossel Bay. First
of the wrecks this century was the
barque Poseidon in August 1902. Two
months later there occurred one of the
strangest and most costly wrecks ever
known on the Mossel Bay coast.

Durban harbour authorities had
ordered a huge floating dock, nearly
four hundred feet long with a beam of
eighty feet; a dock capable of lifting
ships weighing more than four
thousand tons. The dock was towed
from the Tyne by the steamer Bara-
long and she rounded the Cape safely.
In a tremendous gale off Cape St.
Blaize, however, the towing hawser
snapped and the Baralong was unable
to save the floating dock. Captain
Dryden, the Mossel Bay harbour
master put out in the small tug
Morning Star, but the seas were
running high and the tug had to return
to shelter. Dryden tried again with a
larger vessel, the steam trawler
Undine, but the dock was close
inshore now and had to be left to her
fate. The dock was lifted so far up on
the beach that the men on board were

able to walk on shore. You can still
see a rusting shape at Glentana. Iran
railings outside the Anglican
cathedral at George and a flight of
iron steps outside a house in York
Street are relics of the wreck. The
dock had been insured for £72,000
and the towing fee was £8,000.
Durban had to order a new floating
dock.

Last of the Mossel Bay wrecks
occurred during a southeast gale in
November 1903. Rain fell in torrents,
houses were flooded. The Norwegian
sailing ship King Cenric had two
anchors down but both cables parted
and the ship took the ground. All
hands were rescued by the rocket
brigade. The steam trawler Thrasher
was lost on the rocks that day. Six
ships were wrecked in Algoa Bay
during the same gale.

Portugal dominated the Mossel Bay
scene during the sixteenth century.
Manuel de Perestrello, navigator and
author, left this record of his visit:
"At this bay, upon the top point of
the cape, I left fixed a wooden cross
and fastened to it with brass wire a
tube enclosed with cork and wax
within which was a document as
follows: 'In praise of our Lord Jesus
Christ and exaltation of His holy
faith and for the service and
enlargement of the kingdoms and
states of Dom Sebastian, the most
serene King of Portugal, Manuel
Mesquita de Perestrello who by his
command came to explore this coast.
Placed here on seventh January
1576'." No trace of this cross or
document has ever been found.

Only towards the end of the sixteenth
century did the first Dutch ships

enter Mossel Bay. Captain Jan de
Molinaar noted that the natives
"seemed savage yet friendly to us".
He bartered oxen and sheep for old
iron. Early in the seventeenth century
the Dutch commander Paulus van
Caerden anchored in the bay on his
way back from India. He took twenty
of his men on shore with him from
the Hof van Holland and
complained that he could only get
oysters when he wanted fresh meat.
Van Caerden was responsible for
changing the Portuguese name to
Mossel Bay. Nearly seven decades
passed before the Dutch thought of
exploring the Mossel Bay hinterland.
Then a party under Jeronimus Cruse
were put on shore and they marched
through unknown country to Table
Bay, discovering the Attaquas tribe
of Hottentots on the way.

Jan de la Fontaine was the first Cape
governor to visit Mossel Bay and in
the seventeen-thirties he put up a
beacon with the VOC emblem to
establish ownership. Cattle farmers
had already settled in the district.
Ignatius Ferreira, a Portuguese who
had been wrecked in Table Bay,
settled at Mossel Bay some years
afterwards and became field cornet.
The old house with yellowwood
floors near Brandwacht where he
lived is still there. Another old farm
is Geelbeksvlei, owned by the
Meyers in the eighteenth century and
afterwards. When a ship was lost in
Mossel Bay in the seventeen-thirties
Esias Meyer rode to the Castle with
the news. He took seven days,
changing horses fifteen times. For
this service he was granted land in
freehold.

Mossel Bay saw an impressive
cavalcade in the seventeen-sixties
when Jan Willem Cloppenburg,
Fiscal at the Cape, arrived with a
coach, army wagon, horses and a
retinue of servants. Cloppenburg
wrote a long report describing the
Hottentots he met. There is a
mountain ten miles north of Mossel
Bay called Bottelierskop, and Clop-
penburg included in his report this
rather puzzling reference to the
origin of the name. "By the Klein
Brak River is a little mountain called
the Botteliersmutje (steward's cap)
which name was very obviously
given to it by seventeen sailors of the
Huis Marquette that lay in Mossel
Bay some time ago. With the wife of
a certain burgher Jacobus they
diverted themselves in a cave nearby
that is now named the 'Chamber of

Seventeen'." Possibly the bottelier
(ship's victualler) had some part in
the affair.

Mossel Bay was on the route of a
number of those famous old
travellers, botanists and others, who
enriched South African literature
with their scholarly observations.
Carl Thunberg the Swede stayed on
the farm of Dirk Marcus, a great
elephant hunter, in the seventeen-
seventies; and soon afterwards came
Dr. Andrew Sparrman, another
Swede, on horseback. Le Vaillant the
Frenchman visited the bay at the same
period and smacked his lips over the
oysters. Hyenas disturbed his oxen at
night and he had to light fires. He
exchanged tobacco for mats at a
Hottentot kraal. Pelicans and
flamingoes were seen in thousands. "A
number of good habitations are

scattered about the adjoining country,"
noted Le Vaillant.

A large granary was built by the Dutch
towards the end of the eighteenth
century, for the policy was to
encourage wheat production in the
district. Leading farmers of the period
were Jan and Nicolaas Meyer, J.
Pienaar, M. le Grange, A. Barnard, H.
Heyns, Rademeyer, Botha and Wiese.
The granary cost nearly a thousand
pounds. Another store intended for
timber cost slightly more. It was one
hundred and fifty feet long and twenty
feet wide. Stone walls were two feet
thick. Yellowwood was brought from
the Outeniqua forests for the floors.
Mr. Colin Graham Botha, the archi-
vist, found the walls of these buildings
still standing after World War I, and
parts of the granary may be traced to
this day.

Survivors from the wrecked
Grosvenor passed through Mossel Bay
late in the eighteenth century, bringing
the first news of the disaster. Four
sailors reported that "the Caffres had
come down upon the people, carried
off the female passengers and killed
several of the men who attempted to
protect them". Heligert Muller, a
district farmer, fed and clothed
survivors and became prominent as
leader of Grosvenor search parties. He
found "women's torn clothing" but the
women had perished. During his third
journey Muller reached the scene of
the wreck and found cannon, ballast,
English porcelain and other relics. He
brought back two pieces of East Indian
redwood which were identified as
dunnage used to prevent chafing in the
cargo holds of the Grosvenor.

Dr. Heinrich Lichtenstein, the German
explorer, gave a lively description of a
Mossel Bay farm when he visited the
bay with Commissioner de Mist very
early last century. Klaas Meyer was
their host. "We were regaled with an
excellent breakfast of cold provisions,
admirable fruit and wines which
might justly be called costly,"
Lichtenstein wrote. "Even though I
should excite a smile in my readers I
must once more observe how much
we were struck with the attractions
among the female part of this family.
We all agreed that we scarcely ever
recollected to have seen more
personal beauty than in the eldest
daughter, a young woman about
eighteen. Her whole manner and air
had in it much more appearance of
refinement than is usually to be
found among the African damsels

and we really separated ourselves
with reluctance from so lovely a
creature". Lichtenstein found an
Englishman named Murray owning a
shop with a stock of cloth, hats,
silks, glass and ironware. Murray had
raised his prices "owing to the war".
He had a small brig and another
vessel trading between Mossel Bay
and Cape Town but he lost both
ships on the Agulhas reef soon
afterwards.

Lichtenstein also called on the post-
holder, the government official at
Mossel Bay, a Dane named Abue.
"He is a sensible, active man but
lives here secluded from the world
and unwedded," said Lichtenstein.
"The fall of his patron made him take
refuge in this remote corner of the
globe." Lichtenstein explored the
cave at Cape St. Blaize and decided

that the shells had been taken there
and eaten by Hottentots, not carried
there by birds as a previous traveller
had suggested. He found the oysters
were of fine flavour but some were
so large that they could not be
swallowed at a gulp. Lichtenstein
dined with the widow Terreblanche
of French descent and described his
experience with obvious apprecia-
tion. "The number of dishes set
before us was greater than is almost
ever to be seen at the tables even of
the most distinguished bon-vivants at
Cape Town. We found that our
hostess was celebrated in the country
for her excellent table and that she
prided herself particularly upon it.
She gave us almost everything that
the chase or the fisheries could
furnish, with several sorts of vegeta-
bles dressed in an immense variety

of ways; nor would she suffer such a
thing to be mentioned as paying her.
As a great rarity we had in the
dessert a cream cheese made upon
the spot. Attempts to make good
cheese near Cape Town had failed as
the milk was not sufficiently rich due
to poor feed."

Next on the scene was the great
William John Burchell, botanist and
owner of the most luxurious wagon
ever seen in Mossel Bay. The forward
part was his bedroom and a canvas
partition separated him from the
stores; goods as presents to chiefs,
clothing and blankets for his own
Hottentots; books and other articles
packed into five large chests. Burchell
gave dinner parties in the wagon. One
of his menus consisted of boiled beef,
rice, melted sheep tail fat and salt, tea
without sugar. I think of him playing

the flute and dancing on the beach at
Mossel Bay.

The Rev. Christian Latrobe, a
Moravian missionary born in England,
arrived soon after Burchell. He stayed
with the Meyers at Hartenbosch and
recorded: "We found friendly faces
and excellent quarters for the night.
Mr. Meyer and his whole family gave
us the kindest reception and seemed
much pleased with our visit. The
furniture in Mr. Meyer's house, made
of stinkwood, yellowwood and other
curious woods, does him great credit,
both as to beauty and strength. When
we awoke in the morning the sky was
covered with black clouds and it
lightened and thundered much. At
eight it cleared up though the thunder
continued to roar all round the
horizon. Our friendly host at breakfast
gave us an account of the many wild

beasts that haunt the woods and bushy
coasts of the bay, where they have
good cover. Tygers and wolves now
and then commit depredations; wild
buffaloes are sometimes seen; but wild
dogs are numerous and most to be
dreaded. A wolf hunts only at night, is
cowardly and may be guarded against
by various means; but the wild dogs
go in troops and hunt night and day.
They attack every living animal and
the 'dread of man' is but slight upon
them. Mr. Meyer related that if they
have killed a tame animal they will
quit it on being attacked by man, but
not if their prey is wild game. Not long
ago a troop of them hunted a rhebuck
into his neighbour's yard. The farmer
sallied forth with his gun to drive off
the pursuers and secure the fugitive for
his own table, but was instantly
attacked by the dogs and his life with

difficulty saved by his people.
Porcupines are numerous; snakes
creep into the poultry yards and
houses and do much mischief. Our
host getting up in the dark and
walking into the hall felt something
like a rope about his legs. On calling
for a light he discovered it to be a
yellow serpent. Had he accidentally
trod upon it he would have been
bitten by the venomous reptile.
About nine o'clock we took leave of
the family. Nowhere have we yet met
with a more cordial reception than at
Hartenbosch."

Admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton followed
Latrobe; and he too, was entertained
by the Meyers. "The house stood
upon a gentle eminence sloping
down from the mountain towards the
sea and commanded a splendid view
of the valley, the river and the sea

with the whole range of coast from
Mossel Bay to the Kayman," wrote
Brenton. "Mr. Meyer is an example
of what may be done by industry and
exertion. His family and his house
were highly creditable. Hospitality,
neatness and every appearance of
domestic felicity gave a relish to this
scene which is not easily forgotten
and would have been a subject for
admiration in any part of the world.
All that struck the eyes conveyed an
idea of comfort and respectability
and showed the effect of habitual
attention to arrangement and cleanli-
ness. A group of beautiful and
orderly children gave promise that
this valley could flourish in future
generations."

Brenton, a clever artist, painted the
gabled Meyer farm under the moun-
tains, with aloes in the foreground.

He noticed the wagons loaded with
yellowwood beams for buildings,
logs for planks, fellies for wheels,
tree-nails for repairs to ships.
Families, he said, lived mainly on
mutton, game, tea and brandy. "A
kind of Providence has showered
down all the essentials of life on this
favoured country," Brenton declared.
"Want of food is unknown either for
man or beast. Houses built of clay
and thatched with reeds - are readily
constructed; the woodwork for doors,
windows and rafters are easily
obtained from the nearest bosch.
Furniture is confined to the frames of
a bedstead or two and thongs of
rawhide. A large chest serves as a
store closet and table. Clothing is
easily made from sheepskin tanned or
untanned. A few loads of wood carried
to the Cape Town market will procure

them brandy and tea, the principal
luxuries, also printed calicos and linen.
A covered wagon is their dwelling-
house."

James Holman, the blind British naval
lieutenant who travelled widely in
spite of his handicap, visited Mossel
Bay in the eighteen-twenties and
encountered an English sailor there.
He was an "easy and improvident
beachcomber," catching whales and
gathering oysters; weatherwise,
accurate as a barometer. Known as
Mossel Bay Jack, the beachcomber
also collected shells for the lime-
burners, exchanging a wagonload for a
cow, ox or wheat.

The Rev. James Backhouse, the
Wesleyan missionary, found only ten
houses in Mossel Bay in 1838, but
wagons with fifty people had assem-
bled there to wait for a ship. During

that year the government gave the
place the official name of Aliwal
West, but the residents disliked it and
went on calling it Mossel Bay. The
first Dutch Reformed Church was built
there seven years later with the Rev. T.
T. van der Riet as minister. A turf club
was formed in 1852. In that year
Mossel Bay became a municipality
named Aliwal South; but the obstinate
inhabitants refused to adopt the name
and in the end they had their way.

When a "Cape Argus" reporter visited
Mossel Bay in the middle of last
century he said the place reminded
him of Simonstown. There were one
hundred and twenty houses, many of
them solidly built. The new gaol,
however, was described as "a mean
little hovel, so tumble-down that the
authorities fear to incarcerate prisoners
within its walls." A jetty ran out from

the beach and there was a landing
place with steps. Admiral Pringle had
sent an officer named Rice in H.M.S.
Hope to chart Mossel Bay before the
end of the eighteenth century. Now a
harbourmaster named H. W. Laws was
appointed. I have seen a report on the
harbour by Laws in which he declared
that Mossel Bay was perfectly secure
from May to August and offered the
only safe anchorage along that iron-
bound coast. The bay was the deepest
indentation between Simon's Bay and
Delagoa Bay, as Knysna and Port
Natal gave no shelter outside their
narrow entrances. Laws pointed out
that the opening of Meiring's Poort
through the Swartberg had given
Mossel Bay access to the interior and
had helped the village to develop.
Many houses had slate and zinc roofs
and some had two storeys. The chapel

and the Dutch church gave the place
"respectability and character". There
were three hotels, an apothecary,
provision shops and a public reading-
room. Officials included a resident
magistrate, district surgeon, customs
officer and police for the population of
six hundred. A post-cart ran to Cape
Town three times a week. Between the
years 1851 and 1858 more than four
hundred ships had anchored in the bay.

Seal Island, which so many mailboat
passengers have seen on harbour
excursions by tug, was a scene of
tragedy in the middle of last century.
A shipmaster, a doctor named Syme
and two others were drowned while
visiting the island. Some years later a
whale boat was stove in while the
crew were attempting to land on Seal
Island. On that occasion another

medical man was drowned, a Dr.
Weinstein and three others.

Governor Sir Philip Wodehouse
opened the Cape St. Blaize lighthouse
and laid the cornerstone of a new j etty
in the eighteen-sixties and a "grand
tiffin" was held in his honour. At this
period the newspapers reported that
Mossel Bay had become a fashionable
watering place. The hotels were the
Marine, Masonic, Royal and Victoria;
all of them offered "draught beer and
oyster suppers". By the year 1875
Mossel Bay had a town population of
twelve hundred with nearly four
thousand in the district.

Twelve years later the town was
shocked by the first murder among the
white community. Louisa Ann Del-
bridge, a schoolgirl, was found
throttled. Tracks showed that the
murderer had worn odd boots. A man

named William Matfield was tried and
condemned to death. He wrote a
confession shortly before the execu-
tion and this was published in the
newspapers: "I committed the crime
while in a mad state and it was like a
dream when I came to my senses.
Since my sentence I have turned over
to the Catholic Church. I wish to thank
the magistrate, police and gaoler for
their kindness. I leave a wife and four
children and trust the people of Mossel
Bay will be charitable towards them."
Matfield was pinioned in his cell at a
quarter to eight one morning in June
1888 and accompanied to the scaffold
by Father Ballesty and two constables.
A service was read and Matfield
responded. Crowds had gathered on
the hill overlooking the gaol and as the
scaffold had been put up in the gaol
yard the onlookers were able to watch

the execution. Before the noose was
adjusted Matfield addressed those
present. (According to the local
newspaper the witnesses included the
deputy sheriff, district surgeon, police
"and a few other gentlemen").
Matfield said: "I am about to suffer the
just penalty for the crime I have
committed and I commend my spirit to
God." The trap was sprung and soon
afterwards the watchers on the hillside
dispersed.

Towards the end of the century the
first intermediate steamer called at
Mossel Bay to load eighty thousand
oranges and ostrich feathers worth ten
thousand pounds. She was the brand
new Arundel Castle of four thousand
tons, the second ship in the Castle fleet
to bear that name. Another interesting
arrival at the port, in the winter of
1903, was the first motor-car, a six-

horse Gladiator driven by a Mr.
Menzies. "The car attracted a deal of
attention as it careered merrily along,"
reported the local newspaper. "Mr.
Menzies is conveying a government
official to Port Elizabeth and thence
northwards. He covered the distance
between Cape Town and Mossel Bay
in twenty-four hours net, not including
stoppages for sleep and meals. The car
negotiates hills with a facility that
fully sustains the claims made for
these vehicles in regard to their
capacity for speed and power."

Trawling started in Mossel Bay waters
very early this century. The research
vessel Pieter Faure fished off Cape
Infanta and brought up hauls too large
to lift inboard. Soles, which had been
regarded as a great luxury in Mossel
Bay, were sold at a penny each; for
those were the days before cold

storage and rail facilities. When the
first train reached Mossel Bay in
1905 there were no more penny
soles.

Mossel Bay still has a number of
reminders of its past besides the Ou
Posboom, the cannon and anchors.
Marsh Street, the main thoroughfare,
recalls Mr. George Marsh, the first
magistrate. Some of the old ware-
houses of honeycoloured local stone
have arched doorways built in the
days when high-piled wagons
entered the yards of the merchants.
Die Bakke, one of the three main
beaches, gained its name at the time
when farmers camped there and then
animals drank at the iron water
troughs (die bakke) on the sands.

Mossel Bay has a country museum
where many fine specimens of old
Afrikaans culture are preserved. It is

housed in a low white building on
the Hartenbos farm, ancestral home
of the Meyer family. Strandloper
implements form a contrast with the
wagon equipment of the Voortrekker
period and farmhouse furniture. Here
are white linen kappies and a baby's
cape decorated with spotted guinea
fowl feathers. Old musical instru-
ments and sewing-machines, a
wooden kitchen mincer, guns and
medical kit, pewter and chinaware
are among the Hartenbos exhibits.

I mentioned aloe fumes when I first
entered Mossel Bay. This is one of
Africa's ancient trades for the
Egyptians were using aloes as
medicine three thousand years before
Christ; and at the Cape the Hotten-
tots were collecting the juice for the
same purpose long before the first
explorers arrived. Adrian van der

Stel sent the Aloe ferox seed to
Holland. Dried aloe juice weighing
millions of pounds has passed
through Mossel Bay since the middle
of last century. German schooners
called for it and the dried sap was
exported in special boxes made of
Outeniqua yellowwood. You may
smell herbs and sweet flowers and
fragrant heath in the Mossel Bay
district; but when the aloes are boiled
in cauldrons the odour dominates the
countryside.

You see the tall spikes of the red-hot
pokers along the roads and over large
areas of veld in the early spring. The
aloes look after themselves. Tappers
work at all seasons though dry weather
is best. Then you see the coloured
tappers hacking off the leaves and
piling them in the traditional way, cut
ends inwards, on to a goatskin spread

over a hollow in the ground. After
about twelve hours the juice is poured
into petrol cans. It looks rather like
dark brown treacle when it is boiled.
Finally it dries and hardens into brittle
cakes.

Aloe tappers have to guard against the
effects of the powerful medicine they
handle all day long. They find it
necessary to add dried beans and
mealies to their bread and potatoes.
Even their sweat turns yellow after a
spell among the aloes. Aloe juice
contains the purgative drug aloin; the
characteristic bitter taste is disguised
by coating laxative pills with sugar or
saccharine. Fresh juice from the leaf is
used as an eye application for
opthalmia. The juice is also used for
treating scab in sheep. Sweet nectar
from the flower is a narcotic, causing
symptoms like curare poisoning. Buck

are aware of the medical properties
and have been seen nibbling the
leaves. Some farmers think that dosing
sheep and cattle with aloes will affect
the blood and force ticks to abandon
their hosts, but this is a fallacy. Dried
aloe leaves give a smokeless flame and
provide the finest of all fuel for flat-
irons. Aloe ash mixed with powdered
tobacco gives just the right flavour
(say the addicts) to certain forms of
snuff. Aloes were once used for
embalming. Country folk painted the
woodwork in their homes with aloe
juice to keep beetles away and impart
a deep colour. Indeed the aloe has
been valued since the days of
Solomon, as you will remember: "All
their garments smell of myrrh and
aloes and cassia." According to
Mossel Bay legend, the secret of the
aloe medicine and the method of

preparation were revealed by a dying
Hottentot slave to his master.

Mossel Bay has one other unusual
industry, a factory for milling the
yellow ochre mined in the Albertinia
district and worked into a fine powder
for paint. The resort claims the finest
natural bathing pool in the world, the
Poort with its rock walls and sandy
floor, filled by each high tide. The
old fishing village of thatched
cottages has grown into a town that
has covered the hillside; a town of
modern shops and villas and one
circular home on a pedestal admired
by architects. Oysters cost a bit more
than they did in the days when the
first hotels served oyster suppers. If
Vasco da Gama returned today he
would find no one simple enough to
supply him with a bull in exchange
for a red cap. The tigers and wolves

(in reality leopards and jackals) of
Latrobe's time are no longer a
serious menace. Little schooners are
in no danger of being driven on to
Santos beach. Bushman paintings in
the caves of Cape St. Blaize were
blacked out by the fires of campers
long ago. The oysters are still there,
thank heaven, and so is the view of
the distant Outeniquas, the range that
inspired Francois le Vaillant nearly
two centuries ago when he declared:
"I was rapt in wonder. This land
bears the name of Outeniqualand,
which in the Hottentot tongue means
'a man laden with honey'. The
flowers grow there in millions.
Nature has made an enchanted abode
of this beautiful place."

Chapter Seven

Bay Of Lost CARGOES

Old sailormen have told me that Port
Elizabeth once had a seafaring quarter
as rowdy and dangerous as old Cape
Town's waterfront streets. The surf-
boat crews of Algoa Bay, they
declared, were every bit as bold and
skilful as the Table Bay watermen.
Just as Table Bay skippers feared the
winter north-westers so the ship-

masters of last century dreaded the
black south-easters at Algoa Bay.

Algoa Bay must be paved with lost
cargoes, everything from steel rails
and other "Glasgow jewellery" to
slabs of marble and galvanised sheets.
Hundreds of anchors have rested in the
mud for centuries. Thousands of
fathoms of valuable anchor chains
have been abandoned there, enough to
hold the fleets of the world. When
bales and cases dropped from the
slings the Customs men known as
"tide waiters" recovered some of the
flotsam on North End beach; but
Algoa Bay has swallowed greedily
fortunes in heavy freight that should
have gone to the shore in lighters.
Those who know only the modern
all-weather harbour can have little
idea of past hardships and disasters.
Again and again the builders of walls

and breakwaters were defeated by
the violence of the sea and Port
Elizabeth had to wait more than a
century for the secure basin of today.

I can remember the wind-swept
anchorage where passenger ships and
tramps plunged and bucketed with
strings of lighters bumping heavily
against their sides. Gangways were
smashed, passengers had to enter tall
baskets and trust the magnificent
blacks of vast experience who
handled the rattling steam-winches
and lowered them safely to the decks
of tugs. The trade of the port was
carried on over the years in spite of
wild and frightening storms and all
too many shipwrecks. In the days of
sail a strong south-easter must have
been a nightmare for those afloat.
Shipmasters took compass bearings
of Fort Frederick and Bird Rock and

anchored in six fathoms, grey sand
over clay. October to April were the
months they feared. When haze
appeared on the horizon; when the
air became cold and damp; when the
port office hoisted a warning, then
careful masters made for open sea.
Some trusted their ground tackle but
if their cables parted the surf claimed
them and they pounded on the sand.
Others hesitated, tried to claw off the
lee shore; their topsails carried away,
mainsails split and they became
victims of the heavy, breaking seas.
Often by the next morning a fine ship
would have become a mass of
tangled rope and shattered timber.

As long as the wind blew from the
west Algoa Bay offered safe anchor-
age. When it veered to the east of
Cape Recife a swell rose and the
lighters became hard to manage.

Black south-easters filled the sky
with dark clouds and masters realised
the danger before the gale warning
was signalled from the shore.
Tarpaulins were dragged over the
holds of the lighters and all cargo
work came to a halt. Small craft
made for the shore. Ship after ship
veered out more cable; sixty fathoms
became seventy, eighty, a hundred, a
hundred and twenty, and men
wondered whether the great chains
would stand the test. Steamers with
their fires burning were safe enough
for they could use their engines to
relieve the strain or move out to sea
if necessary. Sailing ships had to rely
on anchors and chain and springs.
Their crews stared across the anchor-
age to see how others were faring
and caught occasional glimpses
through blinding spray. Landmarks

became invisible. They heard the
roaring of the gale, the surf on the
beach, the nerve-racking creak and
groaning of the windlass. All night
there would be the lightning and the
rain; the wind blowing at seventy,
eighty miles an hour; men working
frantically by the light of storm
lanterns; rockets going up, tar barrels
ablaze as signals of distress. Dawn
would show the black cloud masses
still racing overhead. Dawn on the
beach would bring sorrow to all who
set eyes on the doomed and the dead.
Sometimes the crowds on the beach
were able to count the men in the
bows of a wrecked ship, but they had
to watch them drowning, one by one.

Years ago during an early visit to
Port Elizabeth I was advised to call
on two old citizens named Josephus
Winter and Thomas Morgan. After

this lapse of time I can hardly
believe my own notes, for these men
talked freely of the eighteen-fifties.
They remembered Port Elizabeth as a
place of sandy roads like an up-
country village; a Main Street
crowded with wool wagons; post-cart
drivers with bugles; masses of foam
blowing across Jetty Street and
across Market Square during a south-
easter. They had seen a sailing ship
break away from her anchor and
drive right through a wooden jetty,
leaving a wide gap. Then she met her
end on the rocks. They talked of the
wreck of the Charlotte, a troopship
bound from Cork to Calcutta under
sail. She was no Birkenhead, for
everyone on board seemed to have
been panic-stricken. The Charlotte
carried one hundred and sixty-three
officers and men of the Twenty-

seventh Regiment, eleven women
and twenty-six children and a full
crew. She put into Aloga Bay for
provisions and water and while at
anchor there a south-east gale blew
up. Almost everyone in the town
went down to the foot of Jetty Street
to watch the drama. "Above the fury
of the wind and sea we could hear the
cries of the women and children,"
recalled Mr. Winter. "They saw the
danger even before the ship parted
with her anchor." The captain of the
Charlotte got a little sail on her and
tried to beat out of the bay, but it was
hopeless. The troopship crawled along
just outside the breakers, parallel with
the shore. Off North End beach the
mate jumped overboard and was
drowned in the surf. Survivors
declared that the mate had tried to
persuade the captain to beach the ship

on the sand. When the captain refused
the mate said he was going to give
himself a sporting chance of reaching
the shore, and went to his death. The
Charlotte struck the rockiest part of
the foreshore and broke in half. The
harbourmaster sent a rocket line across
but no one in the Charlotte touched it.
Then he sent out a lifeboat at great
risk. "A panic at this time seized the
crew and troops," reported the
harbourmaster. "In defiance of
repeated hails from the shore they
jumped overboard. I launched the boat
in a fearful surf and several times
pulled alongside. The boat filled and
was driven on the rocks after several
men had been washed overboard." Mr.
Winter said the Charlotte broke up
rapidly but the stern came so close to
the shore that a number of people were
saved. At daybreak hardly a fragment

of the troopship was to be seen at the
place where she had struck. Sixty
soldiers, eleven women and all the
children were drowned, and the total
death roll was one hundred and fifteen.
Port Elizabeth regarded the Charlotte
disaster as a mystery. As a rule people
facing death are stirred to action but
nearly all on board the Charlotte
seemed to have been paralysed by
fear. By the way, this wreck which
was described to me by eye-witnesses
occurred as far back as 1854. Captain
Salmond, who tried to organise the
rescue, was awarded a gold medal, and
this has been preserved in the Port
Elizabeth library.

South-east gales brought work for the
local shipyards. They caulked the
damaged ships, fitted new rudders,
fashioned new mainmasts and
topmasts and rigged ships of all sizes.

When the Star of Empire was
dismasted and abandoned the Port
Elizabeth craftsmen fitted her out
again and sent her to sea as the Lady
Grey. Famous little Cape Town
traders were calling at Algoa Bay a
century ago: the Lord of the Isles,
which went on to Mauritius for sugar,
the guano island vessel Alert, Captain
James Glendinning's Admiral, the
Anna, Albatross and Tonquille. Port
Elizabeth builders launched a schooner
of their own in the middle of last
century, the Penguin for communi-
cation with Bird Island. They had their
own whaling industry, too, started by
Frederick Korsten, the Dutch aristocrat
and merchant who was there before
the settlers arrived. He was also a
farmer and shipowner. Korsten's ship
Helena sailed to England and he

opened up the sealing and guano trade
with the Algoa Bay islands.

Whaling flourished all through last
century, the fierce old-fashioned
whaling which made bull-fighting
seem a sport for timid people. Algoa
Bay had several great harpooners.
Rival whalermen kept a sharp lookout
from the Donkin Reserve or St. Croix
island; and a smoke fire was the signal
that a whale had been sighted. Right
whales swam into Algoa Bay to calve
from June to September each year.
When the lookoutmen saw a "blow"
the crews rushed down to North End
Beach and launched the narrow,
double-ended boats. Portuguese
harpooners were among the pioneers.
One daredevil named Fernandez often
jumped from the boat on to a whale's
back to drive the lance home. Searle,
another skipper, used a small harpoon

gun fired from the shoulder; it had a
kick that usually knocked him over but
when the dart exploded in the right
spot the whale died quickly. Among
the last of the North End whalermen
was Old Darby, a fearless Malay. He
once brought in a huge sperm whale,
sixty feet long and valued at eight
hundred pounds. They had their
blubber pots on North End beach, and
all the poor (and the dogs) of Port
Elizabeth gathered there to feast on
discarded fragments of fat whale meat.
Whalebone was cleaned and sold in
those days of corsets and unwanted
parts were dumped at sea. But the
great skeletons remained for many
years as relics of the hunting. Mr.
Herbert McWilliams, the well-known
architect and yacht designer, uses the
old cauldrons as flowerpots at his
home on the Swartkops River. The

vertebrae of whales decorate his
garden. Among his nautical museum
pieces are the figurehead of H.M.S.
Medusa, one of Nelson's flagships;
ships' lanterns, a signal cannon, bells
and bollards and anchors.

Port Elizabeth had its pubs in the
very early days, the Red Lion Tavern
and the Robinson Hotel. In the
eighteenforties came the Phoenix
Hotel, named after the pioneer
paddle steamer Phoenix that traded
along the coast. Cobb's coaches,
drawn by eight horses, started from
the Phoenix. By the middle of last
century there were rather more bars
and canteens than the little town
needed. Strand Street, which had a
vile reputation, was the resort of
smugglers, drunken seamen, escaped
convicts and army deserters. Here
the thirsty sailorman could refresh

himself at the Standard, the Prince of
Wales, Kromm's, Ted Sasse's, the
Caledonian, the Admiral Rodney and
other hotels and canteens. In this
unlighted quarter, known as Irish
Town, beachcombers slept in surf
boats and defended themselves
against a horde of rats. Here the
stevedores fortified themselves with
brandy before pulling off to ships in
the bay. Often they needed strong
drink for their boats capsized again
and again in heavy weather. People
loved to watch the surf boats coming
in and waiting just outside the line of
breakers for a word from the coxs'n.
At the right moment the coxs'n
would dip his long steering oar and
shout; the men would pull together
and come roaring in on the crest of a
wave. Once the boat touched all
hands would jump into the water.

With shoremen helping they would
lift the heavy boat with slings and
spars and rush her out of reach of the
sea. Passengers were carried on
shore by natives.

Irish Town was tough but an Irish
priest named Father Murphy restored
law and order. He rode a black horse
and carried only a cane. When the
black horse died he acquired a white
horse; and an admirer called his hotel
the White Horse in honour of the
priest's steed. Thanks to Father
Murphy's influence the Roman
Catholic prisoners in the little wooden
gaol were allowed out on Sundays to
attend Mass. For three decades Father
Murphy visited the Irish emigrants
who settled in Port Elizabeth. He died
nearly a century ago but the man and
his famous horses have never been
forgotten.

Port Elizabeth had a German colony in
the eighteenfifties and they gathered at
Hirsch's Hotel, the Commercial in
Queen Street. It was not only the
fountain with goldfish and lilies that
attracted them. Hirsch also provided
sausages and pumpernickel, Bavarian
cheese and pretzels. His cooks
transmuted the plain local cabbage
into a legendary sauerkraut, shredded
and flavoured with carraway seeds,
garnished with apples and onions and
frankfurters. Hirsch imported the
typical German herb liqueurs as well
as the Rhine brandies and Steinhaeger
gin; and he kept an unfailing stock of
regional beers to suit the exacting
palates of residents and sailors. There
came a time when the German colony
in Port Elizabeth formed a Deutsche
Liedertafel, gathering under a huge
imperial coat-of-arms with black,

white and red ribbons. They drank and
sang and ate rollmops, and when the
glasses were raised the toasts could be
heard in the street - Prost I Zum
Wohle I Zur Gesundheit I Strange to
say, a favourite meeting place of the
German colony late last century was
the Britannia Hotel.

Other early hotels in Queen Street
were the George and Dragon, the
Oddfellows Arms, the Rose and
Shamrock, Fountain and Albion. The
Vine in Sea Lane was known for some
reason as "His Lordship's Larder".
Queen Street also had, as a contrast, a
garden filled with one of the finest
collections of ships' figureheads ever
seen in South Africa. Mr. Tee, the
owner, did not exactly welcome
shipwrecks; but he was always on the
spot when wrecks were put up for sale,
and the auctioneer could always rely

on a bid for the figurehead. In this way
Mr. Tee became the owner of a nauti-
cal museum far more romantic than
the rusty anchors, chain and other
marine equipment that surrounded the
George Hotel in Main Street. Where
are they now, those crude yet robust
wooden statues of classical figures
and naval heroes, those famous men
and women staring with sightless
eyes towards the oceans they had
lost? These images of good luck
were not always works of art. Some
came from the benches of ships'
carpenters, though now and again a
shipowner commissioned a brilliant
woodcarver and adorned a prow with
a delicate figurehead that brought the
whole ship to life. Mr. Tee had a
stupid-looking man with a walrus
moustache between two lovely
female effigies in flowing robes.

There was an eagle from a Yankee
whaler and a lion from some
unknown wreck. Carved from pine
and brightly painted, these were
relics of the golden age of sail.

Dick Smithers, an American who
made a living by breaking up wrecks,
was among the Port Elizabeth
characters towards the end of last
century. He ran a boarding-house as
a sideline, and his dances with a
pianist and three fiddlers were
described as the best entertainment
value of the period. Smithers charged
an entrance fee of one shilling. Of
course there were scenes of wild
disorder when seamen of the
different nations clashed, when fists
and belts came into action. But on
happier occasions the sentimental
mariners gathered round the

orchestra and sang with tears in their
bloodshot eyes:

But a maiden so sweet lives in that

little street,
She's the daughter of Widow

McNally:
She has bright golden hair, and the

boys all declare
She's the sunshine of Paradise

Alley.

Among the picturesque corners of
Port Elizabeth early this century was
the Chinese market garden. Chinese
growers took their vegetables from
door to door in pannier baskets. Even
in those days some people enjoyed
the authentic Chinese dishes; meat
and fish cooked with sesame or
peanut oil and mild spices; mush-
rooms and bamboo shoots, shrimps
and almonds and soya sauce; cakes
flavoured with powdered ginger.

Malay fishermen carried their fish on
long bamboo poles. Their mosques
were at the lower end of Strand Street.
The fishermen moved to South End
later and lived in wattle and daub huts.
Like the Cape Malays this colony at
Algoa Bay loved picnics on holidays;
and they streamed out to the
Swartkops River in their carts. The
fezzed men favoured brown suits with
gold watch chains; women appeared in
dazzling clothes. They danced their
own volkspele and they sang:

So lank as die rietjie in die water

le
In die water le, in die water le
So lank as die rietjie in die water

le
Blommetjie gedink om my.

Mr. McWilliams, the architect I have
mentioned, has pointed out that the
city has a number of very narrow

buildings. He traced this peculiarity
back to the days when wooden spars
from wrecks were used as main beams
in new buildings. A spar twenty-seven
feet long would span a roof or floor;
and so many a frontage was
determined. Port Elizabeth owes its
deep, narrow buildings to the gales in
Algoa Bay.

Port Elizabeth once watched the daily
movements of the most remarkable
train in the country. It was not a train
to boast about for it carried the refuse
of the town, a train of trucks loaded
with eighty tons of household rubbish.
People called it the "Driftsands
Special". It ran for the first time
towards the end of last century and
completed its unromantic task during
the first two decades of this century.

Drifting sand menaced Port Elizabeth
in the eighteenseventies. First it was

deposited on the beach and blown
inland; then it seeped back into the bay
at the wrong spot and threatened the
harbour. The dune area, with sandhills
thirty feet high, was known as the
"Downs" and became a landmark for
ships in Algoa Bay. Reclamation
started almost a century ago, convicts
planted Port Jackson willows, but the
sand still appeared to be gaining.
People spoke nervously of Port
Elizabeth being engulfed by sand. So a
railway line was built into the heart of
the sandy desert and the "Driftsands
Special" whistled off for the first time.
Convicts spread the refuse over the
dunes. Self-sown tomatoes, pumpkins
and acacias grew out of the sand.
Stable sweepings yielded unexpected
crops of oathay. But still a yellow
cloud of sand arose in a strong breeze
and fell on the decks of ships miles

away at sea. Only after years of
constant work was the desert trans-
formed into the pleasant Humewood
resort of today. And only a few
railway lovers mourned the passing of
the "Driftsands Special." Mr. E. P.
Dimbleby, the Port Elizabeth editor,
once told me that the sight he always
gazed upon in wonder mixed with
horror was the fantastic horde of flies
which hovered over the train and
accompanied it to its destination. One
fly does not make very much noise,
but those millions of flies buzzing in
unison almost rivalled the engine-
driver's whistle.

A more fragrant train is the "Apple
Express" which brings the apple
harvest into Port Elizabeth from
stations as far away as Avontuur.
Early this century it set out as the
"Walmer Coffee Pot"; but those

locomotives have gone. It might also
be known as the "Orange and Pear
Train" for the Langkloof orchards fill
the trucks with these fruits. And there
are times when the aroma of tobacco is
wafted through the countryside from
the "Apple Express". It is a narrow-
gauge railway, two feet six inches
wide, built at one third the cost of
South African standard gauge.
Railway-lovers flock to a miniature
railway but during the fruit season
they have to make way for more
profitable cargoes bound for the
harbour.

Chapter Eight
By Wagon To The Kowie

My first j ourney to Port Alfred was by
ox-wagon. The trek was memorable
because this was my only experience
of South Africa's traditional "ship of
the veld". I was ten years old, an
unhappy boarder at a Grahamstown
school, and when the short holidays
came it was almost impossible to go to
Cape Town and back in the time
allowed. So I went with other exiles to
the school camp at Port Alfred.

It was considered a great privilege to
be chosen as one of the wagon party.
The wagons, bearing tents, set out
several days before the end of the
term, so that those arriving by train
would find everything ready for them.
The year was 1910, with Halley's
Comet sweeping across the night sky.

I saw ostriches and oranges along the
road between Grahamstown and the
coast, but not a single motor-car. This
was still the heyday of the ox -wagon
and the rough tracks resounded with
the wild cries of the drivers and the
sounds of their long whips. I
discovered that oxen had names too
weird to remember; but I recall their
strength and patience and fearsome
horns. Sometimes the wheels sank into
holes and I walked ahead while the
blacks struggled with the teams. I
found the whole j ourney very much to
my taste; the swinging trot of the oxen
over hard ground; the long outspan at
midday; the smell of the earth. A box
with a heavy lid held the food and it
gave out a fine aroma of coffee and
brown sugar, rusks and pepper. In the
evening there would be stewed mutton

,.,,.

HARBOURS OF MEMORY

*'My first journey to Port Alfred was by ox-wagon. The trek was
memorable because this was my only experience of South Africa's
traditional *ship of the veld'."

and askoek. I would have gone on for
ever provided the wagon was taking
me away from that hated school.
However, the trek ended all too soon
at an old-fashioned Port Alfred which
had none of the smart, modern shop-
windows or tiled villas.

Close to the camp was a store that
could not have changed much since
the days of the Settlers. It was a low
building like a stable with a stoep
displaying felt hats and velskoene,
pitchforks and saddles. Packing cases
formed the counter and the dark
room smelt of moth powders used to
protect the woollen goods; moth
powders, great bars of soap and roll
tobacco. I was interested only in the
jars of sweets though I admired the
gaudy handkerchiefs and guns.

We always called Port Alfred "the
Kowie", a native name based on the

rushing of the waters. During a river
excursion by steam-launch we kept a
look-out for buffalo; but there were
not many left even in those days for
the rinderpest had almost extermi-
nated them. I saw a lifeboat crossing
the sinister bar that had caused so
many wrecks and drownings. The
port was a ghost harbour, a deserted
port where the stone embankments,
wharves and mooring rings were
reminders of the long period when
Port Alfred sheltered steamers and
square-riggers. Then I went back to
school by train, over the graceful
Blaauwkrantz bridge of tragic
memories. More than half a century
passed before I saw Port Alfred
again.

According to legend the Portuguese
were the first white men to enter the
Kowie River. They must have

sighted the mouth; but I doubt very
much whether such fine, cautious
navigators would have risked their
boats and their lives so far from
home by crossing the unknown bar
and sailing up the uncharted stream.

Old charts show a Rio Infante and a
Penedo das Fontes, which have been
identified by some writers with the
Kowie River and the Fountain Rocks
close by. Dr. Eric Axelson, the most
reliable modern authority, has
declared that the problem is insoluble
from the present known sources of
information. Years ago the imagina-
tive Professor E. H. L. Schwarz (of
"Kalahari redemption" fame) declar-
ed that Bartholomew Diaz took three
of his boats up the Kowie to a spot
which he named St. Mary's Cove.
There he found a spring and secured
fresh water for his ships. Schwarz

went on: "Diaz left a box of docu-
ments relating to his voyage together
with an emblem of Christianity to
mark, as it were, the farthest limits of
the faith in this unknown country."
Early this century an ironbound box
filled with the remains of sodden
documents was dug up at the Cove and
there were fragments of a devotional
image. These relics were thrown away
by people who were ignorant of the
possible historical value. Schwarz may
have been right.

Another legend which has been told in
some detail but still lacks an authentic
source, placed a Portuguese castle at
the Kowie River mouth. It was said to
have been built by Don Pedro Basto, a
seventeenth century pirate, who called
his stronghold "Eagle's Nest." From
there he attacked passing ships laden
with rich Eastern cargoes. Don Pedro

was supposed to have been deserted by
his followers and he was wandering
alone in the bush one day when the
blacks murdered him. The harbour
master's house was placed early last
century on a ruin and the builders were
said to have found dungeons with
rusty iron rings in the walls. Some
years later a number of skeletons of
Europeans were dug up in the
neighbourhood. I doubt whether there
is much truth in the "Eagle's Nest"
legend but a chance discovery in the
Lisbon archives may clear up these old
Kowie mysteries one day.

John Campbell the missionary crossed
the Kowie River near the mouth last
century some years before the first
settlers arrived. A Hottentot soldier led
the way on horseback, following
elephant paths through otherwise
impenetrable forests. At low tide the

drift was a quarter of a mile wide and
the water came over the backs of the
oxen. Campbell found British soldiers
from one of the forts on the beach
fishing. The entrails of gutted fish had
drawn sharks to the spot and Campbell
said that a ravenous man-eater
attacked a child wearing a red dress.
The child escaped. Campbell referred
to the river as the Buffalo. Another
distinguished visitor at that period was
Burchell the botanist.

When the 1820 Settlers first set eyes
on the Kowie mouth it was a marsh.
Great white herons were feeding
there, no doubt, while kingfishers
hovered over the lagoon and cormo-
rants dived for fish. It was a barren
spot with the south-easter howling
down the beach; but the newcomers
must have found some comfort when
they took oysters off the rocks,

speared soles and netted galjoen and
kabeljou. Very soon the Kowie (also
known as Port Frances) was regarded
as a coming place. Sloops and other
small craft sailed into the river and
false hopes were raised; hopes that
cost the Cape Government and others
half a million pounds sterling, spread
over about half a century. When the
schooner Elizabeth crossed and re-
crossed the bar safely the "Cape
Town Gazette" declared: "The
settlers after two seasons of unprece-
dented calamity and distress have
now the prospect of all the advan-
tages of water communication into
the heart of the country. Vessels may
discharge cargoes on the river banks
from their decks."

Port Frances unfortunately became a
place of wrecks and drownings.
Boats were upset on the bar, fishing

boats went out and never returned.
Larger craft were reported missing
and like the Waratah they never
made port. James Holman, that
shrewd, insatiable traveller, blind
though he was, visited the Kowie in
the eighteen-twenties and predicted
the failure of the place as a harbour.
He had been a naval officer and he
knew the dangers of a sand bar.
Holman said there was a village of
thirty houses, but "the people would
leave if they could dispose of their
property without loss." A rare and
surprising discovery on the beach at
this period was the last remnant of an
Antarctic iceberg. Travellers com-
mented on the shells to be found
there, nearly two thousand species
from the argonauts to chank shells.

Of course the man who really put the
Kowie on the map for a time was that

fantastic character William Cock. He
was the leader of a party of 1820
Settlers; a. short, handsome young
man of great ability and tremendous
drive; a man who would never admit
defeat. Cock lost his money not long
after landing but soon made a fortune
as a cattle speculator. Then he became
a shipowner. During a visit to the
Kowie he remarked to someone:
"What a pity that such a fine estuary is
not made available as a port." The idea
grew in his mind until it became an
obsession. Cock noticed that the river
channel came in on a curve, and he
believed that if it could be straightened
the floods would scour out a deep
channel so that large vessels would be
able to enter safely. He cut a new exit
for the river through the sandhills on
the west bank, built a sea-wall to hold

back high tides, and changed the
course of the river.

For days when the surface was
breaking, sometimes for weeks on end,
it took nerve and fine seamanship to
cross that perilous bar. Some made it,
many lost their ships and their lives.
The anxious master had to count the
seas, judge the right moment and make
a dash for it. Steamers came through
the broken water quicker than craft
under sail; yet steamers were among
the victims of the treacherous Kowie.

Miss Kate Pigot, daughter of Major
Pigot, watched an early shipwreck and
left a fine description of it. "Everyone
in the village gathered at the mouth of
the river, men, women and children
old enough to be out, wringing their
hands to see the ship leaning over and
men clinging to the mast. They had
but one boat and this capsized on

launching and was carried out to sea.
The surf was too wild to send any boat
from shore and signs were made to the
men to swim for it. It was not far, but
in that wind with the waves crashing
no shout could carry far. We watched
with beating hearts while three sailors
plunged into the sea and fought their
way through the surf. Two-score eager
hands stretched to help them as they
struggled through. A fire of driftwood
was lit to warm them and the flames,
blown ragged in the wind in the falling
dusk, made the scene appear wilder
yet."

Donald Moodie the magistrate was the
hero of this episode, for he swam out
to the wreck six times and brought the
remaining six men on shore. "Between
each trip he was sustained with brandy
neat, and but for that he cannot have
survived it," Kate Pigot wrote. "Such

a cheer went up as he and the last
man came within reach. All
recovered now thank God and no
lives lost, though the schooner
battered beyond hope of salvage.
'Tis feared this will mean less
confidence than ever in Port
Frances."

Optimists said that when the harbour
scheme was carried out "ships would
be as safe in the river as in the
London docks." Nevertheless, Cock
lost one ship after another. He had
the forty horse-power paddle-steamer
Sir John St. Aubyn specially built for
the Kowie trade; ninety feet long
with two-berth cabins for sixteen
passengers. An advertisement stated
that there was a ladies' cabin with
private W.C. and a dining-saloon.
Cock was on board when she made a
record passage of three and a half

days from Cape Town. She was
damaged on the bar and sank in the
river. Cock also lost his schooner
Africaine: and after several years of
valuable service his iron schooner
British Settler foundered near
Saldanha. However, there was a
period when Cock was sending
profitable cargoes of "Kowie
kippers" to Mauritius and meat to St.
Helena.

Cock built his famous residence
"Richmond House" in the eighteen-
thirties. This spacious, battlemented
home on the heights of the west bank
still dominates the river. Inevitably it
became known as "Cock's Castle",
but never as "Cock's Folly"; for it
was a fort as well as a house and it
saved Cock and his family when the
native hordes attacked the settlement.
One of Cock's sons designed the

place and he sank deep foundations
in the sandy ground of the bushclad
promontory. The snow-white walls
are three feet thick. The flat roof was
reinforced to stand the weight of
cannon. Water tanks were built
undergound so that the castle might
stand a long siege.

When the Kowie settlement was
attacked by the blacks in the middle
of last century Cock's schooner
Africaine was lying in the river. Guns
from the schooner were brought to
the castle and a brass swivel gun and
cannon were mounted on the roof
and used to beat off the raiders.
Berrington's Inn went up in flames
during the fight but "Cock's Castle"
proved to be impregnable. Famous
visitors were entertained there in later
years: Prince Alfred, Sir Benjamin
D'Urban, Sir Harry Smith and many

of the frontier military leaders. The
solid castle, with its view of the river
mouth and the surf on the bar, remains
one of the landmarks of the coast. Bird
watchers love the quiet garden where
Knysna louries and African hoopoes
still feed on the berries. Yet this was
the estate from which three hundred
natives, armed with guns, carried off
six hundred head of Cock's cattle.
"We gave them battle within one
hundred yards of my house," Cock
wrote. "We were only twenty."

Port Frances became Port Alfred
during the second half of last century.
Cock handed over the harbour
development to the Cape Government
and for a time it seemed that the
Kowie might become a serious rival to
Port Elizabeth and East London.
Convicts were sent there in the
eighteenfifties and for nearly three

decades Port Alfred was the largest
convict station in South Africa. Five
hundred prisoners of many races, aged
from seventeen to seventy, toiled in
the quarry and strengthened the
breakwaters against the hammer-blows
of the sea. Men served life sentences at
the Kowie, guarded by British
soldiers. Some escaped, for sailing
ships left the river bound for distant
parts of the world; and though many
were caught there were a few "broad
arrow" stowaways who regained their
freedom. Everyone in Port Alfred has
heard of the convict ghost who appears
only on Christmas Day. He was
brought from Grahamstown by three
warders; and as it was Christmas Day
they dropped into an inn, leaving the
manacled prisoner outside. The man
hid in the bush while the warders
drank. They searched and found him

without his chains. "Stop or we fire!"
shouted one warder. The convict
dashed off and was shot dead.

Port Alfred knew many vicissitudes as
a port. The year 1873 was a year of
wrecks: the African Belle with her
wine and brandy; the Catherine
Marie and the Laetitia. Marine
insurance underwriters began demand-
ing high rates for ships intending to
enter the river. However, the harbour
work went on and an historic
locomotive known officially as
"number nine" was landed there to
carry stone from the quarry to the
west pierhead. "Number nine" had
hauled the first train out of Cape
Town station; and this is the
locomotive preserved as a national
monument on the Cape Town station
to this day.

Dredgers worked on the bar. One
dredger, the Perseverance, deserved
her name for she spent thirty years in
the river. Yet ships were sometimes
delayed for five weeks at a time
while tugs were sent out with "depth-
charges" of gunpowder to blast away
the bar. They killed shoals of fish but
failed to remove the sandbank.

Square-rigged mail steamers called
regularly at Port Alfred in the eight-
een seventies, anchoring offshore
and loading from lighters. This was a
prosperous decade; and in one boom
year the Kowie exports exceeded
£100,000. When the depth on the bar
was twenty feet, vessels of seven
hundred tons could use the port. Old
photographs show ten ships in the
river at the same time. Sailors
deserted and headed for the diamond
fields; but the Port Alfred taverns

were flourishing and ways were
devised of finding crews for vessels
outward bound. Cock, the indomit-
able Cock, turned to growing coffee
and cotton. Tugs carried hundreds of
trippers over the bar at half-a-crown
a head to see the ships and the
fishing boats at work. Hunters came
out of the Kowie bush with leopards
and buffalo. A daredevil named
Thomas Houghton crossed the bar in
a canoe and was drowned. And, of
course, there was much talk of the
coming of the railway.

Mr. John X. Merriman "turned the
first sod" early in the eighteen-
eighties. Rails, sleepers and trucks
arrived by sea. George Pauling, that
famous and resourceful contractor,
inspected the route and his men
carried out the work with a subsidy
of £2,000 a mile. It was a costly

private venture; but the Port Alfred
payroll was £500 a week and that
kept Style's Hotel and the bars full.
Those early locomotives (and the
tugs on the river) provided work for
woodcutters; there was no coal avail-
able and the furnaces devoured wood
fuel.

Floods ravaged the Kowie banks
eighty years ago, swamping the
convict station and mental hospital.
The railway offered excursion fares
"to see the Kowie wrecks". Port
Alfred was nearing the end of its
time as a harbour. Coasters still
entered the river occasionally; but
when the Lily of Cape Town was lost
on the bar in 1894 with a cargo of
cement, shipowners decided not to
visit Port Alfred any more. Once it
seemed that the Kowie might have
been chosen instead of the Buffalo,

but the tally of cargoes never kept
pace with the hopes of William Cock
and his followers, and wreck after
wreck ruined Port Alfred's hopes for
the future. It is said that when Port
Alfred was abandoned as a harbour
Cecil John Rhodes made the Cape
Government a secret offer. He
wanted a port for Rhodesia, a "free
port"; and if his terms had been
accepted he would have taken over
the harbour works lock, stock and
barrel and made the entrance safe
regardless of cost.

Interest in Port Alfred revived during
the South African War, when all the
ports were congested and an engineer
named Methuen reported favourably
on the possibilities. Nothing was
done. A little work was carried out
on the west breakwater between the

world wars but not even a fishing
harbour was completed.

Artists and wet plate photographers
have left an interesting panorama of
Port Alfred's past. First to settle
there was the mysterious English
aristocrat Frederick Timpson I'Ons,
a flawless painter of landscapes and
portraits. He was at Port Alfred in
the middle of last century, but
photography cut into his earnings in
later years. Thomas Bowler painted
the Kowie looking seaward. John
Roland Brown, a distinguished artist,
was painting at Port Alfred early this
century.

If you want to take away a genuine
souvenir of the Kowie, buy one of
the walking-sticks with straight
handles made there from local
timber. I believe this little industry
started during the South African

War, when the men in the refugee
camp made these sticks and sold
them.

I saw Port Alfred in the ox-wagon
era but there were earlier scenes I
would like very much to have
watched. The shipwrecks and rescues
were long remembered dramas. Cock
must have created a great stir when
his steam flour mill started grinding
imported wheat. Then there was the
turtle on the beach, weighing one
hundred and fifty pounds, bought by
a Grahamstown hotel-keeper; a fine
load for an ox -wagon. I would like to
have seen Mr. W. E. Fairbridge
launching his imported racing skiff
during the eighties of last century.
This tall scholar lived to a great age;
he compiled a little-known Africana
and newspaper index and taught me
the art of historical research. I

missed Berrington's Inn and the
Britannia Inn; pubs the old sailormen
loved. I saw the bones of the Donald
Currie liner Finland on the rocks; but
it must have been a great spectacle
(eighty years ago) when the lifeboats
pulled into the Kowie River with all
the passengers and crew. Perhaps
there are still a few old people who
remember the wharves of Port Alfred
and the bold seamen who crashed
through the double line of breakers
on the bar. This is indeed a dubious
harbour of desperate adventure.

Chapter Nine
River Harbour

East London has often been called
"South Africa's only river port" and
this is almost true. Little steamers have
used the Berg and the Breede Rivers
and the Kowie. But the Buffalo is the
only stream that will allow huge
passenger liners to berth; a marvel of
engineering when you consider past

dramas and disasters at the river
mouth.

Here the perils of the sea have been
varied by dangerous floods. Down the
winding seventy mile course of the
Buffalo, at unpredictable intervals,
come so-called "freshets" which are
really walls of rushing water. Before
the river mouth was opened roaring
south-east gales drove ships ashore
and wrecked them. They were mainly
sailing ships at anchor in the open
roadstead off East London, waiting to
discharge their cargoes. Floods often
damaged vessels in the river and
sometimes swept them away to
destruction. The peaceful East London
of today with its breakwater, graving
dock and huge turning basin, looks
back on many desperate adventures.

Impatient shipmasters of a century ago
were tempted to find a way over the

Buffalo River bar. Some crossed
safely only to find they could not get
out again. Others made for the river
because they were in distress and in
seeking the shelter of the river they
lost their ships. East London had a bad
reputation during the long years when
sailing ships lay outside, their crews
praying the anchors and cables would
save them from drifting ashore when
the dreaded south-easter blew at gale
force. Anthony Troll ope the novelist
remarked in his book on South Africa
that some owners sent ships to East
London hoping they would be
wrecked.

Portuguese sailors were the first white
men to enter the Buffalo, but they
were using open boats after their ship
had been wrecked during the sixteenth
century. Rumours and legends of
Phoenician galleys, Arab dhows and

Chinese junks visiting the river have
never been confirmed. After the
Portuguese came the Dutch, castaways
from the wrecked Stavenisse who
built the small Centaurus from the
wreckage.

Small craft were creeping through the
drifting sandbanks of the Buffalo soon
after the middle of last century. For a
year at a time the mouth would be
closed; then the floods would clear the
sand and the little coasters would
reach the river port once more. East
London had a shipbuilding industry at
this period; the coasting cutters Stoic
and East London Packet were
launched and sailed along the Cape
coast. Later came a team of expert
shipwrights, blacksmiths and carpen-
ters from Scotland; they built many
fine surf boats and other craft includ-
ing the steam tug Agnes seventy feet

long. Heavy lighters built by these
Scots served the port for more than
half a century. First steamer to move
into the calm waters of the Buffalo
was the Bismarck, a coaster running
between Cape Town and Durban. That
was in June 1872, when crossing the
bar was still a hazardous adventure.

East London was a collection of one-
storey houses in the eighteen-
seventies. It was a military station,
forwarding depot for the chain of
posts stretching along the Kaffrarian
frontier; a village with only a few
streets. Strand and Smith Streets
were there. Toby Street (named after
Captain. Toby of the barque that
unloaded at the first jetty) became
High Street. Captain George Walker,
a Scot known as "Old Blueskin", was
port captain for twenty-five years;
and in that period he rescued

hundreds of people from drowning.
Cargoes were brought into the river
by surf boats. The tough, drunken
crews who handled these boats knew
their worth, laboured when they were
in the mood, defied angry ship-
masters and threw bottles at "Old
Blueskin" when he tried to reason
with them. They lived in a row of
huts known as "The Ranch" on the
west bank and no band of cow-
punchers could have been more
truculent. Old Billy Button the
ferryman loved their wild parties and
so the ferry service was often sus-
pended while the surf boat crews
were revelling. Yet these were the
men who were always ready to risk
their lives when ships were driven
ashore in heavy weather. "Old
Blueskin" and "Big Harry" were
great lifeboat skippers and they

handled their steering oars in heavy
surf with enormous skill and
courage.

The steam tug Buffalo, which had
cost £3,000, had paddled into the
river after a heavy flood; but "Old
Blueskin" said she was too large and
refused to use her. She was then sold
and used as the Robben Island
packet. Captain W. C. Jackson was
sent to Britain to find a suitable tug
and he bought the London of
seventy-tons. As she could only
carry enough coal for two days'
steaming, Jackson rigged her as a
sloop and sailed her to East London
in sixty-six days. He kept his small
supply of coal to bring the tug safely
into harbour.

All through these years the list of
wrecks grew longer and longer. In
the south-east gale of May 26, 1872,

eight ships were driven ashore; the
barques Queen of May and Refuge,
the brigs Sharp, Elaine, Martha and
Emma, the ship Jane Davies and the
steamer Quanza. For three days the
captain and his family and the
seamen of the Jane Davies had to
remain lashed to the rigging; then the
lifeboat reached them. Years ago I met
a seaman who survived that gale. He
was James Grenfell, a Cornishman
who had served in the Elaine. She
had a cargo of bantu pots and candles.
The master of the Elaine tried to enter
the river when he saw the danger of
shipwreck, but the brig was wrecked
inside the bar. Some of the cargo was
recovered through a hole in the side.
Then the Elaine disappeared under
the harbour rubble. She lay buried for
more than half a century and Grenfell
never expected to see her again. He

joined a barque called the Crixea, and
later in the year of the gale he was
wrecked at East London for the second
time. After this escape he decided to
leave the sea and found work at the
harbour. Grenfell saw the first block
laid for the breakwater by Sir John
Molteno in 1873; and when the
turning basin was being excavated in
1929 he was astonished to see the
bones of his old ship, the Elaine,
cooking pots, candles and all. Another
ghost ship that came to light at that
time was the barque M. M. Jones.
She waited outside the river for four
months in 1876, hoping to enter and
discharge her cargo. When she came
into harbour at last she was
condemned as unseaworthy; and for
years she lay on the West Bank as a
hulk. Her fittings disappeared, wood-
work was carried away until only her

keel timbers remained. Sand and mud
covered the M. M. Jones, but she,
too, was identified during the work on
the turning basin.

It was the suction dredger Lucy that
started making the Buffalo harbour
safer. She cleared the bar in the
eighteeneighties and paved the way for
the entry of the barque Wolseley. The
captain of the barque received a purse
of sovereigns from jubilant East
London business men. Before the
century ended the Buffalo was
sheltering thirty ships at a time.

Floods and wrecks occurred at the
same period in the old days. The
Buffalo has a dozen feeders, causing a
tremendous rush of water during a hot
season when thunderstorms cause a
deluge. Apparently the greatest floods
of last century came during the
eighteen-seventies. The river was

impassable. Natives marooned on an
island had to be rescued by rocket-
line. Trees and huts, boxes and
barrels, wagons and watermill
wheels, sheep and oxen, swept down
to the sea. East London beaches were
littered with driftwood. Always there
were snakes, especially puff adders,
menacing those who were fossicking
among the driftwood. Old-timers
declared that the flood of July 14,
1874, was the most serious. Five
ships were lost, the Fingo, Natal Star,
Western Star, Flora and the Italian
Nova Bella; but such was the heroism
of the lifeboat crews that only one
boy was drowned. These men
showed a deep contempt for danger
and sometimes they were foolhardy.
One lifeboat, the George Walker
(named in honour of "Old
Blueskin"), capsized and broke up on

the Blinders at the Buffalo mouth
when the coxs'n failed to take
ordinary precautions. Two of the
crew were drowned but a whaleboat
brought eight back safely.

Over the years a small fleet of hulks
grew and lay moored along the
Buffalo banks. They seemed to have
become almost as permanent as the
houses of East London and some
were used as houseboats. However,
the flood of October 1905 changed
that restful picture of old ships
ending their careers in the quiet
river. After two days of heavy rain
inland a white wall of foam raced
down the river. It was seven feet
high and the current ran at eight
knots. East London was taken by
surprise. A regatta had just been held
but fortunately this had ended when
the flood arrived. Parts of the town

were swamped, and a reporter
described East London as "a second
Venice". An island was submerged
and huts were carried away. Wagon
parties camping beside the river lost
their wagons and oxen. It was the
heaviest flood for more than eighty
years and it created havoc among the
wooden hulks and small craft
moored along the banks. The hulk
New Blessing was lifted out of the
main stream and stranded in the
bush. A coal hulk named Helene was
flung ashore and broken in half. The
hulk Alphen dragged but remained
undamaged. On board the hulk
Inspector lived a caretaker with his
wife and children. When the
caretaker saw that the Inspector was
in danger he put his family on shore
and saved the drifting hulk by letting
go a spare anchor. Fortunately the S.S.

Clan Stuart (wrecked at Glencairn
some years afterwards) was at a wharf;
and her crew helped to save various
small craft that were being carried
past. The hulk Cerastes with a man
and wife aboard drifted on to the Clan
Stuart and was secured. A houseboat
which had been moored at Second
Creek was smashed to matchwood at
the river mouth. Flashes of lightning
revealed barges, lighters and boats
adrift on the swollen river. One barge
was thrown up at Bat's Cave. A coal
hulk was wrecked on West Bank.
Once again the beach was alive with
snakes. One man killed fifty
puffadders while the boys of East
London captured leguaans and
dropped snakes into bottles.

One tragic episode was recorded.
Before dawn the crew of the Clan
Stuart heard a frantic cry for help.

The small tug Caledonia had been
moored some way up the river with
one old man on board as caretaker.
This man, Guyer from Heligoland,
awoke to find the tug moving swiftly
down the river. No one could help
him, the tug was carried out to sea, and
Guyer and the Caledonia were never
seen again. They were lost in the
wastes of the ocean. Beaches at East
London have been covered with
wreckage and cargoes since then, rice
and coal, maize and timber; and when
the S.S. Valdivia was lost sixty years
ago people helped themselves to
thousands of cases of paraffin. But the
night of drama that the old hands of
today remember was the night of the
1905 flood.

Now and again, once in a generation,
perhaps, East London watches a
mysterious storm which appears to be

the aftermath of a cyclone far away.
On a windless day the sea rises
inexplicably until gigantic breakers
make the river mouth impassable.
Rollers come up from the southeast.
Beaches are lashed by the fury of the
waves and piled high with foam. The
first storm of this sort was recorded
more than a century ago. Inside the
Buffalo River the rollers were so
violent that the schooner Shrimp
capsized and all on board were
drowned. Then the schooner Elizabeth
and Mary was thrown on her beam-
ends and turned over before she
could recover.

East London was asleep on a dark
and misty night in April 1902 when
another heavy sea swept into the
river and set every ship's bell clang-
ing. For those on board the vessels
outside and within the Buffalo it

must have been a terrifying
experience; the weather was fine, yet
the ships were behaving as though
they were in a gale. At one wharf the
S.S. Winkfield had discharged horses
for the British Government and was
ready to leave at daylight. (This was
the same cattle-ship that had run
down and sunk the Union-Castle
liner Mexican in fog outside Table
Bay two years previously). When the
sudden upheaval occurred in the
river the master of the Winkfield blew
his siren and kept on sounding the
alarm until the port officials turned
out and manned the tugs. They found
ships at the wharves ranging wildly
and breaking adrift. Two ships,
Mantinea and Tottenham, had been in
collision and the stern of the
Mantinea had been damaged. At the
timber wharves the barques Anita

and Cerastes rolled so violently that
their yards and rigging were
smashed. The tugs Buffalo and Cecil
Rhodes worked for hours carrying
new hawsers to the helpless vessels
and bringing them to the wharves.
The river was strewn with broken
spars and other signs of damage.
Outside the harbour the S.S.
Mountley knocked a hole in the port
quarter of the S.S. Darleydale, while
five other steamers moved out to sea
to avoid the risk of being carried
ashore by the phenomenal waves.
The mail steamer Dunvegan Castle
arrived from Durban but was unable
to embark her passengers until the
evening. Then the sea went down and
the queer episode ended as suddenly
as it had arisen.

East London can never forget its
gales and wrecks. According to my

records about ninety ships have been
lost at or near East London. Orient
Beach saw the end in July 1907 of
the Russian sailing vessel Orient.
She came over the horizon under full
sail, then furled her canvas as the tug
Buffalo approached her. Just before
tug and ship entered the river the
hawser parted and the Orient drifted
helplessly on to the beach. Gangs of
natives went on board to lighten her by
throwing the cargo of wheat over-
board, but the effort was unsuccessful.
The evil smell of fermented wheat
permeated the waterfront. For years
the battered hull showed above the
breakers. If ever you hear the bell rung
at the Cathcart market examine the
brass and you will see the name
Orient.

Quanza, Brighton, Cadwallon and
Bonanza streets were all named after

wrecks. Some of the first houses in
East London were built at West Bank
from the timbers of lost ships; and
after a century a few of those houses
are still there. And in the cemetery rest
those grand seamen who fought the
dangerous seas on the Buffalo bar, the
survivors of great gales. Many others
of that era went to the ocean grave-
yard.

East London has known other
spectacles, other dramas, apart from
the floods and shipwrecks. An old
resident described to me the scene in
late summer many years ago when a
large flock of parrots flew over the
town. They were Cape parrots, largest
of the South African species; yellow
birds with green rumps and red-edged
wings. Cape parrots flock more readily
than the smaller parrots; and East
London became aware of them when

an incessant screeching came from the
trees. In parts of the town the
screaming of the parrots was
deafening. Everyone turned out to
watch the flocks in the trees; there
were so many parrots that the boughs
seemed to be weighed down by
gorgeous flowers. Some flew into the
nets and fences and were killed. Out at
the Hood Point lighthouse parrots hit
the lantern and became casualties;
others sheered off at the last moment.
In the morning the lighthouse platform
was littered with dead and dying
parrots. Parrots were not protected in
those days. Trappers snared the birds
with nets or injected fruit and berries
with brandy so that intoxicated birds
were easily caught. There was a time
when the Cape parrot became almost
extinct. Since the species has been
protected the numbers have increased.

Flocks of fifty may be seen in the
yellowwood trees of the East London
park during the winter months.

A peculiar episode in the East London
story was the acute water shortage four
years after World War II. After fifteen
months of continuous drought the
reservoirs dropped to such a low point
that it was obvious that the town
would soon be waterless. Fortunately
there was an oiltanker, the Athelcrown
bound for the Persian Gulf on her
maiden voyage. If she had ever carried
oil she would have been useless, for
the tanks would have been poisoned
by lead tetra-ethyl. The Athelcrown
was diverted to Durban, and there she
loaded fresh water at the special rate
of two shillings for one thousand
gallons. She ferried water from
Durban to East London until the
drought broke.

Chapter Ten
The Wild COAST

I was at the wheel of a coaster
sweeping northwards with the strong
Agulhas current when I first set eyes
on Port St. John's. Now and again I
raised my eyes cautiously from the
compass-card and glanced at the
tremendous cleft in the table-topped
mountain where the Umzimvubu
River sweeps down to the sea. Forest-
clad gates opened and shut, opened
and shut, as the Ingerid passed the
lighthouse, the village and the western
banks under their primeval forest. The
coaster was close inshore. It was
superb, this first glimpse of the Wild
Coast; but the captain was on the
bridge and I was afraid to lift my eyes
from the card. Soon he would haul off
for the night. I was sixteen, in the grip

of a little adventure of my own
choosing. The Wild Coast!

Below thousand foot cliffs the dark
green river of St. John was calm as a
lagoon. I could imagine the life of the
forests on each side of this gateway
into Pondoland; bushbuck, wild pigs
and blue monkeys, bush babies,
louries, rare parrots and rare moths;
the huge yellowwood trees, wild
medlars with scented blossoms, wild
jasmine and orchids; the sugar cane
and coffee, paw-paw and custard
apples; a sub-tropical paradise moist-
ened by the trade winds of the Indian
Ocean. The rich breath of the land
came out to me on the bridge of the
Ingerid that evening and I was
grateful. I thought the Portuguese
explorers must have been even more
excited when they sighted these shores
after the weary months at sea.

Bushmen were living in caves along
the St. John's River in the days of the
Portuguese navigators and there were
Hottentots in grass and wattle villages.
Many of the river names in the
territory are of Khoi-Khoin origin and
the Xosa-speaking peoples adopted
them when they arrived later. It
appears from the narratives of
Portuguese castaways, however, that
"blacks, very black in colour, with
woolly hair" were already settled all
along the Wild Coast in the sixteenth
century. Pondos are mentioned in a
Portuguese document of the late
seventeenth century. According to
their own traditions, the Xosa, Tembu
and others were living on the upper
reaches of the Umzimvubu River long
before they met the Portuguese on the
coast.

Apparently the Portuguese never
crossed the bar of the St. John's River
in their ships, though they may have
used their ships' boats to explore the
river. I believe the schooner Rosebud
from Cape Town was the first to enter
the river. That was in 1846 and
Captain Duthie sailed fourteen miles
upstream to a landing he named
Bannockburn. Soon afterwards the
schooner Conch was wrecked leaving
the river; but it was said that her
timbers were "rotten as snuff".
Another pioneer in the river was the
schooner William Shaw, built at
Durban, the first ship to be registered
there. She was launched with tea
instead of champagne and was
nicknamed "the Teapot". After a use-
ful life of twenty years the William
Shaw met her end on the St. John's
River bar. William Cock's iron

schooner British Settler reached a
point twelve miles upstream in the
middle of last century; and a small
vessel named Clara loaded grain there
and carried it to Port Elizabeth. Alfred
White, an 1820 Settler, was the St.
John's trader who encouraged these
ships to call. He died in 1870 after
spending many years on the river
when few white people were seen
there. He was on the spot when Sir
Walter Currie shot one of the last lions
in the neighbourhood. A harbour
master was appointed ninety years
ago. Probably the first steamer to trade
regularly with Port St. John's was the
Alfredia in the eighteen-eighties.
After a number of successful voyages
this twin-screw steamer was sighted
off the port and the harbourmaster
signalled to her to remain outside as
there was not enough water on the bar.

Unfortunately the captain of the
Alfredia was a daredevil who enjoyed
making circles in the most dangerous
places. He ignored the signal and lost
his ship. Somewhere in the deep sand
at the river mouth lie the bones of the
Alfredia.

Later regular traders were the
Umzimvubu, Frontier and Border. The
Germans sent their small coaster
Adjutant to the river early this century.
I knew a magistrate, Mr. Frank
Guthrie, who was there at the time. He
had no seafaring experience but he
was expected to act as harbourmaster
and customs officer. Fortunately he
had at his disposal a whaleboat with a
Norwegian coxswain and a crew of
native police. When the Adjutant stuck
on the bar Guthrie and his men laid
out kedge anchors with the aid of two
spans of oxen on the beach. The little

Adjutant came off safely at high tide.
This episode has been cited as the only
marine salvage operation carried out
with the aid of oxen.

Guthrie told me that in his day Port St.
John's was a refuge for people who
needed a hiding-place. One man was
supposed to have been a pirate in
China seas; another had committed a
murder in Ireland; there was a fairly
respectable Arab who had been a
waiter at the Hotel Cecil in London.
Owing to rock and dense forest St.
John's was indeed a secluded corner of
the Cape. Travellers came down the
river or arrived by sea. Ox-wagons
took ten days or more from the port to
Umtata. Among the Pondos, however,
are some magnificent oarsmen. They
load their boats with vegetables and
fruit, row against the tide, and often

put up a better performance than boats
with outboard motors:

Pondoland was still an independent
native state in the eighteen-seventies,
for the Cape Colony ended at the
Umtata River. The barbaric Pondo
territory formed a flourishing market
for gun-runners and liquor smugglers.
Some adventurers went overland,
crossing the Umtamvuna River at Gun
Drift; others landed their cargoes on
the banks of the St. John's River.
Tower muskets and other gimcrack
firearms of that period are still
treasured in Pondo kraals, and not
merely as heirlooms. Police still seize
old muzzle-loaders and carbines when
faction fights break out. The purchase
of land at St. John's by Britain ninety
years ago put an end to much
smuggling, but there were a few who
became more cunning and carried on

the profitable trade. Mr. Frank Brown-
lee, magistrate and member of the
famous missionary family, told me
that he knew the trader Elias Thomp-
son (Tomsoni to the natives) who
smuggled guns and gin for years under
the noses of the police. Thompson
transported saplings into Pondoland to
replace trees which had been chopped
in the natural forest. Every one of
Thompson's wagons had contraband
hidden under the timber. Caps and
leaden bullets were concealed in bags
and cases of trade goods. Casks
marked "molasses" held brandy. The
main camp of the Cape Mounted
Rifles was at Port St. John's for years.
Troopers kept a sharp look-out but
many a little coaster went off with a
cargo of bananas after unloading guns.
Sigcau, the redoubtable Pondo chief,
had a deserter from the British Army

as his armourer. This man would
repair an ancient musket in exchange
for a fat heifer; and for a suitable fee
he would doctor a gun to make it shoot
more accurately. He also had a little
factory where he made gunpowder
from charcoal, sulphur and saltpetre.

Before the British annexation of
Pondoland became effective a party of
Germans arrived with the intention of
gaining a foothold on the St. John's
River. Baron Steinacker the leader
secured a concession from a chief
named Mhlangaso. Steinacker was a
renowned drinker and when he landed
with his followers at St. John's he
brought with him enough wine, beer,
liqueurs and groceries to keep a small
army going. At first the Germans
appeared to be peaceful traders and
they bought a trading station fifteen
miles inland. Soon afterwards they

paraded in uniform and hoisted the
German flag. However, they soon
discovered that Mhlangaso was an
inferior chief and that only Sigcau had
the right to sell concessions, so they
set fire to their illegal outpost of the
Kaiser's empire and departed. To this
day the spot near the Umzimvubu
River mouth where the Germans first
landed is called Germany.

St. John's is a name that goes back a
long way and the origin is contro-
versial. It was marked on the oldest
Portuguese charts as Sao Christovao;
but it was probably changed to Sao
Joao after the wreck of the galleon Sao
Toao near there in the middle of the
sixteenth century. However, there is an
alternative theory. A rocky pinnacle
standing out from a cliff at the
entrance does bear a strong resem-
blance to a robed human figure; and it

is said that a Portuguese priest saw St.
John the Evangelist in this natural
statue. Later visitors who have studied
the face on the west bank buttress
agree that it has a remarkably human
likeness, but one clergyman found it
"evil rather than saintly".

Umzimvubu, the river on which St.
John's stands, means "home of the
hippo". It is, perhaps, the grandest
river mouth in all Africa; but the last
hippo was shot eighty years ago. (One
of the last was almost a record,
thirteen and a half feet in length).
Those were great days when the
Pondos were able to feast on the
luscious meat of hippos killed in
groves of wild bananas. Stray hippo
swam down the coast from Natal early
this century; but the last of these
migrants entered the Umzimvubu in
1929, the celebrated Huberta. Natives

thought the spirit of Chaka had
returned and saw that she went
unharmed; then a white man's bullet
ended the strange odyssey. The
Umzimvubu is still the home of man-
eating sharks and natives have been
killed six miles from the mouth. Stand
on the eastern heights when the water
is clear and you will see the sharks
lying on the bottom like torpedoes
waiting for a target.

Cape Hermes at the river entrance,
where the lighthouse was built, took
its name from H.M.S. Hermes, a ship
that surveyed the coast long ago.
Mount Thesiger and Mount Sullivan,
guarding the entrance, remind us of
General Thesiger who hoisted the
British flag in Pondoland nearly a
century ago, and Commodore Sulli-
van, the naval officer who brought the
troops up the river at the time of the

annexation. These names are seldom
heard in the village, however, as
residents usually speak of "the Gates
of St. John's".

Among the residents of Port St. John's
between the wars was an old Zulu who
was a member of the impi which
attacked the Pondos near the precipice
now known as Execution Rock. This
has a face nine hundred feet high,
rising close to the river. The Pondos,
knowing the terrain, laid a trap for the
Zulus; they set fire to the bush and
drove their enemies over the preci-
pice. Three Zulus escaped, including
the old man in the village. Execution
Rock saw the end of many Pondos
who had been condemned to death as
sorcerers. The Rev. Godfrey Calla-
way traced a marvellous survival at
the grim spot; a sorcerer who
bounced off a projecting rock and

fell into deep water. The chief sent
out search parties but the man hid
until nightfall and then found
sanctuary with a rival chief. In the
bush at the foot of Execution Rock
many broken skeletons have been
found.

One of the events of the year at St.
John's is the "sardine run". This is
something of a mystery. Scientists
cannot tell us why the hordes of
pilchards arrive from the deep ocean
in the middle of June every year,
always reaching the coast between
the Bashee River and St. John's.
Often the Cape Hermes lighthouse
keepers are the first to report the
immense shoals. But the seabirds
also know the fish are coming; and
the birds are seen first, heading south
in great ravenous flights.

From the cliffs the sardine shoals
appear on the blue water like brown
or silver .islands. It is a tremendous
spectacle. One such "island" of fish
may cover five square miles and
contain fifty thousand tons of fish.
Schools of porpoises, sharks and
game fish attack the pilchard mil-
lions and turn the ocean into a
battlefield. Sharks and seabirds gorge
to such an extent that they are
washed ashore bloated and helpless.
And still the shoals approach the
coast like cloud shadows on the
surface, rising and falling with the
swell, the water boiling as bonito and
barracuda tear into the flanks and
drive their prey inshore.

All along the coast the pilchards are
herded into shallow water. Offices
shut down, schools are closed when
the fish are stranded in thousands.

Everyone is on the beach with sacks
and buckets. Anglers bring their rods
and land barracuda and kingfish
easily. Sometimes a warning cry
goes up, for the sharks are there in
the shallows with the fish. They call
them sardines, but these seven-inch
silvery cigars are very different from
those that come in tins with olive oil.
Nevertheless, these Indian Ocean
pilchards are so rich that they can be
fried without fat. Commander Z.
Marsh, a retired Royal Navy officer
who lived at St. John's for many years,
always deplored the waste of fish; he
wanted to see them caught for humans,
not left to the voracious birds and
other fish. Commander Marsh explain-
ed the pilchard migration mystery in
this way; he thought the fish spawned
to the south of the Cape and the
buoyant eggs were nurtured through

the fry stage in meadows of plankton.
Warm currents brought the fish
northwards past St. John's and the
migration continued until the shoals
vanished off Durban. This theory has
been challenged by people who
believe the pilchards spawn about fifty
miles off Pondoland. At all events the
sardine run is one of the great sights of
the Wild Coast.

Ordinary fishing often becomes
extraordinary at St. John's, for one
brindle bass caught in the river
weighed nearly four hundred pounds
and a rock cod weighed three hundred
and seventy five pounds. You can
hook a forty-pound kabeljou at the
river mouth. But please remember the
ordeal of an angler named Jeffreys
who took his rod to the place now
known as Jeffreys' Rocks. His boat
came adrift and was carried out to sea.

Jeffreys was marooned on the rock for
three days with only his rod to keep
the hippos at bay. Coloured fishermen,
experts who know the weather and the
ways of the big fish, have made a
living at Port St. John's without using
nets. Seldom elsewhere does a rod
provide even a bread and butter
income. Anglers at Port St. John's
carry off the prizes in fishing contests.

Wild Coast! Tales and legends, truth
and folklore and rumours are as
romantic as the name. It is a coast of
ghosts and witchcraft, mysterious
shipwrecks, sunken treasure and
unexpected flotsam. Names along the
coast have the true ring of adventure.
Port St. John's is the unofficial
"capital" of the Wild Coast and in the
village you hear all sorts of stories
which differ from the versions known,
to the outside world.

They tell you the Waratah foundered
near Port St. John's and this is
probably true. Air crews have noted a
dark mass on the sea-bed which is not
marked on the charts. It is said that
natives picked up a lifebuoy with the
name Waratah painted on it and tried
to sell it to a trader. But there was no
wireless in those days, the newspapers
arrived a week late at the lonely stores
of the Wild Coast, and the trader had
not heard the Waratah was overdue.
When the news reached him it was
impossible to trace the lifebuoy or the
natives. However, the trader is said to
have made a sworn statement to the
police; natives had not only picked up
a lifebuoy but they declared they had
seen the liner sinking off the Bashee
River mouth.

Long ago, in the 'eighties of last
century, a police patrol found the stern

of a wooden ship on a Wild Coast
beach. The name John Booth stood
out in white letters. There was no other
wreckage. Nothing was ever heard of
the crew. Coffee Bay, near the Umtata
River mouth, is now a flourishing little
holiday resort. In the eighteen-sixties,
when a ship was wrecked there with a
cargo of coffee, there was just the
beach. Traders went down to the coast
with wagons, fished and drank rum
from the wreck, and shared out the
bags of coffee beans. Some of the
beans were thrown away but they took
root along the shore; so that Coffee
Bay became a most appropriate name.

Mazeppa Bay, near the Qolora mouth
to the west of Port St. John's, was the
anchorage where the coasting
schooner Mazeppa landed cargoes in
the eighteen-thirties. She had been a
slaver, a little ship with a bad reputa-

tion, but she served a useful purpose
when she picked up survivors of Louis
Trichard's trek at Delagoa Bay.
Behind the bay is the Manubi forest.
Giant Strelitzia augustifolias grow
along the coast with their strange blue
and white flowers and leaves like
bananas. Cycads are found here, the
bantu-bread trees belonging to the
remote past. Many of the hundred-foot
yellowwood trees have been cut down
but there are still giants in this Wild
Coast jungle; Cape mahogany and
ironwoods, sneezewood and red stink-
wood. Botanists revel among the sub-
tropical rarities which are found only
to the east of the Great Kei River.
Twenty miles to the north-east of Port
St. John's is the abandoned site known
as Port Grosvenor. It never was a port,
and it is about ten miles south of the
Grosvenor wreck at the Umsikaba

river mouth. This was another Wild
Coast settlement with a story. At this
anchorage Captain Sidney Turner
landed cargoes in the eighteeneighties,
when Chief Mqikela granted him a
concession in the hope that Port
Grosvenor would become a rival to
Port St. John's. Turner put up a group
of wooden houses. His tiny steamers
Lady Wood and Lion called regularly
with freight from Durban and it was
landed in lighters. The venture failed
but Captain Turner dynamited the
rocks in the neighbourhood and found
about eight hundred gold and silver
coins. Venetian ducats and gold star
pagodas were recovered with Indian
silver rupees. Turner also found nine
cannon, pistol and musket bullets,
crockery, brass ornamental work, glass
stoppers, buttons, a gold clasp bearing
the initials J.S.C., a copper plate with

the name Buttall and many other
relics. This find was the origin of the
Grosvenor treasure hunts that went on
for years near the Tezani River mouth.
It is now clear from discoveries at the
Umsikaba River mouth that Turner
never touched the Grosvenor treasure.
His coins must have come from one or
more of the other wrecks near Port
Grosvenor. However, the Turner
treasure was substantial, and he left to
his descendants a large silver cup
made from some of the coins he had
gathered.

Port St. John's and the Wild Coast are
museums of wreck relics. Many of
these fascinating little historic
treasures will never be traced to their
origins; others may be identified with
fair accuracy. Thousands of beads
have been dug out of the beaches or
scooped up from rock pools. They are

known as "Grosvenor beads" and
some undoubtedly formed part of her
cargo; but the beads have been
recovered along the whole Wild Coast,
proving that they must have been
spilled out of a number of wrecks.
Many of the beads are pleasing red or
yellow cornelians. They are mainly
diamond-shaped, or cylinders two
inches in length, or flat. India was the
home of cornelian mining a few
centuries ago and these Wild Coast
cornelians were obviously native cut
and polished with primitive tools.
Mr. and Mrs. Denis Godfrey, who
presented a matched string of twenty
of these cornelians to the Africana
Museum in Johannesburg, suggested
that they were the "red beads of
Cambaya" which the Portuguese
traded with the people of Sofala in
exchange for gold. Very similar

beads have been found on the lower
clay floors at Zimbabwe. Many of
the Wild Coast beads are so crude,
however, that they may be as old as
the Phoenician explorers or the early
Egyptian, Persian or Arab naviga-
tors. Cornelian is an extremely hard
stone. Wild Coast cornelians are
found with drillholes at both ends;
but the craftsman sometimes failed to
bore far enough to enable the beads
to be strung.

Treasure Island at the Umsikaba
River mouth has yielded a number of
beads and other relics. This is the
Grosvenor wreck site, so that the
Treasure Island beads are probably
genuine "Grosvenor beads". The
flat, rocky islet is half-covered by the
sea at high tide. During the centuries
many small fragments of the cargo
had been washed into holes in the

rocks. Mrs. Nina Elliot made an
impressive collection of Nanking
china of the Ming period (1368-
1644) during thirty years of
searching at this spot. The coarse
blue china suffered heavily after the
pounding of the sea and only one
complete plate was recovered.
Celadon china, greyish-green in
colour, has come to light at the same
place. This is older than Ming and is
not usually found south of Zanzibar.
Mrs. Frances Hamilton, who investi-
gated the Treasure Island finds,
thought the Celadon might have been
carried by a Chinese junk that was
lost there long before Diaz rounded
the Cape. She pointed out that the
South Sand Bluff (close to the
Umsikaba River mouth) was a
landmark known to the explorers. It
was then a dazzling white cliff; and

some came in too close to fix their
position and were wrecked. Frag-
ments of red earthenware water jars
(known as zeers) such as the Arabs
used for storing water have also
come to light on Treasure Island; so
Arab dhows may have left their
bones on, the rocks among the other
victims. China and beads are often
found on the island. The rarities have
been diamond rings. A silver button
with the monogram C.N., may have
been owned by Charles Newman, a
Grosvenor passenger.

Rusty old cannon are the largest of the
Wild Coast wreck relics. Port St.
John's has one in the public gardens;
and there is a bell from some unknown
wreck. A more recent historic relic
which was rescued from a marble
quarry near Port St. John's was South
Africa's first locomotive, the engine

named Natal that ran from Durban to
the Point in 1860. It had a wide-
mouthed American smokestack, green
body and copper wheels.

Close to Port St. John's, across the
river and below Hobson's farm, is
another place where beads are
recovered by delving into the sea silt.
This is Agate Beach. The amber-
coloured beads are four or five-sided
and bored for stringing. Most of them
are about half an inch in diameter.
Bead collectors work at spring tides
and though the supply of agates is
never plentiful it seems to be inex-
haustible. Mr. C. R. Prance, an author
who lived at Port St. John's for years,
was convinced that the beads came
from the Portuguese galleon that gave
the village its name. Gold has been
mined near Agate Beach, though
without much success. Prehistoric

remains are found in caves along this
coast.

Rame Head to the south of St. John's
is a bold and precipitous headland
easily identified from seawards. Here,
according to native legend, white men
landed long ago and left a monument;
probably a reference to a stone pillar
or padrao such as the Portuguese set
up along the shores of Africa to mark
their achievements and serve as land-
marks for those who followed. Expe-
ditions have searched for the Rame
Head padrao, but so far in vain.

Along the Wild Coast round about
Port St. John's live natives with
strange ancestors. It has been proved
beyond doubt that these little clans are
descendants of Portuguese and Dutch,
British and Indian castaways of the
sixteenth century onwards. Possibly
the foreign blood goes all the way

back to the Phoenicians and Arabs. A
Pondoland legend describes raids and
invasions by men with flowing
garments armed with muskets;
obviously Arab slave traders.

At one time the so-called "pale-faced
natives of Pondoland" were regarded
as the offspring of Grosvenor
survivors who mated with the local
people. Some of the unhappy
Grosvenor exiles certainly added to
the members of the weird clans but
the racial mixing started very much
earlier. Of course there are thousands
of Pondoland coloured people who
are of fairly recent origin. Army
deserters, elephant hunters, crimi-
nals, outlaws and other dubious
characters found a refuge there early
last century. Some of the first white
traders married daughters of chiefs to
maintain friendly relations. Often

there was a danger of a store being
attacked when a trader pressed a
chief to pay his debts, and such
marriages were regarded as a form of
fire insurance. However, the white
strain in Pondoland goes right back
to the Portuguese shipwrecks.

Sixty castaways from the Dutch East
Indiaman. Stavenisse spent months on
the Wild Coast before they were
rescued and they, too, became fathers
of half-castes almost a century before
the Grosvenor wreck. Again and
again in the narratives of survivors
you hear of men who refused to be
rescued and they remained on the
Wild Coast with their native wives.
White people were at first regarded
by the natives as rather strange sea
monsters; yet they were often well-
treated. Castaways from a French
ship, lost on the Wild Coast at the

same period as the Stavenisse, were
murdered with the exception of a
French youth, Guillaume Chenut. He
was wounded and left for dead. A
Xosa chief befriended Chenut and
sheltered him for a year. Chenut
learnt the Xosa language and heard
from the tribesmen that a band of
white castaways were living not far
away. He was an unwilling exile,
yearning for civilisation. The casta-
ways were Stavenisse men and in due
course the Dutch ship Centaurus
found and rescued them. Chenut
sailed away thankfully but three
Stavenisse survivors preferred to live
out their lives among the natives on
the Wild Coast.

The adventures of the Portuguese
castaways are fully documented. First
there was the galleon Sao Joao in the
middle of the sixteenth century,

homeward bound from India. The
records state that she was worth a
million in gold, "for so richly laden a
ship had not left India since it was
discovered". She stranded near the
Umzimvubu River mouth "two cross-
bow shots from the shore". Nearly two
hundred Portuguese and three hundred
slaves reached the shore. Some
marched to Delagoa Bay, others were
left at various places along the coast.
Soon afterwards the San Bento was
wrecked at the Umtata River mouth.
Survivors made tents of rich carpets,
gold cloth and silk. Again there was a
desperate march along the coast; a
hundred Portuguese and two hundred
slaves making for Delagoa Bay, living
on shellfish and wild bananas. They
passed the Sao Joao wreck and found
a Bengalese survivor who refused to
join the San Bento party. This was in

the neighbourhood of Port St. John's;
and here two weary Portuguese and
thirty slaves deserted from the column
and settled in Pondoland. The column
marched on and encountered more Sao
Joao people; a Moslem named Gasper,
two slaves, and then a Portuguese.
According to the records "he was
naked, having been for three years
exposed to the cold and heat of those
parts, so that his colour and appear-
ance had so altered that there was no
difference between him and the
natives".

Another wreck near the Umtata River
mouth was the Santo Alberto, almost
at the end of the sixteenth century. Her
men carried mats and chests of food
on shore and sheltered under oriental
carpets and quilts. Again many of the
three hundred survivors remained in
Pondoland rather than face the dangers

of the hungry j ourney to Delagoa Bay.
There were more Portuguese disasters
during the seventeenth century, and
these castaways encountered fellow-
countrymen who had been living in
Pondoland for years. Among those
who were abandoned by the marchers
were women (including nuns) who
could not keep up with the columns. A
Jesuit priest remained with one family
of castaways. But most of the tough
Portuguese wished to see Lisbon
again and they pushed on relent-
lessly. Mutineers were beheaded,
thieves were tortured and hanged.

After the Stavenisse wreck the galiot
Noord was sent in search of
survivors. Three of the men they
rescued (in 1688) reported that they
had met a Portuguese survivor of the
Nossa Senhora da Atalaya wreck. He
had lived among the Pondos for more

than forty years. "This man had been
circumcised and had a wife and
children, cattle and land", they
declared. "He spoke only the African
language, having forgotten every-
thing, his God included".

William Hubberley, a young sailor
who was among the Grosvenor
survivors, wrote a journal in which
he described a clan of natives who
treated the white people with great
kindness. He did not mention white
women living among them; but these
were undoubtedly people of mixed
blood. By the time Jacob van Reenen
reached Pondoland with the second
Grosvenor rescue expedition there
were four hundred coloured people
in one clan, known as the Abelungu,
the "white people". Lady Anne
Barnard mentioned the half-castes in
her writings. Dr. Heinrich Lichten-

stein, the German traveller, and
George Thompson, the Cape Town
merchant, both mentioned rumours
of these clans of castaways.

Fynn the elephant hunter met the
half-caste chief Faku, son of a
Grosvenor survivor. Fynn also wrote
of "an English lady of remarkable
beauty" who had died in Pondoland
before his arrival. Reliable accounts
of these strange clans were written
by the first missionaries Shaw and
Shrewsbury in the eighteen-twenties.
They were assisted by a rascal named
Nicolaas Lochenberg, a hunter who
had a native harem and had lived in
the country for twenty years. He led
the missionaries to the kraal of
Mdepa, chief of the light-skinned
clan living near the present Coffee
Bay resort. Mdepa was then a frail
old man; but he was delighted at the

sight of the white missionaries and
told them the most remarkable story
of the whole castaway saga. Mdepa
had blue eyes, a long straight nose
and a lighter skin than his followers.
When he was asked why he lived near
the sea he replied: "Because it is
mother. From thence I sprang and
from thence I am fed when I am
hungry."

Mdepa was a son of Bessie "the white
queen of Pondoland". The Rev. Basil
Holt, historian of the Transkei,
authority on many phases of native
life, investigated the story of Bessie in
recent years but found that many
details had been lost in the mists of
time. According to one tradition some
Pondos were on the beach near the
Lambaso Paver mouth after a night of
storm when a white girl, aged about
seven, ran towards them calling her

name - "Bessie! Bessie!" There had
been a shipwreck, but no one has ever
discovered the name of the ship or the
date. Holt thought it was between
1730 and 1750.

Professor P. R. Kirby, the authority on
the Grosvenor and many other "Wild
Coast" episodes, heard another
account of Bessie's dramatic arrival.
She had landed from a small boat with
several slaves, black people with long
hair. There was no white man in the
boat. Yet another version gathered by
Holt mentioned three white men
named Jekwa, Hatu and Badi; and it
was suggested that Badi was Bessie's
father and that he left Pondoland when
a ship called and offered him a
passage. Some writers have linked
Bessie with the Bennebroek, the Dutch
ship lost in 1713 near the spot where
the Grosvenor broke up seventy years

afterwards. This is impossible as
Bessie died in 1815 near where Port
St. John's now stands, a whitehaired
old woman but not a centenarian.
Kirby assumed that Bessie was the
child of English parents travelling to
or from India, and that her Indian
nursemaid and other servants may also
have survived the wreck. Bessie was
brought up in the kraal of one
Gambushe and became known to the
Pondos as Gquma, meaning "the
roaring of the sea". She combed her
long black hair, using brushes and
combs saved from the wreck. Her
guardians presented her with three
white cows and gave her all the white
calves born after her arrival. Bessie
first married a Pondo chief named
Tshomane, but had no children. After
the death of Tshomane she married
another chief, Sango, and had eight

children. She reigned for more than
half a century as Inkosikazi or queen
and was loved by all.

Bessie was in all probability the
white woman Van Reenen met at the
Umgazana mouth during his search.
There he found a village and gardens
planted with bananas and peaches,
kaffir corn, plantains, maize and
beans. Van Reenen said the people
were descended from whites, slaves
of mixed blood and people from the
East Indies. He offered some of the
women help in reaching Cape Town
and at first they agreed; but later they
refused to leave their children and
grandchildren. The Rev. Stephen
Kay, a Methodist missionary who
worked in Pondoland in the eighteen-
twenties, believed that the sweet
potato came from the wreck when
Bessie was cast on shore, and was

cultivated by the natives who
adopted Bessie. Kay gathered that
Bessie was regarded as prophet. Her
people declared: "The word of
Gquma was a great word."

Tomsoni, an old Abelungu who had
taken the name of the trader
Thompson, informed the Rev. Basil
Holt that a branch of his tribe had
settled at the Xora River mouth.
There was an island between two
branches of the river and this could
be reached only by boat. The
Abelungu planted bananas and
peaches there, but Tomsoni could not
say where they had secured the
peaches. Holt thought the use of a
boat, and the peaches, were signs of
the foreign origin of the Abelungu.

So it is clear that the Grosvenor
wreck was responsible for only a
small infusion of white blood in

Pondoland compared with previous
episodes. Professor Kirby traced a
coloured man named Robert
Saunders, living at Gun Drift on the
Umtamvuma River, who is almost
certainly a descendant of the Robert
Saunders of the Grosvenor, then a
child of about eight who was left in
the care of a friendly tribe. Two little
girls who survived the wreck,
Eleanor Dennis, aged three, and
Mary Wilmot, seven, appear to have
been the daughters of Englishmen
and Indian mothers. Their descen-
dants may be living in Pondoland
unrecognised. Professor Kirby has
pointed out that the wives of
survivors were not separated from
their husbands and left in native
kraals. The only other possible
Grosvenor descendants might be
traced back to John Bryan the black-

smith, who remained at the wreck site
and made assegais for the natives; and
Joshua Glover, a sailor, who was left
behind because of his mental
condition. George Cato the explorer
found a half-caste male near the
Grosvenor site in the middle of last
century, but this man appears to have
been a grandson of Bessie.

Holt encountered members of the
Abelungu clan who showed clear signs
of foreign blood. Some had a yellow
skin tinge; one had the appearance of a
Red Indian; another was a light copper
colour. He learnt that years ago the
Xosa used to point at the Abelungu
and say: "They are Englandi". Holt
met Dalingozi, chief of the Tshomane,
one of Bessie's direct descendants; but
he showed no evidence of white blood.
His skin was black and he had African
features and hair. Dalingozi could tell

Holt nothing of his white ancestress.
Holt thought it strange to reflect that
this chief probably had distant
relations living in Britain. "Such is our
knowledge of Bessie, the poor little
white waif of a storm at sea, who was
cast up on our coast and made the best
of the harsh circumstances into which
'outrageous fortune' thrust her", Holt
summed up. "It is one of the strangest
stories ever to come out of Africa and
tantalising because we know so little
where we would fain, know so much
more."

Sir Walter Stanford, another authority
on Transkei history, said that the
descendants of Stavenisse sailors
formed a separate clan in the present
Elliotdale district, Bomvanaland. He
gathered that Bessie's wreck was at
the Umneno river mouth in Western
Pondoland. Bessie's daughters were

famous in the territory for their charm
and beauty; and one of them Nonibe,
used her influence to protect mission-
aries and traders in time of trouble.

Ninety years ago the Rev. W. A. Soga,
a clergyman of mixed blood, tried to
discover the origins of the Abelungu,
but even then he could gather only
vague information. One old man
named Zali declared: "We came out of
the sea. We are not a black people -
there is white blood in our veins.
Many years ago a vessel was wrecked
at the Lwambasa River mouth beyond
St. John's. A house was built by the
people from the wreck where they
came on shore, and parts of the wreck
were still to be seen in recent times.
Pondos went there for scraps of iron
for their assegais. We do not know the
nationality of our ancestors."

Mr. A. J. Lawlor of Nkanya, Elliot-
dale, informed me recently that there
are hundreds of Abelungu in his area.
"It is their general belief that they are
descendants of Grosvenor people, but
I have my doubts", Mr. Lawlor wrote.
"I think they come from an earlier
shipwreck. A large number of them
resemble our South African Indians
and unlike the natives of this coastal
strip they are keen on cultivating
market produce."

Precisely. Portuguese and Dutch,
British and Indian castaways, all
helped to form the strange Pondoland
clans but it is too late now to draw up
the family trees.

Chapter Eleven
Point Road

Point Road was just about all I saw
of Durban during my first visit more
than half a century ago, but it was a
road to remember. I was free to roam
Point Road only in the evenings for I
was at work in a little coasting steamer
Ingerid all day; polishing brass on the
bridge, scrubbing and cleaning while
the winches rattled and the barrels of

whale oil loaded at Saldanha swung
out of the holds and clanged on the
wharf. That was my way of spending
the long school holidays and it taught
me more than my schoolmasters had
done.

One evening I was passing out of the
dock gates at the old Criterion Hotel
when I was hailed by John Black, the
chief steward. He was leading a party
of my shipmates into the bar and I was
invited to join them. The bo' sun was
there and the second engineer, both
Norwegians; and Hoffman the second
steward had come along wearing a
black morning coat and striped
trousers. (He was a young Jewish
tailor who had gone to sea in a
moment of sheer lunacy, and stayed
there). I was a little nervous in such
distinguished company and at the age
of sixteen I found the atmosphere of

waterfront bars rather too adventu-
rous. However, I drank a pint of beer
very, very slowly and noted the
growing joviality of my companions.
After a few rounds they decided to
move on. In my innocence I thought
they had quenched their thirsts. I felt
relieved, but not for long.

Point Road had more than a touch of
Scandinavia in these days and my
Norwegian shipmates met a number
of friends. I recall a whaling
company's office, the aptly named
Cafe Viking, a ship chandler named
Torkildsen, and a Norcap Cafe run
by Mrs. Johansen; all places where I
listened enthralled to the bubbling
good humour, the gay lilting accents
and rhythm of the Norwegians. Sad
and dour they might appear to be at
sea, but now all their moodiness had
gone and they were enjoying the

blessings of the land. Brazenly they
ogled the girls and like giants they
drank.

Among our ports of call that night
were the Drumcree, the Alexandra
and the Bencorrum bars. I was
allowed, as a merciful concession to
my age, to switch to ginger beer.
That night formed chapter one in my
experience of bars, barmen and
barmaids. It gave me a sentimental
outlook on Point Road and I went
back there often in later years to fill
the gaps in my education. Yes, my
shipmates knew the bars of the world
and they started me on an endless
quest. Perhaps it was John Black's
story of Hell Cat Peggy that set my
youthful imagination at work. She
was a barmaid who dealt with an ill-
behaved customer by seizing his ear
between her teeth and dragging him

outside. According to Black she bit
some ears right off and kept them in
jars of alcohol on a shelf in the bar as
a warning to others; but this, I think,
was a magnificent piece of embroi-
dery. John Black's characters had
wonderful resounding names; Mother
McBride and Pop Levinsky, Big
Mose, Chuck Murphy, Dutch Karl
and Liverpool Mary. They were all
stars in the saloon world I had only
just entered. As the years passed I
gathered the rules, the code and the
legends of that glittering stage behind
the long mahogany counter; the stage
with great mirrors and sparkling
glasses and swinging doors; a stage
where the human voices might be
happy or angry, but where other
sounds come in relentlessly; the crash
and jangle of cash registers, the fizzing
siphons, rattle and roll of dice. Some

bars have happier aromas than others.
Malt and hops you have a right to
expect, sweet and moist; but the bars
that glow in the memory are those
where clients are regaled with fish-
balls and fragrant stews, pretzels and
spring onions. Given this background
and the right bartender or barmaid and
a bar becomes a bulwark against
loneliness and a sanctuary from the
world.

I was a schoolboy in Point Road but
instead of wickedness I smelt freedom.
Even then I saw the friendly barmaid
as a wise and sympathetic creature
with an understanding which had not
been gained in drawing-rooms. Here
one could come with all sorts of
problems and return to the hard world
mellow and decided. If you wanted an
alcoholic remedy for a stomach-ache
the genius behind the bar would hand

you a raw egg in sherry. Cramp was
treated with peppermint in whisky.
The barman would attempt to cure an
aching tooth or forecast the results of
future horseraces. He presided as
referee in frequent disputes, held
stakes or acted as banker; and in
selected cases he would even advance
money until pay day. Yet I saw the
comforter of one moment suddenly
become the man of action; one hand
on the bar and he vaulted over like an
acrobat to deal with a disturbance that
had gone too far. Yes, I saw the
"bum's rush" carried out with great
efficiency that night in Point Road.

Barmaids, the right sort of barmaids,
are born into the trade. The girl who
has known every customer from child-
hood takes charge of her counter with
outward camaraderie and the skill of a
psychiatrist. She is pouring your

favourite drink even before you have
closed the door; and if liquid solace is
not enough then she will settle your
domestic worries or affairs of the heart
as easily as she polishes the glasses.

John Black also had a few words to
say about bar parrots. He declared that
the Point Road hotels had known some
of the most talkative and wittiest
parrots of all time. I heard about the
Drumcree parrot that could whistle a
psalm without a false note or sing a
military march. The only parrot I met
that night was an idiotic creature at the
Bencorrum; it spoke in a hysterical
voice, swung by the feet and
ejaculated in a queer falsetto: "Scratch
my belly boy - scratch my belly."
Obviously the parrots of other days
had been more amusing. Why, long
ago there was a parrot at the Criterion
that would come down from its perch,

select a generous seaman at the
counter and inquire politely: "How
about a snifter for Poll eh? Bottoms up
and to hell with the barman." This
parrot was susceptible to changes in
the weather and acted as a barometer
in the bar. It could imitate a gesture,
dance to a tune, leap and skip on its
perch and denounce the barmaid in
proper seafaring language.

Between frequent visits to bars John
Black led the way into a "dime
museum". Here indeed was a museum
such as I had never imagined. My
critical faculties were so poorly devel-
oped that I gaped at the fake mermaid
(half monkey, half fish) and asked one
of my shipmates whether such creat-
ures were really to be found in the sea.
I saw the crude wax figure of a man in
the electric chair; alleged photographs
of life on the moon; stuffed birds and

crocodiles; a calf with two heads and
six legs; pictures of celebrated freaks,
Tom Thumb and the Siamese Twins.
Then we paid something extra and
watched a flea circus. I understand
there are highly-trained fleas capable
of racing in miniature chariots or
playing in a football match. The fleas
we saw that night had not reached
such heights of showmanship. The flea
master handed round a number of his
pets in small boxes with magnifying
glasses as lids. One realised for the
first time that each insect of torment
had a beak and six powerful legs.
"Would any gentleman like to
volunteer to feed a flea?" asked the
flea master suddenly.

The bo' sun rolled up his sleeve and
offered a hairy arm decorated with a
tattooed python. Thanks to a powerful
magnifier we observed the flea turning

away in disgust. There were no more
volunteers. After that the flea master
coaxed his performers until they
operated a tiny merry-go-round,
danced to music and jumped through
hoops. We heard tales of marvellous
fleas that could juggle with balls;
unfortunately they had died just before
the show opened. "Must have been
feeding off the bo'sun," remarked
John Black. All hands then drifted
away to slake their own thirsts once
more.

As time went by my shipmates
remembered that it was five hours or
more since Charlie our cook had
served them with his excellent stewed
beef and macaroni dish. Where to go?
Mrs. Smith's Cabin Grill was closed;
so were the Addington tea room, the
Marine Club, the Bijou, the
Manchester House, the Mascot and

other Point Road cafes. John Black
thought deeply and announced: "Pat
d'Hara runs a late place - he'll give us
anything we want." Pat O'Hara was
not running one of Durban's most
exclusive restaurants but I would have
been sorry if I had missed the place.
When I could see through the smoke I
recognised it as an eating-house for
men from the ships. Their weathered
faces and shabby clothes proclaimed
their occupation; faces that belonged
not only to the seafaring races of
Europe. A few Chinese seamen were
enjoying their tea and the easy-going
O'Hara had also served American
mulattoes and a group of Filipinos.

O'Hara came over to us, a heavily-
built man with a merry face. Black
asked him what he would give us.
"Oi've two cooks here, a Zulu and an
Indian, and between them they can fix

almost any dish under the sun,"
O'Hara replied. "Oi savvy the dago
grub and the Dansk, oi give the Greeks
their moussaka and the wops a whiff
of garlic. Oi can bolo Hindustani bat
and make a real biriani. Any kind of
spigotty or squarehead dish my cooks
can do. Oi feed Frenchies and
Portugooses, Scotchmen and Russkies.
But at this toime of night it's ham and
eggs or Oirish stew. What d'you say
boys?"

I was ready for my bunk after the
platter of ham and eggs O'Hara put in
front of me. All too soon, I knew, the
enormous binnacle on the bridge
would be calling for its daily polish.
Thankfully I rolled on board the
coaster with my shipmates and dreamt
of the delights of Point Road.

Point Road has been transformed since
my first visit. Old hands say it is not

so respectable now as it was half a
century ago; but it depends on what
you call respectable. I see that the
Criterion has gone, the only hotel in
the world that had its own customs'
gate and a passage running through the
premises from the docks to Point
Road. It took the authorities about a
century to seal off that loophole with a
wire-mesh barrier. Then the old hotel,
with all its memories, closed for ever.

I miss the anchorage beacon, too, a
landmark eighty feet high that stood
for half a century. Probably I would
search in vain for that interesting little
shop at the corner where Point Road
turned into West Street, the shop I
knew as a boy. It was called
Bingham's Corner Emporium and it
offered liquorice and shell-decorated
work-boxes, man-o'-war caps,
Victorian bonnets and acid drops. So

much has vanished that I often wonder
how long Dead Man's Tree will
survive. Durban will never be as
romantic, as full of unexpected
encounters, as it was that night in
Point Road when I was sixteen. Men
who boasted they could empty a fire
bucket filled with beer are not to be
found every day. Parrots that drank
jorums of rum and swore in five
languages are rare birds. Waterfront
cooks who could produce anything
from pepper-pot soup to Mexican
tamales were unusual craftsmen. (I
went back to O'Hara's place a few
years afterwards and saw his faithful
Zulu making Cornish pasties while the
Indian was busy with a fish chowder).
Those were wonderful times when I
felt the magic of the "dime museum"
long before I had realised that life is an
inexplicable museum of curiosities.

Nevertheless I shall return to Point
Road one night and think of all the
people I glimpsed there; natives and
Indians in the Boating Company's
compound, stevedores, water police,
ostrich feather sellers, Teifel the diver,
the Chinese laundrymen. And I shall
find out whether old Port Natal lingers
in the shadows. When night settles
over Point Road I shall try to visualise
the bay of sand dunes and bush, the
jungle of palm trees and wild bananas,
where an unknown Englishman lived
with his native wives and children
early in the eighteenth century. I shall
imagine the slavers coming in and
finding victims; better slaves than
those of Madagascar, "stronger and
blacker." Here, too, a buccaneer
settled, calling himself "a penitent
pirate who sequestered himself from
his abominable community and retired

out of harm's way." This was once a
swampy lagoon of shipwrecks and
castaways. In the eighteen-thirties
came the trading brig Dove to land
spirits. The whole settlement was
drunk for days. Here, in the middle of
last century, wild elephants roamed
among the new brick cottages and
wattle and daub shacks. On the Berea
a settler was killed by a leopard. Lions
visited the Bluff and the floods
brought crocodiles to the creeks.

Yet the London Tavern held a ball in
the midst of these invasions. The
widow Quested opened the thatched
Kentish Tavern opposite the Phoenix
Hotel in West Street, while Drew's
Tavern in Grey Street offered music,
dancing, skittles and boxing. Fleets of
sailing ships anchored in the open
roadstead and lay there pitching their
bows under while cargoes were

brought to the beaches in surf boats.
Coaches set off from the Britannia Inn
for Maritzburg. Someone bought the
Star and Garter for two hundred and
fifty pounds. Durban was still largely a
village of wood or tin bungalows a
century ago, shaded by syringas and
fig trees; a town of yoked oxen where
wagons had to be hauled out of reedy
swamps. Transport riders had their
outspan at the far end of West Street;
there they exchanged hides, wool and
grain for bullets, sugar and coffee.
Ivory and pumpkins were piled high
under the bamboos. Horse trams
arrived, and oil lamps for homes and
streets. Sailors played skittles on the
beaches and drank at the Fig Tree
Canteen.

Even at the turn of the century Durban
was still a small town. Only in 1904
did the first mail steamer cross the bar.

Long cavalcades of natives carried
baskets of coal on their heads to fill
the bunkers. Few realised that on one
day in World War II more than one
hundred merchant ships would find
shelter in the bay while sixty-four
more vessels waited outside. Certainly
I had no visions of Durban's future
civic progress that night when I first
set eyes on Point Road. Things were
lively enough and I was not aware that
a band of seafarers were playing out
their little comedy on a darkening
stage, living for the moment on rich
memories and strong beer. Point Road
had an aroma of its own; the harbour
smells, salt and tar and carbolic; fried
fish and coffee and the spicy Eastern
odours; poverty and sweat and
rickshaw boys; flowers and cane
sugar, too, and something indefinable
and glamorous that came with the

darkness. When I go back I shall hunt
for that last mysterious aroma in Point
Road. If I find it I shall meet John
Black again and all the others, and I
shall be sixteen years old.

Chapter Twelve

Ports Of THE PORTUGUESE

Lourenco Marques still had its
Band Square when I first landed there
thirty-five years ago. A nervous gover-
nor named Betencourt did away with
this seductive praca on the ground that
the sinister, whispering characters
sitting over drinks outside the kiosks
were planning a revolution. I thought
they were merely eyeing the blondes
from the liners but perhaps these
malcontents were plotting other adven-
tures as well.

I loved the old Band Square. It was a
glowing picture of idlers under the
jacaranda trees, marble tables, drinks
of every sort and colour from golden
brandy to black coffee, green-
shuttered windows and the mosaic of a
million cobblestones underfoot.

George Pauling the railway contractor
and fabulous gourmand boasted that
he and two companions breakfasted at
a Band Square kiosk on one thousand
of the small local oysters and eight
bottles of champagne. As I sat there
the little Portuguese policemen
strutted past wearing swords and
sombreros, accompanied by bare-
footed native constables with red
fezzes and knickerbockers. White sun
helmets were prominent in those days.
Cool, dignified men appeared in
tropical silk suits or white duck, their
womenfolk in Parisian creations.

"Boy!" Ali the waiter hurried to one's
table, a black ghost in white raiment.
"Bon dios, senhor. " He brought a
newspaper, glasses of water and
toothpicks free of charge; and old
customers could also rely on free
snacks, fried octopus with olives and

onions, little dishes of potato chips,
peanuts and cheese straws. Then one
ordered an aperitif. From the Band
Square there was a grand view of the
shipping, gay house-flags and bright
funnels strung out along the quay.
Street vendors offered garlic and
onions, live chickens slung uncom-
fortably on poles, little handmade
rugs, baskets of fish and fruit, flowers
and cheeses. Tourists wandered across
the square, peering into strange
windows, pestered by bootblacks and
sellers of lottery tickets. Some of them
paused in an embarrassed way before a
small building with two doors, one for
Senhoras, the other for Cavalheiros. It
was great sport watching them trying
to make up their minds. Often they
entered the wrong doors and came out
with red faces. Always there was life

and interest on the Band Square, and
on certain nights there was a band.

Near the Band Square was the Rua
Major Araujo, a street that has
survived many necessary and unneces-
sary changes. Major Araujo, a
forgotten military hero, little knew the
decades of dubious entertainment
which were to make this street famous
among the world's seamen and others.
It has acquired nicknames such as
"Whisky Street" and the "Street of
Troubles". Generations of sweating
policemen have patrolled the line of
bars with swing-doors; thousands of
reckless drinkers have seen the dawn
there and held their aching heads. In
my early days there must have been
fifteen bars in this one short thorough-
fare. You could listen to the Greeks in
the Akropolis or other less predictable
drinkers in the Chandos, the Fauvette

Parisienne, the Gaiety, Ginette and the
rest. A bar licence cost the equivalent
of £60 a year in those days, but the
licence for each barmaid was £40
extra. A totally unexpected atmos-
phere was to be found at the Frivolity,
better known as Dolly's Bar. I believe
she owned the place.

Dolly was a middle-aged, cultured
Englishwoman who used neither rouge
nor pencil, a quiet woman usually
dressed in black. All the leading
business men went to her bar and often
they drank tea. It was a homely place.
Dolly liked her clients to spend a
pleasant evening and no one ever
drank too much. She was invited
everywhere in the British colony of
those days, certainly the most remark-
able barmaid I ever met. Other bars in
the Rua Araujo had weird bands,
jangling pianos and feminine company

of a sort. Dolly was one of the
personalities of Lourenco Marques.
She had one weakness. I was at
Bello's Casino, where the roulette and
baccarat tables raked in more escudos
than some of the banks; and there was
Dolly sitting at the baccarat table,
apparently careless whether she won
or lost. The croupier's rake carried
away her stake. Other women bit their
fingers but Dolly smiled. She lost most
of her profits on the gaming tables yet
she went on playing.

One evening I sat on the Band Square
with a local newspaperman, an
Englishman who owned a publishing
business in Lourenco Marques. I was
enthralled by his stories of the town he
knew so well. There is an Avenida do
Duque de Connaught along the bay
and when I asked him about this name
his answer recalled a great spectacle;

possibly the greatest ever seen in
Lourenco Marques. He said the Duke
of Connaught had paid an official visit
very early this century and the
Portuguese had organised a grand
batuque in his honour. It was a tribal
dance on a scale Africa had seldom
known before or since. Thousands of
Shangaans and Mchopis came into
town day after day, until about twenty
thousand tribesmen had assembled for
the great event. Every man was
correctly dressed, with shield and
assegai. Football jerseys and other
European, frills were banned.

When the Duke of Connaught and the
white audience arrived at the pavilion
on the racecourse almost the only
natives visible were those in the
massed orchestras of "bantu pianos",
xylophones and hornblowers. Round
the course were a number of headmen

acting as markers and in the centre
there was a single horseman, motion-
less in the saddle. The dancers were
hidden among the trees on the bluff.
Suddenly a war-cry rang out from the
forest and four leaders raced out with
shields and assegais held high. Then
came a human cavalcade that made the
onlookers gasp; hundreds of men,
thousands of men in column of fours
rushing into the strong sunlight,
plunging down on to the course,
turning sharply, moving round the area
like an enormous human snake. The
endless column began to curl within
itself; and still more and more
thousands poured out of the trees, rank
after rank charging down the face of
the bluff, chanting and waving their
weapons, until the whole ground was
surrounded by the gigantic spiral
growing always towards the horseman

in the centre. Louder and louder rose
the savage rhythm of the massed
bands as the long sinuous line
uncoiled and moved faultlessly into
long parallel lines facing the Governor
General and the Duke of Connaught.
And at precisely the same moment the
twenty thousand tribesmen stopped
dead and gave the royal salute -
Bayete I The orchestras played the old
Portuguese royal national anthem
Hymno do Carta and finally "God
Save the King". Yes, that was drama
and Africa has seldom watched
anything more impressive.

I heard many other tales of the old
Delagoa Bay. The settlement was no
more than a walled camp with a castel-
lated fortress a century ago; drums and
bugles and a mutinous black garrison.
Wild tribesmen often attacked the
place and the Portuguese cut off the

heads of those they killed and stuck
them on poles as a warning. Shiploads
of hunters sailed out of Durban to
shoot buck and wild pig at Delagoa
Bay. Adventurers from the Barberton
goldfields sometimes visited Delagoa
Bay and they would have seized it if
President Kruger had given them
permission. Indeed there were many
clashes between the gold miners and
the tiny Portuguese garrison. After a
great deal of wild behaviour the
Portuguese bought a small coaster, the
Lady Wood, and fitted her out as a
gunboat to maintain law and order.
Twice the crew were overpowered and
the gunboat looted; once by the
Barberton crowd and again by a native
chief named Mahash when the Lady
Wood ran aground on a sandbank.

Delagoa Bay knew the slavers and the
ivory traders. Dutch settlers arrived at

different periods and left the fragments
of a stone fort near the waterfront.
Inyack Island, at the bay entrance, was
among the earliest Portuguese settle-
ments in East Africa. You may
remember the ancient black-painted
brig marked "Pilotes" that lay off
Inyack. Austrians backed by the
Empress Maria Theresa and led by an
English officer, William Bolts,
occupied Inyack Island for a time and
built a fort. Indian Ocean pirates and
the old sailing whalers often called
there. Inyack was annexed to Natal a
century ago but the British withdrew
peacefully after arbitration. Within
living memory the island was raided
by rebellious natives and Portuguese
storekeepers were murdered. Now the
tropic isle has become a pleasure
resort and also a research station for
marine biologists.

Few visitors to the modern Lourenco
Marques know the grim background,
the bloody pages of the city's past.
Residents have created a little Lisbon
at this old harbour which has seen
great fires and hurricanes, plague and
rinderpest and the massacre of
Portuguese seamen on the present
Polana Beach. In the old days the
hospital was always full during the hot
season, the "suicide month" of
November. One summer day the
temperature rose to one hundred and
fifteen degrees in the shade and fell to
fifty-two when a gale blew up during
the afternoon. The old settlement was
flooded on many occasions and once it
was almost burnt out. Lourenco
Marques has survived many vicis-
situdes.

Lourenco Marques was the navigator
who explored Delagoa Bay four

hundred years ago but the bay was
known to the Portuguese forty years
before that survey. The municipality
was set up by royal decree almost a
century ago and King Don Luis I
ordered the draining of the swamps.
Engineers from Holland built the first
wharf, known for years as the "Dutch
Wharf". Indians built a white alabaster
temple and the Chinese have their own
priest and pagoda. It is a city with a
drowsy charm of its own, a city with a
background, a siesta city.

Sail on to Beira and you are still in the
land of the siesta. This town is so
recent that in a healthier climate you
would expect to find a few aged
pioneers telling the wild story. But not
here. Beira killed its pioneers. They
heard the ping-ing-ing-zzz of the
invincible mosquito. Cholera, dysen-
tery, malaria and blackwater sent them

to early graves. At one time Beira
was regarded as the toughest settle-
ment in Africa, drunken and lawless.

Steamers anchored far out, for the
deepwater anchorage close to Beira
had not been charted. Passengers
were lowered on to tugs in baskets.
The earliest arrivals found only a
Portuguese fort and a few tents; for
Beira was simply a place for landing
cargoes. As there was no wharf the
lighters were beached and tons of
galvanised iron, fencing wire, tinned
foods and cases of the essential
whisky were carried on shore. Early
in the eighteen-nineties a row of one-
roomed tin shanties on piles grew up
on the sandspit called Beira, the
Portuguese word for sand. The sand
was so deep that trolley lines had to
be laid to carry people and goods up
and down the settlement. Every

white resident owned a four-wheeled
trolley and hired two Shangaans to
push it. The governor had a little
State coach with a coat-of-arms and
a green awning. Soon the trolley-
lines covered twenty-five miles of
sand, with turn-tables at crossroads,
points and side-tracks and busy
junctions. Often the trolleys jumped
the eighteen-inch gauge rails, but it
was better than walking. I travelled
by trolley during my first visit to
Beira. I remember the muscular
Shangaans and their cry at the end of
the run: Presente I Presente I When I
revisited Beira in the nineteen-
thirties the trolley lines had been torn
up, the avenidas had been paved. But
out towards the Ponta Gea I came
upon a derelict line and a pile of ugly
ghosts, the trolleys flung aside for
ever. Beira has had the same effect

on many residents and the sight
provoked melancholy thoughts.

Heat was a burden in the primitive
houses of old Beira. There were
insects everywhere and the sandfleas
or jiggers burrowed under one's
toenails and were extracted by clever
natives. Nearly everyone suffered
from sore eyes. The garrison was
small and feeble. When the Chief
Gungunyana.'s warriors arrived by
canoe in battle order to collect taxes
from a local potentate the Portuguese
were unable to oppose the impis
chanting war songs. However, the
settlement grew and railway
construction drew white adventurers
like vultures to a feast. Those men
who passed through Beira were hard
citizens and they left their mark on the
ramshackle seaport. They fought with
fists, knives and revolvers and always

they drank. One governor solved the
problem by confining the police to
barracks when a contingent of British
railway workers landed! Serious riot-
ing also occurred when three hundred
Arabs and Abyssinians arrived on their
way to the Rhodesian mines. They
attacked and almost overpowered the
garrison but on this occasion the
British section sided with the Portu-
guese and saved the day.

Old Beira was indeed a dangerous
place. One British consul named
McMaster was stabbed to death by an
American cattleman. McMaster was a
popular official and there were two
thousand people of all races at his
funeral. Lions often raided the
outskirts of Beira during the early
years. Big game wandered over the
Ponta Gea at will and roamed the main
street. The lover of wild life could also

watch black and white crows fighting
the dogs for scraps.

George Pauling once remarked that he
wished he had never heard of Beira.
When he started the two-foot gauge
railway in the early eighteen-nineties
the climate was so unhealthy that he
lost six of his most experienced white
men in one week. Within two years
sixty per cent of his men had died.
Pauling noted the peculiar fact that
there were no teetotalers among the
survivors. "They do not stand fever
country even as well as excessive
drinkers," Pauling declared. He had
thousands of natives to feed, and one
of his Afrikaner hunters once shot
eight buffalo before breakfast.

Men of many nations worked as sub-
contractors under Pauling. Some were
hiding from the law and the Beira
pioneers found strange characters in

their midst. Beira was the only place
offering the chance of a spree; and
subcontractors earning from £2,000 to
£4,000 a year spent freely in the bars.
A stern-wheeler named Kimberley
carried them from Beira to the base
construction camp at Fontesvilla, forty
miles up the Pungwe River. Captain
Dickie was in command, a shrewd and
fearsome character who provided food
and liquor during the voyage. If his
passengers did not patronise the bar
Dickie ran the Kimberley on to a
sandbank and stayed there among the
mosquitoes until everyone had been
driven to drink. Cecil Rhodes once
travelled with Dickie at this period.
Rhodes knew the trick and bought
Dickie's whole stock of whisky and
champagne when the Kimberley left
Beira. Dickie made the run to
Fontesvilla in twelve hours, a record.

Rhodes had intended to travel inland
by Cape cart and only when he
reached Beira did he discover that
there were no roads. He had to
abandon his magnificent Cape cart in
Beira and there it remained as a
showpiece for many years.

When the Pungwe was flooded the
water spread out over a vast area and
tugmasters had difficulty in finding
their way. One tug loaded with railway
material left Beira and became lost in
the tropical forest. She was left high
and dry when the floods subsided and
remained there, seven miles from the
river, for three years. Then another
flood transformed the forest into a lake
and the tug steamed on to Fontesvilla
with her valuable cargo. Pauling's men
had other adventures. Trains and
trolleys were halted by lions and men
took to the trees. Pauling, a celebrated

drinker, claimed that during a railway
journey of forty-eight hours he and his
engineers Lawley and Moore
consumed three hundred bottles of
German beer. Trains were more like
tramcars, wide open with seats along
both sides. Tiny engines burnt wood,
so they stopped every ten miles for
water and fuel. When a train from
Fontesvilla reached the terminus at
Chimoio the passengers transferred to
one of the famous Zeederberg or
Symington coaches, drawn by mules.
It was not until the end of last century
that the first train went through from
Beira to Salisbury.

Mr. R. C. F. Maugham, who went to
Beira as British consul towards the
end of last century, found the place
terrorised by a gang of desperadoes.
Arizona Joe was the leader; but these
men never recognised one another in

public, so that it was difficult to
identify the gangsters. They wore
masks and carried out one robbery
after another, forcing white residents
to hand over money and valuables.
Then they made their victims bring out
their whisky. The reign of terror
reached a climax when the gangsters
murdered two Portuguese policemen.
Maugham then decided to take a hand
and with the approval of the governor
he sent to Salisbury for a party of
detectives. They soon dealt with
Arizona Joe and his gang. One robber
was shot dead and the rest
disappeared.

Beira stands only eighteen inches
above high tide, so that there was no
margin of safety until a concrete sea
wall was built to keep the combined
forces of the Pungwe and the Busi
Rivers at bay. Again and again the sea

swept houses away. Floods breached
the first wall and the early disasters
were repeated. When a cyclone swept
Beira the town was flooded again, the
bridge over Chievive Creek looked
like a concertina, tugs and lighters
were flung ashore, cranes were blown
over and the sea wall was smashed.

Mr. P. J. Francis, a shipping agent who
lived in Beira before World War I,
gave me his impressions of old Beira.
When he landed there were only two
hundred white people. There were
eighty bars but no fresh provision
stores. Dinner parties were always
arranged for the night when the
Rhodesian mail train came in, as it
brought fresh meat and vegetables
from Umtali. However, there were
pioneer hotel keepers who showed
great ingenuity in "living off the
country". George Vaghi ran the Hotel

Francais, while an Italian named
Martini was host at the Royal. These
men served buffalo meat braised with
rich gravy so that it tasted like beef.
Their guests enjoyed eland, the
aromatic flesh of bushbuck, and other
venison done in port wine with onions
and herbs. Martini often put on a
casserole that tasted like tender
chicken or hare; and some of his
guests were upset when they found
they had been eating fruit bat. Now
and again the fishermen brought in a
dugong with fat as sweet as butter and
very palatable meat. Oysters were
pickled, stewed, baked or served in
fritters, patties and, puddings. Turtle
soup and grilled turtle fins often
appeared on the Francais and Royal
menus. Ground-nut soup was a great
favourite. Smoked beche de mer, a
sea slug that resembled a charred

sausage, was not popular with all the
patrons. Octopus was among the fritto
misto ingredients. George Vaghi had a
bush pie recipe in which it was said
that Worcestershire sauce was used to
mask the flavour of monkey. Zebra
meat was stewed with herbs, olive oil
and tomatoes. Pawpaw was served as a
vegetable, boiled and mashed. Livers
and kidneys of buck were cooked with
garlic and red wine. Young warthogs
came to the table tasting like pork.
Hippo was another dish with a strong
pork flavour. Giraffe was more like
coarse beef. No one complained about
rhino and wildebeest was accepted.
Elephant was a great delicacy, for
Gregorio Formosinho and other
hunters sent in their ivory but seldom
did the meat reach the Beira hotels.
Martini let everyone know when he
was cooking elephant feet in charcoal.

Vaghi roasted elephant heart with con-
siderable skill. I was told that Martini
was cheered by everyone dining at his
hotel one night when he served a
tremendous lion casserole.

Game, pineapple and bananas still find
a place on Beira menus but in the
homes of the Portuguese the cooking
is very different from the efforts of
Martini and Vaghi. You can still have
shrimp omelettes and prawns a foot
long. Dried cod comes all the way
from the North Atlantic to be
transformed into golden bacalhau.
Hens' eggs are as small as they were
in the early days; if you find five eggs
on your breakfast plate then a Beira
tradition is still being observed. But
instead of hippo there will probably be
Cozido a Portuguesa, a boiled dinner
with rice and potatoes; or smoked
pig's back with green peas; or ovos de

paraizo, eggs baked with pastry, bam
and cheese. Elephant meat has gone
for good; you will have to do with
vitella (veal) marinaded with bay leaf,
garlic and wine; or gammon stewed
with broad beans, onion, wine and
olive oil; or pigs' tongues, or the meat
balls called almondegas. The
Portuguese call any roast rosbif, so do
not be surprised if you are offered
rosbif de porco. They are great eaters
and their fish dishes are especially
hearty. I tasted a Caleirada de peixe in
Beira, a fish stew rather like
bouillabaisse but without the saffron.
They give you a good sopa de
camarrao there, a shrimp soup with a
brandy flavour. Sardines are fried in
batter. Tunny is simmered skilfully
with onions and tomatoes, white wine
and olive oil. I also remember the
chestnuts boiled with aniseed, the

excellent savoury rice, the serra
cheese from the milk of mountain
ewes. When you come to the sweets I
can recommend the quince dish called
Marmelada and the strange little
desserts known as Sonhos (dreams)
and Suspiros (sighs). Old Martini
never reached those heights, though
there was plenty of Coll ares in his day,
the Portuguese claret, and the strong
red wine called Bombarrel.

In the bars of old Beira a character
nicknamed Zambesi Jack slaked his
thirst. He became famous as Trader
Horn, a successful author. Whisky was
three shillings a tot, beer three
shillings and sixpence a bottle; too
expensive for many customers, so they
bought vinho tinto by the keg and
diluted it moderately with water to
remove the burning sensation. Those
bars were gateways to adventure and

the men who drank there went on to
shoot big-game, to plant tea in
Nyasaland or prospect the rivers of
Mozambique for gold. Beira has been
transformed since the lawless days and
I have heard it described as a "re-
formed harlot". Yet the past can no
more be brushed away than the sand
that remains under the flame trees.

I listened to the talk at sundown on the
long verandah of the Savoy Hotel.
They spoke of the days when an
Indian barber came round early every
morning to shave male guests in bed;
and it made no difference whether they
were awake, asleep or drunk; they all
got a clean shave. I heard of the man
whose friend was eaten by a lion; he
shot the lion next day, found a
clergyman and arranged a Christian
burial for the lion with the man inside.
They told me about a Savoy Hotel

manager named Ellis, a generous man
who was always calling out: "Drinks
are on the house." Some people took
advantage of his good nature and
signed his name on their bar chits.
Mrs. Ellis looked after the accounts
and Ellis was often in trouble with his
wife. I heard tales of the rakish dhaws
in the harbour and the little coasters
reeking of copra and overrun with rats
and cockroaches. Those people on the
verandah spoke in hushed voices of
treasure, on the caravan route to Sofala
and gold in unmapped gullies. They
discussed many strange topics with
rich anecdote and emphatic ring of
glasses as the sun went down.

No longer are there shots in the night
to disturb law-abiding Beira. Most of
the tin shacks and old iron balconies
have disappeared. I visited the rusty
skeleton of a three-masted iron sailing

ship in the jungle round the Makuti
lighthouse, thinking it was a ghost of
old Beira; but no, it was just a useless
hulk that had been dragged in there to
bind the sand. The war against sand
goes on all the time. Yet modern Beira
has fine villas with courtyards and
slatted awnings and lovely gardens. It
has a Pavilhao Oceana on the beach
and streets and hotels the old hands
would not recognise: The Rua Major
Serpe, the Rua Alvarez Cabral, the
Hotel Embaixador and the Hotel
Grande. But the black January storms
still sweep across the harbour with
heavy rain. Summer is still a Turkish
bath, winter is still perfect. Beira,
almost an island, still looks out on its
desolate mangrove swamps, its yellow
sand and the unchanging brown water
of the Pungwe estuary.

Mozambique spreads for more than
sixteen hundred miles along the East
African coast. It is the name of a huge
territory and also of a tiny coral island
five hundred miles beyond Beira.
Mozambique is one more of those
tropical African outposts filled with
the elusive quality called atmosphere;
one more of those towns built on a
grim foundation of human skeletons.

This is the oldest white settlement in
Africa south of the equator. Vasco da
Gama called there at the end of the
fifteenth century. There his weary
sailors mutinied after a severe
buffeting; but they sailed on to India.
Nine years later the Portuguese started
building a fort, church and hospital on
the tiny green island three miles from
the coast. Parts of the town have
remained unchanged since the early
sixteenth century. When you gaze on

the ancient barred and bolted doors
and windows, the rusting cannon on
frowning parapets, the narrow streets
wide enough only for rickshaws then
you are back in the East Africa of the
explorers.

Mozambique Island, three miles long
and five hundred yards wide has seen
the flag of Portugal raised every day
for nearly five centuries. If the Dutch
attack had been successful the Dutch
would have set up their refreshment
station there instead of Table Bay; but
they were beaten off. The Portuguese
settled on this island because they
needed a secure harbour of refuge for
ships making the long Carreira da
India, the round trip from Lisbon to
Goa and back. Ships which failed to
catch the favourable south-west
monsoon when homeward bound
spent the winter in Mozambique

harbour. They anchored there outward
bound with their hundreds of soldiers
and specie, their heavy casks of wine
and water; and they returned with
spices and silks. But always there were
outbreaks of malaria and scurvy, and
the island became the graveyard of
thousands of Portuguese soldiers and
sailors. I think the Dutch East India
Company showed great wisdom when
they chose Table Bay. But the Dutch
might have made better colonists than
the Portuguese. I have seen a priest's
note on early Mozambique and it is a
revealing description: "Mozambique is
not so repulsive as it is painted but the
Portuguese with their worldly desires
and gluttony fill the burial places. The
provisions are ordinarily sufficient for
there are luscious oranges and lemons,
good sucking-pigs, good cows, figs,
and I even saw pomegranates there.

Wheat and rice come from Sena on the
mainland and both are excellent. Yet
few places in the tropics have claimed
so many lives."

Certainly the Portuguese showed
tremendous drive when they built the
great fort they called San Sebastian. I
stood one sweltering afternoon on the
ramparts of the grey old castle
dreaming of the energy and courage of
the men who founded this pioneer
outpost. They brought the dressed
stone all the way from Lisbon in
caravels. Ship after ship came in,
decade after decade; and only after
forty years was San Sebastian
completed. The town that grew under
the seventy-foot walls of the castle
was like a fragment of old Portugal;
low, tiled houses painted pink and
yellow, green and white, low houses
with grilles and flat roofs and

castellated parapets. Only the huts
thatched with palm leaves belonged to
Africa. I remember the stone landing
steps, historic masonry trodden by
generations of conquistadors and
slaves and labourers burdened with
gold and ivory.

San Sebastian was held by the
Portuguese against attack after attack
by the Arabs. The riches of India and
Africa passed these grey battlements.
The courtyard rang with the cries of
adventure and the echoes have hardly
died away. I could almost hear the
survivors of the lost Portuguese
treasure ships coming through the
gateway with their tales of shipwreck
and hardship on the unfriendly coast.
Some of those treasure ships were
never located. British treasure hunters
followed a legend of an old Portu-
guese wreck near Mozambique and

found the sunken hull. Fragments and
equipment brought to the surface
provided evidence that she belonged to
the period when Portugal was growing
rich on gold and jewels. Eagerly the
clivers blasted their way through the
ancient timbers and reached the cargo.
It was stone, great blocks of dressed
stone for the walls of San Sebastian.

Mozambique Island lies in the path of
those furious cyclones that arise in the
Southern Indian Ocean and come
roaring up the channel towards the end
of the year. Before the days of radio
the people of Mozambique said they
could feel a cyclone approaching long
before the whiplash struck them. The
sky might be blue, the sea calm; but
there was an uneasy atmosphere of
suspense in the town. It might be a
queer red sunset that warned them, or
a yellow haze; and sometimes there

was a halo round the moon. Then the
low, swift clouds appeared. The whole
world of nature seemed to be on the
move, the seabirds and even the fish.
They closed their shutters in
Mozambique and barred their doors.
Market women gathered up their
manioc and sugar cane and cashew
nuts and departed. Ships put down
their heaviest anchors. In the
governor's palace, houses and hovels,
the people cowered and waited for the
blow.

It came with a menacing roar. The
noon sun was blotted out, seas crashed
on the castle walls, the rain and wind
thundered on the old walls of
Mozambique. Men caught outside had
to crawl to safety; they could not
breathe when they faced the screaming
cyclone. There might be a deceptive
lull that lasted for hours, a dangerous

sign. That meant the island was in the
centre of the cyclone. When the wind
returned from the opposite direction it
blew harder than before. Then it would
move away slowly over the mainland
and allow the people of the island to
survey the devastation and bury the
dead. One cyclone eighty years ago
destroyed all the shipping in the bay,
damaged the lighthouse, flattened
many houses. Only San Sebastian
defied the violence. There it stands,
the great stone castle built by the men
who raised the veil of mystery that had
rested over the whole of Southern
Africa for so long.

CHAPTER Thirteen
Haven Of Peace

WHEN I visited Dar es Salaam in the
nineteen-twenties there was a great
and regrettable slaughter of elephants
going on in the hinterland. It was the
heyday of the hunter. Pianos still had
ivory keys and no one dreamt of
plastic substitutes. Tanganyika offered
free licences so that farmers would not
be troubled by elephants. Tusks were

coming into Dar es Salaam by the
hundred.

My guide to the world of tusks was a
most experienced ivory buyer, Mr. E.
D. Moore, known on the coast as
"Tusker" Moore because of his
occupation. Moore took me into a
ratproof godown, a store where the
tusks were piled up ready for
shipment. "Got to keep the rats out -
they gnaw into soft tusks to get at the
oil," said Moore. He pointed out the
large curved tusks of the bull
elephants; the shorter, round cow
tusks, highly prized by makers of
billiard balls; the little "scrivelloes"
used for bangles; hard translucent
ivory and soft opaque ivory; the brown
gendi tusks from beyond the Lakes;
white ivory and tusks which had taken
on the colour of blood from the smoke
in native huts.

"Africans never valued ivory until the
white man came," Moore told me.
"They propped up their huts with tusks
and they fenced graves and cattle pens
with tusks. Stanley saw an ivory
temple during his travels. They killed
elephants for the meat and often left
the tusks in the bush. So there was a
time when tusks were two a penny and
the only problem was sending them
down to the coast. Slaves solved the
problem. Columns of slaves staggered
along under the great weight of ivory."

Stanley denounced the trade in these
famous words: "Every tusk in the
possession of an Arab trader has been
steeped and dyed in blood. Every
pound weight of ivory has cost the life
of a man, woman or child. Huts have
been burned, villages destroyed, the
rich heart of Africa has been laid
waste." Now the trade had become

respectable, apart from the killing of
all these enormous animals for the
sake of their lovely teeth.

Moore said that a lot of the ivory
coming into Dar es Salaam consisted
of old tusks found in swamps and
rivers and the remote bush. Some was
cracked and perished, others were still
in fine condition. But the huge
sweeping tusks handled by dealers last
century had become rare. Then, a tusk
weighing eighty pounds was common;
the average had gone down to fifty or
less. "And you have to make sure that
the simple African has not poured
molten lead into the ivory to increase
the weight," remarked Moore with a
smile. He loved ivory for its own sake
and had a grand collection of ivory
necklaces, bracelets, armlets, horns
and idols. Moore admired the grain,
the resilience, the exquisite feel, the

true beauty of ivory. I cannot imagine
him gazing with reverence on a knife
with a plastic handle.

I have another memory of Dar es
Salaam long ago. At the market I saw
a rich array of tropical fish and other
foods which I tasted later; an
experience which always ranks in my
mind as an adventure. On the stalls
there were oysters and huge clams
from Oyster Bay, kingfish and red
mullet, strange fruits and vegetables I
had never eaten before. If the oysters
lacked the flavour of Whitstables they
made up for it in size and the fact that
they grew on trees, the roots of the
mangrove trees in the swamps. I
enjoyed oysters in white sauce,
browned under the grill with cheese
and served on spinach. Clams
appeared in a chowder of pork, onions
and tomatoes. Crabs were chopped up

and baked with curry powder. The
local crawfish lacked the flavour of the
Cape species from ice-cold seas but
they made a pleasant dish when served
as lobster cutlets. Prawns were fried
and presented on anchovy toast. King-
fish or wahoo, regarded as the aristo-
crat of those waters, came to the table
in grilled steaks with egg sauce. There
were smoked sardines from Zanzibar
and another cured fish that might
almost have masqueraded as a kipper.
Dolphins, the fish not the mammals,
are known in Dar es Salaam as faloosi;
they are diced and marinaded in fresh
limes and after further treatment with
tomatoes, green peppers and
Worcestershire sauce they go into a
memorable fish cocktail.

Swahili cooks make clever use of a
flavouring extract from freshly-grated
coconut known as tui ya nazi. They

also cook some fish dishes in milk of
coconut with bay leaves and cloves.
Dar es Salaam is one of those places
where meat and poultry have to be
disguised as much as possible. Curries
are usually good. I liked the curried
brinjals and also the thin slices of
brinjal baked in the oven, crisp and
brown. (Fried brinjal, they told me,
absorbs too much fat). Breadfruit was
eaten boiled with sauce, like vegetable
marrow. Sweet potatoes were served
as a sweet, boiled and sprinkled with
grated coconut. I also saw, for the first
time in my life, a pawpaw tart. After
such menus I was ready to admire the
beauty of Dar es Salaam bay.

Dar es Salaam is one of the few
sheltered harbours along the East
African coast. It would be perfect but
for the narrow entrance which has
caused nightmares among shipmasters;

the dreaded channel with its sharp
bends, reefs and currents known only
to the local pilots, But once you are
inside the invisible harbour suddenly
becomes a gorgeous circular land-
locked bay surrounded by coconut
palms, mangroves, beaches with green
turf running down to the sand, cliffs
and spires and avenues of crimson
flamboyants.

Arab dhows still come in from the
Persian Gulf, India and Somaliland,
bringing dates and dried fish, rugs and
cloth. The cries of the dhow sailors,
their drums and the high-pitched notes
of their zomaris are among the
romantic sounds of the "haven of
peace". Fishermen use double
outrigger canoes, each hull shaped
from a single tree trunk. Small boats
loaded with ebony elephants, brass-
ware and silks go out to meet the

liners. Canoes with eyes in their prows
move off to the reefs and islands. On
the reefs at low tide men hunt the
green turban shells with their valuable
mother-o' -pearl. Here, too, in caves
and recesses are cowries, violet and
moon shells. Women in black kangas
wade along the shores of the bay with
close-meshed nets catching tiny fish
like whitebait. I was told they were all
widows. Only a Swahili widow has the
privilege of harvesting these silvery
fish, the tasty little fish that makes
excellent curries.

Dar es Salaam is one of East Africa's
new towns. True, there are ancient
mosques and tombs in the neighbour-
hood; the ships of King Solomon may
have entered the lovely harbour; junks
from China anchored there and dhows
have sailed in from India, and Persia
for centuries. Yet the present Dar es

Salaam site was a tiny fishing village
called Mzizima in the middle of last
century. Mzizima means "the healthy
town". Sultan Majid of Zanzibar plan-
ned a settlement there about a century
ago. The Sultan was a slave trader and
British naval seamen with guns and
cutlasses were interfering cruelly with
his business; so he decided to build a
quiet headquarters on the mainland. In
a mood of wishful thinking he called
the place Dar es Salaam, "haven of
peace" and sent thousands of slaves to
start the great work.

A priest named Father Hoerner visited
Dar es Salaam at this period on board
the sultan's yacht. She was the former
Shenandoah, the Confederate raider,
renamed El Majidi, a fast ship of one
thousand tons, with steam and sail.
Father Hoerner was accompanied by a
guard of honour. He saw the slaves

building a palace and a few other
buildings which were still in use
during World War I; the slaves were
also sinking the deep wells which
served Dar es Salaam for half a
century. Herds of hippo swam round
El Majidi and hundreds of monkeys
gibbered in the trees.

Then came the Germans, in the
eighteen-eighties. Sultan Majid was
dead and most of his buildings were in
ruins and infested with snakes and
bats. The palace became a German
prison with convicts lying on slabs of
marble: Customs and police made use
of other Arab relics. On the northern
promontory German missionaries put
up a double-storied building designed
for the steamy climate with jalousies
and a top floor open to the winds but
sheltered by a roof; a famous place
which was pointed out to me as the

first European building in the town. (A
secret Hitler "altar" was discovered
there during World War II). German
officers fortified various ruins, for the
town was attacked by Arab raiders.
The first large garrison at Dar es
Salaam included Zulu warriors and
Sudanese mercenaries. German offi-
cials built thick-walled government
structures and pretty houses of coral
rock with red tiles or slate roofs. Steel
frames were brought from Germany
for the upper storeys of certain large
buildings. In spite of deep, shady
balconies and tropical shutters, the
atmosphere of Dar es Salaam was
heavily Teutonic. Before the century
ended the town had a Lutheran church
with a spire that is still prominent on
the skyline. A fine German railway
station was followed by a Kaiserhof
Hotel, later the New Africa. The

palace of the German governor on the
ocean front was more gorgeous than
the sultan's crumbling palace. There
was an impressive Kommandanteur
building, a Casino or mess for army
officers, an excellent hospital, and a
beer garden on the seafront where the
drinkers could listen to the monsoon
rustling the casuarinas. Broad, paved
streets were lined with ornamental
trees. A legacy of those days which
has puzzled many people, however, is
the peculiar layout. Streets in the
downtown business area converge on
traffic circles and there is great con-
gestion. Of course the Germans could
not have foreseen the growth of motor
transport. White people, including the
governor, used rickshaws. Zebras were
tamed for riding and driving; and a
German sergeant-major caused a panic
in leisurely Dar es Salaam when he

tore through the streets with a zebra
"four in hand" vehicle. Horses were
rarely seen in the early years of the
century. The town plan suited ox-
wagons, sent up from the Cape as an
experiment; or the long columns of
porters who set out into the hinterland
with their head-loads.

I mentioned the beer garden which
was the social hub of Dar es Salaam
early this century. Russian battleships,
part of an armada which had called
previously at Cape Town entered Dar
es Salaam on the way to fight the
Japanese. The Russians bought up all
the liquor in the German stores and
left Dar es Salaam in a thirsty state
until the next Deutsche Ost Afrika
liner arrived. Officials who had
become used to Scotch whisky could
not be consoled with pombe and other
native brews.

Strange cargoes passed through the
Dar es Salaam of German colonial
days. Ivory and rhino horn were every-
day commodities; but once there came
armies of carriers bearing thousands of
loads of fossil material. East Africa
was the home of dinosaurs. A monster
fossil reptile was found deep in the
interior and sent at enormous cost to a
museum in Germany.

Dar es Salaam would have seen a
colonial exhibition in 1914, but war
intervened. The great steel frame
which would have housed the show
was turned into a native market hall.
The town lost its most imposing
building in 1914, for H.M.S. Goliath
turned her twelve-inch guns on the
governor's palace and destroyed it.
Soon afterwards the Germans attempt-
ed to block the narrow harbour
entrance by sinking the steamer Konig

and a floating dock in the fairway.
Dynamite was placed in the bottom of
the Konig and the fuse was lighted;
but there was no explosion. The
officer in charge of the task was court-
martialled but acquitted when he
proved that the dynamite was fifteen
years old and useless. So the channel
was never blocked. Dar es Salaam
surrendered easily when a British
invading force appeared. General von
Lettow Vorbeck, the tough German
military commander, was up-country
at the time and was disgusted when he
heard the news. "For a soldier it was
not very inspiring to find that here,
under the very eyes of a thousand
good troops, an agreement had been
reached which forbade us to take any
hostile action at Dar es Salaam," wrote
Von Lettow. "There was no warlike
spirit. The people at Dar es Salaam

had no stomach for fighting." Scuttled
vessels at Dar es Salaam gave the
salvage men a great deal of work after
the war ended.

Many elderly South Africans
remember Dar es Salaam as a huge
military base camp during the latter
part of World War I. Thousands of
South African horses and mules were
landed there. At one time five
thousand white soldiers were living
under canvas. One of those soldiers
told me that lions roamed the streets of
Dar es Salaam in those days and for
long afterwards. A bank clerk shot a
lion in the street some years after the
war. Hippos leave the creeks
occasionally and invade the native
quarter. Dar es Salaam is still close to
the jungle.

Germany failed to leave on Dar es
Salaam the deep impression that you

find all over South West Africa to this
day. Nearly all the Germans were
deported from Tanganyika after World
War I. The language and the customs
died out rapidly and only the strong
buildings stood as reminders of such
characters as Karl Peters, Von Wiss-
mann the explorer, Governor Schnee
and the formidable Von Lettow. Even
the Teutonic buildings have been sur-
rounded and overshadowed now and
German names and dates on the
gargantuan baobab trees in Dar es
Salaam are becoming faint with age.
Von Wissmann's statue no longer
stands in a seafront palm grove; now
there is a bronze monument in honour
of the African soldiers who fell in the
wars. The last issue of the Deutsch
Ost Afrikanische Zeatung was sold
more than half a century ago. With the
Germans went most of the uniforms -

and the lash as the remedy for every
breach of discipline. Sir Horace Byatt,
first British governor, put up an
expensive and ornate government
house of Moorish design on the
foundations of Dr. Schnee's shattered
palace. Under the sausage trees, along
Acacia Avenue's blazing mass of
colour, there grew up a new way of
life.

I looked for the old Dar es Salaam
when I returned after many years.
Dwarf parrots, the so-called lovebirds,
were still making their domed nests in
roofs and baobabs and screeching
happily. (One of the less romantic
sounds of the town). Often I heard the
more interesting beat of the long
drums and the whistles of ngoma
parties. I was offered the same wooden
birds and Masai warrior statuettes in
the shops of Acacia Avenue; but the

eager Asiatic salesmen told me sadly
that the skins of leopards, black and
white colobus monkeys, blue monkeys
and other animals were now on the
protected list. Not that I wanted such
trophies or hippo teeth. I felt the heat
more, and someone informed me that
government officials were granted
eight months' leave after thirty months
service. Then a whiff of copra reached
me, and a breath from the mangrove
swamps, and I remembered Moore and
the ivory and the fans playing on
departed faces. And I walked slowly to
the hotel of my choice in search of a
meal such as those that had lingered in
my memory through the decades.
Perhaps I was lucky that day, for there
were oysters on the menu with king-
fish to follow. A coffee seller with
brass pots sauntered past the open
window sounding his little gong and I

was back in the Dar es Salaam of my
youth.

CHAPTER Fourteen
Rum Harbour

Before I leave these hot Indian
Ocean harbours there is one more
port of call, an island of fond memo-
ries. It is Mauritius, a mountainous
volcanic mass about the size of the
Cape Peninsula; and when I was
there in the middle nineteen-twenties
the sweltering capital Port Louis
seemed to belong to another century.
Recent visitors have formed the same
impression. Great aircraft come in to
land at La Plaisance on the southern
coast but the fine old mansions they
pass over still belong to the reigns of
Louis XV and Louis XVI.

I shall never go back. Revolution has
come to Mauritius, almost as
menacing as the French Revolution.
The quaint railway I loved has been

torn up and sold. I liked Port Louis
as I first saw it, when I first savoured
its fragrance from the open prome-
nade deck of the old six-thousand ton
intermediate Gaika. The islanders
looked on that late Victorian liner as
a Mauretania or Queen Mary; as a
luxurious link with the outside
world. And indeed the world was far
away from drowsy Mauritius for it
was a run of six days eastwards from
Durban. Now the days have become
flying hours. I think the air is the
wrong approach to this isle of Dutch
ruins and French chateaux, of Paul et
Virginie, an isle which once
possessed the strangest fauna on the
face of the earth.

On board the Gailca there was a
French Mauritian named Bertrand, a
polished and pleasant young man
who was returning after studying

history at Oxford and the Sorbonne.
He was a patriotic and enthusiastic
Mauritian, anxious to attract visitors
to his remote home; and he saw in
me a means to this end. Probably he
overrated my influence. Nevertheless
he showed me Port Louis and his
lovely island with an enthusiasm
which none of the British exiles there
displayed.

First of all Bertrand took me round
Port Louis, a town which had known
many dreadful episodes and which had
been abandoned by well-to-do
residents after a malaria epidemic last
century. "This island was a sanitorium
until the malaria came", Bertrand
recalled. "It has seen many devastating
cyclones, fires and smallpox, cholera
and bubonic plague; but the malaria
frightened the wits out of everyone.
One third of the people in Port Louis

died. Doctors had only vague ideas of
treating it and there was no quinine.
Imagine nearly twenty thousand deaths
round this harbour alone! So those
who could afford it cleared out up the
mountain to Vacoas and Curepipe.
Some of them took their houses with
them, fine wooden mansions that
could be taken apart and set up else-
where."

Here and there in Port Louis old-
fashioned colonial timbered houses
have survived, eighteenth and nine-
teenth century homes of painted wood
and wide verandahs. You find them
behind the high walls of lush, tropical
gardens in Pope Hennessy and
Rempart streets. Some have decayed,
others have been turned into offices
and warehouses; but they remind us of
the long years before steam, before the
Suez Canal opening, when prosperous

Port Louis looked out over a harbour
where two hundred sailing ships lay at
anchor.

Bertrand noticed that I was sniffing the
air, trying to fix the aroma of Port
Louis. "It is sugar and molasses and
rum", he declared. "These godowns
hold the greatest stocks of sugar in the
world. Keep clear of the wasps and
bees that come here for the sweetness.
Of course you can smell cloves and
nutmeg and spices, too, and we also
grow tea. But we have a one-crop
economy, more's the pity, and when
the sugar crop fails or the price slumps
then Mauritius goes phut. Here we
have Hindus, far too many Hindus,
Moslems and Creoles, Chinese and
white people, all depending on sugar.
There is no room for other crops. We
bring in rice and flour, meat and even
fish. But we have too many people -

too many Hindus. I wonder what will
happen to us?"

When I went to the markets of Port
Louis with Bertrand there seemed to
be an abundance of island food.
Bananas were there in great variety,
from the tiny, tasty gingelis to red
plantains twelve inches long. Stalls
were covered with bread fruit like
huge green sponges. I saw pawpaws
and limes, mangoes and the fresh red
litchis the Chinese love. "Our best
fruit is the pineapple", Bertrand
remarked. "But over there you see a
rare fruit, the mabolo, that some call
the 'celestial fruit'. It has a dreadful
odour, like the durian, but the flavour
is delicious."

I thought the dominant odour of the
market was fried pork (for the
Chinese customers) with curry and
rice (for the Indians) as a close rival.

Bertrand led me through a crowd
surrounding a curry stall and we
became spectators at a strange eating
contest between a fat Chinese with
chopsticks and a thin Indian coolie.
Each man had before him a mount of
curry and rice, the portions having
been weighed. They started together,
chopsticks versus fingers, and the
Chinese won amid great excitement.
"The prize was one rupee but of
course both men had a free meal",
explained Bertrand.

All round me I heard a language that
sounded like French, but with
strange differences. "The island
patois", said Bertrand with a smile.
"Like pidgin English, this is a simp-
lified French mixed with African and
Malagasy words. We call it Creole.
By the way, there was a time when a
Creole was a white person born in

Mauritius, but now it has come to
mean a member of the dark mixed
race that has grown up on the island.
Creole came into being when the
early planters talked to their slaves in
a sort of infantile French and the
slaves responded with their own
accents. It is a hideous yet amusing
corruption and it works very well."

Bertrand gave me some examples. Le
chien (dog) becomes dicien in Creole,
while un cheval (horse) is replaced by
un seval. They always say moi (me)
instead of je (I). Some of the origins
of Creole words have been lost;
words like tiggin meaning "a little". If
you want very little you say tiggin
tiggin. "Zed" sounds are common and
many words resembling sounds have
found places in the patois. To tickle is
fire guidiguidi. A lazy effeminate
person is gnangnan while ene catacata

is a flirt. A tall, awkward man is
balalame. Creole has a strain of
peculiar humour, such as the island
name for a hearse, caleche granpapa
(old man's coach). Some of the cradle
songs and proverbs are witty. Creole
has such a strong appeal that Indians
born in Mauritius soon drop the
languages of their parents. French,
Chinese and Indians converse in
Creole but few Mauritians have
attempted to write the language.
Creole is a spoken patois and it seems
likely to grow with the years within
the island of its birth. Reunion, the
other French speaking island only a
hundred miles away, has its own
patois, entirely different from the
Creole of Mauritius.

In the Port Louis market I set eyes on
the coco-de-mer for the first time in
my life and Bertrand laughed as he

saw my look of astonishment. Do you
know this absurd fruit? It is sold more
as a curio than anything else nowa-
days, but when the first of these
double-coconuts washed up on the
coast of India centuries ago it was
mysterious flotsam. Apart from the
almost incredible shape (like the lower
parts of a woman) there was the riddle
of origin. Wise old men suggested that
the coconuts must have grown on the
bed of the sea, for no one had seen a
palm bearing this fruit on shore. So the
name coco-de-mer arose. When the
nut was opened an almost tasteless
flesh and jelly were revealed. Here,
said the wise men, was a cure for
many diseases. Indian princes heard of
the discovery and shrewd physicians
advised them that the nuts held
restorative powers hitherto unknown
among aphrodisiacs. Beachcombers

roamed the Malabar coast and
received thousands of rupees for each
nut they found. Only when the French
landed on the Seychelles in the middle
of the eighteenth century and saw
coco-de-mer palms growing on two
islands was the mystery solved. Of
course the price slumped in spite of
the action of an ingenious French
nobleman who sent a large cargo of
the nuts to India and then set fire to
the coconut groves. The coco-de-mer
was not exterminated though belief
in its magical properties has almost
died out. The nuts are still sold to
eager tourists. Island people saw the
nuts in two and use them as dishes
and plates. Brooms and baskets are
made from the ribs of the leaves,
mattresses and pillows are stuffed
with the down and hats are woven
from the young leaves. But the days

when oriental potentates ornamented
coco-de-mer cups with gold and
precious stones are over and the
beautiful legend has been exploded.

A memorable place, the Port Louis
market. You can smell French bread
there and spices, coffee and the
cigars they roll on the island. They
were selling birds in cages while I
was there, scarlet cardinals and love
birds and yellow canaries at a rupee a
pair. Indians burn frankincense to
bring them luck and Chinese shop-
keepers let off firecrackers at a drop
of a pigtail. One afternoon when the
boats and long pirogues came in I
walked with Bertrand round the fish
market. I saw live fish in tanks and
dazzling fish on slabs like birds of
brilliant plumage. You could buy a
slice of man-eating shark or a dozen
oysters; a crab, a catfish or an eel.

Bertrand knew all the island fish; the
beaked parrot fish, the speckled
cordonnier (shoemaker) that lives
among the rocks and is caught in
basket traps. Here, too, was the
unicorn fish with its horn. I saw the
huge carangue, like tunny, and the
grey mullet that are netted in
thousands in the coral lagoons. They
had an enormous sunfish in the
market that day; and Bertrand said
the tail would cut a man like a razor.
"I like to eat the fins", he .added.
"But the finest fish in the market is
the poule-d'eau, the fowl of the
water, a green fish shaped like a
turbot and not at all common.
Sometimes there is turtle flesh to be
had on Fridays - the turtles are
brought here alive from the outlying
islands, Cargados Carajos and
others."

Mauritius has trout called chite in the
mountain streams but the most
interesting freshwater fish is the
gourami. This is a broad, dark grey
fish bred in the lake at Pample-
mousses. The gourami is so tame that
it will come to the side and eat
breadcrumbs almost out of your hand.
Cook it soon after capture and you
have a most delicate fish. French
families serve it with a creamy
bechamel sauce.

Bertrand informed me that the best
way to see Mauritius was by railway.
Of course there were motor-cars in
those days but Bertrand pointed out
that the brakes often failed on the
steep mountain roads. Moreover, the
slow pace of the island railway would
give me time to appreciate the scenery,
the exquisite and romantic panoramas
of this island at the end of the world.

"On each branch line it is different",
declared Bertrand the enthusiast. "You
will see ravines and waterfalls, dark
green canefields and forests with the
Javanese deer the Dutch brought here
before they settled at the Cape. Every
mountain in Mauritius has its own
personality, every beach has its blue
lagoon."

So I went with Bertrand to the central
railway station close to the waterfront.
It was soon after breakfast and train
after train was bringing the workers
down from the mountains to their
shops and offices. Artisans and clerks
arrived first, many in black suits, and
every man jack carrying his lunch
basket. Executives, high government
officials, professional men came later;
and they wore in those uncomfortable
and hidebound days white sun helmets
and suits of white duck. The bush shirt

had not yet been designed, shorts
would have been unthinkable; yet Port
Louis had a suffocating climate and
the punkahs gave little relief. Each
manager or senior official was met at
the station by a peon, a uniformed
messenger who carried such light
impedimenta as brief cases and
umbrellas. It was the custom.
Mauritius was then a suburbia with
nearly everyone travelling by train. A
man had his favourite and traditional
seat in a compartment where he met
the same people every day. But for the
tropical clothes, the palms, the
flamboyants and banyans - and the
heat - they might have been travelling
from Richmond or Surbiton to their
destination in the City.

However, the rolling-stock on this
government railway would have raised
every eyebrow at Charing Cross or

Waterloo. Many of the small,
squarely -built coaches were double-
deckers; first-class passengers rode in
cushioned comfort down below with
heavily-shuttered windows; third (or
possibly fourth) class travellers were
up on the roof in glorified hen-coops.
Owing to the gradients the steam
locomotives were powerful and there
were never more than ten coaches on a
train. Engines and coaches bore the
proud coat-of-arms of Mauritius, "star
and key of the Indian Ocean". The
governor had his own special coach, of
course, an ornate teak lounge on
wheels such as I would like to own
myself. Some of the rolling-stock went
right back to 1864, the year of the
railway opening.

I studied the time-tables and noted the
names. Mauritius had about one
hundred miles of railway lines and

clearly this was the steel road to
romance. One morning I steamed out
of Port Louis bound for Mahebourg,
the old and decayed port on the far
side of the island. Stations were a
mile, seldom more than two miles
apart. And the names! Bell Village
was followed by Pailles and Richelieu,
Petite Riviere, Beau Bassin and
Cascade Road. I went on through Rose
Hill and Quatre Bornes to Phoenix and
Vacoas, Floreal and Curepipe. By this
time I had covered sixteen miles and
the j ourney had lasted a full hour. The
heavy gradient of one in twenty-six
and the many stops explained the
schedule. The train had risen eighteen-
hundred feet to this residential suburb
with the curious name. Bertrand said
that in the days when a diligence or
stage-coach crossed the island the
drivers always rested the horses

outside the inn at this spot in the virgin
forest and took out their pipes; so
curer la pipe became Curepipe. It is a
suburb of clipped bamboo hedges ten
feet high, morning glory flowers, a
market and a mosque, tea plantations,
and the Trou-aux-Cerfs, the perfect
volcanic crater. From the rim of the
crater there is a panoramic view of the
mountains of northern Mauritius,
including the peaks called Les Trois
Mamelles. Yes, the names never disap-
point you. The line goes on to Rose
Belle, Mare d' Albert and Mahebourg
in the Grand Port where Simon van
der Stel was born.

Mauritius has many links with the
Cape. It became a dependency of the
Cape under the Dutch East India Com-
pany in the seventeenth century, the
Dutch having occupied the island with
the idea of keeping other nations away

from a useful base. At that period
ebony and ambergris were the only
exports. Hubert Hugo, a former pirate,
was appointed commander of
Mauritius in 1671. Early in the eight-
eenth century, however, the Dutch
closed down the settlement and the
Zaaiman, Ramond and De Vries
families were transferred to the Cape.
Schooners owned by Cape Town firms
carried dried snoek to Mauritius for
many years last century, returning with
cargoes of sugar.

I visited the Dutch cemetery there and
thought of the dodo, the ungainly
extinct bird that was once plentiful.
You may still find a skeleton and that
would have something more than a
scientific value.

Another railway run along the level
northern line carried me past Albion
Dock (how few English names there

are) and Roche Bois to Terre Rouge
and Pamplemousses. I could have
gone on to Poudre d'Or to seek the
gold dust buried there by a forgotten
pirate but I chose to linger in the
botanical gardens of Pamplemousses.
Until the cyclone towards the end of
last century, botanists ranked these
gardens as third in the world. The
cyclone rushed in at one hundred and
twenty miles an hour, revolving like
an express train on a wicked curve.
Rare and majestic trees planted by the
French in the eighteenth century were
slammed flat. Mauritius lost about a
quarter of a million trees in that
disaster and more than a thousand
people were killed.

Bertrand accompanied me by rail to
Moka one day. French planters called
it Moka because they tried to grow
coffee there long ago. From there we

walked to the private railway station
on Le Reduit, residence of the
governor. Bertrand described the scene
when there was a ball or some other
large gathering at government house.
Train after train would come up
through the cane fields and over the
ravines to Le Reduit station. They
would find the platform decorated
with paper lanterns; then they would
take their seats in a cavalcade of
horse-drawn carriages and drive
between the stone gate-posts with
crowns, along a tropical avenue,
under the huge camphor trees and
through the gardens designed more
than two centuries ago by the
Frenchman who laid out the grounds
at Versailles. Few official residences
in the world can compare with the Le
Reduit site. It stands on a dramatic
promonotory between two ravines

overlooking the ocean, this old,
double storeyed French chateau.
Verandahs paved with black and
white marble run the full length of
the building with its two hundred and
forty doors and windows. Le Reduit
means "the redoubt" and it was first
built to serve as a stronghold during
a possible invasion. The first wooden
building was destroyed by white ants
and so a new stone Le Reduit arose.
This second residence was shattered
during a cyclone a century ago, the
roof was torn off the east wing and
Governor Sir Henry Barkly and his
wife had narrow escapes. A later
governor notorious for his extrava-
gance rebuilt Le Reduit and added an
enormous ballroom. I walked round
the place with Bertrand, for he was
accepted in every circle in Mauritius,
from government house to the

Chinese quarter. It was a lovely old
mansion, this secluded place among
the ferns and royal palms and mango
trees, guarded by ditches and gun
emplacements. The front doors
opened straight into the ballroom and
we saw ourselves in dozens of long
wall mirrors with gilt frames. I could
easily imagine the lavish banquets
given by the bygone governors of
Mauritius, with "God Save the
Queen" long after midnight.

"Of course the place is haunted",
narrated Bertrand. "They say that
Labourdonnais, the admiral who
became governor of Mauritius, rides
again, with his staff - only he and his
men are skeletons in uniform and
even the horses are skeletons.
Formidable! However, some young
British officers sat up on a night of
the full moon many years ago, .

champagne on the table, swords
beside them, waiting for the strange
noise of the ghostly horsemen that is
heard sometimes on such nights.
Sure enough they heard hooves on
the gravel and the officers rose with
drawn swords and turned out the
guard. And there in the terraced
gardens among the roses they found a
herd of wild deer from the mountains.
That is the way most ghost stories end.
Not long ago there was a wailing at
night - monkeys on the lawn! But I
can tell you of something more
dangerous than a ghost at Le Reduit.
They found a boa constrictor here,
fourteen feet long, strong enough to
kill a stag. It had come from a wrecked
ship and it lived in the woods for years
until it visited Le Reduit. Here they
shot it."

As we travelled under the mountain
ranges Bertrand pointed out of the
train window to one peak after another
and told me stories and legends. I
remember the drama of Pieter Both,
the mountain over Port Louis that
always seems to menace the town.
Named after a Dutch admiral, this
queer mountain rises to two thousand
six hundred feet above the harbour. It
has on the summit a great pearshaped
boulder. The summit can only be
approached by a narrow ridge with a
sheer drop of one thousand feet into
the trees. For many years it seemed
that the overhanging boulder would
never be conquered by man. Accord-
ing to legend, said Bertrand, a party of
French climbers reached the top
during the eighteenth century; but they
could not get down and they left their
bones on the boulder. However, an

expedition organised by a Captain
Lloyd and other British Army officers,
accompanied by sepoys and baggage
coolies, tackled Pieter Both in the
eighteenthirties. They took scaling
ladders, ropes, crowbars, ample provi-
sions and camp equipment. When they
came to a flat area just beneath the
obelisk Captain Lloyd tried to shoot an
arrow with a line attached over the
boulder. He failed but when he hurled
a stone fastened to a line he succeeded.
A rope was then hauled over the
boulder, a rope ladder followed and
the climbers were able to defeat the
overhang. They made a hole in the
rock, raised a flagpole, hoisted the
Union Jack and sent up a rocket.
Down in the harbour H.M.S.
Undaunted fired a salute. The climbers
decided to spend the night on the
boulder and their porters sent up great

coats, blankets and finally a hot meal
prepared on the platform below.
They lit a fire and one of them
recorded: "The prospect beneath us
as we lay enjoying our brandy and
cigars was magnificent. The sky was
clear and the moon shone brightly,
lighting up the scene. It was a scene
the romantic mind would dwell on
with ecstasy." One officer who was
known to walk in his sleep was
lashed to another member of the
party. They were all cold and stiff
when dawn came and they were glad
to return. Pieter Both has often been
climbed since then. The great
boulder is still poised on the summit,
weighing several tons and resemb-
ling Queen Victoria in her robes.
They used to say that the British
would leave Mauritius when the
boulder fell. The British have left but

the obelisk of naked rock still resists
erosion and cyclones.

Bertrand told me that they fired three
guns to warn the people of Port
Louis when a cyclone was approach-
ing. Ships put to sea when the first
gun sounded. When the second gun
went those who lived outside Port
Louis rushed to the railway station
and packed into special trains.
Everywhere householders went out
with sledgehammers and iron bars
and wedged the heavy hurricane
shutters. When the third gun was
fired the train service was suspended.
During the 1894 cyclone a train
passing over the St. Louis bridge
near Pailles station was hurled into
the river forty feet below. Strange to
relate no one was killed. But during a
severe cyclone the line is littered
with fallen trees and telegraph posts.

Ships are lifted into fields along the
coast. It is no weather for railway
travel.

So the memories flooded back when
I heard they were pulling up that
marvellous old railway in Mauritius.
It was no toy but a full four feet
eight-and-a-half inch British gauge
railway. It served the island for more
than a century. From the antiquated
coaches I saw the mosques and
temples of Port Louis; the farm carts
drawn by longhorned oxen; the
cross-legged shopkeepers on their
mats waiting for customers; Indian
women heavy with gold ornaments;
the rolling fields of sugar estates
with unforgettable names: Solitude
and Bean Sejour, Mon Tresor and
Trianon, Savannah and Maison
Blanche. I went southwards to
Souillac and travelled along a narrow-

gauge branch line to a tea estate with
the enchanting name of Bois Cheri. I
peered into the Petite Riviere cave,
blocked (so they say) to hide a pirate's
treasure. I saw the landscape where the
sad spirits of Paul and Virginie might
have emerged at any moment from the
greenery; an odd little world cut off by
the wide ocean from twentieth century
ideas. However, the locomotives were
burning twenty thousand tons of
imported coal a year and the planters
whose ancestors had demanded a
railway were sending their sugar down
to Port Louis by road. So the last trains
came back from Savanne and Mon-
tagne Blanche and Mapou and all
those other lovely places. The railway
works at Plaine Lauzon closed down.
Scrap merchants bought the rails and
passenger coaches became school
shelters and seaside bungalows. I

suppose they have taken down the
many warning signs: "Beware of the
trains". The man in the blue uniform
who walked along the Port Louis
waterfront with a red flag, ringing a
handbell, has lost his job. No more
cows will be saved from death by the
flared cowcatchers. Motorists who had
to wait at level crossings will be
pleased but I would not like to see
Mauritius without its old romantic
railway.

I touched on the menus of Mauritius,
you may recall, when I visited the Port
Louis markets. Like all men of French
descent my friend Bertrand was an
epicure and he knew the Mauritian
specialities from the bredies to
venison. Yes, they have bredies in
Mauritius, meat and vegetable stews
with flavours rather different from the
Cape versions. The basic Mauritian

cookery is a blend of French and
Indian traditions with the Chinese
cuisine as a thing apart.

"We have some of the finest cooks and
household servants in the world on
this island", Bertrand declared. "A
poor chef is known as a rosbif cook,
which is not exactly a compliment to
the English residents. Our customs are
entirely different. French Mauritians
have the typical French petit dejeuner
of coffee, rolls and fruit, lunch at
eleven and an early dinner. The
English follow the English system and
go to bed much later than we do."

Bertrand talked about the exotic dishes
of the island. The early Portuguese
callers brought monkeys from Ceylon
to Mauritius. The monkeys are as large
as spaniels. They roam the forests in
bands of sixty or seventy, plunder
remote homes, eat birds' eggs, ravage

banana groves and hide in the
mountains. Creoles love roast monkey
and so the raiders are kept in check.
"Monkeys ride on the backs of stags -
they get on very well together",
Bertrand went on. "There will be no
shortage of venison for many years to
come, but I do not care for it very
much. It has not the flavour of the
Scottish deer. Nevertheless the chasse
is very popular here and I know one
old man who has shot a thousand
stags. Besides the monkeys there is
another Portuguese legacy, the pigs or
'Maroon hogs' which have run wild.
They taste better than the venison. I
must also mention the bats, not
vampires but fruit bats. They are
knocked down in daylight as they
hang from the trees and the flesh is
excellent. But of course you have to
know how to cook them, with spices

and condiments, as the skin and fur
have a foxy odour. Properly done, a
fruit bat tastes like a cross between
hare and chicken."

Bertrand said the stock dishes of the
Mauritian cook were coconut soup,
dressed crab, coconut curry and ba-
nana fritters. The bredies included one
made from the young leaves of a plant
of the arum species and another made
from pumpkin shoots. Pimento and
saffron were favourite ingredients as
both were grown on the island.
Bertrand spoke of the beche de mer,
the sea slug that is such a great
delicacy east of Suez, collected on the
reefs of Mauritius at low tide, dried in
the sun, smoked and made into soup.
He said that sea urchins were
wonderful eaten raw like oysters.
Shearwaters, fat little birds, were dried
and sold at the market. Many people in

Mauritius drank the local rum because
it was cheap but Bertrand preferred the
wines of France. "Our rum has a
peculiar twang - or as they say in the
trade a 'hogo'", remarked Bertrand.
"They make fruit wine here, too, and a
banana liqueur. But no, when it comes
to drink I am not patriotic. Give me a
fine claret!"

"And the finest dish in Mauritius -
what is that?" I inquired. Bertrand
took me to La Flore Mauricienne, the
restaurant in Church Street, a century
old at that time, and ordered camarons
with palmiste salad. "It is a freshwater
prawn, not too plentiful", Bertrand
explained. "Poachers go to the rivers
at night and lure the earner 'ons with
torches. You slip a noose round the
tail and out come your camarons. It
has a six-inch body and long claws.
But you will see." I agreed with

Bertrand that the camerons were better
than any lobster, crawfish or shrimp.
He pointed out that the palmiste salad
was made from the tender fronds of
the indigenous areca palm. The tree,
which might be twenty years old, was
killed by the cutting of the shoots.
That was certainly a mayonnaise to
remember. Before we left La Flore
Mauri cienne I was shown the j ams and
jellies, pickles and preserves made on
the premises from island fruits and
vegetables. Order an aperitif in the
courtyard of La Flore Mauritienne if
you visit Mauritius and then go
upstairs for a meal. It will remind you
in some ways of Paris.

CHAPTER Fifteen
Harbours On The Nile

Cairo is a harbour, a great river
harbour where the high-piled paddle
steamers go upstream and the
swallow-winged feluccas sail down to
the sea with the cargoes they have
carried for thousands of years. It is a
harbour that has known Greek triremes
and coastal patrol vessels flying the
White Ensign. It is one of the three

harbour cities I know better than any
others in the world - Cape Town,
London and Cairo - because I had the
time to absorb them.

One of my friends in Cairo told me so
much about the city that I called her
Sharazad. She claimed to be French,
but the resemblance did not go much
further than her excellent cuisine, the
Beauvais tapestries and Louis XV
furniture. She was a Cairene speaking
French and Arabic and English; a
quick-witted woman who had her fair
share of the wisdom of the East. She
had immense self-confidence and
never doubted that her will would
triumph. I wandered through the
bazaars of Cairo with Sharazad until
the city had indeed become one of my
harbours of memory.

In the Street of the Gold Workers they
knew Sharazad well and the jewellers

valued her praise as she drank their
coffee in dark little dens among the
goblets and perfume burners and the
dishes inlaid with gold and silver. She
chose her silks in the bazaar, showing
rare taste. She listened to the rug-
makers singing as they toiled, studied
all the trades in. the labyrinth of the
Mousky, and all the people. And I
walked beside her, learning and
listening to her thousand tales.

I met the healer and easer of pain,
Sheikh Ibrahim. Often I had seen him
roving the streets with his cry of
"Inshadat ad Hamalat ya
Metwaldi" , invoking the Moslem
saint to remove the sorrows of illness.
One day Sharazad had a headache and
she paid the healer's fee. I think it was
mainly curiosity that drew her to the
little hole-in-the-wall consulting-room
where the Sheikh treated his patients.

At the entrance rested the long staff
decorated with shreds of cloth, wisps
of veil, scraps of leather, all
testimonials from the people he had
cured. They tore off a portion of a
garment near the afflicted spot and
gave it to the healer to be nailed to the
staff. Thus, the wily Sheikh intimated,
the affliction would become fixed to
the wood, a more satisfactory
arrangement than having a pain in the
flesh. The bearded Sheikh possessed
one experienced seeing eye and a
sightless eye which gave him a weird
appearance. In his profession this
could be regarded as an asset. He fixed
Sharazad with a firm stare and soothed
her in a well chosen stream of Arabic.
"Your eyes are tired ... they are closing
... you are at rest ... the ache is
vanishing ... it has gone ... it will not
return." It cost her five piastres, and

she had purchased one of life's secrets
cheaply.

Near the Al Azhar university there was
a cafe for the wealthier Moslem
students. Sometimes the aroma of
stewed lamb, cooked in the Egyptian
way with peaches, drew us to a table
under the awning. Sharazad's appetite
was restrained by a high regard for her
weight and a fastidious sense of
quality. She demanded the best of
each kind, the finest mangoes grown
by the Pashas, the sweetest white
grapes, the pressed dates from Siwa
oasis, the most luscious water-
melons. The proprietor always
served Sharazad himself. He found
her full of appreciation for skilful
effort and brought her special dishes
of egg plant stuffed with rice and
minced-meat or grilled kebabs on
skewers. These oriental banquets

were typical of a woman who sought
variety every day of her life and kept
the "Rubaiyat" at her bedside. Omar,
she had decided, spoke the truth. Life
was meant to be lived.

As a rule I met Sharazad on the
terrace of the Continental-Savoy, an
hotel which is as much a part of
Cairo as the Pyramids. It has an
immense khaki-coloured facade, all
shutters and balconies. You see
people everywhere from roof to
terrace. It is no ordinary caravan-
serai.

The Continental-Savoy has a
glamour that will only be perceived
if you stay there long enough. Under
that roof anything can happen and
almost everything has happened. The
whole story of the Continental-Savoy
will never be told. It has gone like
the flood-waters of the Nile, lost for

ever, scattered up and down the
world in anecdote and narrative,
confession and secret memory. But
the great hotel, like the Arabian
Nights, goes on endlessly. On the
terrace imagination may succeed in
making life stand still long enough
for a flash of analysis. You may
capture a fragment of the story, one
fragment out of the years that have
passed like the waters flowing out
beyond Rosetta and Damietta. The
terrace is a stage deserted in the
sunny hours of the summer but
gaining life and colour and move-
ment as the sun goes down. Heavy
ironwork provides an essential
barrier between the hotel guests and
the imploring hawkers and beggars
in the street. The hotel is not really
as old as it looks. The air of
experience hanging so heavily over

the building, from terrace to back
garden, has been left by the people of
the hotel, a rich legacy paid in daily
instalments.

Cuisine at the hotel is only moderate.
Rooms are not luxurious. Many of the
servants appear to be morons. But in
spite of these defects there is
something about the hotel; it has
background, it has character. On the
steps day after day the dragomans
mount guard, more alert than any
sentries, ready to open the wonders of
Cairo. Show by a flicker that you need
a dragoman and he is at your side.
Enter the hotel and you might be in the
booking-hall of a railway station. Art
is represented by travel posters, air
liners circling the Pyramids, scenes
from Switzerland. The hushing sound
of huge fans comes as a reminder of
the distance from the Alps. Wicker

chairs and tables suggest an antidote to
the climate. I preferred the bar at the
entrance to the dining-room, for this
was one of the corners that gave
character to the hotel. The suave
Russian barman had all the world's
bottles at his disposal. Australian
whisky glowed evilly beside Cape
sherry. Egg-nog fabricated in Palestine
stood next to the strong brandy of
Cyprus and Dubonnet was on the shelf
with Amontillado, vodka and Dom.
The Russian, undismayed after years
of refusal, still laboured under the
false impression that customers
yearned for the drinks of their own
countries. He could tell nationality at a
glance but he could never diagnose
individual tastes.

Beside the obliging barman, hovering
over the cash register, stood an
apparently half-witted albino who

seemed to be having more fun than
any other member of the hotel staff.
Being an albino, it was impossible to
guess his age, race or thoughts. He
spent his days ringing up amounts and
handing the tickets proudly across the
bar. The Russian barman and the Arab
waiters corrected his mistakes with a
patience which was not shared by the
drinkers. At rush hours the albino also
poured drinks. Often they were the
wrong drinks. The Russian smiled and
poured the drinks back into the bottles
or poured mixed drinks away. In spite
of all mistakes the albino grinned and
life went on at the hotel. That albino
puzzled me for years, but now I have
decided that he was not such a fool as
he looked. He was there for some deep
purpose.

Opposite the bar was the manager's
office. There were two managers in

my day, Freddy the Swiss and Sammy
the Egyptian. Both knew a great deal
about the hotel and talked freely
without ever saying an indiscreet
word. A perfect combination, able to
deal with any situation which might
arise. I always found one or other of
them in the polished, luxurious office.
Turn right past the hall porter and
there is the lounge. Ladies of the night
(of the expensive class) were
permitted to meet or make friends
there and arrange their assignations.
There and in the recesses of the hall
they were within bounds. At the end of
the lounge was the main bar of the
hotel; and if you saw any feminine
creature in there she would be of the
same class as those outside; not a
guest at the hotel. This bar was a
comfortable, leather-seated room with
a quick barman and two efficient

assistants. Yet I sometimes found
myself missing the Russian and the
albino and back I would stroll to the
unorthodox bar.

The dining-room was a white, simple
room with pillars and huge windows
on to the terrace. So many black
jacketed maitres-d' hotel, so many
fezzed, white-robed Arab waiters
stood among the tables that one
imagined the service would be
instantaneous; but only when you
slowed down to the tempo of Egypt
did you find life tolerable. Breakfast
was served in a smaller salle at the
back, with a glimpse of the garden.
You could read your "Egyptian Mail"
or "Le Journale d'Egypte", front page
to pictures, before the tiny eggs
arrived.

At the foot of the main staircase the
atmosphere was religious, a trick

produced by stained-glass windows
and a notice-board bearing invitations
to Christian churches. But this was a
caravanserai, not a cathedral. The lifts
start at this point. The lift attendants,
slim and stupid-looking Egyptians,
carried a heavy responsibility for they
were also in charge of the morals of
the hotel. They had instructions from
the management. Those who had
booked rooms never ranked as sinners;
but if one of the loose girls from the
lounge stepped into the lift she was
recognised instantly and denounced in
Arabic. It was embarrassing for the
escort, whose manner was already
nervous. But that was the rule.

If you turned left after leaving the hall
you could study the kitchens, savour
the soups of the day, watch the small
Aboukir soles being carried in, or poke
your nose into a pantry stacked high

with olive bottles and tins of sardines.
Outside the kitchen there was always a
pile of the strange fuel of Egypt, the
yellow slabs compounded of cotton-
seed and camel-dung. It burnt with a
typical acrid odour. Smell it after
many years and you would see the past
again, perhaps too vividly.

Every morning at six-fifteen a tall
fezzed Nubian wearing a black j acket
entered my room at the hotel and
placed the tea tray beside my bed. He
had an aquiline nose, a genuine smile
and dignity. I could see the trees in the
Ezbekieh Gardens from my room, the
unspeakable pavements, the shoe-
shine boys and walking-stick hawkers,
the men selling dark glasses and
unpostable postcards. In the summer I
had to rest after lunch. No city in the
world takes its siesta with more
determination than Cairo. When I

awoke at four the Nubian would be at
my bedside with more tea. But in the
early mornings, the hot summer
mornings, it was the first tram-car
grinding round the corner into the
Opera Square that woke me. Then I
would stand on my balcony at dawn
and think of Omar:

Wake! For the Sun, who

scatter 'd into flight
The Stars before him from the

Field of Night

I visited other Cairo hotels, including
the old Shepheard's. I drank at the
Long Bar there when Joe the barman
mixed his celebrated pick-me-up of
gin, bourbon, lime juice, bitters, mint
and dry ginger ale. I heard the story of
a contest between a Canadian doctor
and a Turkish prince; they drank fifty-
two whiskies each and called it a day.
But it was the Continental that gained

my affection. The mob felt the same
way and spared it on the day when
Shepheard's went up in flames.

I remember Cairo's houseboat har-
bour, that fascinating reach of the
Nile near the Gezira Club where the
long array of houseboats and river
steamers cast their lights over the
water. It was cooler there than in the
city. The boats and the far, palm-
fringed river bank made a theatrical
backcloth. Sharazad took me to a
party on board a luxurious two-
decker. The event of the evening,
planned by the host, was the danse
du ventre, a dance that never fails to
appeal to a male audience. Gipsy
girls have danced it in the east
through the centuries and a well-
rounded gipsy girl danced it on board
the house-boat that night. As it was a
private party she wore only a skirt

and the bangles that blend with the
music. She stood before the
orchestra, which now gave out
oriental sounds, and entered into the
strange rhythm. Some who were
there must have regarded it as erotic;
the movements were seductive. Like
a snake, perhaps, a snake following
its master's flute. The gipsy held the
audience with subtle body move-
ments, not footwork, nothing but that
sinuous rhythm, that remarkable
control of the body muscles in tune
with the quivering music.

Often I took Sharazad to the Russian
Club. There was no hammer and
sickle in that club. You were back in
the Russia of the Czars, with
bearded, departed monarchs staring
down wistfully upon exiles sighing
for the glorious period before the
revolution. Excellent bortsch was

served in the dining-room. In the bar
they drank a devastating vodka.
Some of the men wore embroidered
blouses; others were clearly not
Russians at all, but merely shared a
taste for alcohol with the genuine
Russian members. They sat on high
stools with their drinks in front of
them. Sometimes they sang. They
fraternised with strangers and they
told long Russian stories and sang
again. And always they drank.

I was often at the Groppi restaurants.
Big Groppi, down in Soliman Pasha,
had an open-air dance floor. Little
Groppi, also known as Old Groppi,
was a branch of the great Swiss
house of food and entertainment and
it was close to the Continental.
Sharazad always bought her cakes
there. In my old notebook I find that
I went there one afternoon for two

pate au fromage, two chicken pate or
anchois, one chocolate cake, a salade
Russe and some little rolls. As I came
out a horse-drawn coach, brilliantly
gilded, appeared on the far side of
the Opera Square. It was an astonish-
ing display. Gilded angels decorated
the roof and there was gilded scroll-
work on the sides. The coachman
wore a red fez. It was a hearse, so
large and dazzling that for a moment
it seemed to fill the square.

Aged beggars with tragic faces
sprawled on the pavements at every
corner reciting prayers. The streets
were queer streams of life. Strings of
laden camels swung across intersec-
tions while shining limousines rattled
their klaxons. Men in starched
pyjamas and women in black rags
gazed into the plate glass windows of
modern stores. An Arab band playing

bagpipes headed a bridal procession.
Sellers of fly-whisks, razor-blades
and socks pestered all who lingered
and followed those who walked
slowly.

Sometimes I went to a small Syrian
restaurant in a sidestreet. You could
dine outside in a charming white-
walled courtyard with a palm tree
growing in the middle. I ordered
stuffed vegetable marrow, roast lamb
and a red wine from Damascus.
Sharazad showed me how to cut a
mango neatly round the centre and
pull out the stone. Pickled cucumbers
and plates of beans were served as
side dishes and we ate the flat loaves
of Egypt.

That was blazing Cairo, the great
desert city with its dusty gardens.
Cairo, where a spy gave her belly-
dance at the Continental roof cabaret

while soldiers were being killed a
hundred miles away. Cairo, with the
ashes of secret documents rising in
the wind during the retreat to
Alamein. Cairo, city of cool modern
flats and mud-huts, camels and
donkeys. Cairo, where the khamsin
wind blows a fine dust over
everything and raises a thirst that
some quench with mango juice.
Cairo, where I ate the huge Red Sea
prawns at the restaurant called St.
James, the same Victorian place of
refreshment built for those old
British travellers who landed at
Alexandria and travelled overland to
Suez on the way to India. Cairo, with
its old harbour on the east bank near
the Babylon of the Romans. Cairo,
split by the brown Nile, the long river
that still carries fleets of small craft
northwards when the current runs fast

to the Mediterranean. Cairo, where the
feluccas come in with the north wind
to the old Bulak harbour where
Napoleon's soldiers disembarked.
Cairo is indeed a great harbour of
memories and there are times when I
remember Cairo too well.

Cairo is the greatest of the Nile
harbours but the smaller river ports
have a fascination of their own. I
remember the vast empty desert of
grey sand with the Nile as the only
contrast. Now and again you see
villages like forts behind walls of mud.
Boat-builders are at work, following
the designs of centuries ago. Here is a
field of sugar-cane with the red
splashes of poppies; there are ancient
cities, tombs and temples. And always
the thread runs through the vision, the
river with its narrow greenery.

These river harbours quiver in the heat
and almost blind you. How can people
live in such a furnace? It is a relief to
steam away southwards from Khar-
toum in a river steamer, south up the
White Nile towards the swamps. The
pulse-beat of the engines underfoot
gives promise of a mild breeze. The
steamer is a stern-wheeler. Barges are
lashed to each side, barges loaded with
cargo and black passengers. White
passengers live on the steamer's
upperdeck. Their saloon is in the open
air, tables are set round the funnel and
at night the funnel glows a dull red in
the darkness. They sleep in a netted
space further forward; the "bug hut"
they call it. The mosquito-proof gauze
shuts out the insects but admits the
odours of African cooking from the
lower-deck. Some ships have bars. I
recall one in which passengers carried

their own bottles or bought whisky
from the Greek captain. The passen-
gers were officials and traders. In this
company the traveller hears the gossip
of the river harbours and the tales of
the halfexplored, half-unknown land
of a million square miles, the Sudan.
Sometimes the steamer pulls in to a
jetty with a line of grass huts and a
crowd of naked Shilluk warriors or tall
Dinkas. The thermometer stands
resolutely at a steamy hundred and ten.
Cargo rolls on shore, the whistle
sounds and the ship pushes on
upstream.

This is the Sudd region and the river is
choked with papyrus grass of a
poisonous green colour. Ships pick
their way with care. This water-world
of the southern Sudan is like a
Sargasso Sea. Only the natives can be
moderately sure of survival. Steamers

have to battle with the sinister floating
grass. Day after day the steamer plods
along, following a drunken, zigzag
course as the helmsman dodges
sandbanks and shallows. You smell
woodsmoke and sand. On the river
bank there are small trees and scrub;
and beyond stretches the immense
flatness. Hippo, dug-out canoes,
velvet-black bodies wading with nets
or standing with shields and spears.
Drums, the crackle of red fires in the
darkness and the thumping of the
steamer's engines. Bamboo palisades,
vultures on a tree, native girls pound-
ing grain. A long panorama of barbaric
Africa and then another inland harbour
on the bank of Old Father Nile.

CHAPTER Sixteen
Suez Magic

When I travelled in a slow "round
Africa" steamer more than forty
years ago I called for the first time at
the ports of Egypt and watched
entertainments that were old before
recorded history. I saw Port Said, a
fabricated place with more charm
than some people care to admit. I
liked it at first sight and grew fond of
the sleepless town when I came to
know it better two decades later. On
this first visit I went on shore gladly
while the ship was invaded by dusky
MacGregors selling fly whisks and
beads; by guides and fortune-tellers,
by hundreds of sweating Arabs with
coal-baskets on their heads. I dined
well at the Eastern Exchange Hotel
and went out into the garden to
watch a conjurer. Egypt is full of

wandering minstrels and acrobats,
jugglers, animal trainers and other
more or less entertaining vagabonds.
I think Egypt is their ancestral home.
Fakirs are buried alive and emerge
from the ordeal like hibernating
bears. Little girls appear to ride the
air. The nasal whine of the gourd
flute is heard in every tourist resort
as bored cobras emerge from their
baskets. Sword swallowers learn at
an early age to find the straight line
between mouth and pit of stomach.
You may see a man take a bowl of
water in his teeth and turn a
somersault without spilling a drop;
but you are more likely to encounter
a baboon riding a goat. Two
thousand years before Christ an
Egyptian princess declared that she
could never be killed by dagger or
sword; and she proved it by lying in

a mummy-case into which knives
and swords were thrust; a trick that
still draws the crowd. Here are magi-
cians who claim they can decapitate
a goose, or a boy, and restore the
head as soon as the right amount of
money is forthcoming. Steaming rice
comes out of a cauldron without
visible fire, Thanks to double
bottoms and cunning boxes the
onlookers see a bean transformed into
a scorpion, and vice versa. Holy men
lie on beds of spikes, as they do
further East, always making sure that
the spikes are close together. They bite
iron bars and swallow fire. In my
schooldays I read text-books on such
tricks and learnt some of the basic
principles. But that night at Port Said I
watched a show that was not in any of
my books.

The garden at the Eastern Exchange
was not lit brilliantly for the electric
globes were shaded and restful.
Nevertheless I could see the performer
clearly enough, a mild, light-skinned
Egyptian of about thirty wearing a
long European jacket over his
galabyeh. Possibly he had been
earning his living as a conjurer for
twenty years. He came forward with a
long bamboo fishing-rod equipped
with reel, float and hook. "Watch the
hook all the time - watch very
carefully," advised the conjurer. On
hearing this obvious piece of misdirec-
tion I tried to watch his hands as well
as the hook. He cast out into the open
garden, rod sweeping widely, hook
dancing. "Watch the hook now -
watch!" urged the conjurer. And at
that moment a live fish appeared on

HARBOURS OF MSMOftY

"At tliat flSGJilCfll & live Ijsb ippwr-;^ nn 1 hi* hnnlc. Thu ■Lnnjurer
let Jc ifrriggte Uierefiirflfew momHils; then lot*. Ft nff nod drapr«£
it Into a bowl of wiUer".

the hook. The conjurer let it wriggle
there for a few moments; then he took
it off and dropped it into a bowl of
water. I was absolutely certain that he
had not slipped it down the line with
his hands, but the sudden vision of the
fish baffled me completely.

Nearly two decades passed. I was in
Suez on a mission I have described
elsewhere. 2 Full moon that night and
the transit camp was being heavily
bombed. I found myself in a dugout
with a handsome, middle-aged British
officer I had met in the mess that
evening. He had told me vaguely that
he had something to do with camou-
flage. Many officers were vague about
their duties; we all knew the penalties
for careless talk. "I was on the stage

2 In my book "Where Men Still Dream,"
published by Timmins.

before the war, so they found me a
suitable job," he had remarked.

"Did you see the gulla-gulla who
came to the camp today?" I asked.

"A poor type, I thought," replied the
officer. "Cutting a turban and joining
it, hauling yards of silk out of his
mouth, the salaaming duck - very old
stuff. I live in hopes of seeing
something really original but it seldom
happens."

I told him about the fishing-rod trick.
He waited until the flashes and the
"grummff" of high explosives had
passed for a time and then he
commented: "That's a good trick.
Depends on apparatus, of course, but it
always brings a loud round of
applause."

"You know how it is done?"

"Oh yes. You see, I'm a magician in
civil life. I can explain that one. The
fish is hidden in the float, kept alive by
wet sponges. The main fishing line is
fitted with small rings, and a thin
secondary line runs to the float. When
the conjurer jerks the thin line the
hinged float opens for a fraction of a
second and the fish slips down and
appears to be wriggling on the hook. It
is just a matter of opening and shutting
the float so quickly that no one notices
it. Many conjurers in Europe and
America have copied that trick but I
am convinced that it was invented in
Egypt long ago."

So pleased was I with this revelation
that I was almost prepared to welcome
a continuation of the bombing. "Are
there any tricks that baffle the
professional magician?" I inquired.

"Yes. Some are tricks but most would
be better described as illusions. Those
miraculous tales you hear, the rope
trick and other forms of levitation,
plants growing before the eyes of the
audience, people who vanish after
being set on fire; these are illusions,
but not all who claim to have seen
these things are liars. Such illusions
come from the days when the East was
civilised and Europe was not. Some-
where a long way back, probably in
Egypt, there arose a caste of magi-
cians, jugglers, snake-charmers and
other weird performers. They may or
may not have been gypsies, but they
were certainly wanderers. Probably
they acquired some of their knowledge
during visits to India. They understood
the uses of alcohol and such drugs as
Indian hemp; they were hypnotists and
mind-readers. You will find references

to these people in many ancient works,
the hieroglyphics of Egypt, the Upani-
shads of the Indus, and it is clear that
the writers were describing marvels
which they believed they had
witnessed. In recent years King
Haakon VII of Norway informed
Rosita Forbes the explorer that the
rope trick had been performed in his
honour in Tunis. It appeared to be
genuine but a member of his staff
photographed the scene and all the
pictures showed the magician, his
assistant and the rope on the ground.
Colonel Barnard, chief of police in
Calcutta early this century described
the rope trick, and Lord Frederick
Hamilton recorded it. Carl Hertz the
stage magician travelled to the East
with all the lore of the white illusionist
at his finger-tips. He declared that the
rope trick was put on only by the very

finest performers who saw to it that
there were only a few Europeans in the
audience. They could hypnotise four
or five people at a time. Though the
Indians in the crowd realised what was
going on they applauded their fellow-
countryman and never gave him
away."

My companion reminded me of the
story that went round London years
ago of a stone lion in Trafalgar Square.
The lion was said to have shaken its
tail and thousands thought they had
seen it. A few people in that mood
would attend a performance of the
rope trick and after the magician had
addressed each one in turn and created
a receptive state of mind they would
see what they expected to see. Western
magicians had put on stage versions of
the rope trick with the aid of
apparatus. Carl Herz invented a

method and J. N. Maskelyne had done
it in his London theatre. Eastern
performers had given open-air shows
with the aid of a strong incense that
deadened the perceptions. They chose
a courtyard between two houses,
rigged a wire from roof to roof, and
started work at dusk. Clouds of smoke
hid the wire. The rope had a hook
which caught the wire and the boy
vanished by hauling himself across to
one of the houses. Another of the old
Eastern families of magicians had a
more realistic presentation. They
found a way of projecting a series of
pictures on a column of whitish smoke
so that a boy appeared to be climbing
the rope into the sky. "Of course the
pure illusion depending on will-
power and persuasion is rare and I
would enjoy such an experience
enormously," declared the magician.

"I have had to content myself up to
now with the clever efforts of
politicians whose promises have had
no more substance than the rope
trick."

I asked my companion for his views
on the mango trick. This he had seen
on many occasions and he said the
performers varied widely in skill.
Nearly always nowadays it was pure
conjuring. The trick went right back
to the Upanishads and a Sanskrit
comment two thousand years ago
remarked: "A young mango tree
sprouts forth from seeds, which are
really only glamour. The tree is also
nothing more than glamour. So it is
with all things." Jehangir, King of
Delhi in the early seventeenth
century, employed magicians who
grew not only mangoes but fig trees,
apples, walnuts, almonds and

mulberries; and birds of great beauty
appeared in the branches; melodious
songsters such as the world had
never known before.

The ordinary performer makes a little
hillock of earth, plants the seed,
sprinkles the earth with water and
covers it with a turban cloth. When
he removes the cloth a green shoot
has appeared and a clever magician
will pull the shoot from the earth and
show the roots sprouting. At each
stage of this slow and sometimes
boring trick the tree grows, more and
more leaves and branches appear,
and finally the fruit is plucked and
given to members of the audience to
taste. Some people assert that they
saw the tree growing before their
eyes. They are often convinced that a
secret method of forcing the growth
has been used.

"Most performers prefer the mango
because the seed is large enough to
hold a shoot," explained the officer.
"A palm, tea plant or banana would
be more difficult. Mango leaves and
twigs are tough and can be folded
carefully without breaking. They can
be rolled into tight balls and hidden
in the cloth until the time comes to
assist the growth of the tree. It is just
a matter of preparation and legerde-
main. Robert Houdin the French
magician (not Houdini) produced a
Western version with an orange tree
which blossomed and bore fruit. At the
finale an orange at the top of the tree
split open and revealed a handkerchief
borrowed from a spectator."

Robert Houdin, I gathered, was the
pioneer of scientific conjuring. He was
sent to Algeria by the French Govern-
ment in the middle of last century to

expose the marabouts who were
stirring up revolts. The authorities
hoped that Houdin's brand of sorcery
would make the Algerian holy men
look like childish impostors. Houdin
certainly impressed his audiences with
a box trick which depended on an
electro-magnet; it became light or
heavy on his orders and it defeated all
the efforts of the bewildered Algerian
sorcerers. However, the marabouts
swallowed glass and devoured thorns
and thistles and Houdin did not care to
follow their example. One marabout
struck his left arm with his right hand;
the flesh appeared to open and blood
poured out; then the marabout passed
his hand over the wound and the blood
disappeared. Houdin also watched a
marabout swallowing an egg without
breaking it; and this man also ate nails
and pebbles and hit his stomach with

his fist so that the contents rattled
audibly. Other marabouts drank boil-
ing oil. The sensitive French magician
was obviously puzzled by these antics
but he suggested that the sorcerers had
used alum to protect themselves
against different forms of heat.

My friend the magician had turned to
other oriental tricks and illusions when
the ack-ack fire died away as the
enemy bombers left the bleak Suez
scene. I decided that magic was a fine
remedy for the alarms and irritations
of war and I wanted to meet the
magician again. "I shall be here for the
next few days and I often go to the
Misr Hotel in Suez for dinner," he told
me as we stumbled away to our tents
and stretchers.

Next evening found me in the Misr bar
drinking with the magician and
looking forward to a dinner menu that

would come as a change from bully
beef and tinned potatoes. And indeed
we fared well for the lentil soup was
followed by pigeon and there was a
red Syrian wine and cheese. "You
were telling me about oriental feats
and illusions," I reminded the
magician.

"Ali yes, the wonders which cannot
be explained by the Maskelyne or
Houdini methods. Oriental perform-
ers are prepared to risk their lives
and suffer torments such as no
Western magician would endure. In
that class you have the fakirs who
allow themselves to be buried alive.
Their acts are genuine and I believe
they rely on stupefying drugs; but I
could not go into detail. Then you
have the performer who enters a hot
oven and is shut in with a raw steak.

When the door is opened the man is
alive and the steak is cooked?"

A feat of a different sort is
performed by an expert swordsman
who puts a young girl flat on a table
with a silken thread across her
breast. He swings the broad, heavy
sword half a dozen times to get the
feel, then brings it down with a
terrifying sweep that cuts the thread
but does not touch the skin. Danger
is a good teacher. He then described
an illusion in which the magician
transforms his assistant into a log of
wood, chops up the log, sets fire to it
and burns it. Of course the assistant
comes up unharmed from the ashes.
"Someone who watched this perfor-
mance told me that be looked away
once or twice while the flames were
blazing," went on the magician.
"When he looked up again there

were no flames, but after a time the
flames and smoke re-appeared. So it
was obviously hypnotism." The
basket trick, on the other hand, had a
natural explanation. If you saw the
magician wearing a heavy leather
belt then you could be sure that the
boy would seize the belt while
covered by a blanket, slip quickly
between the magician's legs and
escape with the aid of accomplices.
Usually the boy circled inside the
basket like an eel and kept out of the
way of the prearranged sword
thrusts. There is more room in a
flexible basket than you might think.
First-class performers use a bladder
filled with human blood and offer the
blood to any medical person in the
audiences for analysis. The boy
shrieks at first but then the cries die
away and the magician laments: "I

have killed my child." However, a
voice comes from the back of the
crowd and the boy (a double, wear-
ing identical gaudy costume) steps
forward. Occasionally an oblong
basket is used with a double side at
the back. The boy hides in this
compartment and the basket can then
be shown to be empty. A really
clever variation is the basket trick in
which a large oblong basket has a
lid. The magician's wife lies down in
the basket and the lid is placed over
her. When the magician lifts the lid
the woman has vanished. She hooks
her fingers and toes into the top of
the basket and the success of the
trick depends on the magician lifting
her without apparent effort. This
calls for superb acting and great
strength.

Egyptian conjurers have a modern
trick in which a brass bowl is shown
with a lump of ice in the water. It is
covered, and when the cloth is
whipped off the water is hot. The
bowl has double sides and a double-
bottom, of course, the side spaces
being filled with boiling water while
the bottom is empty. Remove a wax
pellet and the cold water runs out. A
second pellet allows the hot water to
run in and meet the ice.

The salaaming duck is the simplest
trick of all, for there is a tiny hole in
the bottom of the bowl. A fine silk
thread fastened to the toy duck (and
the magician's toe) ensures that the
duck will obey orders. In a more
ingenious version the duck leaps out
of the water, usually while the
magician is attending to something
else with his back turned. This

mechanical effect depends on a
spring which is released when the
sugar holding it has melted.

Sand is used in a famous Egyptian
trick. The magician drops the sand
into a pail of water and the audience
sees it lying on the bottom. He brings
it out and blows it away as though it
had never been in the water. Fine,
clean sand is washed in hot water,
dried in the sun and then cooked with
lard in a frying pan. Every particle of
sand is covered with grease and so it
remains dry under water.

Blue, red and yellow sugar are the
ingredients in a trick which has
baffled many audiences in Egypt.
The magician swallows the various
sugars, opens his mouth wide, and
then asks the onlookers to name a
colour. Blue? He blows out blue
sugar. Red? Yellow? So it goes on.

He has indeed swallowed the sugar,
but additional capsules have been
hidden in his mouth between the
teeth and cheeks. All that remains is
to work the required capsule to the
front, break it and blow out the
sugar. In this category is the
Egyptian scent trick, where the
performer focuses a burning glass on
a piece of cotton-wool and the
perfume of any desired flower
(within reason) rises with the smoke.
This is ordinary conjuring, of course,
a matter of opening the correct phial
at the right moment.

When the Egyptian conjurer senses a
hostile audience he threatens them
with a plague of invisible ants. Soon
the onlookers feel an irritation of the
hands, a hideous crawling sensation
which cannot be brushed off. The
conjurer will remove the spell for a

consideration but it takes some time.
The effect is produced by an irritant
powder which he sprinkles unobtru-
sively on the backs of as many hands
as possible. Even those who have not
been "treated" often share the
unpleasant sensation as a result of
suggestion.

Levitation tricks, said my friend,
depend on hidden steel rods, goose-
neck bars, iron posts and rings, steel
harness and wires; every sort of
support that can be hidden from the
audience. It was a simple matter to
make a woman float on air in a
theatre; far more difficult in the open
air. Years ago there was a woman in
Egypt who was greatly admired for a
levitation performance which involv-
ed something more than apparatus.
The act was arranged behind a large
shawl, but in full sunlight. When the

shawl dropped she was seen to be
sitting two feet above the ground
with her wrist on the hilt of a sword.
The support was provided by a
hidden loop of wire attached to the
sword hilt. It was such a difficult feat
that she had to hold her breath and
balance herself in the loop until the
shawl was raised again.

"Always look for a natural explana-
tion," advised the magician. "If you
see a man sitting cross-legged in the
air with his arm resting on a bamboo
you may be sure there is an elaborate
system of supports linked with the
bamboo. It's a nerve-racking business.
You never step in front of an audience
without wondering whether something
will go wrong. There is an element of
chance. You dare not say what is
going to happen next in case it does
not happen. Some tricks depend on a

carefully planned accident. The
magician spends his life appealing to
his audience to look in the wrong
direction, away from what he must
hide. One careless movement of the
eyes may give the secret away. A trick
is a comedy or a drama, and the
magician must be a polished actor and
a psychologist."

He described an Egyptian trick that
had earned his respect. The conjurer
handed him a round piece of earthen-
ware and a charcoal pencil and invited
him to make the sign of the cross on
the earthenware. After a short talk on
the cross and the crescent the conjurer
had asked him to shatter the earthen-
ware. "Now look at your hand," said
the conjurer; and there was the mark
of the cross on the palm, a replica of
the earthenware cross. Only by
thinking back and considering every

detail did my friend realise that the
Egyptian had, at one stage, taken the
earthenware in his own hand. At that
moment he had taken the charcoal
imprint, and had transferred it by
pretending to show how the piece of
earthenware should be held. The most
artistic part of the trick was the patter
about the cross and the crescent,
designed to obliterate the memory of
the essential part of the trick.

I had once been puzzled by a decapi-
tation show. The boy who was to be
beheaded lay on the sands of Egypt
and the conjurer drew a white cloth
over him "to stop the blood from
spurting on the people." I was invited
to test the sharp blade of a great
curved sword. After a careful arrange-
ment of the cloth the boy's neck
appeared to be ready for the fatal
stroke. Down came the sword, the

cloth was stained with blood,
spectators reeled back in horror. The
conjurer kicked the head away from
the body but it remained under the
cloth. Then he offered to restore the
boy to life if enough piastres were
dropped into his basket. As you might
expect, the boy emerged from the
cloth with his head on his shoulders.

"Easy," chuckled the magician. "The
boy tucks his head under his arm and
blows up a bladder to take its place.
Takes a bit of rehearsal, that's all."

I asked the magician to describe the
most dangerous stage performances he
had ever seen and I mentioned
Houdini's "water torture" escape.
"Houdini never ran any risk of
drowning," he replied. "But it was a
magnificent trick. Houdini's ankles
were fastened and he was lowered
head first into a glass cell filled with

water. Sometimes a dairy supplied
milk instead of water. The cell was
sealed and bolted and the curtains
were drawn. Within a minute he was
out, the cell still filled almost to the
brim, Houdini streaming with water.
The trick called for extreme agility and
the ability to hold the breath under
water. But as I said, it was not
dangerous. Valves were fitted within
reach of his hands - which were not
tied - and he could let the water out
fast if he failed to escape. He had
plenty of room to double his body, and
then he lifted the lid by one of his
mechanical contrivances which he
never revealed. No one has ever been
able to imitate that trick."

"What about those shooting acts?"

"Very hazardous," admitted the
magician. "In the old days it was done
with a bullet made of candle wax

covered with lamp-black. The real
bullet was switched for the harmless
one at the last moment, and the
performer hid the lead bullet in his
mouth and spat it out on to a plate
when the gun went off, as though he
had caught it in his mouth. Then a
magician known as Chung Ling Soo,
who was really an American, invented
a sensational variation. His assistant
fired a live cartridge with a genuine
bullet and Ching Ling Soo caught the
bullet on a plate. His survival depend-
ed on reducing the charge of powder
so that the bullet hit the plate with
considerably less than the normal
force. Of course it was a very tough
plate. One night the bullet glanced off
the plate and entered the heart of
Chung Ling Soo. In spite of his death
there are still a few magicians using
that method."

I remember the end of our conver-
sation that night in Suez. The magician
was not inclined to treat with contempt
the oriental school of magic as so
many European stage illusionists had
done. "Nearly all our tricks come from
the East," he declared. "Their perform-
ers had the linking rings centuries ago,
they had speaking heads and mechani-
cal figurines that seemed to possess
brains. I think they have always
practised telepathy, and there is
evidence of prophecies which rules out
sheer chance. Here in Egypt west-
wards to Morocco and eastwards to
China, there is a great deal of strange
and unfathomable knowledge. They do
have secrets unknown to Europeans."

Some time after my meeting with the
magician I heard that wooden aircraft
were being set out in rows on fake
aerodromes in the desert. They looked

most realistic from the air and were
designed to draw the enemy's fire. I
suspected my friend the magician of
taking part in that game. Unfortunately
word of this trick reached the enemy
and I was told that wooden bombs had
been found among the dummy aircraft.
I suppose there were magicians on
both sides in the desert war.

CHAPTER Seventeen
Gibraltar

"Halt! Who goes there?"
"The Keys."
"Whose Keys?"
"King George's Keys. "
"Pass, King George's Keys. "

War brought the South African Air
Force to Gibraltar to sweep the oceans
with their flying-boats. At the Land-
port Gate the men with eagle badges

and red tabs observed the ceremonial
traditions of the Rock, marching out
past the sentries to patrol the
approaches and give warning of
surprise attack. "Pass, King George's
Keys!"

Twice in my life I have passed through
that old arched gateway and I would
go back happily for a third time.
Gibraltar arouses in me the same
emotions as certain other tiny, historic
British outposts. Gibraltar, Aden and
St. Helena all reek with the strong
odour of adventure so that you can
almost smell the gunpowder. They are
all full of personality, like no other
towns on earth. I walked reverently in
Gibraltar, and in the Trafalgar
cemetery Nelson's sailors surrounded
me. Cedarwood panels from the
Spanish ships captured at Trafalgar
were made into doors and tables still

used in the town. A great key was
carved from the bowsprit of the man-
o'-war San Juan; one of the keys of
the fortress that are drummed in and
placed before the governor every night
while he is at his dining-table.

Gibraltar goes back much further than
its famous sieges and sea battles.
Neanderthal man probably entered
Europe by way of the Rock sixty
thousand years ago when there was a
land bridge from Africa. Abbe Breuil,
who searched the caves of South
Africa, found paleolithic fossils in the
Gibraltar limestone caves; elephant,
rhino, hyena and leopard bones,
animals of African origin. Deep in the
Rock the delving priest unearthed
human skulls and stone axes and
weapons of flint, bronze and silver.
One day the Abbe was out for a walk
and by sheer chance he came upon a

Mousterian shelter where primitive
man lived forty thousand years ago.
You may inspect casts of prehistoric
skulls in the Gibraltar museum. The
Rock ranks with Taungs and Pekin,
Olduvai and Java, as a source of raw
material for the fantastic and probably
erroneous guesswork of scientists
seeking the origins of mankind.

I found the modem Gibraltarians held
my attention longer than the skulls in
the museum. About twenty-four
thousand members of this little race
live on the Rock. They have the
unpleasant nickname of "rock scor-
pions", based not on the insect but on
a scorpion-shaped plant that grows in
Gibraltar. George Borrow, the gypsy
author, described himself as a "rock
lizard" born in Gibraltar of English
parents; but these and other nicknames
give a false impression of the pleasant

and intelligent people who have grown
up in Gibraltar since the British
occupation nearly three centuries ago.
All the Spanish inhabitants cleared out
when Admiral Rooke's licentious
marines stormed the town. A wise
retreat, for the women who remained
were raped and churches were sacked.
Dutch troops serving under Rooke
joined in the fun, and only after the
last of the captured wine had been
drunk were the officers able to restore
order.

Settlers entered the new colony of
Gibraltar at the invitation of the
British authorities. Many of the early
arrivals were Genoese fishermen, and
to this day the dominant strain in the
Gibraltarian blend is Italian. You
might think it is Spanish, for these
black-eyed people are Andalusian in.
appearance, many have Spanish wives

and Spanish is the home language of a
large section. Yet they are different
and those who know the Rock people
can tell the difference at a glance.
Gibraltarians have Maltese blood; a
sprinkling of Levantines came in long
ago; Moors added a small element to
the mixture; and, of course, there were
the time-expired soldiers and sailors
from the British Isles who remained in
Gibraltar with the girls they married
there. I must not forget the Jewish
strain which has made the Gibraltarian
a formidable business man. And let us
not overlook the Irish, who left
something more than such names as
O'Reilly in this strange fusion. Indians
own dozens of shops in Main Street.
They are Gibraltarians, too, but they
form a separate colony. In sentiment
the Gibraltarians are more British than
the British. Wealthy merchants send

their sons to British universities,
where they are regarded almost as
foreigners. And when Spain demands
the return of Gibraltar these people
write slogans on the pock-marked
walls that have resisted all sieges.
"British we are and British we stay."
The spirit is exactly the same as that
which inspired a British Governor
more than two centuries ago when he
replied to a Spanish ultimatum in these
words: "Why sir, if you dare to give
me any more of your damned
nonsense I will kick you from Hell to
Hackney!"

In the telephone book the names of the
Gibraltarians range from Aboab to
Zino. In between, the majority of the
names are Spanish, but you also find
descendants of the Genoese, the
Robbas, Stagnos and Dellipianis; a
number of Maltese names such as

Azzopardi, Spiteri and Vella; and, of
course, the MacGillivrays and Hender-
sons; a Davies or Evans who has never
seen Wales; the Browns and the
Baileys. But in Gibraltar a Ramirez is
usually indistinguishable from a
Marshall or Macintosh. Early last
century there were only about three
thousand Gibraltarians, but prosperity
multiplied the little race by eight. They
dress well and spend freely. Watch
them in the fascinating market near the
Waterport and you will see that they
have a high regard for the pleasures of
the table. Moors in vivid robes sell
fowls, eggs and basket work. Spanish
stall holders offer pumpkins and
eggplants, green and red pimentos,
muscatel grapes and muskmelons, figs
and oranges. Red steaks are cut from
enormous tunny fish. You can buy
fresh sardines, octopus or stonebass.

Here are eels and bream and the red
scorpion fish they serve cold with
vivid salads. You never know what to
expect in this town of contrasts.
Gibraltarians like their cheap Scotch
whisky but they do not spurn the
Spanish sangria, that delicious blend
of red wine and fruit. Shark appears on
Gibraltarian tables more often than
kippers. I saw lamb from New Zealand
and veal from Galicia. Here are the
only people on earth, perhaps, who
enjoy the British eggs and bacon for
breakfast and a Spanish paella for
lunch. Partly Spanish in outlook and
temperament, the Gibraltarian is more
vigorous and far more enterprising
than the Spanish. These people who
use English as their second language
are entirely British in sentiment. Here
the Ansaldos and Bagnasios, Botibols
and Bencazars join fervently in

singing "God Save the Queen." They
love football and bullfights, cricket,
music, wine and gambling. They are
law-abiding citizens nowadays, and
the words of a British politician
spoken early this century are no longer
true: "For the two hundred years that
we have held this town we have made
it a resort of smugglers, gypsies,
vagabonds, African rogues and
Spanish rebels." Today the Rock is a
modern colony, remarkably clean for
such an overcrowded place. If there is
any unpleasant behaviour the guilty
ones are probably visitors. Certainly
there are contrabandistas, but these
are usually the poor Spaniards who
try to carry home those coveted
articles which are so much cheaper
in Gibraltar; coffee and cigars, liquor
and cigarettes. La Linea, just over
the border, is a dirty town of beggars

and pimps, smugglers and thieves.
No wonder the comfortable Gibral-
tarian clings to the British Crown.

Gibraltarians speak a rather clipped,
staccato English and mix it with
slurred Spanish words, so that the
newcomer may be as baffled as a
person hearing the swift Afrikaans-
English transitions used in South
Africa. My taxi-driver said to me as
we turned back to the Rock after a
drive across the border: "We go to
Spain for pleasure, but I always feel
a sort of relief when I return to the
freedom of Gibraltar." I could see
that he loved the Rock, for that was
his only true home though he spoke
of Britain as "home". Gibraltar, with
its own paper money, its own
postage stamps, the weekly lottery,
the low taxation, the mild and
pleasant climate, disturbed only now

and then by a harsh Saharan wind.
Their beloved little "Gibraltar
Chronicle" is one of the oldest daily
newspapers in the world. They call
their policemen "bobbies", and out-
wardly these helmeted men in blue
are identical with the London police.

Take a stroll along Main Street on a
lively morning when the passengers
are pouring on shore with their
money from a cruise ship. Watch the
storekeepers supplying them happily
with French perfumes, cheaper here
than in Paris, and Scotch whisky at a
fraction of the Glasgow price. Listen
to the sounds. I remember a bereted
Spanish fishhawker with his cry of
"pescado !" From barracks and har-
bour come bugle calls. Often there
are military bands and more often the
Spanish flamenco music drifts out of
the cafes. You may hear the rattle of

castanets breaking through a choir
practice in the cathedral. Hooves
clatter in the roadway, for horse-
drawn carriages have not yet
disappeared. Donkeys pass with their
side baskets and there are many
handcarts filled with fruit among the
slow moving cars and cyclists.
Hindus emerge from their doorways
to offer rolls of silk. Officers of the
British services form a contrast with
the gaping tourists and Spanish
workmen. Glance up and on roman-
tic wrought-iron balconies you will
catch a glimpse of family life and
hear the cage-birds singing. This is
indeed an exotic Mediterranean
seaport, full of sunlight and colour,
but also displaying fresh paint, clean
pavements, a British tidiness and
polish.

Main Street has four different names
along its narrow length; Waterport,
Main, Church and Southport. You
must be a good walker here, for
much of the town can be reached
only on foot. Old stone stairways
lead off the main thoroughfare into a
maze of passages. This intriguing
place is full of resounding, English
names: Benjamin's Alley and Devil's
Cap Road, Bell Lane, Black Hole
where soldiers were once punished,
Cannon Lane, Cloister Ramp, Corn-
wall's Parade, Portuguese Town and
Convent Place. When you are thirsty
there are the Bull and Bush, Cock
and Bottle, the Fox and Hounds, the
Bell and Mitre. Some of the tea-
rooms and grocers might have been
transplanted from an English village.
Always there are the historic names:
Casemates Square, King's Bastion,

South Barrack Road. Yet the Gibral-
tarians still use some of the vanished
Spanish street names when they are
talking among themselves. Centuries
slip away as they speak of the Calle
de los Cordoneros, the Calle de Santa
Anna, the Calle Real. Long ago there
were just two parallel streets in
Gibraltar, linked by lanes; and these
became Main Street and Irish Town.
Irish Town is a street, not a town,
and it gained the name because of the
characters who settled there. Some-
times you detect a touch of the Irish
brogue in the everyday speech of the
Gibraltarian. This is because he is
usually a Roman Catholic and his
schoolmasters were probably Irish
priests.

Over the many steps and stairs,
ramparts and chapels of Gibraltar,
hangs the grey breath of old age. In

the narrow streets you become aware
of other aromas; the perfume of
tangerines and bananas; mimosa and
orange blossom, roses and jasmine
and the purple bougainvillea. Festoon-
ing ancient pink walls. Often you
return unexpectedly to the remote past.
In the governor's garden there is a
dragon tree more than one thousand
years old, the oldest of its species in
the world, a great rarity yielding the
dark resin called dragon's blood.
Dragon trees flourished in Africa
during the Ice Age, and then became
extinct save on certain islands and a
few remote places. Gibraltar's dragon
tree seems to be among the many links
between the Rock and Africa twenty
miles away.

When I first landed at Gibraltar there
was a British racecourse on Spanish
soil. There, beyond the neutral zone,

the people of Gibraltar had their golf
links and polo grounds; and the Royal
Calpe Hunt pursued the fox in the
woods and coverts of Spain. These
amenities have vanished. A rather
dangerous airstrip has been built on
British ground and limestone from the
Rock has been used to extend the
runway into the bay.

Now for the Rock itself, that limestone
mountain dominating the narrow
Mediterranean entrance. It looks
tremendous from the sea; but the
Gibraltar peninsula is only three miles
long, one third of a mile wide and
fourteen hundred feet high. Sometimes
it resembles Lion's Head, at others a
hump-backed whale. Victorians saw in
it a profile of Gladstone. Really it is
just a silver grey limestone rock with
houses of the same grey stone and
slopes covered with cactus and pines

and dark green olive trees growing
wild.

This great symbol of impregnability
holds a city within the massive rock.
Miles of mysterious tunnels and
galleries run between the steep faces.
The cliffs are honeycombed with gun-
ports built during the great sieges. I
was told that people sheltering in the
city within the Rock would be safe
from any explosive yet devised by
man, including the hydrogen bomb.
Not even Table Mountain has a more
dramatic profile. No other mountain
hides so many secrets. Huge reservoirs
inside the Rock are fed by water catch-
ments on the rock face, and with a
rainfall of thirty-five inches there is
never a shortage. Workshops, stores
and a hospital, barracks and a railway
have been built within the limestone.

Besides the man-made passages there
are many natural caves and new
caves are discovered from time to
time. However, the exploration of the
inner Rock is a hazardous affair.
Over the years, men have gone down
with their candles and balls of string
and have never returned to the
surface. Now the "killer caves" have
been classified but those who would
enter them must first sign indemnity
forms. St. Michael's Cave, one thou-
sand feet above sea level, is a place
of remarkable beauty and the greatest
wonder of the Rock. A Roman
geographer described it in the days
of Augustus Caesar. In the lofty hall
are stalactite pillars fifty feet high.
Last century it was the duelling
ground of the garrison officers. A
manuscript I read in the Gibraltar
museum called it "a gloomy yawning

fissure of a very sinister character
where more than one unfortunate has
met with foul play, being enticed
within the cave by some assassin and
after being plundered has been
pushed into a horrible gulf". St.
Michael's leads into other halls, and
as recently as 1942 military engi-
neers discovered a lovely grotto and
an underground lake. Electricity has
transformed this natural cathedral.
Musicians love the acoustics and
famous orchestras have performed
there.

Catalan Bay, a flattish alcove on the
sheer eastern side of the Rock, is
another of Gibraltar's odd spots.
Here the first Genoese fishermen
settled and some families have
remained pure Italian and have never
moved away. They form a distinct
colony among the Gibraltarians, like

the Sephardim Jews and the Indians.
A modern hotel has arisen over the
hot little fishing village, and the
population (about three hundred
between the wars) has grown in
recent years. Catalan Bay has known
disastrous falls of rock at long
intervals like Jamestown on St.
Helena and the people still talk of
old tragedies and narrow escapes.

I am an incorrigible seeker after
rarities and high up on the Rock my
taxi-driver pointed out a truly unique
plant. This was the local candytuft,
Iberis Gibraltarica, throwing out
masses of lilac-coloured flowers.
You may admire the wild flowers on
these heights, narcissus and asphodel,
growing over rusty cannon; but the
candytuft grows wild nowhere in
Europe save on the Rock. On the pine-
scented heights many other wild

flowers flourish, and herbs such as
sage and rosemary, thyme and
marjoram. Sir Bartle Frere, son of the
old Cape governor, was a botanist; and
in Gibraltar early this century he
counted more than five hundred local
plants.

Once the golden eagle nested on vast
piles of sticks in remote crevices of the
Rock but I doubt whether you will find
one today. Bearded vultures were also
at home there and one or two pairs
may survive. A game bird found on
the Rock and nowhere else in Europe
is the Barbary partridge. It shares this
distinction with the apes, the
inescapable apes. I shall soon be ready
to go in search of the apes.

Europa Point, at the southern end of
the Rock, has a famous lighthouse.
Often two hundred ships pass in a day.
Here the nuns kept a light burning four

centuries ago. Here is one of the
world's finest views; Algeciras bay
and La Isle Verde to the north; the
purple hills of Africa twenty miles to
the south. One resident loved the view
so much that he asked to be buried
under the floor of the Moorish ruins
near the lighthouse. His wish was
carried out, and the spot is known as
Deadman's Hole.

Any large city park would have room
and to spare for Gibraltar. The total
area of this British colony is just over
two square miles. Once there was
space for vineyards; now the wine
comes from Spain and Gibraltar
exports nothing but canned fish and
fruit. Yet the armed services and the
tourists ensure prosperity. I found a
deep fascination in this bustling little
colony and fell under its charm as
most visitors do. Gibraltar with its red

telephone kiosks and pillar-boxes with
royal insignia transplanted from
England. Gibraltar, where the descend-
ants of Jews expelled from Spain
nearly five centuries ago still speak the
ancient and almost forgotten language
of Castile, their old home. Gibraltar
with its resounding names, Bomb
House Lane and Europa Road; its
lovely names, Rosia Bay and Buena
Vista; and now and again a
mysterious name such as Ragged
Staff Wharf that no one can explain.
Gibraltar with its stately Alameda
Gardens, a blend of English and
Spanish; its date palms, eucalyptus
and palmetto avenues. Gibraltar with
its expected and unexpected relics, a
bust of Queen Victoria here, the
jawbone of a whale there. Gibraltar,
where the two main walls of the
battlemented Moorish castle form

part of the prison where the last man
to be hanged was a Spanish saboteur
during World War II. Gibraltar,
almost an island, surrendered by
Spain to Britain "to be held and
enjoyed absolutely with all manner
of right for ever without any
exception or impediment whatso-
ever."

Gibraltar, the walled town below the
crouching lion, has known many
changes and dramas. It saw the
transition from Moorish mosque to
Spanish cathedral; to the British flag
that made the Rock a thorn in the
heart of Spain. During one siege the
British soldiers had to eke out their
scanty rations with dandelions and
wild onions, but they never
surrendered. Half the population was
wiped out by yellow fever early last
century. In the bay five hundred

people drowned when an immigrant
ship collided with a man-o'-war.
Here, just before the World War I
armistice a British battleship was
torpedoed and went down with one
thousand men. Shrapnel fell on the
roof of the Rock Hotel during the
Spanish civil war. During a strange
and tragic interlude of World War II
the French bombed Gibraltar; and at
another period the Italians tried to
bomb Gibraltar but hit their Spanish
friends in La Linea by mistake. The
Spanish see in the silhouette of the
Rock a human corpse laid out in a
shroud, and call the place El CueYpo.
Certainly there has been much
violence and sudden death in the
shadow of the Rock.

Years ago the Spanish workmen had
to leave Gibraltar when a sunset gun
was fired. Spanish dance partners in

the cabarets were given until one in
the morning; then they, too, had to
hurry away like Cinderellas to La
Linea. The story is told of a
Frenchman who was shocked at
losing a charming feminine compan-
ion in this way and remarked
excitedly: "What a strange place is
Gibraltar - they throw out the lovely
girls and keep the monkeys!"

They are neither apes nor true
monkeys but a tailless breed Macaca
Sylvana, popularly known as
Barbary apes. People from South
Africa have mistaken them for
baboons, for they are alike in. many
respects, especially in their
outrageous behaviour. The apes of
Gibraltar are mysterious creatures.
On the Rock and elsewhere I tried to
find answers to the old riddles. How
did the apes reach the Rock? Is there

any truth in the legend that no one
has ever found a dead ape? Do they
bury their dead or carry them into a
secret passage beneath the Straits
linking Gibraltar with Africa?

Probably the apes came from
Morocco, for the identical species
flourishes on the rocky heights of
Mount Meggu near Tetuan and
elsewhere. Spanish soldiers used the
apes as targets during the Riffian
campaign of the nineteentwenties.
The troops noticed that the apes
carried away their wounded, and this
may be significant. Barbary apes are
shaggy and powerful, with yellow-
ish-brown coats and a mere tubercle
instead of a tail. On the cheeks are
brushed back whiskers. A full-grown
male (four years old) is the size of an
Airdale terrier. These apes prefer the
ground to the trees. They feed very

much as baboons do and for
centuries they were able to live on
the sweet roots of the dwarf palm,
insects, roots and other wild growths
on the Rock. Now their foraging
areas have been reduced and they
might starve without their daily
rations. The apes have aroused great
interest because they are the only
free primates in Europe. Before the
days of Queen Elizabeth all the
monkeys known to Europe were
Barbary apes, and so the zoologists
of medieval times thought that all
monkeys were tailless. The beautiful
tailed monkeys of West Africa came
later. But there were apes of the
Barbary species in Europe north of
the Alps when prehistoric man lived
there. They died out and man
survived. Count Schlieffen bred a
herd of sixty Gibraltar apes in

Germany during the eighteenth
century but they were wiped out by
rabies. Zeuner the zoologist said that
the Spanish peninsula may have
known the Barbary ape long ago, but
deforestation and farmers drove the
macaques to their last stronghold on
the Rock. Carleton S. Coon, the
American anthropologist, pointed out
that bears and Barbary apes could
hardly have swum the Straights of
Gibraltar, but they might have walked
round the coast from Palestine during
a suitable climatic period.

It is clear that the apes go back a long
way. Ayala, the eighteenth century
Spanish historian, remarked: "But now
let us speak of other and living
productions which, in spite of the
asperity of the Rock, still maintain
themselves in the mountains. These
are the monkeys, who may be called

the true owners, with possession from
time immemorial, always tenacious of
their dominion, living for the most part
on the eastern side (marked on the
maps as the 'Monkeys' Alameda') in
high and inaccessible caverns. Neither
the incursions of the Moors, the
Spaniards nor the English, nor the
cannon nor the bombs of either, have
been able to dislodge them. They are
active, cunning and sly and j ealous of
their ancient dwelling. They defend
themselves against the ambitions of
newcomers by frequently throwing
stones at their working parties."

I found an old paper in the British
Museum library which mentioned the
great number of apes on the Rock
more than two centuries ago, and
added: "A poll-tax has been imposed
on apes, Jews, Moors and other
aliens." John Drinkwater, an English

writer of that period, declared: "The
hill (of Gibraltar) is remarkable for the
apes on the summit, not found in
Spain. They breed in inaccessible
places and appear in large droves with
their young on their backs. It is
imagined that they were brought by
the Moors from Barbary." Another old
writer named Montero appears to have
been the first to deal with the
mysteries of the apes. "Some of the
apes are of extraordinary corpulence,"
Montero noted. "Rarely have skeletons
or skins been found. Perhaps they are
thrown into the sea after death or
hidden in caverns only accessible to
apes. Did they live here before the
separation of the continents? Or were
they introduced by the Arabs? The
temperature and pasture of the Rock
favour the species."

Fossilized bones of many animals
have been found in the Gibraltar
caves, but modern scientists have not
identified the Barbary ape among
them. Thus it is evident that the apes
are comparative newcomers; they did
not trek over the ancient land bridge
with the elephants, rhinos, leopards
and other African species. So both
Zeuner and Coon are against the
theory that the apes were brought to
the Rock by the Arabs. Coon said the
theory had no historical basis and
Zeuner could see no reason why the
Romans or the Moors should have
transported the apes from Africa. I
think Zeuner' s doubts are easily
answered. Barbary apes are intelligent
and amusing, with a sense of humour;
they are indeed among the cleverest of
all animals. Soldiers must have had
pets long ago and it was natural that

the Moorish invaders should have
enjoyed the antics of the apes.

The subterranean tunnel theory is a
wild guess, in my opinion. Such a
tunnel may exist, but I refuse to
believe that a band of apes could have
found a way through the frightening
darkness where human explorers have
perished. St. Michael's Cave is
regarded by the tunnel protagonists as
the entrance to the long passage
beneath the Strait. First of the victims
were a Colonel Mitchell and a friend
named Brett, who tried early last
century to find the way to Apes' Hill
opposite Gibraltar, the Mount Abyla
which formed the second Pillar of
Hercules in ancient times. They were
never seen again. Captain Webber-
Smith, an engineer officer, explored a
number of passages out of St.
Michael's Cave and found that all led

to a precipitous descent from the upper
to a lower cave. "I am inclined to
believe that it was in these passages
that Colonel Mitchell and his friend
lost themselves," Webber-Smith
reported. At one remote spot he found
the initials "A.B." cut into the rock. A
later investigator found a rope
dangling over a terrifying drop. The
rope appeared to have been cut.
Several expeditions have ventured
down the precipice in recent years and
have reached the grottoes and pools
under St. Michael's Cave.

But the Rock has many other caves,
each one with its legends. Judge's
Cave at Europa Point, a refuge during
the Great Siege, has been sealed up
some way from the entrance because
of its dangers. Genista, Leonora, Dead
Marx's and Fig Tree are other famous
caves. Human beings have perfected

climbing techniques with nylon ropes
and pitons that a Barbary ape might
well envy. I cannot imagine an ape
knowing a route from Gibraltar to
Africa when man has failed. No, the
Moors must have brought the apes
between the years 711 to 1462 from
the Atlas mountains.

The mystery of the missing Barbary
ape corpses is not so easily solved. Of
course a few dead apes have been
found from time to time. I saw the
skull of a young female, shot with a
sporting gun some years ago, in the
Gibraltar museum. However, this is
hardly a fair example. The museum
curator assured me that he had never
been able to secure a complete
skeleton. He said that before World
War I a ferocious ape annoyed an
artillery officer who was drilling his
men. A gunner struck a blow which

shattered the ape's skull but the body
was not preserved. This was probably
the last adult male in the small ape
population of the period, so the
governor sent to North Africa for apes
to keep the colony going. A large ape
was found dead in Europa Road about
forty years ago, killed by eagles.
Unfortunately this body was thrown
away. So the search for skeletons goes
on. A scientist at Bristol University
asked for a specimen some years ago
and the official reply stated: "Careful
search has failed to trace the skeletons
of any deceased Rock apes. It seems
that they are buried by other apes deep
in the Rock, and one day the sepulchre
may be discovered."

Apes sometimes kill one another but
the bodies vanish. At one time an old
cannibal ape was suspected of preying
on the young apes. But the apes are

secretive and they may well have their
own secret graveyard unknown to the
cave explorers. Many old Gibraltarians
will tell you that a remnant of the
original ape colony survives to this
day in a secluded "pleasure garden"
high up on the Rock; and that no fresh
blood has ever reached this hidden
pack. They do not fraternise with
newcomers. Few people have ever set
eyes on them. It is a romantic idea and
it sounds fantastic; yet it has been
supported by such an authority as Sir
Claud Russell, K.C.M.G. of the Fauna
Preservation Society.

In far off days when Gibraltar was
covered by thick forest the apes shared
the Rock with wolves and wild boars,
porcupines and badgers. Food was
plentiful and the apes grew fat on their
diet of wild olives and prickly pears,
acorns and blackberries. They still turn

over the stones in search of insects but
wild growths no longer cover the Rock
and the packs cannot support
themselves. When man invaded their
old hunting grounds the apes lost their
nuts and berries and so they were
forced to raid the gardens and the
town. This was the opening of a long
war and many an ape was shot. Food
shortages caused fights among the
hungry packs and the apes killed one
another. But the boldest apes carried
out their sorties with such cunning that
they often returned to the heights with
bulging stomachs. No house or home
was sacred. The apes cleared the
governor's table one night before a
banquet, and they stole the humble
rations of soldiers from the barracks.
Sometimes an officer giving a dinner
party would find that the apes had
plundered the dining-room while his

guests were drinking their sherry in
the next room. Apes have even
boarded men-o'-war in the dockyard
in search of loot.

Again and again the apes of Gibraltar
were sentenced to death. The legend
that Britain would lose the Rock when
the last ape died was ignored. Yet no
one ever succeeded in exterminating
the apes. They realised the danger and
retreated to fastnesses unknown to
man. Gibraltar has always been in two
minds about the apes. When the packs
dwindled to vanishing point someone
has always sent to North Africa for
more apes. About a century ago there
were only three apes left; but fresh
blood soon restored the pack to the
point where it became a menace.

Eighty years ago the senior naval
officer complained that the apes were
stealing fruit, tearing stones from the

walls, breaking wooden railings and
roof gutters. A colonel of engineers
declared that apes had attacked his
children, eaten all his fruit, dug up his
potatoes, stolen his trousers and slept
in his bed. I read the official record of
a young male that had been driven out
of the pack by the old leader. The ill-
mannered young ape attacked a little
girl, snatched oft her hat and pulled
her hair. The girl drove the ape off and
later identified her assailant. Accord-
ing to the report, which appeared to
have been written in all seriousness, a
sergeant brought the guilty ape before
Sir Archibald Hunter, the governor.
The little girl was there to give
evidence and when the ape saw her it
hung its head and appeared to be
ashamed. The sentence was ten days
imprisonment in a cage and the record
stated that other apes fed the prisoner

through the bars. I think the apes have
always had friends among the
Gibraltarians and there are people who
like to look upon the apes as fellow
citizens of the Rock.

Just before World War I a humane
official organised the first feeding
scheme for the Gibraltar apes. An
officer of the Gibraltar Regiment was
later appointed "O/C Apes" and each
ape received daily rations of Jerusalem
artichokes and spring onions. When
they came "on the strength" the apes
were also given names; the sort of
names humorous soldiers would
choose. Thus you will find Betty and
Phyllis in the records, Jubilee and
Titch, Nicky and Penny, Winston,
Julian and Maureen. A celebrated pack
leader after World War II was Gunner,
with his two-inch tusks. Gunner

disappeared at last and his name was
crossed off the roll of apes.

Everyone who has lived in Gibraltar
for years has an ape story. An officer's
wife assured me that one evening
while she was brushing her hair she
became aware of an ape seated behind
her, watching intently. The apes have
pelted householders with figs and have
taken cover behind, chimneypots when
hunted with stones and catapults. An
old fig tree in the garden of the
Moorish Castle is robbed every year
by the apes when the juicy buds
appear. Sir Bartle Frere, chief justice
of the colony, was among the victims
of the apes. Not long after World War
I his home was raided and furniture
wrecked. He suggested that the apes
should either be exterminated, deport-
ed to Morocco, reduced to a small
pack of one sex or kept in cages. As a

result, the governor ordered all but ten
of the apes to be shot. The pack
dwindled to three in 1924, ape-lovers
became alarmed, and a later governor
ordered the reinforcement of the apes.
Churchill's famous order regarding the
apes during World War II was the last
of a number of similar importations.
Nazi agents were suspected of killing
the apes at that period but I was
informed that several apes had been
smuggled away by American seamen.
Strange tales are told of the Gibraltar
apes, and the strangest tales are true.

Nowadays the apes of Gibraltar are as
safe as the storks in Holland or the ibis
in Egypt. Births and deaths in the ape
packs have been recorded by the
"Gibraltar Chronicle" for many years.
You can see Gibraltar apes in zoos as
far away as London and Washington.
After centuries of persecution the apes

remain the lords of the Rock, sun-
bathing unafraid on the ancient walls
and gateways like the humans on the
beaches. Most of them are tame, but
some become aggressive when
annoyed. It is as well to allow an ape
pickpocket to operate undisturbed. A
friendly ape will settle on your
shoulder and start a rather difficult
conversation. Daily rations still
include artichokes and onions, with
the addition of nuts, radishes, bananas,
cabbages and lettuce. My taxi-driver
said that the apes were living better
than some of the people in the town.
However, the feeding has ended the
raids on the town and the apes are
protected by law.

Expeditions still enter the Rock in
search of the skeletons of apes that
have vanished. Men still hope to find
the apes' tunnel. I love Gibraltar with

its old streets and its strange popula-
tion, but never 'will you find me in the
fearsome depths where Mitchell and
Brett climbed down to death. I prefer
the Gibraltar of the cool Rock Hotel
with its swimming pool and English
breakfast; the Gibraltar of duty-free
shops; the streets where a Gibraltarian
looks out of his cellar window into the
attic of the next house on the hillside.
It is a charming town, a happy town.
"Halt! Who does there?" "The Keys."
I felt that I had those keys for a few
days. I would like to enter the Land-
port Gate once more.

CHAPTER Eighteen
Cous-Cous And COBRAS

I Steamed out of Gibraltar harbour in
a ferry which aroused a faint
reminiscent feeling. Surely Alec Guin-
ness should be on the bridge waving
farewell to his fond wife, yet looking
forward to meeting his vivacious girl
friend in Tangier? The little Bland
Line Mons Calpe was crowded on that
brilliant golden morning with her nine
hundred passengers and eighty cars.
Well, it was a run of only two hours.
Sometimes there are violent storms in
the Strait of Gibraltar; strong currents
and low fog may make the short
crossing difficult for mariners of even
greater cunning than an Alec
Guinness. However, I had a good
Spanish lunch under the Red Ensign;
melon, chicken and bold sausages
decked out with tomatoes and saffron

rice, broad beans and mushrooms, the
soft cheese called queso gallego and a
small carafe of red wine. Far too much
for lunch, of course, but I eat more
when I am travelling and do not suffer
for it. I paid in Moroccan dirhams,
pronounced rather like the Afrikaans
word derms. Then the Mons Calpe
entered the magnificent old harbour
round which Tangier rises in an
amphitheatre and rests on its hills. I
knew at once that I would like this
white city of beaches and fragrant
gardens, coloured tiles, palms and
eucalyptus trees, cypress and pine.

Soon I was in my expensive bedroom
at the five-star hotel called El Minzah,
a famous place of great comfort but
without a lift. When I stepped out into
the centre of the town to get my
bearings I was reminded immediately
of the works of those eager authors

who have described Tangier as a city
of sin and mystery, headquarters of
international crooks and smugglers,
refugees and spies. My guide book
advised me that "Tangier is not
prudish or gossipy." I was accosted by
an elderly Tangerine wearing the
hooded djellabah robe which enabled
him to speak with a conspiratorial air.
The offer he made convinced me that
all I had read of Tangier was true.
However, I am more interested in
streets and markets, restaurants, snake-
charmers, honest tricksters and enter-
tainers than in pimps and their willing
accomplices. I told the Tangerine it
was too early for such unusual
pleasures as he had promised and I left
him shaking his head in complete
disagreement. The sort of girls he had
in mind were so respectable that they
were not allowed out after dark.

"Night club girls no good," declared
the Tangerine in tones of horror. "My
girls family girls, sweet young girls,
thirteen, fourteen." No doubt he was
doing a roaring trade without police
interference. "Tangier is not prudish or
gossipy."

In the dining-room at the El Minzah I
was captivated by the skill of a type of
craftsman I had never seen before. He
stood at a large table in the middle of
the room, a powerful Moroccan in
golden turban and white raiment. His
batterie de cuisine consisted of food
mills, graters, knives plain and
serrated, filleting knives, peelers and
choppers. He was surrounded by as
choice an array of raw and cooked
foods as I have ever set eyes upon;
lobsters and prawns and many
Mediterranean fish; all the vegetables
and fruits from globe artichokes to red

and green peppers, avocadoes and the
long-leaved lettuces favoured by the
Arab races. Morocco likes raw
vegetables. When a salad was ordered
this wizard of the dining-room went
into action like a man possessed. So
fast did he work that you saw a
transformation worthy of a conjurer.
Cucumbers were sliced in a trice,
tomatoes become jewels, radishes
blossomed like roses, beetroots were
swiftly diced, onions fell into fairy
rings as the razor-edged knife rose and
dropped. With a loud crack a huge
lobster would fall apart and be
presented on a dish garnished with
fresh gems from the wizard's
collection. Fruit became not just fruit
salads but still-life masterpieces. I
watched him reverently but when the
head waiter came to my table I ordered
cous-cous, the national dish of

Morocco, but not so common as the
other Moroccan favourite, the
skewered shish kebab. Cous-cous is a
wheaten semolina, very filling, and the
peasant eats this with a few scraps of
meat or vegetables. At El Minzah it
was a noble dish with mutton and
chicken, butter, almonds, saffron,
raisins and carrots, onions and
cabbage, and the mixture of herbs and
spices called lekama.

Lekama flavours so many dishes and
is on sale by so many barrow boys that
it must be listed as one of Tangier's
most typical aromas. It is compounded
of ginger, black pepper and saffron
with cinnamon, cloves and nutmeg; so
a lekama blender cannot hide his
presence. Orange blossom is another
Tangier fragrance. It is made on the
spot and many bakers mix it into their
bread. One cannot and would not wish

to escape from the universal cooking
odour of shish kebab, the skewered
chunks of lamb, onions, tomatoes and
green peppers which are roasted over
charcoal in almost every Tangier
street. Tons of mint are cut every
morning for millions of glasses of the
hot, sweet, milkless mint tea of the
people; so this, too, creates a pleasant
atmosphere. You are unlikely to sniff
roast pork in Tangier but you will not
escape the rank-smelling white smin
butter made from camel's milk. Fire
and steam are the favourite Moroccan
cooking methods. Everywhere there
are gridiron and woodsmoke odours;
everything is there from hot liver to
roasting chestnuts.

You smell camels rather too often in
Tangier but as a happy contrast there
are the flower stalls in the markets and
the secret gardens with their singing

birds and fountains, lemon trees and
pungent lilies, rose bushes and
bougainvillea. Here are arcaded court-
yards tiled with delicate green
mosaics, gorgeous hand-woven rugs,
divans, soft Moorish leather cushions
tooled in brilliant gold and red. If you
can leave Morocco without a gay
leather folder or a pair of the slippers
called babouches you are strong
indeed. In the souks, the narrow streets
which are often trellised against the
sun and covered with raffia, you find
the soul of Tangier. Here are Old
Testament characters selling dried
lizard skins and the medicines of a
thousand years ago. Potters and
weavers, dyers and brass-workers ply
their trades and offer their wares. I saw
olive oil coming from stone presses.
People carried flat loaves, the bread I
had last tasted in Egypt two decades

before. Shopkeepers beseeched me to
buy swords and scimitars, live
chickens, carpets, barbaric jewellery.

In these souks some magician seemed
to have brought the Arabian Nights
into the twentieth century. I passed
Indian curio shops and saw a man
trying to dispose of a live gazelle. I
could easily imagine Tangier as a
Phoenician settlement and a Roman
outpost; but there was never a sign of
the abandoned British colony of three
centuries ago. Within living memory
rebels hung in cages from the walls of
Tangier and they were released only to
be flung to the lions.

Cape Spartel, the north-west point of
Africa, one of the great capes of the
world, is only eight miles out of
Tangier. I drove there with my guide
Serfati and found myself thinking of
Agulhas five thousand miles away and

other dramatic landfalls and turning
points on the sea lanes of the globe.
Cape Spartel has the most beautiful
lighthouse I have ever seen, set among
gardens with streams and date palms.
Serfati said the ocean currents met
there (as they do at Cape Point) the
"east and west water". Wild boars
were encountered there not so long
ago, went on the guide, but now there
were only the wild flowers and purple
heather. Then he led me to the caves
of Hercules and the Roman ruins. I
walked for a while on a long beach
and wished that I could walk the
whole distance southwards to Table
Bay; a walk that would be filled with
adventure; but an impossible walk for
me, too far and too hot.

Serfati took me through streets of
geraniums and prickly pear to the
heights where the Kasbah stands on a

quiet old square. He pointed out the
Bastinado Gate where criminals were
beaten on the soles of the feet. This
was once the seat of government; the
sultan's palace, the treasury, the
prison, the mosque. I saw many races
mingling there: Jews, Moors and
Berbers. Serfati taught me to identify
them. Many of the Jews wore black
skull-caps. Moors were tall and good-
looking; they wore long gowns and
they liked to ride. Berbers were whiter
than the others, with high cheek-
bones; some were very fair and hazel-
eyed. They came into Tangier with
long donkey caravans bringing the
food they had grown. They are the
original Moroccans and it is probable
that the mysterious extinct Guanche
people of the Canary Islands were
Berbers. I also gazed with interest on a
group of Ouled Nail women, for

Serfati swore they were irresistible.
They had a love philtre which would
enslave any man, so that he would
spend all his money on a certain girl.
(Clearly the honest Serfati was not
trying to sell something, like the man I
had met earlier.) Yes, the Ouled Nail
women were clever dancers, but it was
the love philtre which made them
wealthy. What was in the philtre?
Serfati said it tasted like mint tea but
that obviously something was added. I
told him we would not be visiting the
Ouled Nails for our afternoon tea and
he agreed.

I can recall the sounds of Tangier as
easily as the aromas. Moroccan
musicians play the flute and drum and
the crude gimbri violin. Voices come
from a schoolroom, little girls
chanting their lessons. Water-carriers
with fat, brasstapped goatskins clank

brass goblets to remind customers of
their thirst. Balek! You move aside as
a laden donkey taps over the cobbles.
Old men with flowing beards sit over
their coffee in tiny cafes; and here the
clinking dominoes break the silence.
From the Zocco de Fuera, the open-air
market, comes the evil chuckling of
parakeets. You will surely hear the
muezzins announcing the hours of
prayer from the minarets. It is impossi-
ble to predict the scene and the sounds
round the next corner; there may be a
soft, invisible orchestra or the pound-
ing of tom-toms. When you hear the
gourd flute and the "monkey drum"
there must be a snakecharmer giving
his performance.

Snakecharmers are prominent in
Tangier, though they give their strange
entertainment right across the northern
shores of Africa to Suez. At the

Kasbah I watched an American tourist
attempting to photograph his wife with
two cobras round her neck. She kept
moving nervously with such an
expression of horror that the portrait
must have caused some discussion
later, if indeed it was successful. The
snakecharmer kept a firm grip on both
the heads of the cobras but this did not
appear to satisfy the lady. "I don't like
the feel of them next to my skin," she
complained. Her husband went on
focussing and clicking.

Of course it is the natural horror of
snakes that draws the crowd round the
snakecharmer. Serfati took me to the
Grande Zocco market, saying we
would find the best snakecharmers
there. Sure enough there was a
member of the Aissawa brotherhood, a
religious sect with long oily hair. The
man allowed a cobra to sink its fangs

into his tongue and hand there, a most
repulsive feat. "If you like to pay for a
live fowl the cobra will kill it in a
moment with its poison," Serfati
suggested. I turned down this particu-
lar treat. Serfati informed me that the
Aissawa members were immune not
only to snake venom but to pain. They
stabbed themselves in the head with
daggers, slit their mouths from ear to
ear. This, too, could be arranged.
However, I moved on to watch an
Arab who appeared to be putting a
large scorpion to sleep. At first the
scorpion menaced him with the sting
in its tail; then it lay still as the Arab
stroked it. A trusting spectator stretch-
ed out his hand and the Arab placed
the scorpion on the palm. It lay there
motionless. Finally the Arab took the
fearsome insect back and revived it. I
gave him a coin, watching the lively

scorpion carefully as I passed him the
money.

Serfati wanted to show me a fight
between a lizard and a horned viper
but these traditional enemies were not
to be found in the Grande Zocco that
day. I gathered that the lizard was
nearly always the victor as it had no
blood circulation to carry the deadly
poison round its system. Vipers, I
gathered, are handled only by the most
experienced snakecharmers. They are
much faster than the gentle and docile
cobra, for vipers strike unexpectedly
like a whiplash. In spite of many
explanations the relationship between
the snake and its master is still very
largely a mystery. Snakes are said to
be deaf but Serfati was firm in his
belief that they could be called out of
their holes by the droning, plaintive
music of the charmer's gourd flute.

This is a primitive affair, something
that started thousands of years ago.
The music has a deep, mesmeric
quality. Only those who have been
reared close to Nature in the deserts of
India and North Africa can hope to
lure and train a snake. It is a
fascinating affair. As I stared at the
cobras in the Grande Zocco I remem-
bered a summing-up by John Lock-
wood Kipling and decided to find and
quote it. Here are the very words of
Rudyard Kipling's father: "He is the
necklace of the gods, he can give gems
to the poor, he is the guardian of
priceless treasures, he can change
himself into manifold forms, he casts
his skin annually and thus has the gift
of youth. He is of high caste, in the
confidence of gods and demons. When
the great world was made he was
already there."

At times the snakecharmer moves like
a dancer, holding the cobra's head
close to his face, whispering to it
while the quivering tongue threatens
his eyes and mouth. Then he teases the
snake deliberately so that even the
tamest cobra strikes out again and
again. Some of these men will allow a
snake to cling to eyelids and lips. They
will bite off a snake's head and then
take lumps of red-hot charcoal as
though to cauterise their mouths. This
is indeed a dark art. The snakecharmer
is one of those nomads who comes in
with the dawn and goes out with the
sunset and no man can describe his
origin or the true source of his weird
knowledge. There are times when the
snakecharmer takes the onlooker so far
back into the past that he may almost
believe in oriental magic.

Among the snakecharmers and fakirs,
beggars and musicians of the Grande
Zocco were those intriguing enter-
tainers, the professional story tellers.
Moroccans love to hear the bygone
glories of their land related by true
artists and I am glad to say that a
gifted storyteller is regarded as one of
the stars of the market place. As he
goes on his rounds of the country
people look forward to his arrival. A
small arena is set apart for these great
narrators in the Grande Zocco, the
square which is said to offer all the
sights and sounds and odours of the
Arab world. Word reaches the souks
that Achmed Ali has returned, a man
who puts such feeling into a tale that
every man, woman and child is held
spellbound. The arena is packed at
every session. Achmed Ali turned out
to be a man in the prime of life with

the expressive face and gestures of an
actor. Dressed in snowy white, he held
a small tambourine and tapped it at
dramatic moments. What was this old
story? All eyes were fixed on Achmed
Ali's face as he approached the climax
for the thousandth time. "This man
appeals only to Arabs," remarked
Serfati. "No white man could possibly
understand such a story."

Marabouts tell fortunes in the Grand
Zocco, tracing designs in sand as they
peer into the future. You may see an
African version of the William Tell
legend, an orange shot neatly off a
boy's head by a marksman with a
medieval cross-bow. Buffoons raise a
laugh as they make faces at perform-
ing monkeys. Tumblers dressed in
blue turn somersaults in a ring of
spectators while other acrobats
perform circus tricks with ladders and

hoops. A boy contortionist ties himself
into knots and a fire-eater blows out
flames. Everyone admires the swords-
man who engages two opponents at
the same time and sends their swords
spinning out of their hands. Falconers
dispatch swift Barbary falcons from
wrist to sky. Dervishes, more repulsive
than the snake-eaters, force out their
eyes on skewers and burn their hands
with hot irons. It came almost as a
relief when they thrust sharp needles
through their cheeks and gobbled up
prickly pear leaves. "It is done with
the aid of a drug like incense," Serfati
remarked. "These men are descendants
of a tribe of holy men who perished in
the desert long ago. Only those who
could eat anything survived the ordeal.
People call them Pyslii. They can eat
and nourish themselves on beetles and
dry leaves. Pay them a fee and they

will beat their drums in such a way as
to cast out devils." Now I felt that I
had ventured far enough into the
unknown and I watched a band of
conjurers. Most of the tricks were
variations of the civilised rabbit and
tophat type of entertainment. Flowers,
vegetables and a dormouse were
discovered in the sleeves of people in
the crowd. But there was one original
trick. A conjurer threw a small
wooden object of peculiar shape high
above his head and caught it. He threw
it again into the sun and this time it
disappeared. (I think it was a sort of
Moroccan boomerang which set off on
an unexpected course if you knew how
to handle it.) Then the conjurer
pointed to a man in the audience and
shouted: "He has it." Yes, the man had
the queerly-shaped wooden missile in
his hood. Or a replica.

Harbours should be approached from
the sea, but when I left Tangier for my
next harbour Oran I embarked on a
peculiar overland journey. First there
was the run to Sidi Kacem in the
stream-lined, air-conditioned Casa-
blanca train with its large windows; a
luxurious Diesel run with lunch at a
buffet counter. They gave me a
Moroccan meat and raisin pastry and a
glass of wine and I was satisfied. But
when I changed at Sidi Kacem a slow
old wooden train awaited me and I
thought wistfully of the Casablanca
rapide. Night fell and my morale was
not raised by the moaning of an
American school marm in my
compartment. She had been given
short change on the Casablanca train
and did not realise that nothing could
be done about it. There was no bar and
no escape until I alighted at Fez.

Fez put me in a better mood. I had
booked at the Hotel Palais Jamai, just
outside the main gateway to the huge
walled city. To my surprise I found it
was indeed a palace. Here the brothers
Jamai, aristrocats of Fez, lived in the
eighteenth century and gave their
oriental entertainments. The old part
has been carefully preserved; gilded
ceilings of carved cedar, walls covered
with Arab verses, lanterns and chande-
liers and trellises of beautiful wrought
iron. Halls are filled with carpets and
divans. From the upper terrace you
look out over the whole of Fez, that
splendid oasis of olives and palms,
domes and minarets, crenellated walls
and turreted gateways. A river passes
through Fez, under the houses and
streets; so that only here and there are
you aware of it turning water-wheels

HARBOURS OF MEMORY

"Of course it is the natural horror of snakes that draws the crowd
round the sn&kcch&rmcr. Scrfati took me to the Grande Zocco mar-
ket, saying we would find the best snakecharmers there".

and feeding the many fountains. One
of Morocco's famous poets declared
that the loveliest flowers, the finest
fruit in the world, grew in Fez.
Perhaps that is why I remember the
terraced Palais Jamai gardens. Apri-
cots and roses were there, African
lotus, Seville oranges, geraniums and
daturas. The scents came into my
bathroom. I put on a luxurious white
towelling-gown provided by the hotel
and knew that I would be sorry to
leave this palace.

Dinner that night confirmed the happy
feeling. They gave me the celebrated
Herrira soup with dates, a complicated
mutton and chicken giblet soup
blended with a great variety of
vegetables and eggs. There was a ham
omelette in the French tradition; then
lamb and peas, grapes and pears.
Following my custom I drank the dry

red wine of Fez and found it very
much to my taste. That night I went to
sleep to the sound of water running in
a garden furrow. When I hear that
lullaby, or the sea, I cannot stay awake
long.

I saw Fez, and bought a leather book
cover of gorgeous red and gold, and
then set out unwisely in a native bus
for Oujda on the Algerian frontier. I
will pass over the eight hours in the
bus, my burning thirst, the dreadful
wayside cafes. At one halt I had to
order a revolting bottled banana drink
that made me thirstier than before.
Oujda is a massive place a thousand
years old on the old caravan route to
Fez. I was glad to j oin the train there
for Oran. It was an Algerian train.
Soon after it pulled out of Oujda I
entered for the first time in my life
(and probably the last) the "one man

dining-car." Accustomed as I was to
teams of chefs and stewards it came
almost as a shock. Nevertheless this
one man, Jacques, proved to me that
one dedicated craftsman can do as
much as a corps of careless servants.
The buffet car had six tables, a counter
and a kitchen. I noticed a refrigerator,
oven grill and hotplates and a boiler
and sink unit in the kitchen. There
were store cupboards and a wine and
bottle cabinet and litter bins. On the
counter I noted a coffee machine and
glass showcase displaying Algerian
cakes and pies. I asked Jacques to
suggest a lunch dish and he pointed to
a tariff board with a set menu. Wine?
He brought out a half litre of
Mascara, which I had thought of
foolishly as an eyeshade, not an
Algerian red wine. Jacques opened it
placed a luscious tray of hors

d'oeuvre before me and the meal had
begun.

Other passengers sauntered in and
were served with coffee at the
counter or a savoury mutton stew at
the tables. Jacques also sold bars of
chocolate and baskets of fruit. Those
who ordered beer or aperitifs were
supplied without delay. Through the
window I saw Tlemcen appearing on
its flat hill; an old trading station
with blossoming orchards between
the Sahara and the sea; a place of
enormous olive and pistachio trees.
By now I had finished my olives and
tunny fish, anchovies and saucisson.
Jacques looked out of the corner of
his eye, put a steak on the griller,
handed a mother a bottle of milk,
poured three cordials and a dry
Vermouth, and set the steak, potatoes
and a delicious green salad before

me. He never had a second to spare
but he always smiled and one knew
he would make no mistakes. I loved
his dining car. As a child I liked the
idea of meals on railway wheels and
found unusual enjoyment in going
right through an unexpectedly long
menu while the panorama of
countryside passed the window. This
magic has never faded. I looked out
upon the Atlas mountains, the white
domes marking the tombs of saints,
vine-clad valleys, gorges with water-
falls. Jacques brought me a superb
camembert, whipped back into the
galley, beat up eggs and made
omelettes for the two critical French
girls, and played with steam and hot
water taps, ice and ice-cream with
expert hands. I saw towns on old
Roman sites, orange gardens and
lemon groves. Jacques put down a

fruit plate and a cool pear full of
flavour. I had been reading an old
Baedecker on this country. "Few
travellers venture inland as they must
carry tents, drinking water and insect
powder," Baedecker reported. Those
days are over. Jacques will look after
you. He made fresh coffee for me
and I gave him a tip worthy of his
supreme skill.

That afternoon I set eyes on a place
of youthful dreams, Sidi-Bel-Abbes.
Not that I ever hankered after a life in
the French Foreign Legion; but I had
longed to visit the cradle of the
Legion, this town built by the Legion
and held by these desperate men
against the Arab fanatics. Now here
was Sidi-Bel-Abbes among its fig
trees and aloe hedges, the hot after-
noon redolent with jasmine and the
African earth. And these thousands of

men, German and negro, unfrocked
priest and pickpocket, these ruthless
soldiers with their secrets? They had
gone a year before, the last detach-
ment. They had burned their sacred
flag and marched out with their
memories along the great boulevards
for the last time. Well, I had met them
in the Western Desert in wartime and
in peaceful Marseilles. But to have
seen the exiles on their parade ground
in Sidi-BelAbbes; that would have
been a moment.

What more is there to tell? The train
passed out of Algeria's granary into a
wide plain with a salt lake. In the
evening I came to Oran and my hotel.
It was the Hotel Terminus, on the
railway platform. That night after
dinner I sauntered out and inspected
the station; another of my customs
which I have observed without fail

from Bergen to Buenos Aires. The
lights were on in a small dining-car.
Peering through the window I observ-
ed the untiring Jacques stocking his
cupboards for another journey. Yes,
the "one man dining-car" had not gone
to his welldeserved rest. He was pass-
ing out empty bottles, taking in
baskets of fruit and vegetables, filling
his larder for the run to Oujda next
day. I remembered my grilled steak
and Mascara gratefully and saluted
Jacclues in the darkness.

Oran is not one of my harbours of
romance. The setting is impressive, a
crescent bay with hills rising to fifteen
hundred feet; a modern city of glass
and balconies with something Ameri-
can about the well-planned traffic
routes, with France in the shops and
restaurants and with the Arabs
triumphant. A city of Saharan siroccos

and winter snows. On the wharves you
may see everything from almonds to
the green marrows called zucchinis.
Also enormous containers of drink-
able carafe wines.

The dogs kept me awake every night
in Oran and so I was not sorry to
board a little Compagnie Generale
Transatlantique paquebot called Ville
d' Alger for Marseilles. It looked as
though most of the French troops
were leaving with me. Fine young
men, most of them, wearing the
ribbon of a lost campaign. Among
the soldiers and the other passengers
were faces typical of almost every
part of France's former colonies; the
little Tonkinese, the hulking negroes
of Martinique, all the Africans, and
the unhappy pied noirs, white refug-
ees from Algeria, facing an uncertain
future in France.

I had travelled under the tricolour
before, so that I was not surprised to
find the bar open at seven in the
morning serving black coffee and
beer. Down on the foredeck young
sergeant-pilots were eating their long
ham rolls while a party of Moslems
opened a water-melon. In the
smoking room the gambling never
ceased. I recall the officers with row
upon row of ribbons; children with
dark faces and red hair; a man with a
pet chameleon that climbed over his
cheeks. At lunch that day there was
an entree called ramequins au
fromage that blended perfectly with
the vin rouge superieur. When shall I
taste such ramequins again? I had a
cabin with red silk walls decorated
with girls from the French West
Indies, a Josephine Baker theme.
And so I came to Marseilles next day

with happier expectations than many
of my fellow passengers on board the
crowded Ville d' Alger.

CHAPTER Nineteen
Gateway To Africa

This is La Canebiere, main street of
Marseilles, the oldest street in France.
La Canebiere, one of the great streets
of the world and one that has known
great personalities before and after
Napoleon. When the exiled President
Kruger drove up from the harbour this
street resounded with cries of "Mort
aux Anglais!" It has heard the bag-

pipes of kilted regiments with "Zuid
Afrika" on their shoulder-straps; it has
echoed to the drums of the Foreign
Legion. Loud and clear down the years
comes the anthem that was born here,
the victorious Marseillaise, the battle
hymn of France.

La Canebiere smells mainly of the sea,
for it leads into the legendary Vieux
Port, the old harbour. But there is
usually a touch of saffron and the
aroma of crushed garlic in the air as
scores of chefs prepare the local
bouillabaise, that artful symphony of
the kitchen; the great Zangouste, crabs
and oysters, fanged rascasse, fat red
mullet, eels and mussels; all these and
other luscious morsels simmering
with onions and bay leaves in a rich
gravy of herbs and oil. Marius, the
typical humorous citizen of Marseil-
les, knows how to live. Paris is

perfumed and feminine. Marseilles is
a man's city, redolent with baked
snails and roasted chestnuts,
brioches fresh from the bakers, all
shot through with the rich and
satisfying tang of a thousand wine
casks. In the Canebiere the hot
breath of Africa comes up to meet
the softer odours of pines and olive
groves and the blossoms of the
terraced Riviera fields. La Canebiere
is short, barely two-thirds of a mile,
but wide and handsome; lined with
tall nineteenth century buildings,
modem shops, a huge bourse and the
white cafe awnings with glorious
names in blue or flaming red. This
fine lane was once a rope walk where
the hemp merchants bad their shops;
and the craftsmen who rigged the old
Mediterranean sailing ships gave La
Canebiere its name. They grew the

hemp and made the rope. Yes, it is
short, but the street runs out through
the Vieux Port to Africa and the
world.

Marius does not dominate La
Canebiere. He shares it with blanket-
ed Arabs and their veiled women,
Moroccan Jews, yellow Annamites
in dark blue, Chinese, Tonkinese,
Malgaches; singing Italians with.
Accordions and brown children,
gypsy women in bright garments,
Malayans and Greeks, negroes from
Africa and the Americas, other black
men from Martinique, bereted
Catalans, boisterous English seamen
on shore for a spree, Corsicans and
Levantines, a human kaleidoscope.
The sing-song Provencal patois rises
above an unpredictable murmur of
many tongues. Some of the
foreigners are at home in Marseilles

for there are colonies of Italians and
Greeks, Turks and White Russians
and even Swiss. La Canebiere also
provides a horde of international
quacks and fortune tellers with a
living. You can find faith-healers and
phrenologists, the sort of blatant
swindlers Barnum loved. All. this
flood of humanity gives La
Canebiere unusual animation and a
seat on the terrasse of a cafe
provides a lot for the price of your
cafe-filtre or Dubonnet.

In the Canebiere you may be scorched
by the sun at one moment and then
frozen suddenly by the cold blast of
the mistral, that notorious wind sweep-
ing down the Rhone valley with the
force of a hurricane. The mistral is the
south-easter of Marseilles and Marius
pretends to be fond of it in his whim-
sical way. Make no mistake, it is one

of Europe's accursed winds. Like the
south-easter it comes out of a clear sky
and it can knock you down on the
pavement. It blows for half the year,
mainly in winter and spring. The name
is really magistral, the masterly wind
that strikes Marseilles like the breath
of an iceberg and churns up the sea to
white and dark blue. Van Gogh waited
for the mistral and painted a seascape
that was a masterpiece. No doubt it
filled his teeth and eyes with dust as it
whistled round his canvas but he saw
the beauty just as the lover of Cape
Town understands the majesty of the
roaring black south-easter. People
blame the mistral for all sorts of queer
behaviour. It was probably the mistral
that acted as the trigger factor when
Van Gogh cut off his ear and entered a
lunatic asylum. One man shot a taxi-
driver who had kept him waiting and

pleaded that the mistral had made him
nervous. Clearly the Cape southeaster
is not such a bad wind after all. Yet
they say in Marseilles: "The sunshine
and the mistral set everything in
order." Evidently it is their "Cape
Doctor".

Marseilles has been called by a poet a
triumphant blast of music, light and
colour, queen of the Mediterranean,
gateway to Africa and the world.
Undoubtedly it is rabelaisian and
bawdy and it has been denounced as
the great whore of Europe, a sailor's
honky-tonk harbour, a city of
souteneurs and harlots, the toughest
city west of Suez. It began as a
Phoenician trading station because of
the natural harbour; and this sixty-acre
creek served the town well for twenty
centuries. Roman colonists called the
place Massalia. Explorers sailed away

from Massalia to chart the coasts of
Britain and West Africa. Greek coins
of the early days are still found in the
city. Roman relics have also come to
light for the slum overlooking the old
harbour was Massalia, and here a
temple of Diana and Ephesus was
revealed, Greek statuettes and a
Greek amphitheatre.

Caeser besieged Marseilles. Goths
and Saracens and Normans attacked
the harbour. When the plague from
Barbary struck the town in a swelter-
ing June early in the eighteenth
century thousands fled, one hundred
thousand died; and the survivors had
only herbs to burn as disinfectants.
Marseilles knew the guillotine. It has
always been a city of violence, one
murder a day at some periods; and
the murderers seem to prefer broad
daylight. No one was greatly sur-

prised when King Alexander of
Jugo-Slavia was assassinated there.
Newsreel cameramen were ready for
it, judging by results. All France
chuckled when a gangster shot a
rival at a fireworks display; it was so
delicious, such a typical Marseilles
crime. Italians and Corsican bandits
are among the worst criminals. Some
of the gangsters who emigrated to
Chicago and flourished there were
from the Marseilles university of
crime. Once the organised gangs of
thugs succeeded in raiding the
central police station and destroying
the finger-prints and criminal
records; they wiped the slate clean
and embarked on fresh careers. Here,
too, a gang held up the wife of the
multi-millionaire Aga Khan with a
wooden pistol, another episode so
much in keeping with the Marseilles

atmosphere that even the judge had
to laugh.

Near the Vieux Port, behind the old
town hall, lay the worst slum in the
world. It was blown up by the Nazis
in 1943, not because of the red-light
district there, but owing to the resist-
ance movement making good use of
the underground passages and
hiding-places of the hideous maze.
The people were given twenty-four
hours to leave and the sudden
decision caused great suffering
among the innocent poor. About a
thousand daughters of joy moved
over to the opera area and remained
in business. Twentyfour thousand
other inhabitants went to the concen-
tration camps. Marseilles was
heavily shelled by the Germans, but.
with the end of World War II came
happier days. Protection racketeers

have been defeated at last and rival
gangsters no longer fight it out in the
shuddering alleyways of the Vieux
Port labyrinth. The rest of France still
regards Marius as a dubious character
supporting backward municipal rulers.
(The drains are not beyond reproach.)
At best, Marius is looked upon as a
blageur, a voluble clown with an
unprintable record of eccentricity. He
goes about his affairs with lazy
nonchalance, frivolous and disreput-
able.

Marius does not care. If the climate
had been hotter, Marseilles might have
become a lazy Naples. As things are
Marius saunters out and does good
business. Marseilles is handsome and
prosperous. Twenty thousand ships are
loaded and unloaded every year in the
way shipowners admire, and two
million passengers land or embark

there. "Our city shines resplendent in
its great affairs," runs the civic motto.
Marseilles still has its drug traffickers,
its scandals; but the wickedness is
only an inevitable part of the pulsating
seaport. A strange, raffish vitality rises
above the long record of villainy,
devastating fires and other disasters.

After viewing the Marseilles kaleido-
scope of life you may find it restful to
visit the Musee des Beaux Arts in the
Palais Longchamp. The guide books
which are inclined to sneer at
Marseilles should pay more attention
to this gallery, one of the richest in
France. Here are tapestries and
furniture, paintings by Corot and
Millet and enormous murals by Pierre
Puget, greatest of the Provencal artists.
In the natural history museum next
door I set eyes on the last wolf shot in

the Pyrenees, a valuable addition to
my mental collection of rarities.

Every thoroughfare in Marseilles
seems to make for the harbour. You
realise this to the full when you drive
up the steep hill to that great landmark
for seamen, Notre Dame de la Garde.
This none too lovely cathedral stands
poised over the city with its huge
gilded statue of the Virgin on the tall
belfry. The city at your feet is a
jumble, a haphazard network, but it
has a purpose - the descent from the
hills to the life-blood of the sea. From
here you will see the soft cream and
grey houses rising in terraces from the
old harbour; the packed streets and
flights of steps; the villas and gardens
of the rich on pine-clad Roncas Blane
hill; avenues lined with sycamores; the
vegetable gardens of the ordinary
Marius and his wife (or girl friend)

Olive, beyond the city limits. Away to
the east runs the Corniche road that
has carried the beat of history. Cutting
into La Canebiere is the Cours
Belsunce, with its plane trees like
umbrellas, a true street of the Midi;
and the Prado, that beautiful avenue
leading to the seafront and the bathing
cabins. You may pick out the Rue
Saint-Ferreol, a street of luxurious
shops and the more expensive pastry-
cooks; from here, too, you will see the
remnant of the Vieux Port slum which
escaped destruction, the cobbled,
squalid passageways between the dark
and ancient houses.

Marseilles is a city of strange names.
Translate the street names and you
taste the flavour of Marseilles; the
Boulevard of the Black Sausage
Maker, Street of the Rolling Stone,
Octopus Lane, Champagne Avenue,

Street of the Green Carpet, King of
Spades Street, Question Mark Avenue.
There is also a Rue Paradis where they
point out the former Gestapo
headquarters.

Observe the motor-launches called
vedettes loaded with trippers and
making for the white limestone islands
outside the harbour. "Departs Accele-
res! Retours Assures." That is just as
well, for who would desire to remain
on the Chateau dTf, that fort and
prison with its legends of the Count of
Monte Cristo and the "man in the iron
mask." Far away to the west lies the
Camargue, the glistening salt flats
alive with flamingoes. Closer in the
west are the eight great modern basins
of the Marseilles docks where the raw
materials of commerce drop on to the
long wharves; palm oil from West
Africa, phosphates from Morocco,

copra from the Pacific isles. France
cannot slake her great thirst for wine
from her own vineyards, so here are
casks of drinkable Algerian vin
ordinaire. Wheat and rice, fats, tallow
and zinc, the spices of the Orient,
swing up from the holds of the
freighters of many nations. Guide
books tell you with great candour that
there are no sights in Marseilles. If
you travel only in search of antiquities
and architecture, if you follow only in
the footsteps of the great, then the
guide books are almost right. Mery,
the Marseilles poet, declared: "There
are only two monuments here, but they
are magnificent; the sea and the sky."
Marseilles is my favourite harbour in
Europe. For me, a great part of its
charm lies along the waterfront; but I
have also found great satisfaction in
the little, unexpected squares with

their markets and plane trees and old-
fashioned tradesmen at work. London
has been described as a collection of
villages. Marseilles is also a group of
little towns, full of contrasts. Women
come to the fountain and fill their
pitchers. Washerwomen toil over the
old stone troughs while a basketmaker
follows the trade of his grandfather.
Each little corner has its own church,
its own herd of goats, worn flights of
steps and cul-de-sacs, restaurants with
glimpses of turning spits and burnish-
ed copper pans, kitchens sending out
the promise of a Greek pilaff or a leg
of lamb over a charcoal fire.
Marseilles is cosmopolitan but in some
of these little squares you step into a
true village of Provence. You find
Picasso in these places; the mimosa,
the tiles, the glazed pottery, the
plastered walls, the very scenes he

loved to paint. I was entranced by the
market square called Place de Lenche
above the quarter destroyed during the
war. Old women are selling cherries
and flowers. "Volailles !" cry the
market women. "Gibiers!" They offer
small plucked thrushes wrapped in
vine leaves; bewitching charcuterie
and pates, terrines and the irresistible
pissaladeira, that dish of onions
stewed in oil and spread on baked
bread with anchovies and black olives
to enliven the meal. If these sights
make you hungry, look for a "hole in
the wall" bistro with marble-topped
tables and a zinc bar. The longer you
hold out the more demanding becomes
the appetite. Where else do the purple
aubergines look so enthralling? How
marvellous the fresh and tender mush-
rooms appear on their beds of oak
leaves. You can imagine clipping those

purple-tinted stalks of asparagus into
melted butter or pouring the cream
over the wild strawberries. Notice the
musky scent of that melon, the sweet
promise of the peaches, the heady,
juicy aromas of massed grapes. Here
are vivid mountains of scrubbed
vegetables and cheeses that the
expert could identify blindfolded.
The solid walls of meat and poultry
are not so appetising; they await the
magic of the chef, the rich brown
transformation scene. But the hams
and sausages are worth studying.
Artichokes form a tasteful monument
in green and bronze. Just think of
slicing into those russet pears, ready
to yield the very essence of the
orchard. This is more inspiring than
a jeweller's window for you can
afford these gems of the French
countryside. Golden plums, scarlet

tomatoes and yellow lemons all lie
blazing under the sun. The time has
come to taste some of the special
flavours of Marseilles.

Marius would probably select the
local pastis as an appetiser, a fairly
strong drink of the absinthe family
tasting of licorice. Among his favou-
rite wines is the greenish-white that
comes from Cassis and goes so well
with a bouillabaise lunch. At night
he may choose the Marseilles "pick-
me-up" of champagne, curacao,
bitters and cognac. He may start with
grilled loup flavoured with fennel
and ablaze with brandy. His meat
course may be anything from an
Algerian cous-cous to a superb beef
stew Maconnaise that will set his
heart soaring. Of course there are
few tastes which cannot be satisfied
in Marseilles. I do not say that the

Rosbif is a Simpson's; but the Buffet
Gastronomique will give you some
of the finest ratatouille served on
this coast, that masterpiece of stewed
egg plant; the Taverne Charley puts
on a local fish dish, Morne a la
Marsellaise, cod with tomatoes,
olives, onions and mushrooms; and
all the North African dishes are on
the menu at the Minaret.

Restaurants in Marseilles are not all
temples of gastronomy but thanks to
the jolly women at the reception desk
in my Canebiere hotel I never made a
mistake. I had the basil-flavoured
soup called pistou and the celebrated
fillet of beef at Guido, a splendid
two-star restaurant close to the old
harbour; and I lunched often at the
inexpensive Monumental in the
Boulevard Dugommier, a place
where the snails and omelettes, grilled

sardines and hare were better than the
bifteck pommes frites and the cote de
pore. Of course I went to Basso's for
evening drinks; to miss Basso's would
be like cutting out the Cafe de la Paix
in Paris. Sit on the balcony at Basso's
and the life of Marseilles passes like a
river of colour and sound. Here is all
the unfading romance of the great
human parade. If you care to spend the
money, order something extravagant,
caviar or smoked salmon canapes or
oysters and a halfbottle of Cordon
Rouge. Then the golden age of the
Cote d'Azur will return, stretching out
all the way from Marseilles to Menton
with its brilliant panorama of memo-
ries.

Basso's provides an exquisite vista of
the Vieux Port, the life of the quays,
the small craft in the teeming basin.
Up to the middle of last century this

landlocked harbour was the very heart
of Marseilles and ships of all types
steered in between the stone forts of
St. Jean and St. Nicolas to moor at
these quays. Cotton-laden schooners
from Dixie would land their cargoes
alongside rum casks from the West
Indies, mahogany and rubber, dates
and pineapples, cork and sulphur and
sandalwood. Now it is a safe anchor-
age for yachts, fishing-boats and small
vessels.

Ocean liners, the packet boats from
Algiers and Oran, the tankers and
large freighters go to the Bassin de la
Grande Joliette and the other docks
stretching along the coast for many
miles. Yet the Vieux Port has lost
none of its old fascination. All
harbours are picturesque but the Vieux
Port still has its fair share of rowdy
life and dazzling colour. Here the

odours are fried fish and tar. I watched
a boisterous crew of bare-footed
sailormen scraping the weed from an
old schooner that must have known a
disreputable past. In the grounds of the
seamen's mission I was enthralled by
a collection of tropical plants brought
there by French seamen from many a
sweltering coast and glamorous isle.

When I first went to Marseilles the old
harbour was spanned and overshadow-
ed by the steel towers of a high bridge
and ugly transporteur. Now all that
has gone, and it is Le Corbusier's
block of flats that people talk about,
all balconies and windows. Long ago I
saw the feluccas coming in with
cargoes of Spanish oranges, but the
lateen sails of those old traders have
given way to modern spars, brown and
white canvas against the calm blue
water. If you wish to see and savour

the fruits de mer at their best then this
waterfront is the place, the Quai des
Beiges. Eels squirm hopelessly in
buckets of sea water. Gurnets open
their supplicating mouths and weird
fish are set out in formidable array;
everything edible from prickly sea-
urchins to lampreys, with sea horses
and pipe-fish thrown in. This is the
short, city end of the old harbour, and
it holds enough of the raw bouilla-
baise material for the whole fish-
loving city. You will not fail to
observe the happy, uninhibited and
often attractive girls who meet the
boats and sell the fish. And the
seagulls riding the mistral.

Fort St. Jean, guarding the old har-
bour, was filled with the drama of the
Foreign Legion when I first entered
that sombre building. Five years had
passed since the end of World War I

and the French were fighting their
Saharan campaigns with the aid of
these brutal mercenaries, these thieves
and vagabonds interested only in war,
wine and women. Fort St. Jean was the
depot and the recruits I saw there,
shabby and hungry, were certainly not
soldiers. No doubt the Legion trans-
formed them, robbed them of their
own wretched personalities and made
them members of a front line army;
made them or broke them. Two
decades later, as I have said, I met the
Legion in the Western Desert; another
two decades passed, and I saw their
old headquarters at Sidi-Bel-Abbes in
Algeria. I thought the Legion had been
disbanded; but no, at Fort St. Jean I
came upon them again. Some of the
old glory had departed but the Legion
still marched to fife and drum and the
song "Anne-Marie."

Frederick Mistral, the poet of
Provence, drew much inspiration from
Marseilles. Charles Dickens found the
opening of his "Little Dorrit" here:
"Marseilles lay burning in the sun."
Here, in the eighteen-seventies came a
young seaman from Poland, young
Joseph Conrad, speaking French but
not English. Along the roaring
waterfront of the old harbour this
strange genius met some of those
characters who appear in his books.
Nostromo was a Corsican seafarer
Conrad knew. From the old harbour
Conrad sailed to the West Indies
before the mast; at one of the Vieux
Port quays he helped to fit out a
sailing vessel for gun-running to
Spain. Here he met Paula, the exiled
Hungarian girl seeking a new home.
When he left Marseilles for England
he was still speaking French with a

Provencal accent; this master
mariner who became a master of the
English language.

Last time I left Marseilles it was by a
train called Violet. Summer was
ending in Europe and though the city
was no longer burning under the sun
I felt that it was better here in the
south than in the chill and rain of
Paris and London. That morning I
had taken my coffee and croissant in
La Canebiere as usual and watched
the bright-eyed flower women
arranging their roses and carnations
in the kiosks. It was a moment of
sadness for I was sorry to be leaving.
In the sparkling air the waiters were
setting out wicker chairs and
polishing cups and glasses. Unhur-
ried men were reading the
Meridional or Provencal while the
poor blind people wandered along

with their sheets of Loterie
Nationale tickets. At the far end of
the street I glimpsed the sea-glitter,
the crowded masts and spars of a
hundred white yachts and brightly
painted fishing cutters.

How much better it would be, I
thought, to be arriving at Marseilles
now after a night in a sleeping-car
from Paris. I remembered hauling
out from under the glass roof of the
Gare de Lyons at night and listening
to the clicking of the rails, the
rumble of the tunnels, as I lay snugly
between sheets in the darkness. Once
I raised the blind and saw a town
winking in the darkness, the fields
under the moon, the endless rows of
poplar trees. In the morning there
were the white homesteads of the
Rhone valley and a burst of colour,
Avignon; and then the wild country

of the Mediterranean coast, the grey
and white mountains, gay little villas
with pink-tiled roofs, the suburbs of
Marseilles. Then I knew that I had
done the right thing. The arrival was
even finer than the anticipation.

And now I was bound northwards
again, leaving by the back door,
leaving the riffraff of the harbour, the
apache cafes, the oriental vision of
Marseilles, the perfume and song, the
giant langoustes in their baskets of
seaweed, the shorn poodles and naked
sand terriers from Algeria. I was
leaving this strong and redolent
bouillabaise city, leaving the happy
Mediterranean for another year. Ah
well, perhaps I could manage another
visit another year. The last I saw of
Marseilles before the train called
Violet left St. Charles Station was the
gleam of Notre Dame de la Garde

flashing in the sun. I could almost
smell the maquis, the fragrant bush
that grows on the slope where the
cathedral watches over strident
Marseilles and the quiet sea.

Chapter Twenty
London's Dockland

All the aromas and odours and
flavours, all the cargoes you have
known in all your harbours of memory
can be recaptured in London's
Dockland. Here on the wharves and in
the warehouses beside the largest
sheets of dock water in the world you
may discover reminders of every port
on the face of the globe. This is not
London, this is the earth. I walked
there often during a difficult period of
my life; a time when I learnt that the
claustrophobia of my lodgings could
be cured by a glimpse of wider
horizons. Most of you approach
London nowadays in aircraft flying
high above the Thames so that you see
the enormous docks as tiny oblong
ponds. Or you may come up South-
ampton Water and reach London

through the green Hampshire fields
and finally enter a frightening
panorama of chimney-pots and dark-
ened masonry. Or there is the Straits
of Dover entrance, smoked salmon
sandwiches and gin and tonic on the
Golden Arrow; the hops and oast-
houses of Kent on the way to Victoria
station. Or there is Tilbury, twenty
miles down the Thames from the
Tower of London; that odd, frustrating
point of entry when your liner often
has to wait for hours until the landing
stage is clear. Tilbury has been
described as "England's backdoor"
and nobody likes disembarking there.
It is the sea outpost of the Port of
London Authority, a flat and desolate
spot in the marshes of the Thames
estuary. Tilbury is all that many
travellers see of London's Dockland.

Long ago the little Donald Currie
ships took their South African
passengers right up the river and into
London Docks. They were tiny,
beautiful liners of twelve .hundred
tons: the first Stirling Castle, the first
Warwick Castle, the first Roslin
Castle. Shipping men called this
service the London Line to distinguish
it from the Union Line sailing from
Southampton. But that was a century
ago. Of course the Union-Castle
intermediates were sailing out of
London in fairly recent years. Back in
the nineteen-twenties, when a six-
thousand ton ship was large and one
twice that size was an ocean monarch,
the intermediates were among the
largest vessels to enter the Blackwall
Basin in the Isle of Dogs.

Do you know the Isle of Dogs?
London's waterfronts are full of

strange and captivating names and
memorable landmarks. Start the cruise
round dockland as many do at Tower
Pier in the shadow of the Tower of
London. Here is the Pool of London.
Touch first at Billingsgate Market,
where the battered fishcarriers from
the Dogger Bank, sloops from
Friesland, oyster-boats, eel schuits and
bawleys discharge their varied
cargoes. Strong odours here, fresh
enough at six in the morning. The
same odours that Londoners have
known at this very spot for many
centuries. Odours of crab and shellfish
mingle with turbot, soles and
flounders. Hundreds of fish-porters
carry trays on their strong hats of
wood and leather. Steam comes from
the room where lobsters are boiled.
"Handsome cod! Best on the market."
You will never be bored at

Billingsgate but keep clear of the
fluent and uninhibited porters. In that
enormous warehouse you may see
anything from a herring to a turtle. Go
early though, for it is all over at nine
or ten in the morning. "Had-had-had-
had-haddock!"

Most interesting of all the Port of
London Authority warehouses, I
should say, is the enormous Cutler
Street store in the heart of the City. If
you enjoy gazing upon luxuries this is
the place. Persian carpets, made to last
for centuries, are guarded under this
roof; Satsuma porcelain from Japan
and Chinese blue and white; Havana
and Jamaica cigars by the million;
tragacanth and gums for pharmacists;
the resin called dragon's blood,
cochineal and ambergris. Cutler Street
can show you figures in carved ivory
and lacquer cabinets. Here is vanilloes,

the orchid that grows in Mauritius, the
only orchid with a commercial value,
for it provides the flavour of vanilla.
Such lovely oriental items as Persian
coffee-pots have been stored in Cutler
Street since the days of the English
East India Company, for this was their
great warehouse. Vintage wines are
kept here in bins. On some days ten
thousand bottles are filled with sherry
from the casks.

St. Katharine's is the first of London's
docks; the greatest docks in the world,
stretching from the Pool along the
Thames reaches to Tilbury. British
coasters and small continental
steamers come to rest in the cosy St.
Katharine's basins. In the warehouses
you will find rare and romantic
merchandise from much further afield.
There I saw mammoth tusks from
Siberia, brittle tusks dug up after

thousands of years in the frozen soil of
Siberia; the enormous curved tusks
known in the trade as fossil ivory.
They formed a strong contrast with the
scrivelloes from Dar-es-Salaam on the
same floor. Then I walked up to the
spice floor, redolent with cinnamon
and nutmegs, cloves and cassia. Here
were expensive perfumes, too, extracts
of flowers mixed with fat. But the
heady aromas that filled me with a
strange blend of nostalgia and
satisfaction came to me in the old wine
and brandy vaults. Among the
puncheons and rotund hogsheads I
drew in the breath of distant vineyards
and imagined myself in Constantia
again. They told me the water I saw in
low troughs was for the rats. "They
must have a daily water ration or
they'll gnaw into the casks", said one
of my guides. I also heard that

cockroaches love champagne corks;
hence the heavy protective foil.
"Cockroaches will tackle a sailor's
feet as he lies in his bunk", added my
informant. "Only when he's drunk, of
course." You can see pools of
quicksilver at St. Katharine's, coffee
and cocoa, wool and rubber and
tortoiseshell. Bags of ginger from
Calcutta arrive here; star aniseed and
musk. Bales and cases bear the
bewildering weights and measures of
foreign countries: Turkish pikes,
Swedish kappars, Danish toenders and
Spanish varras. With the choking
London fog outside you may dwell for
a space among the riches of the tropics
and the trade goods from Arctic lands.

Cross the river to Surrey Commercial
Docks and you smell at once the fir,
spruce and pine from Canada (and
possibly that country's cheese and

bacon); softwoods from the Baltic
floating in acres of timber ponds. This
is the oldest of London's docks and
the only group to the south of the
river. Lady Dock was well filled with
windjammers when I first roamed
there. Among the taverns was one
called "Cape of Good Hope".

Return to the north bank and follow
the great bend where the Thames
flows round the crowded peninsula I
have mentioned, the Isle of Dogs.
(Some say the royal kennels were once
placed there but no one really knows.)
Limehouse Reach, Greenwich Reach
and Blackwall Reach are the
waterways that lap the "isle". Lime-
house retains some of its old-fashioned
houses with bow-windows, flower-
boxes on overhanging balconies,
gabled buildings, alleys that once were
lined with sail-lofts and rigging-lofts.

When I first knew Limehouse there
were opium dens, too, and the
jibbooms of sailing ships rose over the
dockyard walls and pointed into the
windows opposite; but that Limehouse
has vanished and so have the lime-
kilns. In the West India Docks of that
neighbourhood you are in a world of
hardwoods from African forests, teak
from the East; grain and nitrates;
drums of figs and dates in mat baskets;
a vivid world where rum comes on
shore at Rum Quay.

When I returned to London year after
year with seldom a break I return to a
starting point. There it is possible to
revive one's youth. I can see horse-
buses and vanished fleets. In the docks
I stare at the ships of today and find
the ships and cargoes of yesterday
moving back across the screen of
memory. Those dockland scenes and

aromas recall almost every harbour I
have entered during my wandering
years; a disorderly kaleidoscope of
impressions from attics of the brain
which seemed to have been locked for
ever.

It was a case of glassware bearing the
name of Murano that brought Venice
before my eyes again. That is not a
city one forgets, of course, for it is
different from any other harbour just
as its gondolas are different from any
other harbour craft. Venice, the serene
beauty of the lagoon, the old city
gradually sinking into the water; these
are as memorable as the cries of the
gondoliers. "Oleo! Hey! Hey!" But it
is a quiet city. You can hear the water
licking the houses and some say they
do not like the smell of the canals. I
am ready to overlook that slight aroma
because of the absence of car hooters

and the shriek of wheeled traffic. Look
into a piece of Murano glass and you
may glimpse again the glories of those
low, enchanted islands. And you may
hear again the calls of the gondoliers:
"De longo I Premi I Scia I "

Now here is a mahogany log with an
iron ring driven into one end. "Heave
up there!" I can see the coast of West
Africa as twelve tons of timber move
into mid-air. West Africa from the
lagoons of Grand Bassam to the
thirteen thousand feet peak of Mount
Cameroon. French exiles designed
buildings that might have been trans-
planted from Normandy. On the slopes
of Cameroon the Germans built a
Gouverneurshaus like a schloss, an
African castle of stone with the year
1899 on the massive iron gateway. But
my favourite castles are those
strongholds built along the Gold Coast

by white adventurers long ago; those
white castles with ramparts and black
cannon, so full of ghosts.

I am on the wharf beside a Bullard
King steamer and there comes on the
wind a whiff of turmeric. This is the
borrie of Cape kitchens but for some
elusive reason it reminds me of the
red-hot radiator called Aden; a night in
a spice shop down an alley in the
harbour town known as Steamer Point.
The old town, the real Aden, is miles
away inside the volcanic crater. They
told me the torture would be more
severe when the south-west monsoon
died down. White people lived above
their stores and offices at Steamer
Point and had their meals on wide
balconies in those days before air-
conditioning. I sat on a verandah under
the punkah and watched the dusty
camel caravans arriving from the

desert. The aroma of turmeric was lost
now in the less pleasing odour of dried
fish from a bullock cart. Dinner that
night was better than I had expected.
Over charcoal fires the Goanese
cooks had done boiled fish, kebabs,
chicken patties, roast mutton, stuffed
tomatoes and a cheese souffle. The
hotel manager told me that I could
have a bath in condensed sea-water;
the rainfall at Aden was one-fifth of
an inch a year. A queer settlement,
this Steamer Point; the statue of
Queen Victoria and all the Victorian
buildings in the Crescent were built
at the same time when this rocky,
undesirable harbour suddenly
became an important coaling station.
After dinner the hotel porter invited
me to visit the mermaids and assured
me they were genuine. Well, they
were genuine dugongs, those ugly

sea creatures with mammalian
breasts. Aden sends dugongs to the
museums of the world. Visitors tired
long ago of stuffed dugongs present-
ed as mermaids so the ingenious
Arabs now display live girls with
mermaid tails; good swimmers with
slim figures. I shall not return to
Aden for that performance. The
brilliant yellow powder called
turmeric has given me all of Aden
that I wish to see.

In the Pool of London, flying the flag
of Western Germany, there is a
coaster from a port as old as London.
She is a Hamburg ship with beer and
cigars in her holds. Hamburg, that
ancient harbour which I saw between
the wars and also after the war that
shattered so much of the city. Many
old buildings round the Binnen
Alster had escaped, gabled houses

where the shipowners and merchant
princes of Hamburg lived, the men
who traded with the world. I found
that the burgerlich comfort of other
days had been restored. In the
restaurants of the glittering Jungfern-
steig they were serving the tradi-
tional eel soup blended with pears
and red wine, peas and bay leaves
and dumplings. The old Alster still
gleamed like an enormous diamond
in the heart of the city. Hamburg's
network of canals and basins were
still there. And along the Reeper-
bahn, of course, the licentious caba-
rets were in full swing and the
seamen of all nations were frolicking
with the wilde tauben, the girls of the
quarter.

Oranges are coming out of a small
French steamer, oranges for London's
barrow-boys, oranges with Beirut

markings. Somewhere I found Beirut
described as a voluptuous courtesan,
standing beside the Mediterranean
with a toss of her curls and a flounce
of her skirts, a Carmen among the
cities. I was at Beirut in wartime and
the tiny aerodrome interested me far
more than the harbour. Would my
pilot land successfully? The aero-
drome sloped towards the sea and I
thought my chances of escaping from
the observer's seat in the nose would
be very poor indeed if he crashed in
the water. Under such conditions one
cannot bother about courtesans.
However, there were days when I was
able to look down on Beirut from
another angle. I drove up the mountain
road that leads to Damascus, the
breathless road to the heights. Up past
market gardens, past groves of
oranges, past Bedouin shepherds and

fires of camel-dung, past barleyfields,
up towards the cool crests of the
Lebanon while the cruisers in Beirut
bay dwindled. Then I gazed upon a
different Beirut, the low-roofed, red-
tiled houses, the banana groves, the
multi-coloured blossoms, the forts
built by the Arabs against the
Crusaders, the curves of the bay.
Beirut may be a courtesan but I
remember the oranges.

Once I watched an Italian freighter
from Naples discharging her cargo of
wine and olives, cotton and hemp in
St. Katharine's Dock. I reached Naples
by the new Autostrada del Sol from
Rome, the highway that follows the
ancient Via Casilina through the
plains. I was saddened in Naples by
the Scugnizzi, the thousands of
homeless boys and girls, orphans or
illegitimate children. They sleep in

caves and exist like abandoned
animals, stealing food in the markets
and fields. Thousands of them, proba-
bly more than forty thousand. And
dirty, poverty-stricken Naples has
never solved the problem. Capri came
as a relief. I saw passengers carried on
shore from the aerofoil at Marina
Grande; seasick passengers laid out on
the stone wharf to recover. This was a
side of the Capri picture I had not
imagined. I must also warn you that
the Blue Grotto may become an ordeal
in rough weather. You go in through a
short tunnel, lying flat and cramped
in your boat. I would not like to be
trapped in that sea-cave with the
waves beating against the tiny
entrance. But you can forget such
hardships when you walk through the
high lanes of Capri and smell the
flowers. No wonder so many foreign-

ers of vastly different temperaments
have settled on Capri and found it
the most satisfying isle on earth.

So now you will understand why I
always go back to the East End of
London and the docks. The land-
scape altered during the war but
famous landmarks remain. I know
the stairs and the piers. Cherry
Garden Pier, Golden Anchor Stairs,
Wapping Old Stairs and the sinister
Execution Dock. I smell whale oil
and Stockholm tar. Near the Ratcliff
Highway I saunter unmolested along
Tiger Bay, feared by old-time
sailormen because of the human
tigers lurking there. In the docks
called "the Royals", those enormous
docks at Woolwich named after
Victoria. Albert and George V, I
renew acquaintance with ocean liners

I have seen before in many far
harbours.

One great spectacle I never tired of
watching long ago was the fleet of
Thames barges, the sailing barges.
No longer are their huge red-brown
mainsails seen in Bugsby's Reach
and Gallions Reach though the fiery
language used by their skippers has
not become a forgotten tongue. Old
prints, some made in the eighteenth-
century, reveal barges almost identi-
cal in design with those I used to
watch in the nineteen-twenties and
long afterwards. One that was
pointed out to me, the Favorite,
owned by a cement firm, had been
launched in the very early years of
last century; she was still trading
along the coast of England as far as
Newcastle-on-Tyne. Thames barges
were not fair weather craft. Barges

have crossed the Atlantic under sail.
Two barges sailed unescorted from
Britain to Table Bay before World
War I, loaded with Swedish bricks
used in building the present port
office. Seagoing barges left the Pool
building London for the North Sea
and Channel ports and rode out
storms with decks awash. I admired
the way their skippers handled them
in the thronged Thames reaches. You
might not think a barge was a handy
craft with her towering mast, hull
length of eighty feet, flat bottom and
leeboards. Yet each barge was handled
by one man and a boy, often the
skipper and his son. Fore-and-aft rig
was a help. The mainmast was stepped
well for'ard and a long diagonal spar
called the sprit ran up to the peak of
the boomless mainsail. This design
allowed the mainsail to be brailed up

in a trice, a great advantage when
tacking in and out of the shipping.
Skippers knew the river intimately, of
course, the tide in midstream, the slack
water inshore; they showed tremen-
dous skill in taking in sail and losing
way at the right moment. They carried
enormous loads and often the helms-
man might be seen perched on a bale
of hay with the rudder far below him.
Leeboards steadied a barge. Some
carried two hundred tons of cargo. In a
race a Thames barge reached a top
speed of fourteen knots. Early this
century there were two thousand
barges trading on the Thames; when
World War II opened there were still
six hundred; now there are just a few
good specimens preserved as museum
pieces or owned by yachtsmen who
know their fine points and how to
handle them.

Walk out of the West India Dock and
there at the gates is a public house
known to generations of seafaring
men. This is not one of London's
historic waterfront inns like the
Prospect of Whitby or the Grapes. It is
a late nineteenth-century pub with
atmosphere, the famous Charlie
Brown's. Officially it is the Railway
Tavern but although Charlie Brown
died nearly forty years ago the pub is
still known by the name of this strong
and memorable personality.

Charlie Brown took over the pub early
this century after an unhappy spell at
sea. Many seamen will assure you that
it is better to be guv'nor of a pub than
master of a ship. Charlie Brown liked
seafarers but not seafaring, and
seafarers liked him. It became the
custom to bring something home for
Charlie Brown's pub; anything from a

whangee walking stick from Japan to a
stuffed sunfish. As the years passed
Charlie Brown's pub became a
museum; the sort of museum that
made scientists wince. Not only were
there genuine snakes and other
animals in bottles; the uncritical,
triumphant seamen also carried to
Charlie Brown all manner of
monstrosities and fakes. Mermaids
arrived to adorn walls already
festooned with opium pipes and
Chinese gods. The drums of Africa
hung beside Red Indian tomahawks.
Here, too, was the gay heraldry of
the sea; all the house flags from Blue
Funnel to Clan, the national flags of
Swenskers and Greeks, the ensign of
the "curry and rice navy" and the
Cunard "monkey and the nut".

Charlie Brown served many exotic
items besides the ordinary English

pub fare in his dining-room upstairs.
This room has a curved wooden roof
designed to fit the arch of the railway
bridge overhead. Some customers
stuck to the familiar "cut off the
joint, cab, pots." Others would order
such deep sea delicacies as slum-
gullion or "cheesy-hammy-eggy-
topside". In the bar Charlie Brown
was equally versatile and he claimed
that he could produce any sort of
drink from a "Bombay oyster" to
"Nelson's blood". A short and
powerful man was Charlie Brown.
He was generous and so trustworthy
that seamen who suspected that
tigers were stalking them gave him
their pay to put in his safe. Charlie
Brown rode round Poplar on a white
horse in the days before life became
difficult for East End horsemen. He
was a man of good taste, preferring

Ming vases, Dresden china, ivory
and bronze to the phantasmagoria in
the bar. However, he did not wish to
offend his customers and so he
accepted each new bottled horror
with exclamations of delight. He
kept his own collection in a private
sitting-room.

In the days of Charlie Brown the
tavern was known as "the friendliest
pub in London". You might have met
film stars there; Douglas Fairbanks
and Mary Pickford were both won
over by the atmosphere. But always
there were the seamen and their
lively Cockney girl friends. They
danced to an automatic piano but
when I put in there not long ago a
juke-box had been provided and
there was a sprinkling of sightseers
from the West End. It was a little more
sedate, perhaps, in the sense that the

guv'nor and his tough assistants did
not have to leap over the bar to deal
with knives or fists. But the seafarers
still greatly outnumbered the other
visitors. Marine engineers still
demanded their "wee drappies". The
conversation ranged from the judies of
San Francisco to the rats of Rangoon.
Men were still coming in from the sea
rich with their memories to find
inspiration in brown ale.

Beyond the lights and music of
Charlie Brown's lie the exciting
suburbs of Limehouse and Poplar.
Many seamen never get further than
Charlie Brown's; but on a memorable
Saturday night about forty years ago I
left that seductive pub in company
with the three mates of the S.S.
Roumelian and rolled up into Poplar
High Street. Seven beers were about
my limit in those days and at Charlie's

I had taken all seven. Here I should
explain that I had joined the
Roumelian expecting to sail that day
for South Africa. However, the little
Roumelian had been delayed and here
I was with this one last rapturous night
to spend in London's Dockland.

Poplar had lost its poplar trees but it
had a blue-clad Chinese colony near
Charlie Brown's and in those days the
men wore pigtails. It was a fine night.
Women stood drinking on the pave-
ments and sometimes they tore at each
other's hair. The streets were noisy
rivers of humanity lined with food
stalls and the flaring braziers of
chestnut sellers. Pig-trotters and
whelks might be more in evidence
here than the elegant refreshments
offered in the West End; but after
seven beers this was life. I remember a
man selling eiderdowns at a street

market. "Eiderdowns!" he shouted. "If
ye don't buy one may yeer bed fall in
and may ye drown in the po under it."
Cheerful, vulgar songs drifted out of
the pubs, cut through sometimes by
harsh police whistles and the sound of
heavy boots. I saw the muffin man and
heard his bell. I could have bought a
blackbird or a linnet in a cage. In a
Limehouse street a monkey dressed as
a sailor was dancing to the merry
jangle of a barrel-organ. No top hats or
evening-dress here. This was the land
of corduroy trousers, fringed shawls
of the coster women, Arabs, negroes,
Finns and lascars. Baskets of flowers
were to be seen but the aroma of fish
and chips was more noticeable and
the strong reek of horseflesh was still
abroad in the land. Oh, it was untidy,
there were dark courtyards that made
me shudder and besides the scents of

oranges there were warm bodies and
drains. Yet these streets tingled, this
was life and tomorrow I would be at
sea. At sea, bound for those harbours
that have now become my harbours
of memory.

THE End

Index

The index below is as it was in the original paper book but in this e-book the page
numbers have all changed and have therefore been removed. Otherwise the original
index is left unchanged to display the author's choice and readers should use their
program's search facility to locate the item.

Aloes Frank Brownlee

Amstel River Buffalo River

Arab dhows Buitengracht

Dr. E. Axelson Buitenkant

H.M.S. Badger

Dr. S. Bailey

Band Square

Barbary apes (Gibraltar)

Barges (Thames)

Beira

Billy Biddlecombe

Bree Street

Brewers

Brighton (Ketch)

Cairo

Cambrian Hotel

Canton (whaler)

Cape Hermes

Cape St. Blaize

Cape Spartel

Cargoes

Caves (Gibraltar)

Charlie Brown's pub

Clan Line

Clock Tower

Cock, William
Cock's Castle
Congo steamers
Col. F. H. P. Creswell
Sir Walter Currie

Dar es Salaam
George De Lacy
Diana (sloop)
E. P. Dimbleby
Dock Rd. (Cape Town)
Dragon's Blood
Prof. M. R. Drennan
Durban
H.M.S. Dwarf
Sampson Dyer
Dyer's Island

East London
Siven Erasmus
Europa Point
Execution Rock

Executions (naval)

Fez

Fireman's Arms
G. K. Forbes
Fort Knokke
Rev. T. E. Fuller

Gallows Hill

General Botha (trainingship)

R. O. Gericke

Gibraltar

Adm. Golovnin

Great Eastern bar

Haaibaai
Hamburg Hotel
Hansa Hotel
Hansom-cabs
Jacob Hartensz
W. H. Hinton
Horses

Mrs. M. Hurter

Inland waterways
Innisfallen (cutter)
Isle of Dogs
Ivory

Jaggery

Lt.-Col. H. L. Jones
Josephine (whaler)
R.M.S. Kinfauns Castle
Kleinberg farm
Kowie River

La Canebiere
Dr. Landsberg
Dr. R. Lawson
Martin Leendertz
Leopards
Le Reduit
Liesbeek River
Limerick pub

London docks
Lourenco Marques

Magicians

Malays (Simonstown)
Bakaar Manuel
Marseilles
Cdr. Z. Marsh
Mauritius
"Mauritius fever"
Mazeppa Bay
Mechau St.
Mincio (barque)
Thomas Morgan
Mossel Bay
Mozambique Island

A. L. Napper

New Somerset Hospital

Nile steamers

Oran

Orange River
Oysters

Paarden Eiland

Palace Barracks

Pandora (yacht)

Papendorp

Parrots

E. G. Pells

Kate Pigot

Point Rd. (Durban)

Pondoland

Pool of London

Port Alfred

Port Elizabeth

Port Louis

Port St. John's

Post Office Tree (Mossel Bay)

Protea Bar

H.M.S. Raleigh
Redhill

Capt. F. B. Renouf
Rentzkie's Farm
Robben Island
Rogge Bay
Royal Navy Hotel
Rua Major Araujo

Salt River

San Sebastian fort

Santos Beach

Sardine run

Dolfie Scharfscheer

Seal Island (Mossel Bay)

Sharks (Simon's Bay)

Mick Sheehan

Ship Hotel

Siciliaa bar

Signal Hill

Simonstown

Skeletons

Smallpox

J. O. Smith

Star Hotel
Bob Stephens

Tamarinds

Tangier

John Thorburn

Maj. R. Thornton

Trixie (barmaid)

Tunnels (Castle)

S.S. Umgeni
Umzimvubu

Vaal River

Whaling (False Bay)
Wharf Square
Wheelwrights
Wild Coast
Josephus Winter
Woodstock
Wreck relics

Ysterplaat

Yves de Kerguelen (barquentine)

Zambesi steamers
Ziekestraat

Walvis Bay
S.S. Waratah
David Wasserfall
Waterkant St.
Jacob Watermeyer
Edward Wearin
Whaling (Algoa Bay)

Lawrence Green continues to build
up an international reputation. Many
of the finest British and American
magazines have published his stories,
his books have appeared in London
and New York, and his work has been
translated into many languages. Here
are some recent overseas opinions of
his books:

London "Times": "Affection for his
out-of-the-way places is the secret of
Mr. Green's success.... To each he
brings much personal knowledge and
the happiest knack of gathering
information."

"Illustrated London News": "Mr.
Green is a good observer. He tells his
readers he is lazy. He is not, but he
fills them with a lovely sense of the
hot, timeless laziness to be enjoyed
among his Islands."

"The TIMES Literary Supple-
ment": "That tireless traveller of
unfrequented sea-lanes has strung
together a necklace of islands which
will lend enchantment to many a
northern escapologist's winter
discontent ... And yet this is not
merely a surface and sentimental
portrait of the world's least trampled
parts. It is rather reminiscent of one of

those quiet provincial museums where
the noise of traffic dies suddenly
away, and one finds oneself face to
face with the longer vista of man's
development, his adaptability and,
stretching farther back, with the dilem-
mas of evolution."