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COLLOQUIAL 

ENGLISH -PERSIAN   DICTIONARY 

IN  THE  ROMAN  CHARACTER 

Containing 

All  English  words  in  common  use  with 

their  meanings  in  modern  Persian 

with  numerous  examples. 


LlEUT.-COLONEL   D?   C.'VhILLOTT,   Ph.D.,  F.A.S.B., 

>n 

Late  Secretary  and  Member,  Board  of  Examiners,  Calcutta; 

Some  time  Fellow  of  the  Calcutta  University ; 

Author  of  Higher  Persian  Grammar, 

Current  Persian  Tales, 

etc.t  etc. 


CALCUTTA : 

Printed  at  the  baptist  mission  press  and 
published  by  the  aitthor. 

1914. 


THIS  WORK  IS  U.8CWBBD 

TO 

.^T    PTTRZON   OF  KEDLESTON, 

G.O.S.I.,  G.C.I.E..  P.C.  F.E.S., 

.,»    .KD  THE  PERSIAN   QtJESTION." 
,^0R  O.  "PERSIA   ANO  ^^^^^^^ 

.S  A  SLIGHT  MARK  O.   APPRECIATION 

^xT   ^^rwTlOY    OF   INDIA. 
aiVEN  BY  HIM.    WHEN   VICEBOY 

TO   THE   STUDV    OF 
PEBSIAN. 


PKEFACE. 

During  a  residence  of  two  years  in  Persia,  the  need  of  a  purely  colloquial 
dictionary  of  modern  Persian  was  frequently  brought  home  to  me.  The  Persian  of 
Afghanistan  and  India  differs  from  the  modern  Persian  of  Persia,  not  merely  in 
accent  and  idiom,  but  sometimes  in  construction.  Often  Persian  words  that  are  in 
common  use  in  India  have  either  a  different  signification  in  the  colloquial  of  Persia, 
or  else  they  are  objected  to  as  being  "book  language."  The  use  of  a  phrase, 
perfectly  correct  and  colloquial  in  Afghan  Persian,  sometimes  excites  ridicule,  and 
occasionally  even  causes  offence.  A  few  common  examples  of  differences  are  : 
Tankhwah,  which  means  ''  goods,"  and  not  as  in  India  "  pay  ";  taklif  "  duty,  what 
is  incumbent,"  and  not  "  trouble  *'  :  halki  often  means  **  perhaps,"  chird  "  of 
course,"  dil  "stomach,"  and  dimdgh  "  nose"  :  tamiz  means  "  clean,"  imtiyaz  "  an 
order,  medal,"  and  tanzll  "  interest "  :  in  Persia  shir  is  '*  lion  "  and  hahar  "  tiger," 
while  in  India  sher  is  "  tiger"  and  bcU)ar  *'  lion  "  ;  ishtihdh  is  in  Persia  used  for 
"  mistake  "  and  not  ghalat  or  ghalatl,  which  is  too  strong  a  word  ;  daslur  or  daaturl 
means  "  permission."  Again,  the  common  word  rukhsat  for  ''  leave  of  absence  "  is 
seldom  if  ever  used  colloquially  in  Persia,  the  more  cumbrous  marakh^asl  being 
preferred.  Occasionally  a  phrase  is  used  in  Persia  where  a  single  noun  or  adjective 
is  used  in  India;  thus  for  haiza  when  it  means  *'  windgall,"  the  Persians  say  asp 
rawghan  dvarda  aat.  Again  for  "  wool-gathering  "  they  say  shutur  mi-chardnad ;  for 
"  wildness  "  vahshl  budan  ;  for  "  glittering,  gorgeous  "  zarq  u  barq  ddrad.  (Hence 
in  using  this  dictionary,  the  student  should  look  up  all  English  tvords  from  or  con- 
nected with  the  same  root,  and  read  the  whole  of  the  vfiatter  under  each).  It  is  therefore 
natural  that  Indians,  and  those  British  Officers  who  learn  Persian  in  India,  are  liable 
to  make  ludicrous  slips  on  first  visiting  Persia,  and  even  to  be  occasionally  unintelli- 
gible. But  it  is  in  abstract  nouns  that  difficulties  chiefly  occur.  Dictionaries  rarely 
give  the  shades  of  meaning  of  synonyms,  or  the  difference  in  application  of  Persian 
terms  that  in  English  are  represented  by  one  only.  In  the  present  modest  work,  an 
attempt  has  been  made  to  do  this,  with,  it  is  hoped,  a  modicum  of  success. 
Peculiar  constructions,  or  constructions  that  differ  in  India  and  Persia,  are  occa- 
sionally illustrated  in  the  examples,  which  have  often  been  chosen  with  a  view  to 
conveying  information  interesting  to  a  beginner.  A  few  medical  and  other  technical 
terms  that  are  not  strictly  colloquial,  have  been  embodied  for  the  benefit  of  medical 
missionaries,  who  are  doing  such  excellent  work  in  Persia.     It  must  also  be  noted 


VI  PREFACE. 

that  some  terms  which  are  hardly  coUoquiaJ  in  English  (such  as  '  primordial  atom ,' 
and  '  incorporeal  body  ')  are  in  Persia  frequently  in  the  mouth  of  even  the  illiterate. 

It  is  a  matter  of  much  regret  that  the  great  expense  incurred  in  the  production 
of  this  book  obliged  me  to  discard  the  Persian  character  altogether. 

The  material  for  the  book  was  originally  collected  in  Persia  with  the  assistance 
of  Persian  friends.  Since  then,  during  the  course  of  seven  years,  it  has  been  twice 
revised  with  the  efficient  assistance  of  my  friend  and  late  colleague  Muhammad 
Kazim  Shirazi,  Persian  Instructor  of  the  Board  of  Examiners,  Calcutta,  who  also 
assisted  me  in  the  correction  of  the  greater  part  of  the  proofs  ;  and  I  seize  this 
opportunity  of  expressing  my  indebtedness  to  him.  The  proofs  of  some  of  the 
earlier  pages  were  corrected  by  the  late  Mr.  R.  F.  Azoo,  Arabic  Instructor  of  the 
Board  of  Examiners.  (The  work  has  taken  more  than  two  years  to  issue  from  the 
Press.) 

I  have,  as  a  matter  of  course,  availed  myself  of  the  labours  of  previous  lexico- 
graphers, in  particular  Wollaston,  to  whom  acknowledgment  is  especially  due, 

A  French  author  has  remarked  that,  '  while  the  writers  of  all  other  sorts  of 
books  can  aspire  to  praise,  the  writer  of  a  dictionary  can  only  aspire  to  freedom 
from  blame.'     If  I  escape  blame,  I  shall  deem  myself  fortunate  indeed. 

D.  C.  P. 

Cambridge, 

5th  February,  1914. 


ENGLISH -PERSIAN    DICTIONARY. 


Aar 

Aaron,  Hdrun. 

Abandon,  vil  kardan  (of  things  or  habits)  ; 

iark  k.  or  guftan  (of  a  habit  or  an  office)  ; 

maUah-ha  jah'dz  rd  guzdshta  gurikhtand. 
Abandoned,  matruk  (of  habits). 
Abase,  zalil  k.  ;  khwdr  k. 
Abasement,  zillat  u  khwdn ;  zabuni. 
Abash,  khijdlat  dddan. 
Abashed,   sharminda  {k.) ;   sar-afgandu  (k.)  ; 

khajil  (k.) ;   mukhajjal  (k.)  ;    khijdlat-zada 

(sh.).     Vide  Ashamed. 
Abate,   takhfif   (sh.)  ;    yak  pul  bardy-i  man 

kam  nami-kunad  or  bi-man  takhfif  nami- 

dihad ;  tufdn  qadr-l  dram  shud  (or  drdm, 

girifi),  "  the  storm  abated." 
Abbreviated,     mukhtasat     (k.).       Vide     Ab- 
ridged. 
Abbreviation,  ikhtisdr  (k.)  (by  condensation 

and   omission),    vide   Abridgment;   ijm^l 

(by  condensation ;  also  a  summary)  ;  ijdz 

(brevity  as  opposed  to  prolixity). 
Abdicate,  takht  guzdshtan;  tdj  az  sar  nihd- 

dan. 
Abdication,  'uhda  rd  tark  kardan  or  guftan. 
Abdomen,    shikam;   dil  (m.c.)  ;    kum,  vulg. 

(the   whole)  ;   mi'da   (med. ;    the   portion 

that  contains  the  food). 
Abduct,   ijhvd  karda  burdan ;  gurxzdndan  ; 

zan-i  fuldn  rd  girift  burd. 
Abel,  HdhxL 

Abet,  pushti  dddan.     Vide  Aid. 
Abhorred,  manfur  (rare) ;  nafrat  karda  shuda. 
Abhorrence,   nafrat   {k.) ;    tanaffur    {k.   and 

ddshtan)  ;  dn  pdrsd  chashrrtri  didan-i  gundh 

rd  na-ddrad. 
Abide,    mdndan ;     manzil    k. ;    inde    Stay, 

Remain,    Fulfill    (promise) ;    qiydm    k. ; 


Abo 

iqdmat  k. ;  chand  ruzri  bd  man  tashrif 
ddshta  bdshid  (polite),  abide  with  me  a 
few  days. 

Ability,  qdbiliyyat ;  liydqat ;  jurbuza  (m.o.)  ; 
tu  'urza-yi  in  rd  na-ddri  (it  is  beyond 
your  ability)  ;  u  mddda-yi  in  kdr  kardan 
rd  na-ddrad.     Vide  Possible. 

Abject,  khwdr  ;  zalil ;  haqir. 

Able,  qdbil ;  Idyiq  ;  (as  for  me  I  am  not  able 
to  do  anything,  but  as  for  Husayn  1 
cannot  say),  az  man  kdr-i  sdkhta  nami- 
shavad,  Husayn  rd  nami-ddnam;  (can 
you  do  this  ?),  in  kdr  rd  mi-tavdnid  bi- 
kunid?  az  dast-i-shumd  bar  mi-dyad?  (he 
is  an  able  or  learned  man),  H  ahl-i  isti'ddd 
ast. 

Ablution,  dast^namdz  or  db-da^t  or  vuzu 
(before  prayers,  etc.)  and  tayammum  (with 
sand  when  water  is  not  obtainable) ;  gAu^l 
(after  impurity  ;  in  India,  any  bathing)  ; 
jdn  ahustan  (bathing)  ;  tahdrat  k.  and 
dddan,  intr.  and  tr.,  (purification).  Vide 
Bath. 

Abnormal,  Jchildf-%  qd'ida. 

Aboard,  rHy-i  kishti. 

Abode,  manzil,  pi.  mandzil ;  mahaU-i  nishi' 
man;  jd-yi  mu'ayyan-i  naddrad. 

Abolish,  az  miydn  bar-ddshtan;  bdtil  k.  (to 
make  null  and  void,  not  by  authority ; 
also  to  reject).     Vide  Custom. 

Abolished,  mansukh  k.  (cancel  by  authority) ; 
in  daftar  rd  gdv  khurd  (this  has  been  done 
away  with).     Vide  Abandoned. 

Abominable,  nafrat-angiz ;  shanV  ;  makruh  ' 
or  kardhat  ddrad  (i.e.,  not  forbidden,  but 
better  avoided,  such  as  the  flesh  of  the 
hare,  the  chough,  etc.). 


1  Mtibah  "indifferent"  (i.e.,  the  commission  or  omission  are  equal):  mial-athhalal,  l^un-ash  mubah 
'  hia  property  is  lawful  and  there  will  be  no  retaliation  if  his  blood  be  shed.* 


Abo 


Aby 


Abominate,  manjur  dashtan;  nafrat  burdan 
az. 

Abomination,  karahiyat. 

Aborigines,  hashindagdrv-i  asli  or  qadimi. 

Abortion,  Muhammad  farmud  td  bar  siqi 
shuda  namdz  juzdrand  (Muhammad  is  said 
to  have  ordered  prayers  to  be  said  over  an 
abortion) ;  an  zan  rd  isqdt-i  haml  shud  (she 
had  an  abortion .  but  kard  she  procured  an 
abortion). 

Abortive,  Id-hdsil ;  bi-sam^r ;  bdtil  k.  (to 
render  abortive). 

Abounding  in,  jmr ;  fardvdn ;  bi-ifrdt^  (in 
excess). 

About,  dawr ;  gird  (around) ;  ■^  dar  khusus-i  ; 
dxir  hardy-i ;  dar  bdb-i ;  min  bdb-i  (con- 
cerning) ;  takhmin'^" ;  taqrib'^^  (nearly) ; 
muvdzi-yi  dah  rupiya  ( ' '  about  ten  rupees  "  ; 
prop,  the  exact  equivalent  of  ten  rupees) : 
hamin  bud  sar-i  zabdn  ddshtam  (this  was 
what  I  was  about  to  say ;  1  had  it  on 
the  tip  of  luy  tongue) ;  dar  sadad-i  raj- 
tan  budan  (to  be  about  to  go ;  be  on  the 
point  of  going) ;  mi-khipdhad  bi-ravad. 

Above,  bald;  fawq;  khusus'^"  or  bdldtar  az 
hama  (above  all);  az  In  kdr  'dr  rui-ddrad 
(he  is  not  above  doing  this). 

Above-named,  mazkur  or  mazbur  or  maz- 
kura-yi-bdld ;  marqum  (lit.  written)  ;  sd- 
biq'^'z-zikr  (mentioned  previously) ;  maz- 
kur"  'I- fawq. 

Abrasion,  khirdsh  (med.) ;  sd^ldagl  or  far  Su- 
dani (of  coins). 

Abraham,  (Abraham  is  called  the  friend  of 
God),  Ibrahim  rd  khalil'^'lldh  mi-guyand 
or  m,%-lchwdnand. 

Abridged,  vide  Abbreviated. 

Abridgment,  ikhtisdr  {k.)  (the  act) ;  mujmal 
(summary,  i.e. ,  heads) ;  mukhiasar  (in  which 
unimportant  things  have  been  omitted); 
hhuldsa  (sum  and  substance).  Firfe  Com- 
pendium, Summary. 

Abroad,  blrun  (from  house);  bi-safar. 

Abrogate,  munsukh  k. ;  vide  Abolish. 

Abscess,  kurak  or  durnbal ;  ddna  (small  pim- 
ple or  boil) ;  dasUam  mddda  shud  (of  un- 
broken abscess). 

Abscond,  dar  raftan;  firdr  k. ;  ru-push  sh. ; 
panhdn  sh. 

Absconder,  firdri. 


Absence,  ghaybat;  durl;  dar  'adam-i-  (in 
the  absence  or  non-existence  of — ) . 

Absent,  (I  was  absent  ten  days)  dah  ruz 
Injd  na-budam-;  chird  In  si  ruz  ghdyib* 
budi?  (familiar). 

Absent-minded,  bad-havdss. 

Absolute,  mutlaq;  qddir-i  mutlaq  (of  God 
only) ;  pddishdh-i  ' alq-' l-itldq  (an  absolute 
monarch). 

Absolution,  dmurzish  (k.) ;  bi-hill  {k.)  (de- 
manded from  friends  by  a  man  on  his 
death-bed  or  on  the  eve  of  a  journey). 

Absolve,  barl  k. 

Absorbed,  ijharq-i  khiydl ;  dar  bahr-i  fikr  ; 
vide  Abstracted. 

Absorption,  jazb  (k.) ;  nashf  (k.). 

Abstain,  durl  justan :  ijtindb  k. ;  ihtirdz  k. 
az ;  md  bdyad  az  kdr-i  bad  parhlz  *  kunlm 
(we  should  abstain  from  evil). 

Abstemious,  parhiz-gdr  (sp.  relig.) ;  muhtdt. 

Abstinence,  parhlz  {k.).* 

Abstinent,  vide  Abstemious. 

Abstract,  mujmal;  hhuldsa.  Vide  also  Ab- 
breviation and  Abridgment. 

Abstract,  to,  dar  dvurdan  (steal). 

Abstracted,  majzub  (a  term  applied  to  ab- 
sorption in  contemplation  of  the  Deity ; 
of  darveshes,  etc.). 

Abstraction,  tajarrud  ikhtiydr  k.  (to  lead  a 
recluse  life) ;  gharq-i  fikr  budan  (being  in 
deep  thought) ;  majzubiyyat  (of  der- 
vishes). 

Abstruse,  mughlaq  ;  [daqlq  means  difficult  to 
understand  as  Hafiz ;  the  language  may  be 
simple] ;  mvbham  (obscure ;  doubtful  and 
faulty). 

Absurd,  blhuda ;  bi-jd ;  (it  is  absurd  to  say 
so)  chunln  guftan  bi-khud  (or  'abas)  ast. 

Absurdity,  vide  Impossibility. 

Abundance,  vufur  ;  fardvdnl ;  kasrat ;  ifrat 
(excess)  ;  (take  as  much  as  you  want.  I 
have  plenty  ;  har  qadr  ki  ml-hhipdhld 
bi-glrld  man  ziydd  ddram). 

Abuse,  dushndm{d.) ;  fuhsh  {d.)  (filthy) ;  fuhsh- 
i  Hrzl  or  fuhsh-ipidar  (or  madar)  (obscene 
abuse.) 

Abuse,  to,  bl-jd  or  bl-mahall  sarf  k.  (to  put  to 
an  ill  use). 

Abusive,  bad-zahdn  ;  bad-dahan  ;  fahhash. 

Abyssinia,  H abash. 


1  The  antonym  is  tafrit,  "deficiency." 

2  Dawr-a-dawr  ' '  all  round. ' ' 

3  In  '•  I  have  been  absent  from  Persia  for  two  years,"  or  similar  sentences,  ghayib  cannot  be  used. 

4  Parhlz  would  be  the  word  to  use  for  "  diet  "  in  such  sentences  as  **  What   is  the  diet    to  be  ob- 
served with  this  medicine  ?  " 


Aby 


3 


Ace 


Abyssinian,  "he  is  an  Abyssinian   slave," 

u  (jJnulditiri  Hahashl  ast  or  kaka  sty  ah  aat. 
Acacia,  akakiyd;  gul-i  ahrisliarm   (the   silk 

tasselled  acacia). 
Accede,  anchi  ml-guyam  qabul  mi-kuni  yd 

na?  (do  you  accede  to  my  request  ?). 
Accelerate,  ta'jll  dddan. 
Acceleration,  Ui'jll  {d.). 
Accent,  lahja-yi  u  dar  fdrsi  khub  nlst  (his 

Persian    accent     is    not  good)  ;    talaffu^i 

(pronunciation). 
Accept,     qahul     k.  ;    paziruftan ;    ijdbat    k. 

Vide  Approve. 
Acceptable,    matbu' ;  pasandida ;    marff/iub; 

pasand  dmadan  (to  be — ) ;    matbu'-i  to6'  ; 

in  bi-mizdj-i  pddishdh  sdzgdr-tar  ast;  mat- 

lub  (desired). 
Acceptance,  qabuli  or  qabuliyyat. 
Accepted,  "  he  immediately  accepted  what 

I  said,"  u  fVl-jawr^  sukhan-am  rd  qabul 

kard  or  paziruft  (or  harf-i  mard  shanld). 

"  The  prayers  of  the  oppressed  are  heard 

even   though  they   be   infidels,"  du'd-yi 

mazlumdn  mustajdb  ast  va  ndla-yi  sitam- 

dldagdn  maqbul,  agarchi  kdfir  bdshand. 
Access,  rdh  (gen.)  ;  taqarrub  (to  big  persons). 
Accessible,  sahl'^'l-bdb  (easy    of  access ;   of 

persons) .     Mt-shavad  bi-u  rami  ?  =  dast-ras 

bi-u  ast? 
Accessibility,  sahl^'l-bdbi. 
Accession,  julus  (k.)   (to  throne) ;  bar  takht 

bar  dmadan. 
Accessory,  sharlk.     Vide  Accomplice. 
Accidence,  sarf. 
Accident,  ittijdq  (gen.),  pi.  ittijdqdt;  hddisa 

(bad)  ;  vdqi'a  (gen.  ;   good  or  bad) ;  vide 

Disaster,  Misfortune,  etc. 
Accidental,    itlifdql;    'drizt    (an    attribute; 

impUed ;  also  incidental). 
Accidentally,     ittifdq""  ;    bi-ndddnistagi ;    bi- 

'amd  sahv-l  kardan  ('accidentally  on  pur- 
pose '). 

-clamation,  dfarln  k. ;  marhabd  guftan. 
Acclamatory,  bd-dfarln;  tahniyat-dmiz. 
Acclimatize,  khu  dddan. 
Accommodate,  jd  dddan  (house-room)  ;  khid- 

mat  k.  (obhge) ;  khwdhish  bar  dvurdan 
(meet  your  wishes  in  price  ;  of  a  shop- 
man) ;  isldh  or  ta'dil-i  mundza'a  k.  (accom- 
modate the  dispute). 
Accommodating,  bd-ta'druf  (obliging). 
Accompany,  Aawra/i  (or  Itam-fd  or  bi-ma'iy- 
yat)rajtan ;  Jmmrdhl  A;.'^  (also  =  to  assist); 


rifdqal  k.  (but  with  ddshtan  —  friendship). 
"I  will  not  go  unless  you  accompany 
me,"  bidun-i  skumd  nami-ravam  or  namt- 
ravam  td  ahumd  hamrdh-i  man  na-ydyid ; 
bi-sahdbat-i  u  raflam  ;  In  jur  abrhd  hamisha 
dar  'aqab  bdrdn  ddrad  (this  sort  of  cloud 
is  always  accompanied  by  rain) ;  bd-adz 
liamrdhi  k.  (in  music). 

Accomplice,  Jiam-dast  (on  equal  footing) ; 
vide  Accessory. 

Accomplish,  sar  u  sural  dddan;  bi-jd  dvur- 
dan ;  "I  failed  to  accomphsh  what  I 
wanted,"  bi-murdd-i  khud  na-roMdam  or 
ummid-i  khud  rd  bi-anjdm  na-rasdnidam 
or  maqsud-am  hdsil  na-shud ;  rdh  bi-maqsud 
ydjtam  (I  accomplished  what  I  wanted). 

Accomplishment,  ikhtitdm  or  takmll  (com- 
pletion). 

Accord,  khud  bi-khud  or  bi-pd-yi  khud  (of  its 
own  accord) ;  mutdbiq  sh.  (to  agree  with) ; 
muttafiq"'' r-rdy  (with  one  accord) ;  mutta- 
fiq""  (all  together;  of  action). 

Accordance  with,  in,  muvdfiq ;  bar  vifq  ;  bi- 
niiijib ;  bind  bar  ;  bi-hasb-i. 

According  to,  az  qardr-%  ki  imruz  dar  aUibdr 
didam  (according  to  what  I  saw  in  the 
papers) ;  hasb'^'l-kukm  (according  to  order). 

Accordingly,  bind  bar  %n  (or  dn) ;  li-hdzd; 
li-zd  (m.c.) ;  az  in  ru. 

Accost,  to,  bd  kas-i  m,ukhdtib  sh. 

Account,  gufta;  baydn  (narration) ;  hisdh  (of 
money) ;  ' '  his  accounts  are  quite  clear ' ' 
(to  the  understanding),  hisab-ash  rawshan 
ast;  'ilm-i  siydq  (a  very  complicated 
system  of  keeping  accounts) ;  m,uvd1diaza 
k.  (to  call  to  account). 

Account,  to  be  of,  vide  Formidable. 

Accountable,  mas'ul. 

Accountant,  mukdsib ;  mustawfi  (mil.). 

Account-book,  daftar ;  ruz-ndmcha  (daily). 

Accounted,  "whoever  is  accounted  the  most 
intelligent,  let  him  come  forward,"  khub  ! 
har  kuddm  ki  bd  'aqUtar  mahsub  mi-skavad 
pish  bi-ydyad. 

Accoutred,  musallah  (armed) ;  vide  Ready. 

Accoutrements,  yardq.     Vide  Arms. 

Accrue,  to,  'd*id-i  hdl  sh.  or  vdrid-i  hdl  sh.  (of 
benefit,  profit,  misfortune). 

Accumulate,  fardham  dvurdan  and  shudan  ; 
andukhtan  (of  wealth) ;  jam'  k. 

Accumulation,  ijtimd'  (being  collected). 

Accumulative,  jam'  shudani. 

Accuracy,  sihhat. 


1  Ar.  /*  =  "  in,"  pron.  ft — . 

'  Hamrahl  gen.  means  "  assistance,"  but  also  ♦*  accompanying." 


Ace 


Act 


Accurate,  sahlh. 

Accurately,  sahlh'^" ;  hi-durustl. 

Accursed,  la'ln  ;  maVun;  mardudi^it.  rejected). 

Accusation,  taqnir  or  jurm  {nihadan)  (true) ; 
tuhmat  (bastan  or  zadan)  (false)  ;  ilzam 
(true  or  false) ;  vide  Calumny ,  Backbit- 
ing, Slander ;  maya  hardy-i  kas-%  zadan  (to 
brew  mischief  against,  or  make  false 
charges  against  in  secret). 

Accuse,  muttaham  k.  ;  iflird  bastan  bar — 
(false) ;  "  he  was  accused  of  stealing  from 
his  master,"  jurm-i  duzdi  az  dqd-yash 
zadand  or  jurm  bar  dn  shakhs  nihddand  ki 
mdl-i  dqd-yash  rd  duzdida  ast ;  "I  am 
accused  of  breach  of  promise,  levity,  and 
feebleness  of  judgment,"  man  bi-bad-qawli 
va  Id-ubdli  va  manqasat-i  rdy  mansub  shuda 
am.     Vide  Impute. 

Accused,  mujrim.     Vide  Defendant. 

Accuser,  mudda'i  (in  law) ;  maldmat  zan  (not 
in  law). 

Accustom,  'ddat  dddan;  Tchu  d.  (of  things 
that  are  natural  to  one) ;  ' '  accustom 
yourself  to  read  and  write,"  mashq-i 
khwdndan  va  navishtan  rd  bi-kun. 

Accustomed,  to  be,  dmukhta ;  'ddi;  muHdd 
(rare). 

Ace,  ds  (in  cards). 

Ache,  dard  {giriftan)  (any  pain). 

Achievement,  kdr ;  fi'l;  'amal  (gen.  deed); 
' '  one  of  them  said  the  credit  of  this  is 
with  me,"  yak-%  gufl  ki  chunin  kdr-%  sivd- 
yi  man  ki  mi-tavdnad  bi-kunad?  or  m  jath 
bi-ism-i  man  ast — (Prof.  S.  J.) 

Acid,  tursh  (or  sour ;  of  fruit,  vinegar) ;  dibsh 
(acrid,  q.v.). 

Acidity,  turushi;  turusJii-yi  sina  (acidity  of 
the  stomach). 

Acknowledge,  mu'tarif  sh. ;  iqrdr  k. ;  i'tirdf 
k. ;  plsh-i  shumd  »  v^Alldk  ddrim  (we 
admit  your  superiorty) ;  vide  Surrender. 
"  Had  he  acknowledged  his  fault  I  would 
have  forgiven  him,"  agar  chundnchi  bi- 
iaqslr-i  khud  qd^il  ml-shvd  (or  shuda  bud) 
urd  mi-bakhshidam. 

Acknowledging,  mu'tarif  bi. 

Acknowledgment  izhdr-i  tashakkur  or 
imlindn  (thanks). 

Acme,  u  munlahd-yi  kamdl  ast  (she  is  the 
acme  of  perfection). 

Acorn,  bdlut  for  balliit ;  jaft-i  ballut  (prop, 
the  cup).     Vide  Oak. 


Acquaint,  dgah  k. ;  muttali'  k. ;  i'ldm  k.  ; 
khabar  d. 

Acquaintance,  "he  has  many  acquaintan- 
ces," u  khayli  dshnd  (or  rajlq)^  ddrad, 
"have  you  an  acquaintance  with  any 
one  here  ^  bd-kasi  saldm  'alayk  ddrl  ? 
dgdhi;  'ilm  (knowledge). 

Acquainted,  masbuq  (of  matters);  "I  am 
acquainted  with  them  all, ' '  man  hama  rd 
ml-shindsam ;  "  he  has  made  us  acquaint- 
ed ' '  m,d  rd  bi-ham  dshnd  karda  ast , 
"until  the  darugha  is  fully  acquainted 
with  the  business  he  cannot  carry  through ' ' 
ddru§Lka  id  sar-ash  iu-yi  hisdb  na-bdshad 
nami-tavdn  In  kdr  rd  pish  bi-barad. 

Acquiesce,  rizd  dddan;  rdzi  shudan;  qabul 
k.  or  d. 

Acquiescence,  rizd  and  rizdmandi  (d.) ;  izhdr-i 
qabuliyyat  [k.)  (expression  of). 

hcquixey  anduhhtan,  vt.anduz  (stores,  wealth, 
knowledge) ;  hdsil  k.  ;  u  'ilm-i-ziydd  tahsil 
karda  (or  fard  girijta)  asi,  (he  has  acquired 
great  knowledge) ;  bi-ham  rasdnidan  ;  kasb 
k. ;  iktisdb  k. 

Acquisition,  iaksil  (k.)  and  iktisdb  {k.)  and 
kasb  (k.)  (of  knowledge,  science,  money) ; 
nayl  (of  object). 

Acquit,  "he  was  tried  and  acquitted," 
murdfa'a-yi  u  tamdm  shud  va  chiz-i  bar  u  '^ 
sdbit  na-shud  =  tahqiq-i  urd  kardand  va 
llkin  chunki  chiz-i  sdbit  na-shud  khaldsi 
ydft ;  ru  safid  shudan. 

Acquittal,  rihd^i  (ydftun) ;  ibrd*  (y.). 

Acquittance,  ibrd^-nama  or  azdd-nama  (deed 
of  acquittal)  ;  mafruq-i  hisdb  (of  ac- 
counts) ;  vide  Receipt. 

Acquitted,  mubarra''  (rare) ;  mustakhlas. 

Acrid,  dibsh  (of  fruit ;  also  of  tea) ;  [tursh  or 
turush  ,  acid  or  sour].     Vide  Acid. 

Acrobat,  bdzigar ;  band-bdz  (rope-dancer). 

Across,  dn  taraf-i. 

Acrostic,  muvashshah. 

Act,  majlis  or  parda  (of  a  play).  Vide 
Action. 

Act,  to,  kardan ;  kdr  k. ;  '  amal  k. ;  harakat  k. 
(to  do,  behave,  etc.);  vide  Treat;  kdr  k. 
(of  medicine) ;  "they  acted  the  play  of 
the  Vazir  of  Lankuran  ' '  Bazi-yi  Vazir-i 
Lankurdn  rd  dar  avurdand  (or  birun 
avurdand). 

Action,  fi'l,  pi.  af'dl;  'amal;  kdr;  kirddr ; 
raftdr  or  harakdt  (of  horse) ;   ' '  good  acts 


1  Rafig  is  properly  a  companion. 

2  In  m.c.  bar  is  still  used  with  reference  to  persons  or  societies:  ru  or  ruy  for  things. 


Act 


Adm 


deserve  commendation,' '  kdr-i  khub  layiq-i 
afann  u  tahsin  ast. 

Active,  firz;  chabuk  (in  movement);  ziring 
(in  brain) ;  chust  u  chdldk  (action) ;  "  he  is 
exceedingly  active  in  that  business,"  dar 
dn  kdr  hisydr  chust  u  chdldk  ast;  muta- 
'addi  (gram.). 

Activity,  chdbuki;  ziringi ;  chustl. 

Actor,  taqlid-chi ; '  muqallid  (also  means 
•  mimic  ') ;  bdzigar. 

Actual,  vdqi'%;  haqiqi;  vide  Hypothetical. 

Actually,  fi^l-vdqi' :  fft-haqlqat ;  dar  ma'nq. 

Actuate,  tahrtk  k. 

Acute,  tiz-hush  or  ziring  (in  intellect) ;  shadld 
(of  pain) ;  kdr-bnr  (in  business). 

Ad,  •  Jd* 

Adam,  "the  Angel  of  God  expelled  Adam 
and  Eve  from  the  garden  of  Eden," 
Firishta-i  Khudd  Adam,  va  Hawd  rd  dz 
bihisht  blrun  kard. 

Aden,  'Adan. 

Adapt,  mundsib  k. ;  muvdfiq-i  tabi'at  k. 

Add,  jam'  zadan  (of  figures) ;  [with  kardan  = 
"to  collect"]. 

Adder,  Aft;  mdr-i  ja'fari.^     Vide  Viper. 

Addition,  "  an  addition  to  his  salary  has 
been  granted  to  him,"  dar  mavdjib-ash 
ajzuda  and  ;  \u  izdfa-yi  mavdjib-i  khud  rd 
girifta  ast,  "  he  has  drawn  more  pay  than 
he  was  entitled  to,  or  his  increment]  ;  jam' 
(arithmetic). 

Addle,  Addled,  gandida;  "  that's  an  addled 
egg  ' '  dn  tukhm-i  murgk  laq  ast ;  shift 
(viilg.). 

Address,  "can  you  give  me  his  address, 
Sir  ?  "  dqd,  ml-tavdnid  nishdnx-yash  rd  bi- 
man  bi-dihld?  sar-ndma;  'unvdn  (of  a 
letter)  ;  ddris  (Eur.,  often  used  in  news- 
papers). 

Address,  to,  "  tell  him  not  to  address  me  as 
father  when  speaking  to  me,' '  bi-gu  miydn-i 
mhbat  bi-man  pidar  khitdb  na-kunad. 

Addressing,  ' '  were  you  addressing  me  ?  " 
dyd  bd  man  budid  ?  ' '  No ' '  65  shumd 
na-budam;  mukhdtib  (part.). 

Adduce,  istidldl  k. ;  az  dald^il  istikhrdj  k.  ; 
irdd  *  k.  (cite) ;  dalil  dvurdan  ( — proof). 

Adept,  mdhir  ;  kirm-i  kdr  ;  ustdd-i  kdmil ;  in 
kdr  bar  u  khatm  ast. 


Adhere,  chaspidan;  chasp  ddshtan;  istSdem 
bar  (of  opinion). 

Adherence,  payvastagi  (to  opinion,  etc.) ;  vd 
bastagi  (to  persons). 

Adherent,  dam-ddr ;  Jiavd-khwdh ;  az  vd 
basiagdn.     Vide,  Followers. 

Adhesion,  chaspidagl  (of  things)  ;  pay-rati 
(following)  ;  vd  bastagi  (to  persons). 

Adhesive,  chaspndk ;  chasbu  (vulg.). 

Adieu,  Khudd  hdfi:^  (guflan) ;  aUvidd'  (k.); 
"  to  bid  adieu,"  Khudd  hdfiz^i  k.  ;  or  vid^' 
k,  or  guf tan. 

Adjacent,  muttasilbi — (joined  to) ;  dar  jarnb-i 
or  dar  pahlu-yi — (by  the  side  of,  close  to). 
Vide  Near. 

Adjective,  ism-i  sifat. 

Adjoined,  munzamm  bi — . 

Adjoining,  muttasil  bi — .  Vide  Adjacent, 
Near. 

Adjourn,  multavi  k. ;  bi-ta'^khir  anddhhtan ; 
"  the  meeting  is  adjourned,"  mnjlis  ta'tU 
(or  mawquf)  shud.  Vide  Postpone- 
ment. 

Adjournment,  iltivd. 

Adjudicate,  insdf  k. ;  fayaala  k.  ;  hakam 
shudan  (to  be  umpire). 

Adjure,  qasam  dddan. 

Adjust,  tasfiya  and  tasviya  k. ;  musdlaha  d. 
(reconcile  persons) ;  isldh  k.  ;  "  let  us  first 
adjust  tliis  matter,"  bi-guzdr  awal  raf  va 
ruju'-i  in  kdr  rd  bi-kunim. 

Adjusted,  isldh  shuda ;  tasfiya  ydfta. 

Adjutant,  Ajuddn  (Ft.)  :  Ajuddn-Bdshi  (Ad- 
jutant-general). 

Administer,  iddra  k.  (gen.) ;  vide  Rule. 

Administration,  siydsat  (k.) ;  hukumat  (k.) ; 
iydlat  (k.) ;  nazm  (d.)  (management) ;  mulk- 
rdni  {k.)  (of  king  or  minister). 

Administrator,  ndzim. 

Admirable,  "this  is  admirable  writing,"  in 
khatt  ta'rif  ddrad  or  mumtdz  ant;  \in  kitdb 
khush  khatt  ast,  but  in  mard  khv^h  navis 
ast\;  gharib  (lare  or  admirable). 

Admiral,  daryd-begi;  amir^'l  bahr;  amirdl 
(Eur.). 

Admire,  tahsin  k.  (lit.  to  praise);  "he  ad- 
mired this  book,"  in  kitdb  rd  khayU  paaand 
kard;  "  I  admire  his  learning,"  az  ziyddi- 
yi  'ilm-ash  ta'ajjvb  ml-kunam. 


'   Taqlid  k.  "to  imitate." 

5  The  Arab  tribe  of  *Ad  was  destroyed  for  infidelity  «uid  for  turning  a  deaf  ear  to  the  Prophet 
Hud,  by  a  sufTocating  wind. 

'  These  are  two  species  of  poisonous  snake ;  the  latter  is  popularly  supposed  to  be  blind  and  to 
have  two  horns. 

*  But  trad  giriftan  in  m.c,  '*  to  object  to  an  argument,"  etc. 


Adm 


6 


Adv 


Admission,  dukhul '  (d.) ;  rah  {d.) ;  iqrar  {k.)  ; 
i'tiraf  {k.)  (confession). 

Admit,  mu'tarif  shudan  hi — ;  paziruftan; 
qabul  k. ;  "  I  do  not  admit  it,"  anchi  mi- 
guyi  qabul  na-daram ;  "I  admit  I  am 
somewhat  to  blame,"  man  khud-am  qayil- 
am  bar  In  ki  juz^-i  taqslr  daram;  izn-i 
dukhul  dddan  (to  allow  to  enter)  ;  qabul 
mi-kunam  ki — ,  or  giriftam  ki —  (I  eudmit 
that—). 

Admitted,  musallam  (of  an  argument)  ;  "  is  a 
stranger,  an  outsider,  admitted?"  bigdna 
murakhkhas  (or  ma^zun)  ast  ki  ddkhil  bi- 
shavad ? 

Admonition,  nasihat,  pi.  nasdHh  (k.) ;  pand 
{d.) ;  andurz  (d.).     Vide  Advice . 

Adopt,  Adopted,  rablb  ;  mutabannq  {kardan  ^) 
(law  term;  of  children);  "he  adopt- 
ed him,"  urd  bi-farzandl  har-ddsht;  az 
sar-i  rah  bar  ddshtan  (to  pick  up  and 
adopt)  ;  ikhtiydr  kardan  (of  customs, 
opinions,  etc.) ;  u  rdh-i  bad-%  pish  girifta. 

Adoration,  parastidan  or  parastish  kardan 
(adore  God  or  human  beings;  to  love 
adoringly). 

Adore,  'ibddat  k.  (of  God) ;  sujud  k.  (a 
special  prostration  in  prayer) ;  tasbih 
khwdndan  (praising  God). 

Adored,  ma'bud  (worshipped). 

Adorn,  drdstan,  rt.  drdy ;  drdyish  d.,  zlnat^ 
d. ;  zib  u  zlnat  d. ;  jilva  d.  (all  gen.) ;  vide 
Decorated,  Apparelled. 

Adorned,  muzayyan  (of  persons  or  places) ; 
drdsta  (gen.);  pirdsta  (of  persons)  ;  drdsta 
u  pirdsta  (gen.). 

Adornment,  zinat^  {d.) ;  drdyish  {d.) ;  tazyin 
{k.  or  d.). 

Adrift,  ru-yi  db  vil  shuda. 

Adult,  "he  is  an  adult,"  u  bi-hadd-i  bulugh 
(or  takltf *)  rasida  ast ;  "a  school  for 
adults  has  been  opened,"  madrasa-l  az 
bardy-i  javdnhd-yi  bdligh  bdz  shuda  ast; 
khud  rd  shindkhta  ast  (gen.  refers  to  a 
child  of  about  12  years  of  age). 

Adulterated,  khdlis  nist;  makhlut  (k.)  (lit. 
mixed);  maghshush  (also  alloyed). 

Adulteration,  dmizish  (lit.  mixing). 

Adulterer,  zdni-yi  muhsan  ^  (of  married  man 
with  any  woman,  married  or  not);  zdni 


(also  fornicator) ;  zind-kdr,  adj.  (fornicat- 
ing or  committing  adultery). 
Adulteress,  zdniya ;  zind-kdr  (or  adulterer) ; 
zdniya-yi  muhsana  (married  woman  with 
any  man,  married  or  not). 
Adultery,  zind  or  zind-kdrl  {sdao  iornication) ; 
zind-yi  muhsana  {k.)    (of   a   man  with  a 
married  woman). 
Advance,    taqdim   k.    (of   a   present,    or   an 
opinion) ;  "  he  got  ahead  of  me  in  study," 
dMr  dars  az  man  pnsh  ujtdd ;   ' '  will   you 
advance    me    this    money?"  in    pul   rd 
pishaki    mi-dihid?    pish    raftan     (of     an 
army) ;  jilo  raftan. 

Advance-guard,  pish-qardvul ;  muqaddama- 
t"^l-jaysh;  yazak. 

Advancement,  taraqqi  (promotion  in  rank) ; 
pish-rajt  (in  business). 

Advantage,  sud  (also  interest) ;  sarfa ;  fdHda, 
pi.  iavdHd ;  manfa'at,  pi.  mandfi'  ;  bahra 
(ht.  share);  "what  is  the  advantage? 
az  dn  chi  fd%da  mi-rasad ;  bi-chi  dard-i 
man  mi-khurad  ? 

Advantageous,  ndfi' ;  mufid ;  sud-mand. 

Adventure,  vdqi'a,  pi.  vaqd^i'  ;  sar-guzashi. 

Adverb,^  zarf-i  makdn  (of  place) ;  zarf-i  zamdn 
(of  time). 

Adversary,  raqib  (in  love)  and  harif  (in 
games,  trade,  war)  (opponent,  rival,  qq.v.) ; 
mudda'i  (legal) ;  mubdriz  (in  duel) ;  mukhd- 
lif.     Vide  Enemy. 

Adverse,  mukhulif;  "fortune  is  against 
me,"  bahht-i  man  basta  ast. 

Adversity,  nakbat ;  bad-bahhti;  idbdr ;  "she 
has  for  long  been  in  adversity,"  dn  zan 
muddat-i  madid-i  ^st  ki  dar  musibat  ast. 

Advertise,  ' '  you  had  better  advertise  the 
sale,"''  bihtar  ast  ki  farush-i  dn  rd  shuhrai 
bi-dihid;  i'ldn  k. ;  ikhbdr  namudan  (pub- 
lish) ;  Mhvd-farushi  k.  (to  advertise  oneself). 

Advertised,  i'ldn  shuda. 

Advertisement,  ishtihdr  (rare) ;  i'ldn. 

Advice,  savdb-did;  mashvarat  (d.)  (prop, 
consultation);  in  rd  bi-harf-i  man  kard 
(he  did  this  at  my  advice) ;  az  harf-i  kas-i 
birun  raftan  (to  neglect  the  advice  of) ; 
"  what  is  your  advice  ?  ' '  dar  in  mu'dma- 
la  chi  saldh  mi-ddnid  or  chi  maslahat  m,i- 
binid;  saldh-i  bd  savdb  (good  advice). 


DaJchll,  "  an  intruder  ;  one  who  seeks  refuge  or  protection. " 

Tabannl  k.  "  to  adopt ' '  and  mutabanna  (&.)  "  adopted  "  are  not  used  in  ordinary  speech. 

Zina  in  India  *'  stairs." 

Taklif,  i.e.,  the  age  at  which  he  is  bound  to  perform  religious  duties. 

The  word  zina  legally  includes  fornication;  ziria-kar  can  be  applied  to  a  male  or  female. 

No  word  exactly  corresponding  to  the  English  term.  "^  Haraj  *'  auction." 


Adv 


Age 


Advisable,  "  do  you  think  it  advisable  to  do 
so  ?  "  (iya  shuma  chunin  kdr  kardan  rd 
mt-pasandid  or  rnundsib  mi-ddnid  or  aaldh 
mi-ddnid  '^ 

Advocate,  iaraf  girifian  (take  the  side  of  a 
person). 

Adze,  tisha. 

Afar,  az  dur  ;  az  ba'id. 

Affability,  khush-khulql. 

Affable,  khush-khulq. 

Affair,  kdr ;  amr,  pi.  umur, ;  bdb ;  mu'dmcUa  ; 
mddda ;  kdr  u  bdr ;  pd-yi  man  asl  (that  is 
my  affair). 

Affect,  to,  amr  k.  ;  zuhd  farukhtan  (to  affect 
piety);  'ilm  farukhtan  (to  affect  learning); 
"  his  speech  affects  his  audience,"  dakan- 
nsh  garm  ast  [sard  the  opposite];  vide 
Effective.  "  He  has  affected  you  too,  has 
he  ?  "  nafas-i  (or  bu-yi)  u  bi-shumd  khurda 
ast?  (gen.  used  in  a  bad  sense). 

Affected,  muta\issir  ;  *  'he  affected  great  kind- 
ness for  us,"  zdhir""  mihrbdni-yi  bisydr 
vd  namud  kard  (or  izhdr  kard) ;  khwdh 
sdkhta  khipdh  rdstin  (whether  real  or 
affected). 

Affectedly,  bi-sdkhtagi.     Vide  Oblique. 

Affecting,  mu^assir ;  "this  is  an  affecting 
story,"  in  qissa  dar  hama  kas  asar  mi- 
kunad ; '  anduh-ndk  ast,  it  is  a  sad  story. 

Affection,  mahabbat ;  mihr ;  dil-bastagi; 
uns ;  idfat ;  ' '  natural  affection  did  not 
permit  that — ,"  hvbb-i  shir  va  taqdzd-yi 
nutfa  ^  na-guzdsht  ki — . 

Affianced,  ndm-zad  (of  man  or  of  woman). 

Affinity,  nisbat ;  barq  'dshiq-i  dhan  ast 
(lightning  has  an  affinity  for  iron);  dh/in 
tab''""dshiq-i  maqndtis  ast;  db  bd  rug^an 
id  fat  na-ddrad. 

Affirm,  "  he  affirmed  the  truth  of  it,"  u  bi- 
taior-i  yaqin  guft  ki  in  sukhan  sahih  ast; 
bi-tawr-i  muhaqqiq  guftan. 

Affirmative,  musbat. 

Affix,  ilhdq  k.  (at  the  end).  Vide  Append, 
Place,  etc. 

Afflicted,  muaibat-zada ;  dzdr-dida ;  ^am- 
zada;  "  he  was  much  afflicted  (upset)  on 
hearing  the  news,"  az  shunidan-i  in  khabar 
bisydr  jxirishdn  (or  muztarib)  shvd;  diU 
ash  khayli  suhht  (grieved) ;  giriftdr  or 
mvbiald  (by  disease,  pain,  etc.) 

Affliction,  ghamm  (khurdan).  Vide  Grief, 
Misfortune. 


Affluence,  lamawtd-i  ziydd ;  sarvat-i  ziydd ; 
ziyddati-yi  mdl ;  dawlat-i  hanguft. 

Affluent,  n.,  shdkh  or  shu'ba  of  a  river) ;  adj. 
mustagAni  (of  wealth;  also  =  independent 
of-).    _ 

Afford,  dddan ;  maqdarat  ddshtan ;  "  I  can- 
not afford  to  give  such  high  wages," 
az  quwatri  man  bar  nami-dyad  ki — ;  or 
maqdur-am  nist  ki — ;  or  imkdn-i  (or 
iqtiddr-i  or  tavdnd-yi) — naddram  ;  "  kindly 
afford  me  your  assistance,"  marhanuU 
farmuda  mdrd  kumak  bi-farmdytd  or 
iltifdt  karda  himdyat  (lit.  protection) 
bi-farmdyid ;  "  a  poor  man  cannot 
afford  meat,"  faqir  dust-ash  numi-rasad  ki 
gusht  bi-khurad;  man  taddruk-i  nigdh 
ddshtan-i  chdr  asp  na-ddram  or  kharj-i 
nigdh  ddshtan-i  chdr  asp  rd  nami-tamnam 
mutahammil  shavam  (I  cannot  afford  to 
keep  four  horses) ;  az  man  nami-dyad  ki 
sad  tumdn  zarar  bi-kunam.     Vide  Means. 

Affront,  khiffat  dddan;  "I  don't  wish  to 
affront  him,"  maw  nami-khwdham  bi-ii 
zillat  bi-diham ;  or — ki  az  man  ranjish-t 
hdsil  kunad  (offend  him).     Vide  Slight. 

Afghan,  Afghan,  pi.  Afdghina. 

Afghanistan,  Afgjidnistdn. 

Afraid,  to  be,  khawf  or  tars  ddshtan ;  "  I  am 
afraid  to  go  there,"  az  tars  dnjd  nami- 
ravam  or  mi-tarsam  ki  dnjd  bi-ravam; 
zahra-at  na-ravad  (do  not  be  afraid) ; 
jdn-am  mi-larzad  (m.c).     Vide  To  fear. 

Afraid,  (adj.),  tars-ndk ;  Uid^if. 

Afresh,  az  sar-i  naiv;  mujaddad"*;  mukarrar. 

Africa,  Afriqd. 

After,  pas  az ;  ba'd ;  ba'd  az  (of  time) ; 
dar'aqab,  or  'aqab  (of  place);  dumbal; 
pay  or  az  pay  (following) ;  pushi-i  ham 
(closely  following,  one  after  the  other) ; 
ba^d  az  dn-ki  (after  that,  when). 

After-birth,  mashima  (gen.,  of  humans  or 
animals). 

Afternoon,  ba^d  az  ^ithr ;  ba'd  az  zaval;  'asr 
(2  to  4  o'clock). 

Afterwards,  ba'd  az  an;  pas  az  an;  min 
ba'd. 

Again,  bdz ;  digar ;  dvrbdra  (a  second  time) ; 
yak  bdr-i  digar  (once  again). 

Against,  bar-zidd-i — ;  bar  khildf-i — . 

Agape,  dahan-bdz. 

Age,  "  that  girl's  age  is  not  more  than  ten,' ' 
dn  dukhtar  dah  sal  bishtar   na-ddrad  or 


For  joy  or  sorrow. 

NiUja  •'  sperma  hominis  "  is  in  m.c.  often  used  for  "stock,  descent." 


Age 


8 


Air 


'umr-i  an  dukhtar  btshtar  az  dah  sal  nist 
(the  latter,  however,  might  signify  that 
she  would  not  live  beyond  ten) ;  "he  said 
four  of  them  are  of  middle  age  and  one  is 
young,"  guft  chahdr  kdmil-and  va  yak-i 
javdn ' ;  vide  Turned  ;  az  fart-i  skaykhu- 
khiyyat  (or  ziyddati-yi  sinn)  az  chashm  nd- 
bind  qasht  (he  lost  his  sight  through  age) ; 
zamdn:  'ahd,  pi.  'uhud;  'asr  (time),  vide 
Ages. 

Aged,  sdlrkhurda ;  musinn ;  mu'ammar.  Ham- 
^umr ;  ham-sinn  (adj.;  of  the  same  age). 

Agent,  vakil ;  kdr  parddz  * ;  vakil-i  siydsi 
(Political  Agent) ;  fd'il  (gram.  term). 

Ages,  duhur,  pi.  of  dahr ;  'uhud,  pi.  of  'ahd. 
Vide  Age. 

Aggravate,  afzudan  or  ziydd  k.  (to  make 
more) ;  bad-tar  sdkhtan. 

Aggregate,  in  the,  sar-i  ham  rafta  or  ru-yi 
hamrafta;  majmu'"". 

Aggression,  avval  dast-dardzi  (or  dardz-dasti) 
k.  ;  iqddm  k.  bi — . 

Aggressive,  u  hamisha  hamla  mi-kunad. 

Agile,  firz ;  chdldk ;  chust  (active,  q.  v.) 

Agility,  iirzl.     Vide  Activity. 

Agitate,  vide  To  shake ;  khud  rd  parishdn  k. 
or  bi-tashvish  anddkhtan  or  dast  u  pd  z.  (to 
agitate  oneself). 

Agitated,  parishdn;  muztarib ;  bd-taldsh 
(m.c.) ;  dast-pdcha  (m.c.)  (to  lose  one's 
head) ;  dil-ash  tapidan  girift ;  tars  bar  u 
mustawli  shud  (fear  overcame  him). 

Agitation,  parishdni ;  taldsh  (m.o.) ;  iztirdb ; 
tashvish  (anxiety  of  mind) ;  dast-pdchagi  ; 
dshuftagi  (of  anger) ;  junibish  (of  things) ; 
jush  (of  water) ;  tamawuj  (of  water,  air). 

Agitator,  fina-angiz  ;  mufsid. 

Agony,  sakardt  or  jdn-kandani  (of  death) ; 
naz'  (ditto). 

Agree,  to,  rdzi  shudan ;  muvdfaqat  namu- 
dan;  sdzgdr  sh.  (of  climate,  food,  etc.); 
' '  I  agree  ' '  dnchi  mi-guyi  qabul  mi-kunam  ; 
they  agreed  upon  a  rendezvous,  bd  yak 
digar  mi'ad-i  guzdshtand^  (or  qardr 
dddand) ;  ittifdq-i  kalima  ast  (all  agree) ; 
muttafiq"^'l-katima  and  bar  in  ki — . 

Agreeable,  pasandida  (gen.) ;  Idmsh-maza  (of 
taste,  or  of  companion,  or  story);  "  he's 
an  agreeable  companion,"  rafiq-i  khush- 


suhbatri  'st;  musdhib-i  khub-i  '  st ;  'dlam-i 
khush-i  bud  (it  was  very  agreeable;  of  a 
party,  etc.). 

Agreement,  qawl  u  qardr  (oral) ;  qardr  u 
maddr  (gen.);  "what  agreement  did  you 
make  with  him  ?  "  bd  H  chi  qardr  guzdshta 
budid  (gen.) ; — chi  qardr-ndmori  navishta 
budid  ?  (written  only) ;  qardr  dad  (oral  or 
written) ;  iitijdq  (opp.  to  strife). 

Agriculture,  kisht-kdri ;  zird'at;  falahat; 
kishtrvarzi ;  vazir-i  zird'at  (Minister  of 
Agriculture). 

Agriculturist,  dihqdn  (villager) ;  za'im  (vulg.) ; 
kisht-kdr ;  falldh;  zdri'. 

Ague,  tab-i  larz  (vulg.,  tab-u  larz) ;  nawba- 
yi  duzda  (a  kind  of  ague:  slight). 

Ah,  dh  or  akh  (for  pain).     Vide  Alas. 

Ahead,  jilo ;  pish ;  dar  pish. 

Aid,  madad  {k.) ;  imddd  (k.) ;  kumak  {k.) ; 
ydri  (k.) ;  dast-g'iri  (k.) ;  pushti  (k.) ; 
musd'adat  (k.) ;  i'dnat  {k.). 

Aide-de-camp,  ndzim^i  khalvat  (A.D.C.  in 
waiting):  nd'^ib  djuddn  (Shah's  Diary); 
ydwar  T.  (or  a  Major  ?). 

Aider,  ydvar ;  dast-gir  (in  good  sense) ;  ndsir 
(gen.  of  God) ;  ham-dasi  (sp.  in  a  bad 
sense) ;  mu'in  (good  or  bad).     Vide  Ally. 

Aigrette,  7 ig-a *  (of  Shah);  tita  (a  jewelled 
ornament  worn  in  the  hair  by  women). 

Ailment,  ' illat  (slight) :  nd-khv^hi  &nd  maraz 
(sickness,  q.  v.). 

Aims,  vide  Object. 

Aim,  nazar  bastan ;  nishdna  giriftan ;  nishdn 
bastan:  tir  bi-tdriki  anddkhtan  or  tu-yi 
buta  anddkhtan  (to  fire  without  any  aim, 
aimlessly). 

Aimless,  bi  sar  u  pd  zindagi  k.  (to  lead  an 
aimless  life;  also,  to  be  not  respectable). 

Aimlessly, misl-i  shutur-i  bi-mahdr,  vide  To  aim. 

Air,  "The  air  (climate)  of  the  city  is  un- 
healthy," havd-yi  shahr  khayU  nd-sdzgdr 
(or  nd-sdlim)  ast;  "the  weather  has 
cleared,"  havd  bdz  shudaast;  navd  (me- 
lody).    Vide  Face,  Appearance,  State. 

Airs,  ' '  from  the  airs  you  give  yourself  one 
would  suppose  you  wers  the  vazir,"  an 
qadar  bdd  bi-khud  mi-dihi  ki  guyd  vazir-i ; 
qdrl  u  qurl  (commanding  airs ;  lording  it) ; 
vide  Bag. 


1  Javav,,  between  16  and  40  for  a  man,  and  12  to  25  for  a  woman. 

2  But  kar-guzar,  a  foreign  oflSce  official. 

3  Mi'ad,  "  place  or  time    of   promise";    more    commom, /a-y»  mW'ayyan  (for  place),   and   vaqt-i 
mu'ayyan  or  mawHd-i  mu'ayyan  (for  time). 

♦  Birjiqa-yi  aaltarmt  agar  az  sar-i  in  bi-guzaram,  "  I  swear  by  my  royal  aigrette  I   won't  forgive 
him.         (Shah's  oath).     Governors  often  take  an  oath  "  bi-jlqoryi  Shah." 


Air 


9 


All 


Air-gun,  lufang-i  badt. 

Air-tight,  havd-khali  (m.c;  for  tinned  stores) ; 
bi-manfaz. 

Airy,  6a  rawh ;  khush-havd;  havd-gir  (of 
room,  etc.)  ;  vide  Light. 

Akimbo,  dast  bi-kamar  (with  both  arms) ;  kaj 
u  chula  (one  arm  akimbo  and  body  lean- 
ing to  that  side). 

Alabaster,  rukhdm-i  nartn. 

Alarm,  vide  To  frighten ;  khabar  dddan ;  sadd 
zadan ;  biddr  kardan,  etc.,  (to  give  the 
alarm). 

Alarming,  pur  az  Jchawf ;  haybat-angiz. 

Alarum  (clock),  sd'at-i  shamvidta;  sd'at-i 
blddr-kun  (vulg.). 

Alas,  kayhdi;  "alas  for  him,"  hayf-i  u ; 
"  what  a  pity  this  is  not  true,"  afsus  ki 
In  hama  rdst  nlst ;  "I  pity  tliy  know- 
ledge," hayf  bar  'ilm-i  ki  bd  hist  (profi- 
cient m  learning  but  deficient  in  morals). 

Albino,  iiqun  (prop,  the  '  white  goshawk ' 
but  applied  also  to  the  albino  of  any 
species  of  bird;  vide  Hawk). 

Alchemist,  klmiyd-gar. 

Alchemy,  kimiyd  (but  in  mod.  Persian 
usually  "chemistry");  'ilm-i  makhfi-yi 
kimiyd  ;  san'aUi  hall  u  'aqd. 

Alcohol,  alakul. 

Alcove,  tdq-numd ;  suffacha  and  suffa  and  shdh- 
nishxn  (a  bench  and  sometimes  an  alcove). 

Alembic,  al-amblq  or  arnbiq ;  qararnbiq. 

Alert,  hushydr  (also  'sober ') ;  biddr ;  hamtsfm 
ddr  kdr-ash  biddr  ast ;  vide  Clever. 

Alexander,  Iskandar  or  Sikandar. 

Algebra,  al-jabr ;  jabru  muqdbala. 

Ali,  'Ali:  'Alavi  (descendant  of  Ali).' 

Alien,  khdriji  (of  religion  or  nation). 

Alienated,  to  be,  bigdna  sh. ;  judd  ah. 

Alight,  to,  nuzai  k.  (from  heaven ;  also  of  a 
big  person). 

Alighting,  piydda  sh.  or  pdyin  (or  jarud) 
dmadan  (from  horse  or  carriage). 

Alike,  mushdbih  ;  ' '  these  two  are  very  much 
alike,"  in  du  bd  yak  digar  kkayli  shabih 
and  (or  shabdhat  ddrand)  or  misUi  ham 
and;  hama  yak-sdn  and  (they're  all 
exactly  alike,  the  same). 


Aliment,  ifAizd,  pi.  agtziya. 

Alive,  zinda  ;  jdn-ddr  ;  zi-haydt  ;  mutanaffis-i 
bdqi  na-mdnd  (not  a  soul  remained 
alive). 

Alkali,  qaliyd. 

All,  hama  (pi.  hamgindn  and  hamrkundn^) ; 
tamdm  (the  whole,  q.v.) ;  az  chahdr  taraf 
sharirdn  va  mufsiddn  ear  bar-ddshland- — 
Prof.  S.  T.  (sedition  appeared  on  all 
sides) ;  kamagi  rajtim  bi-bd^  (we  all  went 
to  the  garden) ;  jamV  ;  sdHr  (also  meann 
'*  others,  the  rest  ") ;  az  tah  put  na-ddravi 
(I've  no  money  at  all) ;  in  ast  va  has  (and 
that's  all). 

Allayed,  taskin-ydfta. 

Allegation,  da'vq,  (may  be  true  or  false) ; 
tuhmat  (false  charge) ;  vide  Charge. 

Allegiance,  farmdn-barddri  and  itd'at  {k.) 
(obedience) ;  haqq-i  namak  (ddshian) ;  bay- 
'at  {k.)  (oath  of  allegiance). 

Allegory,  masal  bi-tariq-i  ramz  va  mabni  bar 
murd'dt-i  nazir. 

Aleppo,  Halab. 

Alleviate,  to,  takhfij  k.  or  d. ;  laskin  d. 

Alley,  pas-kucha  (a  back-street) ;  kucha-yi 
bun-basta  or  kucha-yi  basta  (a  blind  alley) ; 
kucha-yi  dar  no-raw  (ditto). 

All-fours,  on,  bi-chdr  dast  u  pd. 

Alliance,  mu'dJiada  {k.  or  bastan) ;  muvdsala 
(k.)  (in  marriage) ;  the  two  kings  made  an 
alliance,  har  du  pddishdh  ham^'ahd  va 
paymdn  *  shvdand ;  vide  Treaty. 

Allies,  vide  Ally. 

Alligator,  ''alligators  are  common  in  the 
Nile,"  limsdh  dar  Rud-i  Nil  fardvdn  ast; 
ndhang  or  nihang  (prop,  shark,  q.v.). 

Alliteration,*  saf  u  qdfiya  ;  tajnis-i  qdfiya. 

All-knowing,  'dlim^i  kidl  (of  God  only) ;  vide 
All- wise. 

Allot,  qismat  d. ;  taqsim  k. :  vide  Divide. 

Allowed,  mu'ayyan  (fixed). 

Allow,  rukhsat  or  ijdzat  or  izn  d. ;  vide 
Admit;  "  allow  me  to  a<;company  you," 
bi-guzdr  liamrdh-i  shumd.  bi-ydyam  (but 
hamrdh-i  u  bi-ravam) ;  "don't  let  him  be 
late,"  na-guzdr  bi-ta^'Uiir  bi-yuftad;  in  du 
nafar  rd  ^  bi-guzdr  bi-ravand  (allow  these 


1  Sayyid,  a  doscendaat  of  the  Prophet  through  his  daughter  Faf^ma  and  'Alt;  and  M/au'i,  a 
descendant  of  *Ali  by  any  of  his  other  wives. 

5  Ham-kunan  is  properly  the  plural  of  ham-kun. 

8  Ham  understood  before  payman. 

*  There  is  no  corretponding  word.  Saj'  is  properly  rhymed  prose  and  qafiya  is  rhynie.  Mai  u 
hal  and  ainn  u  aal  would  both  come  under  the  terms  used. 

i  Note  the  ra  after  a  numeral ,  nafar  being  made  definite  by  in.  In  du  nafar  ru  raftan  dihid 
( Afghan). 


All 


10 


Alw 


two  men  to  go) ;  [hargiz  tan  dar  nami- 
diham,  I  won't  agree  or  submit]. 

Allowable,  mujdz;  ma^zun ;  rava ;  muhah 
(relig.). 

Allowance,  "I  give  him  an  allowance  of 
three  tumans  a  month , "  si  tuman  mahana 
bi-u  rm-diham ;  vazifa  or  mustamarri 
(pension)  ;  najaqa  (a  subsistence  in  money 
or  food) ;  vajh-i  kafaf  (money  sufficient  to 
live  on) ;  vide  Share. 

Allowed,  vide  Allowable. 

Alloy,  dakhili  {guzdshtan  or  k.) ;  chashnl 
[guzashtan) ;  har  (a  jewellers'  word)  ; 
dniizish  (k.)  ;  dldyish  {k.). 

Alloyed,  maTMut ;  maghshusli ;  kkdlis  nist. 

All-sufficient,  mustac^ni  (gen.  of  God;  also 
independent). 

Allude,  ishdra  {k.)  ;  "by  this  expression  I 
think  he  alluded  to  you,"  az  in  Hbdrat 
khiydl  ml-kunam  kindya  hi-shumd  dmad  or 
az  in  taqrir  gusha  hi-shumd  zad. 

Allure,  to,  jariftan,  rt.  farib ;  pd-yi  mulldydn 
rd  niz  bi-dukdn-i  khud  kushud  (he  allured, 
attracted,  even  Mullas  to  his  shop) ;  bi- 
ddm  kashidan. 

Allured,  farib-khurda ;  vide  Deceived. 

Alluring,  jdlib  (of  sural) ;  dil-farib  (of  men 
or  women) ;  dil-ruhd  (of  women) ;  vide 
Attractive. 

Allusion,  kindya;  ishdra;  talmih  (rhet.). 

All-wise,  ' Alldm"'l-(j[huyub  ;  vide  All- know- 
ing. 

Ally,  muttafiq  (gen.) ;  or  ham  dast  (sp.  in 
bad  sense)  (i.e.,  assistant,  etc.);  duval-i 
mutahdbba  (allies) ;  qushun-i  muttahida 
(the  allied  armies) ;  vide  Aider. 

Almanac,  taqvim,  pi.  taqdmm. 

Almighty,  Qddir-i  mutlaq. 

Almond,  hdddm ; '  [bdddmi,  the  colour  of 
almond-skin,  i.e.,  the  colour  of  English 
bridle-leather] ;  chaghdla  (green  and  un- 
ripe) ;  bdddm-i  kdghazi  (Jordon  almond) ; 
nuqt-i  bdddm  (sugared  almond) ;  bdddm-i 
talkh  (bitter  almond). 

Almost,  qarib  ;  kam  mdnd  or  mdnda  bud  ki — 
(followed  by  Pres.  Subj.). 

Alms,  sadaqa  (cash  or  kind)  ;  khayrdt  (all 
kinds  of  good  works) ;  giving  alms  wards 


off    calamities,    tasadduq    raf'-i   bald  ^st^ ; 

zakdt  ( legal). 
Aloe,  darakht-i  sabr. 
Aloes,  'ud  (wood,  for  burning)  ;  sahr-i  zard; 

sabr-i  ^  saqutri  (Socotra  aloes). 
Alone,  tanhd ;  mujarrad  ;  I  and  my  mother 

are  alone,  waw-am  va  mddar-am ;  tan-i  tanhd 

(all  alone);  bu-guzdr!    (let  me   alone  !)  = 

dast  az  sar-am  bi-kash  ;  dast  az  dil-am  bar- 

ddr  (said  by  one  in  grief). 
Aloud,    buland    bi-gu  td  bi-shnavam   (speak 

up  so  that  I  may  hear)  [zir-i  lab  *  guftan 

(to     speak   low    and    indistinctly    or    to 

grumble);  jdvidan  (to  speak  indistinctly)]. 
Alphabet,  kuruf-i  tahajji;  "I  have  not  yet 

learnt  the  alphabet,  hanuz  alii  bd  rd  ydd 

na-girifta  am. 
Already,   pish  az  in  ;  hdld ;  hanuz ;  ' '  have 

you  come  already  ?  "  bi-tn  zudi  dmadi? 
Also,  ham;   niz ;   not    only — but   also,    vide 

Both ;  ayi""  ^. 
Altar,  qurbdn-gdh ;  mazbak  (also  that  part  of 

the  throat  that  is  cut  when  slaughtering 

animals):  mihrdb  (the  arch  in  a  mosque). 
Alter,   Alteration,  taghyir'^  dddan ;  tabdil  k. 

(to  change  for  or  excliange) ;  mubaddal  sh. , 

intr. 
Altercation,  mundza'a   {k.) ;  qil   u   qdl   [k.) ; 

mujddala  (k.) ;  vide  Fight  and  Quarrel. 
Altered,   "  it  is  now  finished  and   cannotbe 

altered,"  hdld  tamdm   shud  taghyir  ddda 

nami-shavad. 
Alternately,  nawbabi-nawba  (in  turns) ;  yak-i 

ba'd-i  digar-i   (one   after   the    other) ;    in 

davd   rd  yak  ruz  ba'd-i  yak  ruz  bi-hhur 

(take  this  medicine  every  other  Aa,y  =  yak 

ruz  dar  miydn — ). 
Alternative,  cMm  ;  Hldj ;  shaqq-i  digar. 
Although,  agarchi  ;  va-law ;  har   chand  ;   bd 

vujud-i  ki ;   harchi  gasht    paydd   na-kard 

(search  as   he   would   he   could    not   find 

Altitude,  bulandi ;  irtifa'. 

Altogether,      jami'""  ;       bi-kulli     (wholly) ; 

tamdm""' ;  az  sar  td  pd. 
Alum,   zdj-i   safid ;  vulg.  zdq-i  safid ;  shabb 

(med.). 
Always,    hamisha ;    hamvdra    or    hamdra ; 


1  A  mistress's  eyes  are  compared  to  a  badam. 

2  Qadam-i  ahuma  raf'-i  bala  aat  is  said  to  a  holy  person. 

5  Properly  sahir. 

*  Zlr-i  lah  or  yavash,  "  in  a  low  voice." 

*  To  abuse  the  reply  may  be  aiz""  = "  to  you  also. ' ' 

6  ^^jj>a3  but  jJjAj  taghayyur,  "  rage.  " 


Ama 


11 


Ana 


ddyim'*" ;  hamisha  awqdt ;  hama  vaqt ; 
mudam;  paymsla ;  vide  Continually,  Con- 
tinuously. 

Amalgam,  mahjhfim  (an  admixture  of  mer- 
cury and  another  metal) ;  mala^ma. 

Amanuensis,  kdtih ;  rdqim. 

Amass,  jam'  k.  ;  fardham  dvurdan  (to 
collect);  arulukhtan  (for  wealth);  tudu  k. 
(ht.  to  pilfc  in  heaps). 

Amassed,  andukhta  ;  fardliam  dmada. 

Amateur,  tajannurii  (adj.) ;  'akkds-i  taf an- 
num (amateur  photographer) ;  dars  khwdn- 
dan-dm  tafannuni'st  (I  study  for  pleasure 
only) 

Amazed,  mufahayyir  (sh.);  mdt  (sk.)  ;  mdt-am 
ml  harad  (I  am  amazed) ;  I  am  amazed 
at  your  account,  az  jam'-i  hisdb-i  shuma. 
khayli  mdt  shudam ;  dang-am  girift ; 
hayrdn  (bewildered)  ;  az  dar  dmxidan-i 
shab  dar  an  biydbdn  hayrdn  u  sar-garddn 
mdndam. 

Amazement,  hayrat-zadagi ;  hayrdni  u  sar- 
garddni  (bewilderment) ;  vide  Wonder. 

Ambassador,  safir,  pi.  sufard;  llchi  (minis- 
ter) ;  safir-i  kablr  (Ambassador  Extraordi- 
nary). 

Amber,  kdh-rubd  (lit.  "  attracting  straw  ") ; 
kdk-rubd^,  adj. 

Ambergris,  'arnbar ;  mu'ambar,  p.p.  (per- 
fumed with — ). 

Ambi-dexter,  du-dastl,  adj. 

Ambiguity,  ibhdm. 

Ambiguous,  mvbJiam  ;  mushtabih. 

Ambition,  buland-himmatl ;  'uduvv-i  hirnmat ; 
hawsala-yi  buland  ddrad  (all  in  a  good 
sense). 

Ambitious,  designing  and  ambitious  men, 
mardumdn-i  mudabbir  va  dunyd-talab ; 
buland  himmat ;  'dli-himmat;  buland- 
nazar. 

Amble,  to,  "  this  donkey  ambles  well,"  in 
vMgh  khub  yurgha  mi-ravad. 

Ambling,  subs.,  yurqa  or  yurgha  rajtan. 

Ambush,  kamin ;  dar  kamin-i  dhu  nishista 
budand  ;  kamtTi-gdh  (place  of  ambush). 

Amend,  to,  isl^h  k.  or  bi-ialdh  d. ;  tashih  k. 
(to  correct) ;  ta'dll  k.  (for  law  or  writings)  ; 
lahvir  k.  (a  law  term). 

Amends,  mukdfdt  (d.  or  k.) ;  ^ivaz  {d.) ; 
taldfi  {k.). 

America,  Yangl  ^-Dunyd. 

Amethyst,  ydquUi  kabud  ;  jamasht. 


Amicable,  khush-akhldq  (civil) ;  ahafiq. 

Amidst,  vide  Among, 

Amity,  dUsti ;  mihr  ;  mavaddat  (affection)  ; 
ittihdd  (unity)  ;  bdluim  bi-aar  burdan  or 
bi-ittifdq  zistan  (to  live  in  amity). 

Ammunition,  dtash-khdna  (prop,  magazine) ; 
gulula  u  bdrut ;  asbdb-i  jang  or  dldUi  razm 
(arms  and  ammunition) ;  yardq  or  laddru- 
kdtri  jang  (munitions  of  war). 

Amnesty,  'afv-i  'dmm ;  amdn. 

Among,  dar  miydn-i —  or  miydn-i —  ;  md- 
bayn. 

Amorous,  zud  'dshiq ;  'dshiq-mizdj ;  'ishq- 
bdz  (of  gestures,  actions,  etc.). 

Amount,  miqddr  (quantity) ;  "  the  amount 
is  altogether  500  rupees,"  hisdb^  id  pdn- 
sad  rUpiya  mi-rasad ,  "what  is  the  total 
amount,"  jam'-i  hisdb-at  chtst  or  jumla 
chi  qadr  shuda  ast  ? 

Ample,  fardvdn  ;  vast'  (of  space) ;  vide  Much 
and  Sufficient. 

Amplification,  bast-i  kaldm  (k.  ord.);  tawsi'-i 
kaldm  {k.  or  d.)  ;  vide  Exaggeration. 

Amplitude,  fardvdnl ;  vufitr ;  ziyddatl ; 
kushadagt  and  viis'at  (of  space). 

Amputate,  buridan  ;  qaV  k. 

Amputated,  maqtu'. 

Amputation,  qat\ 

Amulet,  du'd ;  hirz ;  ta'viz;  hamdSl  (sus- 
pended from  neck). 

Amuse,  tamdshd  k.  (amuse  oneself  by  see- 
ing) ;  in  jur  chlzrhd  iskdn  rd  vnashghul  mi- 
ddrand  (these  things  amuse  them) ; 
sdzanda  u  navdzanda  mufarrih-i  qvlub-i 
Imma  mardum  ast  (singers  and  dancers 
amuse  all  ranks)  ;  "  amuse  yourself  a 
little  by  walking  in  the  gaiden,"  qadr-i 
dar  bdgk  tajarruj  bi-kun,  gardish  bi-kun. 

Amusement,  tafarruj  ;  mashghuliyyat ;  tafar- 
ruj-gdh  (place  of  amusement) ;  tamdsha- 
khdna  (theatre,  etc.). 

Amusing,  khus/i-maza  (of  people). 

Anagram,  taqlib ;  tahrCf ;  vide  Palin- 
drome. 

Analize,  vide  Analysis. 

Analogy,  qiyds  (also  a  syllogism). 

Analysis,  tajziya  (k.). 

Anarchist,  fawzavi  (mod.). 

Anarchy,  ikhtildl ,  harj  u  marj  ;  bi-siydsi ; 
faivzq. 

Anathema,  la'nat  (k.)  (of  God,  high  priest, 
etc.) ;  nafrin  (k.)  (ordinary  curse). 


>    Yangl,  T.  "  new." 

'2  Barat  (properly  bara^at),  "  bill  of  exchange." 


Siyaha  "list." 


Ana 


12 


Ano 


Anatomy,  'ilm-i  tashrlh ;  [tashrih  alone,  dis- 
section; tashrlh-i  murda,  '  skeleton  ']. 

Ancestors,  dbd  u  ajddd ;  asldf,  pi. of  salaf, 
which  is  Collec. 

Ancestral,  ajdddi ;  dbd^i. 

Ancestry,  nasab  (family,  lineage)  ;  asl 
(origin). 

Anchor,  langar  {anddkhtan  and  bar  dashtan). 

Ancient,  qadim. 

Ancients,  pishtniyan  ;  mutaqaddimm ;  bas- 
tdniydn  (rare). 

Anecdote,  qissa  or  hikdyat  (story) ;  laUfa  (a 
witty  or  amusing  story)  ;  naql. 

Anemone,  shaqdHq  (a  name  also  given  to 
the  poppy). 

Angel,'  the  Angel  of  Death  comes  to  all, 
'Izrd^il  (or  Malak"  'l-Mawt)  jdn-ifiama  kas 
rd  mi-gtrad  or  dkhir  ajal-i  hama  kas  ml- 
rasad  (ajal  is  the  appointed  time  of 
death) ;  firishta ;  malak,  pi.  maldHka  ;  Mun- 
kar  u  Naklr,  or  dual  Nakirayn  (the  two 
angels  who  visit  the  corpse  in  the  grave).   , 

Angelic,  firishta-sifat  (i.e.,  sinless). 

Anger,  ^bashm  or  ghayz  (anger)  ;  ijhazab 
(wratli)  ;  qahr  (anger;  also  sulks). 

Angle,  gusha  (corner) ;  kham-gird  (vulg.) ; 
zdviya ;  zdviya-yi  qdyima  (right  angle) ; 
zdviya-yi  hddda  (acute  angle) ;  zdviya-yi 
munfarija  (obtuse  angle);  'amudi  (adj.,  at 
right  angles). 

Angler,  mdhi-glr  (gen.) :  sayydd  (gen.  of  any 
sport). 

Angry,  mutaghayyir  (sh.);  does  this  anger 
you  ?  In  sukhan  shumd  rd  khashm-ndk  rm- 
kunad  ?    ghayz  ddrad. 

Angry,  to  get,  kaj  khulq  sh.  (be  put  out, 
cross) ;  az  u  qahr-am  (I'm  angry  with 
him) ;  khashm-ndk  sh. ;  bar  dshujta  sh. ; 
bi-ghayz  dmadan ;  darham  sh. ;  az  jd  dar 
drnadan  (get  angry,  get  excited,  upset). 

Anguish,  dar  ghdyal-i  'azdb  budan. 

Aniline,  vide  Dye. 

Animal,  jdnvar ;  hay(a)vdn  :  bi-zaban  ;  zaban- 
basta  ;  hay{a)vdn-i  ahll  (domestic)  ;  an  ruz 
jdnvar-hd  dar  takallum  khwdhand  dmad  ; 
daranda  (beast  of  prey). 

Animate,  zi  ruh  va  ghayr-i  z%  ruh  (animate 
and  inanimate). 

Animate,  to,  zinda  k.  (lit.  and  met.) ;  ruh  d. 
(to  restore  to  life). 


Animating,  ummld-i  pul  muharrik-i  in  sar- 
garrni  ast  ;  ruh-bakhsh. 

Animation,  garm  mi-guyad  (he  speaks  with 
animation) ;  vide  Coldness. 

Animosity,  bad-khwdhl  (ill  will) ;  bugkz  or 
kina ;  hiqd'^  (rare)  (malice);  'addvat  (en- 
mity, q.y.).  _ 

Aniseed,  badiyan  or  raziydna  ;  anisun. 

Ankle,  much-i  pd  (just  above  ankle  bone)  ; 
quzak  (ankle  bone). 

Anklet,  khalkhdl ;  pd-zib  (foot  ornament)  ; 
pd-baranjan. 

Annals,  tavdrikh  (pi.  of  tdrikh)- 

Annexation,  ilhdq  (k.) ;  zamima  k.  ;  vide 
Append. 

Annexed,  mulhaq;  munzamm. 

Annihilate,  nist  u  nd-bud  ^  k. ;  fand  k. 

Annihilated,  ma'dum  {k.). 

Anniversary,  no  special  word ;  ' '  the  10th 
of  Muharram  is  the  anniversary  of  the 
murder  of  Husayn,"  {'dshurd-yi  Muhar- 
ram ruz-i  qatl-i  Imam  Husayn  ast) ;  jashn-i 
sdldna-yi — . 

Annotate,  hdshiya  (pi.  havdshl)  navishtan  ; 
[hdshiya  =  margin  of  a  book,  and  also  a 
marginal  note]. 

Annotated,  muhashshi  (for  muhashshci). 

Annotator,  hdshiya-navis. 

Announce,  khabar  dddan ;  ittild'  dddan ; 
i'ldn  namiidan.     Vide  Iniorm. 

Annoy,  dzurdan,  rt.  dzdr;  ranjdnidan ;  ranj 
d. ;  jir  dvurdan  (to  tease) ;  aziyyat  rasdni- 
dan ;  ' '  does  this  annoy  you  ? ' '  dyd  in 
awqdt-i  shumd  rd  talkh  mi-kunad  ? 

Annoyance,  kudurat  (d.) ;  ranj  (d.) :  ranjish 
(d.)  ;  parishdni  {d.)  (lit.,  bewilderment). 

Annoyed,  mukaddar ;  ranjida-khdtir ;  dil-gir ; 
malul ;  why  are  you  annoyed  with  me  ? 
chird  az  man  dil-Miur  hastid  ?  Suhhan-am 
bad-ash  dmad  or  zir-i  puz-ash  hhurd  (he 
was  annoyed  at  what  I  said). 

Annual,  har  sdla ;  sdliydna  ;  sanavi. 

Annually,  har  sdl ;  sal  bi-sdl. 

Annuitant,  vazifa-khwdr. 

Annul,  mansuhh  k.  (cancel) ;  bdtil  k.  (render 
void). 

Anoint,  to,  charb  k. ;  tadhin  k. ;  marhum  or 
rawghan  zadan  (a  wound) ;  tild  k.  (paint  on 
a  wound) ;  tnash  k.  (relig.). 

Anonymous,  bi-imzd ;  majhul. 


1  Muslims  believe  in  angels   (Mata*ika)   who    are   impeccable  beings   created   of  light, 
are  peccable  beings  created  of  smokeless  fire  ;  some  are  Muslims. 
*  In  Arabic  hiqd  is  rancour  and  hughz  is  animosity. 
s  Lit.,  to  make  "  is  not  "  and  "  was  not." 


The  Jinn 


Ano 


13 


^o 


Another,  digar-i  (another,  a  second) ;  yak 
digar  (one  another) ;  yak-i  digar  (another, 
i.e.,  one  more);  in  matlab-i  digar  ast  (this 
is  quite  another  matter) ;  in  asp  an  iiiat 
(this  is  quite  another  horse). 

Answer,  to,  javdb  d. ;  pasukh  d. ;  this  will 
answer  my  purpose,  in  bi-dard-i  man  (or 
bi-kar-i  man)  mi-khurad ,  ay  dukhtarak  bi- 
ru-yi  man  mi-isii  or  bd  man  mukdbara  mi- 
kuni?  (girl!  do  you  answer  me  back?); 
bvibulrzabdni  k.  (of  inferior  to  superior,  in 
pertness). 

Ant,  mur  or  murcha ;  murcha-yi  savdri  (large 
black  ant) ;  murcha-yi  par-ddr  (flying 
ant) ;  muriydnu  or  tarda  (white  ant) ; 
divak  (rare  ;  white  ant) ;  Idna-yi  mur  (ant- 
hUl). 

Antagonism,  mu'draza  {k.)  ;  mukhdlafat  (k.). 
Vide  Enmity. 

Antagonist,  taraf-i  muqdbil;  harif  (opponent, 
in  war,  games  and  trade) ;  raqib  (a  rival 
in  love).     Vide  Enemy. 

Antecedent,  muqaddam;  mawsul  (of  a  rela- 
tive pron.)  ;  savdbiq  (former  actions). 

Antechamber,  pish-utdq  ;  kafsh-kan  (an  ante- 
room or  cloak-room  where  shoes  are  re- 
moved and  kept) ;  uidq-i  pazirdH  (drawing 
room). 

Antelope,  (jhazdl ;  "  the  antelope  ("ravine 
deer")  bounded  out  of  sight,"  dhu  bind 
kard  bi-khiz  zadan  va  gjs,d%b  shud — (Prof. 
S.  T.). 

Antenna,  shdkha. 

Anterior,  pishin;  jilavi. 

Antics,  harakdt-i  muzhika  ;  bdzi. 

Antichrist,  Dajjdl  (also  term  of  abuse ;  = 
"  impostor  "). 

Anticipate,  pish  dasti  k.  ;  dast-i  pish  giriftan 
vulg. ;  az  mun  sabqat  girift  va  kitdb  rd 
kharid  (he  forestalled  me  and — )  ;  gumdn 
burdan  (to  expect) ;  az  pish  ddnistan. 

Antidote,  pd-zahr  (bezoar  stone) ;  tirydq  (but 
tirydk  opium) ;  ddfi'-i  samm. 

Antimony,  surma  (powdered) ;  sang-i  surma 
(unpowdered) ;  chird  khud  rd  misl-i  sag-i 
chdr  '  chashm  kardi  ?  (said  to  a  man  who 
has  put  too  much  antimony  in  his  eyes). 

Antiquarian,  kuhna-pizhuh. 

Antique,  antika  {Ft.)  ;  in  qdli  khayli  chiz-i 
antika-i  'st  ^this  is  a  really  fine  carpet; 
vulg.).^ 


Antiquities,  dsdr-i  qadima. 

Antiquity,  kuhnagi  ;  qaddmai. 

Antithesis,    Antithetic,   na^z ;    zidd ;    iibdq 

u  lazddd  (Rhet.). 
Antler,  shdkh;  shdkh-dar  (antlered). 
Ant-lion,  shir-i  mur  (mod.  trans.). 
Antonym,  muUizJddd  (adj.) ;  zidd  ;  naqiz. 
hnns,  kun  or  chun  (vulg.);    maq'ad,'^   vulg. 

maqat ;    suqba-yi   maq'ad     (med.     term) ; 

sujra ;     nishiman-gdh     (polite) ;     md-taht 

(facetious) ;    pizi  (slang) ;   makhraj  (in  a 

certain  facetious  contest). 
Anvil,  sinddn. 
Anxiety,     taraddud     (prop.      uncertainty) ; 

QJiussa ;  tashvish  ;  fikr  ;  andRsha ;  khadsha  ; 

"  this  causes  me  some  anxiety,"  in  asbdb-i 

khiydl  ast. 
Anxious,  dil  bi-fikr ;  andisha-ndk  ;  fikr-mand  ; 

I  am  very  anxious  to  go  there,  man  dil-am 

Jdiayli    mi-khwdhad     ki     dnjd   bi-ravam; 

vide  Desirous;  dil-am  bard-yash  shur  mi 

zanad  (I  am  very  anxious  about  him). 
Any,  Mch;  (with  negative  verb  =  "  none"): 

digar   (any   longer,   or  any  more) ;  kas-i 

(any  one)  ;  chiz-i. 
Anything,  har  chiz  (bdshad). 
Anywhere,   hich  jd  ot   ;a*t   (with   negative 

verb  =  nowhere). 
Anzali,  vide  Lagoon. 
Aorist,  muzdri'. 

Apart,  jvjdd  ;  'alq-kida  ;  sivd  ;  vide  Fact. 
Apartments,   marddna  (men's  apartments) ; 

andarun    or     zandna     (women's     apart- 
ments) ;  vide  Room. 
Apathy,  bi-hissi  ;  kahili  (laziness) ;  sardi. 
Ape,   'antar   (with  short    tail,    the    species 

usually  led  about   by    lutis) ;    buzna    or 

buzina  (a  monkey  with  a  long  tail) ;  vide 

Monkey. 
Aperient,  davd-yi   kdr-kun ;    mus-hil    (subs. 

and  adj.)  ;  julldb  (subs.). 
Aperture,  surdkh  (sp.  round) ;  shigdf  (long) ; 

rawzan  (for  light). 
Apex,  awj. 
Aphorism,  masal. 

Aphrodisiac,  muqavm-yi  bdh  ;  mvbahhi. 
Apocopate,  jazm,  k. 
Apocopated,  majzum. 
Apocopation,    jazm;    tarkhim    (of    vocative 

case  only). 
Apologist,  'uzr-dvar. 


1  Sctg-i-char-chtuhm  is  a  dog  with  a  black  spot  over  each  eye. 

*  The  word  arUlka  is  often  vulgarly  used  for  "  fine  ",  being  applied  to  even  brand-new  articles. 

s  Ar.,  lit.,  "  place  of  sitting." 


Apo 


14 


App 


Apologize,  izhar-i  khijalat  k. ;  ma'zarat 
khwdstan ;  vide  Apology. 

Apologue,  qissa-yi  nasikat-dmlz. 

Apology,  he  made  no  apology  for  his  bad 
conduct,  az  hardy-i  had-raftdri-yi  khud  hick 
'uzr-khwdhl^  na-kard  (or  ma'zarat  na- 
khwdst). 

Apoplexy,  I  heard  he  died  of  apoplexy 
yesterday,  shanidam  diruz  sakta  shud 
murd ;  also  sakta-ash  zad. 

Apostacy,  Apostate,  he  is  an  apostate  from 
Islam,  az  din-i  Islam  irtiddd  namud; 
chunki  az  dm  murtadd  shud  shar'""  zan- 
ash  taldq  ast  (being  an  apostate  from  the 
faith  his  wife  is  ipso  facto  divorced). 

Apostle,  murid  (follower  of  any  spiritual 
guide) ;  havdri,  pi.  Jmvdriyywi  (of  (3hrist)  ; 
pay^ambar  and  rasiil  (any  prophet). 

Apostleship,  risdlat. 

Apothecary,  davd-sdz  (compounder) ;  'attar 
and  davd-farush  (seller);  ajzd-cht,  Turc, 
(rare). 

Apparatus,  asbdb ;  dldt ;  dast-gdh  (plant, 
etc.). 

Apparel,  vide  Dress. 

Apparelled,  muldbhas. 

Apparent,  zdhir  ;  numdydn  ;  huvaydd  ;  dsk- 
kdrd  ;  vdzih  ;  paydd. 

Apparently,  'ala'z-zdhir  ;  zdhir"". 

Appeal,  he  appealed  about  his  case,  u  bi- 
hukumat  bardy-i  tajdtd-i  murdfa'a  ruju' 
hard ;  mahkama-yi  istindj,  T.  (court  of 
appeal). 

Appealable,  qabiUi  ruju'  (legal). 

Appear,  padld'dmadan  ;  paydd  shudan ;  nazar 
dmadan  (to  come  in  sight) ;  "he  will  not 
appear  in  the  matter,"  dar  in  kdr  khud  rd 
makhfi  khivdhad  kard ;  ' '  this  appears 
strange,"  bi-nazaram  hhayli  'ajib  mi-dyad, 
khayli  Miayli;  namudan  (to  seem). 

Appearance,  manzar ;  sural;  zuhur  (of  Pro- 
phet, etc.);  vide  Far  and  Beginning; 
zdhir""  (in  appearance) ;  sirat""  bad  ast 
surat"^  khub  (his  deeds  are  bad  though  his 
face  is  good) ;  ' '  this  bright  colour  de- 
tracts from  the  other  colours,"  in  rang 
ranghd-yi  digar  rd  az  jilva  ml-anddzad. 

Appease,  drdm  d. ;  taskin  d. ;  faru  nishdndan. 

Appellant,  musta^nif  (mod.). 

Append,  ilhdq  kardan ;  zamm  namudan ; 
zamima  k.     Vide  Annexation,  etc. 

Appendage,  az  lavdzimdt-i ;  zamima. 


Appendix,  zamima  ;  tatimmu  ;  mulhaqdt,  pi. 
(appendices). 

Appertain,  to,  muta'alliq  budan ;  ta'alluq 
ddshtan. 

Appetite,  ishtihd^;  ju' "' l-baqar  (an  enormous 
appetite) ;  mayl  na-ddram  (I  have  no 
appetite)  =  raghbat  bi-(jkizd  na-ddram. 

Applauded,  mustahsan ;  mamduh. 

Applause,  tahsin  {k.) ;  dfarin  {guftan) ; 
mMrhabd  {guftan). 

Apple,  sib. 

Applicable,  vide  Fit,  Suitable. 

Application,  'arz  (k.)  (oral  petition);  'ariza 
or  'arz-ddsht  {k.)  (wvitten) ;  muddvamat and 
muvdzabat  {k. )  (assiduity).    Vide  Attention. 

Apply,  tnushtan  (to  apply  oil,  paint,  etc.) ; 
vide  Use ;  mashgjiul  sh.  (oneself  to  busi- 
ness);  "don't  apply  this  (taunt,  etc.)  to 
yourself,"  in  rd  ru-yi  khud  ma-ydvar  ; 
in  gufta  rd  bar  khud  mu-band  or  ma-khar  or 
bi-rish-i  khud  na-gir. 

Appoint,  ta'yin  k. ;  nasb  k.  or  ma^mur  k. 
(to  an  office) ;  bi-kdr  gumdshtan  (rt.  gumEr) 
to  a  work  or  business). 

Appointed,  mansUb  {k.)  opposite  to  ma'zul 
'dismissed');  ma^mur  ;for  some  special 
thing) ;  mu'ayyan  {sh.) :  ndm-zad  ish.)  (as 
member  of  a  committee,  etc.). 

Appointment,  ma^muriyyat  (sp.) ;  ta'ayyun 
(gen.) ;  mansab  (office) ;  va'da  (assigna- 
tion, etc.). 

Apportion,  to,  qismat  d.,  (but  qismat  k.,  to 
divide) ;  tawzi'  n.  (distribute) ;  in  bi-hissa- 
yi  man  rasid.      Vide  Give,  Entrust. 

Apposite,  bd-mahall ;  bi-jd ;  mundsib  ;  javdb-i 
bd  savdb  (apposite  answer) ;  ism-i  bd 
musammq  (an  apposite  name  ;  vide  Appro- 
priate).    Vide  Apropos. 

Apposition,  badal  (gram.). 

Appraise,  qimat  guzdshtan  ;  his  effects  will  be 
appraised  and  auctioned,  ba^d  az  takhmin 
asbdb-ash  hardj  mi-shavad. 

Appreciate,  qadr  ddnistan  ;  ghazalhd-yi  Hdjiz 
rd  mushtari  nist  (he  does  not  appreciate 
the  odes  of  Hafiz). 

Appreciative,   qadr-ddn. 

Apprehend,  giriftdr  k.  (arrest)  ;  bim  ddsh- 
tan, etc.,  {vide  Fear)  ;  tasavvur  k.,  etc. 
{vide  Suppose)  ;  "  I  apprehend  you  are 
wrong,"  dar  khiydl-i  banda  ishtibdh ^  karda 
id  ;  he  was  apprehended  and  imprisoned, 
a,  rd  giriftdr  kardand  va  mahbus  shud. 


•   But  'wrr  avardan,  "  to  make  excuses." 

2   Qhalat.,  too  strong  a  word;  it  means  erring  and  straying. 


App 


16 


Arc 


Apprehended,  yiriftar  (ah.)  or  dast-gir  (ah.) 
(seized). 

Apprehension,  giriftdrt  (seizure) ;  vide  Fear 
and  Supposition  and  Suspicion,  etc.  ; 
quwa-yi  idrak  (intellect). 

Apprentice,  shagird.  Vide  Beginner  and 
Carpet;  kuchak  abddl  (to  a  dervish). 

Approach,  subs.  rah. 

Approach,  to,  nazdik  sh. ;  tcu/arrvh  namudan. 

Approachable,  qdbil-i  taqarruh  (of  persons) ; 
da-Ht-ras  (generally  of  places). 

Approbation,  taJmn:  dfarin ;  bi-savdb-did-i 
(or  isfisvdb-i)  u  in  kdr  rd  kardam  (1  did 
this  with  his  approval). 

Appropriate,  ism-ash  Khiradmand  ,^  va  ism-i 
bd  musamma  bud — Prof.  S.  T.  ("  his  name 
was  Khiradmand,  a  name  that  was  a  just 
index  of  his  qualities) ;  In  kaldm-i  mawzu'% 
guftld  (you  spoke  appropriately  to  the 
.occasion) ;  bd  mahaU.  Vide  Apposite  and 
Apropos. 

Appropriate,  to,  he  has  appropriated  all  his 
property  to  this  end,  hama-yi  milkiyyat-i 
khvd  rd  makhsus-i  in  kdr  guzdshta  ast ; 
vaqf  k.  (for  religious  purposes).  Vide  Give 
and  Appoint. 

Appropriated,  mukhtass  {k.). 

Appropriation,  takhsis. 

Approval,  vide  Approbation. 

Approve,  qabul  k. ;  pasand  k.  or  pasandi- 
dan ;  do  you  approve  of  what  I  say  ? 
dnchi  mi-guyam  bi-nazar-i  shumd  pasand 
mi-dyad  ?  tasdiq  k.  (to  confirm). 

Approved,  pasandida ;  manzur  [ddshtan] ; 
m^bul  (uftddan  or  sh. ;  but  qahul  k.). 

Approximately,  takhmin'*" ;  taqrib'^". 

Apricot,  zard-dlu  (small  yellow) ;  zard-dlu- 
yi  shirin  (with  sweet  kernel) ;  zard-dlu-yi 
talkh  (with  bitter  kernel) ;  tursh-dlu  (dried 
and  sour) ;  qaysi"^  (dried,  small  and  white, 
better  than  zard-dlu) ;  muri  (the  best  kind 
of  apricot). 

April,  Avril,  Fr. ;  db-inaysdn^  (April showers 
for  30  or  35  days  after  the  Naivruz  ;  if  the 
drops  fall  in  shells  they  produce  pearls; 
if  on  snakes  they  produce  venom ;  Persian 
children  are  not  allowed  out  in  the  rain 


during  this  period  lest  the  rain  entering 

their  eyes  should  produce  db-i-marvdrid  or 

cataract). 
Apron,  pish-band ;  futa  (apron  and  wrapper 

for  bath) ;  lung  (worn  in  the  bath  and  by 

bakers  as  an  apron). 
Apropos,     bd-mahall ;    bd-maxvqi'^  ;  hd  f  Ichub 

khdtir  dmad  (Oh !  apropos  of ).     Vide 

Appropriate  and  Apposite. 
Apt,   mdyil  (liable   to,  inclined  to);  qdbil ; 

ziring  (clever,  etc.). 
Aptitude,  tqbVat-ash  bi-naqqdshi  mawzun  ast 

(he  has  a  natural  aptitude  for  painting) ; 

tab'-i  mitziki  ddrad    (he    has    a    natural 

aptitude  for  music). 
Aquarius,  dalv  (Zodiac). 
Aquatic,  dbi. 
Aqueduct,  qandt  and  kdriz  (an  underground 

charmei  with  light  shafts  at  long  intervals ; 

it  conducts  water  from  the  hills). 
Aqueous,  ab-ndk. 

Aquiline-nosed,  shdhin-binl.     Vide  Nose. 
Arab,  'Arab  (subs.,  a  man  of  Arabia) ;  'Arahi 

(adj.). 
Arabia,  'Arabistdn,   Yaman  (Arabia  Felix); 

Hijdz  (Arabia  Petrsea). 
Arabic,  He  teaches  Persian  and  Arabic,  u 

zabdn-i*  Fdrsl  va  'Arabi  ydd  (or  durs)  mi- 

dihad._ 
Ararat,  Agliir  tdtjh. 
Araxes,  Rud-i  Aras.     Vide  Caspian. 
Arbiter,  miydnji ;  munsif ;  hakam;  sdlis. 
Arbitrariness,  tahakkum. 
Arbitrary,    'alq  l-itldq  (of   kings) ;   faysala-yi 

amr  bi-ta'jil  u  tahakkum  mt-shavad  {prompt 

and  arbitrary  decisions). 
Arbitration,  miydnji-gari  (k.) ;  muhdkama  (k). 
Arbor,  chdr-tdq  (in  gardens;  made  of  trees). 
Arc,  qaws;  nisf-dd'^ira  (semi-circle). 
Arch,  gawdi-yi  kaf-i  pd  (of  foot) ;  hiUil,  tdq-i 

nusrat   (triumphal  arch);    "this  buildinji 

has  two  arches,"  In  Hmdrat  du  tdq  mi- 

khurad;    this    veranda    has    five  arches, 

ayvdn-i  ^  in  khdna  panj-dari   ^st   (or  pan} 

dahana   ddrad);    c)iashma^-yi    pul   (of    a 

bridge);    mihrdb"^    (in    mosque     or     fire 

temple). 


1  Khiradmand  means  "possessed  of  wisdom."  -  Khubani,  Afghan. 

''•  Naysun,  a  Syrian  month  corresponding  to  April. 

*  The  plural  zabanha  here  would    be   incorrect :  it  would   signify  all  the  various  dialects  in  these 
languages. 

*  Or  talar  or  fjalar. 

6  Chashma  is  also  the  hole  in  a  w.  c. 

''  In  a  mosque  the  mihrab  shows  the  direction  of   the  qibla :  in  a  fire  temple  it  is   the  place  where 
the  sacred  fire  is. 


Arc 


16 


Arr 


Arched,   muqawas   (of   a  roof,  etc.) ;    hildli 

(crescent-shaped) . 
Archer,  tir-anddz ; '  kamdn-ddr ;  tir-zan. 
Archery,    tir-anddzi    (k.) ;    kamdn-ddri ;   tlr- 

zani  {k.). 
Architect,  mvmdr. 
Architecture,      mi'mdri;      Hlm-i      mi'mdrl 

(science  of — ). 
Archives,     daftar,    pi.     dafdtir ;    daftar-ddr 

(keeper  of — ). 
Ardent,    'dshiq-i  pur-zur  (of  a  lover).    Vide 

Zealous. 
Ardour,  dil-garrm ;  shawq. 
Arduous,   mushkil;  sa'b ;   sakht ;  dushvdr  = 

difficult,     q.v.;     ishkdl    ddshtan    (to    be 

difficult). 
Area,  sath  (surface) ;  vus'at  (expanse) ;   sahat 

(area). 
Arena,  may  dan;  'arm;  gawddl-i  kushii-gin 

(a    wrestler's    pit;    like  the  arena  in  a 

circus). 
Argue,  mubdhasa  or  bahs  {k.} ;  radd  u  badal 

(k.) ;   bahs   (also  =  discussion) ;    khar-i  ma 

dum  norddrad  ( =  I  give  in  or  well  we  won't 

argue  any  more). 
Argument,    he  uses    sound    arguments,    u 

hhayll  dald"il-i  mustaqim  (or  muhkam)  ml- 

dvarad.     Vide  Proof. 
Argumentative,  kdfir-mdjard. 
Arid,   bd^ir   (uncultivated;   also   unwatered, 

of  any  small  portion  of  land) ;  khushk ;  bi 

db  u  'alaf ;  tishna. 
Aries,  Hamal. 
Arise,  barkhdstan,   rt.    barkhiz ;   pa  shudan 

(to  get  up  on  one's  feet) ;  ndshi  shvdan 

(to  grow  from) ;  sar  zadan  or  buruz  kardan 

(to  happen  from). 
Aristocracy,    nujabd'-    (pi.     of     najlb)     and 

shurafa^  (pi.  of  sharif)   (nobles  by  birth) ; 

umara^  (by  wealth). 
Aristotle,  Aristu  (vulg.  Arastu). 
Arithmetic,   Hlm-i  a' dad;    "I  am  studying 

arithmetic,"   Mid  Hlm-i  hisab  mi-khwd- 

nam. 
Arithmetician,  hisdb-ddn. 
Ark,  the,  kishti-yi  (or  safina-yi)  Null. 
Arm,  &azM_(prop.  upper  arm);  dast  (whole 

arm);    saHd  (fore-arm;   also  wrist);   zlr-i 

bac[hal  (under  the  arm) ;  bdzii,  bi-bdzu  ddda 

(arm  in  arm). 
Armed,  musallah  (k.) ;  bd  sdz  u  yardq. 


Armenia,  Arminiyd ;  Armanistdn  ;  bildd-i 
Arman. 

Armenian,  Armani,  pi.  Ardmina. 

Armistice,  muhlat  dar  jang. 

Armlet,  bdzu-band ,  dast-band  or  alangu 
(bangle)  ;  shdhha-yi  daryd  (of  sea). 

Armour,  zirih  ;  jawshan  ;  chahdr  d^ina  (plate 
armour  of  four  pieces) .    Vide  Breast-plate. 

Armoured,  zirih-ddr  (for  man)  ;  zirih-push 
(also  for  ship). 

Armourer,  asliha-sdz. 

Armoury,  chi  vaqt  bi-yd^im  qur  khdna  rd 
tamdshd  kunim  ?  (what  time  shall  we  go 
and  see  the  armoury  ?)     Vide  Arsenal. 

Armpit,  bagkal ;  zir-i  bayhal. 

Arms,  asliha,  pi.  of  sildh  ;  dldt-i  harb. 

Army,  lashkar ;  'askar,  pi.  'asdkir;  gushUn-i 
hazir-i  dd^imi  (standing  army) ;  "  the  king 
himself  led  the_  army,"  khud-i  pddishdh 
ra^ls-i  (or  sipdh  sdldr-i)  qushUn  bud; 
tamdm-i  lashkar  m,isl-i  galla^i  ki  gurg^  dar 
dn  uftdda  bdshad  az  ham  pdshidand  (the 
army  scattered  like  sheep  attacked  by  a 
wolf;— Prof.  S.T. 

Aroma.,  khush  bii''i ;  'itr. 

Aromatic,  hhush-bu  ;  mu'attar. 

Around,  dawr  ;  pirdmitn ;  gird-d-gird  or  daior- 
d-dawr  (all  around  a  thing) ;  dar  atrdf  (all 
around;  in  the  district). 

Arouse,  {az  khwdb)  hiddr  k. ;  barkhlzdnidan 
(to  make  to  get  up) ;  bi-kdr  tahrik  k.  or 
angikhtan,  rt.  angiz  (incite) ;  tashviq  dddan 
(to  encourage). 

Arrange,  chidan,  rt.  chin  (to  pluck  flowers, 
arrange  them,  etc.) ;  murattab  namudan  or- 
tartib  dddan  (to  put  back  in  their  proper 
places;  of  things,  affairs) :  nazm  dddan  (of 
things,  plans,  business).  Vide  Decide, 
Settle. 

Arranged,  murattab;  vide  Settle;  kdr-sdi^ 
sh.  (to  be  managed). 

Arrangement,  tartib  [d.)  ;  qardr  {d.)  (verbal) 
paymdn  n;  nazm  or  intizdm  (k.)  (of  a 
plan) ;  vide  Plan,  Preparation,  Agreement; 
harf  bud  ki  farddbi-ramm  (it  was  arranged, 
settled,  that  we  should  go  to-morrow). 

Array,  the  armies  drew  up  in  battle  array 
opposite  each  other,  qushun-i  tarafayn 
muqdbil-i  ham  saff  kashldand  ;  pirdstan  (of 
humans)  and  drdstan  (gen.)  (to  attire, 
etc.)  ^ ;  saff  drdstan  (of  battle) .    Vide  Dress. 


1  In  m.c.  this  might  mean  *  a  good  shot  with  a  gun.'  2  Or  gurg-%. 

5  In  bash  khiU)  plrasta  aat;  with  this  ^except ion  plrasta  seems  to  be  used  only  for  humans. 

\ 


Arr 


17 


As 


Arrears,  haqaya,  pi.  of  haqiyya;  haqiyat,  pi. 
of  haqi ;  karha-yi  pas  mdnda  (of  work). 

Arrest,  to,  asir  k. ;  dast-gxr  k. ;  "  Qasim  had 
him  arrested  for  debt,"  mahz-i  qarz  hi- 
tavnssut-i  Qasim  giriftdr  shud  (but  bi-da^t-i 
farrdsh);  sar-i  raJi  giriftan  (to  stop,  q.v.). 
Vide  Hindrance. 

Arrested,  dast-gir ;  vide  Stopped ;  giriftdr 
(local  and  Indian). 

Arrival,  vurud ;  dar  awal-i  (or  hi-mahz-i) 
vurud-i  u  (just  as  he  arrived) ;  bi-mujarrad-i 
rasidan-i  u  (ditto) ;  rasmdna  vdrid  na-shud 
(his  arrival  was  private,  non-official).  Vide 
Enter,  Come. 

Airive,  to,  rasidan;  vdrid  shudan ;  vurud  k. 

Arrogance,  nakhvat '  (in  Persian  in  a  bad 
sense) ;  'ujb  (conceit) ;  fis  (show)  (vulg.) ; 
takabbur  and  ghurur  (pride) ;  iddi'd-yi  hi- 
jd;  buland-parvdzi  (k.)  (in  words). 

Arrogant,  bd  nakhvat;  fisu  (vulg.) ;  kalla  pur 
bad  (puffed  up);  mutakabbir ;  maghrur. 

Arrow,  t%r ;  paykdn  (head) ;  sujdr  (notch) ; 
tir-bdrdn  (a  shower  of  arrows);  "better 
had  you  pierced  my  heart  with  an  arrow 
than  said  this,"  agar  tir-i  bi-dilam  mi-zadA, 
bih-tar  az  in  harf  bud  ki  bi-surai-am  (or  bi- 
ruy-am)  zadt^ :  he  buried  the  arrow  in  it, 
ttr  rd  id  par  faru  kard. 

Arsenal,  asliha-khdna ;  jabba-khdna  or  qur- 
khdna  (a  magazine  for  making  and  storing 
rifles  and  ammunition) ;  [qur-cht  is  the 
man  in  charge  and  qurchi  bdshi,  "the 
head  man  "  J .  Vide  Armoury .  Kdr-kMna- 
yi  tup-rizi  (for  casting  big  guns) ;  Icdr- 
khana^yi  asliha-sdzi  (for  manufacture  of 
arms). 

Arsenic,  marg-i  mush  or  samm^-^l-fdr ;  zarntkh 
(yellow). 

Art,  I  am  not  acquainted  with  that  art,  dn 
hunar  (or  fann)  rd  na-ddram  (or  narni- 
ddnam)  =^  az  dn  hunar  sar-rishta  (or  vuquf) 
na-ddram  .  san'at  (profession).  Vide  Skill, 
Science,  Artifice. 

Artery,  shirydn :  shdh-rag. 

Artful,  hila-bdz  or  pur  hila  (crafty) ;  they  are 
very  artful  (or  smart),  tshdn  khayli  naqP 
ddrand;  ziring  (smart,  dexterous,  and 
vulg.  clever).     Vide  Crafty. 


Artfully,  bd  kamdUi  ziringi  harf  rd  pichidam 
(I  artfully  turned  the  conversation). 

Artfulness,  Vide  Dexterity,  Craftiness, 
Smartness,  Foxiness,  etc. 

Artichoke,  kangar-i  farangi  ("European 
thistle " ) :  the  Jerusalem  artichoke  is 
called  "sweet  earth-apple,"  i.e.,  "sweet 
potato."* 

Article,  moid',  pi.  amti'a;  or  jins  pi.  ajnas 
(goods  for  sale) ;  daf'a  or  rnddda  (clause)  = 
band  (a  new  word) ;  maqdla  or  Id^iha  (lit. 
article  in  newspaper) ;  maqdla-yi  makhsHa 
(leading  article) ;  ^ar/-t  tonHr  (the  indefinite 
article) ;  he  retails  various  articles,  khurda 
farushi^  mi-kunad,  "he  sells  various 
articles,"  mutafarriqa  mi-farHshad ;  {pHla- 
var  (pedlar  who  visits  villages) ;  baqqdl 
sells  butter,  rice  and  fruits,  fresh  or  dried ; 
saqat-farush  sells  sugar,  tea,  cofiFee  and 
spices]. 

Articulation,  in  tifl  durust  add  nami-kunad 
(this  child  cannot  articulate  properly). 

Artifice,  tadbir  (plan) ;  hikmat  (ingenuity) ; 
hlla  (trick) ;  bahdna  (pretence). 

Artificer,  san'at-gar ;  sdni' ;  dast-kdr ;  oM-i 
hirfa. 

Artificial,  "  this  pearl  is  not  real,  it  is  artifi- 
cial," in  marvdrid  asl  nist  sdkhiagi  ^  st  ; 
masnu't ;  ^amali ;  badal;  ja'B  and  naqR 
(counterfeit,  forged,  not  real). 

Artificially,  smiling  artificially  he  advanced 
to  meet  his  guest,  bd  tabassum-i  ghayr-i 
tab'i  mihmdn-ash  rd  istiqbdl  kard;  girya-yi 
sdkhtagi  or  darucfhakt  (false  tears;  also 
artificial,  on  the  stage). 

Artillery,  tup-khdna :  for  '  horse-artillery  ' 
vide  To  man. 

Artist,  musawir  (who  sketches  and  paints) ; 
naqqdsh  (painter,  inferior  to  musawir) ; 
ustad  (a  past  master). 

Artizan.     Vide  Artificer. 

Artless,  sdda ;  sdda-dil ;  sdda-lawh ;  rdst ;  sdf 
u  sddiq. 

Artlessness,  sddagi ;  sddordiU ;  sdda-lawhi ; 
rdsli. 

PiSy  has  he  repaired  the  carriage  as  I  told 
him  ?  chundnki  guftam  kdliska  rd  ta'mir 
karda  ast?    hamchi    (vulg.);    as    she  is  a 


1  Nakhwa  in  Arabic  Esprit  de  corps.  5  Said  by  a  person  whose  feelings  have  been  hurt. 

8  But  naghl  (m.  c.)  ''a  bastard."  ♦  Stb-i  zamlni .  "potato." 

*  A  khurda-faruah  sells  buttons,  needles,  tea  cups,  etc. ;  this  word  is  also  applied  to  a  retail  dealer  as 
opposed  to  a  jumla  jarush  :  the  word  further  means  a  pedlar  in  a  town  as  opposed  to  pila  var  a  pedltu- 
who  travels  to  villages.  Bazztu  is  a  retail  cloth-seller  in  the  bazar  and  not  in  the  caravansera;  the 
latter  is  styled  taj'ir. 

2 


Asa 


18 


Ass 


woman  she  is  useless,  an  ham  zan  ast  az 
dast-ash  chi  bar  ml-ayad  ?  bi-tawr-t  hi — (in 
the  manner  of) ;  misl  (like) ;  ammo,  (as  for 
— ).  Vide  Because.  For  "as  far  as" 
vide  Far. 

Asafoetida,  anguza;  barlja  (local). 

Ascend,  to,  let  us  now  ascend  the  hill,  biya 
bi-ravlm  hdla  bald-yi  kuh;  su'iid  k.  bar; 
'uruj  k.  dar ;  bar  takht  bar  dmadan  or  julus 
kardan  (to  ascend  the  throne) ;  bi-havd 
raftan  (of  balloon,  bird);  bald  raftan  (of 
bird,  soul  after  death). 

Ascendency,  ghaldba. 

Ascension,  'uruj  {dar);  su'ud  (bar);  mi'rdj 
(gen.  used  for  the  Prophet's  ascension, 
but  fig.  of  others). 

Ascent,  vide  supra ;  nishib  u  fardz  (descent 
and  ascent) ;  tamdm-i  rah  sar-bdld  mi- 
ravad  (it  is  an  ascent  the  whole  way).    , 

Ascertain,  tahqiq  k.  or  sh. ;  dar-ydft  k. ; 
"  from  what  you  say  it  is  ascertained 
that  you  deny  the  advantages  of  travel," 
az  taqrir-i  ki  kardid  mushakhkhas  shud  ki 
munkir-i  favd^id-i  safar-id. 

Ascertained,  ma/A  WW  (sh.) ;  muhaqqaq  (sh.) ; 
mustavnbat  (sh.). 

Ascetic,  zdhid,  pi.  zuhhdd  (a  true  devotee) ; 
darmsh-i  sdlik  va  majzub ' — Prof.  S.  T. ; 
riydzat-kash  ovmurtdz  (doing  penance) ;  par- 
hiz-gdr  (abstaining  from  what  is  unlawful). 

Asceticism,  riydzat-kashi. 

Ascribe,  nisbat  dddan ;  mansub  kardan  ;  hand 
namudan.     Vide  Impute. 

Ash,  zabdn-gunjishk  (lit.  "  sparrow-tongue"). 

Ashamed,  sharmanda;  khajil;  khijdlat-zada 
or — kashlda  (adj.) :  khijdlat  kashidan  (to 
feel  ashamed) ;  * '  am' t  you  ashamed  at 
not  having  yet  started  ? ' '  qabdhat  nu-ddri 
ki  harakat  norkardi  9     Vide  Abashed. 

Ash-coloured,  hhdkistari ;  bukhdn  (smoke 
coloured) ;  kabud  (slate  grey). 

Ashes,  khdkistar ;  [bdbul,  Afghan] ;  takUs  k. 
(chem.,  to  reduce  to  ashes). 

Asia,  Asiyd. 

Aside,  ' '  take  him  aside  and  whisper  it  to 
him,"  u  rd  kindr  kashlda  bi-najva hdE-yash 
kun;  "  turning  his  face  away,"  ru-yash  bi- 
kindr  girifta ;  dhista  or  yavdsh  (in  a  stage 
sense);  yak  taraf ;  dar  khalvat  (in  private). 


Asinine,  hhar-rndnand. 

Ask,  khivdsian  (rt.  khipdh)  or  khwdhish  k. 
(to  ask  for  a  thing) ;  iltimds  k.  (to  beg, 
entreat  that);  "ask  him  what  his  name 
is,"  bi-raw  az  u  bi-jmrs  ki  "  ism-i  shumd 
chlst?''''  (or  ism-ash  chlst,  indir.  narr.) ; 
suvdl  (prop,  su^dl)  k.  (to  question :  also  to 
beg,  of  beggar) ;  istifsdr  k.  (to  make  en- 
quiries). 

Asked,  bd-vujud-i  takrdr-i  suvdl  (though 
often  asked). 

Asker,  sd^il  (also  beggar). 

Askew,  kaj  ;  urib  and  urub  *  (on  the  slant, 
sideways)  ;  yak-bar  (to  one  side). 

Asking,  sar-vaqt  (raftan)  or  ahvdl-pursi  (k.) 
(asking  after  the  health) ;  az  hdl-i  barddar 
juyd  shud  (he  began  asking  after  his 
brother) ;  mustafsir  ahvdan  (to  make 
enquiries). 

Asleep,  khwdbida  (also  lying  down,  crouch- 
ing);  khufta ;  dar  khwdb ;  khivdb  ast  (he 
is  asleep)  ;  bi-hhwdb  uftddan  (to  fall 
asleep  unwillingly). 

Asparagus,  mdrchuba  ;  isfandj  (Eur.). 

Aspect,  manzar ;  simd  (of  people  only ;  lit 
forehead)  ;    vide  Appearance  ;    havd-yi  kdr 
or   surat-i  hal  (aspect  of  affairs) ;  ru  bi- 
shimdl  ddrad  (it  has  a  N.  aspect). 

Asperity,  talhhi  ;  tundi  u  tizi  (irritation). 

Asperse,  bad-ndm  k.  ;  tuhmat  z.  (falsely,  vide 
Accusation,  Charge). 

Aspirant,  tdlib. 

Aspire,  1fl,lib  sh.  (to  desire,  seek  for)  ;  havd 
or  himmat  ddshlan. 

Aspiring,  tdlib  ;  buland  himmat  (ambitious). 
Vide  Desirous. 

Ass,  uldgh  ;  khar ;  chdrvd  * ;  himdr,  Ar. 
(rare)  ;  narrorkhar  (jackass ;  also  a  term 
of  abuse).     Vide  Donkey. 

Assailant,  hamla-var. 

Assassin,  qdtil  (lit.  '  killer  ' ) ;  qdtiUi  ma^jur 
(hired  assassin). 

Assassinate,  qatl  k.  or  kushtan  (to  kill). 

Assassinated,  kushta  or  maqtul  (killed)  ; 
' '  martyr ' '  is  sometimes  applied  to  a 
great  man  (Muslim)  after  assassination.* 

Assassination,  qatl* 

Assault,  zad  u  kub  k.  (assault  and  battery)  ; 
hamla,    or    yurish    (k.)    (of   army,    etc.) ; 


1  Salik  prop,  "travelling."     Majzub  who  has  attained  the  Sufi  stage  of  abstraction, 
i  To  cut  cloth  on  the  slant  or  tilt  a  table  to  get  it  through  the   door   would  be  urtS)  taraehidan  and 
urub  burdan. 

3  Perhaps  a  corruption  of  chahar-pa. 

*  Na8ir«'d-dm  Shah  is  always  styled  Shah-i  Shahld. 


\ 


Ass 


19 


Ast 


ahabU  khun  (zadan  or  kardan)  (night  aa- 
sault).     Vide  Attack. 

Assay,  to,'  *iydr  k.  (in  mint)  ;  chdahni  giriftan 
(on  a  stone).     Vide.  Test,  Try. 

Assayer,  'iyar-kun. 

Assemble,  tlie  villagers  assembled,  ahl-idihdt 
jam'  shudand  or  amadand ;  faraham  dvur- 
dan  and  dmadan;  mun'aqid  shudan  (of  a 
court) ;  majlis  bar  pa  shiul. 

Assembled,  mujtami'  ;  faraham  dmada. 

Assembly,  majlis,  pi.  majdlis ;  anjuman; 
majma'  (concourse) ;  I  saw  a  large  assem- 
bly of  people,  jam'iyyat-i  ziydd-i  didam; 
majlis-i  mu'ayyan  hi-jihat-i  islah-i  umur 
yd  iddra-yi  maJtdmm  ^  az  umard-yi  mamla- 
kat  ydvukald-yi  ra'iyyat  yd  ru^asd-yi  millat 
dar  Irdn  nist  (there  is  no  assembly  of 
nobles,  no  popular  representation  or  eccle- 
siastical Council,  in  Persia). 

Assent,   I   assent   to  your  proposal,   ra^y-i 

shumd  rd  qabul  mi-kunam ;  ha muvd- 

faqat  k.  ;  rdzi  shvdan. 

Assert,  he  asserted  that  it  is  so,  bi-yaqin  (or 
bi-tahqiq)  guft  ki  hamchunin  ast;  bi-tawr-% 
qaVi  guftan;  I  did  not  assert  myself, 
shikasta  nafsi  kardam  (I  was  purposely 
rather  humble ;  took  a  lower  seat  than  I 
considered  my  due,  etc.). 

Assertion,  bi-zur  guftan  or  tahakkum  (mere 
assertion  without  proof);  in  matlab  rd 
tahakkumdna  guft. 

Assessment,  har-dvard  or  takhmin  k. ;  qim<xt 
guzdrdan. 

Assets,  mo  yumlak.     Vide  Property. 

Assiduity,  mujdhadat  (constant  trying) ; 
muvdzabat  or  mvddvamat  (sticking  to). 

Assiduous,  sd't  va  jdhid  (always  trying) ; 
m,uvdzib  (sticking  to). 

Assign,  to,  havdla  k. ;  tahml  dddan ;  vajh  fish 
kardan  (to  assign  a  reason;  give  money). 
Vide  Entrust, 

Assignation,  vide  Negotiate  and  Assign- 
ment ;  mi'dd-gdh  (place  of ;  in  good 

or  bad  sense);  va'da  kard  ki  dar  fvldna 
jd  dar  fuldna  vaqt  turd  mi-binam. 

Assignee,  havdla<-gir. 

Assignment,  In  mablagh  rd  havdla  bar  mdliy- 
ya-yi  jd^i  karda  bardt  mi-dihand  (is  paid 
by  an  assignment  on  the  revenue). 

Assist,  madad  k. ;  ydn  k. ;  pushti  k. ;  ta^yid 
k. ;  pahlu  d. ;  we  should  assist  each  other, 
bdyad  ki  yak  digar  rd  kumak  bi-dihim  ;  assist 
me,  mard  dast-giri  kun. 


Assistance,  pusht-bandi  (k.) ;  mu'dvanat  {k.) ; 
mu'dvanat-i  vajhi  (pecuniary — )  =  i'dna- 
yi  puU. 

Assistant,  kumah-kdr  ;  mu'tn  ;  kumak-dih  ; 
madad-gdr;  mu'dvin;  ndyib  (deputy); 
shdgird  (in  shop,  etc.) ;  dast-gir  or  ydri- 
kun  (sp.  of  God,  or  to  help  with  money) ; 
pd-daw  (in  bath,  etc.). 

Assisting,  mumidd. 

Associate,  to,  dmtzish  k.;  shank  shudan; 
nishast  u  barkhdstk.  bd — ;  bd — rdh  raftan; 
why  do  you  associate  with  the  low,  bd 
lutlhd  chird  mt-nishinid  (or  una  mi-gtrid 
or  ulfat  mi-gtrid  or  mu'daharat  mi-kunid) ; 
dust  shvdan;  mix  with  fools  and  you'll 
become  one,  agar  bd'ahmaqhd  ikhtildt  kunid 
ahmaq  khivdhi  shud. 

Association,  shirkat;  shirdkat  (in  a  company, 
etc.);  musdhabat  {coiapajiionBhip). 

Assuage,  taskin  d.  (of  hunger,  thirst,  anger, 
pain) :  takhfif  k.  (to  lessen) ;  faru  nisJuin- 
dan  (of  fire,  anger,  etc.) ;  drdm  d.  (of 
pain) ;  tasalU  d.  (of  grief). 

Assvune,  giriftan  or  tasawur  k. ;  pinddshtan, 
rt.  pinddr  (suppose) ;  hods  zadan  (to  con- 
jecture) ;  multazim  sh.  (become  liable  or 
responsible  for) ;  'uJida  g.  (of  office) ;  law 
faraznd  ki — (let  us  suppose  that) ;  ism  bar 
khvd  giriftan  (assume  a  name). 

Assumed,  ma,fhum  ast  ki — (I  conclude,  sup- 
pose that — ). 

Assumption,  bi-farz-i — . 

Assure,  itmindn  d. ;  khdtir  jam'i  d. ;  iqrdr 
k. ;  I  assure  you  there  is  no  danger,  sar-i 
shumd  ki  khatar  nist  or  man  bi-shumd 
itmindn  mi-diham  ki — . 

Assurance,  mde  Confidence,  Promise,  Impu- 
dence, Insurance,  Certainty,  etc. ;  bi-kewr-i 
qat'i  itmindn  dddan  (to  give  a  positive 
assurance). 

Assuredly,  ya^n  ast  ki  in  rdst  ast ;  yaqin'^'  ; 
bi-shakk  u  shubha. 

Aster,  gul-i  mind. 

Asthma,  tawji-yi  nafas,  ziq"  ^n-nafas. 

Astonish,  to,  dar  ta'ajjub  or  hayrat  anddkh- 
tan;  mdt  zadan;  vide  Amaze,  Be- 
wilder. 

Astonished,  to  be,  vdr  (or  vd)  raftan;  dar 
dHna  bi-'rulj  .  cabil-i  khud  vd  raft,  "  he 
lost  himself  in  contemplation  of  his  curls 
and  moustache  ;  in  admiring  himself  in  the 
mirror] ;  muta'ajjib  sh.  ;  hayrat-zada  sh.  ; 
mutahayyir. 


1  Daru'l-Hyar  (or  zarrab  khana,  "■  mint  ").      >  In  spettking  the  reg.  fern.  pi.  muhimmat  is  always  used. 


Ast 


20 


Att 


Astonishing,  hayrat-angiz ;  mdhall-i  ta'ajjub 
ast  ki — (it  is  astonisliing  that — ). 

Astonishment,  he  evinced  great  astonish- 
ment, ta'ajjub-i  hisyar-i  izhar  namud ; 
hayrat.  Vide  Amazement,  Wonder,  Be- 
wilderment, Astounded. 

Astounded,  to  be,  va  rmndan ;  I  was  as- 
tounded, mat-am  hurd^  or  mat  mandam. 
Vide  supra. 

Astrakhan,  Hajl  TarMmn  (the  place). 

Astray,  gum-rdh  (k.)  ;  I  was  led  astray,  mara 
bi-rdh-i  ghalati  burdand  (lit.),  but  az  rah 
dar  burdand  (fig.). 

Astride,  fo-kushad;  dar  Inglistdn  mg/rd-hE 
rdst  va  zan-hd  yak-vari  savdr-i  asp  m%- 
shavand. 

Astringent,  zumukht  (gen.)  (of  taste;  appear- 
ance) ;  dibsh  (of  tea,  coffee,  fruit) :  qdbiz 
(med.). 

Astrolabe,  usturldh. 

Astrologer,  munajjim,  nujuml;  rasad-band-i 
daqiqa-ydb  (a  skilled  astrologer)  ;  sitdra- 
shivus ;  the  astrologers  said  that  the  prince 
was  born  at  such  a  lucky  moment  that  he 
would  rival  Alexander  in  greatness  and 
Niishlrvan  in  justice — provided  that  he 
saw  neither  the  sun  nor  the  moon  for  the 
first  ten  years  of  his  life,  munajjimdn  javdb 
dddand  ki  bi-fazl-i  ildhi  tavallvd-i  shdhzdda 
dar  chunln  sd'at-i  nik  va  qirdn-i  sa'ld 
shuda  ast  ki  bdyad  misl-i  Sikandar  saltanat 
kunad  va  hamchi  Nushtrvdn  'addlat  numu- 
yad  va  likin  shart  dn  ast  ki  td  dah  sal  na 
dftdb  va  na  mdhtdb  ra  ^  binad — (Prof.  S.  T.) 

Astrology,^  'ilm-i  nujum. 

Astronomer,  falakl  (mod.). 

Astronomical,  nujuml 

Astronomy,^  Hlm-i  hayrat;  tanjlm  (not 
coUoq.). 

Asunder,  az  ham;  sivd  or  jvdd  (k.).  Vide 
Apart. 

Asylum,  pandh  (gen.)  [justan  or  giriftan  bi 
— ) ;  madman  (place  of  safety) ;  yatlrrv- 
hhana  ( — for  orphans) ;  basf^  (sanctuary) ; 
basti,  one  who  has  taken  refuge  in  any 
sanctuary.     Vide  Sanctuary. 

At,  dam;  dar ;  hich  (at  all). 

Atheism,  dahri-gari;  zandaqa.     Vide  infra. 


Atheist,  dahri,^\.  dahriyya  (one  who  believes 
in  the  eternity  of  matter) ;  Id  mazhab 
(without  religion) ;  zindiq,  pi.  zanddiqa 
(lit.,  one  who  believes  in  the  Zand).  Vide 
Infidel. 

Athlete,  pahlavan  (sp.  wrestler). 

Atmosphere,  havd-yi  mujdvir  (i.e.,  the  air 
close  to  the  earth) ;  jaw  (space  in  vault 
of  heaven) ;  dtmusfur  (Eng.). 

Atom,  zarra,  pi.  zarrdt;  zarrdt-i  shamd  (the 
atoms  in  a  sunbeam,  in  a  darkened  room) ; 
juz^-i  Id  yatajazzd  ^  (the  indivisible  or 
primordial  atom). 

Atone,  kaffdra-yi  in  gundh  rd  chi  tawr  bi- 
diham  (how  can  I  atone  ? ) . 

Atrocity,  amr-i  fazih;  ghdyat-i  ijhdf  ki 
mujib-i  inzijdr-i  qalb  mt-shavad. 

Attach,  mulJiaq  k. ;  payvand  d. ;  vide 
Affix. 

Attachment,  ta'alluq-i  ziydd,  dil-bastagi  (of 
heart)  ;  vide  Affection ;  payvastagi  or 
chaspidagi  (sticking  together). 

Attack,  duzd  bar  sar-i  qdfila  rtkht  or  qdfila  rd 
duzd  zad  (robbers  attacked  the  caravan) ; 
hamla  kardan  or  burdan ;  yurish  (vulg. 
yurush)  or  tETcht  dvurdan;  hujum  k.; 
shabl  khun  zadan  (night  attack) ;  vide 
Assault;  bar  man  hamchu  purkhdsh  kard 
ki  sar-i  majlis  khijdlat  kashidam  (he  at- 
tacked me  and  put  me  to  open  shame) ; 
ham  dar  hamla  pusht  dddand  (they  fled  at 
the  first  attack) ;  Hlm-i  yurish _u  difd'  va 
qaPa-giriuqal'a-ddri  hanuz  dar  Irdn  qadam 
bi-qadam  ml-ravad  (in  Persia  the  science 
of  attack  is  not  more  advanced  than  that 
of  defence). 

Attain,  to,  vide  Acquire,  Reach. 

Attainable,  ydftani ;  mumkin"  ' l-husul ;  Tmsil 
shudani. 

Attainment,  husul.     Vide  Learning. 

Attempt,  kushish  (k.) ;  sa'i  (k.) ;  jahd  (k.) ; 
qasd-i  jdn  k.  (to  attempt  a  person's  life) ; 
"  he  makes  no  attempt  to  learn,"  hargiz 
tan-i  khud  rd  bi-ta'lim  dar  nami-dihad  or 
bi-kulli  sa'l  dar  khwdndan  nami-kunad. 

Attend  !  bash  !  ;  gush-at  bd  man  ! 

Attend,  raddagl  k.  (to  look  after_a  child, 
any   work,    etc.,   etc.) ;    gush   dddan    (to 


1  Mat  ahudan  in  the  language  of  falconry  is  applied  to  a  goshawk  when  she  crouches  on  the  fist  on 
spying  quarry. 

2  Note  that  ra  only  occurs  once. 

s  The  distinction  between  astronomy  and  astrology  is  not  carefully  observed. 

*  Bast,  a  sanctuary  where  a  criminal  cannot  be  arrested.    The  houses  of  mullas,  a  stable,  a  telegraph 
office,  a  consulate,  etc.,  are  all  bast. 
6  A  not  uncommon  m.c.  term. 


Att 


21 


Aut 


listen  to) ;  iltifdt  h.  (pay  attention  to) ;  chi 
vaqtfardo  hazir-i  khidmat  bi-shavam  (what 
hour  shall  I  attend  to-morrow) ;  I  have 
received  notice  to  attend  the  court  at  ten 
o'clock,  hukm-i  ih?Rr  az  linkim-i  Shar'  ' 
amada  ast  ki  dar  sa  'at-i  dah  hdzir  hdsham. 

Attendance,  your  attendance  is  necessary, 
huzur-i  shuma  vdjih  ast;  khidmat  (service, 
q  V.) ;  haqq'^l-qadam,  attendance  fee 
(med. — ) ;  dar  riknb  budan  (to  be  in 
attendance). 

Attention,  iltifdt  (witii  neg.  verb) ;  dil  d. ; 
gdsh  d.  (heed) ;  awqdt  rd  masruf-i  bd^hd 
mi-kunand  (their  chief  attention  is  devot- 
ed to  gardens) ;  hi-kdr  mubdldt  na  k.  (to 
pay  little  attention  to;  mde  Careless- 
ness); "he  pays  attention  to  his  book, 
an  jdsar  bi-'ilm  khayli  tavajjuh  darad, 
juahcdl  naguzdshtan  (to  pay  no  attention 
to,  to  ignore  the  presence  of). 

Attentive,  mutavajjih ;  multafit.  Vide 
Assiduous. 

Attentively,  bi-diqqat  asp  rd  vd  rasid  (he 
looked  attentively  at  the  horse) :  bd  tavaj- 
juh mi-khivdnad. 

Attest,  to,  gavdht  or  shahddat  d. ;  tasdiq  k. 

Attesting,  shdhid  (sh.). 

Attire,  libds ;  rakht  (gen.,  good  or  bad); 
nrdstan  (gen.);  pirdstan  (of  people) ;  tajam- 
mul  k.  (ornament,  etc.) ;  pushtdan  or  bar 
kardan  or  dar  bar  k.  (to  put  on).  Vide 
Array. 

Attired,  drdsia  (gen.) ;  jnrdsta  (adorned, 
of  people) ;  malbus  (Pers.)  or  mulabbas 
(dressed). 

Attitude,  vaz' ;  hdlat. 

Attorney,  vaMl-i  murdfa'a;  vakdlat-ndma 
(power  of  attorney). 

Attract,  to,  jazb  k.  (also  to  suck  up,  as  blot- 
ting paper) ;  jalb  k} 

Attraction,  kashish  or  jdzib  (charm) ;  quwa-yi 
jdziba  (the  power  of  attraction) ;  maqbuliy- 
yat  (prettiness  of  things  or  people). 

Attractive,  jdzib  (of  things ;  of  beauty) ; 
rhang  bi-dil  zan ;  dvdz^ash  chang-t  bi-dil 
naml-zanad  (her  voice  is  not  attractive). 
Vide  Alluring. 

Attribute,  si  fat,  pi.  si  fat. 


Attribute,  to,  niabal  d. ;  hand  k. 

Attributed,  tnansiib. 

Attrition,  farsudagl. 

Attune,  ham-dhang  k. 

Auction,  hard j ;  lildm  (Indian). 

Auctioneer,  harrdj  or  hardj-chi ;  lildmrchi. 

Audacity,  ja^drat.     Vide  Bold,  Impudent. 

Audibly,  buland. 

Audience,  hdzinn  (of  any  assembly) ;  sdmi'in 

(hearers;    gen.    relig.) ;  tamdsha-bindn    or 
tamdshd'^iydn  (spectators);  izn-ihuzurdddan 

(to  give  audience) ;  divdn-i  'dmm  (general 

audience  chamber) ;  divdn-i  khdss  (special 

— ).      Vide  Interview. 
Audit,  to,  muhdsaba  k. 
Auditor,  mustami'  or  sdmi'  (hearer) ;  muhdsib 

or  muhasaba-chi  (of  accounts). 
Auger,  mata  or  barma  (gen.  with  bow) ;  ddna- 

yi  khashkhdsh  rd  mata  7ni-kunad  or   mata 

bi-kutiri    khashkhdsh     mi-guzdrad    (he    is 

terribly  particular;  vide  Particular). 
Augment,    afzudan,    rt.     afzd;    ziydd     k.; 

izdfa  k. 
Augmentation,  afzdyish  or  izdiydd  (k.  or  d.) ; 

izdfa  [k.  and  sh.). 
Augmented,  afzuda. 
Augur,  fdlrgir  (gen.);  (jhayb-gh  (revealer  of 

what  is  hidden) ;  kdhin  (from  signs). 
Augur,   to,    Augury,   fdl-giriftan ;    tafa*'%d  z. 

(from    Hafiz,    Sa'dl,    etc.);    istikhdra    k. 

(rosary,  Qur*an);  shugun  (girt f tan). 
Aunt,  khdla  (maternal) ;  '  amma  (paternal). 
Auricular,  sama'i. 
Auspices,  sdya. 

Auspicious,  mvbdrak ;  maymun. 
Aurangzebe,  Aiorangzib. 
Austere,    'abus    (in    appearance) ;     durusht 

(severe);    riydzat-kash    (in    habits).     Vide 

Ascetic. 
Austria,  Utnsh. 
Authentic,  sahih;   muhaqqaq  and  mtisaddaq 

(of  statements). 
Author,    musannif-i  (or  m,u^alhf-i)  In  kitab 

Idsf^  (who  is  the  author  of  this  book  ?). 
Authority,    by   whose    authority,   bi-huhn-i 

ki?    the  schoolmaster  has    no  authority 

over  the  boys,  dn  mwallim  pashm  tu-yi 

kuldh-ash  nist  * ;  vaJnUi  mvUaq  (a  represen- 


1  The  Hakim-i  Shar'  is  a  mujtahid  that  administers  civil  (and  religious)  law:  the  Hakim-i  ^TJrf 
administers  criminal  law. 

■i  In  Arabic  7026  is  inherent  attraction,  and  jcUh  is  to  bring. 

3  Not  bud  as  it  is  not  known  whether  the  author  be  living  or  dea  1 .-  but  aya  Sa'dl  mu*aUif-i 
Ouliatan  biid  (or  huda  oat)?  In  modern  Persian  <a#ni/  is  generally  "a  song,"  but  ta'/i/ is  any  com- 
position.    Naviaanda  =  kattb,  "■  scribe  or  copyist." 

*  Bi-wu'allim  bi-gu  nazdlk-%  zamiatan  oat  qadr-l   paahtn   tu-yi   kulah-aah    bi-gtizar<»d   is    a  catch 
sage  sent  by  the  parents  of  n  boy  who  is  making  poor  progress  at  school.  ~ 


Aut 


22 


Bab 


tative  with  full  powers) ;  dastur  and  ijaza 
(permission).     Vide  Awe  and  Dignity. 

Autobiography,  savanih-i  'umrl-yi  khud 
navishta  ast. 

Automaton,  lu'bat-i  janarl  (toy). 

Autumn,  pa^iz ;  hhazan ;  barg-rimn  ( =  the 
fall). 

hvxxMsivy ,  mumidd ;  mu'avin;  af'dt-iinu'avin 
(auxiliary  verbs). 

Avail,  mustafiz  sh.  (to  avail  oneself  of — ). 

Avalanche,  hahman  (local  word). 

Avarice,  tama'  (greed) ;  Mrs  (avarice ;  for 
money  or  anything)  ;  huhhl  (miserli- 
ness). 
,  Avaricious,  tamma'  (greedy) ;  danddn-gird 
(exorbitant  in  his  prices) ;  harts  (avarici- 
ous) ;  hahhtl  or  kanis  (m.  c.)  or  mumsik 
(miserly). 

Avenge,  intiqam  hashidan  (avenge  or  re- 
venge) ;  qisds  giriftan  (to  take  the  exact 
blood  retaliation  allowed  by  the  law,  but 
colloquially  used  of  any  revenge.  Vide 
Revenge. 

Avenger,  muntaqim  (or  revenger). 

Avenue,  khiydbdn  (a  street  or  garden  path 
lined  generally  with  poplars ') ;  ckahdr- 
hdgh  ^  (cross  avenue). 

Average,  ru-yi  ham  or  ru-yi  ham  rafta; 
takhmln"  "  ^  ( on  an  average ) .  Vide  Subsc  rip- 
tion. 

Aversion,  tanaffur  {ddshtan  or  k.) ;  ikrdh* 
or  kardhat  {d.  or  k.) ;  nifrat  {d.  or  k.),  for 
nafrat. 

Avert,  to,  daf  k. ;  dur  k.  (of  evil  threatened 
or  arrived). 

Avidity,  Mrs  (in  eating) ;  hd  kamdl-i  shawq 
(or  m,ayl  or  raghhat,  etc.). 

Avoid,  to,  ijtindb  namudan;  parhiz  k.;  az 
Mir  pahlu  tuhi  mi-kunad  (he  avoids  work); 
I  cannot  avoid  going,  nami-tavdnam  az 
raftan  bdz  bi-manam  ^ ;  namihhwdstam  du 
chdr-i  n  shavam,  khud  rd  bi-kucha-yi 
Hasan  chap  zadam  (I  did  not  want  to 
meet  him,  so  I  avoided  him  by  a  detour) ; 
az  suhhai-i  zandn  Mndra  mi-kashad  (he 
avoids  the  society  of  women).  ' 
Avow,  iqrdr  k.;  mu'tarif  sh. ;  qdHl  budan. 
Avowed,  murid-i  bd-ism  u  rasm  (avowed 
disciple). 


Await,  Awaiting,  muntazir  budan. 

Awake,  wake  me  early,  mard  subh-i  zud 
blddr  kun ;  qadri  khwdb-dlud  budam  (I  was 
not  quite  awake) ;  az  hhivdb  pa  k.  (m.  c). 

Aware,  vdqif ;  dgdh ;  bd  hhabar ;  multafvt 
(rare) ;  masbuq  (modem) ;  I  was  not  in 
the  least  aware  of  this,  az  in  ittild'-t  no- 
ddshtam  h/ich. 

Away,  dur.     Vide  Absent. 

Awe,  ru'b  (awe  or  fear  of  man  or  lion); 
haybat  (awe  of  man  or  God).  Vide  Fear. 
They  do  not  stand  in  awe  of  him,  Mnnd- 
yash  rang-l  na-ddrad  or  zahra-yi  chashm 
n^t-ddrad.     Vide  Authority  and  Stuff. 

Awful,  muhib  (prop,  mahib),  mahhuj  (frighten- 
ing) ;  ' '  how  awful  is  the  state  of  those 
who  despise  God,"  hdlat-i  dn  kasdn-i  ki 
khudd  rd  hich  mt-shumdrand  dn  qadar 
hawl-ndk  ast  ki  morpurs. 

Awhile,  dam-i. 

Awkward,  shirtl  (one  who  dashes  at  things) ; 
u  shutur  bar  nardahdn  ast  (rare) ;  jirat- 
gji,uz;  dast  u  pd  chilifti  (or — mumi)ast; 
chuldq-dast  {hnttev-fLngereiA) ;  bad-tarldb  (ill- 
shaped,  of  animals). 

Awl,  dirafsh. 

Awning,  sdya-bdn ;  dftdh-garddn. 

Awry,  kaj. 

Axe,  "  bring  an  axe  and  chop  this  wood," 
tabar-i  bi-ydvar  in  chub "  rd  khurd  kun. 

Axioms,  qazdyd-yi  awaliyya  (of  Euclid) ; 
musallamdt  (postulates). 

Axis,  miV ;  mihvar  (in  m.  c,  of  Earth). 

Axle,  tir.  _ 

Ayisha,  'A^isha  (the  Prophet's  wife ;  amongst 
the  Shi'ahs  also  used  as  a  term  of  abuse). 

Azerbaijan,  AzarbdHjdn. 

Azof,  Bahr"^  'l-Qirlm  (Sea  of  Crimea). 

Azure,  Idjawardi. 


B 

Baal,  Ba'l. 

Baalbak,  Ba'labak. 

Babbler,  he's  a  babbler,  u  ki  pur-gu  ast; 
fazul  (also  a  meddler) ;  chdrm-zan  or 
fardkh-dahan  (talks  too  much  and  foolish- 
ly) ;  charand-gu  (who  talks  rot);  ydva-gu 
(ditto).     Vide  Blabber,  etc. 


1  If  without  trees  it  would  be  called  kucha. 

2  Also  the  name  of  a  celebrated  royal  garden  at  Isfahan. 

3  In  India  awsat  (adj.). 

*  In  Arabic  ikrah  used  only  in  the  sense  of  compulsion. 

6  But  i'tiraz  Jc.  "to  object  to.'" 

6  Kunda,  logs  for  burning,  etc.,  hlzam  or  hlma,  small  wood  for  burning.     Shikaftan,  "  to  split. 

■J  Mil.  mile-stone,  etc. :   mil-i  zur-khana,  "  Indian  clubs :  ' '  mllcha    "a  collyrium  needle. ' ' 


Bab 


23 


Bal 


Babel,'  Babil. 

Baboon.      Vide  Ape, 

Baby,    tifl-i    shxr-khwdra ;    razt' ;    bdbn    (by 

father  or  mother  to  tiny  child). 
Babyhood,  shir-khwdragi . 
Babylon,  Babul. 

Bachelor,  zan  na-girifta  or  'arusi  na-karda; 
damnd  na-shuda;  'azab;  mujurrad  (m.  c). 
Back,    pushl ;    jmshi-i    hard    ( — of     knife); 
"  what  has  he  got  on  his   back''"    ru-yi 
pusht-ash  chi  ddrad?  hi — puaht  k.  (to  turn 
the    back  on) ;  vide  Rear ;   bdz ;    vdpas ; 
vide  Again ;  fUsh  or  kuhna  (of  numbers  of 
a  paper). 
Backbite,     to,     bi-pusttn-i     kas-l     uftadan; 
(jhibat  k.  or  guftan ;  pusht-i  sar  harf  zadan. 
Backbiter,     (jhibat-gu ;     chugtU-khirr     (tale- 
bearing). 
Backbiting,      sukhan-chlni       (tale-bearing) ; 

(jJ!,ibat-gu^l. 
Backbone,  tir-i  pusht ;  rrmza  (also  the  g'roove 
in  the  back) ;  muhra-yi  pusht  (one  bone  or 
joint  of  the  backbone). 
Backgammon,    nard     {bdkhtun) ;    takhta-bdzt 

(k.). 
Background,  zamina  (of  picture  ;  carpet). 
Bick-handed,  pusht-i  dastt,  adj. 
Bickward,    'aqab  uftdda  (of  a  child) ;  kund 

(dull). 
Beckwardness,    susti    or    kunit    (dullness) ; 

^cam-ru^l  (shyness) 
Backwards,  he  retired  from  the  Shah's  pres- 
♦nce  backwards,  az  huzur-i  Shah    pusht-i 
faraici  birun  raft  or  qahqard  har-gasht. 
Ba:k- water,  murddb. 

Bai,  bad ;  na-khub  (in  Persian  Gulf) ;  zabun ; 
qpbxh  (of  people,  things,  words) ;  fdsid 
(jone  bad,  of  food,  etc.) ;  ganda  or  bad-bu 
cr  muta'affin  (stinking) ;  sag-i  zard  bard- 
dar-i  sha(fhdl-i  siydh  or  kahar  kam  az 
habud  nist  (one  is  as  bad  as  the  other); 
bid-zabdni  {k.)  (bad  language).  Vide 
Name. 
Badge,  nishdn. 

Badger,^  gur-kan ;  gur-shikan ;  khuk-i  dih(?). 
Badness,   ba/K   (gen.) ;  qabdhat    (of   actions, 

words) 
Baffle,  to,  sa't  bi-kdr  k.     Vide  Deceive. 


Baffled,  mahrum  or  ma^yua  {ah.)  (disappoint- 
ed or  despairing  of — ) ;  hayran  (ah.)  or 
gum  (ah.)  (of  a  scent). 

Bag,  lif  (a  hand-bag  for  washing) ;  u  MiayJi 
Ef  ddrad  (he  gives  himself  the  airs  of  a 
swell) ;  put  this  money  in  the  bag,  m  pvl » 
rd  tu-yi  Idsa  bi-guzdr ;  chanta  (dervishe 
and  beggars;  of  carpet);  jawzrbartdi  (a 
dervish's  bag  suspended  under  the  arm 
and  from  the  shoulder) ;  tobra  (nose-bag) : 
vide  Bale;  he's  alone  and  without  bag 
and  baggage,  u  lut  u  Idt  oat  va  bt-aabab 
(vulg.). 

Bag,  to,  pufidan,  intr.,  (fill  with  wind;  of 
sail). 

Bagdad,  Bagdad. 

Baggage,  buna:  sarbdz-hd hamrdh*-i  aabdb-i 
khud-i  shdn  raftand ;  bar  u  buna :  rakht-i 
safar ;  sdmdn;  Mwrrfa-m  (small  et  ceteraa 
for  journey,  etc.).     Vide  Bag. 

Bagpipe,  nay-arnbdn ;  nay-ambdn-chi  (player 
on—). 

Bahrain,  Bahrayn. 

Bail,  mi-khwdhtd  zdmin-ash  bi-shamd?  (of  a 
person);  zamdnat  (d.  or  k.)  (the  security 
itself) ;  kafdlat  (personal  only). 

Bait,  ddna;  china ,  Vwma  (for  fish) ;  mulld^  (a 
live  bait,  and  also  a  decoy  bird) ;  chiddmri 
bardy-ash  bi-niham  ki  gir-ash  bi-ydram 
(with  what  bait  can  I  allure  him  ?). 

Bake,  to,  dar  tanur  piikhtan;  khabbdzi  k. 
(of  bread  only). 

Bake-house,  kjiabbdz-khdna  (also  a  place 
where  bread  is  sold). 

Baker,  ndn-vd :  khabbdz. 

Baking,  khabbdzi  (k). 

Baku,  Bddkuba. 

Balance,  "what  is  the  balance  of  my  ac- 
count ?  ' '  mizdn-i  hisdb-am  chist  (for  credit 
or  debt) ;  baqiyya  (gen.) ;  tatimmoryi  bi-dih 
(bal.  debt) ;  tatimma-yi  talab  (bal.  credit) ; 
qdpun  (large  scales) ;  tardzu  (small  scales). 

Balance,  to,  vide  Weigh,  Adjust;  langar  k. 
( — oneself,  on  a  tight-rope,  etc.). 

Balcony,  bdld-khdna  (also  an  '  upper  storey  ') ; 
ayvdn  (with  covering;  above  the  tdldr) ; 
mahtdbi  (on  roof  of  house ;  has  no  covering 
or  awning;  vide  Terrace). 


1  The  angels  Harut  and  Marut  are  suspended  head  downweuxls  in  a  great  pit  near  Babel.     They 
teach  magic. 

2  The  Persian  belief  is  that  the  more  the  bJkdger  is  beaten  the  fatter  it  gets. 

3  The  pi.  pul-ha  is  often  useil,  if  there  is  more  than  one  piece. 
♦  Ham  rikab  only  used  for  accompanying  people. 

6  Corruption  of  Ar.  milwah.     Midla  is  in   India   also  used    for  a  live  insect  (mole,    cricket,  etc.) 
used  to  snare  birds  that  are  insect-feeders. 


Bal 


24 


Bar 


Bald,  tds ;  kal,  kad,  or  kachal  (from  favus). 

Bale,  open  the  bale  of  cotton,  ktsa-yi  pamba 
ra  va  kun ;  hasta  (for  cloth ;  also  a  parcel) ; 
javdlri  gandum  (sack  of  wheat);  also  bdr-i 
gandum  (sack  or  load  of  wheat) ;  linga  (half 
a  load) ;  'idl  (m.  c. :  for  cloth). 

Balkh,  Balkh. 

Ball,  tupa,  and  git  or  guy  (for  playing); 
majlis-i  (or  mihmdm-yi)  hdl  (dance,  Eur.) ; 
guruk  (of  thread). 

Ballast,  this  ship  came  in  ballast,  in  jahdz 
khdli  dmada:  pdr-sang  (make  weight). 

Bamboo,  chub-  i  khayzurdn  (Malacca  cane) ; 
nay  (gen.). 

Banana,  mawz  or  muz  (a  word  not  commonly 
known) ;  halvd-yi  darakhti  (fig.). 

Band,  jama' at;  dasta  or  guruh  (of  people); 
tdHfa^  (a  tribe;  a  class) ;  dasia-yi  muztkdn 
or  dasta-yi  sdz  (musical). 

Bandage,  band;  takhta-band  (with  splint, 
also  a  wooden  floor) ;  pd-tdba  (leg-band- 
ages, putties). 

Band-box,  sanduqcha  yi  muqavvd. 

Bandit,  rdh-zan.     Vide  Robber. 

Bandolier,  baQhal-taq  (a  bandolier  for  carry- 
ing a  rifle  and  protecting  tbe  clothing). 
Vide  Belt. 

Bandy,  to,  radd  u  badal  k.  (to  bandy  words ; 
in  a  bad  sense). 

Bandy-legged,  Jcamdn-pd. 

Baneful,  7iahs  (unlucky) ;  muzirr  (injurious). 

Bang,  tardq  (noise  of  gun.  hammer,  door). 
Vide  Blow. 

Bang,  to,  dar  rn  bi-ham  zadan  (of  a  door ;  in 
anger). 

Banish,  to,  bi-dar  k. ;  ikhrdj  k. ;  "let  us 
banish  our  fears,  hdld  tars  (not  pi.)  ra  az 
khud  dur  kunlm ;  '  he  was  banished  from 
the  city,'  urd,  az  shahr  birun  kardand  or 
hukumut  an  muqassir  rd  nafi-yi  balad 
hard;  but  m/xn  khud  rd  jald  vatan  mJi- 
kunam  (to  emigrate,  or  banish  oneself). 

Banister,  dasl-anddz. 

Bank,  bdnk  (money) ;  iskinds  or  nut  (bank- 
note);  lab  or  kindra'^  (of  river,  sea); 
pushta  (of  earth) ;  sadd  (basfan) :  band  (rare) 
(guzdshtan) . 
Banker,  Banking,  ahl-i  bdnk  (staff) :  ra^is-i 
bdnk  (manager).'^  They  are  bankers  of 
Shiraz ,  dar  Shlrdz  sarrdfi  mi-kunand. 


Bank-note,  vide  Bank. 

Bankrupt,  u  In  ruz-hd  var-shikasta  ast  (he  is 

at  present  bankrupt). 
Banner,  'alam;  bayraq  (flag). 
Banquet,  ziydfat  (dadan)  (any  entertainment 

of  food) ;  valhna  {dadan)  or  shayldn  {kashi- 

dan)  (a  general  feast) ;  mihmdni  [k.  or  d.) 

(entertainment,  q.  v.). 
Baptize,'*  ta'mid  {k.). 
Bar,  pushtibdn  (of  door  or  window) ;  mjdni' 

(impediment,  q.  v.) ;  sikh  (of  any  cage). 
Bar,  to,  chijt  k.  (to   bolt) ;  qufl  z.    (to  lock) ; 

muni'    dmadan    or    masdud    sdkhtan    (to 

obstruct). 
Barb,  khdr ;  sim-i  khdr-ddr  (barbed  wire). 
Barbarian,   vahshi;    a'jami  also  'ajami,  Ar. 

(one  who  does  not  speak  Arabic,  i.e.,  a 

barbarian,  uncultured,  a  Persian) ; 

(prop,  a  person  of  Berber). 
Barbarity,  barbariyyat ;  vahshi-gari. 
Barber,  dalldk  (also  shampooer  in  T. 

salmdnl  (vulg.) ;  ha j jam  (cupper). 
Barberry,  zirishk. 
Bard,    ddstdn-khwdn ;    qavvdl     (who 

religious  songs). 
Bare, ' '  we  were  sitting  on  the  bare  grounc 

ru-yi   zamln-i  hi-farsh  nishista  biidim; 

barahna  mi-ravad   (he   goe>s   bare-footea) ; 

sar-barahna    (bare-headed) ;    luhhi  (naied 

of    body) ;     mahz     (mere) ;     mu'arid  |(of 

ground  ;   void  of  any  growth).  I 

Bare-faced,     rn-bdz    (with   face   uncovered). 

Vide  Impudent,  etc. 
Bai  ely ,   hamin   ast   va   bas ;  man  In  ka\  ra 

hanuz  tammn  na-kardam  ki  u  dmad. 
Bargain,  to,  you  made  a  bad  bargain, 

mala-yi  bad-i   kardtd ;    chdna  zadan 

to  chatter  ;  lit.  to    wag  chin)  ;    say 

proper    price,    don't    haggle,    qimat 

kalima   bi-gu  or  bi-chdna    bi-gu  ^ ;  bd 

qimat   na-kun    (don't   bargain    with 

Vide  Haggle. 
Bark,    pust    (kandan)    (of    tree) ;    qishr  \  (by 

druggists) .  \ 

Bark,  to,  "  that  dog  barks  at  every  one," 

dn  sag  bi-har  kas  vaw  vaw  mi-kunad ,  pars ' 

k. ;  haw    dvurdan  ^     (bark    and    attack)  : 
'af    .'a/     kardan ;     "his    bark    is    worse 

than  his  bite,"  dn  sag  haw  ddrad  gir  na- 

ddrad. 


'o- 

Mso 
I  the 
\yak 
\nan 
jne). 


TaHfa  yi  incis.^  "  the  female  sex.  "  2  But  kinar,  "  edge,  side,  etc. 

In  In^lia  farrai  j.s  a  '  native  banker.'  but  in  Persia  'a  money  changer  ' 

Yahya-''i  tamid  dihanda,  "  John  the  Baptist." 

Bi-sarhar  hist  tnman  ml  diham,  "  for  monsieur  it  shall  be  twenty  tilmans." 

Pens  (corrup.  of  pas)  z.\  properly  to  keep  guard. 

Haic  or  hawa  is  corrupted  from  hamla. 


Bar 


26 


Bat 


Barked,  adj.,  puM-kand  (al.so  '  peeled,'  of 
fiuit ;  and  '  skiiuied,'  of  almonds)  ;  mu- 
qashshar  (peeled  ;  nkinned). 

Barley,  jaw ;  jav ;  talid  (green  barley  given 
to  horses)  ;  khavid  '  (ditto  ;   but  rare). 

Barn,  ambar  (k.)  ;  kharman  {k.)  (a  heap  in 
the  open  before  or  after  cleaning). 

Barometer,  tnizan-i  havd ;  shisha-yi  ham 
(vulg.). 

Barracks,  sarbaz-khdna ;  qardvul-khdna 
(guard-house). 

Barrel,  pip  (cask)  ;  lula  (of  gun). 

Barren,  bdyir  (of  land)  ;  zird'at  tui-ddrad  (of 
fallow  land) ;  nainak-zdr  or  shura-zdr  ast 
(brackish) ;  kavir  (salt  desert ;  produces 
melons) ;  nd-zd  or  'aqim{oi  woman).  Vide 
Arid. 

Barrenness,  bay  in  u  bi-db  u  'alafi-yi  zamln 
(the  barrenness  of  the  soil) ;  '  aqhn  budan 
(of  woman). 

Barricade,  to,  ' '  the  people  rose  and  barri- 
caded the  streets,"  ahl-i  shahr  shurish 
karda  kucJiahd  rd  sangar  kardand ;  kucha- 
bandi  k.     Vide  Barrier. 

Barrier,  sadd-i  rah  ;  maid' .     Vide  Barricade. 

Barter,  to.  Barter,  mubddala  {k  )  (exchange 
for  kind) ;  tijdrat  bi-mu'dvaza  k. ;  ddd  u 
siiad  (k.)  or  bay'  u  shird  (k.)  (trade  by 
money).     Vide  Buy,  Bargain,  Deal. 

Base,  subs,  bun ;  asds  (foundation) :  pdya 
(foot) ;  qd'ida  (of  a  triangle). 

Base,  adj.,  past;  dun;  qabih  {oi  actions; 
but  of  people  ="  hideous").  "What 
baseness  I  am  guilty  of,"  afsusf  chi 
"avial-i  past-i  kardam.      Vide  Baseness. 

Base-born,  tukhm-i  hardm ;  hardm-zdda ; 
valad"  'z-zi7id  (illegitimate) ;  mddar  bi- 
khatd  (ditto,  but  in  abuse  only);  bad-asi ; 
past-nizhdd  (low-born)       Vide  Bastard. 

Based,  rnahni  hi  or  bar — (founded  on) ; 
mu''assas  bi — . 

Baseness,  dnni ;  pasli ;  razdlat;  siftagt  (also 
with  k.);  sagtyat,  vulg.  (baseness  with 
injury  to)      Vide  Base. 


Bashful,  kani-rii ;  fiharm-tu;  khijdlal  ml' 
kasfiad  ki  bd  bacJtcha-hd-yi  digar  Lukht 
hamrmiiii  kunad. 

Bashfulness,  kain-ru''i  ;  aharm-ru^l. 

Basil,  rayhdn  (the  Holy  Basil,  the  tuUii  of 
the  Hindus). 

Basin,  tds ;  hawz  (of  a  fountain);  "  bring  a 
little  water  in  a  basin,"  yak  khurdu  db 
(also  yakkhurda-yi  db)  tu-yi  la{/an  (or  kisht) 
bi-ydvar.      Vide  Tank. 

Basis,  uss-i  asds  (the  key-note  or  foundation 
stone).      Vide  Base. 

Bask,  to,  khud  rd  dftdb  dddan. 

Basket,  zarnhll  (deep) ;  sabad,  vulg.  saft 
(broad  and  open) ;  "  put  them  in  the  bas- 
ket," tH-yi  sabad  bi-guzdr  or  bi-rlz;  lawda 
or  chdk  (pointed  donkey  pannier) ; 
salla-yi  munjh^  (for  covering  fowls  ^); 
qawsara  (a  basket  of  dwarf-palm  leaves  for 
packing  dates).      Vide  Box. 

Basket-maker,   vid/i  Box  ;  zambll- (etc.)  bdf. 

Bass,  zir  u  bam  (treble  and  bass). 

Bastard,  hardm-zdda;  tukhm  or  nutja-yi 
hardm;  valad "' z-zind ;  mddar  bi-khatd 
(abuse).     Vide  Base-born. 

Baste,  to,  kiik  k.  (ttick). 

Bastinado,  he  was  bastinadoed,  um  bi-falak* 
kardand;  chub  zadan  (gen.);  vide  Beat; 
[ktUak  zadan,  gen.  to  beat  anyhow] ;  falak 
khurdan  (Pass.). 

Bastion,  burj,  pi.  buruj  (also  =  tower) :  bdsti- 
ydn  (Eur.). 

Bat,  mush-kur ,  ruz  kiir ;  kabish  (Gilau) ;  and 
sfiabpara*  (the  animal);  chaivgdn  (old 
spoon-shaped  bat  for  playing  ball) :  rhafta 
m.  c.  (cricket  bat). 

Bath,  hammdm  (Turkish  bath  ^) ;  ustdd  or 
hammdml  oi  hammdm-chl  (ouner  or 
supermtendent) ;  tun-tdb  or  tun-sdz  (stoker) ; 
blna  or  }dma-kan  (the  place  in  a  bath 
where  the  clothes  are  removed) ;  jdma-ddr 
(the  man  in  charge  of  the  clothes) ;  gvl- 
khan  (the  furnace  of  a  bath) ;  khizdjia  (the 
tank  in  a  bath) ;  hammdm-i  chubl  (bathing 


1  In  India  qa,^l. 

2  The  hen  hous  'is,  in  some  parts  of  Persia,  the  w.  c. 

^  Falak  or  fal'ika  is  the  pole  held  by  two  assistant)*,  which  by  means  of  a  noose  holds  tiie  ii«t 
of  the  ort'ender  sole  upwards  ("'skywards").  Chnh  art>  the  switches  for  beating.  If  the  soles  are 
struck  by  the  middle  of  tlv  8i\  itch,  the  switch  curls  round  the  ankles  and  increases  the  suffering. 
A  present  to  the  '  farra.sh>s '  and  the  blows  will  rain  henvily  on  the  falaka  and  not  on  the  feet 

*  Shahpara ,  '•  but'erfly." 

6  In  I'ersia.  the  bathroom  of  a  t 'nt,  or  evon  a  tub,  is.  for  wa:it  of  a  better  word,  styled  ham- 
mZ'Tn;  not  so  in  India.  Hurin,'  the  hours  that  the  hamnum  is  appropriated  to  women,  a  lung  ia 
hun^'  before  the  door.  When  a  bather  cocno;  out  of  the  garm  khutn  ,nto  the  juma-kan.  a  common 
greeting  is  'ufiyat  bilfthad:  but  to  a  person  who  has  left  the  hammtm  for  the  street,  the  greeting  is 
8ihhat-i  f,:\mmam. 


Bat 


26 


Bea 


house  by  river) ;  hammdm-i  dasti  and 
chalak  (bathing  tub). 

Bathe,  dh-hazi  k.  (to  bathe  for  recreation) ; 
hammdm-i  pdk-i  raftam  (I  took  a  good 
bath) ;  "  I  saw  a  lot  of  people  bathing  in 
the  Euphrates,"  jam'tyyat-i  ziydd-i  d^dam 
ki  dar  dh-i  Furdt  shust  u  shu  mi-kardand 
or  jdn  m^-shusiand ;  hi-dh  mt-jaqidand 
(were  bathing  and  jumping  about) ;  ahusl 
k.  (relig.) ;  istihmdm-i  db-i  garm-i  ma' dam 
k.  (to  take  hot  mineral  baths).' 

Baton,  'asd;  dur-hdsh ;  [dur-bdsh-kun,  "the 
man  that  carries  the  baton]. 

Battalion,  bdtdlyun  (Eur.). 

Battery,  bdtn  (Art.) ;  hanuz  tup  bi-qal'a  na- 
basta  budand  ki  —(their  batteries  had 
hardly  opened  when — ) ;  charkh-i  almds 
(electric). 

Battle,  jang  {k.) ;  m^'raka  (with  kardan  =  to 
make  a  row  or  collect  a  crowd)  (prop,  the 
field  of  battle) ;  m^yddn-i  jang  (drdstan) 
(field);  jihdd  (k.)  (relig.  war). 

Battle,  to,  saff-drd^l  k.  (to  draw  up  in  battle 
array) ;  jangldan. 

Battlement,  kungura  (castellation,  q.v.). 

Batum,  Bdtum. 

Bauble,  bdzicha  (toy). 

Bawd,  iiide  Pimp;  dalldla  [dalldl,  male]. 

Bawl,  farydd;  bachcha-hd,  farydd  na-zanid, 
yavdsh  bi-gu*id. 

Bay,  khalij  (gulf) ;  khitr  (for  khawr ;  bay 
near  the  mouth  of  a  river) ;  kahar  or 
kumayt  (of  colour) ;  qara  kahar  (dark  bay) ; 
{kahar  az  kabud  kam  nist  =  "  the  one  is  as 
bad  as  the  other). 

Bayazid,  Bdyazid. 

Bayonet,  mza-yi  tujang ;  sar-niza. 

Bay-window,  shdh-nishm. 

Bazar,  there  the  bazar  commences,  dnjd 
avval-i  bdzdr  ast. 

Bdellium,  mitql. 

Be,  budan;  zlstan  (to  live);  shudan  (to  be- 
come). 

Beach,  sdhil  (coast)  ;  [but  lab-i  daryd,  "  river 
bank"]. 

Bead,  muhra  '^  (also  a  cowrie)  ;  [khcir-muhra 
a  large  shell] ;  shaha ;  ddna  (of  a  rosary  or 
tasbih). 

Beaded,  shabordukhta. 


Beak,  nuk  ;  ching ;  [chang  "  birds'  claws  or 
foot  "]  ;  minqdr. 

Beam,  shdh-tir  ;  maflul  (also  twisted  wire  or 
rope)  ;  shdhin  (of  large  scales) ;  mil  (of 
steelyard) ;  partav  or  lam'a  (of  light) : 
vid£.  Sunbeam;  muhdr  (the  thin  pole, 
usually  a  poplar,  that  binds  opposite 
walls ;  said  to  be  necessary  owing  to 
earthquakes). 

Bean,  bdqild  (broad) ;  lubiyd  (French) . 

Bear,  khirs ;  khdlu ;  mam  (Baluchistan); 
Dubb-i  Akbar  (Great  Bear) ;  Dubb-'  Asgjiar 
(Little  Bear);  Hazrat-i  Khirs  ( Bruin ^ 

Bear,  to,  burdan,  rt.  bar ,  haml  namudan  (to 
carry) ;  ru-yi  sar-ash  mi-barad  (he  carries  it 
on  his  head) ;  tahammul  n.  (endure) ;  sdJch- 
tanbd-  ,  intr.  (ditto);  kashidan;  tab  dvur- 
dan,  he  bears  it  patiently;  "  az  ru-yi  sabr 
mutahammil-i  an  sadma  ast ' ' ;  vide  En- 
dure and  Patience ;  zd^ldan  (young) ;  "  she 
has  given  birth,"  an  zan  pd  subuk  karda 
ast;  bi-bdr  dmadan  or  bdr  dvurdan  (of  a 
fruit  tree). 

Beard,  rish;  rish-i  arnbuh  or  tup-rish  (thick 
beard) ;  rlsh-pahn  (broad  beard  with  whisk- 
ers); "he  has  a  chin  beard  only,"  u 
kusa  ast  or  rish-i  kusa  ddrad;'^  vide 
infra ;  kusa-yi  rish-pahn  (said  of  contradic- 
tory things  as  a  '  round  square  hole ' ) ; 
khatl  (newly  sprouting  beard  and  whisker); 
mahdsin  (big);  "the  Prophet  said,  'Do 
the  opposite  of  the  Polytheists  and  let 
your  beard  grow  long,'  "  Paigjiambar 
farmud  ki  shunid  bar-khildf-i  mushrikln  bi- 
guzdrld  ki  rishhd-yi  tan  buland  shavad ; 
vide  Hat ;  naw-khatt  ast  (he  is  just  begin- 
ning to  get  a  beard,  etc.). 

Bearded,  rish-ddr  or  rlshi ;  arnbuh-rish  or 
tup-rish  or  gapa-rish  (thickly) ;  rish-kusa 
(with  beard  on  chin  only  like  the  Chinese). 

Beardless,  bl-rish ;  ■*  amrad ,  sdda-ru  (without 
hair  on  the  face). 

Bearer,  hdmil ,  [but  hammdl  'coolie']; 
chughll-knn  ^  (tale-bearer). 

Bearing,  vaz' . 

Beast,  mdl  (of  burden,  or  for  riding) ;  vahsh, 
pi.  vuhush  (any  wild  beast  or  bird) ; 
bahlma,  pi.  bahdHm  (of  quadrupeds) ;  sutur 
(any  beast  of  burden ;  sp.  a  mule) ;  jdnvar 


1  There  are  hot  mineral  springs  in  Persia  used  by  the  rheumatic  and  paralytic. 
*  Also  a  '  •  piece  ' '  at  backgammon ;  and  a  ' '  chessman. ' ' 
8  Considered  ugly.     Also  a  kusa  beard  is  a  sign  of  a  knave. 
4  As  blrtsh  may  signify  '  catamite  '  the  word  is  best  avoided. 
6  In  India  chughli-lehur. 


Bea 


27 


Bee 


or  hay{a)van  (anything  alive) ;  daranda  (of 
prey);  aibd'-t,  zdrra  (dangerous  beasts). 

Beat,  subs. ,  zarb  (one  beat  of  pulse) ;  hara- 
kat  (the  beating  of  pulse). 

Beat,  "  I  have  twice  beaten  him  u)  class," 
dar  dars  khwdndan  du  bar  az  u  jilo  shudam 
or  sabqat  giriftam;  az  n  bdzi  rd  burdam 
(for  games)  ;  the  master  has  beaten  his 
slave,  dqd '  ^nldm-ash  rd  kutak  zad  (gener- 
ally) ; — bd  shalldq  khurd  u  khamtr  Icard 
(beat  him  black  and  blue  with  a  Peraian 
whip) ;  chub-i  khub-i  zad  (gen.  for  basti- 
nado, q.v.);  tasma  az  gurda-yash  bar  ml- 
dram  (I'll  hammer  his  back  for  him) ;  u  rd 
dam-i  chub  girifta  and  (they  are  beating 
him);  "the  ram  beats  into  the  room," 
bdrdn  tu-yi  utdq  mi-zanad;  he  was  beaten 
to  a  jelly,  az  bos  ki  u  rd  zadand  lih  shud, 
bi-ham  z.  (beat  up  eggs,  etc.) ;  bi-pdnzda 
dvurdam  (I  beat  him  down  to  15  tumans). 
Vide  Tender. 

Beater,  shikdr-garddn  (of  game). 

Beating,  kutak-kdri  mi-kunand  or  ddrand 
(there  is  a  whipping  going  on) ;  taldtum 
(of  waves) ;  harakat  (of  pulse ;  vide.  Beat). 

Beau,  shangul ;  khush-vaz' . 

Beautified,  arasto  (A;.) ;  muzayyan{k.).  Vide 
Array.  Adorn. 

Beautiful,  khush-mariT^r ;  hasin ;  malang 
(vulg.)  (of  persons);  mdh-ru  ( of  women 
only) ;  qashang'^  (for  persons,  animals  or 
things) ;  khush-gil  (for  living  things) ; 
maqbul  (pretty ;  people  or  things) ; ' '  this  is 
a  beautiful  garden ,  in  bdij,l%-i  dil-chasp-i  ^st; 
(malih  =  good  looking).  Vide  Handsome 
and  Pretty. 

Beauty,  husn  ;  jamdl ;  khush-glli  (prettiness); 
maldhat  (being  of  pleasing  looks)  ;  rabb" 
^n-naw'-i  husn  (the  God  or  Goddess  of 
Beauty). 

Beauty-spot,  khdl  (also  mole). 

Becalm,  the  ship  was  becalmed  four  days, 
az  bt-bddi  jahdz  id  chahdr  ruz  dar  jd-yi 
Mhud  sdkit,  or  sdkin,  mdnd.     Vide  Soothe. 

Because,  zirdki;  bi-vdsitaryiinki  -  ;  bi-' illat-i 
in  ki — ;  chunki ;  bi-sabab-i  in  ki — ;  bi-jihat-i 
in  ki — . 

Beck,  man  ki  khar-i  w  hastam  (I'm  at  his 
beck  and  call). 


Beckon,  beckon  to  him  to  come  here,  ishdra 
bi-kun  injd  bi-ydyad. 

Becloud,  lira  or  tdrik  k. 

Become,  shudan  ;  gardidan ;  gashtan ;  libidan 
or  shdyistan  to  suit);  "he  has  lately 
become  very  haughty  (got  swollen  head), 
in  ruz-hd,  dimdff^-ash  bald  rafta  ast ;  "  I 
will  never  become  his  wife  neither  now 
nor  hereafter,"  hargiz  zan-i  u  nami-shavam 
va  norkhwdham  ahud;  chi  shud?  (what's 
become  of  him  ^  ;  chiin  havd  garmi  bi-ham 
rasdnid  (when  the  sun  became  hot)  {vide 
Obtained).      Vide  Suit  and  Befit. 

Bed,  takht-i  khwdb;  gul-zdr  (large  flower- 
bed) ;  kurza-yi  >gul  (small) ;  takht-i  pi*in 
or  pahin  (of  horse).     Vide  Bedding. 

Bedchamber,  utdq-i  Idiwdb  or  l^ivdb-gdh; 
shabisidn  (old). 

Bedding,  rakhi-i  khtvdb  ;  jul-bandl  (of  der- 
vishes) ;  for  '  horse-bedding '  vide 
Dung. 

Bedfellow,  kindr-khwdb  (any  bedfellow)  ; 
ham-khipdba  (wife). 

Bedim,  lira  k. 

Bedouin,  Badavi. 

Bedraggle,  dluda  k. 

Bedridden,  bistari.     Vide  Bed. 

Bedstead,  lakht;  takht-i  khwdb;  charpdy^ 
(Indian  bedstead). 

Bee,  I  have  been  stung  by  a  bee,  zarnbur-i 
'asal  7nard  zada  ast ;  l^yl  (swarm  of) ; 
{ya'mb,  the  king,  i.e.,  'queen'  of  the 
bees)  ;  zdrii  or  zarnbur-zardu  (a  yellow 
wasp)  ;  zarnbur,  (hornet). 

Bee-eater,  zambur-kush  ;  murgii-i  ja'ldb.* 

Beef,  gusht-i  gdv. 

Beehive.      Vide  Hive. 

Beer,  db-i  jaw,  bir  (Eur.);  "you  think  no 
small  beer  of  yourself,"  tu  bi-nasar-at  ki 
khayli  chiz  hasti. 

Beetle,  guh-gildn^  (the  beetle  that  rolls 
pellets  of  dung)  ;  sin  (some  kind  of  blight, 
that  particularly  infests  mulberry  trees)  ; 
ju'al ;  madu  (in  dung)  ;  susk  (cockroach)  ; 
kdkrus,  Eng.  (by  Calcutta  Persians). 

Beetroot,  chukandar  or  chughandar :  labu 
or  laljlabu  (a  street  word  for  whole  cooked 
beetroots ;  and  also  for  whole  cooked 
turnips). 


)  Pronounced  ui/lia  and  often  so  wrUten. 

*  In  m.  c  qashanq  applied  to  men  often  means  '*  good-tempered,"  but  to  women  "  pretty." 
s  But  chahhr  pay,  a  ••quadruped.' ' 

*  '  HfU'binger  ot  sheep.' t7aUa6  in  mod.    Ar.    is  one   who    trades   in  sheep   (specially  in  the  male* 
which  do  not  yield  milk).  6  Oilan,  oorrup.  from  (fhalfiantdan. 


Bef 


28 


Bel 


Befitting,  sJidyisia ;  Idyiq  ;  sazdvar  ,  dar-khur. 

Before,  jilaw  (with  izdfat  gen.  jilav-i — (in 
front  of)  ;  plsh-i  (of  place),  but  pish  az  (of 
time) ;  muhdp,  (opposite)  ;  muqabil  (fac- 
ing) ;  qabl  az  (of  time)  ;  misl-i  sabiq  (as 
before)  ;  rdst  ru-yat  (right  before  you). 

Before-mentioned,  mazkur  or  mazkura-yi 
hold  ;  sdhiq"'' z-zikr  ;  mazkur"'' I- fawq. 

Beg,  su'^dl  k.  or  sd^il  sh.  \  gadd^'i  k.  (solicit 
alms)  ;  iltimds  k.  (entreat,  q.  v.)  ;  "  I  beg 
your  pardon  for  what  I  have  done ,  az  dnchi 
karda-am  bakhshish  (or  '  afv)  mi-talabam ; 
'uzr  mi-khivdham  (please  excuse  my  atten- 
dance or  acceptance  of,  etc.)  ;  bi-bakhshtd 
(pardon  me)  ;  istighfdr  k.  (to  beg  pardon 
from  God).     Vid,e  Pardon. 

Beget,  bi-vujud  dvardan  (also  to  create). 

Beggar,  "a  beggar  is  at  the  door,"  dar-i 
khdna  gadd-l  istdda  ast ;  gadd  ;  sd'^il ;  he's 
a  beggar  with  nothing,  u  Idt  ast.  Vide 
Bag. 

Begin,  bind  k.  ;  shuru'  k.  ;  "we  must  begin 
to-moriow,"  fardd  bdyad  dast  bi-kdr  shud  ; 
"  the  big  chilla  has  not  yet  begun,"  chilla- 
yi  '  buzurg  hanuz  na-girifta  ast ;  ' '  the 
man  began  to  punish  his  wife,"  mard 
zariri  khud  rd  tambih  "^  kardan  dghdz  kard — 
Prof.  S.  T.  ;  dar  avd^il-i  ydd  giriftan-i  dn- 
am  (I'm  just  beginning  to  study  it)  ; 
tajdid  k.  or  bdz  az  sar  giriftan  (to  begin 
again)  ;  bdd-l  bar-khdst  (it  began  to 
blow). 

Beginner,  mubtadi;  naw-dmuz;  tuza-kdr; 
they  are  beginners  in  Persian,  tdlibdn-i 
zabdn-i  Far  si  and. 

Beginning,  dar  awal-i  kdr  or  dar  badv-i  amr 
(at  the  beginning) ;  I  have  begun  to  talk 
a  little  English,  dar  zahdn-i  Inglisi  bi-harf 
zadan  shuru'  karda-am, or  bind  karda  (or 
nihdda)  am  bi-harf  zadan ;  ' '  this  has 
neither  beginning  nor  end,  in  na-avval 
ddrad  na  dkhir ;  avd^il  (pi.  of  avval) ;  In 
tifl  tdza  bi-zabdn  dmada  (this  child  is  just 
beginning  to  talk) ;  sar  td  sar  (from  begin- 
ning to  end). 

Behalf,  az  taraj-i  fuldn ;  az  zabdn-i  hama  (on 
behalf  of  all). 


Behave,  'amal  k.  bd —  (to  treat);  bd-qd'ida 
(or  .shdyista)  raftdr  kardan  (to  behave 
well) ;  harakat-i  nd-ma'qul  k.  (to  behave 
ill) ;  bd  u  suluk-i  khub-i  kard  (he  dealt 
kindly  with  him;  behaved  well  towards 
him).      Vide  Treat. 

Behaviour,  harakdt,  pi. ;  raftdr ;  kirddr ;  atvdr 
(manners). 

Behead,  gardan  zadan ;  sar  burlddn  or  anddkh- 
tan  or  bar  ddshtan ;  dush-i  urd  az  bdr-i  sar 
sabuk  kard  (he  relieved  his  shoulder  of  the 
weight  of  the  head). 

Behind,  'aqab;  pusht ,  pusht-i  sar;  durnbdl; 
(three  ships  followed  behind  us,  one  be- 
hind the  other,  az  'aqab-i  sar-i  md  si  kishti 
bi-rad^f  ^  mi-dmad ;  pitsht-i  sar-at  na-nigdr 
(don't  look  behind  you);  dkhir-i  hama 
(last  of  all,  behind  everybody). 

Behold,  inak;  nigdh  kun;  hdn  rasid  (see, 
here  he  is). 

Beholden,  mamnun ;  zir-i  ihsdn-i  shumd  nami- 
ravam  (I  won't  be  beholden  to  you).  ■ 

Beholders,  iidzirin,  pi. 

Being,    banda-yi  Khudd ;    makhluq-i   Khudd 
(a  cjeature) ;  kd^irmt  (all  created  things) 
vujiid,  Ar.  (existence);   hasii,  Pr.  (ditto) 
Vujud-i    Mutlaq    (the    Supreme    Being) 
vujndri  'drizi  (contingent  being;  opposed 
to    vujud-i    haqlqi    ' '  real    being ' '  :    Sufi 
terms). 

Belch,  ' '  the  English  consider  it  very  rude 
to  belch,"  pish-i*  Inglis-hd  drug  zadan 
bisydr  khildf-i  adab  ast. 

Beldame,  patydra  (in  contempt  or  abuse,  sp. 
old  woman). 

Belgium,  Biljik. 

Belie,  takzib  n.     Vide  Slander,  etc. 

Belief,  i'tiqdd  (k.) ;  bdvar  (k.) ;  yaqin  (k.); 
i'timdd  (trust,  belief,  confidence);  imari  (the 
Faith).      Vide  Creed  and  Firm. 

Believable,  qdbil-i  i'timdd. 

Believe,  I  don't  believe  you  can  shoot  a  deer, 
gunjishk-l  bi-zan,  dhu  zadan  pish-kash-i  tu 
(i.e.,  I  make  you  a  present  of  all  the  deer 
you're  likely  to  shoot) ;  irrmn  dvurdan 
(become  a  convert  to :  of  any  religion ; 
also  met.  to  credit) ;  he  believes  all  that 


1  Chilla  is   a   period   of   forty    days  of    greatest  heat  or   greatest  cold.     There   is   also   a   '  little' 
chilla.     This  use  of  giriftan  is  rustic. 

2  Tambih,  properly  "  to  admonish,"  is  in  m.  c.  "  to  punish  "  and  in    this    context    would    signify 
"  to  beat.' ' 

3  Rodlf,    "riding   behind    any   one  on  the  same   horse;  following  behind   in  a  row."     The   Turks 
use  the  word  radif  for  the  '  reserve  forces '  and  the  word  is  alpo  now  used  in  this  sense  in  Persia. 

*  Pish,  m.  c.  for  nazd. 


Bel 


20 


Ben 


is  said  to  him,  har  chi  mardum  tni-guyand 
bdvaj  nii-kuiuul ,  or  har  har  chi  mi-guyand 
i'tibdr  rni-kunad  ;  bi-u  imdn  na-daram,  m.c. 
(I  don't  believe  his  words) ;  yaqm-i  kdmil 
h.   (to  believe   implicitly).     Vide   Induce. 

Believer,  mu'laqid;  mu*min  (lelig.,  of  a 
Muslim). 

Bell,  zaTig  (2.) ;  zangula,  pron.  zangula  (any 
small  bell) ;  ztl  (a  small  closed  bell  for 
hawks,  cats,'  etc.);  naqus  (Christian 
churches);  dard  or  ;ams (large;  for  cara- 
vans) . 

Bellicose,  jang-ju.     Vide  Quarrelsome. 

Belligerents,  tarafayn  (Ht.  the  two  parties). 

Bell-metal,  chawdan. 

Bellowing,  farydd  {k.) ;  na'ra  {kashldan) ; 
bura  (2.)  (of  bull). 

Bellows,  dam ;  minfdkh. 

Bell-ringer,  zang-kub. 

Bell-wether,  buz-i  plsh-dhang. 

Belly,  kum,  vulg. ;  ahikam  ;  dil  (m.  c.) ;  mi' da, 
(that  contains  the  food ;  vide  Stomach) ; 
shikam-i  shdn  ma'bud-i  shdn  ast  (their  God 
is  their  belly).     Vide  Stomach. 

Belly,  to,  bad  k. ;  jmj  k.  (of  sail). 

Belong,  whatever  is  in  this  house  belongs  to 
you,  va  dnchi  dar  in  khdna  bdshad  az 
shurnd  ast — Prof.  S.  T. ;  ta'alluq  ddshtan 
hi — ;  az  ahl-i  kishvar  ast,  ddkhil-i  qushun 
ntst  (he'  8  civil  not  military ;  he  does  not 
belong  to  the  army) ;  in  kursi  midl-i  dn 
uidq  ast  (this  chair  belongs  to  that  room) ; 
az  dn-i  man  ast  (it  belongs  to  me) ;  az  H-st 
(it  belongs  to  him). 

Belonging  to,  tndl-i  fuldn  kas  ;  muta' alliqdn- 
or  mansubdn-am  (my  belongings,  i.e.,  wife, 
children,  servants,  etc.) ;  muta'alliq  hi — . 

Beloved,  mu'shuqa"^  and  mahbuha  (fem  )  ; 
ma'shuq  (masc.)  ;  zan-i  sUguE-yam  ast  (she 
is  my  most  beloved  wife). 

Below,  {dar)  zlr-i  or  pdyin-i  miz  (or  6am  or 
kuh,  etc.  ;  but  zir-i  zamin). 

Belt,  zunnar  (the  white  belt  of  kurk,  worn 
by  Zardushtis  after  they  are  seven  years  ^ 
old)  ;   kamar-hand    (soldiers'    belt,    etc.)  ; 


k^sorkarruir  *  (caitridge-belt)  ;  fdliska  (cross 
belt  for  cartridges) ;  tasma  (of  leather) ; 
mintaqa  (Astr.). 

Bemoan,  az  bakht-i  l^vd  ndla  ddshtan ;  bar 
qismat-i  khud  zdri  k.     Vide  Bewail. 

Bench,  saku  (earthen  platform  or  seat) ; 
takht  or  nhn-takht  (a  couch,  a  bedstead); 
rnastaba  (in  the  taverns). 

Bend,  to,  pichidan  (tr.  and  intr.) ;  ^Aam  k. ; 
zidnu  2.  (to  bend  the  knee  to) ;  "  the  ripe 
ears  of  corn  are  bending,  khushahd-yi 
gJaalla  az  rasidagt  bi-zamin  kham  mi-shavad ; 
"he  is  bent  under  his  load ,  ztr-i  hdr  m%- 
khwdbad} 

Bend,  subs.     Vide  Turn. 

Beneath,  zir-i — ;  dar  pdyin-i — ;  Idyiq-i  rish- 
am  ntst  (it's  beneath  my  dignity) ;  az  juhsh 
ham  guzdshta  ast  (he  is  beneath  abuse 
even) . 

Benediction,  barakat  {dddan) ;  salavdt  firistd- 
dan  or  darud  guftan  (for  the  souk  of 
Prophets). 

Benefactor,  vali-ni'mat.'' 

Benefice,  vaqf,  pi.  awqdf  (anything  given  to 
the  Church) ;  matvqujdt  (ditto). 

Beneficence,  bahhshandagi ;  fayz  (of  money) : 
fazl  (rare) ;  ihsdn  (gen.). 

Beneficent,  bakhshanda ;  sakhi-tab'  ;  fayydz 
(stronger  than  sajchl  or  generous) ;  ihmn- 
kun  (gen.). 

Benefit,  sUd;  naf  ;  manfa'at,  pi.  mandfi,' ; 
hdsil ;  samar ;  tawftq-i  qahri  or  jabri  (a 
benefit  or  favour  against  the  recipient's 
will). 

Benefit,  to,  have  you  benefited  by  the 
medicine,  azindavd  fd^ida  {or khdssiyyal) 
dida  id?  ta^sir  k.  (also,  of  medicine,  to 
act) ;  '  ildj  (treatment ,  either  by  medicine 
or  by  operation) ;  ihmn  k.  (to  do  favour 
to). 

Benevolence,  shafaqat ;  mihrbdni ;  muldtafat. 

Benevolent,  mushfiq  u  mihrhdn;  khayr- 
khwdh-i  khalq;  Aranm  j(kind) .  Ftrfe  Bene- 
ficent. 

Benign,  hoRm. 


1  Bell  and  sometimes  tassels  are  put  in  cats'  ears  for  ornament. 

^  In  old  Persian  ma'ahiiq,  f.  Theoretically,  it  is  only  the  woman  who  is  'beloved';  hence  the 
feminine  termination  was  not  necessary. 

•'  Opened  once  at  each  of  the  five  daily  prayers  at  the  words  ahikaat  Ahriman  bad.  ahUast 
Ahriman  bud.  ahikast  Ahriman  bud.     This  belt  is  called  by  the  Zardushtis  kushti. 

*  Qif.ar,  the  row  of  loops  that  holds  the  cartridges  (gen.  2  >  in  number). 

6  Slm-i  talagrZif  khwabtda  ast,  "  the  telegraph  line  is  down,' '  Sa*al  Mwafttrfa  aat.  •*  the  watch  has 
stopped."  Bi-thwub  '  lin  down,  crouch  down. "  Khyuubanidan .  "  to  mai^e  a  camel  lie  down,"  etc. ; 
also  used  of  trees  or  corn  blown  down  by  the  wind. 

8  In  India  often  ' '  father. ' ' 


Ben 


30 


Bew 


Benignity,  hilm ;  ra^fat. 

Bent,  kaj  or  kham,  adj.,  (aslant,  crooked, 
warped);  munhanl  and  khamtda,  adj.  (of 
persons  or  things) ;  mayl  ddrad,  or  fitraf^" 
mayl  ddrad  (he  has  a  bent  or  natural  in- 
clination).    Vide  Bowed. 

Benumbed,  hi-hiss ;  afsurda. 

Bequeath,  hi-irs  or  hi-vasiyyat  dddan;  ba'd  az 
fawt  vaqf  Tc.  (for  religious  purposes) ;  dar 
Mn-i  haydt  hiba  k.  (to  make  a  deed  of 
gift).  ■ 

Bequest,  vaqf,  pi.  awqdf  (relig.) ;  matruka 
(money  or  property,  etc.) ;  az  matrukat-i 
(or  az  yddgdr-i)  fuldn  ast. 

Bereft,  ducfh  dida. 

Berry,  ddna;  habh,  pi.  hubuh. 

Beseech,  to,  istid'd  k. ;  iltijd  k. ;  ilhdh  k. 
(properly  to  press) ;  "I  beseech  you  to 
attend  to  this,"  iltimds  mi-kunam  hi  bi-in 
amr  dil  bi-dihld  (or  multafit  bdshld). 

Beset,  ihdta  k. ;  jam  giriflan ;  giriftdn-hd-yi 
ziydd  ddrad  (he  is  beset  by  work) ;  az 
chahdr  taraf  dushman  urd  tang  karda  and 
(he  is  beset  by  enemies  on  all  sides) ;  khvd 
rd  az  har  taraf  bastoryi  kamand-i  bald  ydfta 
(beset  by  danger  on  all  sides). 

Beside,  pahlu;  kindr;  dar  jamb. 

Besides,  bd;  (jhayr  az  m  or  juz  m  or  magar 
or  bi-istisTM-yi — (except) ;  'aldva  bar  (in 
addition  to) ;  vard-yi — (beyond  this) ;  qat'-i 
n^zar  az  (setting  aside). 

Besiege,  muhdsara  or  mahsur  k. ;  chdtma  «.' 

Besieged,  mahsur. 

Bespeak,  farmdyish-i —  k.  (to  order) ;  nigdh 
ddshtan. 

Best,  bihtarm ;  khub-tarin;  afzal;  a' la;  I  do 
my  best,  bi-qadr-i  quvva  kdr  rm-kunam; 
^vdd  bihtar  ml-ddnad  (God  knows  best) ; 
man  saldh  mi-ddnam  ki  m  kdr  rd  bi-kunid 
(I  think  it  best  for  you  to  do  this) . 

Bestow,  bakhshidan;  'indyat  k:  'atd  namu- 
dan ;  isdr  k.  (unselfishly) ;  dn  rd  bi-man 
arzdnl  ddsht  (great  persons  to  small) ;  "I 
am  a  poor  man,  bestow  something,"  faqlr- 
am  yak  chiz-l  tasadduq  kunid,  or  dar  rah-i 
Khudd  bi-dihld. 

Bestowal,  'aid;  Isdr  (unselfish). 

Bestower,  bakhshanda;  'atd  kunanda. 


Bet,  giraw  or  shart  or  nazr  {bastan,  with  a 
person ;  but  zadan  on  a  thing) ;  sar-i  chi  ki 
imruz  khtpdhad  rasid?  (what  is  the  bet- 
ting he  wUl  come  to-day?)  sar-i  dil-bi- 
khivdh  (the  amount  of  the  wager  what 
you  please). 

Betel-leaf,  tarnbul. 

Bethlehem,  Bayt"-lahm. 

Betray,  khiydnat  k.  (also  to  embezzle 
money).     Vide  Secret. 

Betrayer,  khdnn ;  dar  rdz  khiydnat  kard ; 
sarbdz-hd  nisbat  bi-pddshdh  khiydnat  kar- 
dand ;  ghadr  k.  (to  rebel  or  mutiny) ; 
khiydnat-kdr ;  ghadddr. 

Betroth,  to,  ndm-zad  k. 

Betrothal,  ndm-zadagl. 

Betrothed,  nJdm-zad  or  mansub  (of  man  or 
woman) . 

Better,  ' '  mine  is  better  than  yours ,  mdl-i 
man  az  >ihu7nd  bihtar  ast  *  ;  man  u  rd  khub 
mi-ddnam  (I  know  him  better)  ;  better 
and  better,  in  nur"-^'-  'ala  nur  ast  (lit,,  or 
ironical). 

Better,  to,  kuldh  rd  rubudan  (to  get  the 
better  of) ;  sar-ash  rd  shira  mushtam  or 
gush-ash  rd  buridam  (I  got  the  better  of  him 
in  the  bargain)  ;  'djiz  k.  or  Id-javdb  sdkh- 
tan  (in  argument)  ;  zir  k.  (in  fight) ;  fd'^iq 
dmadan  bar — (gen.).     Vide  Conquer. 

Between,®  miydn;  dar  miydna-yi — ;  md 
bayn;  dar  miydn-i  db  u  dtash  uftdda 
(between  the  devil  and  the  deep  sea). 

Beverage,  mashrub,  pi.  mashrubdt;  dshdmi- 
dani. 

Bewail,  ndla  k.,  ndlidan.      Vide  Bemoan. 

Beware,  bd  hazar  bash  (look  out,  take  care) ; 
dgdh  bdsh ;  "  now  no  more  disturbance,  go 
away,  zinhdr  digar  qil  u  qdl  norkunid  bi- 
ravid  birun ;  beware  of  idleness  and  igno- 
rance ,  az  iarnbali  *  va  jdhili  parhiz  kun. 

Bewildered,  hayrdn  {k.  and  sh.)  ;  sar-garddn 
{k.  and  sh.)  ;  sardsima  [k.  and  sh.)  ;  hayrat- 
zada  {sh.)  ;  gich  sh.  (lit.  to  be  giddy)  ;  mat- 
ash  girift  (astonishment)  ;  dang-ash  girift 
(stunned) .  Vide  As  tonish ,  Astound ,  Won- 
der. 

Bewitched,  afsun-shuda  or — zada ;  sihr  khurda ; 
jinn  girifta. 


1  Ghatwa  z.,  T..  "to  pile  arms." 

*  ^\A^.  iov  rnal-i  rnan  az  mal-i  shumia-,  but  as  mai  in  m.    c.    also  means    "donkey,"  the  sentence 
is  ambiguous. 

3  No  distinction,  as  in  English,  between  the  words  "  amongst  "  and  "between." 

*  B\-'-ar\  idleness,  also  shamelessness. 


Bey 


31 


Bir 


Beyond,  an  sU-yi —  or  an  taraj-i — ;  an  laraf- 
tar  (more  that  way) ;  an  dast-i  rudrkhdna 
ast;  "you're  a  child,  this  is  beyond 
you,"  tu  hachchn-l  'aql-at  bi-injd  naml- 
ra,sad;  "this  is  beyond  a  joke,  md-fawq-i 
(or  kharij  az  or  biriin  az)  shukhVst ;  az 
sh  ukhl  guzashta  ast.     Vide  Besides. 

Beyrut,  I  have  been  absent  for  three  years 
in  Beyrut,  si  sal  Bayrut  (or  Birut)  buda  am. 

Bezoar-stone,  pdd-zahr  (antidote  for  poison. 
Vide  Antidote). 

Biased,  ra'^y-i  muijhrizana  (a  biased  opinion). 

Bible,  Kitdb-i  muqaddas ;  Injil  (New  Testa- 
ment) ;  Taiordt  (Pentateuch) ;  Zabur 
(Psalms) . 

Bid,  to,  qadatjkan  k. ;  amr  A;. ;  "  why  do  you 
bid  me  do  this  ?  chird  mi-farmdyid  kt  in 
kdr  rd  bi-kunam  ?     Vide,  Invite. 

Bidding,  hukw,',  farmdn;  amr;  qadaghan 
(order) ;  da' vat  (invitation) ;  qtm^t  guftan 
(at  auction). 

Bier,'  tabut ;  'imdri  (a  hand-bier  with  arched 
canopy) ;  jandza-kash  or  m,urda-kash  (a 
paid  bearer  ^  of) ;  {jandza  is  the  corpse 
and  the  bier  as  well]. 

Big,,  buzurg;  kaJtdn  (rare  and  "Afghan"); 
durusht  (thick  and  large) ;  kuluft  (thick) ; 
' '  how  big  is  the  book  ? ' '  kitdb-l  ki  m%-guy%d 
chi  qadr  hajm  ddrad?  (more  colloquial 
buzurg  asf^.);  jasim  (big-bodied  as  an  ele- 
phant; gross,  corpulent).     Vide  Spacious. 

Big-bellied,  shikam-gunda ;  shikam-buzurg ; 
qaiur  (of  large  girth). 

Bigness,  'azamat;  buzurgl;  kuluftl  (thick- 
ness); durushti  ("coarseness";  but  dur- 
usht, adj.,  "big");  jasdmat  (being  big- 
bodied  or  corpulent) ;  vus'at  (of  expanse). 

Bigot,  muta'assib^  dar  din;  khar-i  sdlih  or 
khar-i  muqaddas. 

Bigoted,  ba  ta'assub.^ 

Bigotry,  ta'assub  {k.  or  d.). 

Bile,  zard-db  ;  safrd'' ;  zahra  (gall-bladder). 

Bilious,  safrd^i ;  safrdvi. 

Bill,  bijak  (invoice  with  price) ;  qabz  (bill ; 
also  receipt) ;  sitami  (bill  of  lading  or 
packing,  i.e.,   the    invoice    without    the 


price) ;  "  give  me  the  bill  and  I'll  pay  it," 
hisdb-i  khud  rd  bi-dih  jml  ml-diham  (or  jMl- 
ash  rd  bi-shumd  radd*  mi-kunam)  ;  bardt 
and  hindavi  (Indian)  (bill  of  exchange; 
also  a  cheque).     Vide  Beak. 

Billiards,  miz-i  gvlula-bdz%  (the  table) ;  biU 
yard-bdzl  (the  game). 

Biluchistan,  Biluchistdn. 

Bind,  jild  k.  (of  book) ;  who  bound  this  book  ? 
shirdza-yi^  in  kitdb  rd  kt  zada  ast?  "  but 
I  did  not  bind  myself  (force,  tie)  to  read 
one,  two,  or  three  chapters  at  each  sitting, 
likin  in  qayd  na-bud  ki  yak  yd  du  yd  si 
bdb  bi-yak  nishasi  bi-khwdnam ;  ' '  bind 
him  hand  and  foot,  dast  u  pd-yask  rd  bi- 
band;  zanjir  dar  gardan  va  kunda^  dar 
pd-yash  bi-kun;  kitfhd-yash  rd  (or  shdnor 
hd-yash  rd)  bi-band  (pinion  him);  ura  bi- 
qasam  bastam  (or  muqayyad  kardam)  (I 
bound  him  by  an  oath) ;  vide  Compel ; 
mi'da  rd  qabz  k.  (to  make  costive) ;  chas- 
jndan  or  bastan  (to  stick). 

Binder,  sahhdf  ;  jild-gar  (of  books). 

Binding,  shirdza  ^  (of  a  book) ;  lahak  and 
mar^zi  (of  garments ;  also  piping  in  uni- 
form, q.v.);  vdjib  and  Idzim,  adj.,  and 
farz,  subs.,  (gen.  relig. ;  obligatory);  qdbiz 
(making  costive). 

Binocular,  du  chashma,  adj. 

Binoculars,  dur-bin  (also  '  telescope'). 

Biographer,  savdnih-navis-i  'umr. 

Biography,  savdnih-i  'umri  (navishtan). 

Biped,  jin^-i  du  pd. 

Bird,  paranda ;  mur^ ;  td^ir,  pi.  tuyur ; 
musiqdr  (a  fabulous  musical  bird  with 
perforated  bill) ;  murr^-i  mawsimi  (of 
passage) ;  kabutar  bd  kabutar  bdz  bd  bdz 
(  =  birds  of  a  feather). 

Bird  cage,  qafas. 

Bird-catcher fShikdri  or  shikdr-chi  and  sayydd 
(any  kind  of  trapper,  hunter,  or  sports- 
man). 

Birdlime,  kishmish-i  KdbuU  (?) ;  dibq 

Birinjal,  bddinjdn.     Vide  Tomato. 

Birth,^  payddHsh  ;  vilddat ;  tavallud ;  mildd 
(birthday,    anniversary   of ;    vide  Bixth- 


1  Muslims  do  not  use  coffins.  Well-to-do  people  place  the  bier  in  an  *imart  or  canopied  hand- 
hearse.  [In  India  'imarl  is  a  canopied  haudah].  A  coffin  "■acmdw/'^  is  only  used  for  storing  a 
corpse  or  when  carrying  it  to  Kerbala,  etc. 

2  It  is  sawab  to  carry  a  corpse  for  as  much  as  forty  steps;  hence  friends  of  the  deceased  c»sist. 

8  Ta'assub  by  itself  may  have  a  good  meaning,  e»prit  de  corps;  but  *asabiyat  is  more  proper  in 
the  latter  sense. 

♦  Radd  k.,  "to  return,  to  give  back  "  ;  radd  ah.,  "  to  pass  by." 

6  Shiraza  (the  best  method  of  binding)   is  the  silk  cord  at  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  leaves. 

*  Handcuffs,  '  *  khalUl. ' ' 

"^  As  soon  as  a  child  is  born  tlie  takhir  is  repeated  in  its  ear;  in  Persia  usually  by  the  midwife. 


Bir 


32 


Bla 


day) ;  Iraniyy^  ^l-asl  ast  (he's  by  birth  a 
Persian) ;  "  he  is  deaf  from  his  birth,"  u 
kar-i  mddar-zdd  ast;  mashima  (after- 
birth). 

Birth,  to  give/  m^idan,  rt.  zd;  vide  To 
bear ;  turd  hi-vujud  avardam  ki  mard  hi- 
dard  hi-ydrl?  (a  mother  to  a  child). 

Birthday,  ruz-i  mawlud;  'id-i  mawlud  (for 
the  Shah  and  for  Saints,  etc.) ;  mildd  (also 
for  prophet;  vide  Birthday).  Vide  Cele- 
brate. 

Birthplace,  zdd-bum;  masqit"  W-ra^s ;  mahall-i 
vilddat. 

Biscuit,  buqsumdt  or  bisqumdt  (only  used  in 
pi.) ;  ndti-i  khushk;  kalucha  (soft  cake). 

Bishop,  usquf  (rare) ;  ftl  (at  chess). 

Bit,  tika;  para,  pdrcha;  khurda  (a  small 
piece) ;  lujcha,  Iwpcha  or  luqma  (morsel  of 
food) ;  dahna '  (of  bridle) ;  lagdm  (prop, 
bridle  without  the  bit) ;  give  me  a  bit  of 
charcoal  to  draw  with,  yak  habh-i  zughdl-f, 
bi-dih  td  surat  bi-kasham ;  qdsh  or  qdch  (of 
fruit) ;  pdra  pdra  (torn  in  bits) ;  khurd 
Jchurd  or  riza  rlza  (broken  in  bits). 

Bitch,  saxj-i  las ;  sag-i  mdda ;  shash  pistdn, 
or  sp.  of  Umar  ;  mddar-i  bachchahd  (abuse 
to  a  man  or  a  woman) ;  pidar-sag  or 
sag-bachcha  ( =  son  of  a  bitch ;  also  lit.) ; 
inddar  qahba  (met.). 

Bite,  gdz  giriftan  (of  humans  only) ;  gazidan 
(gen. ;  also  to  sting) ;  danddn  giriftan ; 
javidan  (to  chew) ;  he  has  been  bitten  by 
a  jackal,  shi!^dl-l  u  rd  kand  (m.  c.)  (or 
girift  or  gazid). 

Bitter,  talhh  (adj.) ;  I  still  feel  very  bitter 
and  angry  about  it,  whenever  I  see  him, 
hanuz  ham,  vaqt-i  ki  urd  ml-biTiam  zahra- 
tarak  rrvi-shavam?- 

Bitterness,  talhln ;  talkhi-yi  marg  ( — of  death). 

Bitumen,  qir;  naft-i  siydh. 

Blab,  fardkh-dahan ;  fuzul ;  rdz  fdsh-kun ;  rdz 
gu   (of  a  person)      Vide  BablDler. 

Blab,  to,  mde  Secret;  dahan-ash  laqq  ast  or 
zabdn-ash  shul  ast  (latter  also  means  "  to 
talk  filth  " ) .     Vide  Babbl  e ,  etc . 

Black,  siydh,  adj.  (also  a  negro) ;  siydhl, 
subs.;  duda  {Boot  of  lamp  or  chimney^); 
the  Devil  is  not  so  black  as  he  is  painted, 


Shaytdn  bi-dn  zisht-i  ki  tasmr-ash  kashidand 
nlst. 

Blackberry,  tut-i  kuhl  (blackberry  ?). 

Blacken,  siydh  k. ;  rughan  z.  or  siydh  k. 
(boots  ;  vide  Blacking).      Vide  Defame. 

Blackguard,  du7n-burida ;  pidar-sukhta ;  luti 
(open  blackguard ;  mild  term) ;  juwalajkl ; 
hardm-zdda  (lit.  bastard) ;  nd-durust  (play- 
ful term) ;  awbdsh  (ill-liver  in  secret) ;  dum- 
dnr  (in  abuse;  sp.  of  a  Sunni) ;  dum-ddr 
dmad  =  a,  Sunni  has  joined  the  party. 

Blacking,  vdks  (?)  z. ;  rughan  (2). 

Black  Sea,  Bahr-i  siydh ;  Qara  Dingiz ;  Bahr"'l- 
Aswad. 

Blacksmith,  dhangar;  Jiaddnd  (rare). 

Bladder,  masdna;  shdsh-ddn  (gen.  of  ani- 
mals) . 

Blade,  ti§[h  or  tiyjia*  (of  sword  or  knife  or 
grass) ;  ustukhwdn-i  shdna  (shoulder) ;  par-i 
kdh  (of  grass). 

Blame,  qusur-vdr  sdkhtan  or  taqstr  bi-gardan-i 
kas-i  andJdkhtan  (to  cast  blame  on  to) ;  sar- 
zanish  or  maldmat  k.  (censure). 

Blameable,  am  I  blameable  ?  dar  In,  banda 
taqsir  ddram? 

Blamed,  mahall-i  i'tirdz  sh. 

Blameless,  bl-gundh ;  bl-taqslr ;  bi-khatd ;  bl- 
jurm;  ma' sum  (also  sinless). 

Blanch,  to,  safid  k. 

Blanched,  muqashshar  (i.e.,  'peeled';  of 
almonds,  etc.). 

Bland,  salim ;  halim. 

Blandishment,  ndz  and  Hshwa  (gen.) ;  kirish- 
ma  and  ghamza  (amorous  glances  or 
movements ;  of  women  only) ,  qirr  or  qir 
(postures  in  walking  or  dancing ,  waggling 
the  body  below  the  waist  ^) ;  shirin-zabdnl 
(of  speech,  of  children,  but  tamalluq  of 
men ;  vide  Flattery) . 

Blank,  khdli;  ruq'a-yi  mda  (in  lottery); 
fdsila  (in  writing). 

Blanket,  patu;  ihrdm:  Jul  (for  horse,  etc.). 

Blase,  chashm  u  dil-ash  pur  ast. 

Blaspheme,  kufr  guftan ;  takfir  k.  (to  impute 
or  accuse  of  blasphemy). 

Blasphemy,  kufr  (infidelity  and  in  m.  c.  also 
blasphemy);  kufr  bi-Miudd;  [tajdif,  At., 
cursing  God ;  not  colloquial  in  Pers.]. 


2  Lit.  "My  gall-bladder  bursts." 
built   of    bricks    placed  edgeways  (and   only  one  brick 


I  Generally  used  for  the  whole  bridle. 
8  Ink  is  made  from  this  lamp-black 
*  In  divar  tlgha  ast  (m.  c.)  =  "  this  wall  is 
thick)  "  ;  this  can  be  done  in  Persia  with  gach. 

6  Much   admired  by  Persians.     A    certain  muUa,  A^a  Baqir,    had    a    fast    daughter.     Local  wits 
write  on  his  door : — 

Rastl  A  Baqir  az  has  ba  qir  ast, 
Dughtar-l  darad  az  n  ba  qir-far  ast. 


Bla 


33 


Bio 


Blast,  bad-i  sakht;  lahna  (.slap  of  wind  or 
waves) ;  nafkha  (of  trumpet) ;  had-i  aamum 
(burning  wind). 

Blast,  to,  pazkmurda  k.  or  khushkamdan  (to 
wither) ;  paranldan  (of  gunpowder) ; 
aukhtan  (by  hot  wind) ;   burdan  (of  hopes). 

Blaze,  subs.,  zahami;  shwla  (flame) ;  dfrukh- 
tagi  (blazing);  nhuira,  subs.,  and  rndh- 
jAshdnl  or  saftd-piskdm ,  adj.  (of  horses, 
cows).     Vide  Conspicuous. 

Blaze,  to,  dtash  zabdna  ml-kaahad;  khtra  ah. 
(of  eyes,  from  anger);  "his  eyes  blazed 
with  anger ' '  =  cliaahm-ash  az  (jkayz  mial-i 
kdsa-yi  khuni  ahud.     Vide  Bloodshot. 

Bleach,  go  and  bleach  this  calico,  bi-raw  in 
ndslmr^  rd  gdzirl  kun  (lit.  wash  it).  Vide 
Washerman. 

Bleak,  jd  bi-pandh  va  zamhanr  bud. 

Blear-eyed,  kurmaki,  adj.  (a  disease). 

Bleat,  to,  mar  mar  k. ;  m^a'  Tna'^  k. ;  ba'  ba'  k. 

Bleed,  to,  tr.,  rag  zadan,  or  fasd  k.  (gen.  by 
taking  blood  from  inside  the  elbow) ; 
"after  bleeding  he  recovered,"  ba'd  az 
khun  giriftan  chdq  shud ;  hajdmat  k.  (from 
the  back) ;  hajdmM  ( =  cupping  between 
the  shoulders) 

Bleed,  intr.,  "  I  have  cut  my  finger,  see  how 
it  bleeds,"  angusht-am  rd  buridam  bi-bin 
chi  tawr  khun  mi-chakad. 

Blemish,  'ayb,  pi.  'uyub;  lakka  (spot) ;  ddgA 
(in  Persia  gen.  confined  to  a  brand) . 

Blessed,  aa'id  (happy). 

Blessing,  du'd  (k.)  (also  a  prayer) ;  fdHda, 
etc.  (benefit,  q.v.) ;  dard  u  bald-yat  bi-jdn-i 
man  bi-ydyad  (a  woman's  expression)  ;* 
also  ay,  dawr-i  aar-at  bi-gardam;  dard-at 
bi-jdn-am ;  qurbdn-i  sar-at,  etc.;  himmat 
khiodstan  (ask  a  blessing  from  a  saint  or 
prophet) ;  murdd  khivdstan  (from  God  or 
a  saint);  also  du'd  khwdatan;^  "  by  the 
blessing  of  God  I  am  a  little  better,"  oi- 
fazlri  Allah  Ta^dla  qadri  bihtar  ahudam; 
az  yumn-i  marhamat-i  ahumJd  bi-in  pdya 
rasidam;  barakat  (d.)  (a  blessing  from 
God) ;  sawdb*  (any  meritorious  act). 

Blight,  ain  (khurdan)   (sp.   on  fruit   trees) ; 


zang  (z.) ;  purmak  (2.).     Vide   Louse  and 
Calamity. 

Blighted,  purmak-zada  or  zangdr  khurda  (of 
crops) ;  karaahk-baata  (of  caterpillars) ; 
ain-khurda. 

Blind,*  kur ;  he  is  blind,  and  a  leader  of  the 
blind,  u  kur,  u'aad-kaah-i  kur-i  digar-i  ^at; 
a' ma  (rare) ;  nd-bind ;  kur-i  mddar-zdd  (from 
birth) ;  yak-chaahm  or  vdhid'^H-' ayn  (blind 
of  one  eye) ;  ahab-kur  (night- blind). 

Blind,  subs.,  kirkirl  (mod.  and  Indian)  (Vene- 
tian, shutter).  [Alley. 

Blind-alley,  pas  kucha-yi  dar  norraw.     Vide 

Blindfold,  he  was  blindfolded  and  led  round 
the  city,  chuahm-aah  rd  baata  dawr-i  ahahr 
garddnidand. 

Blindly,  kur-kurdna  (met.). 

Blindness,  kuri;  nd-bind^i;  ahab-kuri  (night- 
blindness).     Vide  Folly  and  Ignorance. 

Blink,  chashm  z. :  pilk  z. 

Bliss,  aa'ddat-i  abadi  (eternal). 

Blister,  dbila  (2.)  (also  small-pox) ;  dfk  (2.) 
(from  scalding;  local?);  zimdd  (plaster, 
alao  a  poultice) ;  "  my  hand  is  blistered" 
{dast-am  tuwl  or  iidvil  zada  oat). 

Blobber-lipped,  gunda-lab. 

Block,  kunda  (of  wood) ;  gharcjhara  (pulley) ; 
sadd  (obstruction);  da^ta  (of  houses). 
Vide  Earth. 

Block,  to,  baatan;  aar-i  rah  giriftan  {"  to 
block  the  road";  but  sar-i  rdh  buridan, 
"to  attack,  infest  the  road";  of  rob- 
bers).    Vide  Infest. 

Blockade,  alba-bandi  .(k.)  (with  cheveux  de 
frise) ;  muhdaara  (besieging) ;  maadud  Ic. 
(port). 

Blockhead,  kawdan ;  ghabi  (dunce) ;  kaila- 
khar  (also  =  pig-headed).     Vide  Fool,  etc. 

Blood,  khun;  khuah-rag,  adj.(  of  good  breed) ; 
khu7i  rikhtan  (to  shed  blood).  Vide  Blood- 
shed. 

Blood-money,  the  widow  of  the  murdered 
man  agreed  to  accept  blood-money  (in 
stead  of  retaliation),  blva-zan-i  aJiakhs-% 
maqtul  rdzi  ahud  ki  diya  (or  khun-baha) 
bi-girad;^  "  'Ayisha  once  killed  a  snake 


'  Nashur  is  what  is  called  kora  markln  in  India. 

*  A  woman  will  circle  round  a  beloved  person  and  take  his  or  her  calamities  on  herself.  This 
custom  is  said  to  be  dying  out  in  Persia.     Similar  expressions  are  used  in  India. 

s  Du^a  khtpandan  "to  repeat  a  charm." 

♦  Such  as  repeating  texts,  helping  to  carry  a  bier,  etc.,  etc. 

6  The  blind  are,  in  Persia,  noted  for  their  impudence:  kur  va  rawza-khtpon  pur-ru  va  bi-haya 
haatand  is  a  common  saying. 

8  Dar-khwaat-i  qiaas  kard  woii\d  mean,  'she  asked  for  his  death.'  Qi?aa,  lit.  '  retaliation,' is  that 
punishment  which,  though  fixed  by  a  law,  can  still  be  remitted  by  the  persons  ofTended  against. 


Bio 


34 


Boi 


and  was  alarmed  by  a  dream.  She  gave 
in  alms,  as  an  expiation,  about  12,000 
dirharas  or  £300,  the  price  of  the  blood  of 
a  Mush m,"  ruz-i  'Ayisha  mar-l  kusht  va 
dar  hhivah  mu'azzah  shud;  az  an  jihat 
duvdzda  hamr  dirham,  ki  mu'ddil-i  sl-sad 
Era-yi  InglisVst,  hi  diya-yi  MusUm-l  'st 
kaffdra-yi  an  rd  add  namud. 

Bloodshed,  khun-rizi  (k.) :  kushtdr  {k.) 
(slaughter). 

Blood-shot,  hhun-dlud;  may-gun  (from 
drink) ;  his  eyes  became  bloodshot  with 
anger,  az  hhashm  chashmhd-yash  khun 
girift  or  kdsoryi  hhun  shud.     Vide  Blaze. 

Blood-thirsty,  Idmn-hhwdr  ;  u  tishna-yi  hhun- 
am  ast  (he's  thirsty  for  my  blood). 

Bloody,  Tchumn;  khun-dlud;  saffdk  (a  great 
shedder  of  blood). 

Bloom,  shikuftan;  gul  zadan;  ghuncha  za- 
dan;  this  plant  will  soon  bloom,  m  nihdl 
zud  gvl  mi-dvarad. 

Blooming,  gul-karda  (of  flowers) ;  khush-dil 
(of  people). 

Blossom,  shikufa;  bahdr  (also  spring) ;  ghun- 
cha ;  gum'p ;  "it  was  the  season  when 
the  orange  trees  were  just  coming  into 
blossom,"  avval-i  shikufa-yi  nidranj  hud; 
when  there  is  blossom  there  is  hope  of 
fruit,  jd^i  ki  shikufa  hast  ummidri  mlva 
hast.     Vide  Bloom. 

Blossom,  gul  kardan  (also  met.  to  com- 
mence; also  to  be  'happy'  from  drink 
or  drugs).     Vide  To  bloom. 

Blot,  he  blotted  ail  his  papers,  hama-yi 
kdghaz-ash  rd  az  murakkab  lakka  kard ; 
Jchushk  k.  (with  blotting-paper). 

Blotting-paper,  kdghaz-i  jdzib.     Vide  Paper. 

Blow,  to,  "  blow  into  the  reed,"  tu-yi  nay 
jut  kun;  "  blow  away  the  dust,"  gard  rd 
puf  kun;  vazldan  (of  wind).  Vide  Nose 
and  Inflate ;  dam-i  tup  guzdshtan  (from  a 
gun). 

Blow,  zarhat  {z.  and  khurdan) ;  sadma  {Teh.) 
(met.). 

Blow-pipe,  jmjak  (for  fire;  also  pea-shooter). 

Bludgeon,  chumdq. 

Blue,  dbt  (sea-blue) ;  kabud  ^  (slate  colour ; 
blue  grey  of_  horses) ;  ml  (dark  indigo 
blue) ;  dsrmni-rang  and  Idjavardl  (bright 
blue  like  lapis  lazuli) ;  firuzal  (turquoise 
blue) ;  surmal  (blue-black). 

Blue-eyed,  zJdgh-chashm  (light-blue  or  grey) ; 
chashmri  mlsh  (darker  than  former). 


Blunder,  ishtibdh-l  (or  sahv-t)  bad  [k.) ;  gjialat 
(k.)  (error,  straying;  a  stronger  word  than 
ishtihdh). 

Blunderbuss,  qardbina  (from  Fr.). 

Blunt,  kund  {k.). 

Blush,  to,  khijdlai-zada  sh. ;  sharm-ru  sh.  (to 
feel  ashamed) ;  ruhh-ash  afrukhta  shuda  (to 
turn   red  from  shame  or  anger). 

Boar,  gurdz  (wild) ,  khuk-i  nar ;  shikdr-i 
gurdz  {k.)  (met. ;  to  get  something  that's 
useles  s) . 

Board,  takhta;  lawh  (for  writing). 

Board,  to,  tahhta-bandl  k.  (of  a  floor,  but 
gen.  of  a  partition) ;  takhtorfarsh  k.  (of 
floor) . 

Boarded  J  az  takhta  mafrush  (of  a  floor). 

Boast,  la  {z.)  or  Idf  u  guzdf  (k.) ;  fls  k.  (idle 
boast) '  shaykhl  {k.)  (vulg.) ;  iftikhdr  or 
fakhr  {k.)  (to  pride  or  boast  oneself  on) ; 
ifdda  (k.)  (also  to  teach  one's  grand- 
mother).    Vide  Wind. 

Boaster,  Idf-zan;  shaykhi-bdz  (vulg.). 

Boasting,  shdh-andEz%  {k.)  (gen.  showing  off 
by  deeds,  not  words ;  vulgar  ostentation) ; 
W,f  dar  ghurbat  (an  idle  boast;  no  one 
can  contradict  an  unknown  stranger). 

Boat,  kishtl  (gen.) ;  qdyiq  (small  pleasure 
boat) ;  mdshuva  (small) ;  karji  (for  plea- 
sure) ;  mi' bar  (ferry  boat) ;  lutka  (smaU) ; 
bugdra  (cargo  boat).  Vide  Ship  and 
Steamer. 

Boatman,  kishtl-bdn;  jdshu;  mullah.  Vide 
Sailor. 

Bode,  daldlat  kardan  bar — . 

Bodice,  pistdn-band  (for  women) ;  slna-band 
(for  old  men,  children,  or  women;  also  a 
horse's  breast-plate). 

Bodkin,  mil  (for  coUyrium;  also  a  probe). 
Vide  Needle. 

Body,  tan;  badan,  pi.  abddn;  jdn  (m.  c.) ; 
jasad,  pi.  ajsdd  (dead) ;  jism,  pi.  ajsdm 
(gen.) ;  jirm,  pi,  ajrdm  (heavenly  bodies, 
stars,  etc.);  jussa  na-ddrad  (he  is  thin; 
has  no  frame;  of  men  or  animals;  vide 
Corpse;  In  rd  asl-i  qd'ida-yi  istikshEf-i 
kurdt  u  ajrdm-i  samJdvi  mi-ddnand;  tdHfa, 
pi,  tavdHf;  janm'at  (of  people,  of  multi- 
tude).    Vide  Crowd. 

Body-guard,  jawj-i  khdssa. 

Bog,  lajan-zjdr ;  mashila  (from  the  overflow- 
ing of  a  river ;  also  a  lagoon) ;  bdtldq  (any 
muddy  place). 

Boil,  subs.,  durnbal  (large);  dana    (pimple); 


1  Hence  kabutar  "  pigeon." 


Boi 


35 


Bor 


the  boil  has  burst,  kurak  aar  baz  karda ' 
ast.     Vide  Abscess. 

Boil,  to,  jush  k.  or  dadan ,  tr. ;  jush  J^urdan 
or  hi- jush  anuidan,  intr.  ;  ab-paz  k.  (in 
water) ;  dd;jA  k.  (fry  or  boil,  for  butter, 
oil) ;  jushtdan  (of  a  spring  of  water,  .or  of 
anger,  emotion). 

Boiled,  jusJuinda;  db-paz  shuda  (in  water). 

Boiler,  satmvar  (for  tea;  of  an  engine,  etc.); 
dig  (ui  a  hammdm). 

BoWing,  db-i  jush  (boiling  water;  also  soda- 
water)  ;  [db-i  dd(jA,  ' '  hot  water  ' '  ;  and  db-i 
(jarm,  "  warm  water  "]. 

Boisterous,  mcZe  Stormy ;  ^awg^^i  (noisy). 

Bokhara,  Bukhara. 

Bold,  dilir;  shujd' ;  sdhib-i  jur^at ;  rashvl, 
m.  c,  (brave);  jasur ;  shukh ;  chashm- 
darlda;  chashm-safid  (impertment).  Vide 
Brave. 

Boldness,  jur^'at;  jasdrat  (in  a  bad  sense). 
Vide  Bravery  and  Impudence. 

Bole,  gil-i  Armani  (Armenian  bole). 

Bolt,  subs.,  nar  u  Ids  (bolt  and  catch); 
chifi ;  sd'iqa  (thunderbolt). 

Bolt,  to,  bolt  the  window,  darlcha^  rd  chijt 
hi-kun;  baVldan  (of  food). 

Bomb,  khumpdra  (by  howitzer,  etc.) ;  ndran- 
jak  (thrown  by  hand). 

Bombard,  tup  bi — bhstan;  tup-anddzl  k.; 
gulula-bdrdnl  k.  (firing  of  rifles,  or  big 
guns). 

Bombay,  Bamba^l. 

Bond,  tamassuk ;  "  he  wants  a  bond  for  this 
money,"  bardy-i  In  mablagh  put  qabz  ml- 
khwdhad;  "  if  you  have  a  bond,  produce 
it,  and  I'll  pay  it  on  the  spot,"  dast-dmz-l^ 
ddrl  blrun  bi-ydvar,  man  al-dn  pul  mi- 
shumdram  * — (Prof.  S  T.) ;  az  u  navishla 
ddram  (m.  c.  =  I  hold  his  written  bond). 

Bondage,  rtftn  (captivity) ;  bandagi  (slavery). 

Bone,  hama-^sh  ustukhwdn  ast  (he's  a  per- 
fect skeleton ;  also  it  is  all  bone) ;  khush- 
astukhxpdn  (strong) ;  u  khub-ustukhwdn- 
bandl  ddrad  (he  is  very  strong).  Vide 
Setting. 

Bone-setter,^  shikasta-band ;  glr-mdla. 

Bon-mot,  latlfa  (also  a  good  or  witty  story'). 


Bonne-bouche,  luqma-yi  laviz% 
Bon-vivant,  khush-guzrdn. 
Bony,  pur-ustukhivdn. 

Book,  Book-seller,  Wii/a  (relig.  vol.)  ;  janda, 
pi.  jard*'id  (journal) ;  jitd  (volume) ;  kitab, 
pi.  kutub  (gen);  sahhdf  (binder);  kitdb- 
farush  (seller) ;  dar  dukdn-i  kitah-farush 
buda-am  or  raftoram  (I  have  been  at  the 
book-seller's);  muraqqa'  (scrap-book;  al- 
bum; portfolio). 

Bookstall,  bisdt-i  kiidb. 

Bookworm,  kirm-i  kitdb  (met.). 

Boon,  i/Aanlmat  {shimurdan). 

Boon    companion,    hum-dam;    anls-i    jalis. 
Vide  Companion. 

Boor,  Boorish,  aldang  (ill-maimered  and 
ignorant.     Vide  Villager. 

Boot,  chakma  (long,  up  to  the  knee) ;  nimr 

chakma    (Persian    '  Wellingtons ') ;    kafah 

(gen.  term,  but  sp.  of  small  shoe);  urusi 

(cut  very  low  like  pumps) ;  muza  (leather 

socks).     Vide  Shoe. 

Bootlace,  band-i  kafsh. 

Boot-maker,  "ord>r  a  pair  of  boots,"  bi- 
raw  bi-urusl-duz  jarrndyish-i  (or  sijdriah-i) 
yak  jujt  umsl  bi-dih. 

Booty,  ya^md ;  (jAcinlmat,  pi.  gJianid^im  (also 
*  boon  ') ;  yAdrat,  idrdj. 

Borax,  buraq. 

Border,  hdshiya^  {zadan  or  nihddan)  (of  book, 
carpet,  etc.) ;  sar-hadd,  pi.  sar-hadddt 
(frontier) ;  kindr  (of  lake) :  intihd  (verge 
of-). 

Bore,  maldl-dvar ;  mara  malul  ml-kunad; 
"  he's  a  great  bore,  khayU  dard-i  sar  m«- 
dihad;  mu-yi  dirndrfh  oat  (irritating,  a 
bore). 

Bore,  to,  &uftan,  rt.  surnb  (of  pearls,  beads)  ; 
kandan  (well) ;  surdkh  kardan  (tunnel ; 
rock ;  or  in  wood) . 

Bored,  dil-tang  (ennuy6,  q.v.). 

Boring,  kaj-kul  (adj.,  of  a  horse);  sumbish ; 
suftagl  (in  pearls,  etc.). 

Born,  to  be,  paydd  sh. ;''  bi-dunyd  dmadan; 
mutamllid  shudan  or  tavallud  ydfian. 

Borrow,  I  want  to  borrow  some  money; 
from  whom  can    I  get  it  ?  mi-khwdham 


Also  metaphorically  **  he  is  beginning  to  complain."     Kuru  vulg.  and  local  for  kurak. 

A  panjara  (window)  does  not  open,  so  can't  be  bolted.     Pi»h  k.  '  *  to  shut.' ' 

Agar  understood  before  dast-aviz. 

Note  force  of  Pres.  Tense — al-an  ml-ehurriaram. 

Often  an  unlettered  butcher. 


you 


'  The  plural  havaahi  "  marginal  notes." 

1  Dlriiz  fvUana  kaa  dar  khana  pish  az  ahuma  payda  ahud  Y 


Yesterday,  did  so  and  bo  arrrive  before 


Bor 


36 


Box 


qadri  pul  qarz  kunam  az  ki  hi-glram? 
"borrow  one  (temporarily),"  Hjalaf" 
yak-t  amanat  bi-gir^;  'driyat  giriftan  (of 
things  other  than  money). 

Borrowed,  'driyatl  (of  things) ;  bi-qarz  dvurda 
(of  money). 

Borrower,  qarz-giranda  (of  money) ;  'driyat- 
kun  (other  than  money) . 

Bosh,  puch  ast. 

Bosom,  d'jhush;  bar;  kindr ;  sina;  {dar — 
giriftan) . 

Boss,  qubba  (on  shield). 

Botanist,  giydh-shinds ;  'alaf-chin  (often 
used  rather  contemptuously) . 

Botany,  'alaf-cMm;  'ilm-i  nabdtdt. 

Both,  har  du  (pron.) ;  ham  (conj.)';  bi-ittijdq 
( — i  ham  digar) ;  I  should  both  be  a 
fugitive  murderer,  and  a  loser  of  my 
betrothed,  ham  Jchud-am  khunl  va  firdrl 
ml-shavam  ham  numzad-am  az  dast-am  dar 
mi-ravad. 

Bother,  to,  tang  k. 

Bottle,  shisha;  butll  or  botrl  (gen.  an  Eng- 
Msh  quart  bottle) ;  bac[haU  (Persian, 
small,  flat);  kup  (Pers.,  large  size); 
matdra-yi  ^  bulghdn  (a  wooden  water-bottle 
covered  with  scented  leather  that  is 
supposed  to  be  good  for  the  'inside.' 
Vide  Leather) ;  qardba  (large  decanter, 
containing  some  quarts);  qdrura  (med., 
for  urine  only) ;  tung  (decanter) . 

Bottom,  tah  ;  bun;  qa'r;  sar  tu  bur  dan  (to 
get  to  the  bottom  of ) ;  "  the  ship  ground- 
ed," jahdz  bi-zamm-i  dar  yd  khurd  (or 
girijt) ,  surdkh  shud  ;  "  "  read  to  the  bot- 
tom of  the  page,"  td  dkhir-i  (or  pd-yi) 
safha  bi-hhwdn.     Vide  Anus. 

Bottomless,  — ki  tah  na-ddrad. 

Bough,       shdkh ;     shdkha     (dimin.).     Vide 
Branch. 

Bounce,  jastan,  rt.  jah ;  jaqidan. 

Bound,  hadd,  pi  hvdud  (limit) ;  jast  (spring, 
q.v.).* 

Bound,     (p.p.)>    P^^     shud;     mujallad     (of 
books) ;    munqabiz    (constipated) ;    basta ; 
muqayyad  (confined)  ;  mxijbur  (compelled). 
Vide  Duty. 
Boundary,  sar-hadd,^  pi.  sar-hadddt. 


Bounded,  mahdud. 

Boundless,  bl-pdydn  (of  expanse) ;  ?id-mahdud 
(gen.  of  numbers) ;  bi-hadd  (of  numbers  or 
spaces) . 

Bounteous,  Bountiful,  bakhshanda;  fayydz; 
javdd  (rare). 

Bounty,  jud ;  bad  u  makramat. 

Bouquet,  dasta-yi  gul 

Bow,  kamdn ;  qaws;  qaws-i  quzah  (rainbow) ; 
kabdda  (an  iron  bow  with  a  loose  chain; 
for  gymnastic  exercises) ;  kamdncha  (vio- 
lin). 

Bow,  to,  sar  farud  dvurdan ;  sar  Mam  k. ; 
nizdm  dddan  (military  salute) ;  zamin-i 
khidmat  busidan  (for  Shdh) ;  ta'zlm  k. 
(gen. ,  to  make  a  reverence) ;  saldm  kardan 
(oral  salutation).  Vide  Salute,  and  Bow- 
ing. 

Bowed,  muqavvas  (bent  or  shaped  like  a 
bow) ;  kaj-pd  or  kamdn-pd  (bow-legged). 

Bowels,  ruda;  alishd  u  am'd  (plurals). 

Bowing,  kurnish  (k.).     Vide  To  bow. 

Bowl,  subs.,  jdm  (small,  for  drinking);  qadah 
(very  large) ;  kdsa  (between  jdm  and 
qadah) ;  gawdi-yi  qdshuq  (of  spoon). 

Bow-legged.     Vide  Bowed. 

Bow-maker,  kamdn-gar  or  — sdz. 

Bowshot,  partdb-i  tir  (the  distance  of  a  bow- 
shot). 

Bowstring,  chilla  (prop,  the  loop  at  the  end 
of  the  bowstring). 

Box,  huqqa  or  quti  {^y'')  (a  match-box, 
cigar-box,  etc.) ;  "  what  shall  I  put  in  the 
large  wooden  box?  "  \tu-yi  sanduq  chi  bi- 
guzdram?  hazdr-pisha  (the  box,  "lunch- 
basket,"  containing  tea-things,  lamps, 
etc.,  in  an  dbddri) ;  mijri  (a  jewel  or  cash 
box) ;  ja'ba  (any  small  box) ;  baks  (Eur.) ; 
lazh  (Fr.,  opera);  shimshdd  (tree). 

Box,  to,  tu-sari  z.  (give  a  blow  on  the  head); 
sill  zadan  or  kashlda  zadan  or  khivdbdndan 
(on  the  side  of  the  head) ;  musht  zadan 
(in  fighting) ;  the  huge  fellow  then  gave 
him  a  sound  box  on  his  ear,  pahlavdn  shast 
khy^dbdnid  va  chahdr  angusht  rd  lams 
karda  yak  durusht  sill  tu-yi  gush-ash  zad* 
Vide  Slap. 

Boxer,  musht-zan. 


1  Amanat  (or  amanat'"')  dadan,  "  to  lend  "  ;  amanat  also  means  "deposit." 

2  Hindu,  chagul.     Matara,  corrup.  of  matfiara,  rt.  t;uhr. 

8  In  m.  c.  sar-hadd  often  means  aard-air.  Tehranis  use  shimran  in  the  same  sense.  Shim,ranat  is 
applied  to  a  collection  of  villages  below  Mt.  DaviatHind,  which  is  a  Summer  resort  for  people  from 
the  Capital. 

*  It  is  said  that  anciently  the  thumb  was  folded  into  the  palm  of  the  hand  and  a  slap  administered 
by  the  fingers  only.     Modern  Persians,  however,  slap  with  the  whole  of  the  open  hand. 


Box 


37 


Bre 


Boxing,  hiLshl  u  musht;  musht-zani  or  rrntsht- 

bdzi  (k.). 
Boy,   pisar :    kudak  and    tif,    and    bachcha 

(common     gender) ;     javdn     (a     youth) ; 

(jAuldm   (servant-boy ;  also  slave   of   any 

age). 
Boyhood,     tufuliyyat;     bachchagi;      javanx 

(youth). 
Boyish,  bachcha-indnind ;  tifl-mizaj. 
Bracelet,  dast-baranjan  or   dast-barjan  (gen. 

term) ;    alangu   (sp.   of  glass) ;    dast-band 

(with  beads  or  jewels  on  it) ;  ydra  (gen. 

of    gold    or    silver) ;    bdzu-band     (amulet 

bound  on  upper  arm). 
Braces,  no   proper  word,   band-i  shcdvdr  is 

used ;  also  tasma-yi  shalvdr  ;  kash-band. 
Brackish,  shur  (of  land  or  water) ;  namakin 

(salted).     Vide  Brine. 
Brahman,  barahman,  pi.  barahima. 
Braid,    kalabatun    (gold    or    silver    braid) ; 

qaytan  (of  gold  or  silk ;  narrow) ;  pahnak 

(any  kind  of  tape ;  broader  than  qayiun)  ; 

navdr  (coarse  stuff  for  bedsteads,  etc.). 
Brain,    ma^z-i   sar ;    \dimd(jh    in    m.    c.    is 

nosej ;  kalla-yash  pur  az  guh  ast  ( =  he  has 

no  brains). 
Brambles,  khar ;  khdr  u  khdshdk;   varak  (a 

species  of  common  prickly  jungle  bush). 
Bran,   sabus    (skin    of    any    grain).       Vide 

Chaff. 
Branch,  shdkh,  shdkha  (dim.) ;  shu'ba  (of  a 

river);  "this  tree  has  many  branches," 

In  darakht  shdkhhd-yi '  ziydd  ddrad ;  [chi 

qadr  shdkh  u  barg  mi-dihi  = ' '  how  you  do 

embroider  your  statement  ?  "] ;  asl  u  far' 

(root  and  branch;  gen.  met.). 
Branched,  shdkh  shdkh  (of  tree) ;  munsha'ib 

{sh.)  (branched  out;  to  be  deviated  from). 
Branchy,  shdkh-ddr;  pur  shdkh. 
Brand,  to,  dd§^  kardan  or  nihddan;  lakka-yi 

bad-ndtni  (stigma). 
Branding-iron,  dhan-i  dd(/h-kun. 
Brandish,  garddndan. 
Brandy,  brdndl  (Eng.) ;  kunydk  (Fr.). 
Brasier,  manqal;  kalak   (of  earth);   mis-gar 

(coppersmith) . 
Br£iss,  ' '  do  you  not  know  the  difference  be- 
tween copper  and  brass  ?  dyd  tawfir-i  mis 


va  birinj  rd  (or  tawflr  miydn-i  mis  va  birinj 
rd)  nami-dunld? 

Brave,  dUir ;  shujd' ;  ahir-mard;  ahxr-dil; 
himrnat-var ;  jari  (rashly) ;  bi-zanrbahadur 
(daring  blackguard ;  in  bad  sense) ;  rashid. 
Vide  Bold. 

Bravery,  shajd'at;  shlr-mardt;  rashadtU; 
marddnagi  (also  manlines.s,  enterprise) ; 
vide  Boldness  ;  bi-zan-bahdduri  (of 
blackguards) ;  "  what  bravery  they  have 
shown ! ' '  dnha,  chi  diliri  (or  himmat)  *  karda 
andl  '  he  displayed  greater  bravery  than 
Rustam's ' ' ,  chunin  javdnmardi  zdhir  kard 
ki  az  RiLstam  ham  buruz  na-karda  bud — 
Prof.  S.  T. 

Bravo,  rruirhatM!'^  bah  bah!  d/arin!  bdrak 
Alldh  !  ma-shd^  Allah  /  ahsant! 

Brawl,  subs.,  'arbada  {k.)    (drunken    brawl). 

Brawler,  'arbada-kun  (drunken). 

Brawling,  adj.,  salita*  (a  brawling  woman, 
shrew) ;  shalldfa  (local  ?) ;  (jhawijJid'^t  (gen. ; 
noisy) . 

Brayer,  'ar  'ar-zan  (of  a  fool). 

Braying,  'ar  'ar  k.  (of  an  ass)  ;  bdng  kashi- 
dan  (rare). 

Brazen,  birinji  (lit.) ;  sajid-chashm  (impu- 
dent or  shameless,  qq.v.). 

Breach,  rakhna ;  shikaf  (a  cleft,  spht) ; 
shikast  (gen. ;  infraction) ;  khalal  (rupture ; 
being  marred) ; — shikani  (in  comp.). 

Bread,  khvbz;  nan;  ndn-i  fatirl  (unleaven- 
ed) ;  ndn-i  khamirl  (leavened) ;  ndn-i  mji 
or  nan-i  bdzdrl  or  ndn-i  sangak  (long  flaps 
of  bread-cake,  baked  on  stones) ;  7idiv-i 
khdnagt  (round,  home-made  bread  that 
will  keep  a  week) ;  ndn-i  baydt  or  ndn-i 
shab-manda  (stale  bread) ;  ndn-i  du-dtasha 
(dried  over  the  oven  after  baking  ;  rusk) ; 
kuindch  (thick  cake  of  tent-folk)  ;  kuRcha 
(sweet;  vide  Cake). 

Bread-fruit  tree,  darakht-i  nan  (newsp.). 

Breadth,  what  is  the  breadth  of  this  cloth  ? 
pahnd*i-yi  ^  in  pdrcha  chi  qadr  ast  ?  'arf  ' 
(for  other  things);  'arz""  (in  breadth). 

Break,  subs.     Vide  Rains. 

Break,  to,  shikastan,  rt.  shikan  (tr.  and 
intr.) ;  bi-ham  dar  shikastan  (into  bits) ; 
bdzdr-ash  shikasta  ast  (its  price  has  gone 


1  Or  shakh-i  ziyad. 

*  Himmat  also  means  "  perseverance,  resolution." 

3  Arabic,  "  welcome,"  and  also  colloquially  "  well-done." 

*  Sallffi,  Ar.,  in  m.  c.  ahalita  is  the  short  uiider-akirt  worn  by  Muslim  women. 

(  Pahna  is  subs,  and  adj.  ;  po/tna^i,  subs.     In  India  '  'arz  u  ^ul '  are  used  for  breadth  and  length  of 
oloth. 


Bre 


38 


Bri 


down) ;  tah  shihasta  (the  fever  has  broken 
its  fixed  time  of  return) ;  zaban-ash  shik- 
asta  (stammerer) ;  "  I  have  never  broken 
bread  in  his  house,  luqma-yi  nan-i  urd 
norshikasta-am  or  gusha-yi  ndn-i  urd  na-dlda 
am ;  riza  rlza  k.  (to  break  or  crumble  into 
small  pieces) ;  pdrapdra  k.  (to  tear  or  break 
up  into  two  or  more  pieces) ;  gustkhtan,  rt. 
gusil,  intr.  (snap  of  a  rope ;  of  friendship) ; 
bar-ddshlan  (seal) ;  ta'lim  dddan  (break  in, 
of  horses,  vide.  Broken) ;  az  dast  dar 
raftan  (break  away) ;  shikastan  (break 
down,  of  horses,  etc  ) ;  vide  Broken  and 
Dismiss;  for  'break  wind,'  vide  Wind, 
etc. ;  'ahd  (or  qardr  dad)  shikastan  (break 
a  promise) ;  jasTch-imu'dmala  k.,  to  cancel 
an  agreement) ;  dtvdr-i  khdna  kandan ; 
naqh  zadan  (break  into,  of  thieves) ;  for 
'break  off,'  vide  Mumble;  majlis  bar- 
khdst  (the  committee  broke  up). 

Breakages,  shikastagl-hd. 

Breakfast,  ndshta  {k.)  (light;  taken  about  8 
or  9  a.m.) ;  nahdr  (khurdan)  (also  chdsht 
{kh.)  vulg. ;  taken  at  noon)  ;  ijtnr  {k.) 
(breaking  a  fast) . 

Breast,  sina  (chest)  ;  'pistdn  (female)  ;  pistdn-i 
Umu^l  ddrad  (of  firm  round  breasts ;  vide 
Breasted)  ;  pistdn-i  khlki  (or  misl-i  mashh-i 
saqqd^l)  (the  reverse);  'azm-i  zavrraqi 
(breast-bone  of  a  bird  ;  vide  Sternum) . 

Breastbone,  'azm-i  zaivraql  (the  sternum). 

Breasted,  nar-pistdn  (firm-breasted;  vide 
Breast) . 

Breastplate,  slna-band  (of  horse) ;  chahdr- 
d^ina  (armour). 

Breath,  "  I  held  my  breatli  and  went  under 
water,"  habs-i  nafas^  karda  dar  db  faru 
shvdam  :  ' '  when  I  had  rested  a  little  and 
gained  my  wind," — chun  clilz-l  dsuda 
shudam  va  nafas  sar-i  jd-yi  khud  dmad ;  "^ 
vide  Breathless;  "I  am  out  of  breath" 
(from  running,  etc.),  naias-am  tang  shud; 
nafas  zadan  (to  be  out  of  breath;  of  men, 
animals) ;  hasshassk.  (to  pant,  of  animals) : 
nafas-i  tdzi  bi-suhht  (the  greyhound  got  out 
of  breath) ;  yak  qatra  bad  na-bud  (there 
was  not  a  breath  of  wind) ;  nafas  kashldan 


(to  draw  a  breath) ;  mutanaffis  (any  thing 
that  draws  breath) .     Vide  Stopping. 

Breathing,  tanaffus. 

Breathless,  bi-dam ;  nafas-ash  qat'  shud. 

Breathlessness,  zlq-i  nafas;  iangi-yi  nafas 
(disease) . 

Bred.      Vide  Bring  up  and  Breeding. 

Breeches,  shalvdr ;  pdtlun  (Eur.). 

Breech-loader,  tufang-i  tah  pur;  [sar-  or 
dahan-pur ,  ' '  muzzle-loader  "  ] . 

Breed,  zdd  u  valad  k. ;  paydd  shudan ;  this 
kind  of  worm  breeds  in  rice,  in  kirm  dar 
birinj  tawlld  mi-shavad;  shutur  mi-parva- 
rdnand  va  nasi  mi-girand  (they  breed 
camels) ;  khayl-i  asp  ddrad  (he  breeds 
horses). 

Breeeding,  in  asp  rd  bardy-i  tukhm  nigdh  m/i- 
ddram,  keep  this  horse  (or  mare)  for 
breeding ;  kurra-giriftan  (for  stallion 
horses,  donkeys)  ;  nariydn-i  tukhmi  (a 
breeding  stallion) ;  khush-rag  ( =  well-bred ; 
of  animals) ;  asil  (of  ditto) ;  vide  Bring 
up;  bad-rag  (ill-bred  ;  of  animals  or  men). 

Breeze,  nasim. 

Brew,  bardy-i  man  nmya  mi-rizad,  or  dar 
pay-i  juft  u  jald  asi  (he  is  brewing  mis- 
chief against  me). 

Bribe,  rishva'^  {khurdan  or  giriftan,  intr.; 
dddan,  tr.) ;  he  bribed  him  not  to  tell, 
u  dahan-ash  rd  bast;  shirini-yi  shumd  rd 
mi-diham*  (a  j)ohte  hint);  shikam-puri^ 
k. ,  zir-farshi  urd  dddam  (I  gave  him  some- 
thing secretly  in  the  way  of  bribe). 

Bribery,  rishva-dihi ;  rishva-giri ;  dar  Irdn 
bdzdr-i  rishva  garm  ast. 

Brick,  djur  (kiln  bricks)  ;  az  in  jur  gil  khisht 
mi-mdland?  "can  {sun-dried)  bricks  be 
made  of  such  clay  ? ' '  khishti  and  djurt 
(adj.,  of  brick). 

Brick-kiln,  kura-yi  djur-pazi. 

Brick-maker,  khi^ht-mdl;  djur-paz  (the  brick- 
burner).  _  \kar%. 

Brickwork,    khisht-bandi ;    ajur-bandi     or — 

Bridal,  'arusi  (adj.) ;  ddrmdl  (adj.,  of  bride- 
groom only). 

Bride,  'arus^  (also  in  m.  c.  daughter-in-law) ; 
hajla-khdna  (bride-chamber). 


1  Nafa  in  mod.  Pers.  usually  signifies  "  penis.' ' 

2  The  Afghans  say  sahib  dam  shudan,  "to  recover  one's  wind  "  ;  but  in  modern  Persian  this  means 
'  to  acquire  the  power  of  charming  snakes  by  texts  from  the  Qur^an.' 

3  liishva  also  means  "manure" 

♦  Shlrinl-yi  shuma  ml-rasad  (of  a  '  tip  '  or  a  '  bribe  '). 

»  Shikam-i  an  zan  ra  pur  karda  ast,  "he  has  put  her  in  the  family  way  ' '  (not  used  of  the  husband) 
Shikam-ash  pur  kardam,  "  I  bribed  him." 

6  A  bride  is,  by  the  Persians;  called  "  young  "  when  she  is  about  14 ;  by  the  Arabs  when  about  12. 


Bri 


39 


Bro 


Bridegroom,  danmd  (also  son-in-law). 

Bridge,  iml  {andakhUin) ;  jiar  (kaahxdan) ; 
quiVara-  or  bar-aniadagi yi  diina,^  (of  nose); 
piU-i  ruy-i  ham  (suspension  bridge) .  Vide 
Swing. 

Bridle,  dahana  ajsar  (prop.  =  bit  alone)  ; 
a/'.sar  (head-stall)  ;  jilo-kash  (reins) ;  rashma 
(chain  of  donkeys)  ;  makdr  (for  mihar, 
nose-string  of  camels). 

Bridle,  to,  dahana  k. ;  lagdm  or  lijam  z. ; 
khishm  faru  khurdan  (of  anger).  Vide 
Restrain. 

Brief,  mukhlasar  (abridged,  q.v.)  ;  kutah  ; 
tnufma!  (sum mary ) . 

Briefly,  yhayai-ash  tn-ki ;  aUgJiaraz;  bi-'l- 
jumla  (in  a  few  words). 

Brier.      Vide  Sweet-brier. 

Brigand,  rdh-zan ;  qaMjd' "  't-tariq. 

Bright,  rushan;  munawar  (well-lighted)  ; 
darakhshdn,  or  darakhshanda  u  iabdn 
(shining) ;  munir  (of  mihr) ;  zinda-dil  (full 
of  life ;  opp.  of  dull ,  apathetic) ;  bash- 
shdsh  (of  merry  appearance) ;  sitdra-yi 
ruslian  (a  bright  star) ;  hama  chiz-i  dunyd 
bar  ru-yi  javdndn  mi-khandad  (to  the 
young  all  is  bright).     Vide  Smile,  Merry. 

Brighten,  barrdq  k.  (to  clean ;  of  metals)  ; 
sayqal  z.  or  jcM  d.  (to  poHsh  with  instru- 
ments ;  of  metals). 

Brightness,  nur  or  nurdniyyat  (of  sun,  stars) ; 
rushnd'i  (light) ;  tdbdm  or  darakhshandagi 
(glittering)  ;  ziyd  (of  sun). 

Brilliancy.      Vide  supra. 

Brilliant.     Vide  supra,  and  '  Clever,'  etc. 

Brim,  Brimful,  lab  (of  cup,  river,  roof,  etc.) ; 
labdlab  or  lab  riz,  adj.  (brimful);  kindr 
(edge). 

Brimstone,  ougird;  kibrlt  (but  in  m.  c. 
"  match  "). 

Brine,  db-i  namak  (cooking) ;  ab-i  shur  (of 
sea).     Vide  Brackish. 

Bring,  dvurdan,  rt.  dr  or  dvar ;  parvarish 
dddan  or  bdld  dvurdan  (bring  up) ;  ihzdr  k. 
(to  bring  before,  make  present;  of  per- 
sons) ;  zddan  and  zd''idan  (to  bring  forth 
young) ;  var-i  haml  namudan  (to  give 
birth  to);  vide  Birth,  Produce;  a  badly 
brought  up  child  or  spoilt  child,  tifl-i  bad 
bar  dvurda ; '  biim  ash  bad  bud  (he  was  badly 
brought  up) ;  he  brought  up  his  children 
in  the  best  manner,  bachcha-fid-yi  khvd  rd 


khayll  khub  tarbiyat  kard;  ^  [khush  tarbiyat 
and  khush  atvdr  (well-bred,  well-mannered  ; 
of  people)  ;  najV)  (well-bred ;  of  men) ; 
vide  Breeding.] 

Brink,  kindr  (of  precipice,  etc.) ;  dar  akaraf-i 
tabdhi  (on  the  brink  of  ruin). 

Brisk,  chust;  chdldk;  ziring ;  havd-yi  qdlx- 
bd/i  khub  ast  or  bdzdr-i  qdli-bdfi  garm  oat 
(the  carpet  trade  is  brisk  just  now) . 

Briskly,  cfidbukdna ;  bi-tizi  u  tundi;  firzdna. 

Bristle,  mu-yi  aakht;  mu-yi  bar-khdata  (when 
standing  up,  as  on  neck  of  boar,  etc.). 

Brittle,  turd  (as  glass,  etc. ;  crisp,  of  pastrj)  ; 
ndzuk  (delicate  or  easily  broken) ;  khasta 
(crisp,  of  pastry) ;  that  wood  is  very 
strong  but  this  is  brittle,  dn  chub  khayli 
qdyim  ast  va  likin  in  turd  ast. 

Brittleness,  turdi. 

Broad,  "  how  broad  shall  I  make  this  mat- 
ting ? "  in  buriyd  rd  chi  qadar  pafin  (or '  ariz) 
bi-sdzam  ?  [buriyd,  of  split  cane  ;  hasir  of 
palm  leaves] ;  vid^  Breadth ;  dar  ruzi 
ruslian  (in  broad  daylight). 

Broadcloth,  rmhul. 

Broaden,  'ariz  k. ;  [but  jxihn  k.  'to  spread 
out '  ] ;  pahn-tar  k. 

Brocade,  zari  or  zar-baft  (silver,  gold,  brass, 
or  copper  embroidery) ;  atlas-i  gvldar  ** 
(satin  embroidered  with  flowers). 

Broil,  kabdb  k. ;  surkh  or  qirmiz  k.  (also  =  to 
fry).     Vide  Roast. 

Broken,  shikasta;  khurd  ahvda  (smashed); 
para  pdra  (torn) ;  darham  rafta  (gone  to 
bits) ;  "he  has  broken  it  up,"  in  rd  khurd 
khurd  karda  ast ;  vide  Bit ;  rdm  (broken  in, 
of  horse) :  vide  Break. 

Broken-hearted,  bisydr  dil-shikasta ;  kamar- 
ash  shikast. 

Broker,  dalldl  (go-between) ;  simsdr  and 
kuhna-farush  (seller  of  old  things). 

Brokerage,  dalldlt. 

Bronze,  chudan  or  chawdan  (or   bell-metal  ?). 

Brooch,  sanjd(j  (also  '"pin");  gul-i  sina; 
sanjdq  zadan  (to  wear  a  brooch). 

Brooding,   Broody,   kuruk    (of    hen) ;    ru-yi 

tukhm  nishasta  (on  eggs). 
Brook,   juy ;  jub  (vulg.)   (natural  or  artifi- 
cial);  nahr   (gen.   artificial;   canal,  larger 
than  ju) ;    jadval   (very  small   irrigation 
channel). 
Brook,  to,  tahammvX  k.      Vide  Endure. 


I  Bar  avurda  probably  corruption  of  65/3  avtoiJS. 

*  Tariqa-yi  ahaan,  "  the  best  manner,"  is  not  colloquial. 

^  Kamkhab  not  used  in  modern  colloquial. 


Bro 


40 


Bui 


Broom,  jaru  (vulg.) :  ja-rub  {k.). 

Broomstick,  dasta-yi  jarub. 

Broth ,  shurba  or  ash  (thick) ;  ab-gusht  or  sup 
(Eur.)  (thin  soup) ;  shulla  (rice-gruel). 
Vide  Soup. 

Brothel,  jinda-hhana  ;  qahba-khana. 

Brother,  baradar;  kdka,  vulg.  (elder) ;  ddda, 
vulg. ;  baradar  khwandu  (adopted) ;  bard- 
dar-i  rizd'l^  (foster-brother);  barddar-i 
sulbl'^  (paternal  half-brother) ;  barddar-i 
batni  *  (uterine  brother) ;  barddar-zan  ^ 
(wife's  brother,  vide  infra) ;  barddar-i 
tavfam  (twin-brother) ;  ' '  they  treated 
me  as  his  brethren  treated  Joseph," 
misl-i  barddardn-i  Hazrat-i  Yusuf  kdr  kar- 
dand.—Prot  S.  T. ' 

Brotherhood,  barddari;  uhhuwat. 

Brotherly,  barddardna. 

Brother-in-law,  ham-rtsh  or  ham-zulf  (of  men 
marrjdng  sisters) ;  barddar-shawhar  ^ ; 
shawhar-khwdhar ^ ;  barddar-zan,  etc. 

Brought  up,  bald  dvurda  or  bar  dmada 
(reared).     Fitfe  under  Bring. 

Brow,  jabin;  pisTmnl;  jahha;  abru  (eye- 
brow) . 

Brown,  qahva^i  (tf^V  coffee-coloured) ;  mi- 
khaki  (colour  of"  cloves) ;  bakhuri  (smoke- 
coloured,  or  light  ash -coloured) . 

Bxovfs^,  char idan,  or  churd  k.,  vulg.,  intr. ; 
chardnidan,  causative. 

Bruin.     Vide  Bear. 

Bruise,  kuftan  or  kubtdan.  rt.  kub;  vide 
Pound;  jaiv-kub  k.  (to  bruise  or  pound 
roughly) . 

Bruised,  to  be,  kufta  shudan. 

Brush,  mdhut  pdk-kun  (for  clothes,  shoes, 
hair) ;  mu  pdk-kun  (hair-brush)  ;  qalam-i 
mu^l  (paint) ;  misvdk  (tooth-brush ; 
Muhammadan  or  European). 

Brush,  to,  pdk  k.  (of  clothes) ;  tdpu(jh  zadan 
(of  horse,  etc.) ;  uldgh  pd-mdl  ast  (the 
donkey  brushes  with  the  houghs. 

Brushing.     Vide  supra. 

Brushwood,  [hizum — split  wood  for  burn- 
ing] ;  durmdn  (a  common  plant  used  for 
burning) ;  chulka,  in  Bushire  chuta  (for 
starting  a  flame). 


Brusque,  durusht. 

Brutal,  khaslat-i  bahlmi  ddrad ;  vahshl-sijat. 

Brutish.     Vide  Brutal. 

Bubble  subs.,  hubdb   (in  liquids  or  in  glass). 

Bubo,  khiydrak  (from  gon.). 

Buck,    dhu-yi    nar    (of    gazeUe) ;    kaj-kuldh 

(fop  ;  in  a  bad  sense) .     Vid£  Stag. 
Bucket,  dalv   (of   leather) ;  sail   (of  metal)  ; 

labchin  (of  soft  leather  and  with  a  strap  to 

close  the  mouth). 
Buckle,  sagak  {z.). 
Buckskin,  pust-i  dhu. 
Bud,  shikufa  {k.)  (  very  little  open) ;  tukma- 

(k.)   (not  open  at  all) ;  ghuncha  (2.)  (half 

open) ;  payvand  {k.)  (graft  or  bud). 
Budget,  budjd  (Eur.)  (Parliamentary). 
Buff,     bdddmi      (almond-coloured) ;      limu^l 

(lemon-coloured) ;    shikdrl  or   shuturi   (of 

the  fawn    colour    of   deer   or   of   camel) ; 

gandum-gun  (wheat-coloured  ;  of  people). 
Buffalo,  gdv  mish,  Pr. ;  jdmus,  Ar. 
Buffet.     Vide  Slap. 

Buffeted,  to  be,  mutaldtim  {sh.)  (by  waves). 
Buffeting,  taldtum  (of  waves) ;  zarb-i  sill  (of 

slaps) . 
Buffoon,   maskhara;    lutl;    mvqallid    (actor, 

etc.). 
Buffoonery,  maskharagi ;  maskhara-bdzi. 
Bug,    sds    or    surkhak;    katmal*    (Indian)  ; 

mala   (a   large  poisonous   bug    found    in 

certain  districts) ;  shab-gaz  (a  gen.  term) ; 

gharlb-gaz  (a  species  of  noxious  bug). 
Bugle,  shayjur  (mil.) ;  karrm  (trumpet). 
Buglos,  gdv-zabdn^     Vide  Ox-tongue. 
Build,    bind    k.    (but     with    niJmdan     ' '  to 

found");  "I  want   to  build   a    house," 

nii-khwdham''    khdna-i  bi-sdzam;    ['inuirat 

is  any  building] ;  dshiydna  sdkhtan ,  or  ^na 

zadan  (a  nest). 
Builder,    bannd"    or     gilkdr     (trade) ;    bdni 

(founder) ;  mi'mdr  (architect). 
Building,  Hmdrat  or  bind^.     Vide  Public. 
Built,    binn  shuda    or   mabni    (founded   or 

built) ;  sad  sdl  ast  bind  shud  (it  was  built 

100  years  ago) . 
Bujnurd,  Bujnurd. 
Bulb,    piydz    (unless   any   special   flower   is 


1  Arabic  raza"^  or  riza' ,  "nursing,  sucking  the  breast." 

2  Sulb,  "  loin  "  ;  batn,  "  belly,  womb."  Half-brothers  by  the  same  father  are  more  nearly  related 
than  half  brothers  out  of  the  same  mother.  In  the  fornaer  case  "  the  seed  is  the  same,  the  soil  only  is 
different. ' ' 

s  No  izafat. 

4  Also  locally  kak-mal,  corrup.  of  Hindustani  khatmal,  "  bedstead  defiler." 

6  Buglos,  lit.  "ox-tongue." 

6  Khwastan  in  m.  f.  means  *'  to  be  on  the  point  of  doing,"  as  well  as  "  to  wish." 


Bui 


41 


But 


discussed,  ^tf/a2  means  "onion"  ;  piydz-i 

uargis,  etc.). 
Bulbous,  piydz-dar ;  ditnaghrgunda  (of  nose). 
Bulgaria,  Bulbar. 
Bulge,   to,  bar  drnadan ;    qulupidan  or  dar 

buluqidan,  vulg.  (to  bulge  out). 
Bulky,   zakhhn   (for   book)  ;    ziydda  jd  m%- 

girad ;    mard-i   fakhim-i  jaslm    (a   strong 

bulky  man). 
Bull,  nar-gdv;  saior. 
Bullet,  gulula  (also  cannon-ball). 
Bully,   qul-chumdq    (kept  by    prostitutes   as 

protection,   etc.)  ;  gardan-kuluft   (a   kept- 
man  ;  a  ponce). 
Bulwark,   mahjar  (wall  or  railing ;  of  ship)  ; 

sangar  (breastwork)  ;  hdra  or  hdru  (ram- 
part) ;    matras '    (stockade)  ;    divdra     (of 

ship) . 
Bumper,  sdtgln   (a  bumper  glass  drunk  to 

some  one's  health). 
Bumpkin,    diJvdtl   or  rustaf%  (villager,   q.v. ; 

often  used  contemptuously  for  '  country 

bumpkin'). 
Bunch,  khusha-yi^  angur  (of  grapes) ;  tilanga 

(a  .  small   spray  off  a  bunch  of  grapes)  ; 

daata-yi  kalid  (of  keys);  'uqda   (knot;   as 

'uqda-yi  Parvin,"  Pleiades  "). 
Bundle,  buqcfia ;  basta  (also  parcel) ;  saruqcha, 

vulg.  for  sar-buqcha;  dasta.     Vide  &iap- 

sack. 
Burden,  dn  bdr-i  gardan-iman  ast  (the  burden 

rests  on  me ;  also  I  am  obliged  to  do  it) ; 

Imyvdn-i    bdr-kash    or     bdr-barddr    (beast 

of — ) ;  band  or  tarjl'  (chorus) . 
Burn,  dtash  zadan,  tr. ;  sukhtan,  rt.  suz,  tr. 

and  intr. ;  alaw  z.  (vulg.) ,  tr. ;  dtash  giriftan, 

intr. 
Burning,  suzish  (sensation  of — ). 
Burning-glass,  shisha-yi  dtashi. 
Burnished,  sayqal-zada  and  masqul  (of  steel) ; 

mujalld  (made  bright). 
Burnisher,   sayqal-zan  or   sayqal-gar   (man) ; 

aayqal  (instrument). 
Burst,    to,   farkidan;  puktdan    (vulg.);  cfidk 

shudan  (of  clothes,  of  melons) ;  "  don't  eat 

so  much  or  you'll  burst,"  dn-qadar  ma- 

khur  ml-tarkl;^   "I   nearly   burst,"    kam 

mdnd  (or  nazdik  bud)  ki  bi-tarkam ;  "he 


burst  open  the  door  and  entered,"  dar  rd 
shikasta  ddkhil  shiid  ;  sar  bdz  k.  (of  boil) ; 
jastan  (of  a  fountain) ;  jushldan  (of  a 
spring). 

Bury,  "he  has  gone  to  bury  his  father," 
rafta  ast  pidar-ash  rd  dafn  kunad  (or  bi- 
khdk  bi-kunad  or  bi-sipdrad)  ;  zinda  bi-gur- 
ash  ml-kunam  (a  threat). 

Burying,  tadfin  {k.) ;  kajn  u  dafn  {k.) ;  or 
tajhlz  u  takjin  {k.)  (shrouding and  burying). 

Bush,  buta;  or  butta  (vulg.)  ;  buna. 

Bushire,  Bu-shahr. 

Business,  shuijtl;  kdr-i  muhimm  (important 
business);  "my  business  is  doing  well," 
kdr-i  man  kuk  ast*;  "excuse  me,  I  have 
a  httle  business  engagement,"  ma'pir  hi- 
ddrid  qadri  giriftdri  dJdram;  "mind  your 
own  business,"  bi-raw  dar  band-i  kdr-i 
khudbdsh^;  dakhl-i  na-ddrad  bi-u  (it's  no 
business  of  his) ;  "  why,  what  business  can 
he  have  in  Tehran  ? ' '  dar  Tahrdn  chi  dad 
u  silad  ddrad — magarmurda-shu  dnjd  murda 
ast?  u  kdr-i  (or  shugt^l-t)  ddrad.  Vide 
Affair,  Matter. 

Bussorah,  Basra. 

Busy,  ' '  I  am  busy  about  my  own  affairs, 
I've  no  time  for  anjrthing  else,"  in  chand 
ruz-hd  giriftdr-i  khud-am  fiastam  va  bi-kas-i 
d^gar  nami-parddzam ;  mashr^ul  (engaged 
in)  ;  aX-dn  rriashijjiul-i  kdr  ast  nami-tavdnad 
bd  shumd  harf  bi-zanad  (he's  busy  and 
can't  speak  with  you) ;  sar-garm-i  kdr-i 
khvd  ast;  kdr  ddram  (I'm  busy). 

Busybody,  fuzul  (incorr.  for  fazul). 

Bustard,  hubdra  ('houbara'  bustard);  tvi- 
tmjhli  or  dui-dJd'jh,  T.,  and  mish-murgi  ,^ 
P.  (large  bustard,  Otis  Tarda). 

Bustle,  tag  u  daw  {k.). 

But,  amirvd  (also  =  "  as  for");  va-likin, 
juz  in-ki — ;  magar  dn-ki — ,  balki  (more- 
over, enhansive;  in  m.  c.  "perhaps"); 
"  but  I  who  never  had  a  child — won't 
people  ask  to  see  my  supposed  cliild,  man 
bachcfia  na-zd'^ida  mardum  nami-guyand 
bachcha-at  ku?  u  ki  murd  (but  he's  dead) . 
Vide  Except. 

Butcher,  qassdb  (seller  of  meat) ;  salldkh 
(lit.  skinner,  flayer). 


*  Ar.  and  Per.,  but  supposed  to  be  from  the  Persian  matara,  "  don't  fear." 

*  Khuaha  also  means  •'  ear  of  corn  "  ;  khUaha-baatan,  "  to  ripen  (of  grain)." 

8  Tarkidan  also=rt<2an.     Man  tura  qaaam   mi-diham   ki  ham  Snja  pish-i  qazl  bi-tarakl  (a   vulgar 
equivoque). 

*  Kilk  k.,  "  to  wind  up  a  watch,  tune  an  instrument,  etc.":  vide  also  '*  to  chaff." 

*  Dar  band-i  kar-i  f^tid  aet,  "  he  is  engrossed  in  his  own  concerns." 

*  This  name  is  often  erroneously  applied  to  other  large  birds. 

6 


But 


42 


Cal 


Butcher,  to,  zahh  k.  (to  slaughter  by  cutting 
the  throat,  and  specially  according  to 
Muslim  law) ;  gardan  buridan  (ditto) . 

Butler,  saql  (gives  wine  only) ;  sufra-chi  (in 
charge  of  the  table) ;  nazir  (head  butler) ; 
ab-dar  (in  charge  of  sherbets,  etc.)  ;  qahva- 
cM  (gives  tea,  coffee,  smokes). 

Buft,  hadaf  and  nishana  (shooting) ;  pip 
(Eng.  barrel) ;  qundaijh  (of  musket) ;  hadaf 
(one  ridiculed). 

Butt,  to,  shaJch  zadan  (slightly) ;  kalla  z.  (in 
fighting  together). 

Butter,  kara  and  maska;  rughan  (clarified 
butter  or  ghi) ;  du(jh  (the  hquid  remaining 
from  wMst  or  curds  when  churned  into 
butter).' 

Butter-fingered.     Vide  Clumsy. 

Butterfly,  sJiahpara  or  shahparak ;  parvdna 
(prop.  moth). 

Buttocks,  kafal  (of  man  or  animals) ;  ditbr 
or  sunn  (of  humans) ;  shalvdr  (thighs  of 
horses  or  hawks) . 

Button,  dukma  (gen.  of  silk,  etc.) ;  pulak 
(Eur.  buttons  of  bone  or  metal);  "this 
button-hole  is  too  large  for  the  button," 
in  nmdagl  bi-jihat-i  tn  dukma  gushdd  ast ; 
sar-at  az  kadu-yi  tuhi  dmzdn  ast  (  =  I'll  cut 
off  your  head  and  sew  on  a  button ; 
you've  no  head  at  all). 

Buttress,  pushtihdn. 

Buy,  khand  k. ;  khandan ;  sitdndan ;  "  I  am 
going  to  the  bazar  to  buy  paper,"  ml-ravam 
bdzdr,  kd,gjiaz  bi-kharam  (or  bi-sunam; 
vulg.  for  bi-sitdnam) . 

Buyer,  mushtarl  (also  any  '  customer '  ;  for 
instance,  of  a  barber,  a  bath,  etc.)  ;  khan- 
ddr  (uncommon  in  m.  c). 

Buying,  kharid  (k.) ;  dud  u  sitad  (k.) ;  kharid 
u  farush  {k.) ;  mu'dmala  {k.) ;  bay'  u  shird 
[k.)  (buying  and  selling;  deahng). 

Buzz,  to,  viz  viz  k.  or  ving  ving  k.  (of  fly) ; 
hamhama  (noise  of  distant  crowd ;  of  bees , 
etc.). 

Buzzard,  sdr,  incorrect  for  sd;  mush-khor. 

Buzzing,  vide  To  buzz ;  [tariin,  sound  of 
reverberation  of  metal,  string  instru- 
ments] . 

By,  az;  bi — ;  bd;  pahlu-yi — (by  side  of); 
dam-i — (close  by) ;  "I  sent  the  letter  by 
post,"  kdghaz  rd  mashub-i"^  chEpdr  jiris- 


tddam;  "he  tore  the  book  leaf  by  leaf ," 

varaq  varaq  kitdb  rd  para  kard. 
Bypath,  chap-rdh,  pas-kucha  (back  street). 
Bystander,  tamdshd-cht. 
By-the-by,  khub  ydd-am  dinad. 


Cabbage,  kalam;  kalam-i-jnch ;  kalam-i-qumri 

(varieties).      Vide  Cauliflower. 
Cabin,  utdq;  hujra;  kamra  (Eur.)  and   dab- 

busa  (of  ships)  ;  kapar ;  kulba  (Imt). 
Cabinet,  duldbcha  (small  cupboard). 
Cabinet-Council,  Shurd-yi  khalvatl. 
Cable,    mahdr-i    jahdz     (rope)  ;    langar-band 

(anchor-chain). 
Cackle,   kil  kit  k.  (of  talking  or  laughing) ; 

vir  vir  k.  (of  talking) ;  qdr  qdr  k.  (of  geese). 
Caesar,  Qaysar. 
Caffenic,  qahva^m. 
Cage,  qafas  or  qajas. 
Cajole,  rish-khand  k. 
Cajolery,      vide    Flattery;    rish-khand     (lit. 

ridicule,  q.v.). 
Cake,  whence    did  you  get    that  cake?  dn 

kulucha     az     kujd     gir-i     shumd    dmad? 

kumdch;    twin-i    farangi;    ndn-i     shirin;^ 

ham  khudd  va  ham  khurrrm  * .?  ( =  you  can- 
not have  your  cake  and  eat  it) . 
Calamity,  djat;  musibat,  pi.  masd^ib ;  ghdHla ; 

bald ;    idbdr    (ill-luck) ;     In    bardy-i    dnhd 

sadma-yi  buzurg-t  mi-shavad. 
Calculate,    anddza   k.;    hisdb    k. ;    mu'ddil-i 

du  khums-i  mdliyya  takhmin  shuda  (calcu- 
lated at  f  of  the  revenue). 
Calculated,  tahhmtn  shuda;    vide  Estimate; 

[mahsub,  included]. 
Calculation,  shumdr ;  hisdb ;  takhmm-i  kharj 

rd  hisdb  kardid  ?  ta'  dad  (numbering) . 
Caldron,  dig;  pdtil  (smaller). 
Calendar,  sdl-ndma,  taqvim. 
Calender,  qalandar-i  chahdrum  haqiqat-i  say- 

r-ash  rd  giriydn  giriydn  in  tawr  baydn  ka-rd 

ki—{Frot  S.  T.). 
Calf,  mada  gdv  va  gusdla  yak  jd  budand  ;  mdhi 

cha  (pron.,   md^icha;    calf     of    leg;    also 

muscular  portion  of  fore-arm)  ;  gusht-i  sdq. 
Calico,  ndshur  (the  Indian  mdrkin) ;  chilvdr 

(longcioth ;  in  pieces  of   40  yds.) ;  chit  or 

qalam-kdr  (coloured  chintz) . 


1  In  Persia  butter  is  not  made  from  milk  or  cream,  but  from  mast. 
4  Mashuh,  lit.  "accompanied  by  :  along  with." 

3  None  of  these  words  corresponds  fully  with  the  English  cake. 

4  Khurma ;  referring  to  the  ass  of  the  Dajjal  or  Antichrist. 


Cal 


43 


Can 


Caligraphist,  he  is  the  chief  caligraphist  of 
the  age,  u  sar-amad-i  khuah-navis-ha-yi 
zamdn  cut.     Vide  Calligraphist. 

Caliph,  khalifa,  pi.  k[i,ulafd': 

Call,  soda  k.  or  z.  (call  out  to) ;  taU>idan 
(summon  from  a  distance) ;  khivastan,  rt. 
khtvah;  biddr  k.  (awaken,  q.v.) ;  bang  or 
dad  z.  or  faryad  k.  (to  call  out,  cry  out) ; 
ism  dddan  or  nihadan  (name) ;  jar  z.  or 
kashidan  (of  proclamation) ;  did  or  bdzdid 
raftan  (to  visit) ;  khdna-ash  sadd-ras  ast 
(he  lives  within  call) ;  rnas^ul  k.  (to  call  to 
account)  ;  muddat-i  ^st  ki  jd-yi  shutnd 
khdli  bud  or  ast  (you  have  not  called  on 
me  for  an  age).      Ft'rfe  Prevention. 

Called,  musamTTtq.  (named)  ;  mawsum  bi — . 

Calligraphist,  khush-khatt;  khush-nams. 

Calligraphy,  khush-khatti ;  khush-navisi. 

Callow,  gushtdlu  (i.e.,  only  flesh;  of  young 
birds) ;  bi-par ;  in  bachcha  kald(fh-ha  yak 
luppa  (jusht  ast. 

Calm,  bi-mawj  (of  sea)  ;  daryd  bi-kulli  drdm 
bud  misl-i  kaf-i  dust ;  drdm  (of  persons  or 
things). 

Calmack,  Qalmdq. 

Calomel,  kalomal  oi  kalumal.    Vide  Mercury. 

Calumniate,  u  ijtird  bi-mardum,  mi-bandad. 
{gjnbat,  backbiting) ;  midya  az  bardy-i 
fuldii  shakhs  zad  (he  has  got  him  into  a 
mess  by  falselj*  reporting  him ;  buhtdn  z.; 
tuhmat  bastan;  ijtird  b. ;  nammdmi  k. 
(creating  mischief  by  telling  tales  to  both 
sides ;  carrying  tales) ;  isrmd-i  bad  bar 
u  mi-bandad  =  bar  u  tuhmat  mi-zanad. 
Vide  Slander  and  Accusation. 

Calumny,  buhtdn  (false)  ;  tuhmat  (false  accu- 
sation) :  iftird*  ( =  buhtdn) ;  gjiibat  (back- 
biting) ;  nammdmi  and  chugjili  (tale-bear- 
ing).    Ftrfe  Accusation,  Slander. 

Camel,  shutur ;  jammdz,  corrup.  into  jambdz 
(riding  camel)  ;  shutur-i  du  kawhJdna  (or — 
kuhdna  or  — kuha)  (two-humped) ' ;  luk 
(large  hairy  breed) ;  sdrbdn  (camel  driver) ; 
shutur-ddr  (owner)  ;  kajdva  (parmier)  ;  nnqa 
(female) . 
Cameleon,  hirbd^ ;  bu-qalamun  (gen.   means 

in  m.  c.  a  turkey). 
Camelman,    vide  Muleteer  ;   sdhib-jamal  (for 
Ar.  jimJdl)  (a  servant  who  collects  camels) ; 
jammdl  (camel-owner) . 
Camomile,  bdbuna. 


Camp,  lashkar-gdh;  mu'aakar;  urdu  (of 
army) ;  buna  (lit.  baggage ;  a  private  camp, 
whether  in  the  open  or  in  a  caravanserai, 
is  usually  so  styled)  ;  ajzd-yi  urdu  or 
siydhi-yi  Ioshkar  (camp  followers,  i.e.  all 
non-combatants  with  a  camp,  Post  Office, 
etc.). 

Camphor,  kdfur;  [the  adj.  kdfuri  is  applied 
to  anything  white  like  wax ,  or  pure  with- 
out colour] . 

Can,  "  he  cannot  do  more  than  kill  me,"  bi- 
man  chi  mi-tavdnad  kard  bishtar  az  in  ki 
bi-ku^had  .^  '  *  I  walked  as  far  as  I  could ,' '  tid 
quwat  ddshtam  rdh  raftam ;  in  kdr  az  man 
bar  mi-dyad  (I  can  do  this) ;  agar  man  nd- 
tavdnam  bi-kunam  ^  tu  Jiar-chi  mi-tavdni  bi- 
kun  (I  can't  ?  Then  just  stop  me) ;  na  pa- 
yi  raftan  ddram  va  na  jd-yi  mdndan  (I  can- 
not go  and  I  camiot  stay ;  I'm  at  a  loss). 

Canal. ^     Vide  Brook. 

Cancel,  bdtil  k.  (to  make  null) ;  mansukh  k. 
(to  abolish) ;  mahv  k.  (obliterate).  Vide 
Erase,  Annul,  Abolish,  (Obliterate. 

Cancellation,  bdtiliyyat;  mansukhiyyat ;  bul- 
Idn. 

Cancelled,  bdtil  shuda;  mansukh  (abolished). 

Cancer,  saratdn  (disease ;  also  sign  of  Zodiac) ; 
khura  (also  applied  to  some  forms  or  some 
stages  of  syphilis). 

Candid,  bi-yharaz;  mukhlis;  khdlis;  sddiq ; 
(for  people  or  opinions) ;  rukh-gu  (one  who 
speaks  out  to  the  face). 

Candidate,  ummidvdr  (Indian  expression) ; 
tdlib-i  jd  (of  office). 

Candle,  sham';  sliam'-i  kdfuri  (of  wax); 
sham'-i  pih  (tallow)  ;  bi-zahmat  nami-arzad 
(the  game  is  not  worth  the  candle;  it  is 
not  worth  the  trouble) ;  bi-gard-i  man 
nami-rasad  (he  is  not  fit  to  hold  a  candle 
to  me). 

Candlestick,  sliam'-ddn;  Idla  (Eur.  pattern 
with  a  globe)  and  pdya-yi  lala  (the  stand 
without  the  kdsa  or  globe) ;  Idla-yi  dviz- 
ddr  (a  candlestick  with  crystal  pendants, 
sometimes  with  several  branches) ;  {qindU 
a  lamp  for  candle  or  oil]. 

Candour,  rdsti;  ikhlds;  sidq;  bi-gharazi; 
rukh-gu'i. 

Cane,  nay-shakar  (sugarcane) ;  khayzurdn 
(Malacca) ;  ta'Rmi  (a  swagger-stick  or 
cane).     Vide  Bamboo. 


•  Classically  bnkhti.     The  gannalr  camels  su-e  wretched  anirtials. 
«  Vulg.  na-tavani«tam  bi-kunam.     Note  force  of  pronouas. 
8  There  are  no  proper  canals  in  Persia. 


Can 


44 


Car 


Cannibal,  adam-khur. 

Cannon,  tup  (big  gun) ;  zamburak  (small 
camel  gun) ;  tup-chi  (gunner) . 

Cannonade,  tup-andazi  {k.) ;  galula-andazi 
(k.) ;  tup  bi-qal'a  hastan  (to  bombard  a 
fort).     Vide  Bombard. 

Canopus,  SuJiayl. 

Canopy,  sdya-ban;  dftdb-garddn  (small  tent 
with  adjustible  roof ;  also  an  eyeshade 
and  a  parasol) . 

Canter,  yurtma  raftan. 

Canvas,  kirhds  '  rd  az  kujd  kharldid? 

Cap,  kuldh  (Pers.  cap.  of  felt  or  of  astra- 
khan) ;  kuldh-namadl  (felt) ;  ids  (same 
when  new) ;  qalbdq  (fur  cap) ;  kuldh-latta 
or 'araq-chm  (worn  in  private  or  under  a 
turban) ;  shab-kuldh  (night  cap) ;  i^j  (der- 
vishes' hat  or  crown) ;  chdshm  (of  gun). 

Cap,  to,  mushd'ara  k.  (to  cap  verses,  a  game ; 
the  verse  that  is  to  cap  one  already  said, 
must  begin  with  the  same  letter  that 
terminated  the  other;  there  are  other 
forms  of  the  game). 

Capability,  qdbiliyyat ;  liydqat ;  qudrat ;  quvvat; 
isti'ddd;  sur-rishta. 

Capable,  qdbil ;  kdfi  ;  bd  qdbiliyyat. 

Capacious,  gunjdyish-i  ziydd  ddrad  or  bisydr 
jd  ddrad. 

Capacity,  zarfiyyat  (of  vessels,  boxes,  etc.) ; 
[but  In  shakhs  zarfiyyat  na-dErad=  kam-zar' 
ast,  "mean,  low"];  dn  sJiakhs  Ichayli 
qdbiliyyat  (or  isti'ddd)  ddrad;  In  jdm  chi 
qadr  gunjdyish  ddrad,  or  chi  qadr  db  mi- 
glrad  ? 

Cape,  dirndgiha  (geo.) ;  ra^s  (not  common). 

Caper,  kubar  (shrub). 

Capital,  mdya  or  sar-mdya  and  ra^s'''l-mdl 
(money,  etc.) ;  pd-takkt  (metropolis) ; 
shahr-i  hdkim-nishin  (provincial  capital) ; 
agar  sar-mdya-l  bi-ham  basti  kdr-at  rawnaq 
mi-glrad  (if  you  can  find  capital  you'll 
succeed) . 

Capitation  tax.     Vide  Tax. 

Capitulate,  siWi  andEkhtan;  taslim  shudan 
(gen.  of  fort);  sipar  anddkhtan;  tan  dar 
dudan  (of  people) ;  az  dar-i  amJdn  dar 
dmadand  (they  ofifered  to  capitulate). 

Capon,  khurus-i  khast. 

Caprice,  taysh;  talavvun. 

Capricorn,  Jadi  (Tropic  of — ). 


Capsize,  munqalib  shudan  or  vdruna  shudan 
(of  boat  or  anything) ;  asp  uftdd  va  kdliska 
bar-gasht. 

Captain,  kaptdn  or  nJd-khudd  '^  (of  a  ship) ; 
Sultan  (mil.,  in  Persia  a  very  low  rank). 

Captivate,  dilbarl  k. 

Captive,  asir ;  nazar-band  (under  arrest,  mil. ; 
a  prisoner  at  large) ;  giriftdr  (seized) . 
Vide  Surveillance. 

Captivity,  astrl. 

Captured,  dast-gir  (also  helper;  dast-glrl 
help) ;  giriftdr. 

Captured,  to  be,  gir-dmadan  or  uftddan  (but 
gir  k.  to  be  embarrassed  or  trapped  in 
speech) ;  giriftdr  shudan. 

Carat,  sang-i  qirdt  (Eur.). 

Caravan,  kdravdn  or  kdrvdn ;  qdfila ;  kdravdn- 
sard  (place  for  putting  up) ;  ribdt ;  timcha 
(an  open  square  with  a  collection  of  small 
shops ;  =  the  chauk  of  India ;  timcha  (also 
=  a  small  shop  or  stall) . 

Carcase,  Idsh  (of  men  or  animals)  ;  na'sh  (of 
men  only)  ;  mayyit  (of  man) ;  gusht-i 
mayta  (flesh  of  an  animal  that  has  died  of 
its  own  accord) ;  jifa  (when  stinking) ; 
murddr  (gen.  of  anything  not  slain  by 
Muslim  rite) ;  shaqqa  (the  spht  half  of  a 
carcase;  butcher's  term).  Vide  Carrion 
and  Corpse. 

Card,  ganjifa;  ds  (Persian  playing  cards); 
kdrt  (Fr.;  visiting  cards) ;  u  ruq'a-yi  da' vat 
(or  da'vat-ndma)  '^  bardy-i  man  firistddaast. 

Card,  to,  parnba  zadan;  halldji  k.  Fitfe  Cot- 
ton-carder. 

Cardamum,  Ml;  hil-i  bdd  (large  dark  variety). 

Carder.     Vide  Cofcton-carder. 

Care,  fikr  or  tavajjuh  {dddan)  (to  pay  atten- 
tion to) ;  ihtiydt;  hazar  (caution) ;  ghamm; 
fikr ;  anduh  (anxiety) ;  parastdri  (nurs- 
ing) ;  hifz  (charge) ;  bi-ma' rifat-i  or  bi- 
tavassut-i  (care  of — ) ;  zinhdr  (interject., 
have  a  care  to!  followed  by  verb  in 
afiirmative  or  negative). 

Care,  to,  az  harf-i  u  parvd  na-ddram  (I  don't 
mind  or  pay  attention  to  what  he  says)  = 
bi-gufta-yi  u  mahall  na-ddram ;  ' '  have  a 
care  he  doesn't  run  off,"  muvdzib  (or 
murdqib)  bdsh  na-gurlzad;  gush  dddan  (to 
heed) ;  bi-pashm-i  man,  vulg.  (I  don't  care 
a  fig,  a  jot). 


1  Palas,  tenting  made  of  hair;  palaa  nishln,  '  tribes'  people':  gilam  (sometimes po^)  is  the  name  of 
a  woollen  carpet  without  pile. 

2  Corruption  of  na' o-khuda. 

3  Invitations  are  frequently  oral.     Notes  are  not  much  used  in  Persia.     Servants  carry  oral  mes- 
sages, and  unlike  Indian  or  English  servants,  seldom  make  mistakes. 


Car 


46 


Cas 


Careen,  to,  yak-bar  or  yak-barl  shudan;  yak 
burdu  sh.  (of  load  or  ship)  ;  yala  sh. 

Careful,  mutavajjih  (v/atching) ;  ba  ihtiyat; 
bd  hazar  (cautious). 

Careless,  (jhdfil;  bi-parvd;  bi- ihtiyat ;  bi-hush 
(also  senseless) ;  dar  band-i  khdna-dJdri-yi 
khud  nlst  (he's  careless  about  his  domestic 
aflfairs) . 

Carelessness,  (jAaflat:  ta'jkdfvl ;  bi-parvd'i; 
kutdhl  dar  kdr-ash  mi-kunad;  sahl-angdri- 
yash  bi-hadd-i  'st  ki  khabar  az  kuldh-i  khud 
na-ddrad. 

Caress,  )idz  k.  (of  animals,  children,  etc.)  ; 
navdzish  k.  (also  to  be  kind  to ;  of  the 
Shah  to  a  favourite,  etc.) ;  dost  bar  sar  u 
sural  kashidan ;  navdkhtan.     Vide  Coa,x. 

Cargo,  bdr-i  jahdz. 

Carnal,  nafsdra  ;  jismdni;  ham-khivdb — or 
ham-bistar  shvdan  bd — (to  have  carnal 
intercourse  with). 

Carnation,  mikhak.     Vide  Clove. 

Carnelion,  'aqiq-i  surkh ;  [there  are  also 
yellow,  white  and  black  'aqtqs]. 

Carouse,  to,  shardb-khwdri  va  'ayydshl  k. 

Carp,  mdhi-yi  qirmiz  (gold  fish) ;  mdhl-yi 
sajid  (silver  fish). 

Carpenter,  najjdr. 

Carpentry,  najjdrl  (k). 

Carpet,  qdli ;  qdlicha  (small ;  a  rug)  ;  gilim 
(without  pile)  ;  sar-anddz  (a  large  piece  of 
felt  at  the  head  or  at  the  end  of  a  room) 
and  kitidra  (two  narrow  strips  of  the  same 
material  as  the  sar-anddz ;  these  flank  the 
room ') ;  jd-namdz  and  sajjdda  (prayer- 
carpet)  ;  Sulaymdn  ru-yi  qdli-i  khud-ash 
bi-har  jd  mdyil  bud  dar  yak  an  safar  ml- 
kard;  v^tdd  (the  owner  or  master  of  a 
carpet  factory) ;  khalifa  (the  under-master, 
sub-overseer) ;  shdgird  or  bar-i  dost  (work- 
ers*) ;  qdM-yi  pashm  andar  pashm  ( — both 
warp  and  woof  of  wool) ;  qdli-yi  pashm 
andar  pamba  (with  web  of  cotton  and 
woof  of  wool). 

Carpet,  to,  farsh  anddkhtan  (of  any  floor 
covering) ;  farsh  u  farush  ^  gustardnlda — 
Prof.  S.  T.  (having  spread  carpets  and 
rugs,  etc.).     Vide  Warp,  Web  and  Woof. 

Carr  a  way-seed,  karavyd;  zira-yi  siydh  (black 
cumin-seed). 

Carriage,  kdliskoryi  ru-hdz  (open  carriage) ; 
durushka  (Rus.)  ;  yak  u0q-i  gdri-yi  dtashi 


(one  railway  carriage*) ;  lokotnoiiv  oi 
kdliska-yi  bukhdr  (engine) ;  gdri  (Hind.)  ; 
^ardba  or  'arrdda  (a  cart). 

Carrier,  bdr-barddr ;  hainmdl  (porter) ;  kabu- 
tar-i  payk  (homing  pigeon). 

Carrion,  murddr ;  gusht-i  mayta;  jifa.  Vide 
also  Carcase  and  Corpse. 

Carrot,  gazar ;  zardak ;  dUldbi  (local) ;  haviz 
(rare) . 

Carry,  to,  burdan,  rt.  bar  ;  kashldan ;  bi-du9h 
girifian,  or  — kashldan  (on  shoulder) ; ' '  kind- 
ly help  me  to  carry  out  this,"  himdyat 
kunld  id  in  kdr  rd  az  pish  bi-baram;  man  u 
rd  didam  ki  bdr-i  ru-yi  sar-ash  bud  va  mi- 
raft;  "  one  mule  will  not  carry  all  this," 
yak  qdtir  bardy-i  in  hama  bdr  kafi  nist. 

Cart,  'arrdda  or  'ardba  (colloq.  'arrdba). 

Cartilage,  parda-yi  dirtidcjh,  (of  nose) ;  [parra- 
yi  dinvdyic ,  the  outside  of  the  nostrils] ; 
v^tukhwdn-i  norm;  kurkuri  (vulg.,  any 
gristle). 

Cartridge,  kdrtus  or  fishang ;  faEis  (case) ;  kif 
( — pouch) . 

Carve,  to,  kandan  (deep) ;  tarashidan  (cut- 
ting) ;  naqsh  k. ;  bundan  (of  meat) . 

Carved  woodwork,  munabbat-kdri  (k.). 

Carver,  munabbat-kdr  (on  wood) ;  naqqdsh 
(also  painter,  engraver). 

Carving,  munabbat-kdri  (wood) ;  hajjdri 
(sculpture,  etc.);  hakkdki  (seals,  etc.); 
sang-tardshi  (stone-cutting) ;  naqsha-buri 
(ornamentation  on  the  gach  or  cement  on 
walls) . 

Cascade,  db-shdr. 

Case,  qdb  bardy-i  fi(/h-i  dalldki-yi  khud-ai  no- 
ddri  ?  ghildf  (for  sword) ;  pushish  (of  cloth) . 
Vide  Box. 

Case,  in  murdfa'a  ishhdl  ddrad;  ^arz-i  hcU 
(statement  of — ) ;  bi-har  taqdir  (in  any 
case);  "in  this  case  what  matters  it 
whether  she  be  pretty  or  ugly  ?  Let  her 
be  'Ifriia ' '  {dar  in  sural  khush-gil  yd  bad- 
gil  bdsJiad  chi  tafdvul  ddrad?  bi-guzdr 
'Ifrita  buda  bdsJiad) ;  "in  either  case  he 
deserves  punishment,"  {dar  har  du  jd  (or 
hdl)  sazdvdr-i  'vqubat  a^t) ;  lidlat  (gram- 
matical) ;  dirUz  dali  nafar  mvbiaM  bi- 
Vd'un  shudand  (there  were  ten  cases  of 
plague  yesterday). 

Cash,  pul-i  naqd  va  iskinds  sad  tiimdn  dash- 
lam  (in  cash  and  notes  I  had  in  all  100 


1  Small  carpets  can  be  placed  iu  the  centre. 

^  These  terms  are  used  for  the  establishment  of  any  shop. 

3  Furush   Ar.,  pi.  of  jarah. 

*  Qi&r-i  garl-yi  ataahl,  "  railway  train.'* 


Cas 


46 


Cav 


tumans) ;    vajh-i    naqd ;    pul-i     mawjud ; 

nmidi  (adv. ;  in  cash).     Vide  Credit. 
Cash-box,    mijn-yi    pull;    sanduq-i    tahml; 

sanduq-i  dakhl  (in  shops;  the  till).     Vide 

Box,  Casket. 
Cashier,  tahvil-dar. 
Cashmere,  Kashmir  (country) ;  shal-i  tirma 

(the  stuff). 
Casket,    durj    (for   jewels   only)  ;    ja'ba    (for 

other  things).     Vide  Cash- box  and  Box. 
Caspian  Sea,  Bahr-i  Khazar ;  Baryd-yi  Mdzan- 

daran,  or  — Gildn. 
Cast,  subs.,    anddkht;     mi-khwdst  du  shash 

(or  shash  juft)  bi-yarad  vali  du  bish '  amad  ; 

andakht-ash  bad  bud  (he  made  a  bad  cast ; 

he  wanted  two  sixes  but  two  fives  turned 

Cast,  to,  in  libds  rd  bi-andaz  dur ;  part  or 
par  1Mb  k.  (to  fling,  cast  away  with  force*); 
bi-mufragh  rikhtan  (in  a  mould)  =  bi-qdlab 
rikhtan ;  muhra  anddkhtan  (of  dice) ;  juft 
anddkhtan  or  jandh  andJdhhtan  (to  fly  a 
cast  of  hawks) ;  pust  anddkhtan  (of  snakes) ; 
qur'a  anddkhtan  (cast  lots). 

Castellated,  kungura,  subs,  (the  castellation 
of  a  crown  or  a  tower ;  also  the  ornamen- 
tal lumps  on  a  mud  wall). 

Castle,  nazdik-i  qal'ah  manzil  ddrad;  hisdr 
(wall  of  city  or  fort) ;  burj  ( =  tower  or 
bastion) ;  bunydn-i  bl-asdsi  ( =  a  card- 
castle)  ;  ark  (citadel) ;  also  the  Governor's 
dwelling) . 

Castor-oil,  rawghan-i  karchak;  rawghan-i 
kinnatu ;  rawghan-i  bidanjir ;  rawghan-i 
chirdgk . 

Castrated,  akhta  (horses ;  gelding) ;  Mas? 
(for  goats,  sheep,  cocks) ;  khdya  burida 
(gen. ;  for  men  or  animals) ;  khivdja-sard 
(eunuch) . 

Casual,  ittijdqi;  'drizl. 

Casualties,  Casualty,  talajdt  (mil.  term). 

Cat,  gurba  (any  cat)  ;  gurba-yi  burdq  (long- 
haired "Persian"  cat);  also  shaldl  (?); 
gurba-yi  kuhi  (wild  cat ;  chalak-musa  (tip- 
cat) ;  inusht-ash  vd  shud  (he  let  the  cat 
out  of  the  bag). 

Catalogue,  siydha;  fJirist-i  hardj-i  imruz  rd 
dtda-id  (have  you  seen  the  catalogue  of 
to-day's  auction  ?). 

Catamite,  pusht;  bi-rlsh;  gada  (?) ;  hlz;  kun%. 
Vide  Confederate  and  Sodomite. 


Cataract,  db-i  marvdrid  (in  eye) ;  db-i  siydh 
(incurable  cataract  or  glaucoma)  ;  chashm- 
ash  db  dvarda  ast  (a  vague  term  for  catar- 
act, opthalmia,  etc.).     Vide  Cascade. 

Catarrh,  zukdm;  "she's  caught  a  cold," 
nazla  rikhta  ast  or  chdhida  ast.     Vide  Cold. 

Catch,  dn  paranda  rd  bi-glr  (or  bi-ddm  bi-yan- 
ddz. 

Catchword,  rddda  (in  MS.) ;  pd-safha  (also 
=  a  footnote);  zabdn-zad  (of  party-cry, 
etc.). 

Caterpillar,  no  special  word  ;  kirm  or  kirm-i 
darakht.     Vide  Snail. 

Cattle,  mavashi. 

Caucasus,  Kuh-i  Qdf  or  Qafqdz} 

Cauliflower,  kalam-i  gul  or  gul-i  kalam. 

Cause,  sabab ;  'illat;  vajh,   ipl.vujuh:  vasila 
(means) ;  Mabda^-i  Avval  (the  First  Cause) ; 
Hllat-i  ghd^i  (the  final  cause  for  which  a 
thing  was  created) ;  sabab-i  in  kdr  rd  mi- 
dunid,   or    jihat-ash    rd  mi-ddntd?    "you 
caused  him  to  come,"  shumd  bd'isshuda 
Urd  dvardld;  'illat   u  ma'lul  or  sabab  u 
musabbab  (cause  and  effect) ; 
Mard  bimarg-i  'aduv  jd-yi  shddmdni  nist; 
Ki   zindagdni-yi    md    nlz    jdvidEni   nist 
(Sa'di)'. 
■'  (No  cause  have  I  to  rejoice  at  the  death 
of  a  foe 
For   my   life   too    will   not   endure   for 
ever  "). 

Causeless,  bl-jihat,  etc.,  etc. 

Causeway,  sang-bast;  rdh-i  muriafi'-i  sang- 
farsh. 

Caustic,  qalam-i  jahannam  or  sang-i  jahan- 
nam  (lunar  caustic). 

Cauterize,  Cauterizing,  d^gh  k. 

Cautery,  ddgh-guzdri  {k.)  (the  act) ;  dhan- 
djdgji  or  dJdgh  (the  iron  or  instrument) . 

Caution,  hazar ;  baslrat  (prudence) ;  tarnbih 
(also  =  Nota  Bene) ;  hdjat-i  in  hama  ihtiydt 
chist  ? 

Cautious, 6a-Msyi,  m.  c. ;  bd-ihtiydt;  bdyad  td 
bi-tavdnim  kas-i  rd  na-ranjanlm  (we  should 
be  cautious  not  to  oflfend  any  one) ;  insdn 
bdyad  hamisha  taraf-i  ihtiydt  rd  nigdh  bi- 
ddrad  (one  should  be  cautious).  Vide 
Careful. 

Cavalcade,  mawkib  (of  great  person) ;  savdrl. 

Cavalry,  savdra;  dasta-yi  samra  (party  of 
cavalry) . 


1  There  are  two  dice:  ones  are  Ichal-  and  fives  are  hiah;  other  numbers  ordinary. 

2  Partab  8hudan=part  shtidan,  "  to  fall  suddenly  "  (from  a  height,  a  precipice,  etc.). 
'^  Supposed  to  be  inhabited  by  the  Jinn.     It  was  also  the  chief  abode  of  the  Slmurgh. 


Cav 


47 


Cha 


Cave,  ^dr;  niaj^dra. 

Caviller,  khurda-gir. 

Cavilling,  khurda-gtri. 

Cavity,  surdkh ;  jawj ;  [dar  jawf-i  pdkat  = 
lafj'^»\. 

Cease,  to,  has  k. ;  nrdm  shudan ;  vd  isiddan 
{az)  ;  az  harf  zadan  kay  khalds  mi-shavid  ? 
%n  sadd  qaV  namt-shavad,  (this  noise  never 
ceases) ;    In    hdrdn    tstdda    namt-shavad. 
Vide  Stop. 

Cedar,  darakht-i  'ar'ar. 

Cede,  vd  guzdsht  kardan;  havdla  namudan. 

Ceiling,  saqfj^     Vide.  Roof.- 

Celebrate,  'Id-i  mawlud-i  Shah  rd  dar  ftUdn 
tdrikh  khwdhand  girift  (the  Shah's  birth- 
day will  be  kept  on  such  and  such  a  date) ; 
jashn-i  'arusi  bar  pa  k.  (to  celebrate  a 
marriage) . 

Celebrated,  mushtdhir ;  Tidm-var ;  an  shd'ir 
khayll  mashhur  (or  rtia'ruf)  ast  (that  poet 
is  celebrated) ;  angttsht-numd ,  or  sar-i 
zabdn-i  hama  kas  ast  (notorious,  q.v.)- 

Celery,  kalajs  or  karafs. 

Celestial,  falaki;  dsmdni;  samJdvi ;  charkh-i 
dawdr  (the  celestial  sphere,  which  is 
supposed  to  be  ever  in  motion) ;  hihishtl 
(heavenly) . 

Cell,  saumM'a  (of  a  hermit) ;  takya  (a  sort  of 
monastery;  tomb  of  a  saint);  zdviya; 
fjusJia  (of  recluses,  ascetics,  etc.). 

Cellar,  zir-zamini '  (for  spending  the  heat  of 
day) ;  sarddba^  (a  vault  in  a  cemetry  for 
storing  a  corpse  till  it  can  conveniently 
be  conveyed  to  Kerbela,  also  =  zlr-zarriinl) . 

Cement,  gach  (gjrpsum) ;  sdruj  (Portland). 

Cemetry,       qabristdn;      maqbara;      dakhma 
.('Tower  of  Silence'). 

Censer,  mijmar,  pi.  majdmir ;  bakhur-ddn. 

Censor,  mumayyiz ;  muhaqqiq. 

Cent,  az  chihil  yak,  ya'nt  az  har  sad-i  du  mm 
(2^  per  cent.);  az  dah  du,  ya^nl  sad  hist 
(20  per  cent.) ;  sad  pdnzdah  (15  per  cent.) ; 
sad  panj  or  az  dah  nim  (5  per  cent.). 

Centifolious,  sad-par  ( =  "  of  many  petals  "). 

Centipede,  hazdr-pd;  sad-pd. 

Central.     Vide  Situation. 

Centre,  inarkaz-i  dd^ira  (of  circle) ;  qalb  (of 
army);  vasat-i  or  ndf-i  shahr ;  markaz-i 
saqdlat  (centre  of  gravity) ;  vide  Gravity 
and  Equilibrium  ;  dar  miydn  bi-guzdr  (put 
it  in  the  middle). 


Centred,  niarkuz. 

Century,  sad  sal  ast  ki  in  khdna  fdkhta  shuda 
ast  or  biiid  shuda  ast. 

Ceremonial,  bi-jihat-i  numJdyish,  ra»ml 
(official). 

Ceremony,  bi-takaUuj  (without  ceremony) ; 
Ishik  dqdsi  bdshi  (the  Shah's  Master  of 
Ceremony) ;  mardsim-i  'arusi  (marriage 
ceremonies) ;  ta'ziya  (ceremonies  of  the 
Muharram). 

Certain,  yaqin  ast  (it  is  certain) ;  mu'ayyan 
or  muqarrar  (fixed) ;  6a' zt  or  chand  (some, 
a  few) ;  man  tn  rd  yaqin  ddram  (I'm  cer- 
tain of  this) ;  muhaqqaq  namudam  ki  u 
qdtil  ast  (or  bud)  {J.  ascertained  for  certain 
that  he  was  the  murderer). 

Certainly,  "certainly  you  are  to  blame," 
hukm""  muqassir-i ;  chirdf  (of  course); 
chashm!  (certainly  I'll  do  it). 

Certificate,  man  az  ishdn  bi-sahab-i  qdbiliyyat 
va  khush-raftdri-yi  khud  sijdrish-iidma-i 
(recommendation)  girifta  am;  sanad; 
i' tibdr-ndma ;  tasdiq-i  tabib  (medical); 
' jamz-ndma  (license). 

Cesspool,  mazbala;  chdh-i  mabraz. 

Chaff,  rish-khand  (k.)  (also  ridicule,  cajole) ; 
maskhara  {k.) ;  in  hama  sahus  a^t,  ism-i 
gandum  ham  nist  (this  is  all  chaff  without 
a  particle  of  wheat) ;  pust-i  gandum.^ 
Vide  Bran,  Fodder,  Straw, 

Chaff,  to,  jir  dvurdan  or  tu-yi  Icuk-i  kas-i 
raftan  (to  pull  a  person's  leg;  to  get  a 
'rise'  out  of  a  person).  Vide  Tease  and 
Mischief  and  Ridicule). 

Chain,  in  zanjir-i  dhani  ^st  (or  az  dhan  sdkhta 
shuda  ast) ;  rashma  (a  picketing  chain  for 
horse  or  donkey ;  also  a  camel-hair  rope 
for  picketing) ;  jarib  (for  surveying) ;  silsila- 
yi  kuh  ( — of  mountains).  Vide  Elbui-z 
and  Bridle. 

Chair,  sandali;  [hirsi  is  a  table  covered  by 
a  felt  and  has  under  it  a  brazier ;  people 
sleep  under  it] ;  sandali-yi  rdhat  (easy 
chair) . 

Chaldea,  'Iraq. 

Chalk,  u  faqat  bi-giJri  safid  mi-navisad. 

Challenge,  nahib  z.  (of  heroes  to  one  another, 
and  a  robber  to  a  traveller  with  the  pur- 
pose of  frightening) ;  tashar  z.  (to  frighten 
by  threats) ;  rajaz  khtpdndan  and  mubdriz 
talabidan  (in  fight).     Vide  Threaten. 


1  The  tah-khana  of  Afghans  and  Indians. 

■^  Formerly  '  a  cool  chamber '  or  '  ice  house '  and  sometimes  still  so  used. 

s  Pust-i  gandum  =  aabus,  "  bran."     Narm-i  kah  is  the  oha£f  blown  away  by  the  wind  when  winnow- 
ing, and  kah  the  ohaS  that  falls  and  remains. 


Cha 


48 


Cha 


Chamber,  hajla-khana  (the  nuptial  chamber, 
so  called  on  the  first  night  only) ;  mash- 
vara-khana  (Council-chamber). 

Chamberlain,  IsMk-aqasi . 

Chameleon.     Vide  Cameleon. 

Champion,  taham-tan  or  pahlavan  (champion 
Avrestler) ;  mubariz;  ghazi  (religious 
wan-ior) ;  yakka-taz  (single  champion). 

Chance,  ittifaq;  mawqi' ;  az  qazd'' ,  itfifaq"^ 
(adv. ,  by  chance) ;  '  he  has  a  good  chance 
of — "  agarbakht-ash  yari  kunad — ) ;  ' '  such 
a  chance  will  never  occur  again  ' '  [Jiamchu 
fursat-i  dlgar  hi-dast  ml-uftad '  ?) ;  dar 
burdan-i  shart  mawqi'-ash  kam  ast  (the 
chances  are  against  his  winning  the  bet). 

Chandelier,  chihil-chiragh ;  jar^  (Eur.,  with 
pendants) ;  .sJidkha  (a  branch  of — ) . 

Chandler,  shammd' . 

Change,  khurda  (smaU  money).     Vide  infra. 

Change,  to,  taghyir  k. ;  bardy-i  tahdll-i  db  u 
havd  dnjd  rajta  (he's  gone  there  for 
change  of  air) ;  bdyad  Itbds-am  rd  'ivaz 
kunam  (I  must  change  my  clothes) ;  tn 
ashraft  rd  khurda  bi-kun  (change  this  gold 
piece) ;  naql-i  makdn  (k.)  (usually  change  of 
residence  before  starting  on  a  journey  ^) ;  m 
rang  taghyir  shudani  nist  (this  colour 
won't  change  or  fade).  For  "  to  change 
one's  mind,"  vide  Intention. 

Changeable,  bl-qardr ;  nu-pdyaddr ;  u  sar-i 
harf-i  khud  naml-istad  (he  does  not  keep 
his  word) ;  mutalawin'^^l-mizdj  (he  is 
changeable) . 

Changed,  taghyir  rah  ydfta ;  [mutaghayyir , 
"angry"];  the  house  was  changed  be- 
yond recognition,  'aql  kdr  nami-kard  ki  In 
hhdna  chi  bud  va  chi  shud,  Prof.  S.  T. ;  dar 
m  sar-hadd  vaz'-i  hama  chiz  az  ddam  va 
zamm  va  kdliska  va  khurdkl*  va  ghayrah 
taghyir  kard  (Shah's  Diary). 

Channel,  mamarr  (lit.  "  place  of  passing") ; 
kdriz  and  qavMt  (underground  water- 
course).    Vide  Brook  and  Canal. 

Chant,  tarannum  k.  (also  to  hum  a  tune). 

Chanter,  mutarannim  ;  shab-hhwdn-i  gul-dasta 


(chanters  in  mosques  that  sing  before 
dawn) . 

Chapped,  dust-am  az  sarnm  tarkida  ast. 

Chapter,  az  kuddm  bob  bi-khwdnim?  sura 
(of  Qur*an). 

Character,  u  ism-i  khub  ddrad,  or  il  ism-i 
khub-i  buland  karda  ast;  khasd^'is-i  shahh- 
siyya  (personal  character) ;  nafas-i  u  bi- 
shumd  khurda  ast  (his  character  has  affect- 
ed you ;  you've  learnt  his  tricks) ;  hatta 
dushmandn-i  vay  bi-maziyyat-i  u  i'tirdf  rrii- 
kardand  (even  his  enemies  admired  his 
character) ;  sifdt  and  khasdHl  (qualities) ; 
mardri  shul  (weak,  without  character) ; 
atvdr  (behaviour,  q.v.). 

Characteristics,  sifdt;  khavdss. 

Charcoal,  bd  zughdl  surat  mi-kashad  (he  draws 
with  charcoal) ;  zughdl-suz  ( — burner). 

Charge,  to,  tdkhtan;  hamlak.;  hujum  dvur- 
dan;  yurish  bur  dan  (attack)  ;  qadaghan  k. 
or  ta  kid  n.  (to  enjoin) ;  sifdrish  k.  (polite 
for  enjoin) ;  pur  k.  (a  gun) ;  sipurdan ; 
havdla  k.  (to  entrust  to) ;  mulzam  k. 
(legal) ;  muttaham  k.  (gen.  of  a  false 
charge) ;  vide  Accusation  ;  u  girdn  qimat 
mi-girad  or  u  girdn-farush  ast  (he  charges 
high  =  dandan-gird). 

Charitable,^  mukhayyir ;  tshdn  khayli  ndn- 
dih  hastand;  and  khayli  bi-rdh-i  KhudE 
i'dnat  mi-kunand;  and  khayli  dad  u  dihish 
ddrand  {=  they  are  very  charitable). 

Charity,  sadaqa^ ;  u  khayli  hhayrdt  mi- 
kunad  (good  works) ;  sadaqa  and  tasadduq 
(giving  alms  or  leaving  bequests  for 
charitable  purposes) ;  zakdt  (legal  alms) ; 
bi-suvdl  ruzgdr  mi-guzardnand  (they  subsist 
on  charity). 

Charm,  subs.,''  ta'viz;  du'd  (a  written 
charm,  gen.  from  the  Qur*an) ;  hamd^il  (a 
charm  or  Qur*an  suspended  from  neck) ; 
sihr ;  jddu ;  tilism;  afsun  (black  magic); 
vide  Unique  ;  mulld  naqsh  u  ta'viz  dar  db 
hall  karda  bi-man  khurdnid  va  du'd 
khwdnda  puf  kard — Prof.  S.  T.  (the  Mulla 
dissolved   charms   and   amulets   in  water 


1  Note  the  negative  force  of  the  interrogative. 

2  For  Hindu,  jhar. 

3  The  astrologers  fix  a  lucky  moment  to  commence  a  journey.  This  is  seized  and  the  naql-i  makan 
is  then  made  and  counts  as  a  start;  the  real  start  may  not  bo  made  till  a  month  after. 

*  m.  c.  for  khurak. 

6  Khayyir,  Ar. ,  not  used  in  m.  c. 

<>  Charity  {sadaqa)  is  enjoined  in  the  Qur*an.  Zakat  (ij^yi  in  its  primitive  sense  signifies  puri. 
fication  ;  hence,  a  portion  of  property  bestowed  in  alms.  Zakat  is  the  legal  alms.  Khums  is  the  fifth 
of  certain  property  given  to  the  BayV^  'Imal  or  public  treasury. 

7  Jewesses  and  occasionally  old  Muslim  women  manufacture  charms,  philtres,  etc.  In  the  Arabian 
Nights ,  enchantments  are  generally  performed  by  women. 


Cha 


49 


Che 


and  made  me  drink  it,  and  he  repeated 
texts  from  the  Qur*an  blowing  them  on 
me  ').      Vide  Amulet,  Magic,  Spell,  Pliiltre. 

Charm,  to,  dam  kardan  (to  charm  by  repeat- 
ing texts,  etc.,  and  exhaling  the  breath. 
Vide  To  cook). 

Charming,  tasnlf-i^  dil  pasand-l  ^st  or — qash- 
ang-l  '.'»/(it's  a  charming  song);  dil-kash; 
dil-aviz ;  mufarrih  (of  garden;  drinks). 

Chase,  to,  ta'aqub  k. ;  sayd  k.  (of  game); 
hnidan;  munaqqask  sakhtan  (metal). 

Chaste,  pak-daman;  ha  'ismat;  'afif. 

Chastisement,  tam6»/i  (k.),  prop,  "admoni- 
tion"); ta^dlb  {k.) ;  siyasat  {n.).  Vide 
Punish. 

Chastity,  'iffat;  pdk-ddmani ;  Hsmat. 

Chatter,  "don't  chatter,"  chana  na-zan  or 
zaban-  rizi  na-kun;  misl-i  zaqcha  ziq  ziq 
mi-  kunad;  az  shiddat-i  sarmu  danddnhd- 
yash  sadd  mt-dJad. 

Cheap,  hi-nazar-am  ml-rasad  m  chiz-hd  arzdn 
ast ;  jalah  ^  (cheap  and  nasty  or  damaged  ; 
not  lasting;  opp.  sa;^  =  fresh,  or  unpack- 
ed; of  goods);  bdzdr-ash  sust  shud  (it's 
gone  down  in  price ;  the  market  price  is 
down)  ;  qimat  na-ddrad. 

Cheapness,  arzdni  ;  kam-qim/iti ;  kam,-bahd*i. 

Cheat,  subs.,  sar-tardsh;  gush-bur;  qalldsh : 
chdp-zan. 

Cheat,  to,  gush-buridan ;  mafjJibun  k.  and  sh. 
(gen. ,  in  bargains) ;  dajAal  dvardan  or 
duzdi  k.  (at  games) ;  rang-ash  kard  or  khub 
rang-i  zad  sktra  bi-sar-ash  musht  (he 
cheated  him  in  a  bargain);   quiz.  (gen.). 

Cheated,  ma^bun;  "I  have  been  cheated 
in  this  purchase,"  dar  In  mdl  man  yAabn 
ddram . 

Cheating,  laqallub  (k.)  (gen.  in  accounts) ; 
dmxida  bud  chdchul-bdzi  bi-kunad  vail  bi- 
liarf-ash  na-yuftddam  (he  came  to  cheat 
me,  but  I  was  not  taken  in) ;  chdp  u  chup- 
zani  (by  words).      Vide  Deceive. 

Check,  tu  zihni  z.  (of  speech  ;  to  check  and 
•  make  one  forget  what  he  was  saying). 
Vide  Stop. 

Checkmate,  to,  nmt  k. ;  mdt  ahudan   (to  be 


checkmated  ;  also  to  be  asttmished) ;  ki/th/ 
(for  kiahl)  ("check"!). 

Cheek,  kup  and  kuft  (vulg.) ;  rukhsdra  (tliat 
part  where  there  is  no  hair) ;  dvardhd,  pi., 
vulg.  for  alvdrhd  (the  part  of  the  cheeks 
that  go  hollow  with  age);  "his  cheeks 
are  hollow,"  dvardlid-  (or  luphd)-  yofth 
gawd  uftdda  (or  tu  rafta)  ;  lunj  (that  part 
near  the  corners  of  the  mouth). 

Cheerful,  hofihshnsh  or  khanda-ru  (of  appear- 
ance) ;  s/tdd,  khush-hdl,  etc.,  (happy) ;  "  a 
cheerful  room,"  utdq-i  bd  ruh. 

Cheerfulness,  basJmshat  (in  appearance) ; 
tarab :  jarah;  masarrat  (joy). 

Cheerless,  girifta  (of  men,  rooms,  gardens, 
etc.);  also  dil-girifta;  iira  and  bi-nur 
(dark) ;  shdm-i  Kalkatta  biaydr  dil-girifta 
mi-shavad. 

Cheery.     Vide  Cheerful. 

Cheese,  panir;  kashk  (made  of  midst) ;  panir- 
mdya  (cheese  rennet).  [Leopard. 

Cheetah,  yuz,  Pr.  ;   jahd,   Ar.    (rare).      Vide 

Chemist,  kimiyd-sdz  (scientist) ;  'atiur  and 
davd-adz  (druggist) ;  kimiyd-gar  (alchem- 
ist). Fitie  Apothecary,  Druggist,  Alchem- 
ist. 

Chemistry,  'ilm-i  kimiyd  (mod.  Pers.).  Vide 
Alchemy. 

Cheque,  bardt;  chak*  (Eur.). 

Cherish,  parvarish  k.  or  parvardan;  bisydr 
dust  ddshtan;  muvdzabat  k.  (to  look  after). 

Cherry,  gilds  (sweet) ;  dlu-bdlu  (dark  colour- 
ed and  sour) ;  richdr  (dried  black  cherries ; 
also  some  kind  of  preserve). 

Cherub,  karubi. 

Chess,  shatranj  {bdkhtan  or  bdzi  k.) ;  shatranj- 
bdzi  (k.)  (chess-playing) ;  bisdt-i  shatranj 
( — board) ;  khdna  (square) ;  mukra  (piece  ; 
also  dice)  ;  Slidh  (King) ;  Vazir  or  Farzin 
(Queen) ;  Fit  (Bishop) ;  Asp  (Knight) ; 
Rukh  (Castle) ;  Piydda  or  Baydaq  (pawn). 
Vide  Check. 

Chest,  sanduq;  jdma-dJdn  (for  clothes) ;  sina  ; 
sadr  (of  men).     Vide  Box. 

Chestnut,  shdh  balui  (also — ballut) ;  kurand 
or  surang  (colour;  horse). 


I  Amulets  and  charms  consist  of  miniature  Qur'Sns  or  texts,  or  names  of  Allah,  or  of  saints,  or  else 

the  numerical  valuo  of  these  names  by  abjad.  Charms  can  bo  suspended  from  the  neck  or  arms  of 
human  beintfs  or  animals.  Toxts,  etc.,  are  often  dissolved  in  water  and  the  water  then  given  to  the 
patient.  Other  texts  are  repeated  and  breathed  over  a  person.  Some  charms  are  in  the  form  of  magic 
squares.     The  science  of  da'va  has  been  elaborated  and  tomes  have  been  written  on  it. 

^  Tamlf :  gen.  topical  songs  with  dances :  awaz  =  a  good  solo  song  as  aung.  A  written  song  is  ahi^r 
or  fjhazal,  etc. 

•''  Jnlab  (opp.  to  aagh,  '•  fresh,"  of  shop-goods)  •  zan-jalab  is  an  abuse  to  a  man. 

*  Chak,  a  word  coming  into  use  instead  of  barat. 

7 


Che 


50 


Cho 


Cheval-glass,  dyina-yi  qadd  bi-numd;  ayina- 
yi  hadan-nurm. 

Chew,  khd^tdan ;  mazgh  k. ;  jdvxdan ,  nush- 
Tchipdr  k.  ( — the  cud). 

Chewing,  mazgh. 

Chick,  parda-yi  zamburakJ_ 

Chicken,  man  murgh-l  rd  ha  dah  juja  dldam ; 
churl  (small  chicks). 

Chicken-pox,  dhla-kurak. 

Chide,  Chiding,  maldmat  {k.) ;  nikuhish  {k.)  ; 
tawbikh  (k.)  ;  sar-zanish  {k). 

Chief,  adj..  sar-dmad;  u  sar-dmad-i  aqrdn-i 
khud  ast.     Vide  infra. 

Chief,  sar-ddr ;  m^«s,pl.  ru^asd  (of  an  ofl&ce, 
bank,  etc.);  shaykh,  pi.  shuyukh;  amir, 
pi.  umard^;  ll-khdnl  or  ll-beg%  (of  a  Nomad 
tribe)  ;  asl-i  dmadan-i  man  dldan-i  sTiurm 
'st  (I  have  come  chiefly  to  see  you) ;  he  is 
the  chief  merchant,  u  sar-dmadri  tamMm-i 
tujjdr  ast ;  "  Tehran  is  the  chief  city;  of 
Persia,"  Tahrdn  sar-dmad-i  bildd-i  Iran 
ast 

Chiefly,  aksar ;  ghdlib"^  ;  makhsus""  ;  khds- 
saf^".     Vide  Especially. 

Chiefship,  sarvarl ;  riydsat;  sardnrl;  hukm- 
rdnl. 

Chik,  (for  chiq).     Vide  Chick. 

Child,^  bachcha;  tifl,  pi.  atfdl;  kudak;  far- 
zand-i  bikr  (the  first  child  of  a  woman) ; 
"the  child  takes  after  its  mother,"  tifl  bi- 
shlr  ruju'  ml-kunad  ;  "  really  you're  a  per- 
fect child,"  bi-Khudd  ki  hanuz  bachcha-l ; 
az  dahan-at  bu-yi  shir  ml-ayad ;  awldd-ash 
munhasir  bi-jard  ast  (he  has  an  only 
child);  "she  has  a  seven- months-old  boy 
at  the  breast,  pisar-i  haft  mdha-l  ru-yi 
pistdn-ddrad.  Vide  Boy,  Girl  and  Seed : 
bachcha-hd/^  chdhl  bi-ydrld  (hie!  bring 
tea). 

Childbirth,  vaz'-i  haml  {n.) ,  dard-i  zih  (pain 

of-)- 
Childhood,   man  urd  az  bachchagl  ml-shind- 


sam* ;  tufuliyyat;  kuchikl ;  kudakl ;  khurdl 

(vulg.). 
Childish,  In  bachcha-bdzl-' st  ^  (this  is  childish, 

child's  play)  or  In  faqat  ikdr-i  bachchagl 

ast;  u  danddn-i  tifldna^  birun  dwarda  ast 

(he  is  a  childish  old  man). 
Childishly,  bachchagdna. 
Children    atfdl ;    bachcha-hd.       Vide    Child ; 

Seed;  Ofifspring. 
Chill,  adj.,  sard;  bdrid. 
Chill,    subs.,    chdhish;    sarmid   khurdan   (to 

take  a  chill). 
Chillies,  filfil-i  Hindi.     Vide  Pepper. 
Chimney,     dud-kash;      chimney-piece,     tdq- 

cha"^  (there  is  no  special  name);  bukhdrl 

(fire-place). 
Chin,    chdna,    zanakh ;    rfhabghab    (dewlap, 

double  chin;  much  admired). 
China,    '  the  painters  of  China  were  famous , 

naqqdsh-hd-yi  Chin  mashhur  budand ;  chlnl 

(porcelain;    also    a   Chinaman);    chlndvl, 

adj.,  (of  or  belonging  to  China). 
Chintz,  qalam-kdr  or  chit  (coloured  prints). 
Chip,  chub-rlza;  khirdsha;  In  khdshdk^  chird 

In  jd  ast?  dn-hd.  rd  bi-bar  (why  are  these 

chips  here  ?  take  them  away) ;  tardsh-hd- 

yi  najjdrl  (shavings). 
Chisel,  ishkana  {k.). 
Chloroform,   ddru-yi   bl-hushl   (dddan)    (also 

ether) ;  nush-ddru  (k.)  (m.c). 
Choice,  intikhdb  (k.)  (selection);  u  dn  kdr-rd 

bi-ikhtiydr-i  khud  kard;   Ichwdhish;   dast-i 

khud-at  ast  =  ikhtiydr-ash  rd  ddrl. 
Choice,  adj.,  fard-i  a'ld  or  fard-i  akmal   (of 

goods) ;  mumtdz  (select).     Vide  Rare. 
Choke,    khafa   k.   or   sh. ;    nafas  hastan    or 

giriftan;  gulu-glr  shudan,  intr.  (in  eating). 
Cholera,     dast-qay,    vulg.;    vabd    (ie.,    the 

epidemic,  q.v.) ;   hayza  {m.c;   indigestion 

with  diarrhoea). 
Choose,  to,  guzldan,  rt.   guzin;  intikhdb  k.; 

bar-chldan;  az   In  du  td  yak-l  rd  pasand 


1  The  Anglo-Indian  word  chick  {chiq,  T.  &  Hindu.)  is  not  used  in  m.c.  :  chiga  not  found  in  Persia 
except  in  houses  of  a  few  Europeans. 

^  Persians  think  a  child  chiefly  takes  after  its  father,  Arabs  think  that  a  daughter  resembles  her 
mother  in  character,  while  a  son  resembles  his  maternal  uncle.  The  Persians  also  have  a  saying  Far- 
zand-i  halal  zada  hi-hhalU  ml-iavad. 

8  Bachcha  ha  which  corresponds  to  the  '  ko^i  hai'  of  India,  here  means  "  attendants!  "  A  soldier 
will  say  of  another,  u  yak-l  az  bachcha-ha-yi  mast,  "he's  one  of  our  boys,  one  of  'ours.'  " 

*  Az  zanan-i  tjtfiiliyya  ura  ml-nhi  aaam  may  mean  either  "I  have  known  him  from  his  child- 
hood," or  "  I  have  known  him  since  my  childhood."  Note  the  Present  Tense;  the  speaker  is  still  in 
the  state  of  knowing. 

6  The  phrase  should  be  avoided  as  it  has  a  secondary  and  commoner  meaning. 

6  The  Persians  believe  old  people  in  their  dotage  cut  a  sort  of  folly  (not  wisdom)  tooth. 

7  Taqcha  is  any  recess. 

8  The  final  k  of  this  word  is  generally  omitted  in  pronunciation. 


Cho 


SI 


Cir 


kunid,  "why  are  you  doing  this?  Be- 
cause I  choose  to ' '  chird  chunin  mi- 
kunid?     Mahz-i  dil  bi-khwdh. 

Chopper,  hughda  (of  butchers). 

Chorus,  band-garddn  (of  a  song);  tarjV  or 
tar ji' -band  (a  written  poem  with  a  re- 
frain) ;  gul-bdng-i  Muhammadi  (the  recita- 
tion of  the  ckdvtish  {vide  Guide)  and 
the  pilgrim  chorus  to  it). 

Chosen,  muntakhab  ;  bar-guz%da. 

Chough,  zdcfA. 

Christ,  Hazrat-i  Mdsih;  Masth.     Vide  Jesus. 

Christian,'  Masihi;  'Isam,  Nasrdni^,  pi. 
Nasdrq  (gen.  applied  to  Eastern  Christians, 
i.e.,  Armenians,  Chaldeans,  etc.). 

Chronicle,  tdrikh,  pi.  tavdrtkh. 

Chronicler,  muvarrikh ,^  pi.  muvarrikhin. 

Chronogram,  mddda-yi  tdrikh,  [example: — 
Shah-i  'dlam  bi-i(jAvd-yi  shaydtin  Kashtda 
mil  dar  chashm-i  saMtin  =  1126  A.H.,  the 
date  that  the  Emperor  Farrukhsiyar  of 
India  deprived  of  sight  three  princes  of 
the  house  of  Timur]. 

Chrysalis,  kirm-i  jnla  [pila  cocoon,  sp.  of 
silkworm] ;  mihr-i  giydh  (the  leaf-case  of 
a  chrysalis ;  found  in  old  walls  and  used 
as  a  love  philtre). 

Chrysanthemum,  gul-i  dd'Udi. 

Chubby,  vide  Round-faced. 

Church,  kalisa;  kanisa*  (pi.  kaimHs) ;  mil 
(spire). 

Churn,  mashk  zadan  (in  skin  bags) ;  kara 
giriftan;  bi-ham  zadan  (beat  up). 

Cicada,  jik;  jirjirik;  jikul. 

Cigarette-holder,  vide  Stem;  chub-i  sigdr ; 
sar  sigdr. 

Cinder,  nim-suz. 

Cinnabar,  shanjarj  or  shangarf. 

Cinnamon,  bd  adviya-yi  digar  qadr-i  ddr- 
ckini  makhlut  kun  (or  qdti  kun). 

Circle,  dd'ira ;  muhit  (circumference) ;  markaz 
(centre) ;  qutr  (diameter) ;  nim-ddHra  or 
nisf-i  dd'^ira  (semi-circle) ;  hama  halqa 
zada^  nishastand  (they  sat  round  in  a 
circle) . 

Circle,  to,  Circumambulate,    tavdf   {k.)    (for 


shrines  and  sp.  for  Ka'ba) ;  pir  khurdan 
(of  birds;  also  to  spin,  of  a  top);  vide 
Soar. 

Circuit,  datvr-i  dihdt-i  kirmdn  rafta-i?  biUuh- 
gardi  or  gasht-i  bulukdt  k.  (to  tour  in  the 
district). 

Circuitous,  az  rdh-i  kaj  u  kuj  (by  a  circuit- 
ous route);  rah  rd  kaj  karda  dmadam; 
pich  pich  (winding). 

Circulate,  to,  dd%r  sdkhtan  (of  newspaper) ; 
ishan  bi-har  taraf  i'ldn  firistdd-and  (they 
have  circulated  notices  in  all  directions) ; 
in  kdghaz  rd  nazd-i  ajzd-yi  Shurd^  bi- 
firistid  (circulate  this  paper  to  the  Coun- 
cil). 

Circulation,  ishd'at-i  in  jarida  kam  ast  (this 
magazine  has  a  poor  circulation) ;  dawrdn-i 
khun  (of  blood  ;  for  dawardn) ;  khayli  vaqt 
ast  in  sikka  az  ravdj  uftdda  ast  (this  coin 
went  out  of  circulation  long  ago) ;  taivzi' 
(of  newspaper). 

Circumambulate.     Vide  To  circle. 

Circumcised,  khatna  shuda,  makhtun;  mi- 
guyand  ki  Muhammad  makhtun  bi-dunyd 
dmad. 

Circumcision,  khatna;  khatna  sunnat  ast  va 
az  'ahd-i  Ibrahim  ravdj  ydfta. 

Circumference,  gird;  muhit-i  dd^ira  (of 
circle) ;  dawr-i  shahr  nazdik-i  yak  farsakh 
ast  =  dawr  td  dawr-i  shahr  qarib-i  yak 
farsakh  ast. 

Circumlocution,  tul-i  tavil  or  tatvil-i  Id  td^il 
(useless — ;  a  fault) ;  itndb  (not  necessarily 
a  fault). 

Circvunspect,  bd  ihtiydt ;  bd-hush ;  bd-hazar. 

Circumspection,  ihtiydt,  etc.,  vide  supra. 

Circumstance,  Circumstances,  amr,  pi.  umur; 
hal,  pi.  hdldt  {ahvdl,  pi.  of  /iaZ  =  state,  con- 
dition) ;  in  kayfiyyat  khayli  '  ajib  ast ;  vd- 
qi'a;  "  1  have  related  all  the  circumstance 
to  you  ' '  hama-yi  chigunagi  rd  bi-khidma,t-i 
shumd  'arz  kardam;  vaz' ,  pi.  awzd' ;  dar 
in  ruz-hd  hdl-ash  bisydr  ndzuk  ast  (his 
money  circumstances  are  in  a  critical 
state);  but  Jidl-ash  bad  ast  (gen.);  kayfiy- 
yat-imurdfa'aryi,  u  rd  nami-danam(l  do  not 


1  A  Muslim  may  lawfully  marry  a  Christian  or  a  Jewess,  but  a  Muslims  may  only  marry  a  Muslim. 
If  a  Muslim  turns  Christian  his  wives  are  ipso  facto  divorced. 

■^  Nazarene. 

-  For  mu*arril£h. 

♦  In  Arabic  kanlaa  a  Christian  church  and  kanis  a  synagogue. 

'  The  distinction  between  halqa  zadan  and  halqa  bastan  is  not  observed  in  m.c. :  halqa  bi  dar  zad  — 
"  he  knocked  at  the  door  "  =dor  ra  zad.  Daqq»-'l  bab  k.,  though  not  colloquial,  is  much  used  by  pro- 
fessional story-tellers. 

^  The  word  kainltl  is  coming  into  use. 


Cis 


62 


Cle 


know  the  circumstances  of  his  suit) ;  dar 
in  sural  (in  these  circumstances) ;  dimdc[/i- 
ash  chdq  ast  (he  is  in  good  circumstances). 

Cistern,  dh-ambdr  (a  covered  reservoir  in  a 
courtyard  or  in  a  bazar) ;  hawz  (tank, 
open  or  closed) ;  hirka;  hawz-i  ahani  (Eur. 
pattern). 

Citadel,  arg  (also  applied  to  the  residence  of 
a  Governor). 

Citation,  ihzdr  [k.)  (summoning  before  a 
court) ;  Irdd  {dvurdan)  (from  book) ;  naz%r 
dddan  or  dvurdan  (of  a  case) ;  dalU  dvur- 
dan (of  Qur*Sn  and  sometimes  of  poets). 

Citizen,  shdhrl  (i.e.,  a  dweller  in  a  city  as 
opposed  to  a  villager). 

Citron,  turunj. 

City,  shahr ;  balad. 

Civet,  zabdd.     Civet-cat,  gurba-yi  mushk  {?). 

Civil,  Civilian,  bd-ta'druf  and  hhaliq  (polite) ; 
u  yak-l  az  ahl-i  qalam  ast  (formerly  "  office 
officials  ' ' ;  now  ' '  civilians  " ) ;  sahib  man- 
sab-i  siydsl  '«<  (diplomatic  officer) ;  bi-hirfat 
u  sanEH'  iktisdb  kardan  (to  pursue  civil 
occupations). 

Civility,  u  bd  mihrbdm-yi  bisydr  bd  rrm  pish 
dmad  or  raftdr  kard  or  suluk  kard;  muld- 
yamat;  ia'druf. 

Claim,  bar  milk-i  an  dqd  digar  iddi'd^-i  ddrid? 
(have  you  any  further  claim  against  his 
estate) ;  hold  talab-i  az  shumd  ddrad  ?  (has 
he  still  any  money  claim  against  you  ?) 
"  settle  their  claim  and  finish  the  case," 
divdn-i  in-hd  rd  lay  bi-kun  ki  qat'-i  da'vd 
shavad;  da'vd-khar  (one  who  buys  up 
claims  and  makes  what  he  can  out  of 
them);  pur  mudda'i  budan  (claiming  too 
much ;  with  too  high  claims) . 

Claimant,  mudda'i. 

Clamour,  dud  u  farydd  {k.)  (of  voices) ; 
ghawghd  {k.)  (of  voice) ;  kavdzha  {k.) ;  hay 
huy  {k.). 

Clandestine,  mahhfi ;  dar  khafd^. 

Clandestinely,  duzdaki.  [(vulg.). 

Clap,    dastak    (or    dost)    zadan^ ;    chapa    z. 

Clapper,  zabdna  (of  bell). 

Clarified,  sdf  shuda  ;  musaffd. 

Clarifier,  pdk-kun  (of  men) ;  musa§i  (of 
medicines). 

Clarify,  sdf  k. ;  kaf  giriftan  (to  remove  skum  ; 
to  skim). 


Clarionet,  sur-nd. 

Clashing,  chakdchak  (noise  of  swords) ;  ta^d- 
dum  (collision). 

Clasp,  sagak  (hooks  for  doors  or  lids  of  boxes ; 
also  a  'buckle');  qaysh  for  T.  qdyish 
(buckle)  ;  qu/l  (for  bracelet). 

Class,  i^yifa,'^  pi.  tavdHj ;  dasta  (of  school); 
sinf,  pi.  asrmf  (in  m.c.  applied  to  all  in 
one  trade) ;  jins  (kind ;  but  pi.  ajrvds 
goods);  qism,  pi.  aqsdm;  az  taHfa-yi  past 
hastand  (they  belong  to  the  lower  orders). 

Classification,  taqsim-i  tabaqdt ;  tartib. 

Clause,  maqula;  fiqra;  fasl;  band  (of  any 
regulations) ;  vide  Chapter  and  Section. 

Claw,  chang  P.  and  mikhlab  Ar.  (2.)  (of  bird 
or  beast  of  prey) ;  [changdl  in  modern 
Persian  is  restricted  to  "fork"];  qulldb 
(lit.  '  hook,'  the  hind  claw  of  a  hawk) ; 
dast  (foot  of  hawks) ;  panja  (2.)  (for  men 
and  birds  and  beasts  of  prey). 

Clay,  gil-i  dum  (vulg.) ;  gil-i  lazij;  gil-i  surkh 
(red-clay);  gil-i  buta  (from  which  crucibles 
are  made) ;  gil-i  chinl  (porcelain) ;  gil-i 
hikmat  (k.)  (used  by  alchemists). 

Clean,  tamiz  (m.c);  pdk;  pdkiza  (pure); 
shusta  (for  vessels) ;  tjdhir  (relig.  pure) ; 
db-i  zulal  (clean ;  of  water  only)  ;  ' '  my 
money's  clean  gone  (lost)"  pul-am  pdk 
sukht  shud;  "  I  lost  a  clear  five  pounds  " 
panj  lira  pdk  bdkhtam. 

Clean,  to,  tamiz,  etc.  k. ;  zadudan  (to  re- 
move rust) ;  vide  Sift  and  Winnow. 

Cleanliness,  pdkizagi;  nazafat  (but  nazif  in 
m.c.  "nice");  tahdrat  (relig.);  [pdk  in 
m.c.  pure  or  clean,  but  pdki  "  purity  "]. 

Clear,  rushan  (bright ;  evident) ;  sarih ;  vdzih  ; 
dshkdrd ;  huvaydd ;  zdhir  (evident) ;  badih 
(in  logic) ;  zuldl  (of  water) ;  shaffdf  (trans- 
parent);  du  hazdr  rupiya  manfa'at-i  sdfi 
burd  (he  made  a  clear  profit  of  2,000 
rupees) ;  "  a  spring  bubbled  up ,  its  water 
clear  as  Salsabil,^  chashma-i  manand-i 
Salsabil  jdri  bud — Prof.  S.  T.  Vide  Wea- 
ther and  Clean. 

Clear,  to,  ibrd^  k.  or  ru-safid  gardMnidan  (in 
law)  ;  sufra  bar  chidan  (the  table) ;  sdf  k. 
(of  wine ,  water) ;  dldyish-i  db  tah  nishast 
(the  water  cleared). 

Clearly,  dshkdrd;  vdzih"";  sarih"". _ 

Clearness,  sardhat  (of  speech)  ;  safari. 


1  Daatak  zadan  in  classical  Persian  =  '  to  clap  the  hands  as  a  summons'   or   'to  beat  time  ' ;  but  in 
m.c.  '  to  bockon,  to  approach.' 

2  I'rop.  tja^ifah. 

8  Salaabll  (lit.  "  the  soft  flowing  ");   a  fountain  in  Paradise  mentioned  in  the  Qur'an. 


Cle 


63 


Clu 


Clear-sighted,  tiz-iuisiar ;  ha  hasirat  (men- 
tally). 

Cleave,  thikaffan;  shaqq  k  ;  chak  k.  (also  to 
tear)  ;  cJuispicUin  (to  stick  to). 

Cleaver,  satur  (butcher's  knife). 

Cleft,  shikdj ;  .shaqq:  rakhna. 

Clemency,  shafaqat  [k.) ;  rahmat  {k.). 

Clement,  rakm-dil ;  rahim  (of  God) ;  khata- 
bakhsh. 

Clergy,    ulamd-yi  dm. 

Clergyman,  kashlsh  (any  Chiistian  priest). 

Clerical,  mulla-sifai;  kashtsh-sifat :  ishtibdh-i 
kitdbat  (clerical  error). 

Clerk,  munshi ;  daftar-navts ;  mirm ;  mushrif 
(a  military  clerk  who  keeps  the  nominal 
rolls  and  the  accounts ;  there  is  one  to 
aach  fawj). 

Clever,  ziring  (also  quick,  active,  etc.) ; 
zirak;  tiz-fahm  (quick) ;  zakl  (of  learning 
only);  jurbuza'  darad;  khayli  naql  ddrad 
(lie  is  very  clever) ;  hdziq  (of  physicians) ; 
dn  zan  az  u  pukhtartar  ast  (more  experi- 
eiced,  and  therefore  cleverer). 

Client,  vakil  ^  bi-muvakkil-i  khud  qadajhan 
kardd  ast  ki  kharid-i  shdl  rd  sural  bi-diliad 
(tile  agent  has  instructed  his  client,  or  con- 
stituent, to  buy  the  shawls). 

Climate,  db-o-havd-yi  Farangistdn  sdlim  ast. 

Climb,  u  bar  daraUit  bdld  mi-rajt;  bar  darakht 
bar  dmad;  sar-i  darakht  mi-raft  ki — . 

Cling,  dn  bachcha  bi-mddar-i  khud  ml-chaspad ; 
oiiqt-i  ki  az  kishti  uftdd  bi-sukkdn-ash 
dvikht. 

Clip,  to,  chldan  or  qaynchl  k.  or  miqrdz  k.  (to 
clip  trees,  wings,  coin,  etc.) ;  mu-tardshl  k. 
(horses) . 

Clipping,  qurdza  (a  clipping  of  metal). 

Clitoris,  kayn. 

Cloak,  pdlto  "-i  khud  rd  dar  bdrlka *  bi-guzdr; 
labdda  (the  long  Eastern  overcoat  worn 
by  merchants,  called  also  in  m.c.  db-dast) ; 
'aha  (the  loose  Arab  overcoat);  jvbba 
(long,  with  bell-sleeves  ;  vide  Coat). 

Clock,  sd'at-i  majlisi  (for  table) ;  sd'at-i 
divdri  (for  wall) ;  vidp  Watch ;  "  this  child 
cannot  tell  the  time  by  the  clock,"  in 
bachcha  khaU-i  sd'at  nami-shindsad ;  az 
ru-yi  sd'atri  kailaa^  sd'at-i  chand  oat? 


Clod,  kulukh  (of  earth). 

Close,  adj.,  nazdik;  muttaail  (adjoining); 
"it  (the  weather)  is  very  close,"  havd 
tang  va  khafa  nM.     Vide  Stifling. 

Close,  to,  bdilan ;  i/i/x-idad  k. ;  sdf  k.  (ac- 
(!Ount) ;  chashm  bar  ham  nihddan  ( — the 
eyes);  iijhrrviz  k.  (overlook  a  fault,  etc.); 
also  chashm- pushi  k. ;  In  mrdkh  rd  bi-gir 
(close  this  hole). 

Closed,  girifta;  basta. 

Closet,  utdq-i  khalvat ;  mabraz  and  )fiabdl 
(latrine)  =  khald*,  Ar.  (m  Persian  a  vulgar 
word) ;  past-tuy  (a  small  back-room  or 
closet) ;  to  go  to  the — ,  vide  Stool  and 
Water-closet. 

Cloth,  ' '  remove  the  table  cloth  ' '  sufra  rd 
nydd  kun''  (said  by  Zardushtis) ;  abra  (as 
opposed  to  astar  the  "lining");  pdrcfiaj 
pdrcha-yi  mushamma"  (waxed  cloth) 
qumdsh,  pi.  aqmisha;  inJdhut  (broad  cloth) 
garm-sut  (of  silk  and  cotton  and  waved) 
karbds  (cotton);  tup  (a  piece;  gen.  40 
yards;  from  the  Arabic  sawb?). 

Clothe,  barahna  rd  mi-pushdnand  va  gurisna 
rd  sir  mi-kunand  (they  clothe  the  naked 
and  feed  the  hungry) ;  libds  pushJdnidan 
or  mulahbas  sdkhtan;  dar  bar  k.  and 
pushidan  (to  clothe  oneself). 

Clothed,  mulabbas.     Vide  Apparelled. 

Clothes,  libds,  pi.  albisa;  rakht,  pi.  rukhut; 
jdma,  malbusdt  (gen.  of  soldiers);  rakht-i 
shah  (night-clothes) ;  libds-i  majlisi  (be.st 
clothes) . 

Cloth-merchant,  bazzdz.     Vide  Article. 

Clothing.     Vide  Clothes  and  Rag. 

Cloud,  havd  abr  ast,  bdrdn-i  sakht-i  mi-hdrad 
(or  mi-dyad)  (it  is  cloudy,  it  will  rain 
heavily) ;  abr-i  siydh  (dark  heavy  clouds) ; 
abr-i  sdf  (light  clouds). 

Cloudy,  havd  girifta  ast  or  havd  abr  darad  (it 
is  cloudy) . 

Clove,  mikhak  (also  a  carnation) ;  qaranftU. 
Vide  Carnation.  <!•▼•)• 

Clover,  slwbdar  or  shafdar ;  yunja  (lucerne. 

Cloves.     Vide  Clove. 

Clown.      Vide  Buffoon. 

Club,  chumdq  (of  wood);  gui-z  (of  metal); 
kalab  (social;  Eur.). 


1  Arabicised  from  gurg-biiz  "  wolf  in  sheep's  clothinR. " 
>  In  India  vakil  is  a  common  term  for  a  kind  of  "  pleader  "  (in  law). 
8  The  French  word  ;  note  the  izafat  after  o  or  u  :   »  not  yi. 
*  Dalan.  is  an  outer  hall  near  the  outside  gate ;  barika  is  passage. 
6  Vulg.  kalltiya. 

0  It  is  unlucky  to  say  'remove.'     In  India  a  similar  idiom  is   used  for  weaning  a  child,  closing 
shop,  olearihg  a  table,  etc. 


Clu 


64 


Col 


Cluck,  diq  diq  k.  (of  hen  after  laying). 

Clue,  suragh  yaftan  (to  get  a  clue) ;  bilga-yi 
mdl-i  masruqa  glr  amad.     Vide  Stolen. 

Clumsy,  chulldq-dast.  Vide  Butter-fingered 
and  Awkward. 

Cluster,  khusha  (of  grapes ;  ear  of  corn)  ; 
'iqd  (of  pearls,  Pleiades). 

Coachman,  kaliska-chl ;  kaliska-ran. 

Coal,  zughal-i  sangl ;  kharg-i  atash  or  angisht 
(embers ,  live  coal) ;  khak-i  zughal  (coal- 
dust)  . 

Coaling,  bandar-i  zughal-gin  (coaling-sta- 
tion). 

Coarse,  in  parcha  khayll  zibr  ast ;  khashn  or 
khashin. 

Coast,  sahil,  pi.  savahil;  "  Bushire  is  on  the 
Persian  Gulf ' '  Bandar-i  Abu  Shahr  lah-i 
Khalij-i  Fdrs  ast. 

Coat,  jubba  {vide  Cloak ;  the  old-fashioned 
Persian  dress  cloak  with  bell-sleeves  worn 
by  Munshis,  etc. ;  it  had  long  sleeves  to 
conceal  the  hands ;  the  place  of  the  jubba 
is  now  taken  by  the  ab-dast) ;  qabd  (worn 
under  the  ab-dast) ;  arkhdluq  (of  chintz 
and  worn  under  the  qabd);  kulija  or 
kulcha  (has  half -sleeves  and  extends  to 
the  knees) ;  kamarchin  (double-breasted 
frock-coat  with  pleats  from  the  waist) ; 
sarddri  (single-breasted  frock-coat  with 
pleats ,  the  Napoleonic  pattern) ;  bald- 
push  or  labdda  (overcoat) ;  bdrdnl  (water- 
proof) ;  parda  (of  paint) ;  zirih  (coat  of 
mail) ;  nim-tana  (waistcoat). 

Coax,  navdzish  k. ;  rish-khand  k.  (even  for  a 
child;  also  to  cajole,  ridicule;  chaff; 
make  a  fool  of). 

Cobbler,  pina  duz  ;  qulumba-kdr  (met. ;  one 
whose  work  is  coarse). 

Cobweb,  in  parda-yi  'ankahut  rd  dur  bi-kun; 

.    tdr-i  'ankabut  (a  thread  of  cobweb). 

Cocaine,  kukd^in. 

Coccyx,  dumcha  or  dumhlicha. 

Cochineal,  qirmiz-i  jarangi. 

Cock,  ' '  the  cock  says  when  it  crows — '  Rise , 
0  ye  slothful! '  "  mi-guyand  zikr-i  hhurus 
'Qiimu  yd  ayyuha  'l-cjhdfllun'  ast '  ;  "  cock 
your  gun  ' '  chaqmdq  rd  sar-i  pd  bi-kash  ; 
sar-i  nim-pd  (half-cock) ;  shir  or  dahan- 
shir  (tap,  q.v.) ;  bul  (penis  of  little  boys ; 
vide  Penis) ;  khurus-bdzi  (k.)  (cock-fight- 
ing).    Vide  Snow-cock. 


Cockatoo,  kdka-tu. 

Cock-crow,  vaqt-i  bdng-i  hh-urus,  or  vaqt-i 
hhurus-hhwdn  (cock-crow). 

Cock-fighting.     Vide  Cock. 

Cockroach,  susk ;  kdkrus ;  vide  Beetle. 

Cocoanut,  ndrjil;  jawz-i  Hindi  (by  drug- 
gists). 

Cocoon,  pila  (sp.  of  silkworm). 

Code,  Code-word,  kitdb-i  qdnun;  talagrdf-i 
ramzi  (code-telegram) ;  kaldm-i  ramz  (code- 
word). 

Coeval,  ham-'ahd^  {also  contemporaneous). 

Coffee,  Coffee-cup,  Coffee-pot,  qahva  ^;  finjdn-i 
qahva-khuri  (coffee  cup) ;  zir-i  finjdn 
(metal  holder  with  handle  ;  for  the  finjdn); 
yak  qahva  bi-man  bi-dih  (give  me  one  cup 
of  coffee) ;  qahva-jush  or  qahva-paz  (coffee- 
pot) ;  qahva  riz  (silver  pot  in  which  it  is 
served) . 

Coffin,  sanduq*  (for  transporting  bodies  to 
Kerbela  or  to  holy  ground  at  a  distance). 

Cog,  danddna  (also  '  tooth '  of  a  saw) 

Cognizance,  khabar ;  dgdhi :  Him  (know- 
ledge) ;  az  hayyiz-i  iddra-yi  zdbit  khdrij  ast 
(above  the  cognizance  of  the  zdbit). 

Cohabit,  mujdma'at  k. ;  ham-bistar  shudan. 

Coherent,  marbut  (also  in  m.c.  grammati- 
cal).    Vide  Intrigue. 

Cohesion,  payvastagi ;  ilsdq  (scientific  term). 

Coil,  to,  coil  the  rope,  in  tandb  rd  charnbara 
kun ;  [cAamftar  =  a  circle ,  hoop] ;  pichidan 
or  tdbidan  (to  twist) ;  liila  k.  (to  roll  up 
like  a  roll  of  paper) ;  in  mdr  halqa  zada 
nishasta  ast;  charnbar  sh.  (intr. ,  of  snake 
or  creeper). 

Coin,  sikka,  maskukdt  (coins) ;  qalb  (base)  ; 
sar-i  sikka  (the  head  side) ;  tah-i  sikka 
(reverse) . 

Coin,  to,  sikka  zadan ;  zarb  zadan ;  qalldbi  k. 
(forge;  of  coins,  colours,  MSS.,  stamps, 
etc.). 

Coincidence,  in  az  ru-yi  tasaduf  vdqi'  shud: 
"  by  a  strange  coincidence , "  aa;  ittifdqdt-i 
ghariba  ham  chunin  vdqi'  shud  ki-—. 

Coined,  maskuk,  pi.  maskukdt. 

Coiner,  zarrdb  (profess.) ;  qalldb  (of  false 
coin) . 

Colander.     Vide  Cullender. 

Cold,  sardi ;  burudat;  sarmd;  zamharir  {the 
purgatory  for  Sayjads ;  a  place  of  intense 
cold) ;  khayli  sarmd-yam  ml-shavad  (vulg.) ; 


The  Zardushtis  say  it  cries  Dukhtar  Agha. 


1  It  also  cries  Qadir  Allah  "  God  is  Powerful." 

2  Ham-' ahd  al8o  lueans  ham-pay 7)i an  "allied," 
<*  Qahva,  tlie  origin  of  the  English  word  coffee,  originally  in  Arabic  signified 
•*  Muslims  do  not  bury  in  coffins. 


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66 


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fib  cfui'ida  ast  (the  water  is  cold);  'he 
left  me  out  ui  the  cold,"  sar-i  mard  bi- 
huldh  guzdsht ;  az  sarrnd  khushk  shudan 
(to  be  •  perished  ') ;  ''  you  must  (or  prob- 
bably  you)'  have  caught  cold,"  ma^lum 
ast  chaHda  bdshid      Vide  Sweat. 

Cold-blooded.      Vide  Heat. 

Coldness,  fuldni  misl-i  yakh  sard  ast  (of 
maniKM) ;  yakh  ifjctr/ m?-2anorf  ■^  (he  speaks 
uiiliuut  animation).      Vide  Cold. 

Colic,  qulinj ;  pick  (a  bad  stomach-ache). 
Vide  Obstruction. 

Collar,  yakha  (of  a  coat ;  also  a  linen  collar) ; 
Uiwq  (of  wood  or  of  metal ;  also  the  collar 
band  of  a  shirt) ;  garibdn ;  quUdda  (dog- 
collar,  etc.  Ar.  qildda). 

Collate,  muqabala,  k.     Vide  Compare. 

Collating,  muqabala 

Colleague,  sharik. 

Collect,  to,  jam'  k. ;  fardham  dvurdan  ;  ijtinvd' 
namudan;  tadvin  k.  (to  collect  in  one 
volume). 

Collected,  dsuda;  khdtir-jam'  (collected  of 
mind);  jam' iyyat-i  ztydd-t  jam'  shudand  or 
shud;  dawr  u  bar-ash  rd  giriftand  (they 
collected  round  him). 

Collection,  majimw'a;  majma'  (of  people). 

Collector,  muhassil ;  bdj-glr  (of  taxes) ;  u 
hold  taksilddr-i'''  Shlrdz  ast. 

College,  madrasa,  pi.  m/idaris ;  ddr"  H-'ilm. 

Collide,  to,  bi-ham  khurdan ;  tasdduf  k.  ; 
tasddum  k. 

Collision,  tasddum;  [tasdduf,  to  meet  or  pass 
each  other ;  of  persons  or  trains]. 

Colly rium,  surma  or  surma-yi  sang  (for 
eyes;  pure  antimony);  tutiyd;  kuhl ;  [dn 
mard  kahfidl  ast,  "  he  is  an  oculist."] 

Colocynth,  hanzal. 

Colonel,  sarhang  ( =  Major  or  Lieut.-Col.)  ; 
kulunal  (Eur.) ;  sartlb  (commands  nearly 
1000  men). 

Colony,  important  colonies  (lit.  possessions), 
mutasarrafdt-i  mu'  tabara ;  mustamlakdt ; 
muata'mardt. 

Colour,  rang;  lawn,  pi.  alvdn ;  rang-d-rang 
or  gun-d-gu7i  (of  various  colours ;  latter 
also  of  various  kinds) ;  rang-i  surat-ash 
UKjkylr  kard  (intr. ;  he  changed  colour  ; 
from  anger,  fear,  shame,  etc.) ;  dn  rd  chi 
rang  bi-hunam  (what  colour  shall  I  make 


or  dye  it  ?)  raruj-i  aurat-ash  surkh  shud  (he 
got  red  from  anger) ;  khijdUU-zada  ahud 
( =  she  blushed ;  no  word  for  '  to  colour 
for  shame'). 

Colour,  to,  rayig  z.  or  k.     Vide  Blush. 

Coloured,  rangtn;  mulawan ;  -gun  (in 
comp.). 

Colours,  bayraq  or  'alam  (standard;  vakU-i 
uayraq  (0.  C.  of  colour  party) ;  'alam-ddr 
or  bayraq-ddr  (private  that  carries  the 
colours). 

Colt,  kurra  (of  horse,  donkey,  or  camel). 

Column,  sutun  (of  stone,  brick,  or  wood) ; 
sutun-i  jardHd  (column  in  a  newspaper); 
rukn,  pi.  arkdn. 

Comb,  tdj-i  khurus  (of  cock ;  also  the  flower 
*  cock's  comb ') ;  khdna-yi  zarnbur  (honey) ; 
[Idna,  nest  ;  of  wasps,  birds] ;  sJidna  (for 
the  head). 

Comb,  to,  shdna-i  bar-ddr  va  muhid-yat*  rd 
(or  sar-at  rd)  shdna  bi-zan.  Vide  Curry- 
comb. 

Combat,  muqdtala  {k.) :  muhdraba  {k.}. 

Combatant,  lashkarl ;  [ajzd-yi  urdu  and 
siydhl-yi  Ioshkar  are  all  non-combatants 
with  an  army,  high  and  low]. 

Combative,  jang-ju. 

Combination,  sdzish  {k.)  (for  plotting  only) ; 
tarkib  (mixture) ;  ittihdd  (of  people) . 

Combine,  bi-hum  sdkhtan  (for  plotting ;  also 
to  make  up  a  quarrel) ;  bi-Jiam  muttafiq  or 
muttahid  shudan;  dost  bi-ham  dddati.  Vide 
To  mix. 

Combustible,  sukhtanl  or  chiz-fid-yi  sUkhtani 
(combustible  things) ,;  shu'  la-gxr  (quick  to 
ignite,  as  cotton). 

Combustion,  dtash  zadagi  ;  ihtirdq. 

Come,  dmadan;  birun  (or  dar)  dmadan  (to 
come  out) ;  bi-sar-i  khvd  bdz  dmadam  (I 
came  to  myself;  after  anger,  etc.);  rasi- 
dan;  vdrid  shudan  (to  arrive) ;  bar  khurdan 
(to  come  across  unexpectedly.  Vide  En- 
counter and  Meet). 

Comet,  sitdra-yi  dum-ddr  or  dumbdla-dar. 

Comfort, dram ;  dsdyish  ;  rdhat ;  khdtir-jam'i; 
in  amr  mard  tasalll  mi-dihad  (this  affords 
me  some  comfort) ;  In  pish-khidrnat  hick 
murdqib-i  ahvdl-am  ntst  (this  servant  does 
not  look  after  my  comfort). 
Comfortable,  rdhat  and  drdm  (both  subs,  are 


1   Vide  Hope. 

'  The  opposite  of  garm  ml-giiyad. 
3  Tahalldar  in  Persia  is  a  collector  of  revenue. 

♦  In  in.c.  the  pi.  termination  of  coll  -ctive  nouns  is  often  used  unnecessarily 
the  short  cut  tresses  of  women  ;  qlauha  for  women  or  for  dervishes. 


Zitlfha  for  men  or  for 


Com 


56 


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also  used  as  adjectives);  asuda :  khush- 
hal ;  khud-i  tan  ra  tahhflj  kumd  ( =  make 
yourself  comfortable  ;  by  removing  turban, 
etc.). 

Command,  subs.,  hukm,  pi.  ahkdm;  farmdn, 
P.,  Ar.  pi.  fardmin;  duvlst  nafar  dar  sar- 
kardagi-yi  man  budand  (mil.).  Vide  Sub- 
ordinates. 

Command,  to,  farmdn  dddan ;  hukm  namu- 
dan ;  amr  k.;  "  the  king  commanded  the 
army  in  person,' '  khud-i  Padishah  bar  sar-i 
lashkar-i  khud-ash  bud;  "  he  lost  command 
over   himself   from    anger    (gave   way    to 

,  abuse),"  pUst-i  sagi  ra  bar  ru-yi  khud 
kashida ;  u  bi-man  hukm  farmud  ki  hamdn 
sd'at  dnjd  bi-ravam.^ 

Commander,  sar-karda ;  ra^is-i  lashkar ;  amlr-i 
nizdm;  sar-'askar;  sdldr-i  kull-i  qushun 
or  sijnh-mldr  (Commander-in-Chief). 

Commanding,  qal'a-yi  sar-kub  (a  command- 
ing fort). 

Commence,  to,  biyd  shuru'  kunlm.  Vide 
Begin  and  Blossom. 

Commencement,  shuru'  ;  ibtidd^;  djhdz; 
avval-i  or  avd%l-i — ;  badv-i  amr;  b'.yd  kdr-i 
khud  ra  shuru'  kun,  or  az  sar  bi-gir. 

Commend,  man  dur-andishi-yi  shumd  ta'rtf 
Tni-kunam  (I  commend  your  prudence). 
Vide  Praise,  Commendation,  Entrust. 

Commendable,  Idyiq-i  tahsin  (or — ta'rif); 
situ  da  va  pasandlda;  mahdmid-i  akhldq 
(the  commendable  in  morals). 

Commendation,  tahsin;  dfarln. 

Commentary,  tafslr  (of  Qur*an  or  relig 
books) ;  sharh  (gen.).  • 

Commentator,  mufassi,.      Vide  Job. 

Commerce,  tijdrat  (k.) :  dad  u  siiad  {k.) ; 
bay'  u  shird  (k.) ;  mu'dmala  (k.) ;  matd' , 
pi.  amtra  (article  of — );  vazir-i  tijdrat 
(minister  of — ) ;  BajhdJdd  tijdrat-gdh-i 
'umda-i  'sf^  (or  mu'tabar-i  'st).  Vide  Bar- 
gain, Trade. 

Commiseration,  (jhamm-khwdrl  k. ;  dil-suzi 
k. ;  ham-dardi  k. 

Commission,  irtikdb  (of  any  act) ;  muzdraba 
(selling  goods  for  half  profits)  ;  )uigq''s-sd'i 
(on  goods,  sales,  etc.) ;  tawkil  {k.)  (appoint- 
ing a  person) ;  sanad  (mil.  commission) ; 
kumisyun  (Eur. ;  the  body  of  men). 


Commit,  irtikdb  namudan;  iqddm  k.  bi — (to 
do) ;  mard  rn  dasht  ki  hi  kdr  rd  bi-kunam 
(he  forced  me  to  commit  this  act).  Vide 
Entrust,  etc. 

Committed,  u  habs  shud  or  iird  bi-habs  (or 
bi-dustdq-khdna)  firistddund  (he  was  com- 
mitted to  prison) ;  u  murtakib-i  In  ft' I 
shud  =  in  fl'l  az  u  sar  zad  (he  committed 
this  act). 

Committee,  ijlds  (a  sitting  of)  ;  anjuman ;  ajzd 
(members).     Vide  Court. 

Common,  'awdmm'  ''n-nds  (ov  dmiydn  for 
'dmmiydn)  In  jur  mi-guyand  (the  common 
people  speak  like  this) ;  rasmi  {vide  Offi- 
cial) ;  mushta,rak  (shared) ;  mashhur  (well- 
known)  ;  mutaddvil  (current)  ;  gunjishki- 
ma'muli  (the  common  sparrow)  ;  az  gul- 
hd-yi  rasmi-yi  Hind  ast  (it  is  a  common 
flower  of  India) ;  kam-bahd  (of  no  value) ; 
bdzdri  shuda  (hackneyed,  vulgar).  i 

Commotion,.  <jhawjhd ;  shuluq ;  shurish\ 
tazalzul  (stronger  than  previous  words).     | 

Communicate,  ibldjh  or  tahlit^  k. ;  muntaqti 
sh.  (of  disease ;  for  sirdyat  k.) ;  In  sukhan 
rd,  bi-u  hdli  kun  or  bi-rasdn ;  tabliyh-i 
farmdyishdt  rd  namudam  (I  communicated 
your  orders)  ;  in  utdq  bi-tdldr  rah  ddrad 
(this  room  communicates  with  the  veran- 
dah) ;  bd  kajtar  mukhdbara  namudand 
(they  communicated  by  means  of  pigeons). 

Communication,  Communications,  vidn  Confi- 
dential ;  inurdvaddt  (mil.)  ;  in  shahr  rdh- 
hd-yi  ma'quli  bardy-i  dmad  u  shud  bi-atrdf 
na-ddrad. 

Communicative,  ma'lum  mi-shavad  ki  u 
harrdf  -  ast;  pur-gu. 

Compact,  mu'dhadat  (k.) ;  'ahd  u  paymJdn 
{k.) ;  qardr  u  maddr  (L). 

Companion,  man  hich  rajiq-i  na  dardm  (I 
have  no  friends,  or  accomplices)  ;  ham- 
suhbat;  ham-nishin;  ham-mashrab  (boon 
companion). 

Companionship,  rifdqat. 

Company,  shirdkat  (trade)  ;  majlis.  pi, 
tnajdlis  (social)  ;  jam'iyyat  (of  people) ; 
dasta  (mil.; ;  maw  nfdqat-i  u  rd  dust  mi- 
dJdram* ;  "present  company  expected," 
bi-ld  nisbat-i  hdzirdn  (or  dustdn^) ;  "why 


1  Or  birnw,  direct  narration. 

2  The  adj.  •  umda  does  not  precede    ts  subs.,  but  'umda-yi  kitab-ha-al  (m.c),  "this  is  the  beat  of  the 
books." 

3  Soiii'  times  harraf  "  fluent."' 

4  Note  ilio  "  %■  with  the  present  tense  of  the  comp.  \erb — dashtan. 

6  Generally  said  when  any  objectionable  epithet  is  uttered,  lest  any  one  present  should   apply  the 
term  to  himself.     Also  dr;r  az  janab  if  referring  to  the  addressed  person  onlj'. 


Com 


67 


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do  you  keep  bad  company  <  chird  bd  baddn 
ham-nishini  (or  mujdlasat)  mi-kunl  ? 

Compare,  bd-ham  ancldza  k.  (of  size) ;  bd-hani 
muvdzana  k.  (in  weight  or  value) ;  biyd 
khatt-i  man  rd '  bd  khait-i  khud-at  muqdhala 
bi-kunha. 

Compared,  nazar  bi-awal  or  nisbat  bi-avval 
(compared  with  formerly). 

Comparison,  nisbat-bi—  or  dar  muqdbil-i  — 
(in  comparison  with) ;  m  but-khdna — bi-Ui 
tashblh — rnisl-i  masjid-ast  (this  temple — I 
don't  want  to  compare  them — is  like  a 
mosque) . 

Compass,  pargdr ;  jalidz  bi-vdsita-yi  qutb- 
numd  rdh  ml-ravad  or  safar  mi-kunad; 
Qibla-numd"^  {gen.  for  the  direction  of 
prayer;. 

Compassion,  riqqat  or  riqqat-i  qalb ;  chird  m 
kdr  mt-kunld,  rahm  na-ddrid?     Vide  Pity. 

Compassionate,  Rahim  (of  God) ;  dil-rahni 
or  sdhib-i  rahm  (of  man) ;  dil-ash  raqlq  ast. 

Compel,  w  ddshtan  bar—  ;  Id-budd  sdkhtan; 
bi-man  zur  dvurd  va  pul-ash  rd  girijt  (he 
forced  me  to  give  him  his  money) ;  majbui 
kardani  ki — ;  man  urd  bar  an  ddshtam 
ki  pul  bi-dihad. 

Compelled,  majbur ;  bar  hasb-i  ijbdr  u  zaru- 
rat ;  chun  kdr  bi-niJmyat  rasid  pish-i  man 
bardy-i  imddd  dmad  (he  was  at  last  com- 
pelled to  come  to  me  for  help)  ;  in  rd 
bi-gardan-ash  bar  kardam  (I  compelled  him 
to  do  it). 

Compendium,  majmu'a  (collection) ;  mujmal 
(briefly  touches  on  every  point) ;  mukh- 
tasar  (an  abridgment  of  a  large  work 
and  also  an  elementary  treatise).  Vide 
Abridge,  Abbreviate. 

Compensate,  majqud"  H-badal  va  ma'dum"  'l- 
'ivaz  ast  (nothing  can  compensate  for  its 
loss) . 

Compensation,  'ivaz ;  taldfl-yi  zarar,  or  taMfl- 
yi  mid  jdt;  jabr-i  nuqsdn  (making  up  for 
a  deficiency) ;  vide  '  Instead  of  ' ;  " '  the 
Zardushtis  don't  take  compensation  for 
anything  lost  or  broken  by  a  friend," 
Zardvshtiydn  td,vdn-i  chlz-i  ki  gum  shuda 
yd  shikasta  ast  naml-glrand,  armrvd  musul- 
mJdnJdn  ba'z-i  awqdt  ziydd  tar  az  qimat  mi- 
girand. 


Compete,  muqatyala  k.  (in  busineHs) ;  musaba 
qat  k.  (of  boys  at  school,  horses  in  a  race, 
etc.) ;  ham-mayddni  k.  (athletics) ;  hart  ft  k. 
(in  enmity).  Vide  Field,  Rival,  Oppo- 
nent, Emulation  and  Competition. 

Competence,  Competency,  kifdyat  (of  in- 
come) ;  istit/d'at  (affording,  l>eing  able) ; 
qdbiliyyat;  liydqat  (capability,  ability). 

Competent,  qdbil ;  InHq ;  tn  kdr  az  dasl-i 
shumu  bar  mi-dyad?  (are  you  competent 
to  undertake  this  ?) ;  m  bardy-i  kdr-i  ta'Um 
kdfi  ntst  (he  is  not  competent  to  teach). 

Competition,  miwidbaqat ;  ham-maydidnt.  Vide 
Compete. 

Competitor,  Iiam-mayddn  or  mayddn-ddr ; 
harif{iov  prize ;  in  trade,  etc.) ;  raqib  (rival 
in  love).  Vide  To  Compete,  Antagonist, 
Opponent.  [(^O- 

Compilation,  Compile,   to,  jam'   dvari ;  taHif 

Compiler,  mu'allif. 

Complain,  shikdyat  burdan  pish-i  (or  bi-)  kas-i 
(to  complain  to) ;  shikdyat  k.  az — (to 
complain  of) ;  khayli  vaqt  ast  ki  az  v.  gUa 
ddram ;  az  dast-i  kas-i  ndlidan ;  [ndlish  k. 
in  m.c.  =  to  groan  from  pain  or  fever]. 

Complaining,  Complaint,  u  hamisha  shikdyat 
(or  ndla)  ddrad  (he  is  always  complain- 
ing) ;  tazallum  (seeking  justice,  and  hence 
complaint)  ;  shikdyat-i  shumd  chist  (what 
is  your  ailment  ?). 

Complete,  tamdm ;  ai  ruz-i  kdmil  (three  com- 
plete days) ;  u  dar  in  zabdn  kdmil  ast ;  in 
kitdb  mukamm,al  ast ;  dar  fann-i  kushti-giri 
tamdm  ast.  Vide  Perfect.  Exact ,  Whole, 
Master. 

Completed,     bi-anjdm    rasida,    etc. ;    takmil 

yafta.  _  ....        ["^S)- 

Completion,  itmdrn;  takmil;  ikjititam  (finish- 
Completely,  bi-H-fnarra^  ;   tamJam"'' ;   kuU""  ; 

mutlaq"" ;  az  bikh.. 
Complexion,  rang-i  ru  ;  "  his  complexion  is 
a  little  darker  (than  the  other),"  ru- 
yash  qadr-i  girijta-tar  ast;  he  is  of  a  dark 
complexion,  sabz  rang  ast*;  safid  (very 
fair,  as  European) ;  gandum-gun  (fair  for 
an  oriental). 
Compliance,  rizdyat,  rizd-mandi ,  qaiml; 
hasb" ' l-khwdhish-i  u  ^  (in  compliance  with 
his  request). 


1  Man  ra,  vxi\g.  for  mara. 

*  Qibla-numa — a  compass  pointing  to  the  qibla  {Ka'ba)  or  direction  of  prayer. 
8  Marrah,  At.,  a  "time." 

*  In  India  gandum  rang,  "  wheat  coloured  "  means  "  rather  dark  "  as  applied  to  the  dark-skinned 

)S. 

6  Note  the  .Arabic  construction  with  the  Persian  word  khv)ahish. 
8 


Com 


58 


Con 


Complicated,  tu  dar  tu  ;  ptch  dar  plch ;  shdkh 
dar  shakh ;  tu-yi  ham  pichida  (all  mixed 
up ,  entangled^ ;  mushkil.     F^de  Difficult. 

Compliments,  Aqa,  aqa-yi  man  hi-shumid 
salam  mi-rasanad  va  m,t-guyad  ki — (or  agha 
du'  a  mi-rasanad  va  — )  (Sir ,  my  master  sends 
his  compliments  and  says — ) ;  ta'aruf-i 
ziyad  ddrad  (he  is  too  '  politef ul ' )  ;  ba'd 
az  ta'druf-i  rasmi  (after  the  usual  compli- 
ments) ;  ba'd  az  mizdj-pursl  hdlat-am  rd 
haydn  kun  (mizdj-pursi  k.,  to  ask  after 
the  health  of.     Vide  Enquire). 

Comply,  rdzt  shudan;  qahul  k. ;  farmdyif<Tidt-i 
sdml  rd  khwdham  flristdd  (I  will  comply 
with  your  indents,  send  what  you  have 
ordered). 

Compose,  u  hdld  sarf  u  nahv-l  tasmf  mi- 
kunad;  shir  guftan  (of  poetry)  ;  kitdb 
navishtan. 

Composed,  tnurakkab  az — (made  of — ) ;  dram 
(of  manner) ;  dsuda  khdtir  (in  mind ; 
comfortable) . 

Composer,  musannif ;  sahib. 

Composite,  murakkab ;  makhlut  (mixed). 

Composition,  tarkib ;  ajzd^  (ingredients)  ; 
inshd^  (lit.)  ;  Hbdrat  (liter,  style) ;  qardr  u 
maddr  (with  creditors). 

Composure,  khdtir-jam'l ;  itmindn;  khud- 
ddrl  (self-restraint). 

Compound,  Compounded,  murakkab  (past 
part.) .  pi.  murakkabdt  (compounds ;  also 
all  fruits  of  the  orange  and  lemon  kind). 

Compound,  to,  tarkib  dddan  or  dmtkhtan  (of 
medicines) ;  musdlaha  k.  (compromise). 

Comprehend,  fahmidan ;  dark  k. ;  in  matlab 
rd  rasidl?  multaflt  na-shudid  (you  have 
not  understood  ;  polite)  ' ;  bi-matlab-am  bar 
na-khurd ;  ' "  gently  my  friend ,  you  have 
grasped  the  matter  a  little  late,"  yavdsh 
'azlz'i  man  matlab  khayll  dir  dast-gir-at 
thudaast;  m  harf  rd  khub  nami-fahmam, 
multaflt  ^  na-shudam. 

Comprehended,  mafhum  (understood)  ;  mash- 
mfiZ  (comprised).     Firfe  Contain. 

Comprehending,  in  kitdb  mushtamil  ast  az 
intikhdbdt-i  Sa'  di ,  Hdfiz  va  digar  shu'  ard ; 
Oulistdn  mushtamil  bar  hast  bdb  ast.  Vide 
Contain. 

Comprehension,  idrdk ;  '  ilm ;  fahm  :  az 
ihMta-yi  khiydl-i  man  birun  ast ;  az  ihdta-yi 
baydn  birun  ast. 

Comprehensive,  jdmi''  ;  idrdk-i  vasi'-i  ddrad. 


Comprehensiveness,  jdmi'iyyat. 

Comprise.  Vide  Comprehended  and  Con- 
tain. 

Compromise,  isldh  k. ;  Jandb-i  fuldn  rdzt 
hastid  in  'amal  rd  bi-sulh  kutdh  kunid  (or 
bi-guzardnid  or  khatm  kunid)  ?  dar  mush- 
kil anddkhtan  (a  person)  ;  bd-ham  sdkhtan 
(with  verb  in  plural). 

Compulsion,  zur ;  ijbdr ;  majburiyyat ;  jahr'^'' 
or  zurakl  (adv. ,  under  compulsion) ;  jabr'^" 
va  qahr"". 

Compunction,  ta^assuf  (regret) ;  bi-dun-i  dagh- 
dajha  or  bi-dun-i  hich  khalish-i  khdtir 
(without  the  least  compunction). 

Computation,  hisdb ;  shumdr ;  bar  dvard 
(estimate)  ;  birun  az  hisdb  ast  =  — ki  hisdb 
na-ddrad  (beyond  computation). 

Compute,  bar  dvurd  k.  or  iakhmin  z.  (to 
estimate,  q.v.)  ;  hisdb  k.  (count). 

Concave,  taraf-i  mujavvaf  (the  concave  side  : 
opp.  to  taraf-i  muhaddab,  convex  side). 

Conceal,  to,  panhdn,  etc.,  k.  ;  qdyim  k.  (to 
hide  a  person  or  thing).      Vide  Suppress. 

Concealed,  panhdn  ;  nihdn  ;  mafchfi ;  si  ruz 
ast  az  pulls  mastur  ast  (he  has  concealed 
himself  from  the  Police  for  the  last  three 
days). 

Concealment,  kilman ;  taqiyya  {k.)  (to  conceal 
one's  religion  ;  Shi' ah  doctrine). 

Conceit,  khud-pasandi ;  khud-bini ;  nakhvat 
(arrogance);  dimdi/h-ddri  {m.c.) ;  mdbdyad 
ki  khudrpasand  na-bdshim,  or  bar  khud  (or 
bi-khud)  na-bdlim.      Fic^e  Pride,  Arrogance. 

Conceited,  an  shakhs  fchayli  dimdjh  ddrad  or 
dimd§[i-ash  bdld  rafta  ast  (lost  his  head, 
above  himself) ;  bi-khud  bdlidan  (to  plume 
oneself  falsely  on  a  thing). 

Conceive,  tasavvur  k. ;  man  mi-ddnam  ki 
haqq  bd-shumd  ast  or  haqq  bi-jdnib-t  shumd- 
st :  haml  bar  dMshtan  (in  the  womb) . 

Concentred,  ham-markaz  shuda. 

Concentric,  ham-markaz. 

Concern,  amr ,  ^\.  umur ;  mddda ;  bdb;  mvr 
qaddama  (affair)  ;  andisha;  fikr ;  tashvish; 
iztirdb  (anxiety)  ;  in  kdr  bi-shumd  dakhl 
na-ddrad  or  ruju'  na-ddrad  (this  is  no 
concern  of  yours)  ;  also  dar  in  dakhl  u 
tasarruf  na-kun. 

Concerning,  dar  haqq-i — ;  dar  bardy-i —  ;  dar 
khusus-i — ;  nisbat  bi — . 

Concession,  imtiydz  (a  privilege ;  a  Royal 
grant  for  the  construction,  etc.,  of  any- 


Multafit  shudld?  lit.  "  have  you  paid  attention  ?  " 
comprehend  is  due  to  slight  inattention. 


Persian  etiquette  assumes  that  a  failure  to 


\ 


Con 


69 


Con 


thing;  also  medal,  order,  distinction); 
guMsht  (k.)  (in  agreements)  ;  ri'dyat 
(favour) ;  'bilit'-i  ri'ayaii  (concession 
tickets,  railway,  etc.). 

Conciliate,  razi  k. ;  jalh-i  qulub  k. 

Conciliatory,  isldh-dmiz;  jdlib-i  khavdtir. 

Concise,  mukhtasar ;  mujaz  (brief).  Vide 
Compendium. 

Conclude,  bi-anjdm  rasdnidan;  bi-pdydn 
burdan  (finish) ;  istimbdt  namudan  or 
natija  dar  dvurdan  (to  infer) ;  hdld  vaqt-i 
khatm-i  kaldm  ast  (it  is  now  time  for  me 
to  conclude). 

Conclusion,  anjdm ;  intihd ;  dkhir  (end) ; 
natija  (logic) ;  istimbdt  (inference) ;  m 
dkhir-i  bdb  ast  {hut  bdb-i  dkhir ,  "  the  last 
chapter  "). 

Concoct,  khiydl  pukhtan  (of  fancies) ;  pilav-i 
khiydli  pukhtan  (build  castles  in  the  air)  ; 
ja'l  k.  (to  invent) ;  in  qissa-hd  az  '  man- 
dar-dvurdi  '  gufta  ast  (m.c. ,  he  has  concoct- 
ed all  this  (story)) ;  tartib  dJddan  (prepare, 
med.). 

Concord,  muvdjaqat ;  sdzgdri ;  mutdbaqat 
(gram.) :  dar  miydn-i  ism  va  fi'l  mutfibaqat 
nist. 

Concubine,  si^a,'  Per.,  and  mut' a,  Ar.  (a 
temporary  but  legal  wife). 

Concurrence,  ham-ra^y-i ;  muvdfaqat-i  rdy. 

Condemn,  mulzam  k.  (to  find  guilty) ;  mold- 
mat  k.  or  mazammat  k.  (to  censure)  ; 
hukm-i  qatl  dudan,  or  liukm  bi-qatl  dddan 
(to  condemn  to  death). 

Condiments,  chdshni ;  adviyat  (spices). 

Condition, /«aZ,  pi.  hdldt  (state;  pi,,  ahvdl  = 
heakh)  ;  vaz'- ,  pi.  awzd'  ;  shart,  pi.  shurut; 
qardr  u  maddr  (stipulation) ;  bi-shurut-i 
chand  (on  certain  conditions) ;  dar  surat-i 
ki — or  mashrut  bar  in  ki — (on  condition 
that — ) ;  hdl-am  az  Jidl-at  bih-tar  ast  ("  my 
health  is  better  than  yours,"  or  "I'm 
better  off  than  you  "). 

Condolence,  mdtam-pursi  (visit  of  condolence 
on  death)  '^ ;  tasliyat  or  to'  ziyat  (on  death 
of  either  relative  or  friend) ;  sar-saJdmati 
(on  death  of  relative  only). 

Conduct,  subs.,  rdh-nunm^ ;  rah-bari;  daldlat 
(guidance) ;  hiddyat  (gen.  relig.) ;  raftdr ; 
haraknt;  ravish;  raviyya;  vaz'  ;  atvdr 
(behaviour,  q.v.). 

Conduct,  to,  burdan ;  hiddyat  k.  (gen.  relig.) ; 


rdh  namudan;  daldlat  k  ;  In  rah  rd  ki 
bi-man  balad  mi-kunad?  =  dnja  ki  mard 
rah-bari  kunad? 

Conductor,  rdh-numd ;  balad;  pish-raw ;  in 
sim  hdmil-i  quwa-yi  barqi  ast  (this  wire 
is  conductor  of  electricity)  ;  mvXrib-bdsht 
(musical);  muzj^in-hdshi  {ditto) . 

Conduit,  db-raw  (gen.  covered) ;  mh-i  db ; 
jadval. 

Cone,  makhruta;  misl-i  kalla-qand. 

Conical,  makhrut;  qalami  (pointed). 

Confectionary,  halvaydt  (sweets,  gen.  with 
butter;  cakes,  etc.);  shirini  (small  dry 
sweets)  ;  murabbq  (jams). 

Confectioner,  qannddi  (sweetmeat  maker; 
from  qand,  loaf  sugar) ;  shirini- farush. 

Confederacy,  mu'dhada  {k.) ;  ham-paymdni. 

Confederate,  rafiq ;  sharik ;  ham-dust ;  kuchak- 
abddl  (a  confederate,  etc.,  of  a  dervish  ;  a 
votary;  also  in  m.c.  a  catamite  kept  by 
a  confederacy). 

Confederated,  muta'dhid:  mutlafiq. 

Confer,  to,  mushdvarat  (to  consult  together) ; 
muzdkara  k. ;  bakhshidan  (of  benefit). 

Conference,  ijlds  {k.) ;  majlis  {k.) ;  majlis-i 
muzdkara  {k.) ;  ba'd  az  suvdl  u  javdb-i 
bisydr  ra^y-i  shdn  bar  in  qardr  girift  ki  — . 

Confess,  to,  qahul  k. ;  biyd  taqsir-at  rd  gardan 
bi-gir ;  qabuldnidan  (caus. ;  vulgar;  to 
make  to  confess) ;  iqrdr  k.  bi — ;  man  igrdr 
mi-kunam  (or  qdHl-am)  ki  kirddr-i  man  bad 
ast. 

Confessing,  muqirr  {sh.). 

Confession,  iqrdr  {k.) ;  i'tiraf  {k.). 

Confidant,  mahram  or  mahram-i  rdz  (one 
who  knows  secrets;  also  one  who  won't 
blab) ;  ham-rdz. 

Confide,  to,  amin  d^nistan ;  man  bar  it  i'tiqdd 
ddram;  u  urd  bi-tamdm-i  md  yurrdak-ash 
amin  ddnist  (he  entrusted  him  with  the 
management  of  all  his  property) ;  ' '  con- 
fiding in  his  ^  trength,"  bar-quvva-yi  bdzu 
i'timdd  karda — . 

Confidence,  i'tibdr  {k.) ;  i'tinmd  {k.) ;  tavak- 
kul  {k.)  (on  God);  bar  harfhd-yi  IshRn 
hich  i'  tibdr  nami-kunam  (or  harjha-yi  ishdn 
rd  i'tiqdd  nami-kunam) . 

Confidential,  mu'  tamad  (of  person) ;  mahra- 
midna  (secret) ;  in  kharita-yi  mahramdna  ast 
(this  is  a  confidential  map)  ;  "  I  have  a 
confidential    communication    to    make," 


1  Sunnis  do    not   consider  this  temporeury  marriage  lawful.     A   woman  will   sometimes   become 
algha-yi  navad-sala,  in  order  to  simplify  matters  of  inheritance. 

2  Condolence  is  expressed  by  '  baqa-yi  'umr-i,  ahuma  bashad"  or   "  dtgro''  baz-mandagan  bi-salamat 
baehand  or  bad  na-binld"  or  "  (jham-i  akhir-i  tan  baahad ,*'  etc.,  etc.      Vide  Sympathize. 


Con 


60 


Con 


liarf-i  ddram  mahranMna  bi-shumd  bi- 
guyam;  musamara  (talk  by  night  between 
friends ;  stories  told  at  night) . 

Confined,  mahhus ;  u  al-an  dar  zinddn  giriftar 
ast ;  TM-khush-i  histarl  (confined  to  bed) ; 
mahdud  (limited) ;  m  muldhazdt  munhasir-i 
hi-Kalkatta  ast  (these  remarks  apply  only 
to  Calcutta) ;  d^ruz  pa  sabuk  hard  (she 
was  confined  yesterday). 

Confinement,  habs ;  qayd;  mahbusi  (imprison- 
ment) ;  zd'idan  or  vaz' -i  haml  (of  \\omen) . 

Confines,  hudud,  pi. 

Confirm,  to,  tasdiq  k.  ;  musaddiq  sh.  ;  u  ta^yld-i 
kaldm  rd  kard  (he  confirmed  what  I  said). 

Confirmation,  tasdiq;  isbdt  (proving). 

Confirmative,  mu^ayyid. 

Confirmed,  in  khabar  sdbit  shuda  ad  yd  na 
(or  bi-tasdlq  rasida  ?)  ;  tasdMq  ydjta  (of  evi- 
dence) . 

Confirming.     Vide  Confirmative. 

Confiscate,  zabt  kardan. 

Confiscated,  zabt  shuda. 

Conflagration,  hartq. 

Conflict,  zad  u  khurd  {k.) ;  tu-sar-ham-zanl 
(k.) ;  diruz  Sunnl  va  Shi' a  bar  sar  va 
kalla-yi  ham-dzgar  zadand;  ikhtildf-i  drd^ 
(of  opinion). 

Confluence,  majma'  ;  nuqta-yi  ittisdl. 

Conformable,  mutdbiq  ;  muvdfiq. 

Conformity,  bar-hasb-i — (in  conformity  with) ; 
bar-vifq-i —  ;  bind  bar — . 

Confound,  lOiudd  dushmanhd-yi  shdn  rd 
la'nat  garddnadf  lOiudd  gardan-ash  rd 
bi-shikanad !  Iindtn  kamar-ash  rd  bi-zanad 
or  murda-shur-ash  bi-barad  (confound 
him  !).      Vide  Astonish. 

Confront,  jilo  giriftan  and  dmadan  (to  stop) ; 
ru  bi-ru  kardan  or  shudan.     Vide  Oppose. 

Confused,  dast-pdcha,  hdj  vdj,ov  parisJiun  sh. ; 
dar  ham  bar  ham  {sh.) ;  kdr-am  rd  bar  ham 
zadid;  muztarib ;  muta^addid  (hesitating). 
Vide  Bewildered,  Astonished. 

Confusedly,  "how  confusedly  you  describe 
it,"  dar  baydn  chi  qadar  ikhtildt  mi-kuni ; 
{ikhtildt  also  means  conversation) ;  matlab 
rd  pichlda  baydn  kard  (he  described  it 
in  a  roundabout  way;  purposely  round- 
about) . 

Confusion,  ikhtildt  u  ightishdsh ;  harj  marj; 
dshub   (noisy) ;  misl-i  hammidm-i  zandna; 


tamdm-i  shahr  fihuluq  '  bud  (all  the  town 
was  in  confusion). 

Confute,  to,  radd  k.  ;  tardid  k. 

Confuted,  radd  shuda. 

Congeal,  to,  munjamid  shudan;  bastan  (of 
ices  only)  ;  yakh  bastan  (to  freeze). 

Congealed,  munjamid. 

Congealment,  Congelation,  injimdd. 

Congratulate,  to,  •  •  congratulate  me !  ' '  muzh- 
dagdni-yam  rd  bi-dih  ( =  give  me  the  re- 
ward of  good  news,  I've  been  successful 
for  you  '^  "  ;  said  jokingly  by  a  friend  or 
seriously  by  an  agent) ;  bar  ddmddt-yash 
urd  tabrik  gufta,m  (I  congratulated  him  on 
his  marriage) ;  mubdrak-bdd  guftan. 

Congratulation,  tahniyat ;  mubdrak-bddJi ; 
tabrik. 

Congregation,  jamd'at. 

Conic,  Conical,  shakl-i  makhruti ;  or  tnakh- 
rutl. 

Conjectural,  (/i^ast ;  tasavv uri ;  khiydli. 

Conjecture,  gumdn  (burdun)  ;  hads  (namu- 
dan;  in  m.c.  zadan) ;  hads""  or  qiyds"" 
(by  conjecture). 

Conjugation,  tasrij ;  garddn. 

Conjunct,  bi-ham  payvasta ;  mawsul ;  mun- 
zamm. 

Conjunction,  qird)i  (of  planets) ;  'atj  (gram- 
mar) ;  ittisdl  (joining)  :  in  jumla-hd  bd  yak 
digar  nisbat  na-ddrad. 

Conjuration,  ihzdr-i  jinn ;  afsun-gari. 

Conjurer,  huqqa-bdz'^ ;  sha'bada  bdz  (a  higher 
class  of  conjurer)  ;  sdhir  or  jddu-gar 
(magician) ;  chashm-band  (one  who  by 
magic  deceives  the  sight  and  cause>*  others 
to  see  what  he  wishes). 

Connect,  to,  vasl  k.,  tr. ;  vasl  shudan,  intr. ; 
it  bd  man  nisbat  ddrad  (he  is  a  connection 
of  mine) ;  tathiq  k.  (of  doctrines,  customs, 
etc.) ;  in  matlab  bi-man  rabt  na-ddrad,  (this 
matter  does  not  concern  me)  ;  kdliska-hd 
bd-ham  rah  ddrand  (the  carriages  connect 
with  each  other). 

Connected,  Connectedly,  rnarbut.  Vide  Dis- 
connectedly. 

Connection,  '  ildqa ;  dard-i  dil  rd  *  bd  chashm 
chi  nisbat  (what  has  a  stomach-ache  to  do 
with  the  eyes  ?  what  is  the  connection  ?) ; 
guz  rd  bd  shaqiqa  chi  ?  (a  vulg.  saying) ; 
hamjdn  hikdyat-i  zar-duz  va  buriyd-bdf  ast 


1  Gen.  spelt  (Jj^*«. 

2  Karhu  yat  ra  sural  cladarn, 

•"  Hvqqabaz  (small  feats  by  sleight  of  liand) ; 
4  Not  da>d-'    shikam  as  in  India. 


huqqa  a  little  box. 


Con 


61 


Con 


(there  is  no  coimectioii  or  relevancy) ;  u 
ba  man  hich  vd  hastagl  na-darad ;  an  zan 
ba  shawhar-ash  rah  u  rasm-i  na-darad  (she 
will  have  nothing  to  do  with  her  hus- 
band). 

Connections,  va  bastwjan  (by  blood,  by 
marriage,  or  by  ties  of  interest). 

Connivance,  Connive,  ij^mdz  (k.) ;  chashm- 
pushi  (k.) ;  u  dida  va  ddnista  chashm- 
pushi '  kard. 

Connoisseur, — shinda  (in  compounds;  as, 
shardb-shinds ,  'a  connoisseur  of  wine  '). 

Conquer,  fath  kardan;  g^lib  shudan  bar  -; 
zafar  ydjtan ;  firuzi  ydftan  ;  fdHq  dmadan 
(in  games,  athletics,  discussions);  bar  in 
mor^ala  dast-ydjtam  (I've  conquered  this 
problem) . 

Conquered,  musakhkhar ;  magjilub ;  u  bar 
tamdm-i  mulk  musallai  shud. 

Conqueror,  jdtih  ;  mvsakhkhir ;  taskhir  kun- 
anda. 

Conquest,  fath ;  taskhir ;  shikast ;  gifllaha  bar 

Conscience,  nats-ash  urd  maldinat  mi-kunad 
(his  conscience  pricks  him) ;  az  zamir-i'- 
khud-at  bi-pursid  (ask  your  own  consci- 
ence) ;  az  mashg[Mil-zimmagi  fdrigh  shudan 
(to  free  one's  conscience  of  anything) ;  bi- 
mayldn-i  khdtir-i  khud  va  istirzd-yi  rizd-yi 
Khuddvand  rihd  kard  (he  left  them  to  their 
conscience).     Vide  Prick. 

Conscious,  ihsds  k.  (to  feel) ;  bd  khabar  bu- 
dan ;  multafit  budan. 

Consecrate,  shamshir  ki  dar  zarih-i  Imam 
Husayn  mutabarrak  shuda  bud  —  ("the 
sword  consecrated  at  the  tomb  of  the 
Imam  Husain" — ). 

Consecration,  taqdis  (k.) ;  takhsis  (k.)  (to 
specialize). 

Consecutive,  musalsal ;  mutavdlt. 

Consent,  rizd;  istirzd^. 

Consent,  to,  rdzi  shudan;  bi-istisvdb-i  u 
navishta  am;  tadbir-i  mard  qabul  ml- 
kumd?     Vide  Approve. 

Consequence,  natija,  pi.  natd^ij ;  anjdm; 
Imsil  (result) ;  bdk-i  nist  or  matlab-i  ntst 
(never  mind;  also  there's  nothing  parti- 
cular or  strange,  i.e.,  I  can  do  it);  zarar 
na-ddrad  (by  all  means ;  why  not  ? ) ;  "if 
his  wife  sees  me  smartly  dressed  she  will 
think  me  of  more  consequence,"  agar  zan- 
ash  mard  drdsta  ji-hinad  ziydda-tar  hisdb 


mi-barad;  md  tnardumJdn-%  hastim,  az 
khdnvdda  fiasthn  (we  are  people  of  conne- 
quence,  we  are  somebodies). 

Conservatory,  garm-khdna  (hot-house).  Vide 
Orange:  y. 

Consider,  dar  bdb-i  an  fikr  mi-kunam  (I  will 
consider  about  that) ;  dar  pish-i  khvd 
hhiydl  kardan;  ddnistan ;  mahsub  k. ; 
shimurdan  (to  deem) ;  ghfiwr  k. 

Consideration,  ta^ammul  {k.)  (reflecting) ; 
tashakhkhus  (importance) ;  qdbil-i  ihtirdm 
(worthy  of  respect) ;  nazar  bi-khidanidt-i 
shumd  (in  consideration  of  your  services) ; 
bi-muldhaza-yi  pidar-i  shumd  zaiil  na-kar- 
dam  (in  consideration  of  your  father  I  did 
not  disgrace  you). 

•Consign,  sipurdan ,  tafviz  namudan  ;  havdla  k. 

Consigned,  bdr-i  jahdzbi-ism-iu  bud;  muhav- 
val ;  tahvtl-i  u  shud  (it  was  handed  over 
to  him). 

Consignee,  qiranda ;  mursal  ilayh. 

Consigner,  irsdl-kunanda ;  f arisarida  (vnlg.). 
Vide  Sender. 

Consignment,  mursala;  amdnat  (of  goods). 

Consist.     Vide  Contain. 

Consistency,  qavdm  (of  liquids ;  also  the 
cookery  word  '  mixture  ' ) ;  bi-paz  td  misl-i 
dsh  qavdm  bi-girad. 

Consolation,  Console,  lasalli,  and  tasliyat, 
and  dil-dJdri  (dddan) ;  ta'ziyat  {guftan;  on 
death  only) ;  bi-raw  hachcha  rd  bi-fahrrmn 
(go  and  comfort  the  child). 

Conspicuous,  nMmuddr  ;  numdydn  ;  vdzih ; 
dshkdrd ;  paydd ;  huvaydd ;  gdv-i  safid- 
pishdni  (lit.  a  cow  with  a  blaze) ;  ma'ruf  ; 
mashhUr  (eminent). 

Conspiracy,  sdzish  (k.) ;  dasta-i  az  a'ydn  dost 
bi-ham  dddand  ki  Pddishdh  rd  bi-kushand. 
Vide  Plot. 

Conspirator,  ham-rdz. 

Conspire,  bd-ham  sdkhtan  (to  join  together ; 
in  good  or  bad  sense;  also  to  compromise, 
q.v.) 

Constant,  sdbit-qadam ;  hd-vafd ;  bar  qardr; 
dd%m  (of  time) ;  u  bar-gufta-ash  hamisha 
qdHm  ast;  "  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  your 
brother  cruelly  sought  to  separate  us,  I 
remained  constant  and  bore  his  ill  usage," 
har  qadar  barddar-at  bi-man  silam  karda 
bi-judd^i-yi  md  taldsh  mi-kard  man  haindn 
qadar  pd-ddri  namuda  jaivr-ash  rd  mi- 
kashidam. 


^  Az  taqair  i  u  chaahm  puahl  kard  =  "  he  pardoned  him." 

2  Zamir  has  also  sometimes  the  meaning  of  '* heart"  or  "comprehension." 


Con 


62 


Con 


Constantinople,  Islamhul  or  Isldmbul ;  Qus- 
tantiniyya. 

Constellation,  majma'-i  kavakib ;  burj,  pi. 
buruj  (Zodiac). 

Constipated,  maqhuz ;  mizaj-ash  qabz  ast  (he 
is  always  constipated) ;  hisyar  sudda 
darad. 

Constipation,  qabz;  yubusat;  [khushki? 
either  wrong  or  vulgar]. 

Constitution,  bunya ;  quvd,  pi.  of  quvvat  (of 
body) ;  tabl'  at-i  (or  hdlat-i)  u  hamisha 
sdlim  ast;  qavi  bunya  or  bd  bunya  (of 
strong  constitution). 

Constitutional,  qdnuni ;  bd  intimm. 

Constitutionally,  hasb-i  qd'ida  va  qdnun. 

Constrained,  majbur. 

Construct,  sdkhtan ;  bind  kardan;  nasb  k. 
(to  erect) ;  Muhammad  qdnun-i  IslRm  rd 
bi-vujud  dvurd. 

Construction,  quvdra ;  sdkht ;  bind''  (of  build- 
ings) ;  qurmsh  (of  cloth ,  carpet ;  of 
people ;  bad-qumash  ast  =  he  is  ill  made) ; 
tarkib  (of  a  sentence). 

Consul,  balyuz,T. ;  kunsal  or  qunsal,  etc.; 
Shdh-bandar  (by  Turks  '  Consul '  ;  by 
Persians  '  Port-Commissioner'). 

Consult,  ray  giriftan  (to  take  the  opinion 
of) ;  biyd  dar  In  am/r  mashvarat  bi-kunim ; 
agar  naf'-i  khud  rd  bi-hini — (if  you  consult 
your  own  interests — ). 

Consultation,  mashvarat  (k.)  (med.). 

Consulted,  dar  ta'yin  u  intikhdb-ash  istishdra 
bi-drd-yi  mardum  mi-kunand  (in  his  appoint- 
ment and  selection,  the  wishes  of  the 
people  are  consulted) ;  dar  ta'yin-i  kaldn- 
tar  rizd-yi  mardum  dakhil  ast. 

Consulting-room.     Vide  Room. 

Consume,  khurdan  (eat) ;  sarf  shudan  or 
kardan  (of  food ,  money  and  time) ;  sukk- 
tan  (to  bum,  q.v.) ;  az  gAamm  u  ghussa 
kdhida,  shud  (consumed  with  anxiety). 

Consummation,  itmJdm;  ikmdl;  'arusl  bi- 
g^dyat  na-rasid  (the  marriage  was  not 
consummated) . 

Consumption,  maraz-i  diqq. 

Contact,  mass  {k.),  tr.  and  intr.  (touching). 

Contagion,  sirdyat;  nid-Jchushi-yi  an  mariz 
bi-man  sirdyat  kard. 

Contagious,  nd-khusht-yi  musri  (contagious 
disease). 

Contain,  khud-ddri  k.,  or  khud  rd  zabt  k.  (to 


contain   oneself;  in   any   emotion,    etc.) 

gunjidan;  gunjdyish  ddshtan  (to  be  con- 
•  tained) ;  in  kiiub  murattab  (or  mu^htamU 

or  mabni)  bar  du  bdb-ast  (this  book  con- 
tains two  chapters) ;  In  sanduq  chi  qadr 

chdf'l  mi-girad?    "he  was  unable  to  con- 
tain himself,"  u  bl-ikhtiydr  shud  {gen.  oi 

diarrhoea);    khud-ddri    k.    (of    anything). 

Vide  Comprehended. 
Contained,  in  shir  dar  in  zarf  jd-yash  nami- 

shavad  '  ;  mundarij  (of  writings). 
Contaminated,  dludan  or  dluda  k. ;  mulavvas 

k.  ;  najis  {garddnidan) . 
Contemplated,  mutasavvar. 
Contemplation,     tajakkur ;     ta^immul ;     dar 

'dlam-i  murdqaba  rajtan  (relig.). 
Contemplative,      mutafakkir ;      mustaghraq-i 

khiydldt. 
Contemporary,  ham-'  ahd,ov  ham '  asr;  mu'  dsir, 

pi.  mu'dstrin. 
Contempt,  haqdrat  {k.)  ;   bi-haqdrat  nazar  k. ; 

tawhin   {k.)    (also   to    feel   aversion    for) ; 

zalil  (ddnistan) ;  kasi   rd  haqir  or    khwdr 

ma-shumdr. 
Contemptible,    khwdr;      zalil;      jaru-mMya; 

dun;  haqir;  nd-chiz. 
Contend,   to,   mujddala   k.    (dispute).      Vide 

Quarrel. 
Contender,  mujddil  (in  argument) ;  sitiza-kdr 

(in  fight). 
Contending,   u   mard-i   bisydr   mundzi'-i  a^t 

(he  is  always  contending).     Vide  Contest. 
Content,  qand  at ;  rim  (subs.);  qdni' ;  qarvd- 

'at-kdr;   rdzi  (adj.);    har  chi  ddram  bidn 

qdni'  m,i-bdsham. 
Contention,   mujddala   (dispute) ;    mundza'at 

(quarrelling,  fighting,  disputing). 
Contentious,   dnhu   khayli  jang-ju   hastand; 

{mufsid  and  mufattin  =  stirring  up  strife). 
Contentment.     Vide  Content. 
Contents,  mazmun  (of  a  letter) ;   maknurmt 

(of  box,  etc.). 
Contest,  ham-sari  {k.)  (to  vie  with ;  in  good 

or  bad  sense).      Vide  Quarrel,  Battle,  etc. 
Contestor,  murmzi'    (friendly   or   otherwise; 

vide  Contending). 
Contiguity,  muttasil  budan. 
Contiguous,  muttasil. 
Continence,  'ismai;  'iff at;  pdk-ddmuni. 
Continent,    iqlim,''-  pi.  aqdlim;    'afif  (adj.); 

pdk-ddman . 


1  But  ja  shudan  (m.c.)  "to  be  finished.' ' 

^  Originally  one  of  the  seven  climates  of  the  world,   but  now  used  for  a  Province,   Presidency      and 
by  Persians  also  for  a  country. 


Con 


6S 


Con 


Contingency,  hddisa  {accident) ;  mgt' a  (occur- 
rence). Vide  Accident,  Accidental. 
Continual,  injd  hamlaha  janjdl  ast  (there  is  a 
continual  noise  here) ;  continued  action  is 
in  ra.c.  expressed  by  the  interjection  hay, 
as  hay  bdrdn  dmad' ;  hay  hi-khur ;  man 
didam  az  saqf  hay  Jchdk  rm-nzad,  ham- 
chunin  ki  lirun  davidam  saqf  pdytn  dmad 
(I  saw  that  earth  kept  falling  from  the 
roof ;  I  had  barely  set  foot  outside  when 
the  roof  fell  in).  Reduplication  of  a  word 
may  give  same  si gnijS cation,  as  tarsdn 
tarsdn  kardam  (I  was  in  a  fright  all  the 
time  I  did  it) . 
Continually,  mudam ;    vide  Always ;    mutta- 

sil'"'  (without  break;  vide  Continuously). 
Continuation,    davdm    (lasting)  ;     ildva   bar 
dnchi   diruz   gujtam    (in   continuation   of 
what  I  said  yesterday). 
Continue,  tul  da-dan,  tr. ,  and  tul  kashidan, 
intr. ;    imtiddd  yd f tan ;    agar   dar  in  kdt 
muddvamat  numdyid — (if  you  continue  to 
do  this — ) ;  bdqi  ddrad  (to  be  continued ; 
of  newspaper   article) .     Vide  Continual  ; 
dumbdla-yi  sukhan  rd  bi-din  naw'  kashidan 
girift  or  mMlab  rd  bi-din  tariq  pay  kard. 
Continuously,  muttasil-i  ham;  'ala  ^l-ittisdl; 
yak  mdh  pay-i  ham  (or  pusht-i  sar-i  ham) 
safar  kardim,  Prof.  S.  T.;  mardum  pusht 
pusht   (or   pusht-i   ham)    dmadand;    pusht 
pusht    fawj    dar    mayddn    firistdd.      Vide 
Continually. 
Contortion,    pich    u    tdb ;    surat-ash    bi-ham 

pichid  (his  face  became  contorted) . 
Contract,  qabdla  (sometimes  for  mercantile 
deeds  of  sale)  ;  ijdra-ndma  (paper ;  for  a 
lease.  Vide  Farm) ;  rahn-nJdma  (deed  of 
mortgage) ;  muqdta'a  and  maqta'  (k.)  (for 
work) ;  kdbin-ndma  (marriage — ). 
Contraction,  kashish  (of  muscles) ;  mukhaffaf 

(of  words). 
Contractor,    muqdta'orddr    or    -kunanda    (of 

work,  etc.). 
Contradict,  "don't  contradict  me,"  mard 
takzib^  ma-kun,  or  harf-i  mard  radd  ma- 
kun,  or  tamarrud-i  harf-i  mard  ma-kun;  u 
khudrosh  rd  darugti-gu  kard  (he  contra- 
dicted himself) ;  ' '  how  is  it  you  contradict 
yourself  ? ' '  jihat  chist  bi-du  zabdn  dar 
amadi  ?  tard^dri  kaldm  k. 


Contradiction,  ikhtilaf ;  kaldmri  skuma  mund- 
fdt  ddrad. 

Contradictory,  khilaf ;  zidd;  naqiz;  mund- 
qiz ;  harffid-yi  shumd  na^t?-t  yak  dtgar  ast. 

Contrariety,  ziddiyyat ;  ziddiyyal-i  tabi'at. 

Contrary,  bar  '  aks  (on  the  contrary) ;  khildf-i 
ihtimdl  (contrary  to  expectation) ;  az  bdd-i 
mukhdlif  jahdz  mu'attal  shud;  "  have  you 
any  proof  to  the  contrary  ? ' '  bi-khildf-i  in 
harf  isbdt-i  dart  ? 

Contrivance,  tadbir  (plan) ;  hikmal  or  ikhtird* 
(devise,  invention) ;  bi-chi  hila  dnjd  mxravi? 

Control,  iqtiddr  or  ta-sallui  dashtan  bar — ; 
sarbdz-hu  az  qabza-yi  (or  ikhtiydr-i)  man 
btrun  raftand. 

Controversy,  munidzara;  mujddala.  Vide 
Argument. 

Controverting,  mushdjara  (k.) ;  bd  man  dar 
in  amr  mushdjara  namud. 

Contumacious,  mard-i  'anud  ast;  lajuj  (mu- 
lishly  obstinate).     Vide  Obstinate. 

Contumacy,  'indd;  lajj. 

Contused,  kufta  (also  tired,  stiff) ;  zarb- 
khurda;  az  chub  khurdan  badan-ash  lih  (or 
khurd  u  khamir)  shud  (he  was  black  and 
blue  from  the  thrashing). 

Contusion,  kuftagi  (also  tiredness ,  stiffness) ; 
asar-i  kuftagi. 

Convalescence,  ifdqa  (ydftan). 

Convalescent,  luza  shifd  ydfta. 

Convene,  mun'aqid  (k.) ;  ijlds  {k.) ;  fardd  in 
anjuman  du-bdra  bar  pa  khtodhad  shud. 

Convenient,  bardy-i  shumd  zahmat-i  na- 
khwdhad  bud  ki'^  fardd  injd  bi-ydyid?  (will 
it  be  convenient  for  you  to  come  to- 
morrow ?) ;  or  mdni'-i  kdr-i  shumd  na- 
khwdhad  bud  agar  fardd  injd  bi-ydyid? 

Conveniently,  bi  zahmat. 

Convent,  dxiyr  (of  Christians  or  Hindus) ; 
hhdnaqdh  (dervishes);  rdhibdn*  dar  dn 
dayr  suknq  ddrand. 

Conversation,  guft  u  gu  (k.) ;  harf  (zadan)  ; 
mayl-i  suhbat  ddrid?  gap  zadan  (to  gossip, 
with  an  underlying  meaning  of  falsehood) ; 
mardri  khu-sh  muhdvara  (a  man  of  charm- 
ing conversation ;  of  interesting  and  well- 
expressed  ideas). 
Convert,  tdza  bi-din  dmada;  jadid^'l-Isldm 
(new  to  Mahomedanism) ;  '  Isavi-yi  jadid ; 
murtadd  az  Islam  (pervert  from  Islam). 


1  This  particle  hay  can  precede  the  prefix  mi  of  the  Imperfect. 

2  The  root  meaning  is  "to  lie." 

3  Or  agar. 

♦  Ar,  pi.  ruhban  and  ruhkab;  rahiba,  feminine,  singular.     Note  the  pi.  in  an  here;  for  euphony. 


Con 


64 


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Converted,  hi-sharaf-i  Islam  fd^z  gasht  ; 
muhtadt  hi-dln-i  -  shud.     Vide  Believe. 

Convey,  bur  dan ;  naql  k.  or  naql  u  hand  k. 
(to  transport) ;  iltifat  karda  in  chiz  ra  hi-u 
bi-rasdnid. 

Conveyable,  naql-paztr. 

Convex,  ' adasi  (i.e.  'like  a  lentil');  muhad- 
dab;  mahl-pusht  or  khar-pusht  (of  roads, 
roofs) ;  shakl-i  siparl  (slightly  convex  like 
a  shield) ;  shakl-i  khudi  (domed,  or  like  a 
helmet  in  shape). 

Convict,  to,  mulzim  k. ;  mufrim  sdkhtan ; 
gundh  or  jurm  sdbit  k. 

Conviction,  ilzdm;  isbdt  (of  crime)  ;  i'tiqdd- 
am  in  ki — (it  is  my  belief  that — ) ;  yaqln-i 
kdmil  ddram  ki — (it  is  my  conviction 
that—). 

Convince,  bi-khata-yash  urd  mu'tarif  sdkhtam 
(I  convinced  him  of  his  error) ;  sukhan-am 
urd  mujdb  kard. 

Convinced,  yaqin  ddram  ki  dnchi  mi-guyi  rdst 
a<it,  or  khdtir-am  jam'  ast  ki  shumd  rdst 
mi-guyid '  (I  am  convinced  what  you  are 
saying '  is  true) ;  az  in  dalil  yaqin  hdsil 
kardam;  az  ru-yi  dalil  urd  khdtir  jam' 
kardam. 

Convivial,  'ayydsh  (ill-liver) ;  ham-piydla  va 
ham-navdla ;  dust-i  ham-mashrab. 

Conviviality,  ham-piydlagi  va  ham  navdlagi 
rd  dust  mi-ddrad. 

Convolvolus,  nilufar. 

Convulsed,  to  be,  shurlda"^  shudan  or  k.  (to 
be  excited,  upset) ;  in  qadar  khandid  ki 
nafas-ash  qaP  shud  or  ruda-hd-yash  pich 
uftdd  ;  bachcha  tashannuj  girift  va  murd. 

Convulsions,  tashannuj  (disease) 

Coo,  to,  kuku  k.  (of  dove)  :  ndla  k.  (of  dove 
and  other  birds). 

Cook,  to,  tabkh  k. ;  pukht  u  paz  k. ;  pukhtan, 
rt.  paz ;  isldh  k.  (of  meat) ;  dam  kardan  or 
dddan  (to  first  cook  rice,  etc.,  and  then, 
adding  butter,  to  cover  and  place  fire 
above  and  below ,  and  so  complete  the 
cooking) ;  vide  To  Charm. 

Cook,  u  ghild-yi  khud  rd  khud-a.sh  mi-pazad. 
bi-jihat-i  in  ki  dsh-paz  na-ddrad ;  ' '  too 
many  cooks — "    matbakh-i   du   kad-bdnu 


hamisha  nd-rub  mi-mdnad,  and  tndmdcha 
ki  du  td  shud  sar-i  bachcha  kaj  dar  mi-dyad. 

Cooked.     Vide  Over-cooked. 

Cookery,  tabbdkhi. 

Cool,'^  khunuk ;  sard*  (cool  oi  cold;  also 
cold-blooded  of  a  person's  temperament) ; 
bdrid  (cold) ;  im,ruz  az  diruz  khunuk-tar 
ast;  u  db-i  hinduvdn  bardy-i  tabrid  rm- 
khurad  (he  takes  juice  of  water-melon  to 
cool  his  system). 

Cooled,  yakh  karda  (this  does  not  necessarily 
imply  with  ice) :  dast-ash  yakh  karda  ast 
(on  a  cold  day,  or  of  a  sick  person). 

Cooling,  mubarrid ;  khunuk-kun,  bdrid. 

Coolly,  bd  istiyknd  (with  indifference,  inde- 
pendence) ;  bd  bi-parvd^i  ;  bd  itmindn. 

Coolness,  khunuki ;  sardi  (or  coldness) ;  buru- 
dat  (coldness,  lit.);  shakar-dbi  (a  slight 
coolness  between  friends  ;  a  tiff). 

Cool-region,  sar-kadd  (prop,  boundary)  ;  sard- 
sir,  V.  (opp.  to  garm-sir^')  and  ildq,  T.  (as 
opp.  to  qishldq). 

Cooly,  dabbdsh  (Ar.  cooly,  but  in  Persian 
Gulf  the  head  cooly  of  a  steamer) ;  hammdl 
(porter) . 

Coot,  parld  or  par-maid  (coot?). 

Copious,  vdfir  ;  fardvdn;  mawfur ;  ziydd. 

Copper,  mis ,  takhta-yi  mis  (sheets  of — ) ; 
nuhds ;  misina  dldt  (copper  ware);  pul-i 
siydh  (coppers,''  money) ;  zangdr  (sulphate 
of  copper). 

Copper-smith,  mlsgar. 

Copt,  Qibt;  Qibti  (adj.,  Coptic). 

Copulate,  gd^ldan  (vulg.) ;  jimid'  k. ;  nazdiki 
k. ;  mubdsharat  k. ;  mujdma'  at  k.  (hu- 
mans) ;  pusht-i  ham  rajtan  or  jujt  giriftan 
(of  animals). 

Copulation,  mujdma'at;  nazdiki;  jimd'  (hu- 
man beings) ;  savdri  (animals). 

Copy,  az  ru  navishtan  (of  writing)  ;  az  ru 
kashidan  (of  pictures) ;  mashq  k.  (practise 
from  a  copy-book)  ;  taqlld  k.  (imitate, 
q.v.) ;  marhamal  karda  in  rd  bardy-i  man 
savdd  bar  ddrid  or  kunid;  pdk-navisi  k. 
(make  a  fair  copy) ;  she  copied  (mimicked) 
the  Tehran  accent,  zabdn-ash  rd  kaj  kard 
misl-i  Tahrdni'^-hd. 


1  Ouftld  would  mean  you  said  a  little  time  ago  —perhaps  unly  ten  minutes. 
■i  Shurida  also  means  "mad." 

s  The  uEual  distinction  between  '  cool '  and  '  cold'  is  that  bisyar  is  prefixed  in  the  case  of  the  latter. 
+  Hich  gar  ml  na-darad  (m.c. ). 
6  PI.  sard-slra!  and  gar m-sirut . 

6  In  m.c.  «»ven  applied  to  the  now   nickel  coins.     It  is   better  not  to  give  copper  coins  even   to 
beggars ;  nickel  coins  of  equivalent  value  are  preferred. 

T  Zandl  zandi  hart  zadan  (m.c.)  'Ho  mimic  the  Tehran  accent." 


Cop 


65 


Cos 


Copying,  istinadkh-i  kulub  (^^)  (copying 
books) :  naql  k.  (coining  into  use  in  Persia 
in  this  sense). 

Coquetry,  '  ishva  (of  gestures) ;  qirr  (of  ac- 
tion) ;  rmz  (to  draw  back  for  the  sake  of 
being  pressed). 

Coquette,  zan-i  husn-farush-i  Tmzddr ;  ma- 
ku-th  niarg-i  md  (a  phrase  used  as  a  sub- 
stantive or  adjective) ;  'ishva-bdz. 

Coral,  marjdn  (subs.) ;  marjdm  (adj.). 

Cord,  qadr-l  rtsmdn  bt-khartd  va  m  chiz-hd  rd 
bi-bandld  ;  nakh-i  ^  kuluft ;  qaytdn  (of  silk 
for  piping) ;  zih  (bow-string  or  gut) ;  ruda 
=  gut. 

Cord,  to,  bd  rlsmdn  bastan. 

Coriander-seed,  gishniz. 

Cork,  subs,,  buj  or  buck;  hi  butrl  chub- 
pamba^  na-ddrad;  chub  or  sar  (stopper). 

Cork,  to,  sar-i  dn  sMsh-a  (or  butrl)  rd  bigir 
(cork  or  close  that  bottle). 

Cork-screw,  plch;  buch-kash. 

Corn,  pina  (hardened  skin  on  elbow,  knee, 
sole  of  foot  or  on  forehead  from  the 
muhra-narmz) ;  mlkhak  (on  foot) ;  ghfdla 
(grain) ;  zurat  (Indian  corn) ;  sdl-i  guzashta 
jins-i  fardvdn-l  paydM  shud  (there  was 
plenty  of  food  grain  last  year) ;  chun 
nawbat-i  khusha  rasld  (when  the  ears 
began  to  f  orpa) . 

Cornelian,  '  aqlq-i  surkk. 

Corner,  ' '  he  searched  in  every  corner  but 
could  not  find  it "  m  gusha  kindr  nigdh 
kard  valt  na-ydft ;  kunj;  paygJmla. 

Coronation,  tdj-pushi ;  tdj-guzdrl.  Vide 
To  take  place. 

Corporal,  sar-juqa ;  dah-bdshi  (commander  of 
ten ;  vide  Regiment) . 

Corporeal,  jismdnt ;  mujassam  (rendered  cor- 
poreal ;  embodied) . 

Corporeally,  bi-hdlat-i  jismdni. 

Corpse,  mayyit,  pi.  amvdt;  na'ah  (human); 
janaza  (bier  with  corpse,  and  in  m.c. 
corpse  alone);  Idsha;  mayta;  Idsh  (prop, 
of  animals  only) ;  murda  (anything  dead) ; 
zinda  u  murda,  or  hayy  u  mayyit  (the  living 
and  the  dead) ;  jlja  (decomposed  corpse 
of  any  kind,  carrion) ;  tashyi'-i  jandza  k. 
(to  follow  to  the  grave,  or  part  of  the 
way) ;  jandza-at  rd  ru-yi  db  bi-btnam  f  ( = 
may  I  see  thee  dead^). 


Corpulence,  jaadnuU ;  gundcujl  (vulg.) ;  chdqi 
or  farbihl  (fatness) . 

Corpulent,  >cwtw;  gunda  (vulg.) ;  farbili  (fat) ; 
cJulq  (fat;  also  healthy,  etc.);  gat  u 
gunda. 

Correct,  sahth  ;  duruat. 

Correct,  to,  taahih  or  isldh  k. ;  ta*dib  k. 
(punish,  etc.). 

Correction,  tashih  (k.) ;  isldh,  pi.  isldhdt  (k.)  ; 
ta^dib  (k.)  (to  punish). 

Correspond,  to,  mukdtaJbat  ddshtan;  murdsala 
k.  or  ddshtan  ;  khatt  u  kitdbat  k. 

Correspondence,  mukdtaba;  khatt  u  kitdbat; 
shumd  bd  it  hlch  murdsalat  ddrld?  iradl  u 
marsull  (k.) ;  al-kiidbat"^  nisf'^  l-muldqdt 
(saying) ;  bd  u  murdvada  ddram  (I  have 
friendly  relations  with  hira,  or  trade  rela- 
tions). 

Correspondent,  vaqd'^i' -nigdr  or  ndma-nigdr 
(to  a  newspaper) ;  mukhbir-i  Rutar  (Ren- 
ter's correspondent). 

Corresponding  to,_  mutdbiq  bi — ;  awai-i 
Farvardm  ki  'Idri  Naw-Ruz  mi-bdshad 
musddif-i  bist  u  yakum-i  Mdrsh  ast  (the 
1st  of  Farvardin  which  is  the  Persian 
New  Year's  Day  corresponds  to  the  21st 
of  March). 

Corroborate,  taqviyat-i  qawl  dddan  (supports 
this  statement) ;  ta'kid  k. ;  tasdiq  k. ; 
ta^yld  k. 

Corroborated,  ta^yid  karda  shuda. 

Corroboration,  ta^yid;  tasdiq. 

Corroborative,  mu^ayyid. 

Corroded,  zang  khurda. 

Corrupt,  fdsid  (of  blood,  etc.) ;  rdsht  (in  Ar. 
the  one  who  gives  bribes)  or  rishvat-khipdr 
(open  to  bribes) ;  gandtda  or  mtUa' a/fin 
(stinking ;  of  flesh  or  of  water) ;  puslda 
(of  fruits ,  woods) ;  khardb  ;  mukharrab  (of 
language) ;  chun  dar-i  khdna-yi  pddishdh 
fdsid  ast —  (when  the  court  is  corrupt — y 

Corruption,  fasdd  (of  blood) ;  rishvat-khwari 
(of  bribery) ;  gandidagl  or  'ufunat  (putri- 
dity) ;  ta'affun  (bad  smell,  etc.)  ;  pusidagi 
(of  fruits,  woods);  takhrlb  (of  language); 
tahrlf  (in  text ;  an  accusation  by  Muslims 
against  Christians  and  Jews  *) . 

Cossack,  QazzJdq. 

Cost,  qlmat ;  m^khdrij  or  ikhrdjdt  or  masdrif, 
pis. 


1  Nakh. — sewing  thread. 

i  Vulg.— supposed  to  be  from  the  cotton  tree. 

3  A  woman's  curse ;  may  I  see  thee  in  the  hands  of  the  body  washers. 

*  Tdhrtf-i  lafzl  and  tdhrlf-i  ma'nat;«. 


Cos 


66 


Cou 


Cost,  to,  kharld-ash  btshtar  ast,  or  hlshtar 
kharid  darad  (m.c.)  (it  cost  me  more) ; 
chi  mdya  guzashiid  (what  did  you  pay  for 
this). 

Costs  (law),  murafa' a-yi  khud  rd  hd  makhdrij 
bur  dam. 

Cosy,  gusha-yi  'dfiyat  (a  cosy  corner;  also  a 
snug  country  cottage). 

Cottage,  kulba ;  kappar  (a  hut) ;  khdna-yi 
kdll-push  ' ;  bungah  (a  Turkoman  hut). 

Cotton,  pamba  (cotton  wool)  ;  ghuza  (pod) ; 
dar  In  vildyat  pamba-yi  ziydd  paydd  mi- 
shavad. 

Cotton-carder,  pamba-zan  or  halldj ;  halldjl 
k.  (to  card  cotton;  also  meta.  'to  jump 
on  a  person '). 

Couch,  "  kawch^^  (Eur.);  nim-kat;  suffa; 
In  nim-takht  rd  bi-utdq-i  digar  (or  bi-dn 
utaq)  bi-bar. 

Cough,  surf  a,  vulg.  sulfa;  siydh-surfa  (whoop- 
ing cough) ;  surfa-yi  khushk  (dry  cough) ; 
surf  a  'driz  shud  (he  had  an  attack  of 
coughing). 

Cough,  to,  surfa  kardan  (vulg.  kandan) ;  akh 
u  tuf  k.  (to  cough  and  spit) ;  tanakhnukh 
or  tanahnuh  k.  (to  hem,  especially  after 
urinating*). 

Council,  ii  yak-i  az  ajzd^-i  (or  a'zd^-i)  majlis-i 
vazdrat  ast ;  ahl-i  shurd. 

Council-house,  mashvarat-khdna.  Vide  As- 
sembly. 

Counsel,  pand;  nasihat,  pi.  nasdHh ;  mash- 
varat  (consultation) ;  rm  bdyad  ki  masla- 
hat-i  nlk  rd  qahul  kunlm;  shura  kardan  bd 
kas-i  (to  take  counsel  with  or  seek  advice 
of). 

Counsellor,  mushir  (state  or  private) ;   ndsih. 

Count,  to,  shumurdan,  rt.  shumdr ;  hisdb  k. ; 
mahsub  k.  (to  include) ;  dunistan,  shimur- 
dan,  pindushtan  (to  deem);  "he  counted 
on  his  fingers  and  then  said,"  bar  angusht- 
hd-yi  khud  hisdb  karda  guft — . 

Counted,  shimurda.     Vide  Calculated. 

Countenance,  rw ;  vajh;  sural  (m.c);  chihra 
(rare);  manzar  (appearance,  in  m.c.  face). 

Counterfeit,  to,  imzd-yash  rd  ja'l  kardand 
(his  signature  was  counterfeited). 

Counterfeit,  ja'll;  sdkhta;  maghshush  (adul- 


terated, etc.,  q.v.) ;  sikka-yi  qalb  (countei- 
feit  coin) ;  in  sikka-yi  qalb  ast  or  qalldbi 
ast.     Vide  Tinsel. 

Counterfeiter,  qalldb  (of  coin;  also  a  cheat). 

Countermand,  to,  TUiskh-i  hukm  k. ;  man'  k. 
(of  order  for  goods). 

Counterpane,  lihdf  (quilt). 

Country,  vatan ;  zdd  u  bum  (native  country) ; 
m,ulk ;  mamlakat ;  vildyat  (kingdom) ; 
zamin  (ground)  ;  sahrd  (as  opposed  to 
town) ;  dihdt  and  atrdf  (the  country 
suburbs) ;  bildd  (the  town  and  its  country 
suburbs). 

Countryman,  ham-vatan  (rare) ;  ham-shahri 
(prop,  fellow- citizen,  but  used  for  fellow- 
countryman) ;  ham-vildyati ;  dihatl,  and 
rustd^i  (rustic) ;  saldm-i  rustdydn  bl-yharaz 
nist  (common  proverb). 

Country  seat,  ydyldq  T.  (any  cool  country 
seat,  specially  in  the  hills) ;  bdg[h  (used  of 
a  house  and  garden  away  from  the  town). 

Couple,  yak  juft^  tigh-i  dalldki  bardy-i  man 
bi-girid  (buy  me  a  couple  of  razors) ;  yak 
zawj  (or  juft)  kafsh  kharldam. 

Couple,  to,  juft  shudan  (intr. ,  to  pair) ;  dar 
kdliska  du  asp  juft  kard  (or  bast). 

Couplet,  bayt. 

Courage,  dillri ;  shajd'  at ;  himmat ;  rashddat  ; 
shumd  dilir-tar  az  man-id  (or  bd  jur^at-tar, 
or  bihtar  az  man  marddnagi  dnrid;  dil 
bi-ydr  or  dil  pay  da  kun  (take  courage !) ; 
dil  qavi  dar  (keep  up  your  courage ;  don't 
be  disheartened).     Vide  Bravery. 

Courageous,  shujd' ;  dilir ;  pur-dil ;  in  mar- 
daka  bi-zan-bahEdur  ast  (vulg.). 

Courier,  qdsid  (on  foot) ;  payk  (with  letter) ; 
chdpdrl  (official  or  private  mounted) ; 
(j/huldm-chdpdr  (house-to-house  postman). 

Course,  majrd,  pi.  majdri  (of  river) ;  may- 
dEn-i  asp-davdni,  or  in  m.c.  mayddn-i  shart 
(horse — ) ;  dar  '  arz-i  safar  (in  the  course 
of  the  journey) ;  dar  bayn-i  guft-u-gu  (in 
the  course  of  conversation) ;  dar  zarf-i  du 
sdl  (in  the  course  of  two  years) ;  bihiarln 
tariqa  In  ast  ki — (the  best  course  for  you  is 
— ) ;  drl,  chird  (m.c),  bi-shakk  (of  course). 

Courses.     Vide  Menstruation. 

Court,  dar-i  khdna-yi  shdhi  ;  darbar ;  khadam 


1  Corrup.  of  kahl^push. 


v_»!  <^»j 


—  »v^.    twv*j  t5^^  *^i>'J«3i  tow*'''  V?  ij*^^  tf  *-***"'  J  •^^■ifi  «»J^'J= 
3  No  izafat  after  fuft.     Juft  is  only  applied  to  things  of  which  two  go  to  a  pair;  yak  qaychl  is  a  pair 


of  scissors. 


Cou 


67 


Cra 


u  hashani-i  slmh ,  or  multazimin  rikdb  (atten- 
dants on  a  prince) ;  sahn-i  khana  or  hiyat 
( — yard) ;  saff-i  saldm  bar  pa  k.  (to  hold  a 
court ;  of  Shah) ;  farda  hi-saMm  mi-nishi- 
7iad  (the  Shall  will  hold  a  court  to- 
morrow) ;  murdfa'a  dar  divdriri  u  ml- 
guzarad  (the  case  will  be  tried  in  his 
court) ;  majlis-i  nizdmiyya  (court-martial) ; 
majlis-i  'adliyya  (a  kind  of  High  Court  in 
Tehran:  civil,  criminal  and  appellate); 
istinifiq  (court  of  enquiry  on  criminal 
matters,  the  members  being  selected  by 
the  Governor) ;  ijlm  (a  civil  committee) ; 
darhar-i  u  marja'-i  udabd^  u  fuzald*^  bud  (liis 
court  was  the  resort  of  men  of  learning). 

Courteous,  mutavdzi'  ;  khaliq  (polite) ;  mu- 
^addab  (well-behaved ;  of  youngsters  before 
elders). 

Courtesan,  qaliba;  jdhisha;  jinda;  lavand 
(vulg.). 

Courtesy,  muldtafat  (kindness) ;  muddrdt 
(tact) ;  tavdzu'  and  ta'druf  (outward  polite- 
ness) . 

Courtier,  muqarrab-i  dawlat;  az  ahl-i  dar-i 
khdna;  bdr-ydfta. 

Cousin,  pisar  'ammu  '  (son  ot  paternal  uncle), 
pisar  'amma  (son  of  maternal  aunt) ;  pisar 
kkdlu  (son  of  maternal  uncle) ;  pisar  khdld 
(son  of  maternal  aunt);  dukhtar  'ammu, 
etc. ,  etc. ;  pisar-dayt  (m.c. ,  son  of  maternal 
uncle) . 

Covenant,  mu'dhada  {k.) ;  'ahd  u  paymdn 
(bastan) . 

Covenanter,  mu'dhid. 

Cover,  subs.,  pushish  (gen.) ;  sar-push  (metal, 
or  a  mat) ;  jild  (of  book). 

Cover,  to,  pushtdan;  sar-push  guzdrdan; 
nihuflan  (to  hide) ;  jild  k.  (of  book)  ;  "I 
will  send  my  mare  to  you  to  be  covered," 
mJddiydn-am  rd  pish-i  shumJd  mi-firistam  ki 
nariydn-at  rd  ruy-ash  bi-kashid;  m  mJddi- 
ydn  (or  nariydn)  rd  hich  vaqt  kashida-id 
(have  you  ever  used  this  mare  (or  stallion) 
for  breeding  ?) ;  nar  rd  bar  mddiydn  an- 
dakhtan. 

Coverlet,  lihaf  (warm  quilt) ;  ru-push  (gen. 
term) . 


Coverts.     Vide  Feather. 
Covet,  tania'  kardan  or  varzidan. 
Covetous,  tamrrbd' ;  pur-tama' . 
Covetousness,  lawM'  ;  tama'-kdri. 
Covey,    khayl    (of   birds   or   animals);    par- 
tridges fly  in  covie«i,"  kabk-hd  galla  galla 
mi-pararid} 
Cow,  mdda-gdv  or  gdv-i  mJada. 
Coward,    buz-dil;    nd-mard;     tarsU    (vulg.); 

kam-zahra;  pizi-shul  (lit.  of  loose  behind) ; 

kam-dil ;  zirmidl  (lit.  inhabitant  of  Zurmat 
between  Kabul  and  Herat).  Vide  Cowed. 
Cowed,  btkh-i  dum-ash  stist  ast  (he  carries  his 
tail  down,  he  cannot  get  it  up;  also  cow- 
ardly). 
Cowardice,  nd-mardA,;  bi-dili ;  buz-diU;  jvbn, 

Ar. 
Co-wife,  habu  (m.c.) ;  hu,  vulg. 
Crab,  kharchang ;   kilinjdr ;   karanjdl,    etc.  ; 

saraidn  ;  ^  bi-kalanjdr  guftand  chird  kaj  kaj 

mi-ravi?    Guft  javdn-V st  va  cham  u  jcham 

(The  crab  was  asked  why  it  always  walked 

crooked.     It  replied  it  is  the  activity  and 

pride  of  youth). 
Crab-louse.     Vide  Louse. 
Crack,  in  qadah  mu  bar  ddshta  ast  or  ddrad  ;  * 

in  finjdn  tarak  ddrad  =  a  big  crack ;   mu 

=  a  crack  like  a  hair). 
Cracked,  dahang.     Vide  Mad. 
Cracking,  sharaq  sharaq  (of  wHip ;  also  blows 

of  a  stick). 
Crackle,  to,  gur  gur  k.  (successive  noise  of 

rifles,  big  guns,  thunder) ;   chirk  chirk  k. 

(of  cooking,  of  fire). 
Crackling,  sharaq  sharaq  (the  sound  of  blows 

with  a  stick) ;  sharp  sharp  (sound  of  blows 

with  a  switch  or  cane). 
Cradle,    gahvdra ;    gdchu    (local) ;    nanu    or 

n^ni^  (hammock). 
Craft,    Craftiness,    rubdh-bdzi ;    kayd;    hila 

(deceit) ;  sind'at;  hirfat  (profession) ;  dast-i 

Jiunar  ddrad  (he  has  skill). 
Cram,  tapdmdan  or  chapdnidan  (to  cram,  to 

stuff;  ram  home  a  charge). 
Crane,  kvlang ;    durnd  (for  turnd,    T.,    the 

bird) ;  manjamq  ^  (the  engine  ;  scaffolding)  ; 

"  there  were  various  cranes  from  America 


1  Marriages  between  cousins  are  the  rule,  and  the  Persian  saying  with  regard  to  a  marriage  between 
cousins  is — 'aqd-i  ahan  pa-yi  kurai-yi  Khuda  basta  ast.  The  tie  of  blood  is  stronger  than  that  of  matri- 
mony; hence  a  Persian  will  address  his  wife  as  "  cousin  "  (dukhtar  'ammu,  etc.)  preferring  it  to  any 
other  address. 

2  Note  plural  verb  to  give  idea  of  number. 

3  SaratfLn,  Ar.     Also  the  Zod.  sign  Cancer,  and  the  disease. 
♦  A  similar  idiom  exists  in  Urdu. 

6  Slung  like  a  swing  or  suspended  with  a  rope  fastened  to  opposite  walls. 

•>  The  engine  by  which  Abraham  was  cast  into  the  fire  by  Nimrod  is  called  manjanlq. 


Cra 


68 


Cri 


much  larger  than  the  common  crane  of 
Persia,"  aqsam-i  durna-ha-yi  Yangi  Dunya 
bud  khayli  durushi-ar  az  durnd-lm-yi  muta- 
'arif-i  Iran  (Shah's  Diary). 

Crawl,  "  children  always  crawl,"  bachcha-hd 
kun  Jchizu  '  ml-kunand  (vulg.) ;  khazldan 
(to  creep) ;  bar  shikam  rajtan  (of  snakes)  ; 
bi-chahdr  dast  u  pa  rajtan  (on  all  fours)  ; 
gdv-ku  (vulg.  ;  to  go  on  all  fours  like  a 
cow) . 

Craze,  shur-i-qdlln  ddrad  (lie  has  a  craze  for 
carpets) ;  pay-ash  divdna  ast  (he  has  a 
craze  for — ) ;  junun-i  taydtur  rajtan  hama 
rd  girijta  ast  (every  one  has  now  a  craze 
for  going  to  theatres) . 

Crazy,  khushk  maghz :  dirmigh-ash  khabt 
shuda ;  anj-ash  khardb  ast.  Vide  Cracked 
and  Mad. 

Cream,  sar-sMr ;  IrdniTid  kara  az  mast  mi- 
girand  na  az  qaymdq;  'umda  or  zvbda 
(best  part  of). 

Crease,  chin;  kurch  (vulg.);  [Id  or  td  fold]. 
Vide  Crooked  and  Note. 

Crease,  to,  chin  chin  k. ;  chin  dddan. 

Create,  to,  djaridan ;  khalq  k.  (of  God) ; 
ikhtird'  k. ,  or  ijdd  k.  (to  invent) . 

Created,  khalq  shuda  or  makhluq  (created) . 

Created  beings,  Creatures,  makhluqdt  (crea- 
tures with  life)  \  kdHndt  (all  created  things, 
with  or  without  life).      Vide  Creatures. 

Creation,  khilqat ;  insdn  ashraj-i  makhluqdt 
ast  (man  is  the  Lord  of  creation) . 

Creator,  dfaridagdr ;  jahdn-djarln  (creator 
of  the  world) ;  Khudd  khdliq-i  tamidm-i 
ka%rMt  ast. 

Creatures,  khald%q,  pi. ,  or  bandagdn-i  Khudd ; 
vujud-i  bi-jud  ast  (he  is  a  worthless  use- 
less creature).     Vide  Created  beings. 

Credit,'^  warn;  'Izzat  (reputation);  i'tibdr 
(confidence,  trust);  az  daraja-yi  i'tibdr 
ujtada;  talab  (sum  due);  nasi^a  (money); 
man  bi-shumd  td  si  rmh  nasVa  mi-diham ; 
nisj-ash  naqd  ml-diham,  nisj-ash  nus^a; 
"is  my  account  in  credit  or  in  debt?" 
hisdb-am  jdzil  ast  yd  bdqi?  bi-va'da-yi  si 
mah  mi-kharam ;  si-mdha  pul-i  shumd  rd 
mi-parddzam  (I  will  pay  you  after  three 
months) ;    az  in  kdr  khayli  i'tibdr  bi-ham 


rasdnda  ast  (he  has  obtained  great  credit 

on  this  account). 
Creditor,    kdr-u-bdr-ash   bar-ham   khurda  ast, 

bi-jihat-i  in  talab-kdrdn-i  khud  rd  khtvdsta 

ast.     Vide  Debtor. 
Credulous,    zud-bdvar-kun ;    sahl"    H-i'tiqdd. 

Vide  Simple. 
Creed,  'agtrfa  (a  belief) ;  d^n  (relig.) ;  mazhab 

(of   sect) ;    Isldm ;    irmn    (Muslim    Faith ; 

also  in   m.c.  honesty) ;    kalima   rd  talqin 

kardam:    bi-sidq-i    dil    khivdnd  va   tawba 

istighjdr    karda     Musalmdn     shud — Prof. 

S.  T.  (I  taught  her  the  Mushm  creed  :  she 

repeated  it  with  sincerity,  repented,  and 

asked  forgiveness  for  her  sins,  and  became 

a  Muslim). 
Creep,  to,  bi-bin  chi  tawr  an  kilpak-ha  bi-divdr 

bdld  mi-ravand.     Vide  Crawl. 
Creeper,  in  nihdl  pichu-'st  (this  seedling  is  a 

creeper) . 
Crescent,  hilM ;  mdh-i  naw  ;  hildli  (adj.). 
Cress,  Cresses,  tar  tizak.^ 
Crest,  tdj  or  shEna  (as  of  hoopoe,  cockatoo, 

etc.)  ;    kxikul   (as  of  lark,   bulbul,    etc.). 

Vide  Hair. 
Crested,  tdj-dar ;  kdkul-ddr. 
Crete,  Kirit. 

Crevice,  shaqq  (a  small  crack) ;  surdkh  (hole) . 
Crew,  '  amalajdt*-i  kishti. 
Cricket,  Jchazuk  (house  cricket ;  "  little  creep- 
er ") ;    angusht-burak    or    guksum    (mole 

cricket  ^). 
Crier,  munddA ;  jdrchi  (aproclaimer,  a  public 

crier) :  vide   Proclaim  and  Proclamation ; 

mu^azzin  (of  mosque,  to  prayers). 
Crime,  gundh  (sin)  ;  chi  taqsir  karda  ast?  or 

chi   taqsir  az  u   sar  zada  ast?  (m.c);   I 

won't  enter  on  such  a  crime,  man  ddkhil-i 

chunin  jurm  nami-shavam . 
Criminal,  gundh-kdr ;  muqassir  (man) ;  murd- 

ja'ajdt-i  jindyatl  (criminal  suits). 
Crimson,  qirmiz  ;  surkh. 
Cripple,  lang  (lame  in  leg) ;  shal  (useless ;  of 

hand  or  leg) ;  chuldq  (of  hand) ;  u  chuldq-i 

mddar-zddri  'st. 
Crisis,   buhrdn    (of    disease) ;    hdlat-i    ndzuk 

(critical  moment) ;  kdr-i  jang  bi-jd-yi  rmzuk 

kashid ;  hdlat-ash  khayli  rmzuk  ast  (of  a 


1  To  travel  on  the  b — t — m. 

2  Credit  is  rarely  given  on  the  first  of  the  week  or  of  the  month,  especially  if  the  buyer  be  the  first 
in  the  day. 

s  Grown  (as  an  ornament)  for  the  Naw-RCz,  on  flannel  or  on  a  porous  earthen  vessel. 

*  The  Ar.  pi.  of  'amil  in  'amalah,  but  in  Persia  this  is  used  as  a  singular. 

6  The  ghu'an  of  the  Panjab;  an  excellent  live  bait  for  catching  insect-eating  birds. 


Cri 


69 


Cro 


sick  man) ;  f}ald  bdzl  dar  burd  u  bakht  oat 
(the  crisis  of  a  game). 

Crisp,  turd  (brittle) ;  pur-shikan  or  shikanj- 
dcir  (crisp  wavy  hair).      Vide  Brittle. 

Critic,  daqlqa-shinds ;  muhaqqiq;  bank-bin; 
nuktordan  (in  good  sense) ;  nukta-cliin ; 
nukta-gir  (in  bad  sense). 

Criticise,  to,  rnatlab  ra  mu-shigafl  nii-kunad 
(gen.  in  a  good  sense) ;  kalam-am  ra  mu- 
shigdfi  kard  (gen.  in  bad  sense) ;  u  inshd-yi 
mard  nukta  mi-girad  (in  a  bad  sense;  to 
'pick  holes  in');  isldh  k.  (to  correct); 
dar  harf-i,  man  Irdd  mt-glrad  (he  criticizes 
what  I  have  said;  gen.  in  a  good,  i.e., 
scholarly  sense). 

Criticism,  m*//  (of  any  literary  work) ;  taqriz 
■  {k.)  (review,  q.v.). 

Croak,  to,  Croaking,  qur  qur  k.  (of  frog) ; 
<z4ar  §iiar  k.  (of  raven);  qarqdr  {k.)  (of 
raven). 

Crochet  work,  qulldb-duzi  (also  silk  work  on 
cloth,  done  with  a  crochet  needle;  also 
darning  socks,  etc.).  [Q-V- 

Crocodile,  timsdh.  Ar. ;  nahang,  prop. '  shark ' 

Crook,  kajak  (shepherd's;  also  elephant 
goad). 

Crook,  to,  kham  kardan. 

Crooked,  khamlda  (bent ;  of  men,  trees) ;  mu- 
•avvaj  (of  streets,  streams) ;  kaj  (of  things) ; 
kaj  u  kuj  (zig-zag) ;  in  satr  kaj  ast  (or  in 
kkatt,  m.c.) ;  "  sir,  the  carpet  is  not  crook- 
ed ;  the  ends  are  parallel ' '  qdli  sar-kaj ' 
na-ddrad,  dqd ;  ' '  certainly  it  is ;  also  it 
rumples  and  won't  lie  flat,"  chird  kis  ham 
ddrad  va  bi-hich  tawr  sdf  nami-shavad. 

Crookedness,  khamidagi ;  kaji. 

Crop,  hdsil ;  kisht  (sown  but  not  sprung 
up):  hawsala  and  china-ddn  (of  birds); 
sang-ddn  (gizzard) ;  khazina  (stomach  of 
birds);  zird'at-i  daymt  (crops  dependent 
on  rainfall) ;  ' '  the  crops  are  ripe ' '  gjkalla 
rasida  ast ;  but  khusha  basta  ast  (ears  have 
formed,  near  ripening) ;  ghalla-hd  rasida 
and} 

Cross,  salib  or  khdj  (Christian) ;  chalipa  (the 
sign  of  '  multiplied  by '  or  '  plus '  :  x  or 
+  ;  also  adj.);  khatt-i  chalipa  (crossed, 
i.e.,  of  writing  in  margin  written  at  an 


angle ;  also  shikasla  writing) :  '  at  last  we 
arrived  at  the  cross-roads ' '  dkhir  bi-sar-i 
chahdr-rdh  rasi<Rm.     Vide  Cross-way. 

Crossed,  az  rud-khdna  '  vbur  kard  or  guzaaht ; 
"  is  it  your  habit  to  sit  with  your  legs 
crossed  (English  fashion)  ? ' '  dyd  pa  ru-yi 
pa  (or  pa  ru-yi  ham)  anddkhta  ^  nishastan 
"ddat-i  shumd  'st? 

Cross-bred,  du-raga  (of  animals) ;  du-naala 
(of  men). 

Cross-examination,  jarh  (lit.  discrediting  a 
witness) ;  istintdq  k.  Vide  Examination 
and  Witness. 

Crossing,  muriir  {k.) ;  'ubur  {k.) ;  ubur-gdh ; 
mamarr  (place  of). 

Cross-legged.     Vide  Crossed. 

Cross- way,  chahdr-rdh;  chdr-su  (where  four 
I'oads  meet). 

Crouch,  to,  dost  u  pa  jam'  kardan  (of  cat, 
lion) ;  khwdbidan  (to  crouch  down,  to 
hide). 

Croup,  khurusak  or  bdd-i  khurusak  (so  named 
from  the  sound). 

Crow,  kaldgh;  kaldgh-i  ablaq  or  kaldgh-i 
plsa  (the  Royston  crow,  the  common 
crow  of  Persia ;  this  name  may  be  applied 
to  the  English  magpie,  in  some  districts) 
vide  Raven,  Magpie,  Chough,  Jackdaw 
bdng-i  khurus  (cock-crow) ;  u  bar  vaqt-i 
hhurus-khwdn  bar  mi-khizad. 

Crow,  to,  bang  zadan;  td  kdr  tarrmm  nist  bi- 
khud  ma-ndz  (don't  crow  till  you  are  out 
of  the  wood). 

Crow-bar,  ahrum  (any  lever  of  wood  or 
iron) ;  ahrum-i  dhani. 

Crowd,  izdihdm;  fawj  fawj  mardum  dmadand 
(the  people  came  in  crowds) ;  dnjd  dshub-i 
khalq  bud  (of  crowd  and  noise) ;  jam'iyyat-i 
ambuh  (a  dense  crowd). 

Crowd,  to,  jam'  shudan;  mardumdn  dnjd 
hujum  dvardand;  ma'raka  k.  (to  collect, 
a  crowd ;  as  when  a  dervish  recites  a 
story) ;  "  they  crowded  round  me,"  dawr- 
am  rd  giriftand;  "  there  was  a  densely 
packed  crowd,"  chundn  janjdl*  bud  ki 
jd-yi  suzan  anddkhtan  na-bud,  or  agar 
suzan-i  mi-anddkhiand  bi-zamin  nami- 
rasid. 


•  Sar-kaj  means  that  the  two  ends  are  not  parallel  —that  corners  are  not  true  right  angles ;  kls  is  a 
fold  (owing  to  defective  weaving)  so  that  the  carpet  won't  lie  flat. 

•i  Plural  substantive  to  signify  different  kinds  of  grain ;  plural  verb  to  a  neuter  noun,  to  give  the 
idea  of  plurality. 

*  Or  gardanda. 

♦  Or  janjal-i. 


Cro 


70 


Cul 


Crowded,  fur ;  dar  majlis  janjdl-i  mardum 
bud. 

Crown,  tdj ;  afsar ;  farq,  or  majraq  (of  the 
head). 

Crown,  to,  tdj  guzdshtan ;  quz  bdld-yi  quz  (to 
crown  all,  the  last  straw;  vide  Hump). 

Crowned,  tdj-push;  tdj-guzdr. 

Crowning,  tdj-guzdri  [k.). 

Crown-lands,  zamin-i  khdlisa ;  or  hhdlisajdt. 

Crucible,  huta. 

Crucified,  maslub. 

Crucifixion,  saEb  kardan. 

Crude,  khdm. 

Crudeness,  khdmi. 

Cruel,  khdrij  az  muruvvat  va  insdf  (of  person 
or  his  acts):  zdlim:  jafdkdr ;  bi-muruvvat 
(of  person) ;  '  ajah !  magar  dil-at  az  sang 
ast?     Oh  cruel  one  ' ! 

Cruelty,  faqat  dar  bi-rahmi  va  sang- dill  khiLsh 
mt-shudand  (they  delighted  in  cruelty). 

Crumb,  maghz-i  nan  (crumb  as  opposed  to 
past  or  crust) ;  parinda-hd  riza-hd-yi  nan 
rd  bar  mi-chmand;  khurda-hd-yi  ndn 
(crumbs  or  small  pieces). 

Crumple,  to,  chin  chin  k. ;  chin  dddan  (also 
to  wrinkle,  q.v.). 

Crumpled,  chln-khurda ;  kls  shuda  (of  cloth 
or  carpet  only). 
.  Crupper,  qushqun ;    pdr-dum  (of  riding  don- 
key). 

Crush,  to,  kuftan  (crush,  pound,  knock) ; 
jaw-kub  =  par-kut  k.  (m.c.)  (to  pound  coarse- 
ly so  that  the  pieces  are  about  the  size 
of  barley  corns) ;  khurd  k.  (prop,  of  hard 
things) ;  lih  k.  (of  soft  things) ;  jaw-kub  k. 
(med.,  to  pound  coarsely). 

Crushed,  u  zlr-i  charkha-yi  kdliska  raft  khurd 
shud  or  lih''-  shud  (he  was  crushed  under 
the  carriage  wheels). 

Crust,  pusi  (outside  of  bread). 

Cry,  jlr  or  jdr  (z.)  (vulg.) ;  na'ra  (z.) ;  farydd 
(k.) ;  'ami  (k.)  (of  a  newly-born  infant); 
kilkil  (k.)  (of  joy;  of  women  at  marriages) ; 
halhala^  (z.)  (women's  cries  of  exultation; 
also  shouting  in  a  charge) :  ' '  she  gave  me 
one  shrill  cry  and  then  fell  dead,"  td  zan 
yak  jlq  zad,  uftdd  u  murd;  "  what  has 
made  you  cry  out  like   this  ?    what  has 


happened  ?  "  chi  bdk-at  ast  ?  (or  cM  shuda 
ast?  or  chit*  shud?)  chird  In  tawr  farydd 
ml-zanl? 

Cry,  to,  jdr  kashldan ;  munddl  k.  (to  pro- 
claim) ;  rah  zadan  (to  cry  off ;  also  to  mis- 
lead a  man) ;  giristan ;  girya  k. ;  girya  u 
zdrl  k.  (to  weep). 

Crystal,  bulur  (also  applied  to  good  English 
glass);  bulu rln  {'dd].). 

Cube,  ka'b. 

Cubebs,  kabdba-yi  chlni. 

Cubed,  muka"ab  (-^*^-<:). 

Cubit,  dast;  dardzl-yi  (or  tul-i)  In  chub  qarib-i 
chahdr  araj  ast  [araj  lit.  elbow]. 

Cuckold,  qurumsdq  (wittingly  or  unwitting- 
ly) ;  dayyus  (one  who  is  pimp  to  his  own 
wife) ;  zan-kussa  (but  zan-i  kussu  a  wo- 
man who  goes  to  any  man). 

Cucumber,  khiydr  (gen.  term);  bdlang  and 
khiydr-i  charnbar  (long) ;  and  khiydr-i  dbl 
(small)  (these  are  names  of  varieties). 

Cud,  to  chew,  mushkhwdr^  kardan:  tchadd- 
vlsh  k.  (vulg.). 

Cue,  ishdra;  ma*  (hint). 

Cuff,  *"  sill  or  tu-gushi  or  tapdncha  (z.)  (a  slap 
or  box  on  the  ears) ;  tu-sarl  [z.)  (slap  on 
the  top  of  the  head) ;  pas-i  gardanl  (2.) 
(on  the  back  of  the  neck). 

Cuirass,  chEr-d^ina  (of  four  pieces ;  for  breast 
only) ;  jawshan  or  zira  (or  zirih)  (coat  of 
maU). 

Cul  de  sac.     Vide  Alley. 

Cull;  chidan  (of  flowers;  to  pick  up  grain); 
intikhdb  k.  (to  select). 

Cullender,  chilo-sdfl;  pdluna. 

Culpable,  mustahiqq-i  (or  ld%q-i)  maldmat ; 
mazmum  (blamed). 

Culprit,  muqassir  (gen.) ;  khatd-kdr  (gen.) ; 
mujrim  (of  crime). 

Cultivate,  to,  kdshtan  (to  sow) ;  kisht-kdrl  k.; 
zird'atk.;  mazru'  k.     Vide  Talent. 

Cultivated,  kdshta  or  kdshta  shuda;  mazru' ; 
dbdd  (populated  and  hence  sometimes  culti- 
vated). 

Cultivation,  zird'at;  dbddl-hd  (populated 
places). 

Cultivator,  kishtdvarz ;  kisht-kdr ;  zdri%  pi. 
zdri'ln;  falldh,  pi.  jalldhln. 


I  Compare  chiimn  girya  kard  ki  dil-i  sang  ab  shud. 

4  Lih  is  applied  to  meat  cooked  to  a  pulp,  in  which  state  it  is  much  liked  bj'  Persians. 

8  Hallelujah. 

*  Vulgar  for  chi-at. 

6  Nushkhifar  is  also  applied  to  uneaten  remnants  of  straw  left  in  a  manger. 

6  Kaff  zadan  =  "  to  clap  the  hands." 


Cum 


71 


Cur 


Cumin  or  Cummin  seed,  kamun  zlra  ' ;  zira 
bi-kirmdn  burdan  (prov.;  =  to  carry  coals 
to  Newcastle). 

Cuneiform,  khutut-i  niikht  (writing  used  be- 
fore Zardusht ;  still  found  in  old  inscrip- 
tions) ;  khait-i  Pahlavi  (simpler  and  later 
than  former). 

Cunning,  kila-var  or  muhtl  u  makkdr  (tricky 
in  bad  sense) ;  ziriruj  and  hushyar  (of 
animals,  children,  etc.);  duzd  (of  old 
hawks  or  hounds). 

Cup,  piyala  (a  soup-cup) ;  kdsa  (larger  than 
piydla) ;  qadah  (larger  than  kdsa);  chdhl'^ 
tu-yi  finjdn  va  nalhakl  mi-khurand ;  istikdn 
(small  tea  cup  or  glass) ;  jdm ;  jdm-i  Jam 
har-chi  dar  dunyd  vdqi'  mi-shud  dar  on 
nunidydn  bud^.     Vide  Bowl,  Glass. 

Cup,  to,  khun  qiriftan;  hajdmat  k.  (on  the 
bick  of  the  neck  or  between  the  shoul- 
ders);  fasd  k.  (to  open  the  vein  in  the 
el  1)0 w).     Vide  To  bleed. 

Cup-bearer,  sdqi ;  aydgirchi  (one  in  charge 
of  cups  and  china;  a  dish-washer  and 
lan.p-cleaner) ;  db-ddr  (the  tea-maker ; 
also  a  servant  in  charge  of  drinks) ;  qahva- 
chl  (makes  coffee  and  prepares  pipes*;. 

Cupboard,  duldh  or  ganjina  (in  a  wall) ; 
taqcJia  (an  open  recess  in  the  wall) ;  mdst- 
ddn  (=a  meat  safe). 

Cupola,  (fumbad  or  gumbaz  (the  big  dome  in 
centre;,  and  qubba  (smaller  domes  that 
match  it;  in  mosques,  tombs  of  saints). 

Cupper,  hajdmat  kun;  hajjdm^. 

Cupping,  hajdmat  {k.)  **.     Vide  To  cup. 

Cupping-glass,  shdkh-i  hajdmut. 

Curable,  'ddj-pazir;  darmdn-pazir ;  qdbil-i 
mu'dlaja;  in  bimdri  chdq  shudanl  ast. 

Curb,  dahami  (bit) ;  sadd  (curb-stone). 

Curb,  to,  khwdhisMt-i  nafsdnl  rd  jilo-giri  k. 
(curb  the  passions) ;  sabr  az  dast  ma-dih 
(curb  your  impatience). 

Curd,  Curds,  mast ;  kashk  (a  kind  of  dried 
curds). 

Curdle,  to,  banian,  intr.  (also  to  congeal, 
q.v.) ;  shtr  bast  va  mast  shud;  sift  shudan. 


Curdling,  bastagt.     Vide  Congeal. 
Cure,  to,  mu'dlaja  k.  (this  also  means  treat- 
ment) ;  chdq  k.  (vulg.) ;  iltiydm  yaftan  (of 
wound  or  sore) ;  bih  shudan ;  bi-dast-i  an 

ta^ib"^  ahifd  ydfta  am  (but  az  an  payffAam 

bar  shifd  ydfta  am,  I  am  cured  by  that 
Prophet's   miracle) ;    bi-namak  or  bi-ab-i 

namak  khwdbdnidan  (to  put  meat  in  salt) ; 

dudl  k.  (to  smoke;  cheese,  meat,  etc.). 
Cured,  mu'dlaja  shuda;  shifd  ydfta;  sihhat 

ydfta;  chaq  shuda  (vulg.). 
Cureless,  la  'ildj  ;  bi-darmdn  ;  in  mara:^  'ilaj- 

paztr  nist;  az   ildj  guzashta. 
Curfew,  Tabl-i  si  rd  zada  and  (about  3  hours 

after  sunset,  as  a  warning^). 
Curiosities,  nafisdt,  better  nafd^is  ;  chtz-hd-yi- 

antika. 
Curiosity,  kunj-kdm  or  kunj  u  kdvi  (prying); 

fuzuli  {.meddling) ;  rdz-ju^  ,  "  he  is  as  full 

of  curiosity  as  a  woman,  misl-i  zandn  kunj- 
kdm  mi-hinad. 
Curious,  mz-?M  ;  kunj'kdv{\nq\x\s\i\ve);  fazul 

(meddling);  gtarib ;  'a jib  {rare;  strange); 

"  this  is  a  curious  shell,"  in  'ajab  saduf-i 

^st;  [gush-i  mdhi,  small  shell,  q.v.]. 
Curl,  zulf  (long  black  curls ;    gen.  of  men) ; 

gisu  (long  black  hair ;  now  gen.  of  women)  ; 

pich  u   tab   (of  rope,    etc.      Vide  Twist, 

CoU). 
Curl,  to,  tab  dddan ;  pich  dddan  (of  hair) ; 

pichidan,  intr. 
Curly,  chin  chin  ;  shikan  shikan ;  pur-shikan 

(wavy);   [pich  pich ,  cnrVy  or   matted;  but 

zulf-ash  pich  u  kham  ddrad] ;  kham  ddrad 

or  pich  ddrad  (of  hair). 
Currants,  sagak-angur. 
Currency,  puUi  rd%j  or  puUi  ravdj  (current 

coin). 
Current,  adj.,  jdri ;  raHj ;  in  pul  az  ravdj 

uftdda  ast  (of  coin) ;  in  masal  mutaddvil 

ast ;  in  lafz  mudta'mal  nist,  matruk  ast. 
Current  (stream) ,  jaraydn  or  sayl  (flowing  of 

water) . 
Currier,  dahbdgh- 
Curry,  sdlun. 


t  Zira-yi  sabz  is  the  variety  used  in  Indian  curries. 
2  For  chay. 

8  Jam-i  Jam,  the  cup  or  mirror  of  Jamshid,  Solomon,  or  Alexander:  it  represented  the  universe, 
and  hence  is  frequently  styled  jam-i  jahan-  (or  glti-)  numa. 

*  Servants  who  hand  round  dishes  are  plsh-khidmat. 

*  Not  "  barber,"  as  in  India 

s  Not  shaving,  etc.,  a&  in  India. 
"^  Piziahh,  old  Persian,  is  used  by  Armenians. 

8  At  tfibl-i  chahar  (four  hours  after  sunset)  no    one  can— theoretically— leave  his  house.     The 
countersign  is  called  iam-i  ahab. 


Cur 


72 


Dag 


Curry,  to,  dahhdgB  k.  (leather). 

Curry-comb,  qashaw  {k.). 

Currying,  dahbaghl  {k.)  (leather);  iiniar  (k.) 
(horse) . 

Curse,  la'n  {k.  or  firistadan) ;  la'nai  {k.) ; 
nafrin  {k.)  (by  God  sp.,  but  also  to  abuse) ; 
du'd-yi  bad  {k.)  (of  man  only). 

Curse,  la'nat  k.^  (by  God,  also  =  to  abuse, 
revile) ;  nafrin  kJ  (of  God  or  man) ;  du'd-yi 
bad  (or  bad  du'd)  k.  (by  man) ;  go  to  any 
d — d  place  you  like,  ziidl  bi-har  jaJian- 
nam-i  ki  mi-khivdhl  bi-raw ;  rni-iarsidam 
ki  shdyad  du'd-yi  bad  bi-kunand  ki — (Prot. 
S.  T.).     Vide  Tongue  and  Revile. 

Cursed,  maVun  and  la' in  (p.p.)  ;  sag-pidar ; 
pidar-sukhta  (abuse). 

Cursory,  sarsari;  nigdh-i  sarsarl. 

Curt,  durusht ;  sakht  (uncourteous) ;  javab-i 
khtLsh  u  khdll  (short  and  flat  refusal). 

Curtail,  to,  kutdh  k. ;  mukhiasar  k.  (of 
words) ;  kam  k.  or  qaP  k.  (of  expenses). 

Curtailing,  ikhtisdr;  qaP . 

Curtain,  pasha-ddn  (mosquito) ;  parda  (for 
door- way) ;  parda  bald  raft  (of  theatre). 

Curve,  qaws ;  khatt-i  qawsl  (curved  line). 

Curved,  hildll  or  muqavvas ;  hildU. 

Cushion,  pushtl  (for  back) :  muttakd  (large 
bolster;  often  of  green  velvet);  bdlish  (a 
pillow;  often  a  small  one  placed  on  the 
muilakd  to  preserve  it).     Vide  Pin-cushion. 

Custard-apple,  sharifa  (Indian). 

Custodian,  mutavalli  ( — of  a  shrine)  and 
mutavalli-bdshi  (chief  custodian) ;  nigdh- 
bdn. 

Custody,  kifdzat;  havdla;  sipurd;  7iigdh-darl 
(charge) ;  giriftdrl  (of  prisoner) ;  qayd 
(imprisonment). 

Custom,  rasm  (pi.  rusum;  and  double  pi. 
rusurmt) ;  rah  u  rasm;  raviya;  qd'ida; 
shiva;  tarlq;  'ddat,  pi.  'ddnt  (habit);  In 
rasm  ravdj  ydfta  ast;  hasb^'r-rasm  (ac- 
cording to  custom) ;  m  rasm  chi  tawr 
pay  da  (or  bar  pa)  shuda?  dastur  guzdshtan 
(to  originate) ;  az  miydn  bar-ddshtan  or 
mawquf  k.  (to  abolish). 

Cnsiomaxy,  mutaddvil ;  rasml"^ ;  shuyu' ddrad. 

Customer,  mushtarl^  (also  purchaser,  q.v.) ; 
ahl-i  ruju'  (distant  clients ;  in  trade  only) . 

Custom-house,  gumruk-khdna. 


Customs,  gumruk ;  gumruk-chi  (customs 
official) ;  yak-zabdn  shuda  bind  kardand  bi- 
bad-guS-yi  shdh-bandar — Prof.  S.  T.  (with 
one  accord  they  began  to  abuse  the  Port 
Comm.issioner ) . 

Cut,  burish  (of  dress,  beard) ;  frdnsam  burish 
(of  French  cut);  zarb  (blow,  of  sword, 
etc.). 

Cut,  to,  buridan ;  qaV  k. ;  qaynchl  k.  (with 
scissors);  tardshidan  (of  a  jewel  or  a  pen); 
du  mm  k.  (cut  in  two) ;  hich  mahall-am  I 
na-guzdsht  (he  cut  me,  he  paid  no  atten-  / 
tion  to  me);  "you  have  so  cut  this  per^ 
that  one  cannot  write  with  it,"  qalam  rS 
In  tawr  qaV  kardid  ki  bd  dn  na.nn4avd/i 
navisht;  '  his  father  has  cut  him  off  wiih 
a  shilling,"  pidar-ash  urd  'dqq  karda  ^st 
(disowned  him);  "he  severed  his  haiids 
with  one  cut,"  shamshir-i  zad  ki  har  du 
dast-ash  qalam  shud.     Vide  Ignorance 

Cutler,  sayqal-gar ;  shamshir-sdz ;  chdqu-sdz, 
etc.). 

Cutlery,  shamshir-gari  {k.);  chdqu-sdz^  (k.) 
(makhig  knives,  etc.). 

Cut-purse,  Idsa-bur ;  jib-bur. 

Cutter,  jahdz-i  yak  dagali  (ship) ;  hakkflk  (of 
jewels). 

Cutting,  (of  plants),  qalam  (k.). 

Cycle,  dawr  (ddrad). 

Cylinder,  lula  (roll). 

Cymbals,  sinj  or  sanj  (of  metal)  J  chakh- 
chakhl  (of  wood).  / 

Cynosure,  qibla-yi  nigdh-i  hama  shutjam. 

Cypher,  if  you  add  a  naught  tt>  one  it 
makes  ten,  agar  yak  sifr  bi-yak  zhdd  kunid 
dah  mi-shavad,  or  'adad-i  yak  ad  sifr  dah 
ml-shavad;  khatt-i  ramz;  ramt  (cypher, 
code,  q.v.). 

Cypress,  sarv ;  jawz-i  sarv  (cone  of);  sarv-i 
dzdd;  sarv-i  kuhi  (species). 

Cyprus,  Qahris  or  Qubrus. 

Cyrus,  Kisrq;  Kurush  (in  Bible). 

Czar,  Impardtur-i  Bus. 

Czarina,  Impardtris-i  Rus. 

D 

Dagger,  qama  (large  straight  knife) ;  dishna 
(a  large  pointed  knife  with  single  edge) ; 


1  La^nat    fc.,  stronger  than  nafrin  k.;    la'nat  bar  u;  Wnat-i  Khuda  bar  u:  nafrin  =  du'a-yi  bad. 
Nafrin  from  na-afrin, 

2  iJasAi »,  m.c,  often  means   '-common"  as  gurba-yi  rasml,    "the   common  cat."     It  also  means 
"  official  "  (of  acts  or  of  dress). 

S  In  India  only  "  buyer  ' '  but  in  Persia  also  a  customer  at  a  bath,  coffee  shop,  barber's  shop,  etc., 
etc. 


Dah 


73 


Daw 


du  qab:}a  khanjar  daram  (1  have  two  CHrved 
daggers). 

Dahlia,  (jul-i  kawkab. 

Daily,  ruzarut  (adj.) ;  rSz-i,  or  Jiar  ruz-x  (adv.)  ; 
yavmiiyya  (daily  allowance) ;  ndn-i  ruzdna, 
or  rizq  (daily  bread  from  God). 

Dale,  julga ;  vddi  (a  valley  or  water-course, 
dry  or  otherwise) ;  darra  (a  pass).  Vide 
Valley. 

Dcim,  sadd.     Vide  Embankment. 

Dam,  to,  sadd  k. ;  masdud  sakhtan. 

Damage,  ziydn ;  zarar ;  nuqsdn  ;  dya  hi-hdr-i 
jahdz  ayh  rasida? 

Damaged,  ayh  karda ;  ma'yuh;  dh-khurda 
\  b}'  water  ;  in  a  ship) . 

Damaghan,  Ddmag^n. 

Damascus,  Dimashq  or  Dimishq. 

Damietta,  Dimydt. 

Damn,  haclicha  zlr-l  khdk  bi-ravad/  magar 
dram  mx-girad?  (damn  that  child;  she 
won't  stay  still  ifor  a  second);  gur-i  pi- 
dar-i  patlun  (damn  the  cost  of  the  trou- 
sers) ;  ' '  damn  his  coming  ;  I  dislike  the 
fellow,"  bi-Jahannam  (or  bi-Darak)  ki 
mardaka  bi-ydyad,  man  az  ru^yat-i  u  bad- 
am  mi-dyad. 

Damp,  namriJdk;  tnartub  (adj.);  ruiubat ; 
namt  (subs.);  in  khdna  rutubat  ddrad. 

Dance,  raqs ;  majUs-i  raqs  or  majlis-i  hdl ; 
raqs,  or  mujlis-i  hdl  u  qdl  (of  dervishes). 

Dance,  to,  raqs  k. ;  raqqdsi  k.  (of  the  pro- 
fession) ;  jast  u  khtz  (of  monkeys) ;  m,isl-i 
khirs  raqs  ml-kunad;  vaqt-i  khud  rd  dar 
sard^idan  va  raqstdan '  sarf  ml-kunand 
(they  spend  their  time  singing  and  danc- 
ing)- 

Dancer,  raqqds ;  band-bdz  or  rlsindn-bdz  (on 
tight  rope). 

Dandriff,  kivla  or  kula  (also  scab). 

Dandy ;  vide  Old  man ;  qashang. 

Danger,  khatar ;  kJiatra  ;  mukhdtara ;  chird 
mt-tarsid?  hich  khawf  u  khaUir  nist;  bi- 
pd-yi  khud  dar  gur  dmzidam — Prof.  S.  T. 
(I  walked  into  the  jaws  of  death  or  this 
danger). 

Dangerous,  khatar-ndk;  khawf -ndk ;  muhlik 
(fatal). 

Dangle,  to,  'aqab-i  an  zan  ma-yuft. 

Daniel,  Ddnyal. 


Danube,  liinl-khdnu-yi  jMinUb. 

Dapple-grey,  sah>i  gul-dar. 

Dardanelles,  liiiijhdz-i  l)aryd-yi  Siyah. 

Dare,  jur^al^  iia-ddram  (I  dare  not);  shumd 
chi  harld  ddrid  in  kdr  rd  bi-kunid  (how 
dare  you  do  fuch  a  thing). 

Dare-devil,  sliaytan  ma-tars. 

Darius,  JJdrd. 

Daring,  jasdral ;  bi-bdii  (nubs.) ;  jasUr  (gen. 
in  a  bad  .sen.se). 

Dark,  tdrikl ;  zulmal ;  tiragi  (subs.)  ;  tarik; 
lira  or  r.rng-i  sir  (deep  ;  of  colour) ;  in 
rang  purgirifla  asi  (this  colour  is  too  dark) , 
(R-shab  idrikx-yi  zulurml^  hud;  ham  tank 
shud  (it  got  dark). 

Darkness,  <anH,-  tiragi;  zulnuU;  "  they  are 
in  spiritual  darkness,"  ishan  dar  zulmat 
mustagbraq  and  =  dar  gum-rdhi  hastand. 

Darling,  Jan-am!  (mother  to  child,  lover  to 
mistress) ;  mahbuh  or  iruvshuq  (mistress). 

Darn,  Darning,  raju  (k.) ;  u  chunin  rafu  khxpd- 
had  kard  ki  hich  kas  na-khtvdhad  fahmid — 
Prof.  S.  T.  (he  will  dam  it  so  skilfully 
that  the  darn  will  be  imperceptible). 

Dart,  jarid  (used  in  play). 

Dash,  khatt  (Hne) ;  'aldmat;  yak-dmizisJi^i  (a 
trace  of —  ;  but  for  wine  or  scent,  6u*I). 

Dash,  pari  or  partdb  k.  (to  dash  on  the 
ground) ;  u  khud  rd  bi-biydbdn  zad  (he 
dashed  off  to  the  desert). 

Dashing,  tasddum  (of  waves). 

Date,  khurmd;  khdrak  (dried;  used  in 
pickles) ;  nakhl  (date-palm) ;  rutab  (fresh 
dates*);  nakhlistdn  (date  grove);  lif-i 
khurmd  (fibre) ;  tdrikh  (time) ;  tdrikh-i 
navishta-ash  chist  (what  is  the  date  of  his 
letter) ;  ra^s-i  va'da  (a  promised  date  of 
payment). 

Datura,  idtura. 

Daughter,  dukhtar ;  'arus  (daughter-in-law). 

Dauntlessly,  bi-muhdbd  (in  good  or  bad 
sense;  also  mercilessly  bi-muhdbd urd zad) : 
bi-  or  bi-dun-i  daghdagha  (in  good  or  bad 
sense).     Vide  Demur. 

David,  Dd^ud. 

Dawn,  sahar-gdh  (or  sahar)  bar  mi-khizam; 
di-shab  sahar  biddr  shudam  (I  awoke  before 
dawn  this  morning) ;  *  dam-i  svbh  (just  at 
dawn). 


1  Persian  Infinitive  from  Arabic  root. 

2  Written  »f>».  or  of, 


(f^  or  c:*f  j^. 

3  Darkness  ;  a  dark  place  penetrated  by  Alexander  in  search  of  the  water  of  lif©- 

*  Dates  are  essentially  a  Muslim  fruit;  the  date  and  the  water-melon  were  the  Prophet  s  lavounte 
fruits.     .Muslims  are  said  to  have  conquered  every  country  where  the  date  is  found. 

*  The  night  comes  before  the  day. 

10 


Daw 


74 


Deb 


Dawn,  to,  dftab  nlsh  zad. 

Day,  imruz  subk  (this  morning  after  dawn) ; 
ruz  ;  yawm  (rare;  pi.  ay  yam  '  time  ') ;  yak 
sltahana-ruz  (of  24  hours)  ;  sa'at-i  chand 
ast?  (what  time  of  da,y'^.);Jardd-yi  ruz-i 
digar  (the  third  day);  hava  saf  ast  (it's  a 
fine  day) ;  ruz  bi-ruz  (day  by  day) ;  dar 
hi  ruz-hd,  or  ayydm  (nowadays) ;  ruz-i 
rushan  (in  broad  day) ;  ruz-i  tang  or  ruz-i 
ma-bddd  (a  '  rainy  day  ') ;  shash  ruz  muhlat 
ydfta-am  (I  have  got  six  days'  grace); 
yawm""  fa-yawm""  (day  by  day). 

Day-book,  ruz-rmmcha  (but  ruz-nama  '■  news- 
paper ' ) . 

Day-break,  safidu-yi  subh. 

Dazzle,  to,  chashm  rd  khira  k.  or  chashm  ra 
zadan;  [Idnra  nigdh  k.,  to  stare;  q.v.]. 

Dazzling,  chashm-khira-kun^ 

Dead,  murda,  pi.  murdagdn;  guzashtagan ; 
amvdt  (sing,  mxiyyit)  (the  dead) ;  bismil ' 
or  nim  bismil  (Afghan,  slaughtered;  half 
dead) ;  mdr-i  murda-i  kindr-i  rah  dldam ; 
ihyd-yi  amvdt  va  imdtat-i  aliyd^  (raising 
tiie  dead  and  slaying  the  living) ;  jawt 
shuda  ('late';  of  any  man);  marhum, 
fern.,  Tuarhuma  (prop,  tor  Muslims  only, 
but  often  by  Persians  applied  also  to  cer- 
tain non-Mushms) ;  mutavaffq  (deceased  ; 
of  non-Muslims,  except  as  a  law-term); 
shah  rndt  (checkmate ;  lit.  '  the  Shah  is 
dead';  vide  Check);  Jasr-hd-yi  Panj- 
shamba  ahl-i  shahr  bi-ziyarat-i"^  ahl-i  qubur 
ml-ravand  chi  khiydl  mi-kunand  az  subh-i 
Panj-sharnba  td  zuhr-i  jum'a  dar-hd-yi 
bihisht  bdz  ast  (on  Thursday  afternoon, 
the  city  people  visit  the  graves,  they 
believe  that  the  gates  of  heaven  are  open 
from  Thursday  morning  till  Friday  noon). 

Dead  Sea,  Bahr-i  Litt ;  Bahr-i  Zift. 

Deadly,  zahr-i  qdtil  (deadly  poison) ;  zarb-i 
muhlik-i  zad  (he  gave  him  a  deadly  blow). 

Deaf,  "  he's  q;iite  deaf,"  gush-ash  kar  ast; 
hich  naml-tavdnad  bi-shinavad ;  gush-ash 
sangin  ast  (he's  hard  of  hearing). 

Deal,  bd  kas-l  suluk  k.  or  rajtdr  k.  (to  treat, 
q.v.) ;  mu'dmala  k.  (commercial) ;  az  ru-yi 
anrnnat  (or  imjdn-djdrl)  bd  hama  kas  pish 
ml-dyad  (he  deals  justly  with  all). 

Dealer,'^  jdn-bdz  and  jarn-bdz  (horse-dealer) ; 


vide  Merchant,  nakhkhds  Ar.  (rare)  (in 
horses,  cattle  or  slaves). 

Dealings,  mu'dmaldt  (pi.;  commercial);  bd 
fuldn  zan  rdh  u  rasm  ddrad  (in  a  bad 
sense) . 

Dear,  girdn ;  girdn-bahd  (dear  in  price) ; 
gimaii  (costly) ;  bi-rdy-i  banda  khayli  girdn 
bud  or  qimat-ash  girdn  bud  (I  think  it  was 
very  dear  'in  price');  'aziz;  mahbub 
(beloved) ;  ay  jdn  or  jdn-am  (my  dear !) ;  * 
^aziz-i  dil-am  ast  or  urd  khayli  dust  mi- 
ddram. 

Dearth,  kami ;  qillat;  tangi ;  ghald^:  khushk- 
sdli  (famine) ;  magar  shawhar  bardy-i  man 
qakt-a^?  (vulg. ;  "is  there  a  dearth  of 
husbands  ?  i.e.,  don't  fash  yourself:  I  can 
pick  elsewhere  "). 

Death,  margf;  mawt;  a/aZ  (prop,  the  appoint- 
ed time  of  death) ;  marg-i  mujdjdt  (sudden 
death);  khwdb  barddar-i  marg  ast;  jdn 
kandan  or  naz'  or  sakardt  (the  pains  of 
death) ;  bl-ajal  murdam — Prof.  S.  T.  (I 
died  of  fright) ;  yd  takht  yd  takhta  '^  (death 
or  glory)  ;  az  pilla-yi  takht  bi-pd-yi  takhta 
dmad  (of  the  death  of  a  great  man) :  dar 
hdlat-i  naz'  bud  =  dar  hdlat-i  jdn  kandan 
bud  (he  was  in  the  agonies  of  death) ; 
marg  rd  bi-chashm-i  khud  dldam — Prof. 
S.  T.  (I  saw  death  close  in  front  of  me) ; 
saldt-kash  (a  mulla  who  announces  death 
from  the  roof) ;  bistar-i  marg  (death-bed) ; 
kharkhara-yi  marg  (death  rattle) ;  dam-i 
marg  ast  (he's  at  death's  door). 

Debarred,  mahrum  {k.) ;  mamnu'  (k.). 

Debase,  to,  zalil  or  khwdr  k.  (of  people); 
makhlut  or  magkshush  k.  (adulterate  any? 
thing). 

Debasement,  2)as^«;  zillat ;  khipdri. 

Debatable,  bahs-pazn.^ 

Debate,  bahs  k. ;  mubdhasa  k. ;  muzakara  k. ; 
mushdvara  k.  (consulting  together). 

Debauchee,  khardbdti ;  'ayydsh. 

Debauchery,  harza-kdri  va  'ayydshi. 

Debilitated,  za'if ;  az  quvvat  uftdda;  badan- 
ash  db  shud  or  bunya-ash  rafta  ast. 

Debility,  naqdJiat;  zu'f  (for  ?a'/). 

Debit,  bi-dih. 

Debt,  talab  az  u  ddram  (he  is  in  debt  to  me) ; 
bi-dih;  duyun  (pi.   of  dayn,  but  in  m.c. 


1  Contr.  of  bismi^llah. 

2  Certain  chapters  of  the  Qur'^an  are  read,  either  by  the  relatives  or  by  a  hired  deputy. 

5  Sometimes  applied  to  a  sharper. 

*  Plah-i  hama  kas  'azlz,  "  popular  "  ;  in  India  har-dil-'azlz. 

6  Qahi-a  (now  vulg.)  =  qaht,  ast. 
t>   Takhta  =  "  p\ank  ;  i.e.,  bier." 


Deb 


75 


Dec 


used  in  pi.  only) ;  u  viaqru^  (oi  iidrz-iliir) 
shuda  or  qarz  haUi  avurda  (he  is  in  debt) ; 
add  k.  or  bi-dih-i  khud  rd  dddan  (to  pay 
debts). 

Debtor,  qarz-ddr  kas-%  hast  hi  qarz  ddrad; 
nuiqruz-am  hast  (he  is  my  debtor) ;  u  bi- 
dih-kdr-i  man  ast;  du  turndn  bi-u  bi-dih- 
kdr-am  (I  owe  him  two  tumans) ;  dd^in  u 
nmdyun  (creditor  and  debtor). 

Decadence,  zavdl.     Vide  Decline. 

Decanter,  kantar  (Eur.);  tung. 

Decapitate,  sar  buridan  (with  knife) ;  gardan 
zadati  (with  sword) ;  duslt^ash  rd  az  girdnl- 
yi  sar  sahuk  mkht.      Vide  Execute. 

Decay,  pusidagl  (of  wood,  fruit,  bodies); 
zavdl  (decline) ;  fund  (passing  away). 

Decayed,  pusida ;  kirm  khurda  or  pusida  (of 
tooth). 

Deceased,  marhum  (prop,  of  Muslims  by 
Muslims);  mutavaffa  (gen.).  Vide  Dead 
and  Late. 

Deceit,  fartb  {d.};  talbis  (k.) ;  'ayydri  (k.) ; 
kuk  u  kalak  {z.)  (trick):  gul  (2.);  7nakr  u 
fartb  {k.) ;  taqallub  {k.) ;  shira  bur  sar-ash 
mdlidam  (I  took  him  in).  Vids  Cheat, 
Trick. 

Deceitful,  hlla-var ;  hlla-baz ;  pur- fartb ; 
'ayydr;  gul-zan  ;  mahkdr. 

Deceive,  fariftan  (rt.  fartb) ,  vide  Deceit : 
rang-ash  kardand  (he  was  taken  in) ; 
tukh7n-i  laq  tu-yi  dahan-ash  shikastand  (he 
was  deceived  by  vain  promises). 

Deceived,  magkbun  (cheated) ;  az  dnhd  gul 
khurdid  (you  were  deceived  by  them) ; 
gul-khurda;  farxb-khurda. 

Deceiver,  fanbanda;  muhil. 

December,  nmh-i  Disdmbar  musddif-i  bi-Day 
ast. 

Decent.     Vide  Respectable. 

Deception,  fartb;  talbld ;  taqallub,  etc.  Vide 
Deceit. 

Decide,  khatm  k.  (to  finish);  raf'  u  ruju'-i 
amr-i  k.  (of  dispute,  etc.);  bi-guzdr  ki 
infi,sd.l-i  in  amr  rd  bi-kunad  (or  fay  sal 
dihad) ;  rnan  bi-raftan-i  Kalkatta  yak-jihat 
gashtam  (I  decided  to  go  to  Calcutta)  = 
man  qaV  kar da-am  ki  bi- Kalkatta  bi- 
ravam) ;  yak  qardr-dad-i  bi-guzdnd  (come 
to  a  fixed  decision).  Vide  Idea  and 
Settle. 

Decided,  hcUml  or  qai'i. 


Decimal,  qd^tda-yi  u^hur  (tin-  decimal  wvk- 
tern) ;  kumr-i  aufhdr  (deciuial  fractions). 

Decision,  hukm ;  fatvq.  (of  Mujlahids) ;  iMiftd*^ 
k.  (to  ask  a  leji^al  decision  from  a  Mujta- 
hid);  (Uir  miydn-i  md  tasdtq  bi-kuntd  {a&y 
which  of  us  is  right);  muhdkama  (umpir- 
ing; deciding  between  two);  'azm,  deter- 
mination). 

Decisive,  qat'l;  jang-i  burd  u  bdkht-i  kardand 
(the}^  fought  a  decisive  battle). 

Deck,  sath  or  'arsha-yi  kishti ;  'arsha-yi  mim- 
bar  (top  step  and  seat  of  the  pulpit  M. 

Decked,  drdsta  u  pirdsia ;  muzayyan  (adorn- 
ed). Vide  Adorned,  Ornamented,  Em- 
bellished; Apparelled. 

Declaration,  i'ldn  (k.) :  ishtihdr  dddan  (rare 
in  Persia)  ;  i'ldm  (k.)  (to  make  public, 
advertise) ;  i'ldn-i  harb  or  jaTig  (declara- 
tion of  war). 

Declare,  guftan  or  yaqin  guftan  (assure). 
Vide  Infra. 

Declension,  tasrif  (k.)  or  gardan  {k.)  (gram- 
mar). 

Declination,  mayl  (leaning  over) ;  zavdl  (of 
sun,  etc.) ;  inhirdf  (astron.). 

Decline,  to,  rdzt  na-shudan ;  qabul  na-kardan , 
radd  k.  (invitation);  "I  invited  him  but 
he  declined"  urd  da' vat  kardam  likin 
inkdr  kard~ ;  zavdl  k.  (of  sun,  prosperity, 
etc.) ;  tanazzul  k.  (of  goods) ;  tasrif  k. 
(grammar);  itihirdf  k.  or  munharif  sh.  (to 
decline  from  the  right  course) ;  kdstan 
(decay). 

Declivity,  nishib  or  shib,  adj.  and  subs. ;  sar- 
d-shib,  adj. ;  sar-d-zir,  adj. 

Decoction,  jushdnda  (boiled).      Vide  Mixture. 

Decompose,  to,  pusidan  ;  ta'affun  k. ;  tajzi'a 
namudan  (chem.). 

Decomposed,  pusida ;  gandida. 

Decomposition,  gandidagi  ;  pusidagi ;  tafzi^a 
(chem.). 

Decorate,  drdstan ;  pirdstan  ;  zib  d. ;  tazyin 
k.  Vide  Embellish,  Adorn,  Ornament; 
Apparelled. 

Decorated,  drdsta;  ptrdsta;  muzayyan; 
hdmil-i  nishdn  (with  an  order). 

Decoration,  zinat  (d.)  (beautify);  imtiydz  or 
nishdn  (order)  or  nishdn-i  iftikhdr ;  Pddi- 
shdh  ^  barkhdsta  bi-dast-i  khud-i  sMn  nishdn 
rd  bi-md  zadand  (Shah's  Diary). 

Decoy,  murg^i  dam  (bird).     Vide  Bait. 


1  Except  on  special  occasions  a  Muslim  preacher  sits. 
'2  Inkar  k.  also  =  "  to  deny. ' ' 
^  Referring  to  Queen  Victoria. 


Dec 


76 


Def 


Decrease,  to,  tahhfij  dadan  or  katn  kardan, 
tr. ;  kdstan  (intr.) ;  kam  shudan:  tahhfij 
yajtan;  ruz  bi-ruz  nirkh-i  an  chlz  pdyin 
mi-dyad  or  mt-uftad,  or  nirkh-ash  shikasta 
shud  (  =  it  declines  daily  in  price,  etc.). 
Vide  Decline. 

Decree,  amr ;  kukm  jdrl  (or  sddir  or  ddda) 
shud;  fatvq  (Ijy  a  mufti) ;  muhdkama  (arbi- 
tration) ;  qazd-yi  Ildhl  or  taqdir-i  rabbdnt 
(of  Providence). 

Decreed,  muqaddar  (by  Providence) ;  maqsum 
(ditto). 

Decrepit,  pir-i  mard-i  fartut  (man) ;  hhirif ' 
(dotard) ;  pir-i  navad-sdla  (  =  very  old). 

Deduce,  istimhdt  k.  (reasoning) ;  istidldl  k. ; 
natija  giriftan  or  bar  dvurdan;  istihhrdj-i 
matlah  k. 

Deduct,  vaz'  k. ;  min-hd  k.  (substract) ;  az 
hisdh-ash  kam  ml-kunam  (I'll  deduct  it 
from  his  account). 

Deed,  kdr ;  'amal;  fvl,  pi.  af'dl;  harakat 
(action)  ;  daat-dviz  (any  written  deed) ; 
qahdla  (title-deed) ;  tamlik-ndma  (Afghan) 
or  hiba-ndma  (deed  of  gift) ;  kdbin-ndma 
( — of  marriage) ;  vakil-ash  bd  chap  u  chup 
va  hild  bila  hiba-ndma-i  durust  karda  ast 
(her  agent  by  wile  and  guile  and  hocus 
pocus  has  prepared  a  deed).      Vide  Bond. 

Deep,  zharj  (rare  in  m.c);  gawd;  'amiq;  in 
hawz  chand  holla  '^  db  ddrad  ? 

Deer,  dhu  P.,  gkaz^l  Ar. ,  jayrdn  T.  (gazelle; 
the  '  ravine  deer  '  of  Anglo-Indians) ; 
gavzan  (fallow-deer;  vide  Stag). 

Deface,  mahv  k.  or  pdk  k.  (efface,  q.v.); 
Tnahq  k.  (erase,  q.v.);  khardb  k.  (deface, 
q.v.).     Fic?e  Obliterate. 

Defacement,     Vide  Erase,  Spoil. 

Defamation,  bad-ndmi  ;  iftird  (bastan)  (calum- 
niate, q.v.) ;  tuhmat  (zadan)  (to  make  a 
false  accusation) ;  buhtdn  {zadan)  (to 
calumniate) ;  bi-dbru  k.  or  dbru-rizi  k.  (to 
disgrace  by  words  or  deeds) ;  (jhibat  (k.) 
(backbiting ;  true  or  otherwise) ;  nam^ 
tndmi  (k.)  or  sukhan-chini  {k.)  (carrying 
tales  of  the  other  to  each  of  two  or  more 
parties).      Vide  Calumny  and  Slander. 

Defame,  to,  bad-ndm  k. ;  hatk-i  'irz  k. ;  az 
shu^un^  kdstan;  qadh  k.  (any  one);  qazf 


k.  (defaming  a  virtuous  woman) ;  dbru 
rikhtan  (publicly  disgrace). 

Default,  bi-'adam-i —  (in  default  of — ). 

Defaulter,  qdsir. 

Defeat,  shikast  d. ;  maghly-b  sdkhtan;  munha- 
zim  k.  (to  make  to  flee) ;  taskhir  or  niusa- 
khkhar  k.  (to  subjugate). 

Deieated,  shikast  khurda ;  magMub ;  maqhur ; 
mucakhkhar  (subjugated). 

Defect,  khardbi  ;  '  ayb ,  pi.  '  uyub ;  manqasat : 
kasr  (deficiency)  ;  kdst  (loss  in  value)  ; 
dyd  dar  in  hich  'ayb  u  naqs-i  mi-bini? 

Defective,  ndqis  ;  nd-tamdm ;  nd-mukammal ; 
ma'yub  and  ndqis*  (both  terms  also 
applied  to  crippled,  or  injured,  or  bhnd 
persons). 

Defence,  muddfa'a  {k.) ;  muqdbala  {k.)  (face, 
oppose) ;  hijdzat  {k.)  (prop,  to  protect) ; 
javdb-da'va  {pish  k.)  (in  law);  dar  divdn- 
khdna  (or  istintdq)  'uzr  dvurd  or  daldHUi 
muvajjah  pish  dvurd  (he  made  a  reason- 
able defence  in  court). 

Defenceless,  g]iayr-i  mahfuz  or  bi-hifdzat ; 
bi-pandh-am  (I'm  a  defenceless  creature); 
u  kas-i  rd  na-ddrad;  man  bi-dast  u  pd  am; 
pushti  na-ddram  (I  have  no  helper). 

Defendable,  hifz-pazir ;  'uzr-pazir  (of  con- 
duct). 

Defendant,  harj-i  mudda'i  va  mudda'q  'alayh 
shunida  ^  shud :  [izhdrdt  '  statements  ']. 

Defended,  mahfuz  (protected) ;  mahrus 
(guarded) ;  qal'a  az  daraja-yi  hifdzat  guz- 
ashta  ast  (the  fort  can  no  longer  be  held, 
defended) . 

Defender,  hdfiz^  (of  fort;  guardian);  hdmi 
(by  words) ;  ghdzi  (relig.  warrior) ;  Hdmi- 
y"-  'l-Millat  va'd-Din  (title  assumed  by 
Amir  of  Afghanistan). 

Defensive,  difd'  k.  (to  act  on  the  defensive) ; 
mahaU-i  difd'i  (defensive  position).  Vide 
Offensive. 

Defer,  bi-ta'viq  (or  'aqab)  anddkhtan;  taskhir 
k.  ;  bardy-i  chand  ruz  pas  anddkht;  Tnan 
bd  shumd  dar  in  bob  hujjat  numi-kunam  (I 
defer  to  your  superior  knowledge — '  but  I 
think  I  am  right '). 

Deference,  bi-ihtirdm-i  rdy-i  ishdn  (out  of 
deference  to  his  opinion). 


'   For  Jcharif. 

'2  Kalla,  a  man's  stature. 

ft  PI.  of  sh^'an. 

*  Naqis  in  India  "spoilt  and  useless." 

6  In  m.c.  also  pronounced  mudda^iy^'  'alayh. 

•»  Hafiz  also  '  one  who  has  learnt  the  Qur'^an  by  heart,'  and  hence  in  India  "  a  blind  man." 


'^ 


Def 


77 


Del 


Deficient,  kam ;  kasr ;  dah  kitab  kasr  ast 
(there  are  ten  books  deficient) ;  tayifu-yi 
utMS  naqis"H-'aql  and. 

Deficiency,  kanil ;  kasr ;  kam-rasi  (deficiency 
in  ability) ;  iafnt  (opp.  to  ifrdt  "  excess  ") ; 
tamam  na-budan  or  kamil  na-budan. 

Defile,  subs. ,  ianga  (narrow) ;  darra  (big ; 
vide  Valley) ;  tang-i  makhuf  (a  dangerous 
defile) ;  kutul  or  kaduk  (the  steep  road 
over  a  pass) ;  gardan  (a  pass) . 

Defile,  to,  yak-l  yak-%  amadan  or  dajila  k.  (to 
file,  of  troops);  aludan;  mulaiwas  k. 
(make  dirty) ;  najis  k.  or  nd-pdk  k. 
(relig.) ;  [gusht  rd  qima  sdkhta  bd  du  zarda- 
yi  tukhm-i  murgh  dluda  kun  (cookery  re- 
ceipt)]. 

Defiled,  paJtd  (gen.) ;  najis  (relig.) ;  mulav- 
vas. 

Defilement,  paEdi ;  nd-pdki;  najis  ^  budan; 
laios;  dldyish  or  dludagi  (mixing  some- 
thing bad  with). 

Define,  to,  ta'nf  k. 

Definite,  sarih  (answer) ;  mu^ayyan  or  durust 
(plan) ;  mu'arraf  (gram.) ;  tsm-i  ma'rifa  (a 
definite  noun) ;  harf-i  ta'rif  (definite  arti- 
cle).    Fic?e  Clear,  Decisive. 

Definition,  sharh-i  ma'ni  (for  ma'nq) ;  ta'rif  ; 
hudud-i  Uqltdus  (definitions  of  Euclid). 

Deflower,  bakdrat  giriftan ;  muhr  bar  ddshtan 
(met.). 

Deformed,  badrtarkib ;  ma'yub;  jisniri  an 
zan  ndqis"  H-Jchilqat  ast  (she  is  deformed). 

Deformity,  'ayb  ddrad  dar  jism. 

Defraud,  magibun  k.     Vide  Cheat. 

Defray,  to,  ad^  k. ;  khari-i  ta'Um-ash  rd  man 
rm-diham ;  mutahammil-i  ihhrdidt-i  u  tnan 
shudani. 

Defy,  to,  u  mard  jirr''-  kard  ki  bi-zanum-ash 
(he  defied  or  dared  me  to  beat  him) ;  in 
shdgird  bd  man  sar-kashi  mi-kunad  ru  bi- 
ru-yam  mi-istad  (this  pupil  defies  me, 
answers  me,  q.v.) ;  bi-raw  bi-Pddishdh  bi- 
gu  fikr-i  nun  kun  ki  hhatbuza  db  ast  (go 
and  tell  your  King  to  think  about  prepar- 
ing his  bread  because  melons  turn  to 
water  ^) . 

Degenerate,  Tui-Tchalaf  (undutiful,  of  son  or  a 
millat  but  not  of  a  mulk).     Ft'cfe  Depraved. 


Degrade,    az    manmit    anddkhian;    jjost    ut 

zalll  k. 
Degrading,   bd'ia4  ntujUUi  i'tibdr;    in  kar-i 

past  (or  zalil*)  ast. 

Degree,  daraja  (rank,  degree  of  thermometer, 
circle,  etc.) ;  tahag  {storey  of  house;  floor; 
generation) ;  qadr  or  miqdnr  (quantity) ; 
mxirtaba  (rank ;  storey  of  house)  ;  kam 
kam;  rafta  rajta ;  darja  bi-darja;  piUa 
bi-pilla;  toc/rt;'»"  (by  degrees) ;  bi-ffj^yat  or 
bi-nihdyat  (to  the  last  degree). 

Deity,  Khudd ;  Rabb  ;  Allah  (God);  Ma' bud 
(of  any  religion) ;  Khudd'^i  (Godhead) ; 
kas-i  qddir  nist  ki  bi-uluhiyyat  pay 
barad. 

Dejected,  malul ;  afsurda;  dil-iang ;  "  he  is 
dejected"  diUi  u  khayli  dzurda  ast;  dil- 
ash  sard  ast ;  pazhmurda-khdtir . 

Dejectedly.      Vide  Disappointedly. 

Delay,  mu'attali  {k.) ;  gir  k.  (to  wait,  be 
delayed^);  ta'viq  k.  ;  dar  in  amr  ta^Mnr-i 
bisydr  ast ;  tavaqquf  (k.)  (stopping) ;  bt- 
dirang ;  bi-ld  ta^khlr ;  'ijdlat"'  (without 
dela}^) . 

Delegate,  ndHb ;  valdl. 

Deliberate,  this  is  my  deliberate  opinion, 
in  ra^y-i  sanjtda-am  ast ;  bd  ta^anni,  opp. 
to  6a  ta'jll);  sanjtdan  (to  deliberate  on, 
weigh) . 

Deliberately,  dida  u  ddnista;  ikhtiydri  = 
'amd""  (intentionally) ;  sanjida  u  jahmida. 

Deliberation,  sanjidagi;  muvdzana  (think- 
ing); tadbir;  ta^anni  (opp.  to  'ajala 
"  hurry  ") ;  ihtiydt  (circumspection). 

Delicacies,  lazdHz. 

Delicacy,  latdfat  u  zardfat  (m.c.  daintiness, 
neatness,  etc.;  of  a  woman)  ;  nazakat  (of 
form  ;  also  of  delicate  health). 

Delicate,  ndzuk ;  latij^ ;  nakif  (m  health); 
ndzuk-mimj  (gets  ill  or  angry  with  slight 
cause)  ;  imruz-hd  Mirzd  Ndzuki  shv4a-i 
(you  have  become  verj'  delicate  and 
dainty  lately) . 

Delicious,  khush-gavdr  or  kkttsh^maza ;  in 
luqma-yi  laziz-i  'st  (delicious  morsel)  ;  in 
'ajab  miva-i  'st  (this  is  a  delicious  fruit). 

Delight,  lazzat  (burdan)  ;  hazz  (i.),  intr.,  and 
lazzat  {dddan),tv. ;  tarab  {b.  or  k.) ;  farman- 


The  best  kind  of  melons  '  dissolves '  and  spoils 


1  Najcuat,  dirt,  filth ;  also  a  polite  word  for  ordure. 

2  Jirr,  lit.  to  chafF,  tease,  annoy. 
S  i.e.,  tell  him  to  inind  his  own  affairs,  I  defy  him. 

very  soon  after  it  is  opened. 

*  In  Arabic  zalil  is  confined  to  persons. 

8  From  the  idea  of  sticking;  arra  gir  kard,  "  the  saw  stuck  "  ;  qalam  gir  kard,  etc. 

8  Zarif  Ar.  "  witty  "  ;  in  Pers.  m.c.  signifies  **  neat  ;  well  turned  out." 


Del 


78 


Dep 


hurdEri-yi '  ura  sa'ddat-i  khud  mi-danistam 
— Prof.  S.  T.  (I  delighted  to  serve  hira). 

Delighted,  khushniid;  mash'itf ;  masrur 
(happy) ;  mahzuz. 

Delirious,  to  be,  hazayan  guftan;  hazayan 
dvardan  (cause  delirium ;  said  of  the 
fever)  ;  madhiish  (senseless). 

Delirium,  hazayan  or  hadaydn. 

Deliver,  rasdndan ;  taslim  k. ;  havdla  n. ; 
khalds  k.  or  najdt  d.  or  rahdnidan  (to 
release)  ;  barddar-i  khud  rd  az  dast-tangi'^ 
hirun  avard  (he  delivered  his  brother  for 
money  difficulties) ;  zan-am  imruz  az  vaz'-i 
harnl  fdrigh  shud  (my  wife  was  to-day 
safely  delivered)  ;  birun  dvardan  (of  mid- 
wife, doctor). 

Deliverance,  vxijdt;  khaldsi;  rahd^i ;  rasta- 
gdrl  (from  sin). 

Delivery,  tasltm  {k.)  (of  things) ;  vaz'-i  hand 
(child-birth) ;  dar  nutq  add-yash  bad  ast. 

Delude,  izldl  k. ;  zaldlat  k. 

Deluded,  gum-rdh  (k.)  (gen.  of  religion). 

Deluge,  Tufdn-i  Nuh 

Delusion,  nazar-band  (of  magic) ;  vahm  u 
khiydl. 

Delusive,  sardb  numd. 

Demand,  pursldan;  su^dl  k.  (to  ask) ;  khwdh- 
ish  k. ;  mutdlaba  k. ;  istid'  a  k.  (request) ; 
taqdzd  k.  (of  payment ;  to  dun) ;  In  jins 
bisydr  tdlib  (or  ravdj  or  farush)  ddrad  (in 
great  demand) ;  htch  iddi'd^-i  bar  man 
ddrid?  u  blsh-tar  az  haqq-ash  khwdst  (he 
demanded  more  than  his  due).  Vide 
Claim,  Due. 

Demean,  to,  az  in  fi'l  khud  rd  khafif  mi-kunl 
(you  demean  yourself  by  doing  this) ;  'dr-i 
su^dl  rd  bar  khud  narm-'pasandam  (I  won't 
demean  myself  by  asking). 

Demented,  majnun;  az  'aql  uftdda;  man 
chundn  hayrdn  va  sar-garddn  mdndam  ki 
guyd  sdya-yi  pari  bar  man  uftdda  bud  va 
dunyd  dar  nazar-am  tdrik  shud^ — Prof 
S.  T.  (I  stood  still  amazed  like  one  de- 
mented— struck  by  an  evil  spirit).  Vide 
Mad,  Bewildered. 

Demolish,  munhadim  sdhhtan ;  nist  k. ; 
ma'dum  k. ;  az  bikh  u  bun  anddkhtan. 

Demolished,  inhiddm ;  nist  u  ndbudl. 

Demon,  jinn,  vulg.  pi.  ajinn^;  'ifrlt,  ghul  (a 
ghoul) ;  har  qadr  ki  man  dast  blsh-tar  dardz 
mi-kardam  dn  dlv  bi-havd  buland-tar  ml- 


shud;  bardy-i  didun-i  u  gar  dan  dardz 
kardam  ki — Prof.  S.  T.  (the  more  I  tried 
to  reach  the  demon  the  higher  he  rose  in 
the  air ;  I  leant  forward  to — ) ;  ay  zan-i 
'ifritaf  (abuse). 

Demonstration,  burhdn  and  dalil  {dvurdan) 
(proof,  etc. ;  pi.  bardhln  and  daldHl) ; 
tabyln  (k.) ;  shahddat-i  'ayni  (ocular  de- 
monstration) ;  vajhri  mundsabat-i  dn  ru- 
shan-tar  ast  ki  bi-dalil  ihtiydj  uftad  ( — too 
clear  to  need  demonstration). 

Demur,  dagjidagha  k.;  you  must  do  this 
without  demur,  shumd  bdyad  bi-dun-i  chun 
u  chird  (or  bi-dun-i  hd  u  na)  In  kdr  rd  bi- 
kunid.     Vide  Hesitation  and  Dauntlessly. 

Den,  maghdra  (cave  of  animals,  thieves). 

'D&maXyinkdr  {k.) ;  najl  {k.) ;  ibd^{k.);  hdshd 
(2.) ;  tamarrud-i  qawl  (k.)  (to  go  back  on 
one's  words,  deny  one's  promise) ;  divdr-i 
hdshd  buland  ast  or  kuldh-i  hdshd  bar 
guzdsht  (he  made  a  stout  denial). 

Denominator.      Vide  Numerator. 

Dense,  sakht  or  tu  dar  tu  (forest) ;  darakht-i 
ambuh  (a  tree  with  foliage) ;  [rlsh-t 
ambuh] ;  jamHyyat-i  arnbuh  (dense  crowd) ; 
ghaliz  (of  fog). 

Density,  ghildzat  (of  fog) ;  ambuhi  (of  crowd, 
of  trees) ;  siql-i  mddM  (of  metals). 

Dent,  tu  rafta. 

Dentated,  danddna-ddr. 

Dentifrice,  danddn-shu ;  sanun,  Ar. 

Dentist,  danddn-sdz ,  [kandan  or  birun  dvur- 
dan, "  to  extract  a  tooth;  pur  kardun,  "  to 
stop ' '  ;  ambur,  ' '  forceps  ' '  ;  danddn-i 
'amali  or  masnu't  or  sdkhtagi  or  'driya, 
' '  false  teeth  " '  ] . 

Dentistry,  danddn-sdzi. 

Deny,  to,  va'da-yi  diruzi-yash  rd  zir  zad  (he 
denied  his  promise  of  yesterday) ;  he 
denies  having  said  this,  az  guftan-i  in  harf 
inkdr  mi-kunad  ki  man  chunin  na-guftam, 
or  az  in  sukhan  hdshd  mi-kunad;  vide 
Denial;  mddar  az  pisar  hich  chiz  darigh 
na- ddrad. 

Depart,  ravdna  sh. ;  kuch  k.  (prop,  of  bodies) ; 
tashrif  burdan  (polite) ;  when  do  you 
intend  departing,  irdda-yi  raftan  kay  darid 
(vulg.),  or  kay  hhiydl-i  harakat  ddrid? 

Departure,  harakat  {k.) ;  kuch  (k.)  (prop,  of 
a  body) ;  ravdnagl;  irtihdl  {k.)  (rare;  sp.  of 
departure  of  the  soul). 


1  Prop,  hardarl. 

*  Halat-i  kharabl,  "  any  evil  state 

s  Or  plsh-i  chashm-am  aiyah  shud. 


as  penury,  drunkenness,  sickness,  etc. 


Dep 


79 


Des 


Depend,  mnwquf  shudan  ,  b(isUt  bt-saUirnati'yi 
mt  (it  depends  upon  his  health);  "you 
can't  depend  upon  his  word,"  anchi  m%- 
guyad  bar  an  i'limad  na-iavdn  hard;  basta 
bi-khtid-i  shakhs  ast  (it  depends  upon  the 
individual) ;  bar  qaivl-ash  naml-shud  iakya 
dad  (one  can't  depend  on  his  word). 

Dependence,  iruidari^  khurdk-i  humdy  bar 
ustukhwan-nza  ast  (the  lammergeyer  lives 
on  bits  of  bone) ;  tavakkul  {k.)  (on  God  or 
on  man). 

Dependencies,  tavdbi'  ;  mutajarri'dt  (wrongly 
used  in  this  sense  and  rare) ;  maqbuzdt 
(possessions);  musta' mardt  [coXonieB ,  q.v.). 
Vide  Colony. 

Dependents,  muta'  alliqdn  or  vd-bastagdn  (of  a 
person) ;  tavdbi' ,  pi.  of  tdbi'  (those  under 
a  person). 

Depilatory,  nura'^ ;  "use  the  depilatory," 
vdjibi  birkash. 

Deplume,  par  kandan. 

Depopulate,  az  ma'muriyyat  anddkhtan;  bt- 
dbdd  k. ;  virdn  sdkhtan. 

Depopulated,  virdn;  gi^yr-i  ma'mur;  shahr 
az  mardum  khdlt  gasht. 

Deportment,  nishast  u  bar-khdst.  Vide  Be- 
haviour, Etiquette,  Manners. 

Deposit,  amdnat  (g.) ;  vad^'at  (n.) ;  zakhira 
(geology). 

Deposit,  to,  bi-amdnat  guzdshtan.  Vtde 
Place. 

Depositary,  amin  or  amdnat-giranda  (guar- 
dian). 

Deposition,  iqrdr  (confession  of  one's  own 
acts) ;  baydn ;  izhdr,  pi.  izhdrdf;  'azl  (being 
deposed).     Vide  Evidence. 

Depository,  ambdr  (store,  of  anything). 

Depraved,  akhldq-ash  jdsid  shuda ;  tahrat-ash 
past  shuda. 

Depravity,  fasdd  (of  nature,  morals). 

Depredation,  gifl,rat  (k.) ;  tdrdj  (k.)  (to  loot, 
etc. ;  of  men  or  animals  or  storm) ;  chapaw 
(k.)  (raid,  mil.  or  otherwise).  Vide  Raid, 
Attack,  Plunder. 

Depress,  sard  or  stist  k.,  or  tang-dil  k.  (of 
persons) ;  kam  arzish  k.  (of  the  market) ; 
bdzdr-i  nil  rd  sard  (or  sust)  kard,  or  pdyin 
dvard. 


Depressed,  sard  shudn ;  nuilul  (of  Kpirit<4 
only). 

Depressing,  dil-gir. 

Deprivation,  fiqddn  or  fuqddn  ;  inahr&miyyat. 

Deprive,  mahrum  k. ;  qoV-i  ujnvudri  trmra 
kard  (he  deprived  me  of  all  hope) ;  sar-ash 
rd  bi-kiUdh  guzasht  (he  deprived  him  of 
everything;  stripped  him  bare). 

Depth,  'uni({,  but  for  .sea  zharfi ;  "  what  la 
the  depth  of  this  tank?"  in  hau^^  chi 
qadar  tah  ddrad,  or  chi  qadar  gaiodi  (  = 
cJiand  kalla  or  sar)  db  ddrad  ? 

Deputation,  hay^at  (m.c.  for  hay*tit-i  mab'u- 
sdn) ;  vukald"  (the  deputies) ;  niydJbat. 

Depute,  ma''mur  k. 

Deputy,  nidHb ;  vakil ;  qdyim  maqdm  (one  act- 
ing temporarily). 

Deride,  to,  ta'na  z.  (to  taunt);  atwal  mard 
nsh-khand  mi-kardt,  hold  didi  harf-am 
sahih  bud  (you  see  I  was  right,  though 
you  derided  me) ;  minnat  nihddan  (taunt 
a  person  with  favours  done) .     Videlnira. 

Derision,  istihzd  (k.)  (derision) ;  sukhriyya 
(k.)  (ditto,  but  coarsely) ;  rishkkand  {k.) 
(ridicule,  also  chaff).  Vide  Taunt,  Ridi- 
cule, Chaff,  Coax. 

Derivation,  ishtiqdq  (k.) ;  ma^khaz. 

Derive,  to,  az  gujta-i  shumd  chunin  istimhdt 
mi-shavad  ki  khidmat  nami-khivdhid  bi- 
kunid  (I  gather  from  what  you  say — ) ; 
istidldl  k. ;  natija  bar-dvurdan  (deduce) ; 
'umda  mdliyydt-i  Kirmdn  az  qdR  Jidsil  mi- 
shavad  (or  bar  mi-dyad,  or  ydft  mi-shavad, 
or  mi-rasad).     Vide  Derivation,  Obtain. 

Derived,  mushtaqq;  ma^khuz;  majus  mit- 
'arrab-i  magd^i  ast  or  asl-i  lafz-i  majus 
magd'i  ast;  askala*  mufarras-i '  Escalier  ' 
ast. 

Dervish,  darvish,  pi.  dardvish ;  qalandar  (a 
Calender)  ;  murshid  *  (head  of  a  section) ; 
kashkul  ( — bowl) ;  dalq  ( — gown) ;  tdj  ( — 
cap) ;  mantaslM  (short  dervish  crutch  for 
resting  on  and  dozing  on) ;  darvish  har 
kujd  ki  shab  dyad  sard-yi  ust  (a  darvi-sh 
saving  signifying  "  he  is  a  khdna  bi- 
dUsh''). 

Descend,  to,  bi-zir  or  pdyin  or  fariid  dmadan ; 
ndzil  sh.  or  nuzul  k.  (from  heaven) ;  zaw/ 


•  Madar,  lit.  *'  that  round  which  anything  revolves." 

•2  Made  of  lime,  yellow-arsenic  with  sometimes  an  addition  of  white  of  egg  and  castor  oil.     A  depila- 
tory is  kept  in  every  hammam  and  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  two  Shahi  a  head. 
3  Ab  ambar  or  birka,  "  reservoir  of  drinking  water." 

*  Askala  "a  jetty,  pier"  (Shah's  Diary);   for  Fr.  Eacalier. 

6  The  title  of  Shah  is  generally  added  to  the  name  of  a  murahid  as   Qutbu'd-Din  Shah.     Dervishes 
have  various  ways  of  addressing  each  other  such  as  GuUi  Mawla. 


Des 


80 


Des 


k.  (of  planets);  nasab-i  khud  rd  bi-Timur 
mi-rasdnad.     Vide  Descent. 

Descendants,  awldd ;  zurriyya,  pi.  zardrl; 
akhldf ;  dukhtar-i  bl-vdsita-yi — (she  is  the 
immediate  descendant  of — ) ;  az  nasl-i 
saldthi  ast  (he  is  the  descendant  of  Kings). 

Descent,  nishib  (declivity) ;  nuzul  (from 
heaven) ;  nasl-i  khud  rd  bi-fuldn  mi  rasd- 
nad  (he  traces  his  descent  to  so  and  so). 

Describe,  to,  ta'rlj  k. ;  vasf  k. :  baydn  k. , 
bi-tartf  (or  bi-navishtan)  nami-dyad  (im- 
possible to  describe  or  to  mention) ;  khud 
rd  bi-mulld^i  qalam  ddd  (he  described  him- 
self, gave  himself  out  to  be,  a  mulla). 
Vide  Specify. 

Described,  u  bi-husn-i  akkldq  mawsuf  va  bi-su^-i 
tarkib  mawsum  ast. 

Description,  naw' ,  pi.  anvd' ;  qism,  pi.  aqsdm; 
jins,  [but  pi.  ajrms  '"goods"];  qabll; 
sinj,  pi.  asrMJ  (sort,  kind) ;  chi  jur  (or  chi 
iawr  or  chi-guna)  mard  ast  (what  descrip- 
tion of  man  is  he?);  shark  (or  ta'rif^  or 
baydn)  -i  an  jd  rd  chi  tawr  ddd?  tafdsil- 
a'^h'^  rd  bt-dih  (describe  it  in  detail) ;  jarml- 
ash  khdrij  az  baydn  ast ;  dn  qadr  mardum 
jatn'  budand  ki  bi-vasf  nami-dyad  (beyond 
description,  computation). 

Desert,blydhd7ioT  lut;  dasht;  sa/ira* (country 
as  opposed  to  town) ;  kavir  (salt  desert) ; 
virdna  (wilderness) ;  istihqdq  (meriting) 
(good  or  bad) ;  sazR ;  bi-sazd-at  mi-ra^i 
(you'll  get  3'our  deserts) ;  az  md  na-khurda 
bdshi  (  =  you  may  not  get  your  deserts 
from  me  but  you  will  from  some  one 
else). 

Desert,  to,  ruy  garddnidan ;  firdr  k.  or  gurikh- 
tan  (of  a  soldier) ;  har  ruz  fawj-i  kasir 
az  sar-i  u  pdshida  sar-i  khud  giriftand  (the 
daily  desertion  of — ) ;  abvdh-jam'i-yash  az 
dawr-ash  rikhtand  or  raftand  (his  detach- 
ment, command,  deserted  him). 

Deserter,  firdri  (gen. ;  absconder,  or  deser- 
ter) ;  guriz-jm  (truant ;  of  schoolboy  or 
slave) . 

Desertion,  firdr  (gen.) ;  guriz-pd^i  (being 
truant);  tark  (abandoning,  q.v.). 

Deserve,  to,  ishdn  mustahiqq-i  tarnhih  (or 
siydsat)  hastand  ;  Idyiq  sh. ;  sazdvdr  budan ; 
u  bi-hama-yi  la'nat  hd  mt-arzad  (he  deserves 
to  be  reviled).     Vide  Serve. 

Deserved,  in  sazd  mustahaqq  (or  mustawjab, 
etc.)  -i  u  bud  or  haqq-ash  bud. 

Deserving,  mustahiqq ;  mar&i  mustahiqq  ast 


(he's  a  deserving  man) ;  shdyista-yi  rahm 
ast.     Vide  Suitable,  etc. 

Design,  qasd  ovmurdd  (object) ;  niyyat ;  irdda ; 
'azm  (intention);  sm*-i  qasd  (evil);  gh.araz 
(secret  or  selfish) ;  naqsha  (picture  of 
carpet) ;  tarh  (of  building  or  anything 
else) ;  tarh-ash  margjiub  ast  (its  design  is 
beautiful). 

Designer,  tarh-riz ;  naqqdsh  (painter) ;  mukh- 
tari'  (inventor). 

Designing,  tarh-rizi ;  shdluda-giri  (subs.); 
kila-bdz  (adj.,  tricky,  q.v.);  mardumdn-i 
mudabbir  va  dunyd-talab  (designing  and 
ambitious  men). 

Desirable,  matlu' ;  margjiub;  maqbUl  (in 
m.c.  "pretty");  matlub. 

Desire,  khwdh'sh  [ddshtan) ;  drzu  (k.) ;  murdd 
(d.) ;  havas  (k.  or  d.)  (great  eagerness) ; 
sJiaivq  (d.) ;  ishtiydq  {d.) ;  raghbat  (k.  or 
d.)  (delight);  shahvat  (d.)  (lust). 

Desire,  to,  khwdstan,  rt.  khiodh  ;  mayl  ddsh- 
tan ;  "  I  will  desire  him  to  do  it,"  az  u 
dar-khwdst  (or  khivdhish)  mi-kunam  ki  bi- 
kunad ;  \ura  hukm  mi-kunam  ki — ,  I  will 
order  him  to — J;  vide  Order;  dastur"'l- 
'amal  dddan  (to  give  instructions  to, 
written  or  oral);  kirm  kushtan  (to  satisfy 
desire). 

Desirous,  drzumand ;  mushtdq ;  havas-ndk 
(eager). 

Desist,  dast  bar- ddshtan  or  dast  bar-ddr  shudan 
az  (from  an  act  engaged  in) ;  bdz  istddan  az 
(avoid  doing;  of  an  act  not  commenced); 
has  kardan  az ;  dast  kashidan  az — .  Vide 
Abandon,  Give  up,  Stop,  Cease. 

Desk,  pish-taldita  (Pers.  pattern);  rahl  (lec- 
tern). 

Desolate,  khardba ;  virdna  (a  desolate  or 
ruined  place) ;  ghayr-i  dbdd :  khardb  shavad 
hmna-i  ki  bi-faqir  chiz-i  nami-dihand  (or 
nami-rasad). 

Desolation,  virdni ;  tanhd^i  (loneliness). 

Despair,  nM-ummidl;  ya^s ;  qat'-i  ummid  {k). 

Despair,  to,  nd-ummid  shudan;  he  des- 
pairs of  success,  az*  rasidan-i  bi-matlab 
ma^yus  ast ;  we  despaired  of  life ,  dxist  az 
jdn  shustlm  (or  bar-ddshtim) ;  qat'-i  ummid 
k.     Vide  Despondency. 

Despatch,  navishta-yi  rasmi  (official);  bi-sur'- 
at,  etc.,  or  mustaqim""  (with  despatch). 

Despatch,  to,  ravdna  k.  or  firistddan  (of 
persons);  irsdl  k.  or  d.  (of  things).  Vide 
Hasten. 


I   Ta'ri/ also,  but  not  here,  signifies  "praise." 


2  PI.  of  ta^all 


Des 


81 


DtT 


Desperado,  shir-i  bt-pir. 

Desperate,  ma^yhs  or  wi-ummid  (or  na-umid) ; 
dast  az  jan  shusta. 

Despicable, M war;  muhaqqar ;  si/la;  in'dm-i 
muhaqqar-%  dad  (he  gave  me  a  despicable 
tip). 

Despise,  haqarat  k. ;  we  should  despise 
none,  ma  na-bayad  kick  kas  rd  khwdr  (or 
fiaqir)  shurmrim. 

Despised,  khwdr  shimurda ;  mardud  (reject- 
ed). 

Despondency,  dar  zamdn-i  hujum-i  ijjuamm  u 
^ussa  (when  overcome  by  deep  despon- 
dency).    Vide  Despair. 

Desponding,  mard-i  tna^yus-i  ast  va  gdh-l  az 
bakht  ummid-i  na-ddrad. 

Despot,  Pddshdhri  khud-mukhtdr  or  'alq  '^ 
itldq  or  khudsar ;  mlim  or  jafd-kdr  or 
jahbdr  (tjo-ant) . 

Despotic,  musiaqill ;  mutluq'  l-'indn  (of 
rulers);  hukumat-i  'alq  'l-itldq  (despotic 
government). 

Dessert,  tanaqquldt  (sweets,  nuts,  etc.,  eaten 
in  a  majlis) ;  {djU  between  meals) ;  miva , 
pi.  mivajdt,  and  favdkih,  pi.  (fruit). 

Destination,  mahall-i  or  manzil-i  maqsud. 

Destine,  to,  man  pisar-am  rd  bi-pisha-yi  duk- 
tarl  ndm-zad  kardam  (I  have  destined  my 
son  to  be  a  doctor). 

Destined,  in  mard  bi-Jahannam  muqaddar 
ast;  in  faqir  ki  b^.yad  bi-salianat  bi-rasad 
muhtdj-i  ndn-i  shah  bud;  dar  taqdir  navish- 
ta. 

Destiny,  qazd  u  qadar ;  taqdir;  qismat;  sar- 
navisht. 

Destitute,  6t-mim;  muhidj  (needing);  muflis 
(without  money) ;  Idt  u  lut  ( — of  every- 
thing);  tahl-dast  (empty-handed).  Vide 
Destined. 

Destitution,  faqr;  iflds ;  ihtiydj ;  bi-navd'i ; 
taht-dasti. 

Destroy,  to,  ma'dum  or  nd-bud  sdkhtan; 
khardb  u  labdh  k. ;  bar  bdd  d. ;  munhadim 
k.  (of  buildings) ;  khud  rd  talaj  kard  (he 
destroyed  himself,  committed  suicide) ; 
I  will  not  rest  till  I  ruin  him,  id,  damJdr  az 
ruzgdr-ash  bar  na-ydram  qalb-am  taskln 
nami-ydbad. 

Destroyed,  ma'dum;  bar  bdd  — or  nd-bud 
shuda  ;  munhadim  (of  buildings). 

Destroyer,  mukharrib. 

Destruction,  tabdhl  (ruin);  khardbi  (gen.); 
inhiddm  (  =of  city  or  buildings). 

Destructive,  muriydna  bardy-i  kutub  muhlik 
ast;    maraz-i    muhlik;     davd-yi    mvMik-% 

11 


hi-u    dad    va    kuaht;    alasfi-i    tnran-kun-i 

uftdd;  malakh  sfarar-rasan-t  ghalla  ast. 
Detach,  juda  k. ;   munfasil  k  ;  nva  k.  (to 

separate) ;  gusli  k  (to  detach  or  despatch  ; 

of  ships,  troops  and  political  envoys). 
DetaLched,  judd  shvda;  munfasil. 
Detail,  tafsil,    pi.    tajdsil;    juz^iyydt    (p\    of 

juz^i). 
Detail,  to,  tafsil  k. 
Detailed,  mufassal;  bd  tafsil. 
Detain,  lawqif  n. ;  vd —  or  bdz  ddshtan;  nau>- 

kar  rd  bi-guzdr  bi-ravad,  digar  mu^aUal-ash 

na-kun  ;  dar  kdr  gir  uftddam  va  dir  shud 

(I  was  detained  by  business).     Vide  Keep. 
Detect,  dar  daru 'jh-gu*i-ash  giriftam ;  duzdi- 

ash  rd  fahmidam ;  daJtan-ash  ki  vdz  kard 

az  matlab-ash  shast-am  khabar  shud. 
Detected,  makshuf  (of  actions) ;   giriftdr  (of 

persons) . 
Detection,  gir —   or   giriftdr  shudan;    kaahf 

shudan. 
Detective,  jdsus ;   khufya-pulis  (mod,  news- 
paper). 
Deterioration,  'ayb  (kardan). 
Determine,  to,  qasd-i  qal'i  k. ;  irdda-yi  pukhta 

karda  am  ki — ;  musammim  shuda  am  ki 

ura  bi-zanam;   bi-lldh  ki  urd  mi-zanam; 

qat'""  urd  khipdham  kusht. 
Determined,  musammim;  I  am  determined 

(ready  equipped)  to  do  this,  kainar  basta- 

am  ki  in  rd  bi-kunam ;  mu'ayyan  (settled). 
Detest,  to,  ?ia/ro/  k.;   az  u  ianaffur  ddram; 

az-ash  bad-am  mi-dyad  (I  dislike  him). 
Detestable ,  mustakrah  ;  manfur.     Vide  Hate. 
Dethrone,  to.  Dethronement,  az  takht  pdyin 

dvurdan ;  az  takht  khal'  kardan. 
Detour,  rah  rd  kaj  kard  Id  jilav-i  urd  bi-girad 

(by  making  a  detour  she  got  in  front  of 

him  and  blocked  his  way) ;   rdh  rd  pick 

karda  rafian. 
Detriment,  zarar ;  khalal. 
Detrimental,  muzirr. 
Detrition,  sd'idagi.     Vide  Attrition. 
Devastate,  Devastation,  takhrib  (k.)  (destroy) ; 

(jhdrat    {k.)    or  idrdj   {k.)  (to  lay    waste; 

rob) ;   tufdn  in  dih  rd  tamdm-idrdj  kard ; 

virdn  kardan ;  virdni ;  khardbi. 
Develop,    Development,    az    yak    'dlam  bi- 

'dlaniri    digar   dmadan ;     nashv    (for  Ar. 

nushOf' {k.) ;  rasidagi;  numuvv  (k.)  (grow). 

Vide  Grow. 
Deviate,  inhirdf  (varzidan) ;    az  hukm    sar 

pUchidan  (to  disobey). 
Deviated,  munharif. 
Deviation,  inhirdf. 


Dev 


82 


Die 


Device,  hikmat  {k.) ;  hila  (k.)  (trick  in  bad 
sense);  naqsh  (z.)  (trick). 

Devil,  az  kujr-i  Iblis '  mafihhur  tar  ast  (of 
any  thing  notorious) ;  jinn  hi  -pustin-ash 
uftdda  (he  is  possessed  of  a  devil) ;  oh 
Devil  in  human  form,  ay  shakl-i  Shaytdn; 
al-ghciraz  shayt%ni  insan  khud-i  insan  ast 
— Prof.  S.  T.  (the  devil  of  man  is  man 
himself) ;  an  '  ifrlta  bar  jll-i  savar  shuda 
misl-i  bald^-i  ndga?tdn-t  varid  shud — Prof. 
S.  T.  (that  she  devil  arrived  suddenly) ; 
shaytdnaki  tam%m-Vst  (that  boy  is  a  per- 
fect little  devil) ;  dar  miydn-i  ab  u  dtash 
uftdda-am  —  miydn-i  Shaytun  va  Jahannam 
girijtdr-am  (I'm  between  the  Devil  and 
the  deep  sea).     Vide  Whirlwind. 

Devilish,  shaytdni ;  shaytanat-ma^db ;  ay 
mard-i  shaytdn- si  fat  ! 

Devilry,  shaylanat;  mun-gari  (mischief, 
q.v.). 

Devise,  to,  tarh  rikhtan  or  anddkhtan  (of  plan ; 
trick) ;  ijdd  k.  or  dar-dvardan  (to  invent) ; 
%n  maV  anat-hd  rd  tu  dar-dvardi. 

Devote,  to,  mantamdm-i  umr-am  rd  makh- 
sus-iinkdr  kar da-am ;  sarf  k.  (to  spend; 
of  money,  time,  labour). 

Devoted,  jdn-nisdr ;  fldd^l ;  he  has  devot- 
ed all  his  property  to  this,  hama  yi 
milk-i  khud  rd  bardy-i  In  kar  vaqf  karda 
ast;  man  khud  rd  vaqf-i  kdr-i  shumd  karda- 
am;  [vaqf  is  prop,  property  bequeathed 
or  assigned  during  life  for  relig.  purposes] ; 
bardy-i  Shdh  id  pd-yi  jdn  istdda-am  (I'm 
devoted  to  the  Shah  even  to  death). 

Devotee,  'dbid  (in  prayer);  mhid  (ascetic); 
gusha-nishin  (hermit);  darvtsh,  pi.  dard- 
vish;  qalandar ;  dzdd  (a  sect  of  Sufis). 
Vtde  Ascetic,  Hermit. 

Devotion,  'ubudiyyat  (in  prayer);  "'khlds-i 
qalbi  (heart-felt — ;  for  a  person,  for  science, 
etc.);  taqvq,  (piety);  Hbddatk.  (perform 
devotions). 

Devour,  to,  baVtdan. 

Devour er,  bal'anda. 

Devout,  muttaql  (one  fearing  God) ;  'parsd 
(pious,  q.v.);  'ibddat-kdr  or  kun;  muta- 
sharri'. 

Devoutly;  u  muttaqiydna  namdz  mi-guzdrad. 

Dew,  shabnam;  chikka- ot  qatra-yi  shabnam 
(dew-drop). 


Dewlap,  €fhflh_^ab  (a  beauty  in  man  or 
woman) ;  charm-i  zir-i  qulu  (of  cows). 

Dexterity,  charb-dasti  (manual  dexterity) ; 
and  chira-dasti  (dexterity) ;  tar-dasti 
(sleight  of  hand;  of  conjurors  or  thieves). 

Dexterous,  cAira-cfosf;  iar-dast;  charb-dast. 

Diabptes,  salas  'l-bawl  or  huwdl  (profuse 
staling) ;  ad-dd^^s  sukkari  (the  form  in 
which  sugar  is  present);  salas" 'IbawU 
(one  so  afflicted);  silsilat^Hbawl,  Per. ^; 
diydbatus  (Eur.). 

Diagnosis,  tashkliis-i  maraz. 

Diagonal ,  urlb ;  arub  raftan  (to  move  diagon- 
ally like  the  Bishop  in  chess).  Vide 
Slanting. 

Dialect,  shu'ba,  pi.  shu'ab  (branch). 

Dialectic,  istildht  or  istildhdti.     Vide  Idiom. 

Dialectics,  'rlm-i  jadal. 

Dialogue,  muhdvara  (in  India  "idiom")  or 
mukdlama ;  or  guft  u  gu  (conversation) ; 
javdb  u  su'dl  (in  dialogue) ;  Vaztr-i  Lan- 
kurdn  rd  dar  su'dl  u  javdb  na,vishta  and. 

Diameter,  qutr  (pi  aqtdr). 

Diamond,  almas. 

Diar-bakr,  Diydr-bakr. 

Diarrhoea,  is-hdl;  shikasta-dil ;  hayza  (from 
surfeit;  also  applied  to  individual  cases 
of  cholera,  but  not  to  an  epidemic). 

Diary,  Ruz-ndma ;  safar-nnma  (of  a  journey). 

Dice,  Die,  muhr  (stamp)  ;  muhra  (in  play) ; 
^a' 6, dual  ka'batayn^  (for  play);  muhra-ash 
khub  naqsh  midrad  (the  dice  turn  up  well 
for  him) ;  az  qumdrbdzl  mM-i  khud-ash  ra 
talaf  (or  tabdh)  kard,  or  bi-bdd  (or  bi-bdd-i 
fand)  ddd;  [nardu  bdkhtan,  to  play  back- 
gammon with  dice). 

Dice-box,  muhra-ddn  (rare) ;  finjdn-muhra 
(common) ;  tds  (when  there  is  no  dice-box, 
the  dice  are  thrown  by  hand  into  a  bowl). 

Dictate,  Dictation,  imld  k.  (a  letter) ;  az  ru- 
yi  imld-yash  navishtam  (I  wrote  it  at  his 
dictation) ,  or  az  ru-yi  gufta-ash  navishtam. 

Dictates,  bi-iqtizd-yi  (or  bi-muqtazd-yi)  dun- 
tabl'i — (acting  after  the  dictates  of  his 
low  nature — ) ;  bi-qalb-at  ruju'  kun  or  bi- 
tmd-yi  zamir-i  khud  gush  dih  (listen  to  the 
dictates  of  your  own  conscience). 

Dictionary,  kitdb-i  lughat ;  look  up  this  word , 
In  lafz  rd  dar  qdmus*  bi-btmd;  farhang 
(glossary;  also  dictionary). 


1  Iblis  :  root  meaning  signifies   '  despair.*     Iblls  or  Shaytjan  is  the   chief   of  the  evil  Jinn.     His 
throne  {'arsh-i  Iblis)  is  on  the  circumambient  ocean  (bahr-i  muhit). 

2  Silsilatu'l-b  iwl,  Per.  for  Ar.  salsalat'^' l-bawl. 

3  Persians  play  with  two  dice.     The  sing,  (ka^b)  is  masc,  but  this  dual  is  the  fern,  dual  of  fca'6a. 
*  Qamus  properly  the  name  of  a  special  well-known  dictionary. 


Did 


83 


Dim 


Didactic,  panrf-navi* ;  nasihat-kun;  ahu'ara*- 
ki  ta'limi  akhlaq  mi-kunand  (didactic 
poets). 

Die,  subs.     Vide  Dice. 

Die,  to,  murdan,  rt.  rmr ;  sard  sh. ;  fawt  sh. ; 
marhum  sh. ;  rihlat  k.  {vide  depart) ;  dunya 
rd  vidd'  k  (to  bid  adieu  to  the  world); 
dkhir  ruzri  murdan  ham  ast — Prof.  S.  T. 
(we  must  all  die  one  day) ;  tashnfdt  burdan 
(a  joking  phrase) ;  javdn-marg  sh.  (to  die 
young,  untimely).     Vide  Wither. 

Diet,  ^izd  (lit.  food);  'umda-yi  khurdk-i 
Bari'jdla  hirinj  ast  (the  chief  diet,  staple 
food,  of  Bengal  is  rice) ;  what  is  the  diet 
to  be  observed  with  this  medicine  ?  'par- 
hiz-i  '  in  davd  chist  ?. 

Differ,  to,  tafdvut  ddshtan;  ikhtildf  or  farq 
d.;  iawfir"^  d.  (m.c). 

Difference,  dar  miydn-i  in  du  td  sar-i  mu-i 
farq  nist ;  mavdjib  tafdvut  ddrad  (there  is  a 
difference  in  the  pay) ;  nami-shud  hich 
farq  dad  (it  was  impossible  to  distin- 
guish the  difference) ;  chi  tawfir  mi-kunad? 
yak-i  ^st  (what  difference  does  it  make?). 

Different,  mutajarriq ;  mukhtalif  (various) : 
judd;  'alorhida^  (separate) ;  he  saw  every- 
thing was  changed,  did  varaq,  varaq-i 
digar-i  'st  (met.*) :  mukhtalif "^  W-ra'^y 
(holding  different,  opposed,  opinions); 
har  kns  chiz-i  mi-guyad  (every  one  says 
something  different) ;  in  bd  u  mutafdvit 
ast  or  mufjkdyir  ast  (this  is  different  from 
that) ;  in  vard-yi  un  ast  (m.c.)  (this  is 
different  from  that ;  but  vard-yi  un  chiz-i 
bi-dih, ' '  give  me  something  besides  that  " ). 

Difficult,  mu^hkil ;  dushvdr ;  sakht;  ishkdl 
ddrad ;  in  kdr  az  u  bisydr  bd  zur  bar  mi- 
dyad;  sangin  (vulg.). 

Difficulty,  dushvdri ;  sakhti ;  mushkili;  iash- 
vish  (doubt) ;  ishkdl-i  or  mdni'-i  paydd 
shud;  ammd  in  iddra  muzdyaqa  nami- 
ddrad  (as  for  this  office  it  has  no  objec- 
tion) ;  there's  no  difficulty  in  doing  so, 
naql-i  nist  or  mallab-i  nist ;  I  have  a  head- 
ache {dardri  sar  ddram) ;  it's  nothing,  take 
some  phenacetin  {naql-i  nist,  'findsitun^ 
bi-khur,  chdq  mi-shavi) ;  Sakkdki^  dar 
jandbat  gir  uftdd  (fig.  I  was  caught  in  an 
unexpected  difficulty) . 


Diffident,  az  khud  itmindn  (or  kiatir-jam'i) 

na-darad;  %harm-ru  (shy). 
Diffuse,  nuiq-i  parishdn  va  Uivil-i  dad. 
Diffuse,   to,   muntashir  k.    (of  light,  scent, 

etc.);  afsliandan;  pardganda  k. 
Diffusion,  intishdr  {k.). 
Dig,  kandan ;  kand  u  kub  k. ;  haft  k.  (exes' 

vate) ;    naqb   k.    (to   mine;    also    to    dig 

through  a  wall) ;  dig  up  these  weeds,  in 
butahd-yi^  bi-khud  (or  'alaf-i  khud-rv.)  rd 

az  zamin  birun  bi-ydvar  (or  bi-kan). 
Digest,  to,  hazm  k. ;  tahlil  burdan ;  vide  Eat ; 

bi-tahlil  raftan  (to  be  digested). 
Digested,  hazm  shuda. 
Digestible,  sahh  'l-hazm;  sari''*  ^l-hazm. 
Digestion,  quvva-yi  hdzima. 
Digestive,  muhallil;  hdzim;  db-i  an  rud-khdna 

khayli  buranda  ast. 
Digger,  hdfir;  kananda  (vulg.) 
Digging,  hafr  {k.)  (excavation) ;  kandan. 
Digitalis,  digital. 
Dignified,  bd-vaqdr ;  muvaqqar ;  mujallal :  bd 

tamkin;     mufakhlchar;     bd-haybat     (with 

awe). 
Dignify,  mu'azzaz  k. :  musharraf  k. 
Dignity,    sha'^n;     vaqdr ;     tamldn;    mansab 

(office). 
Dilatoriness,  kdhiH,  etc.     Vide  Laziness. 
Dilatory,  kdhil,  etc. 
Dilemma,  dar  miydn-i  du  m/ihzur  uftdda  ast ; 

bayn'^  H-mahzurayn.     Vide.  Cant. 
Diligence,  kushish  (exertion,  q.v.) ;  muddvct- 

mxit  (sticking  to  a  thing) ;  only  diligence  is 

necessary  to  complete  it,  bardy-i  itmdm-i 

kdr  faqat  jidd  u  jahd  Idzim  ast ;  faqat  bdyad 

dar  in  kdr  istimrdr'^"  mashrfhul  bdshim. 
Diligent,  mutajdhid;   sar-garm;  sa'y  ddrad; 

zahmat-kash. 
Diluted,  rruimzuj  {k.)  (mixed) ;  dbald  or  raqiq 

{k.)   (watery) ;    db  shdmil  karda  hiddat-x 

davd  kam  kun. 
Dim,  tdrik;  tira:  tdr  (of  metals,  eyesight); 

az  pin  chashm-ash  tdnk^  (or  kam-nur  or 

kam-su)  shuda  ast. 
Dimension,  anddza  (rough  dimensions) ;  hajm 

(height,  breadth    and  length) ;   gadd  (for 

a  room ;  also   for  inside  of  a  box) ;  ttU  u 

'arz  (length  and  breadth).     Vide  Breadth 

and  Cloth. 


Literally  '  •  abstinence  of  food. ' ' 

Tauflr  properly  means  "increasing,  and  saving." 

Varaq,  "  leaf  of  tree  or  book  "  ;  varaq  bar  gardanldan,  "  to  turn  over  a  new  leaf." 
Sakkdki  was  an  Arab  rhetorician  of  iiaghdad.    He  was  skilled  in  taskhir-i  Jinn.     There  is  a  story 
connected  with  this  saying. 

*  Coll.  for  bfda.  ^  T&rtk  here  means  not  '  blind  *  but  *  dimmed.' 


Dim 


84 


Dis 


Diminish,  kam  k.,  kastan,  rt.  kah  (tr.  and 
intr.) ;  takhftf  dadan. 

Diminution,  kami;  kast;  takhflf. 

Diminutive,  tasjjnr  (gram.).     Vide  Small. 

Dimity,  gimtl  (of  which  table-cloths  are 
made). 

Dimness  of  sight,  tarikl  or  tan.     Vide  Dim. 

Dimple,  chah-i  zanakhdun  (in  chin) ;  dar 
khanda  bi-rukhsar-ash  gawdi  nd-uftad  (of 
cheek) . 

Dinner,  chasht  (midday  meal) ;  ba'd  az  sarf-i 
sham  (when  dinner  was  over) ;  it's  dinner- 
time, I  must  go,  vaqt-i  sltam  ast  hayad  bi- 
ravam '  ;  qadam  ranja  farmuda  sharik-i 
nan  u  namak  shavid  (honour  me  by  din- 
ing, or  breakfasting,  with  me). 

Dip,  ztr-i  db  k. ;  dar  kitab  nazar-i  sarsari  k. ; 
qalam-rd  dar  murakkab  kun. 

Diploma,  istishhdd-ndma ;  sanad. 

Diphtheria,  khurmq  (prop,  quinsy). 

Direct,  rdst;  muslaqim;  yak-rdst;  yak-sar; 
man  yak-sar  pish-i  hdkim  raftam ;  yak-rdst 
(or  mustaqim)  sar-i  tsigdh  raftam  (I  went 
directly  to  the  railway  station) ;  ra^s""  bi-u 
mi-navlsam. 

Direct,  to  ,daldlat  k.;  hiddyat  k.  (gen.  religi- 
ous) ;  rdh-numd^l  k.  (of  road) ;  '  unvdn  or  sar- 
ndma  navishtan  (on  envelope) ;  irshdd  k. 
(relig.,  of  murshid;  also  polite  for  to  say) ; 
marhamat  farmuda  bi-man  mshdn  bi-dihid 
ki  kujd  urd  bi-binam;  kindly  direct  this 
envelope,  zahmat  kashida  sar-i  in  pdkat  rd 
bi-navisid. 

Direction,  sar-ndma  or  'unvdn  (of  a  letter) ; 
taraf,  pi.  atrdf ;  samt;  jdnib,  pi.  javdnib ; 
sib,  nasihat  (admonition) ;  dastur"^  '  1-' anud 
(of  action) ;  bi-nasihat-i  shumd  mutavajjih 
mt-shavam.  Vide  Command,  Direct,  Ad- 
vice, Order. 

Directly,  blrUn  raftan  hamun  va  kushta 
shudan  haman. 

Director,  ndzim;  kdr-farrm;  ra^ts ;  hddi 
(rehg.). 

Dirge,  nawha  (in  Muharram) ;  ghafar  Alldh 
(a  chant  while  the  bier  is  being  borne). 

Dirt,  chirk''-  (of  body,  a  watch,  dress,  etc.); 
khumdm,  (the  dust  and  dirt  in  a  house; 
the  sweepings  before  the  room  is  swept) ; 
%n  rdh  khaylt  kasif  ast ;  he  looks  on  me  as 


so  much  dirt,  bi-chashm-i  u  man  bi-qadr-i 
pasha-i  ham  namt-dyam;  lajan  (black 
mud ;  morass) ;  gil  (mud) ;  khdk  (earth) ; 
khdshdk  (chips  of  wood,  etc.) ;  guh  or  fazla 
(excrement);  kasdfat  (gen.,  polite  for  ex- 
crement) ;  najdsat  (polite  for  excrement) . 
Vide  Filth. 

Dirty,  chirk  or  chirkin  (badly  soiled,  of 
clothes,  hands,  etc.);  pachdl  (vulg.) ; 
kasif.^ 

Disabled,  'djiz;  az  kdr  uftdda;  band  or  Id 
javdb  or  'djiz  (k.)  (in  argument);  nuqsdn 
ddshtan  or  'ayb  u  naqs  ddshtan. 

Disadvantage,  favd%d  va  nuqsdndt  (advan- 
tage and  disadvantage) ;  naf  u  zarar ; 
sud  u  ziydn ;  in  rafidr  agar  bi-kuni  bardy-i 
shunid  'ayb  (or  zarar,  etc.,  etc.)  ddrad  (if 
you  act  thus  it  will  be  to  your  disadvan- 
tage). 

Disagree,  to,  mukhalif  shudan;  bi-sar  na- 
burdan;  bi-ham  na-sdkhtan  {oi  peoi^le) ;  bi- 
na-sdkhtan  or  muvdfaqat  na-kardan  (of 
food,  climate) ;  ishdn  bd  yak  digar  mukhdla- 
fat  ddrand  (they  disagree  amongst  them- 
selves:  but  ikhtildf  ddrand,  "they  (the 
things  or  opinions)  are  not  of  the  same 
sort."      Fi^e  Disagreement. 

Disagreeable,  makruh* ;  kardhat  darad  (of 
things) ;  az  dn  jihat  khayli  nd-margi,ub 
ast,  dar  n^zar-ash  nd-guvdr  dmad  (the 
action  was  disagreeable  to  him). 

Disagreement,  ikhtildf  (difference  of  opin- 
ions) ;  shakar-dbi  (coolness,  estrange- 
ment) ;  md-bayn-i  ishdn  bl-ittifdqi  ast.  Vide 
Disagree,  Coolness. 

Disappeared,  ghd^ib  sh. ;  nd-padid  sh. ;  kdfur 
sh. ;  az  nazar  birun  raft. 

Disappointed,  mahrum  {sh.  or  k.) ;  ma^'yus 
{sh.  OT  k.) ;  nd-ummid;  u  dar  maqsad-ash 
nd-kdm  (or  nd-murdd)  shud ;  dimdgh-am 
sukht  (I'm  disappointed);  bi-takhalluf 
dmad  (he  did  not  disappoint  us,  i.e.,  he 
came) ;  dil-shikasta  (disheartened) ;  tu-sari 
khurdan  (to  be — ). 

Disappointedly,  bl-navd-vdr  (looking  deject- 
ed) ;  mahrumdna  bar  gasht. 

Disappointment,  nd-U7nidi ;  mahrumiyyat  ; 
nd-kdmi  ;  nd-murddi ;  dil-shikastagi  (being 
disheartened). 


The  sham  is  eaten 


1  Mara  hayad  raft  could  not  be  used  in  m.c.  as  in  India,  but  might  be  written. 
by  the  upper    lasses  about  4  ho  irs  after  sunset,  and  by  simpler  folk  about  2  hours  after. 

s  Najia,  •'  unclean  (in  a  relig.  sense)  "  ;  najaaat  "  filth,  i.e.,  excrement." 

8  In  m.c.  kasafat  "  foulness  "  merely  signifies  "untidiness." 

*  Makrnh,  '  that  which  is  hateful  or  unbecoming,'  in  a  religious  sense  is  applied  to  anything  which 
may  not  be  actually  '  unlawful  '  but  which  is  considered  improper. 


Dis 


85 


Dis 


Disapprobation,  na-pasandi ;  na-num^urx ; 
'adam-%  rizd'iyyat. 

Disarrange,  to,  dar-lmm  bar-ham  k.  or  sh. ; 
■pas  u  pish  k. ;  bi-tartib  k. 

Disarranged,  as  soon  as  he  entered  the 
room  he  saw  the  books  had  been  dis- 
arranged, meddled  with,  ta  dakhiUi  utaq 
shud  did  kitnb-hd  dost  khurda  ast. 

Disaster,  dfat ;  bald ;  sadma ;  dslb ;  sadmaryi 

Diseistrous,  pur-dfat ;  pur-dsib. 

Disastrously,  'amal  kard  va-li  muhlikdna 
'amal  kard. 

Disavowal,  m^ar  (^.) ;  hdshdkardan;  ibd{k.) 
(denying). 

Disbelief,  Disbelieve,  'adam-l  i'tiqdd  (d.) , 
stisti-yi  imun  (d.)  (relig.) ;  bdvar  na-kar- 
dan;  kujr ;  bi-dim.  Vide  Infidelity, 
Atheism. 

Disc,  qurs  (of  sun  or  moon ;  cake ;  sweet- 
meat) ;  girda  (any  disc) ;  dah  girda  nan 
(ten  cakes  of  bread). 

Discernment,  banirat;  idrdk;  firdsat. 

Discharge,  rna'zul  (k.)  (dismissal) ;  murakh- 
khasi  {k.)  (polite) ;  kkdli  kardan  (of  fire- 
arms) ;  chirk  or  fasdd  (of  sore) ;  mddda 
and  jardhat  (pus  inside  a  boil,  etc.). 

Discharge,  to,  ikhrdj  k. ;  ma'zul  k. ;  blrun  k. ; 
javdb  dddan  (to  dismiss) ;  murakhkhas  k. 
(polite) ;  add  k.  or  kdr-sdzi  k.  (debts) ; 
lufang  khdli  k.  or  anddkhtan  or  dar-kardan 
(fire-arms) ;  blrun  dddan  (of  a  boil) ;  bdr 
pdyin  k.  (of  ship) ;  rlkhtan  (river) ;  inzidl 
sh.  or  k.  (of  semen). 

Discharge,  fasdd  (of  abscess  or  wound) ; 
hold  qarz-hd-yi  khud  rd  mi-tavdnad  bi-par- 
ddzad;  az  'uhda-yi  imtindn  bar  dmada  ast 
(he  has  fully  discharged  the  obligation). 

Disciple,  murld;  khalifa,^  pi.  khulafd^ ;  pay- 
raw  (follower) ;  havdri,  pi.  havdriyyun  (of 
Christ) ;  ashdh  pi.  (of  the  Prophet). 

Discipline,  nizdm  or  intiz/dm;  ta^dib  k.  (to 
teach  manners?) ;  In  qushun  nazm  na-ddrad 
(or  qdnun  na-ddrad). 

Disclose,  if shd^  or  kashf  k. ;  buruz  dddan; 
parda  darldan  or  parda  az  ru-yi  kdr  bar- 
ddshtan;  balchiya  -ash  ru-yi  kdr  uftdd  (his 
secret  was  disclosed;  lit.  the  sewing  of 
the  seam  showed  on  the  outside  of  his 
coat) ;  musht-ash  vd  shud.     Vide  Coat. 


Discomfort,  zaAma/,  '  adamri  rdhat. 
Discommode,  to,  ranjdnldari;  zahmaldadan; 

bdr-i  Jchdiir  chudan. 
Discomposure,  i^tirdh ;  parishdnt ;  vd  zadagi. 
Disconcerted,    to    be,    az   ru   raftan.     Vide. 

Embarnissed. 
Disconnected,  burida  or  maqtu'  (cut). 
Disconnectedly,  nd-marbut  (also  ungrammati- 

cal  or  vulgar  in  pronunciation) ;  rabt  no- 

darad. 
Discontented,     qand'at     norddrad ;     'adamri 

qand'at  ddrad ;  qdni'  nist. 
Discontinuance,  inqitd' . 
Discontinued,  hdld  In  rasm  az  miydn  rafUi 

ast  (or  mansiikh^  shuda).     Vide  Cancelled, 

Amended). 
Discordant,  dvdz-i  nd-hanjdr-t  ddrad;  bi-sdz 

(out  of  tune). 
Discount,  tanzll.     Vide  Sight. 
Discourage,  nd-ummld  k. ;  bl-mayl  k.  or  az 

shawq  anddkhtan ;    karn  jur^at  k. ;   ru  no- 

dddan ;   atfal  rd  bdyad  dar  bdzl  ru  '^  no- 

dad. 
Discouraged,  dil  az  dast  ddda  urd  rihd  kar- 

dand   (they    were    discouraged    and    left 

him). 
Discouraging,  dil-shikan. 
Discourse,  maqdla,  pi.  maqdldt  (written;  also 

newspaper  article).     Vide    Conversation, 

Speech,  Article), 
Discover,    dar-ydftan;   fahmldan ;   id  bi-hdl 

duzd  rd  paydd    na-karda-am ;    Kulambas 

Yangl  Dunyd    rd    avval  paydd   kard    or 

inkishdf  namud. 
Discovery,  kashf -i  buzurg-i  ^st;  [ikhtird'   or 

ijdd,*    'invention'];    inkishdf-i    dawrdn-i 

dam  dar  'uruq  rd  Duktar  Hdrvi  namud. 
Discredited.     Vide  Unpopular. 
Discretion,    baslrat;    qdbiliyyat  ddrad   va-R 

tamlz  na-ddrad.     Vide  Opinion. 
Discriminate,  tabdyun  dark  kardan;    nam%- 

tavdnad  nlk  rd  az  bad  tamlz  bi-dihad.     Vide 

Difference. 
Discrimination,  quvva-yi  muin/iyyiza. 
Discussion,  bahs  {k.)  ;  mubdhasa  (k.) ;  mu^ 

kara  {k.) ;  mund^ra  (controversy ;  conten- 
tion). 
Disdain,  ihdnat  (k.) ;  tahqir  {k.) ;  tawhin  (k.) 

(a  thing) ;    az  nishistar^-i    bd   alvat    ham 

dari(jh.  na-ddrad. 


1  Khalifa  is  also  a  head  boy  or  usher  in  a  schooL 

5  AfoTwSii '*  cancelled." 

s  Ru  dadan  '  to  encourage.' 

♦  Ijad  generally  used  for  '  creating  '  (Gk)d). 


Vide  Carpet. 


Dis 


86 


Dis 


Disdain,  to,  khwdr  shimurdan;  haqarat  k. 

Disease,  maraz,  pi.  amrdz ;  bimdrl;  im- 
khushl ;  amrdz-i  mutandsila '  (hereditary 
diseases) ;  maraz-i  mawrusi ;  takassur-i 
mizdj  (being  out  of  sorts).     Vide  Sick. 

Diseased,  ma'yuh  (of  animal,  sick  or  mutilat- 
ed ;  of  man ,  deformed  or  mutilated) ;  manz 
or  nd-khush  (sick,  q.v.). 

Disembark,  az  jahdz  pdytn  dmadan  or  piydda 
shudan. 

Disgrace,  Disgrace,  to,  rusvd^i ,  bi-hurmati ; 
hl-db-ru^l ;  hl-'izzaii;  zillat ;  'dr ;  nang ; 
az  kardan-i  chunin  kdr-l  db-ru-yi  md  ml- 
rizad  (we  wUl  lose  our  honour  by  doing 
so) ;  'pust-i  sag  bar  ruy-am  na-kash  (don't 
disgrace  me).     Vide  Insult. 

Disguise,  Hdrun"W-Rash%d  shab-hd  bd  libds-i 
tabdill  birun  mi-raft;  tabdil-gardi  (wander- 
ing about  m  disguise) ;  bd-libds-i  darvishdn 
dar  dmada  bud ;  in  hama  riyd^  ast  (this  is 
all  for  show).     Vide  Hypocrisy. 

Disguise,  to,  tubdil-i  surnt  or  -libds  or  -vaz' 
kardan,  intr.,  but  with  dddan,  tr.  or  cans. 

Disgust,  tanaffur;  kardhat;  ikrdh ;  istikrdh ; 
nafrat. 

Disgust,  to,  vd  zadan ;  bizdr  k. 

Disgusted,  a"  in  bii-yi  bad  akh-ru  kard  (to 
make  a  disgusted  face) ;  dil-am  bi-ham 
khurda  (coll.) ;  hdlat-i  iahavvu'  dost  (or  ru) 
dddan  (not  coll.). 

Disgustful,  Disgusting,  mukrih;  nafrat-anglz, 
etc. ;  makruh. 

Dish,  zarf,  pi.  zuriif  (gen.) ;  qdb ;  bushqdb 
(plate) ;  dawri ;  iabaq  (of  metal  or  wood) ; 
pilla-yi  or  kaffa-yi  tardzu  (of  scales) ; 
khurish  (food). 

Disheartened,  to  be,  sar  khurdan  (to  be 
checked) ;  dil-shikasta  sh. ;  dil-tang  k. ; 
dil-ash  vd  raft.     Vide  Discourage. 

Dishevelled  hair,  zhullda-mu  (dirty  and 
dishevelled) ;  bd  mu-yi  parishdn} 

Dishonest,  Ichiydnat-kdr ;  IchdHn;  bi-lumn; 
nd-amin ;  dast-ash  kaj-a.^ 

Dishonour,  'ismat  giriftan  (of  women) ;  zillat 
dudan;  bi-db-ru  k.,  etc.  (a  man);  ru- 
siydh  k.  (disgrace) ;  mujrd  na-ddshtan  or 
vd  zadan  mukul  k.  (of  a  cheque) ;  chird-db- 
ru-yi  in  zan  rd  rikhli  (why  did  you  dis- 


grace her'^)  i^ubi-namus*  k.  (to  deflower, 
q.v.). 

Dishonourable,  nd-najib,  and  razll  (ungentle- 
manly)  ;  past  (of  men  or  actions). 

Disinterested,  hi-gharaz ;  bi-taraf  (neutral) ; 
bi-ta'assub  (neutral;  m.c). 

Dislike,  makruh  ddshtan;  I  dislike  him 
{az-asli  bad-am  mi-dyad) ;  az  mdhi  Tiafrat 
(or  tanafjur)  mi-kunam  (I  hate  fish) ;  dil-i 
man  az  in  mulk  girifta  ast;  az  kardhat 
ddshtan  (to  have  a  repugnance  to  and 
hence  not  to  touch  with  the  hand,  as 
dogs,  wine,  etc.). 

Dislocated,  jd  bi-jd  shuda ;  dar-rafta;  mun- 
fakk  (separated) ;  my  arm  was  dislocated, 
but  put  in  again  at  once,  dast-am  dar-raft 
va-likin  girmdl^  fawr""  bi-jd  avddkht. 

Disloyal,  bi-vafd  (of  friends) ;  bad-khivdh-i 
Shdh ;  namak-bi-hardni ;  haqq  nd-shinds 
(unfaitliful ;  of  dependents). 

Disloyalty,  'adam-i  vild^;  'adam-i  vafd-ddrl. 

Dismissal,  ma'zuli;  murakhkhasi  (polite). 
Vide  Discharge. 

Dismissed,  ma'zul;  murakhfchas  (polite) ; 
Shdh  saldm  rd  shikast  (but  saldm-i  pddi- 
shdh  bar-ham  khurd) ;  dast-ash  az  dast-gdh- 
ash  burida  shud  (of  a  governor). 

Dismount,  to,  piydda  sh.  and  k. ;  pdyin 
dmadan  or  k. ;  farud  dmadan. 

Disobedience,  nd-farmdni  (k.) ;  sar-kashi  (k.) 
(also  to  rebel) ;  'udul-i  hukm  {k.). 

Disobedient,  nd-farmdn;  sar-kash ;  ghayr-i 
muti' . 

Disobey,  to,  sar-kashi  k.  (also  to  rebel) ;  sar 
az  ild'at  bar  zadan ;  rtd-farmdni  k. ;  far- 
mdn-i  urd  nami-tavdnam  radd  kunam  or 
hukm-ash  rd  nami-tavdnam  bi-shikanam; 
zir-i  hukm-am  rd  zad  ("he  completely 
disobeyed  me";  not  before  the  face). 
Vide  Deviate. 

Disorder,  'adam-i  nazm;  bi-intizdmi ;  shuluqi 
(of  people  or  things) ;  iashvish  (anxiety, 
etc.,  of  mind,  etc.) ;  khabt-i  dimdgh  ddrad 
(mental). 

Disorder,  to,  az  tartib  (or  nizdm)  anddkhtan. 

Disordered,  rish-ash  pakhsh  ast  (also  of  a 
bird  and  feathers;  but  durust  na-bud,  of 


1  Mutariasila  would  mean  in  Arabic,  if  used,  that  the  diseases  result  in   each  other.     Arabic  amraz 
tuirasiyya. 

2  Parlahan  (but  not  zhvlida)  might  be  applied  to  a  dishevelled  or  angry  beauty. 
^  A  in  m.c  is  vulg.  for  a^t. 

*  If  a  man  says  «  maru  hi-ruimua  karda,  it  means  some  one  has  spoken  against  his  female  relatives. 
*>  Oirmal  "  a  bone-setter  "  (possibly  the  local  butcher). 


Dis 


87 


Dis 


clothes) ;    havass-ash   pakhah   bud.      Vide 
Disperse. 

Disowned,  *dqq-i  pidar  (disowned  by  his 
father ;  undutiful) ;  az  farzandi  kharij 
hard  a. 

Dispensary,  mahkama  (m.c.  only  in  this 
sense) ;  davd-kh,ana. 

Disperse,  to,  paraganda  or  mutafarriq  sakh- 
tan;  pakhsh  k.  (m.c.  also  to  spread  out; 
tr.  and  intr  ');  shirdza-yi  itiifdq-i  shdn  az 
ham  guslkkt. 

Dspersion,  pardgandaqi ;  tar  u  mar  shvdan ; 
'.ajarruq  (rare  in  coll.). 

Diipirited,  h%  khdtir-i  kufta;  afsurda-khdtir ; 
ahndjli-ash  m'ilida  sliud. 

Displace,  lakhalkhul  (being  displaced ;  put 
«ut  of  place) ;  takhalkhul-i  mizdj  (angry 
cr  sick) ;  ha  takhalkhul-i  muhd  tdsi-yash 
piydd  bud  (his  baldness  was  apparent  in 
sjitc  of  the  .displacement  of  his  hair  to 
cov^er  the  baldness). 

Dispay,  khud-num^i  {k.)  (ostentation) ; 
iz/ar-i  tashakhkhus  {k.)  (of  self  import- 
ante);  jilva-gari  (k.)  (showing  off) ;  dar  in 
malab  isti'ddd-i  (or  idrdk-i)  u  zdhir  mi- 
shamd  (or  huvaydd  mi-shavad).  Vide 
Importance. 

Displeased,  nd-rdz;  dil-dzurda;  nd-khush- 
nua^ ;  az  u  mukaddar-am;  or  ranjida- 
khdir-am  az  u  girdni-yi  khdtir  ddram  (I 
am  offended  or  displeased  with  liim) ; 
aw^dt-ash  az  man  ialkh  ast.  Vide  Offend- 
ed 

Displeasing,  nd-pasand  or  nd-maqbul ;  na- 
guvdr. 

Displeasure,  dzurdagi;  nd-rdzi. 

Dispose,  to,  chidan,  rt.  chin;  tartib  dddan  (to 
arrange) ;  az  khud  judd  kardan  (to  sell) ; 
bd  chdhi  chi-tawr-id?^  (about  tea — are 
you  disposed  to  take  any  ?  =  bi-chdhi 
mayl  ddridi) 

Deposition,  tabl'at;  khaslat;  mizdj;  fitrat; 
hik-t<ih' ;  nik-nihdd  (of  good  diposition). 
Vide  Understanding. 

Dispossessed,  az  md-yamlik  anddkhtan;  bi- 
bahra  k.  or  mahrum  sdkhtan  (in  will,  etc.). 

Disputant,  mubdhis. 

Dispite,  bahs  or  mubdhasa  (calm  discussion 
and  also    argument);    mu'.dhasa-yi    shdn 


munjarr  bi-mujddala  ahud  (their  discussion 
ended  in  a  heated  argument) ;  vide 
Quarrel;  dar  miydn-i  ahumd  du  ia  chi 
nizd'-i  \t?  or  md-bayn-i  ahum'i  va  U  chi 
kash-ma-kaah-i  vdqi*  ahuda  ait?  chird  in 
kdr  rd  bi-mulidjja  anddkhti  ?  (why  are  you 
disputing  about  this?)- 

Disquietude,  izlirdb ;  parishdni ;  taahvish-i 
khdtir.     Vide  Anxiety,  Restlessness. 

Disregard,  to,  itina^  na  kardan ;  mahall  na- 
guzdshtan  (of  people  oi  things).  Vide 
Ignore,  Cut,  Attention. 

Disregard,  subs., ' a Iam-ii'tin2*i or bl-i' lind*i ; 
bi-mahalli. 

Disrespect,  bi-fiurmati ;  pish-khidmat-am  bd 
kam'il-i  bi-iktirdmi  bd  man  pish  dmad  (my 
servant  treated  me  with  the  utaiost  dis- 
respect).    Vide  Rudeness,  Impudence. 

Dissatisfaction,  nd-rizdyat;  bi-qand'ati. 

Dissatisfied,  nd-rdz,  rdzi  (or  qdni')  na-s.ku- 
dan. 

Dissect,  to.  Dissection,  tashrih  {k.). 

Dissemble,  du-ru'i  k.  (in  bad  sense) ;  tadlis  k. 
(rare) ;  tajdhul  k.  (to  feign  ignorance) ; 
daruc/taki  izhdr  i  ta'ajjub  namud  (he  pre- 
tended surprise).     Vide  Feign,  Pretend. 

Dissimulation,  taqiyya  (A;.)  (relig. ;  a  Shi'ah 
tenet).  Vide  Hypocrisy  and  Time-serv- 
ing and  Dissemble 

Dissipated,  Aarza-^ar ;  'ayydsh;  bisydr  mard-i 
rind-i  ast. 

Dissipation,  harza-kdri ;  'ayydshi;  rindi; 
vil-kdri. 

Dissolute,  fdsiq  u  fdjir;  bi-fisq  u  fujur  bi-aar 
burdan  (to  lead  a  dissolute  life). 

Dissolve,  db  kardan  (snow,  butter,  metals, 
etc.) ;  guddkhtan  (gen.  for  metals) ;  hall  k. 
(gen.  in  chemistry ;  also  to  solve  a  prob- 
lem). 

Dissolved,  guddkhta  ;  hall  shvda  ;  db  ahuda. 

Dissolvent,  muhallil. 

Dissuade,  nami-tavdmd  urd  man'  kunid  (or 
mdni'  bi-shavid)  ki  chunin  kdr  na-kunad? 
rdy-ash  rd  az  rajtan  bi  garddn  (or  bi-zan) 
va  bi-m^ndan  bi-ddr. 

Distaff,  duk. 

Distance,  m/isdjat  (gen.) ;  fdsila  (between 
points,  place,  or  time) ;  bu'd  (long  dis- 
tance); az  injd  td  BajAddd  chi  qadr  rdh 


I  In  rud-khana  bUhahar  panj  ehuba  pakhth  ahuda.     Dana-ha  ra  rS^yi  zamln  pakhah  kun  "  spread 
the  beftds  out  on  the  floor." 

*  iJa-klku.-'h  in  India  '*  displeased  "  ;  in  Persia  "ill." 

i»  "  QaUva  mi-ii"rjd ?  "  • » fci^yr. "      "  khOb ;  65  chahx  chi  H/awr-id  f  "  ,        j~ 

Sar  a  kar-t  bu-chahi  na-dirain,  "  1  never  take  tea  "  :   but  AaZa  aar  u  kar-i  53  Sit  mard  na-daram. 
"  I  hav**  nothing  to  do  with  him  now." 


Dis 


88 


Div 


ast?  du  sa'at  rah  hi-SKiraz  asl  (it  is  a 
distance  of  two  hours  to  Shiraz) ;  andaza-yi 
tir  or  partab-i  ilr  (distance  of  a  gun-shot). 
Vide  Far. 

Distance,  to,  pas  or  'aqab  andakhtan  (leave 
behind). 

Distant,  dur ;  ba'id;  dur-dast  (far  oflf) ;  sard 
(in  manner). 

Distasteful,  na-pasand;  na-marghub ;  nd- 
guvdr  (of  the  palate,  or  of  an  action). 

Distend,  shikam-i  khud-ash  ra  ziydda  bar 
anddza  pur  az  ghizd  kard,  Tialdk  shud ; 
sina-yi  khud  rd  bad  ddda  rah  mi-ravad  (he 
puffs  out  his  chest  when  he  walks). 

Distention,  nafkh  (of  belly). 

Distich,  bayt  (one  line  consisting  of  two 
misrd'  or  hemistiches,  making  a  complete 
sense;  Ex.  Humdy  bar  hania  inurg^n  az 
an  sharaf  ddrad .' . Ki  ustukhwdn  khurad  u 
tayir-l  na-ydzdrad;  in  the  foregoing  thfe 
two  misrd'  rhyme).     Vide  Couplet. 

Distil,  johar  or  jawhar  (or  'araq)  giriftan  or 
kashldan  (to  extract  the  juice  or  essential 
oil  from) ;  taqiir  k.  (in  Persian  to  filter ;  in 
Arabic  to  distil). 

Distilled,  muqattar  (k.  and  sh.)  (filtered ;  in 
Arabic  distilled) ;  kashtda. 

Distiller,  'araq-kash  or  'araq-gtr. 

Distinct,  vdzih ;  dshkdrd ;  huvaydd ;  ghayr  az 
— (distinct  from) ;  talaffuz-i  u  sdf  u  sahlh 
ast  (his  pronunciation  is  distinct)  ^  [lahja 
'  accent']  ;  makhraj'^  (iti  Persian,  the  pro- 
nunciation of  the  Arabic  gutturals  and 
foreign  letters).      Vide  Evident,  Clear. 

Distinction,  farq ;  tafdvut ;  tashkhls;  tawjlr 
(vulg.  and  incorrect) ;  sdkib-i  imtiydz  (man 
of  distinction).  Vide  Distinguish  and 
Difference. 

Distinctly,  man  vdzih  shumdam  ki  kasi  dad 
zad;  shumurda  harf  mi-zanad  (speaks 
slowly  and  distinctly). 

Distinguish,  tamiz  d. ;  farq  k. ;  tawjlr  d. 
(vulg.);  farq  guzdshtan^;  tashkhis-i  md 
bayn-i  mis  va  birinj  rd  nami-dihi  (can't 
you  distinguish  between  brass  and  cop- 
per ? ) ;  khar  u  gdv  rd  bd  yak  chub  mi- 
rdnand  (they  make  no  distinction  between 
the  two);  bayn-i  nuh  va  dah  farq  nami- 
dihad  (or  tamiz  namldihad)  (he's  a  fool 
and  can't  tell  the  difference  between  nine 
and  ten). 


Distinguished,  muiashakhkhis  (of  position, 
standing) ;  nam  bardvarda. 

Distorted,  mu'avvaj  (of  things  or  of  stature) ; 
ma'nl-yamrd  pichlda  baydn  kard  {he  dis- 
torted my  words). 

Distracted,  dshufta-hdl ;  parishdn ;  shurida ; 
majnun. 

Distress,    sajchtt ;     tangi  ;  '  iff  as     (poverty);/ 
hdld  dar  musibat-i  skadtd  uftdda;  urd  daj 
db    bi-hdlat-i    iztirdb    dida    bi-kumak-asi 
raftam. 

Distress,  to,  khud  rd  'abas  parishdn  na-ki 
(don't  distress  yourself  for  nothing). 

Distribute,  taqsim  k. ,  qismat  k. 

Distributed,  taqsim  shuda ;  [munqasim.  dj*fi- 
dedj. 

Distribution,  taqsim  tr.,  said  inqisdm  intj. ; 
tawzV-i  aklibdr  (distributing  the  nevs- 
paper;  at  the  subscribers'  doors).  / 

Distributor,  qdsim.  / 

District,  buluk,  pi.  bulukdt ;  vildyat  (a  lirge 
district  under  a  governor). 

Disturb,  dludan  or  dluda  k.  (of  water,  elc.) ; 
az  jd  harakat  d. ,  or  bi-ham  zadan  (physi- 
cally) ;  safd-yi  vaqt-i  kas-i  rd  mukdddar 
kardan  or  muzdhim-i  awqdt  shtdan; 
don't  disturb  me  by  useless  quesiions, 
havdss-am  rd  bd  su'dlhd-yi  bi-fdHda  nagji- 
shush  na-kun;  rakhna  dar  kdr-ash\kard 
(disturbed  his  arrangements). 

Disturbance,  fitna;  dshub ;  ightishdsh;  shiluq 
(fiar-khdstan) ;  gkawghd  (lit.  noise;  vulg. 
in  this  sense);  hayd-huy  (noise  in  streets, 
etc.,  at  a  time  of  disorder). 

Disturbed,  mushavvash  or  dshufta-Ml ;  muz- 
tarib   (of   a   person);   magjishush;   shuluq , 
(of  town,  road,  etc.);  mukaddar ;  tira  (of 
water) .  ' 

Disturber,  shuluq-kdr  (also  one  not  straight/ 
in  money  matters) ;  fitna  bar  pd  kun.         \ 

Disunited,  bi-ittifdq ;  ittifdq  na-ddrand.  \ 

Disused,  matruk  or  mansukh*  (of  customs, 
words  etc.).  Vide  Abolish,  Annul,  Cat- 
eel).  _  ' 

Ditch,  khandaq ;  cMla ;  gawddl  (pit) ;  hamclu 
jastan-i  kard  ki  az  jadval  radd  shud  |be 
jumped  over  the  gutter).  / 

Ditto,  ayz""".  \gatd). 

Diurnal,  ruz-gard  (of  animals ;  opp.  to  siab- 

Dive,  ghuta  khurdan  inti.  or  zadan  tr. ;  Zir-i 
db  raftan. 


1  ^Aroqg'ir  also  a  metal  rim  for  catching  the  nicotine  of  a  water-pipe 

2  Makhraj,  Ar.,  the  place  of  utterance  and  classically  and  colloquially  anus. 
S  Taf.  iq  ic.  =  niin-ha  k.  "  to  subtract ' ' 

*  ManswM  properly  "cancelled." 


Div 


89 


Dot 


Diver,  (jhavms  (profe.s.sional);  ffhvfa-var. 

Diversion,  tafarruj ;  bdzi ;  lafannun ;  mash- 
ffJiuliyyclt ;  iahdn  rd  az  in  kdr  khush  mi- 
ay  ad. 

Divide,  nisf  nisf  k.  or  dtL-nim  k.  (in  otjual 
portions).     Vide  Distribute. 

Divided,  qismat  shuda ;  munqasim. 

Dividend,  ftahm  (share) ;  maqsum  (arith.) ; 
ta7izil  (also  interest ;  but  prop,  discount) : 
bi-tdrikh-i  gjittrra-yi  mdh-i  dyanda  qist-i 
az  hisdb-ash  ddda  rni-shavad. 

Divination,  (dl  (for  /a*/)  giriftan  or  tafd'ul ' 
zadan;  istikhdra  (from  rosary  or  Qur*an) ; 
rajnl  (geomancy) ;  shdna  didan  (by  shoul- 
der-blades of  sheep) ;  'ilm-i  yJiayh. 

Divine,  ildhl ;  rabhdni ;  yazddni  ;  snhhdrii : 
hunar-i  KhtiddH  (divine  gift) ;  dvdz-ash 
husn-i  Khudd^r St. 

Diviner,  fdl-gir ;  ghayh-gu  (professional) ; 
rammjdl  (prop,  geomancer) ;  tas-garddn  (by 
means  of  a  bowl). 

Divinity,  uluhiyyat ;  rabbdniyyat. 

Division,  qismat.  {k.) ;  khdna  (division  in  a 
room  or  in  a  drawer,  etc.) ;  taqsim  (arith- 
metic, etc.,  etc.). 

Divisor,  maqsum  'alayh  (arith.). 

Divorce,'^  taldq  (dadan  or  gujtan) ;  rifai 
kardan  bi — )  (taking  back  a  divorced 
wife) ;  si-taldq  (triple  decisive  divorce) ; 
'idda  (period  during  which  a  divorced  wife 
must  remain  unmarried). 

Divorced  woman.  Divorcee,  mutallaqa;  khul' 
{dadan)  (release  of  wife  by  husband  for 
money  consideration) ;  zan-i  taldq  ddda 
shuda. 

Divulge,  ifshd^  k.  or  fash  k. ,  buruz  d. 

Divulged,  if shd^ shuda;  buruz  ydfta. 

Divulging,  ijshd^;  zabdn-ash  shul  ast  (he 
blabs,  q.v.). 

"Do ^  to,  kardan ;  kdr  kardan:  sdkhtan;  'amal 
namudan;  pas  takllf  chist?  (what  am  I  to 


do  ;  what  courHf  ou^ht  I  to  take ') ;  Aa- 
chi  kardani  hdshad  mi-kunam^  (whatever 
there  is  to  do  I'll  do);  chi  chdra  bdyad 
kard  (what  is  to  be  done?);  bi-man  chi? 
(what  has  that  to  do  with  me?);  ahval-i 
sharif?  (how  do  you  do  ?). 

Dizful,  Dizful. 

Dock,  subs.,  duk  or  ddk  (Shah's  Diary). 

Dock,  to,  dum  zadan  (of  animals). 

Doctor,  hakim  (also  a  wise  man,  philosopher)  : 
tabib  (of  med.  only);  duktur  (Eng.). 

Doctrine,  in  'ajib  'aqida-i  'si;  usul*  (prop. 
pi.  but  in  this  sense  used  as  a  sing.) ;  ra*«-t 
masd*il-i  din  (principal  doctrine). 

Document,  sanad ;  dast-dviz.     Vide  Bond. 

Dog,  sag  ;  sag-i  hdr  (mad  dog) ;  tula  (hound, 
any  sporting  dog  except  tdzi,  the  grey- 
hound) ;  buji  (lap-dog) ;  the  howling  of  the 
dog  forebodes  death ,  for  the  dog  can 
distinguish  the  awful  form  of  'Izrd^l, 
dula  kashidan-i  sag  pish-gu^i-yi  marg 
ast  zird  ki  sag  mi-tavdnad  shakl-i  muhib-i 
'Izrd^V  ya'ni  Malak''-l-Mawt  rd  bi-binad  ; 
sag-i  ahli  or  -khdnagi  (house-dog) ;  sag-i 
shabdn  (sheep-dog) ;  sag-i  iliydli  (of  the 
breed  kept  by  the  tent-folk ;  large  and 
fierce) ;  havd  bad  ast,  sag  birun  na-mi- 
ravad  (the  weather  is  bad ;  even  a  dog 
wouldn't  go  out  in  it);  sag  rafiq-i  shikar 
u  ydr-i  yifl.r-i  ishdn  ast. 

Doleful,  'abus  (lit.  frowning ;  stem) ;  khushk-i 
muqaddas  (like  a  priest,  refers  to  mode  of 
life) ;  qissa-yi  'abusi  khwdnd  bardy-i  man 
(he  told  me  a  doleful  tale) ;  sirka-ru 
(vinegar-faced) ;  tavallud-ash  dar  Muhar- 
ram  shuda  =  surai-ash  Muharrami  ast. 

Doll,  'arusak;  'aluchak  (vulg.) ;  lufat  (vulg.) ; 
lu'bat.^ 

Dollar,  ''daldr'' ;  majidi  (Turkish  dollar).* 

Dolphin,  dalfin  (Eur). 

Dolt,  kund ;    kund-fahm   (slow) ;   kawdan  or 


«  If  a  Muslim  divorce  his  wife  a  third  time,  or  by  the  triple  sentence,  he  can  only  taUe  her  back 
after  her  marriage  with  another  man  has  been  consummated,  and  she  has  been  divorced  by  him.  A 
Muslim  who  desires  to  take  back  his  wife  after  she  has  been  thrice  divorced  by  him,  sometimes  resorts 
to  the  following  ladbtr : — He  marries  the  divorced  wife  to  his  slave  and  then  presents  the  slave  to  the 
wife.  As  a  free  woman  cannot  be  the  wife  of  her  own  slave,  the  marriage  becomes  void.  In  olden 
days  the  slava  used  to  be  killed  from  a  *  sense  of  honour. '  A  Muslim  may  marry  a  Christian  or  a 
Jewess  but  a  Mushma  may  marry  none  but  a  Muslim.  If  a  Muslim  change  his  Faith.  hi-<  wives  are  ipao 
facto  divorced.  In  the  wilderness  when  no  mujtahid  can  be  procured  a  marriage  can  be  legally  con- 
tract>ed  by  the  man  and  woman  agreeing  to  become  husband  and  wife. 

8  Afghan  an'  hi  kardan  ast  khwaham  kard 

♦  Also  ugul  i  din  as  opposed  to  furii-  i  din. 

'  Prop,  any  plaything ;  lu'bata-'i-'ayn  (or  mardumak-i  ehaahm  or  pSdishah-i  oAa»Am)  "the  pupil  of 
the  eye." 

0  Still  coined  and  exported  to  the  Persian  Qulf. 

12 


Dom 


90 


Dow 


ghabi  (backward  in  learning) ;  vide  Back- 
ward ;  hhar. 

Dome,  gumbad  or  gumhaz ;  quhha  (the  small 
domes  in  a  mosque ;  also  domes  in  private 
houses.     Vide  Cupola). 

Domestic,  hhana-dust  (of  people) ;  khdnagl  or 
sakht-i  khdna  {houae-ma,id,  etc.);  murgh-i 
khdnagl  (domestic  fowl). 

Domineer,  huzurgi  k. ;  izhdr-i  tasallut  k. ; 
tahakkum  k. 

Dominion,  tasallut;  istild^;  hukumat  (dash- 
tan)  ;  saltanat ;  qalam-raw. 

Donation,  'aiiyya;  vajh-i  i'dna. 

Donkey,  khar ;  uldrfh  T. ;  chdrvd ;  dardz-gush 
(sp.  of  people) ;  jms-i  du  pd  or  khar-i  du 
pd  (a  two-legged  donkey) ;  uldghrddr  or 
kharak-chi  (driver)  =  khar-handa  (class,  and 
rare  in  m.c). 

Donkey-driver.     Vide  Muleteer. 

Donkey-riding,  khar-savdri  {k.). 

Doom,  ajal  (the  appointed  time  of  death) ; 
ajal-ash  nazdik  shuda  and  ajal-ash  dawr-i 
sar  mt-gardad. 

Doomed,  az  hukm-i  Shdh  mahkum-i  sha- 
kanja-yi  mumtadda  bud  (was  doomed  by 
the  royal  decree  to  protracted  torture) ; 
dar  qismat-ash  marg-i  mujdjdt  bud. 

Door,'  dar  (gen.);  clarb  (of  great  people); 
darvdza  (gate-way  and  gate) ;  dar  rd  pish 
kun  (shut,  put  to,  the  door) ;  chift  kun 
(bolt  it) ;  vdz  kun  (open  it) ;  dargdh  (door- 
way of  a  house);  kist  'aqabi  dar?  or 
kist  kubanda-yi  dar? — Prof.  S.  T.  (who 
knocks?);  kdghaz  rd  bi-dar-i  darvdza 
chaspdnid  (he  stuck  the  paper  on  the 
gate);  yak  zawj  dar  (a  pair  of  doors); 
linga  (one  leaf) ;  djhishqa  (a  door  with 
small  window  panes  in  the  upper  part) ; 
dar-i  kitdbi  (folding-doors). 

Door-keeper,  darbdn;  hdjih ;  qdpu-chi,  T.  (of 
big  people). 

Dormitory,  shabistdn  (rare  in  m.c.) ;  of  great 
men ;  also  the  covered-in  portion  of  a 
mosque) ;  khivdb-gdh. 

Dormouse,  vide  Mouse. 

Dose,  khiirdk;  slidyad  yak  misqdl  tirydk 
'ddat-i  khud-i  mawld-nd^  ast. 


Dot,  nuqta,  pi.  nuqat. 

Dotage,  khurdfdt  (guftan). 

Dotard,  kharif,  vulg.  khirif. 

Dote,  to,  khurdfdt  guftan;  u  bar  pisar-ash 
shifta  ast  (he  dotes  on  his  son). 

Dotted,  manqut. 

Double,  ham-zdd  (ghostly  'double');  harrir 
shakl  (living  double). 

Double,  to,  taz'if  namudan;  agar  du  muqdbil 
ham  mavdjib  bi-dihi  in  rd  naml-kunam  (I 
wouldn't  do  this  even  if  you  doubled  my 
pay) ;  in  rismdn  rd  du  Id*  bi-kun,  mazbut 
mi-shavad ;  du  in  qadr  bi-kun  or  du  chan- 
ddn  or  muzd'af*  kun  (double  in  quantity) ; 
in  kdgtiaz  du  Id,  ^st;  du  bardbar-i  dn  (double 
that). 

Doubled,  du-ld;  muzd'af.* 

Double-barrelled,  du-lula. 

Double-edged,  du  dama. 

Double-faced,  durU, ;  du  zabdn  ddrad  or  misUi 
gul-i  du-ru  ^st. 

Doubt,  shakk  {k.  or  d.) ;  shuhha  (k.)  ;  dar  du- 
rust  kdri-yash  harf-%  nist  (there  is  no  doubt 
of  his  honesty) ;  dar  bdb-i  dmadan-i  u  shakk 
ast  =  dmadan-i  u  shakk  ddrad;  dil  ma-dil 
mi-kunad  (  =  mutaraddid.  Vide  Hesitate, 
Waver). 

Doubt,  to,  shakk  k. ;  gumdn  k.  or  bur  dan ; 
shubha  namudan. 

Doubter,  shakkdk  (in  religious  matters). 

Doubtful,  mashkuk;  mushiabih ;  ghayr-i 
mxCayyan;  bi-kunad  yd  na-kunad  (he  may 
do  it  or  he  may  not ;  it  is  doubtful). 

Doubtless,  bi-shakk  u  shubha. 

Dough,  khamir.^ 

Dove,  qumri ;  fdkhta;  ku-ku. 

Dove-cot,  kaftar-khdna ;  burj-i  kaftar. 

Dove-tail,  to,  nar  u  mdda  k.  (each  '  tail '  is 
called  zabdna). 

Dower.     Vide  Dowry. 

Down,  pdyin  or  zir  (adv.  and  prep.) ;  td  or 
ila  (down  to) ;  narm-par  or  par-i  riza 
(subs.;  of  birds);  khatt  (of  new  beard, 
etc.) ;  mu-yi  hardmi  (on  young  of  animals). 

Down-cast,  malul  (dejected,  q.v.). 

Dowry,  jahdz  or  jahiz  (plenishing,  etc., 
brought  by  bride);    mahr  (legal  money- 


•  One  of  the  following  is  often  written  on  the  door: — 

(a)  Hamisha  bad  bidawlat  gushada  In  dargdh. 

(b)  Bi  'ami  Hlah^  -r-r  hmav,i  'r-rahlm. 

(c)  Innd  fatah-nd  laka  fatfjn*"  mubini^f. 
i  Mawld-nd,  Ar.,  "  our  mawla." 

3  Less  common  du  td.     {Tah  k.  "to  fuld  "  ;  of  paper,  clothes,  etc. 

*  Not  to  be  confused  with  muzdf  "increased." 
s  In  India  Mkamir  is  leaven. 


Doz 


91 


Dri 


dowry  paid  by  husband) ;  kabin  (trousneau , 
or  dowry  and  trousseau,  given  by  hus- 
band). 

Doze,  bi-churt  raftan  (but  churt  zadan  '  to 
nod  in  sleep). 

Dozing,  churt-zada  (in  a  dozing  state) ; 
pinakt. 

Draft,  musvadda,  vulg.  for  musawada  (of  a 
letter). 

Drag,  chi  tawr  yak  a,sp  bar  I  bi-tn  buzurgi 
mi-tavanad  bi-koshad?  taydlur  id  chahdr 
•^d'at  ling  ling'  tul  kashid  (the  play  drag- 
ged on  for  four  hours). 

Dragoman,  iurjuman:  dubdsl  (vulg.;  in  law 
courts);  mutarjim  (translator  or  inter- 
preter). 

Dragon,  azMahd ;  azhdar. 

Dragon's-blood,  khun-i  siydvushdn;  dam'H- 
akhavayn. 

Drain,  dh  dar-raw ;  db-riz  (in  roofs);  ndv- 
ddn  (the  gutter-spout) ;  there  is  a  drain 
under  the  house  from  the  w.c..  zlr-db-%  az 
mabdl  ztr-i  khdnd'st;  [chashma  '  the  hole 
of  the  mabdV\ 

Dramatic.     Vide  Effective . 

Draper,  bazzdz      Vide  Cloth-merchant. 

Drapery,  qumdsh.     Vide  Cloth. 

Draught,  yak  jur'a  or  qurl  [db) ;  yak  qup'^ 
(of  water) ;  khumdr-shikan  (a  morning  or 
afternoon  draught^  to  remove  effects  of 
drinking);  chird;jk  bi-rdh-i  bad*  ma-guzdr 
(don't  put  the  lamp  in  a  draught). 

Draughts,  nard  (a  kind  of  backgammon,  not 
draughts) . 

Draw,  to,  kashidan  (pull ;  to  paint) ;  kandan 
or  kashidan  (tooth) ;  dam  kardan  (of  tea, 
cinnamon  tea,  etc.) :  in  handasa  rd  bi-navis 
va  jadval  ^  bi-kash ;  khdka  kashidan  (draw 
in  outline) ;  sijt  kashidan  (draw  tight) ; 
'  Idturi '  kashidan  or  bar  ddshtan  (draw  in  a 
lottery) ;  Idturi  bi-ism-i  man  birun  dmad  (I 
drew  the  prize).  Vide  Breath  and  Inspire 
and  Expire. 

Drawers,  zir-i  shalvdr  (of  men  or  women) ; 
zir-jdma  (for  men);  zabdnayi  or  ja'ba-yi 
miz  or  khdna-yi  miz;  dakhl,  vulg.  for  san- 
duq-i  dakhl  (of  shop-keeper;  for  money). 

Drawing,  naqsha-kashi  (k.). 


Drawing-room,    idaq-i    pazird'i     (reception 

room). 

Dread,  dafishat.     Vide  Fear. 

Dreadful,  tors-MoA;;  hawl-ndk;  makhuf:  muhib 
(awful) ;  khun  kl  na-ahuda  ast  (nothing 
very  dreadful  has  happened!). 

Dream,  ru^yd  (didan) ;  khwdb-i  parishdn  or 
-shaytdni  ''  {didan)  (bad  dream). 

Dream,  to,  dar  khipdb  in  tawr  didam. 

Dreamer,  Dreamy,  in  bachcha  khiycUi  ast, 
'dmil  nisi. 

Dregs,  durd  (wine);  /a*»  or  lay  (of  water); 
az  nukhdla-yi  ardzil  or  az  arzal-tarinri 
ardzil  (from  the  drogs  of  the  people) ;  az 
chakida-yi  ardzil  ast  (he  is  from  the  dregs, 
scum,  of  the  people). 

Dress,  rakhi,  pi.  rul^hut ;  libds,  pi.  albisa; 
jdma ;  u  bi-jihat-i  Ubds-i  khvd  fikr  na-ddrad 
(or  bi-iavajjuh  ast)  (he  is  careless  in  his 
dress) . 

Dress,  to,  pushdnidan;  mulabbas  sdkhtan 
(tr.)  ;  rakht  bar  kardan  or  libds  pushidan 
(to  dress  oneself) ;  kam-i  sabr  kun,  djl^d 
libds  mi-pushad ;  jarrdh  zakhm  rd  shusta 
marham  guzdrd  (the  surgeon  dressed  the 
wound).     Vide  Robe. 

Dressed,  mulabbas;  khush-libds  (well  dress- 
ed). 

Dried,  khushk  shuda  or  karda,  or  khushldda  ; 
khushk  (of  herbs,  fruits). 

Drift,  siydq-i  kaldm;  matlab.     Vide  Import. 

Drill,  mashq-i  nizdm  (mil.);  mashnhdq  (drill- 
instructor)  ;  mayddn-i  wicwAg (drill-ground); 
misqab  {k. )  (any  instrument  for  boring) ; 
barma  {k.)  (a  bit  worked  by  a  bow  or 
kamdncha). 

Drill,  to,  mashq  dddan,  tr.,  and  k.,  intr. ; 
surdkh  k.  (make  a  hole). 

Drink,  subs.,  mashrub,  pi.  mashrubdt.  Vide 
Icing. 

Drink,  to,  nushidan;  khurdan;  az  mnshru- 
bdt  chiz-i  biydr  (bring  something  to  drink, 
i.e.,  bring  wine) ;  sir-db  shud  (he  drank  his 
fill,  of  water). 

Drinkable,  khurdani;  nushidani;  mashrubdt 
(drinkables,  pi. ;  gen.  for  wines). 

Drinker,  shardhi  (drunkard);  shardb-khtpdr. 
Vide  Drunkard. 


1  For  long  lann. 

*  Qup,  vulg.  kup,  "  the  cheek,  or  the  mouth." 

8  Under  this  name  a  host  will  press  a  '  last  glass'  on  a  guest. 

*  Compare  bi  rah  i  uflab. 

*  Khattri  muvuzl,  "  parallel  lines  "  ;—mM«ta9«fn,  "straight  "  ;—mu«tadir,  "circular 
"  curved  "  ;  daHra,  "  circle  ";   hayzi  or  bayzavl  "oval." 

'  But  shayfani  «Audan  =  nocturnal  pollution. 


: — munhani. 


Dri 


92 


Dun 


Drinking,  shurb ;  khurdan. 

Drip,  chakidan ;  chaka  chaka  amadan ;  qatra 
qatra  uftddan.     Vide  Drop  and  Distil. 

Dripping,  shur-shur  (of  rain  on  roof) ;  ashk-i 
kabdb  (drippings  of  fat  on  to  the  fire, 
while  roasting). 

Drive,  to,  randan,  tr. ;  savdr-i  kdliska  sh. 
iiitr. ;  kuftan  (to  drive  into  the  ground; 
a  peg,  etc.) ;  zadan  (drive  into  the  wall ;  a 
nail) ;  kish  k.  (to  drive  away  birds) ;  pish 
k.  (drive  off  cats) ;  chiq  k.  (for  dogs) :  u 
hamisha  kdliska  rd  tund  mi-rdnad ; '  yak 
rriikh  bi-  (or  dar)  divdr  kuftam  or  zadam. 

Driver,  kdliska-clii  or  kdliska-rdn.  Vide 
Muleteer. 

Droll,  muzhik;  bd  maza. 

Drollery,  maskharagl ;  mazhaka-gari . 

Drop)  qatra;  chaka. 

Drop,  to,  chakdnldan,  tr.,  and  chakidan,  intr. 
(of  liquids ;  inde  Drip  and  Distil) ;  kitdb  az 
daslram  uftdd  (I  dropped  the  book) ;  az  in 
sukhun  bi-guzdr  (let  the  matter  drop) ; 
bi-bin  kitdb  rd  az  dast-at  na-yanddz  (now 
don't  drop  the  book). 

Dropsical,  mustasql. 

Dropsy,  istisqd*. 

Drosky,  durushka  (Russ  ). 

Dross,  khilt  (sp.  of  gold) ;  chirk  (of  metals). 

Drought,  khushk-sdll ;  qaht  (scarcity).  Vide 
Rain. 

Drowned,  gjiariq ;  gharq  shuda  ;  maghruq. 

Drowsy,  khivdb-dlud. 

Drug,  davd,  vulg.  pi.  davdjdt  (the  correct 
pi.  adviya  in  m.c.  gen.  means  spices). 

Drugged,  urd  bi-hush  sdkhta  lukht-ash  kar- 
dand 

Druggist,  davd- farush ;  'attar.  FtVfe  Apothe- 
cary. 

Drum,  kdsa  {zadan  or  kuftan)  (a  drum  in  the 
form  of  an  earthen  or  brazen  cup,  closed 
by  leather);  bdldbdn'^  (big  drum);  turnbak 
or  duhul  (tom-tom) ;  tablcha  (little  drum) ; 
naqqdra^  (kettle);  har  ruz  dar  qal'a  tabl 
ira-zanand;  ghurrish-i  tabl  (the  rolling  of 
the  drum);  tabla-yi  gush  (of  the  ear); 
kajak  (drum-stick;  also  elephant  goad). 
Vide  Tambourine.     ■ 

Drummer,  bdldbdn-cM ;  naqqdr-chi ;  tabbdl  or 
tabl-chi. 


Drunk,  mast ;  bad-mast  (drunk  and  trouble- 
some); mast-i  Id  ya'qil*  (dead  drunk);  u 
masii-yash  gul  karda  ast  (drunk  and  jolly) ; 
kalla-ash  garm  shuda  (he's  drunk;  also 
angry) ;  shardb  bi-sar-i  man  zada  ast  (the 
wine  has  gone  to  my  head) ;  savdr-i  fil  ast 
(very  drunk;  also  savdr-i  asp-i  shaytun 
ast);  tu-yi  shash  dung  rafta  ast  (he's  dead 
drunk).     Vide  Whole. 

Drunkard,  dEHm"  'Z-Mamr (habitual);  shdrib" 
'l-khamr. 

Drunkenness,  musti ;  sar-shdrl. 

Dry,  khushk;  ydbis  (med.) ;  bi-maza  or  sard, 
uninteresting);  in  khdna  hich  rutubat  na- 
ddrad ;  in  bagk  khushk  ast  (this  garden  is 
not  properly  watered) ;  dimdgh-ash  khushk 
ast  (he's  cracked). 

Dryness,  khushki ;  yubusat  (in  m.c.  also  = 
constipation). 

Dual,  tasniya  (gram.  ;  in  Arabic  the  being 
dual). 

Duality,  duH,  isnaniyyat. 

Ducat,  bdjughli  (Eur.  gold  ducat,  value  about 
one  tuman). 

Duck,  bait  and  vulg.  batkh  (domestic) ;  m,ur- 
ghdbi,  P.;  urdak,  T.  (wild);  'anqud  (the 
Sheldrake  or  Brahminy  Duck  of  India) ; 
murghdbi-yi  sar-sabz  P.,  or  shil-bdsh  T. 
(mallard) ;  pul-hd-yash  rd  bi-db  rikht  (to 
make  ducks  and  drakes  of). 

Duck,  to,  ghuta  dddan ;  sar  zir-i  db  dddan. 

Due,  dddani;  vdjib"'  'l-add;  lavdzim-i  huquq-i 
shawhar  bi-zan;  sar-i  va'da  pul  bdyad 
dad;  va'da-yi  In  bardt  fardd  bi-sar  mi- 
rasad. 

Duenna,  gis-safld. 

Dull,  tira  (of  metals) ;  havd  girifta  (of 
weather) ;  vide  Sail;  kund  (of  intellect). 

Dumb,  gung ,  Idl;  bi-zabdn  (silent,  not  talka- 
tive).    Vide  Animal. 

Dumb-bells,  mll-i  dhani. 

Dun,  taqdzd-chi  (man);  taqdzd-rMma  (letter). 

Dun-coloured,  samand. 

Dunce,  kawdan  ;  khar  ;  ghabl. 

Dung,  pihin  (of  any  animal ;  sp.  of  horse) ; 
sargln  (of  horses  or  cows) ;  guh  (human  or- 
dure);  chal^uz  ("mutes";  of  birds); 
tapala  (of  cows ;  gen.  when  dried  for  fuel) ; 
pishkil   (goats,    camels,   deer);    fazla    (of 


1  Tund  randan,  "  to  ride  or  drive  last." 

2  Also  the  '  passage  '  Saker  Falcon. 
'^  Naqara-Mkana,  the  place  where  the  drums  are  beaten  Emd  the  trumpets  blown  at  sunset ;  on  gala 

days  before  noon  and  in  Kamazan  in  the  early  morr 

*  La  ya'qil,  Ar.,  'he  does  not  understand."     1^      %h-maat  class. 


Dun 


Emg 


anything) ;  kiUir  (camels) :  lahhta-pihin 
(horae-bedding  of  dried  dung  broken  up 
and  laid  down  several  inches  deep) ; 
pachak  (dung-cake  for  fuel) ;  kud  (manure, 
q.v.). 

Dunghill,  mazbala  (m.c.  =  w.c.)  •  tull-i  kud. 

Duplicity,  du-ruH.     Vide  Double-faced. 

Durable,  pdyadar;  ba  davdm;  dar  %n  dunyd 
rakat-i  mustaqill  muyassar  naml-shavad ; 
%n  pdrcha  davdm  ddrad,  or  dur*  ayh  mJ- 
kunad  (this  cloth  is  durable). 

Duration,  chand  ruz  tul  kasKld?  (of  how 
many  days'  duration?). 

During,  md-ddm-i  ki  (as  long  as ;  and  also 
colloquially,  the  case  being  so,  since) ;  dar ; 
dar  zarf-i  du  sal ;  dar  bayn-i  gujt  u  gu- 
yash;  dar  'arsa-yi  (or  zarf-i)  In  dah  ruz 
(during  these  ten  da5's). 

Dusk,  havd-yi  gurg  u  mish  (of  -morning  or 
evening);  tdrlki-yi  shdm;  {idri1n-yi  shab 
'  the  darkness  of  night '). 

Dust,  gard  u  ghubdr ;  khdka-yi  zar  (gold- 
dust)  ;  bi-khdk  sipurdan  (to  lay  in  the 
dust;  bury) 

Dust,  to,  gard  takdnldan. 

Dust-bin,  rashtdan. 

Duster,  gard-pdk-kun  (brush  or  cloth). 

Dust-heap,  JdidkiHar-riz. 

Dustiness,  gard-dludagt. 

Dusty,  pur-gard ;  gard-dlud. 

Duty,  dar  ijrd-yi  lavdzim-i  'ddiyya-yi  'uhda-yi 
khud  (in  the  exercise  of  his  usual  duties) ; 
In  ajnds  gumruk  ddrad ;  jardHz-%  shar'  iyya 
(Muslim  religious  duties) ;  dad-i  cihizd 
dddam  (I  did  my  duty  to  the  food) ;  dakhl-i 
bi-kdr-i  man  na-ddrad  (that's  not  part  of 
my  duty). 

Dwarf,  ushpukhtur  (in  Shiraz) ;  kutulu  or 
kuchiku  (vulg.) ;  kupuk  shakhs-Vst  ki  qadd- 
ash  kutdh  va  kuluft  ast. 

Dwell,  mdndan;  nishastan;  tavattun  k.  (set- 
tle in  a  place) ;  har  jd  ki  suknq  guzinad 
khush  -afh  naml-dyad. 

Dweller,  sdkin,  pi.  sdkinxn;  mutavaUin ; 
bdshinda. 

Dwelling,  manzil  [pi.  mandzil  "stages"]; 
mahall-i  nishinuin. 

Dwindle,  kdstan,  rt.  kdh. 

Dye,  sabbdjJii  k.  (cloth) ;  rang  k.  (also  ' '  to 


deceive");  [rang  u  rUgKan  zadan,  of  a 
painterj;  khizdh  k.  (of  hair,  naiU):  1 
dye  my  beard  and  hair  onco  a  month, 
mah-%  yak  daf'a  risk  va  mu-yi  sar-i  khud 
rd  rang  ^  u  hinnd  mi-bandam.  '' Ramj-ajth 
jawfiari'st'^  V  Khayr.  dfjAd,  ^abit  (or 
vulg.  pukhia)  ast  (Aniline  dyed  ?  No,  sir. 
permanent  vegetable  dye). 

Dyed,  rang  karda. 

Dyeing,  sabbdgjil ;  khizdb  kardan  or  bastan 
or  zadan  (dyeing  the  hair  or  nail  with 
hinnd). 

Dyer,  rang-rtz;  sabbdjA- 

Dying,  fawt  (subs.);  murdant  (adj.);  insan 
murdanl  ast  (man  must  6'\e)  =  inmn  nitr- 
anda  ast. 

Dynamite,  dindmut  (Eur.). 

Dynasty,  tabaqa  ;  silsila;  khdnddn  (family). 

Dysentery,  pichish;  zahir  (ined.) ;  is-hidl-i 
khuni. 

Dyspepsia,  zu'f-i  mi* da. 


Each  one,  har ;  har  yak;  har  kuddm. 

Eager,  shd%q ;  rdjjiib ;  pur-shawq ;  u  mushidq 
bi-in  shughl  ast. 

Eagerness,  ra^bat-i  tamdm;  shawq;  mayl-i 
ziydd;  u  bi-dars  khwdndan  dil-ash  garni- 
ast  or  dil-garmi  ddrad. 

Eagle,  'uqdb  At.  and  qara-qush  T.  (gen. 
terra  ;  but  specially  applied  to  the  golden 
eagle) ;  sanj  (serpent  eagle) ;  'uqdb-i  mdh- 
dum  (a  mountain  eagle  said  to  have  a 
white  end  to  its  tail  and  to  prey  on  part- 
ridges, lambs  and  larks,  but  not  on  fish); 
'uqdb-i  kuchx-gdn  ('  has  a  white  tail,  hunts 
in  pairs  and  preys  on  water-fowl ' ) ;  'uqflb-i 
d*inarli  (has  a  few  white  feathers  in  its 
back  from  which,  it  is  said,  it  derives  its 
name);  'uqdb-i  zard  (probably  the  tawny 
eagle) ;  'uqdb-i  qurbdqa-chi  or  buq-khura 
(eats  frogs,  dead  fish  and  occasionally 
injured  water-fowl) ;  dubarnr*  (apparently 
a  hawk-eagle:  hunts  in  pairs;  the  male  is 
described  as  being  of  the  size  of  a  goshawk 
tiercel);  karlak  (?);  daniir-dizindk  T. 
(osprey  or  "  iron-claw");  nasr  (the  con- 
stellation Aquilla). 


•  DUr  vulgar  for  dir. 

2  Rang  alone  is  gen.  used  for  a  mixture  of  hinria  and  vaama. 
nut  colour  bub  rang  u  hinna  "  a  blue  blark 


HitmS  alone  prodaces  a  dark  cheat- 


3  Jawhar  "  essence  "  and  chiz-i  jawhar  mx  4it*r»  a  euphemism  for  "Will  you   have   some  •oro^  or 
ither  spirits  7  " 

♦  Apparently  a  corruption  of  du-haradaran,  the  tummaj  of  the  Arabs. 


Ear 


94 


Edi 


Ear,  dshuh-i  (or  shuluq-i)  shuma  gush-i  mar- 
dum  ra  kar  nti-kunad,  or  parda-yi  gush  ra 
para  mi-kunad  (the  noise  you  make  is 
deafening) ;  ay  barddar  gush-at  bi-man 
bdshad  (brother,  your  ear). 

Ear-ache,  dard-i  gush. 

Early,  subh-i  zud;  avval-i  subh;  hanuz  zud 
ast  (it's  too  soon  to  go);  sahar-khlzl {eaxXy 
rising). 

Earn,  to,  maddkhil  k. ;  paydd  k. ;  kasb  n,  ; 
In  tawr,  mdh-i  dah  rupiya  ml-tavdnam  hdsil 
bi-kunam  (or  dar  dvaram). 

Earnest,  bay' ana  (earnest  money;  vide 
infra)  ;  jiddl  nami-guyid,  shukM  rrii-kumd 
(you  are  not  in  earnest,  you  are  joking). 

Earnest  money,  pul-i  pish  (vulg.) ;  dah 
rupiya  bi-iawr-i  bay' ana  bi-u  dddam. 

Earning,  kirdya-mandl  (earnings) ;  kasb. 

Earring,  gushvdra  ;  dviza. 

Earth,  khdk ;  zaniin  or  kura-yi  zamin  (world) ; 
sujdagdh  (for  sijda-gdh)  and  turbat  (the 
small  block  of  sacred  Kerbela  earth  used 
by  ShV  ahs  in  prayer) . 

Earthen,  gili  or  gilln;  sijdli  or  sifdlin. 

Earthenware,  sifdl  and  vulg.  kupdl  (burnt 
earthenware) ;  kuza-garl  or  kuza-farusht  k. 
(to  trade  in — ). 

Earthly,  dunyavi. 

Earthquake,  jumbish-i  or  larzish-i  zamtn ; 
chand  ruz  ast  ki  dar  In  navdhl  zalzala 
shuda  ast;  zamin  humcliu  takan  khurd  ki 
bisydr-i  az  khdnahd  uftdd. 

Earthworms,  khardiin  (Ar.  pi.  used  in  Per- 
sian as  a  sing. ;  pi.  khardiin-hd) . 

Earwig,  du-dum. 

Ease,  dsdnl;  suhulat  (facility);  dram;  dsd- 
yish  ;  rdhat ;  istirdhat  (repose) ;  jar  a  ghat 
(leisure) ;  ruz-hd-yi  khud  rd  bi-rdhat  mt- 
guzardnad  (but  bi-jardghat  =  without  any- 
thing to  do) ;  dram  bar  hhud  Jiardm 
kardam  td — Prof.  S.  T.  (I  allowed  myself 
no  rest  till — ) ;  kh,dtir-jam'  or  dsuda  Midtir 
(to  be  at  ease,  easy  in  one's  mind). 

Easily,  sahl"^ ;  bi-dsdni. 

East,  mashriq;  dar  samt-i  sharqi-yi — (to  the 
east  of — ) ;  mashriq  zamin  (Eastern  coun- 
tries). 

Eastern,  sharqi. 

Easy,  sahl;  sabaq-i  dsdn-i  ml-diham;  In  kdr 
rd  misl-i  db-khurdan  mi-ddnad  (this  is  as 
easy  to  him  as  drinking  water).  Vide 
Ease. 


Eat,  khurd  td  sir  shud  (he  ate  sufficient  to 
satisfy  hunger) ;  pur  khurda  ast  (he  has 
overeaten) ;  hich  chiz  sarf  na-shud  (I 
could  not  eat  anything) ;  gusht-i  khuk 
zahr-i  mar '  mi-kunad  (he  eats  pig's  flesh). 

Eatables,  khurdani,  pi.  khurdanihd;  wa*- 
kiildt  pi. ;  in  miva  bdb-i  khurdani  nist. 

Eaves,  shddurvdn  (of  roof  of  house) ;  turra 
(over  an  urusi). 

Eavesdropping,  gush  kashidan  (or  giriftan) ; 
isiirdqi  sam'  (k.) ;  gush-kash  or  gush  bi- 
zanak  (adj.). 

Ebb,  jazr  u  madd  (ebb  and  flow  of  the  tide). 

Ebony,  dbnus. 

Ebullition,  jush. 

Echo,  sadd-yi  kuh  ar  sadd-yi  jangal ;  mddar-i 
kith;  manu{?);  [the  Arabic  6m^^'Z-;a6aZ, 
"daughter  of  the  mountains,"  is  only 
used  by  the  learned]. 

Eclipse,  ba'd  az  chand  ruz  dftdb  (or  ruz  or 
khurshid)  mi-girad;  mdh  mi-girad  (of 
moon) ;  kusuf-i  dftdb  and  khusuf-i  mJdh 
(correct  terms  used  in  almanacs). 

Eclipse,  to,  rushnd^i-yi  barqi  rushnd^i-yi  mdh 
rd  zada  ast  (the  electric  light  eclipses  the 
moon  light) ;  rawnaq  shikastan. 

Economical,  sarfa-jit  ;  khdna-ddr  {good  mana- 
ger) ;  bd  ihtiydt  ('  careful '). 

Economy,  kam-kharji;  khdna-ddri  (thrift); 
bi-sahab-i  qillat-i  khurdanihd  ia'dm  rd  bi- 
ihliydt^  (or  bi-sarja)  mi-/churdim  (owing  to 
scarcity  of  provisions  we  practised  econo- 
my in  rations). 

Ecstacy,  vajd  (love,  etc.,  that  produces  hdl) ; 
hdl ;  ahl-i  hdl  (Sufis) ;  figar-ash  (or  dil- 
ash)  hdl  dmad  (he  was  in  an  ecstacv  of 
delight). 

Eden,  Bihisht-i  'Adn  (Garden  of — ). 

Eddy,  gird-db. 

Edge,  Edgewise,  lab  or  kindr  (of  a  stream, 
table,  etc.) ;  dam  (of  sword) ;  yak  bar-i 
uftdd  (m.c.)  (it  fell  on  its  edge,  or  he  fell 
on  his  side) ;  danddn-am  kund  shud  (my 
teeth  were  set  on  edge). 

Edging,  sajdf  (piping  of  uniform,  etc.); 
Jmshiya  (in  shawls). 

Edict,  Farmdn-i  Shdhi. 

Edifice,  bind'';  'imdrat. 

Edition,  nusJcha-yi  avval  (first  edition) ; 
nuskha-yi  muharrafa  (spurious  edition,  i.e. 
in  which  changes  have  been  made). 


1  Said  of  anything  objectionable  or  forbidden;  lit.  "snake-poison." 
*  In  India  bi-kifayat,  "  economically." 


Edi 


90 


Eld 


Editor,  dabir  or  mudir-i  ruz-ndvia;  dabir  u 
mudir. 

Educate,  tarhiyat  d.  or  k.;  ia'lim  d. 

Educated,  ta'lim  yafia ;  tarbiyal  yajta;  savdd 
dan?  or  vulg.  mulld  hasii?  (Can  you 
read  and  write?) 

Education,  ta'lim;  tarhiyat;  savad;  vazir-i 
ma'arif  (minister  of  education);  kitdb-i 
dar  bdb-i  farbiyat  naviahta  asl  or  mard-l  bd 
kamdl-i  ast  (highly  educated). 

Eel,  mdr-mdhi. 

Efface,  to,  mahv  k.  (efiface) ;  hakk  k.  (erase) ; 
pdk  k.;  hdtil  k.  (to  annul,  make  of  no 
eflFect).     Vide  Annul,  Cancel. 

Effacement,  mahv. 

Effect,  ta^6%r-i  ruhdni  (moral  effect) ;  davd 
asar  (or  ^'Z  or  ta'str)  na-kard  or  mu^assir 
na-shud  or  fdHda  na-hakhshtd  (the  medi- 
cine had  no  effect) ;  vahm  dar  umur-i  basJia- 

«*> . 
riyya  fa"dl  (Jl**)  ast  (imagination  has  a 

great  effect  on  the  actions  of  men) ;  az  tn 
qardr  (to  this  effect) ;  bdtil  {k.)  and  (sh.) 
(to  make  or  be  of  no  effect,  vide  Annul, 
Cancel) ;  ijrd  (k.)  (to  give  effect  to). 

Effective,  Effectual,  mu^assir;  kdr-gar ;  mu- 
fid;  bd  ta^sir ;  zabdn-ash  qalam-i  Khudd 
ast  (whatever  he  says  comes  to  pass) ; 
nafas-ash  garm  ast  or  zabdn-ash  garm  u  gir 
asl  (his  talk  h  effective,  dramatic ;  of  a 
story-teller,  i.e.,  makes  the  hearers  laugh 
and  cry,  etc.).     Vide  Efficacious. 

Effeminacy,  zaninbvad ;  na-mardi. 

Effeminate,  tan-par\xir  (looks  after  himself) ; 
zan-tabVat ;  nd  mard. 

Effervescence,  jush. 

Effervescent,  jush  ddrad;  jushdn. 

Efficacious,  kdr-gar;  mu^assir ;  mufld:  mu- 
jarrab  (prop,  proved,  tested).  Vide  Effec- 
tual. 

Efficient,  kdr-ddn  u  kdr-gumr  ;  qdbil. 

Effigy,  shakl ;  sural. 

Effort,  jidd  u  jahd  (k.) ;  sa'y-i  balvj^  (k.) 
(great — ) ;  zur  zad  ki  bar-khizad '  (he  made 
an  effort  to  rise) ;  harakat-i  tnazbuht 
(feeble  effort  or  feeble  resistance). 

Effrontery,  gustdkhi ;  chashm-daridagl ;  just 
see  the  effrontery  of  the  girl,  bi-bin 
chashm  safidi-yi  in  duUilara'^  chi  qadr  ast. 

Effusion,  rizish. 

Egg>  tukhm-i  mur^  (a  vulg.  pi.  is  tukhm- 
murgihd) ;  nim  ru  (fried  in  butter) ;  nim- 


6tt/M/ (half-boiled);  db-jMz  (boiled);  sakhl 
PmH ton  (to  boil  hard) ;  ArAagrtna*  (omelette 
with  chopped  vetietables) ;  I  saw  a  bird's 
nest  with  four  eggs,  dshiydnayi  murjA-i 
bd  cJuihdr  lukhm  didam;  p&st  i  tukhm-i 
muT'jA  (egg-shell) ;  lukhm-hd-yi  murrj/i 
garm  karda  dar  maq'adash  faru  kardand 
(a  Persian  torture). 

Egg-pl2int,  bddinjdn ;  bddinjdn-i  farangi  (to 
mato). 

Eglantine.      Vide  Sweet-Briar. 

Ego,  bay  ad  du^i  az  miydn-i  rm  bar  ddshta 
shavad  (we  must  be  alter  ego.<i). 

Egotism,  maniyyat. 

Egotistical       Vide  Self. 

Egress,  khuruj ;  makhraj,  pi.  TwaMart;  (place 
of — ,  and  also  expenses). 

Egrette,  tila  (a  jewelled  hair  ornament,  worn 
by  women) ;  jiqa  (of  Shah). 

Egypt,  Misr;  Misr-i  Suflq  or  Buhayra 
(Lower) ;  Misr-i  'Ulya  or  Sa^id  (Upper). 

Egyptian,  Misri. 

Eight,  hasht. 

Eighteen,  hid.dah. 

Eighteenth,  hiJidahum. 

Eigth,  hashlum. 

Eightieth,  hashiddum. 

Eighty,  hashtdd. 

Either — or,  yd — yd  (or  yd — va  yd) ;  chi — chi ; 
kh  ivdh — kh  wdh . 

Ejaculation,  inzidl  (of  semen). 

Eject,  birun  anddkhtan  or  randan;  ikhrdj  k. 

Ejection,  Ejectment,  ikhrdj. 

Elaborate,  shdm-i  mufassal-i  (an  elaborate 
dinner;  opp.  to  shdm-i  mukhtasar-%,  a 
simple  dinner). 

Elapse,  guzashlan ;  tul  kashidan ;  munqazi  sh. 

Elastic,  Elasticity,  kash  (elasticity);  kafsh-i 
kash-ddr  (elastic  side  boots) ;  jahanda 
(adj.;  gen.  of  a  spring);  in  kash  darad; 
hukm-i  Idstik  ddrad;  qdbil-i  inUiddd  va 
inqibdz. 

Elated,  pur-bdd;  mast;  in  falh  rd  fdtihti-yi 
iqbdl  ddnisla   (  =  elated   with   his  success 

Elbow,  arinj  or  aranj  ;  mirfaq,  pi  mardfiq. 
Elburz,  lamdm-i  ufuq-i  shimiAi  rd  rishia-  (or 

silsila-)yi  kuhistan-i  Ilburz  girifta  ast  (the 

whole  of  the  N.  horizon  is  bounded  by 

the  Elburz  Mts.). 
Elder,  rish-i  safid ;  buzurg ;  buzurg-tar  (comp. 

adj.). 


•   Jihat-i  ba--khaatan  quvvat  hard  (Afghan). 
S  The  dimin.  dukhtarak  might  be  affectionate. 
8  KImq  (obs.)  "egg." 


Eld 


96 


Emb 


Elders,  mashaf'ikh. 

Eldest,    Eldest    son,    az    hama    huzurg-tar ; 

pisar-i  arskad ;  arshad-i  awldd-i  zukur  (or 

inds)  (eldest  male  offspring,  or  female). 
Elect,  to,  bar-guzidan ;  intikhab  k. 
Elected,  har-guzida;  muntakhab. 
Election,  intikhab. 

Electric,  cliirdgk-i  barql  (electric  light). 
Electricity,  alaklrisita  (Eur.) ;   quvva-yi   bar- 

qiyya. 
Elegance,  lata f at ;  nazakat. 
Elegant,^  nagAz  (nice  and  neat)  ;  la^f ;  zan-i 

shangul  mangul  (pretty) ;  khdna-yi  an  zan 

drdsta  va  bd  sallqa  ast ' ;  khush-qdmat. 
Elegy,  marsiya ;  nawka  (sung  during  Muhar- 

rara). 
Element,  'unsur,  pi.  'andsir;  'andsir-i  arba'a 

(the  four  elements) ;    asl,   pi.  usul   (rudi- 
ments). 
Elementary,  ibtidd^l  (for  beginners). 
Elephant,  pil  P. ,  or  jil  A. ;  fil-bdn  (mahout) ; 

hawdaj  (howdah). 
Elephantiasis,  fU-pd. 
Elevate,  bar-ajrdkhtan ;  buland  k. ;  murtafi 

garddnldan ;  imrUz-hd  juldn  rd  bdld  burda 
.  and  (in  joke;  not  in  a  good  sense). 
Elevated,  afrdkhta;  sar-buland. 
Elevation,  bulandi  or  irlifd'  (height) ;  rif'at 

(elevation) . 
Eleven,  ydzdah. 
Eleventh,  ydzdahum. 
Elicit,  istimbdt  k.  (for  words) ;    biriin  dvur- 

dan. 
Elision,  hazf  (gram.)  ;    jazm    (apocopation, 

q.v.). 
Elite,    zuhda-yi    lashkar    (the    elite    of   the 

army) ;  nuichba-yi  javdndn. 
Elixir,  ikslr.     Vide  Stone. 
Elizabeth,  Alisdbdt. 
Ell,  gaz  ;  zird' . 
Elm,  ndrvand. 
Elongate,   dardz  k. ;    tul    or    iatvil    dddan ; 

mutavval  sdkhtan. 
Elopgation,  iatvil ;  imtiddd. 
Elopement,   dukhtar-i   Qdzi    rd    burd,    or — 

gurizdnd. 
Eloquence,  suMhau-drd^'l ;    fasdhat^    u    bald- 

^at  ddrad. 


Eloquent,  faslh^ ;  sukhan-avar ;  harraf  (gen. 
loquacious). 

Else,  va  ilia  atid  agar  7ia  (otherwise) ;  did 
you  see  donkeys  or  anything  else  on  the 
road?  dar  'arz-i  rdh  uldgh-i  chtz-t  dldid^? 
bardy-i  chi,  digar,  girya  bi-kunam?  (why 
else  should  I  cry  ?). 

Elucidate,  rushan  k. ;  vdzih  or  tawzlh  k .  ; 
tafsir  k.  (explain  fully). 

Emaciated,  mafluk  (also  poor) ;  zdr  u  za'  if 
shuda  ;  pust  u  usiukhwdn  shuda. 

Emanation,  iamdm-i  makhluqdt  tajalli-yi 
nur-i  Ildhi  ast ;  'dlam-i  ndsut  'aks-i  'dlam-i 
Idhut  ast;  partav  (ray  of  light.  Vide 
Beam.  Ray,  Sun). 

Emancipate,  dzdd  k. 

Emancipation,  iHdq  (k.)  (legal  term) ;  hargdh 
banda-i  bi-tavdnad  khud  rd  dzdd  kunad  bar 
muslimin  farz  ast  ki  urd  khalds  numdyand 
(when  slaves  can  redeem  themselves  it  is 
the  duty  of  Muslims  to  grant  them  eman- 
cipation). 

Emancipated,  dzdd  karda  shuda  or  dzdd 
shuda;  'aliq  (k.)  (legal  term  for  an  eman- 
cipated slave). 

Embalm,  tahmt  namudun  (rare) ;  hanut  k. 

Embalmer,  muhannit  (rare)  ;  hanut-kun. 

Embankment,*  pushta ,  khdk-riz ;  band 

Embark,  to,  savdr-shudan-i  ^  dar  kishti ;  dar 
jahEz  nishastan ;  javdHd-i  ashhhds-i  ki  dar 
an  kdr  iqddm  karda  and  bish  az  dnchi  hast 
dar  nazar-hd  jalva  mi-kunad  (the  gains  of 
those  who  embark  on  it  are  likely  to  be 
overestimated). 

Embarrass,  bi-khijdlat  atiddkhian;  bi-tash- 
vish  anddkhtan;  parishdn  or  muztarib  k., 
etc. 

Embarrassed,  dast-pdcha;  u  dast  u  pd-yash 
rd  gum  kard  (to  lose  one's  head) ;  dar  kdr- 
ash  mu'attal  mdnda  ast  (m.c.  =  he  is  at  a 
loss ;  also  delayed) ;  glr  uftdda  or  karda 
(he  is  in  a  fix). 

Embarrassing,  mushkil;  parlshdn-kun. 

Embassy,  si f drat;  sifdrat-khdna  (residence); 
nd^ib-i  sijdrat  (First  Secretary  to — ). 

Embellish,  shdkh  u  barg  nihudan  (to  embel- 
lish a  story) ;    zlnat  dddan;   drdstan   (to 


1  Zarlf,  "  neat;  "  aal'iqa,  "good  taste." 

*  Fasahat  is  clearness  and  correctness  in  language ;  halaghat  i>3  eloquence.     Fasahat  is  chiefly  con- 
cerned with  words,  halaghat  with  meanings,  hence,  the  latter  term  cannot  be  applied  to  single  words. 

3  Note  this  use  of  cAtz-i,'  also  ^s  o^  unity  repeated  after  each  substantive. 

*  There  are  no  regular  embankments  in  Persia. 
6  Or  omit  the  izafat. 


Emb  97 

decorate,  gen.) ;   munaqqash  k.  (of  things 
only).     Vide  Adorn,  Decorate. 

Embellishment,  drayish  {k.) ;  zinat  (d.) ;  zib 
(d.) ;  rawnaq  (d.) ;  qiaaa  rd  skdkh  u  barg 
nihdd. 

Embers,  l^ul  (a  few  embers  kept  burning  by 
being  smothered  in  ashes) ;  kharg  (a  live 
coal  or  wood). 

Emblem,  'aldmat;  nislidn. 

Emblematical    'aldmati;  ramzl. 

Embodied,  chi  mi-ddnid  ki  InhJd  div  yd  (jhul- 
and  ki  dar  surat-i  insdn  mujassam  shuda 
bd-ham  sulibat  kundn  nishasia  and — (Prof. 
S.  T.  (how  do  you  know  that  they  are  not 
demons  and  ghuls  embodied  in  human 
form?). 

Embrace,  dar  bar  (or  dar  baghal)  giriftan; 
mu'dnaqa  k.  (mutual) ;  Jmm-dghush  sh.  (of 
lovers) ;  bus  u  kindr  k.  (kissing  and  em- 
bracing).    Vide  Neck. 

Embracer,  bagAal-gir. 

Ernbracing,  bagiial-glri ;  ham-dc0bshi  or 
aghush-kashi  (of  lovers). 

Embrasure,  jurja  (rare). 

Embrocate,  mdltdan;  tadhin  k.  (med.). 

Embrocation,  wMidarii ;  zimdd  (anything 
thick  to  be  painted  or  simply  applied  out- 
side ;  also  a  poultice ') ;  tila  (k.)  (a  grease 
or  ointment ;  in  m.c.  sp.  that  used  to  cure 
impotency). 

Embroider,  qulldb-duzt  k. 

Embroiderer,  qulldb-duz. 

Embroidery,  gul-duzt ,  qulldb-duzl ;  zar-duzi 
(in  m  c.  not  necessarily  gold) ;  qaytan- 
duzl. 

Embryo,  janln  (of  human  beings) ;  nutja  dar 
rahim-i  u  bast  (of  animals) ;  mddda  (source, 
matter) ;  rnddda-yi  mur^  tukhm  ast. 

Emendator,  muslih;  musahhih. 

Emerald,  zumurrud,  zumurrudin  or  zumur- 
rud-rang  ( — in  colour). 

Emery,  sumbdda;  kdgltaz-i  surnhdda  (emery 
paper). 

Emetic,  davd-yi  qay :  muqayyi  (subs,  and 
adj.);  jawhar-i  qay  (Ipecac);  qay-dvur 
(adj.). 

Emigration,  jald-yi  vatan  {sh.) ;  tark-i  vatan 
(k.) ;  muMjarat  (n.). 

Eminence,  bidandi;  lappa  {mound) ;  zamln-i 
,'?ar-A;u6t  (commanding) ;  Jandb-i  Muqaddas- 
ma^db  (H.E.,  for  Chief  Mujtahid) ;  Jandb-i 
FazUat-ma^db  (not  so  exalted  a  title  as  the 
former). 

1  But  in  dava-yi  mdlidanl  for  *' embrocation  " 
no  ambiguity. 

13 


Emp 


Eminent,  mashhur ;  ndm-ddr ;  fd:fil  (learned) ; 
7naahdhir-i  mulk  u  millat  (the  eminent  men 
of  the  day). 

Emission,  inzal  (seminal)  •  ikhrdj-i  :}iyd*  at 
shams  (the  emission  of  light  from  the 
sun). 

Emolument,  dakhl  (income ;  also  emoluments 
other  than  lawful  pay) ;  dar-dmad  (rare) ; 
maddkhil  (income) ;  kiUl-i  maddkhil-i  in 
mansah  chlst. 

Emotion,  ta^dkytr-i  hdlat ;  mard-i  sard-i  aat, 
jush  na-ddrad.     Vide  Refine. 

Emperor,  Impardtur  ;  Qaysar  (sp.  of  Turkey); 
Faijhjur  or  Khdqdn  (of  China) . 

Emphasis,  ta^kid;  bd  shadd  u  madd  guftan 
ki — (I  said  with  emphasis — ) ;  [also  bd 
shadd  u  madd  nutq  kard,  he  made  a  power- 
ful speech]. 

Empire,  Saltanat;  Dawlat;  Chin  mamlakat-i 
wast'  ast. 

Employ,  to,  bi-kdr  giriftan;  mustakhdam 
sdkhian;  bi-kdr  burdan;  istirml  k.  (to 
use) ;  awqdt-ash  rd  sarf-i  shikar  mi-kunad ; 
bi-chunin  ashkhds  ki  kdr  rujW  mi-kunad :" 
bi-masraf  rasidan  (to  be  used). 

Employed,  sar-i  kdr  budan;  mashghul ;  hdld 
ma^mur-i  kdr-i  td'un  ast. 

Employer,  mustakhdim;  dghfl'  (master,  q.v.)- 

Employment,  kdr;  pisha;  kasb ;  kasibi ; 
shugM-i  shumJd  chist  or  chi  san'at  ddrid 
(what  are  you  by  trade  ?) ;  'uhda  (office) ; 
dast-ash  bi-kdr  band  shud  (he  has  got 
employment) ;  dast-ash  bi-kdr  ast  (he  is 
out  of  work). 

Empress,  Qaysara  (of  India) ;  Imprdtris  (of 
Russia,  Austria,  etc.). 

Empty,  tuhi  (of  vessels) ;  khdli  (of  vessels, 
houses) ;  puk  (vulg.) ;  ta'rif-i  khdli  shikam 
rd  piir  nami-kunad  (empty  praises  do  not 
fill  the  belly) ;  gufta-hd-yash  khdli  az  khayr 
ast  (  =  no  one  listens  to  him,  his  re- 
commendation is  no  use) ;  mard^i  hich  u 
puch  (an  empty  man) ;  khdna  khoR  '«/, 
hich  kas  an  rd  kirdya  na-karda  ast ;  [kirdya- 
dih  "tenant"];  may  your  journey  be 
prosperous  and  may  you  not  return  empty- 
handed,  ughur  bi-khayr  bdshad  dasl-i 
khdli  bar  ma-gardid  (or  dast-i  pur  bar 
gardid) ;  kucha-Jid  khilvat  bud  (the  streets 
were  empty). 

Empty,  to,  tuhi  or  khdli  k.;  takhliya  k. 
(empty  a  room  ;  make  private;  evacuate, 
q.v.). 


i 


and  dava-yi  ptiMlani  for  "  poultice  * '  there  e«n  be 


Emu 


98 


Eng 


Emulation,  ghayrat;  mujahada;  rashk  (jeal- 
ousy; used  both  in  a  good  and  a  bad 
sense). 

Enamel,  qalyan-am  mtna-kan  'st. 

Enameller,  mina-kar;  mlndH. 

Enamoured,  farlfta;  shlfta;  pd-suz  (m.c). 

Encampment,  chddar  or  dastgah;  urdu  (mil. 
only). 

Enchant,  ashujta  or  shifta  k. ;  hazz  dudan 
(to  delight).     Vide  infra. 

Enchanted,  sihr  or  afsun  khurda;  jddu-zada 
(of  people) ;  jinn  ddrad  or  jadu  karda  (of 
places). 

Enchanter,  sdhir  or  jddu-gor  (magician) ; 
afsun-gar  (gen.  of  spoken  spells) ;  dil-ruhd 
(of  mistress). 

Enchantment,  sihr  or  jddu  (k.) ;  afsun  {k. 
or  kh.)  (spell  m  black  magic) ;  'azlma 
(spell  in  white  magic). 

Enchantress,  sdhira  (female  magician). 

Enclose,  to,  ihdta  k.  (of  land,  etc.);  dawr  u 
bar-i  in  zamin  rd  az  chub  bi-qir  (enclose 
this  ground  by  paling) ;  please  enclose 
my  letter  in  yours,  Icdghaz-i  mard  dar 
jaivf-i  kdghaz-i  khud-i  tdn  bi-guzdrid;  I 
enclosed  the  cheque,  bardt  rd  laff'^^'  firistd- 
dam. 

Enclosure,  ilmta  (place) ;  maljuf  (p.  p.  in 
letter ;  laff<^" ,  adv.) ;  si  kdgkaz  dar  in  malfuf 
ast. 

Encounter,  du  chdr  shudan  bd — (of  sudden 
encounter) ;  u  az  jilo-yam  dar  dmad 
(sudden  meeting) ;  bd  dushman  dost  dar 
kamar  zadan.     Vide  Come. 

Encourage,  to,  tashviq  d. ;  marhamat  (or 
lutjyi  sdbiq-i  shumd  mard  ummld-vdr 
mi-gardunad  ki — ;  this  encourages  me 
to  continue,  in  mard  taqviyat  (or  iarghib) 
mi-dihad  ki  'aqab-i  an  rd  bi-giram  {or  pd- 
pay-i  dn  bi-shavam) ;  harchi  bi-nd-ummidi 
ru  bi-dihi  zur-dvar-tar  mi-gardad  (the  more 
you  encourage,  or  give  way  to,  despair, 
the  more  it  overpowers  you). 

Encouragement,  tashviq  (d.). 

Encourager,  mushavviq;  tashviq-dih. 

End,  sar ;  nuk  (point) ;  anjdm ;  dkhir ;  pd- 
ydn;  ikhtitdm;  khdtima  (conclusion);  bi- 
pdydn ;  bi-nihdyat;  nd-mutandhi  (bound- 
less ;  gen.  of  God  or  of  space) ;  alakh ' 
'aldmat-i  ilq  dkhir  ast;  harf  zadan-i  u 
intikd  na-ddrad  or  guft  u  gu-yi  u  anddza 
na-ddrad  ;  sabr-am  bi-dkhir  rasid  =  hawsala- 


am  sar  raft  (my  patience  is  at  an  end) ; 
dar  sar-i  du  sal  (at  the  end  of  two  years) ; 
gharaz :  maqsad ;  matlab  (object) ;  naiija, 
pi.  naia%j  (consequence). 

End,  to,  tamdm  k. ;  bi-dkhir  rasidan ;  Jchatm 
k. ;  parddkhtan  (with  ace);  anjdm  dddan 
or  bi-pdydn  rasdnidan  (to  accomplish). 
Vide  Finished. 

Endeavour,  kushidan;  jahd  k. ;  dast  u  pa 
zadan;  man  bdyad  imruz  sa'y  kunam  ki 
urd  muldqdt  numdyam;  dar  taraqqt-yi 
'uhda-yam  bazl-i  himmat  kard.  Vide  Re- 
sult, Attempt,  Try. 

Endive,  kdsni  (endive  ?) ;  hindibd. 

Endless.     Vide  End. 

Endorsement,  imzd^"^  {k.)  (signature);  tasdiq 
{k.)  (to  confirm). 

Endowment,  vaqf,  pi.  awqdf  and  vaqfiyydt 
(relig.  only). 

Endurable,  tahammul-pazir.     Vide  Dowry. 

Endurance,  tahammul^  u  tjdqat;  sabr;  shiki- 
bd^l  (patience) ;  pdyadari  ;  davdm  ;  baqd^ 
(continuance). 

Enema,  imdla;  dastur. 

Enemy,  'adu,  pi.  a'dd^  (in  m.c.  of  human 
beings  only) ;  dushman ;  gurba  u  mush 
tabi'ttt""  bd-ham  bad-and.     Vide  Natural. 

Energy, gwtwai ;  zur ;  jahd;  quvva-yi  fd'iliyya- 
ash  rafta  (he  has  lost  his  energy ;  also  he 
has  become  impotent). 

Enervated,  Enfeebled,  kam-zur ;  za'if  shud^,; 
kam  bunya  shuda. 

Enfranchise,  to,  dzdd^-yi  ray  dadan.  Vide 
To  free. 

Engage,  nawkar  k.;  bi-mulazamat  giriftan; 
bi-kdr  ddshtan ;  iqddm  k.  (enter  upon) ; 
ta^ahhud  n.  (to  promise). 

Engaged,  mashjhul-i — (to  be  enga^ged  in)  ; 
ndm-zad  (betrothed) ;  sar-garm-i  kar-i  idara 
ast  (he  is  busily  engaged  in  ofiiee) ;  ura 
pish-i  khud  nawkar  karda,  am;  khilvat 
karda  ast  (he  is  engaged;  in  a  private 
room). 

Engagement,  vide  Battle,  Fight;  ta'ahhu- 
ddt-i  dawlati  (international  engagements) ; 
ndm-zadi  (matrimonial) ;  imshab  jd-i  va'da, 
ddram  (or  jd-i  maw'ud  haslam)  azjn  jihat 
da'vat-i  shumd  rd  qabul  nami-tavanam  bi- 
kunam;  [da'vat-i  majlis-i  bdl ;  invitation 
to  a  ball];  qadri  giriftdri  ddram  (I  have 
some  small  business  to  attend  to). 


^\=.tji.1  J\ 


2  Ar.  t^*a^\ 


3  Tdhammtd  also  patience  (as  of  Job). 


Eng 


90 


Ent 


Engine,  injin  or  tnaahin,  Eur.  (locomotive) ; 

alai,  pi.  aldt  (tool) ;  manjantq  (crane). 
Engineer,   muhandis ;    muhandisin-i  ni?^ml 

(•'  military  engineers"  :  there  are  said  to 

be  two  in  Persia,  both  Parsis). 
Engineering,  muhandisi. 
England,  Inch  ixiqt  hi-Inglistdn  rafta  id? 
English,  Ingltz;  Ingllsi. 
English  Channel,  Daryd-yi  Mdnsh  (Fr.). 
Engrave,  hakkdki  k.  (seals  or  silver) ;  kandan 

(anything) ;   khidavrnt-i  shumd  dar  dil-am 

naqsh-i  ka-H-hajar^   ast — Prof.  S.  T.  (my 

obligations  to  you  are  engraved  on  my 

heart). 
Engraved,  kanda;  manqush  (also  '  painted  '). 
Engraver,  hakkdk ;   naqqdsh  (also  painter) ; 

qalam-zan;  naqqdr. 
Engraving,  kandagi;  qalam-zanl  (on  silver, 

etc.) ;  naqsh,  pi.  nuqush  (carving). 
Engrossed,  to  be,  m  rafian  (to  be  lost  in 

wonder  at) ;  gharq  shudan;  hdld  dar  kdr-i 

khud-ash  ijjkarq  ast.     Vide  Wrapped. 
Enigma,  m  mu'ammd  rd  mi-tavdnid  hall  bi- 

kunid  (can  you  solve  this  riddle  ?) ;  lughz. 
Enigmatic,  ramzdna;  mu' ammd-dniiz. 
En'ioin,  ta^ktd  k. ,  vide  Forbid,  Order,  etc.; 

please  enjoin  him  not  to  come  here  any 

more,  marhamat  farmuda  urd  bi-sifdrtd 

dtgar  Injd  na-ydyad. 
Enjoined,  mahuz  (relig.) ;  amr  u  nahi,  or  pi. 

avdmir   u   navdhl-yi   Qur^dn  =  mafruzdt-i 

Qur^dn. 
Enjoy,    lazzal  bur  dan ;     'aysh    k.;     dar  in 

mawsim-i  sdl  mahzuz  mi-shavam,  or  hazz 

mi-kunam ;  bisydr  bad  va  bi-kasdlat  guzasht 

(we  did  not  enjoy  ourselves ;  it  was  very 

slow). 
Enjoyable,  pur-masarrat ;  bahjat-afzd. 
Enjoying,  mutamatti'  sh. ;   'aysh  k. ;   khush 

guzasht  or  khush  guzardndim  (we  enjoyed 

ourselves). 
Enjoyment,  'aysh  u  'ishrat;   hazz;   lazzat; 
.    majlis-i  diruzi  hich  safd  na-ddsht;  'aysh-i 

ragdiid  (unrestrained  enjoyment). 
Enlarge,  to,  vu^'at  dddan  (a  space) ;  buzurg 

k.  (picture,  photo) ;  kaldm-ash  rd  bast  ddd. 
Enlarged,  mabsut ;  dar  bdb-i  in  ma'ni  mabsut * 

kaldm  kard  (he  enlarged  on  this  topic); 

sharh  u  bast  d. 
Enlist,  jam'   dvari  n.    (mil.) ;    sar-ash   tu-yi 

siydha  dmad  (he  was  enlisted). 
Enmity,  dushmani ;  'addvat;  khusumat;  kina 

(malice). 


Ennobling,  shardfat-dih. 

Ennui,  maldla.     Vide  Gail. 

Ennuye,  dil-tang ;  malUl;  dil-am  az  hama 
chiz  girifta  oat,  bi-qadr-i  an  ki  gtd-i  bu 
kunam  dim>dijj^  na-ddram. 

Enoch,  Idris. 

Enough, 6as;  kdfi  (adj.) ;  kifdyat  kard  (that'll 
do);  "  Digar  ham  mi-khwdhi?  Bdshad.** 
("Do  you  want  any  more?"  "It's 
enough"). 

Enquire,  su*dl^  k. ;  pursidan;  juyd  ah.; 
taftish  k. ;  tafahhu^  k. ,  purs  u  juy  k. ; 
tafaqqud-i  ahvdl  k.  dr  ahvdl-pursi  k.  (to 
enquire  after  the  health  of) . 

Enraged,  c[hazab-ndk  {sh.  and  k.) ;  khashmr 
ndk  {k.  and  sh.) ;  bar  dshufta  {k.  and  sh.). 

Enshrouding  (the  dead),  kafan  kardan ; 
takfin  {n.). 

Entail,  to,  vaqf-i  awldd  k.  (leg.). 

Entangled,  girijidr  (caught) ;  gir  uftdda  (of 
persons  in  calamity,  cross-examination ;  of 
birds,  etc.) ;  tu-yi  ham  pichida,  kildfa. 
shuda  (local,  only  of  thread) ;  pich-d-pich 
shuda;  pUch-i  ham  uftdda. 

Enter,  tit  or  dar  dmadan;  dukhul  k.  (also  to 
enter  unto  a  woman,  for  the  consumma- 
tion of  marriage)  ;  sabt-i  daftar  k. ;  usm- 
navisi  k.  (to  enregister)  ;  hi  ddkhil-i  in 
gifiir  mi-shavad  ?  vdrid-i  khdna  shud  (m.c. , 
he  entered  the  house). 

Entering,  dukhul  (subs.). 

Enterprise,  'azimat;  kdr. 

Enterprising,  dilir ;  jasur;  bd 'azimat. 

Entertainer,  Entertainment,  ziydfai  or  mih- 
mdni  (of  eating  and  drinking  only) ;  valitna 
(of  relig.  or  customary  feasts)  ;  u  bardy-i 
Irdnihd  mihmdn-ddr  shuda  ast  (he  has 
been  appointed  to  look  after  the  Persian 
official  guests);  tafarruj-i  bdzi-gardn  bud; 
tamdshd-yi  asp-davdni  bud  ;  shayldn  {kashi- 
dan)  (of  a  big  feast).  Vide  Feast,  Dinner, 
etc.). 

Enthusiasm,  shawq ,  jush  ;  sar-garmi. 

Entice,  to,  fariftan ;  bi-ddm  kashidan;  var 
(f^oMnidan ;  va'da-i  ki  ishan  dddand  chang-i 
bi-dil-am  zad  (an  enticing  oflFer) ;  bd  harfhd- 
yi  shirin  tifl,  rd  jazb  karda  bi-khdna-ash 
burd;  nawkar-am  rd  var  <j^aldnid  va  bard. 

Enticer,  var  ^aldn-kun. 

Enticingly,  jdzibdna  harf  zad  va-li  bi-ddmr(uh 
na-yuftddam. 

Entire,  tamdm;  kdmil;  durust  haft  mah 
(seven    full    months) ;    narydn    (horse) ; 


1  For  ka-'n  naqsJi-i  fi't-hajar.  «  Vulg.  for  kalSm-i  tnabsStrh 

3  Az  kaa-i  au*al  k.  "  to  beg." 


Ent 


100 


Era 


murgh  ra  salim  ru-yi  gab  avurd  (he  brought 
an  entire  uncut  fowl  on  the  dish)  ;  akhta 
norshuda  (of  horse).' 

Entirely,  hi-kulli ;  kull'^" ;  tamdm'^" ;  niutlaq''"  ; 
in  Wiahar  sar-a-sar  bi-pd  ast;  sar-d-pd  tar 
shvdam;  hasta  hi-mayl-i  Jandb  astf  or  har 
chi  hukm  farmd^l  (I'm  entirely  at  your 
disposal). 

Entitled,  to  be,  mustdhiqq  ;  mustawjib. 

Entrails,  ruda,  pi.  rudahd  (gut) ;  ahshd^  u 
am'd^,  pi. 

Entrance,  madkhal  (place  of — ) ;  duhhul  (act 
of  entering). 

Entreat,  iltimds  k. ;  'djizi  k. ;  'nana  gharlb- 
am^  dar  dvurdan ;  bind^  kard  bi-guftan 
'nana  man  ^arlb-am,  bdbd-ml^  tu  kushtr 
(  =  he  began  to  beg  and  pray).  Vide 
Excuse. 

Entrenchments,  istihkdmdt ;  khandaq  (ditch) ; 
Midk-riz  (heaping  earth;  also  glacis). 

Entrust,  havdla  k.  ;  sipurdan,  rt.  sipdr;  mu- 
fawaz  k. ;  tafvlz  k. ;  muhavval  k. ;  In  pul 
rd  nazd-i  shumd  amdnat  mi-niham. 

Entry  and  exit,  dukhul  u  khuruj  {k.). 

Enumeration,  ta'ddd  k. ;  shimurdan,  rt. 
shimdr. 

Envelop,  fard  giriftan ;  ihdta  k  (surround) ; 
picMdan  (wrap  up)  ;  the  city  was  en- 
veloped in  a  fog,  shahr  rd  dud  u  ghubdr^ 
girifta  bud. 

Envelope,  pdkat  (Eur.) ;  lifdfa*  (cover  or 
wrap  for  book,  etc.). 

Envied,  mahsud. 

Envier,  hdsid. 

Envious,  hasud. 

Environs,  savdd-i^  shahr;  navdhi-yi  or 
havdll-yi  or  hawl-i  or  hawsh-i  shahr. 

Envoy  extraordinary  and  Minister  pleni- 
potentiary, vazir-mukhtdr^ ;  saftr-i  kablr 
(ambassador) . 

Envy,  bar  kas-i  hasad  bur  dan ;  tama'  and 
hirs  (covetousness) ;  bughz  and  klna 
(malice);  hasad qabih ast ;  chashm-i  didan-i 
mard  na-ddrad  (he  envies  my  good  luck ; 
also  he  hates  me). 

Enzeli,  Anzali. 

Epaulette.     Vide  Shoulder-cord. 

Ephemeral,  khalq"^ s-sd' ah ;  shdhparak   'umr- 


ash   du-ruza    ast;    'aysh-i    du-ruza-yi    %n 

dunyd 
Epic,  SMh-Ndma  rajaz-ndma-i  ^st. 
Epidemic,  vabd  (of  virulent  diseases  only). 
Epilepsy,  sar'. 
Epilectic,  masru' . 
Epistle,  risdla. 
Epitaph,  kitdba ;    sar-lawh  (on  tombstone) ; 

vafdt-ndma. 
Epithet,  vasf ;  laqab. 
Epoch,  vdqi'a-yi  'azim. 

Epsom-salts,  numak-i  farangi.  [ast. 

Equable,   tabi  at-ash   hamvdr  ast   or   yaksdn 
Equal,  TMZir ;  misl ;  'adll ;  u  nazlr  nM-dxirad  — 

bl-hamtd  ast ;  Ichatt-i  shumd  bd  khatt-i  man 

musdvi  ''st?   ling-ash"^  nist  (vulg. ;  he  has 

no  equal) ;    yak  lira-yi   Inglisl  m,u'ddil-i 

punzdah  rupiya  ast;  az  har  du  nuqta  bi- 

fdsila-yi  musdvi  vdqi'  shuda  (it  is  situated 

at  an  equal  distance,  or  equidistant,  from 

both  places). 
Equals,    aqrdn ;    ham-sha^ndn ;    ham-sardn; 

ham-pdyagdn) .     Vide  Friends. 
Equality,  bardbari ;  musdvdt;  tasviyat. 
Equalize,    Equalizing,    ta'dil    (k.) ;    musdvi 

sdkhtan ;  mavdjib-i  in  du  mansab  rd  bi-yak 

mizBn  bdyad  nihdd  (the  pay  of  the  two 

appointments  must  be  equalized). 
Equally,  bi-'l-mundsafa; ' aW s-saviyya ;  ham- 

chumn  (in  like  manner). 
Equator,  khatt"  ^l-istivd^. 
Equiangular,  mutasdvi  'z-zawdyd. 
Equilibrium,   muvdzanat    (of    power    only) ; 

band-bdz  langar-ash  rd  gum  kard  va  part 

shud  (of  balance). 
Equipment,  hama-yi  md  yahtdj  (all  necessary 

equipment). 
Equipped,    hdzir-yardq ;     musta'idd    (ready, 

prepared) . 
Equity,  insdf ;  'addlat. 
Equivalent,  mu'ddil  (adj. ;  of  money) ;  badal; 

Hvaz  (subs.). 
Equivocation,  tafra;  tafra-zam  ;  muyhdlaia. 
Era,  'asr  (agei ;  sann-i  'Isavl  or  sann-i  mllddi 

(Christian  Era) ;  sann-i  hijri  (Muslim). 
Eradicate,  az  bikh  kandan;  qaV  u  qam'  k.; 

isiisdl  k. ;    musta^sal  sdkhtan ;    az  blkh  u 

bunydn  bar  kandan. 


I   Baray-  ■  qurbanl  bayad  guafani-i  naqia  na-dad. 

^  Bubaml,  vulg.  for  baba-yi  mara. 

8  Mih  is  fog  and  haze  on  hills,  not  of  a  city. 

*  In  India  "  envelo  e." 

6  Sawud,  At.,  "blackness." 

<>  No  izafat.     With  izafat  any  representative  sent  by  the  state. 

1  For  linga-aah. 


Era 


101 


Ety 


Eraser,  ftik-kun  (India-rubber). 

Erasing,  malw  (k.)  (by  rubbing  or  drawing  a 
pen  through) ;  liakk  k.  (with  pen-knife). 

Erect,  to,  afrdhhtan  or  afrdshtan ;  nasb  k. ; 
bar  pa  k. ;  istdda  k. 

Erect,  adj.,  rdst;  sarv-bdld  (in  stature). 

Erection,  afrdkhlagi ;  nu'uz  and  vulg.  rdstl 
(of  penis).     Vide  Building. 

Erivan,  Iravdn. 

Ermine,  qdqum  (ermine?);  ermine  is  white 
with  black  tail. 

Errand,  paydm.  and  payfjAdm  (mes-sage) ; 
he  went,  but  forgot  the  errand  on  which 
he  was  sent,  raft  va-llkin  qdsidi-yi^  khud 
az  ydd-ash  raft. 

Erroneous,  fdsid'^  (prop,  mischievous,  evil) ; 
nd-savdb;  gAalat;  md  bay  ad  khiydldt-i 
bdtil  rd  tark  kunlm. 

Error,  khatd ;  sahv ;  ishtibdh ;  khabt ;  ghalat 
(stronger  than  the  preceding) ;  dar  in 
kaijhaz  hich  ishtibdh  ml-binid?  gum-rdhi 
(being  in  religious  error);  (jhalat-i  'dmm 
fasih  (a  popular  error  but  idiomatic,  and 
accepted  as  correct). 

Eructation,  drugA  {k.). 

Erudition,  tarbiyat ;  'ilm. 

Eruption,  ddna-hd  (on  skin) ;  jush  (of  vol- 
cano) ;  Kuh-i  Visuviyas  tdza  yak  sar-i 
dlgar  bdz  karda. 

Erzeroum,  Arzirum. 

Esau,  I  saw. 

Esaias,  Isha^yd. 

Escape,  dar  raftan;  firdr  k. ;  gurikhtan,  rt. 
guriz  (to  flee  away) ;  rihd  sh. ;  az  zinddn 
firdr  kardand  gurikhtand ;  az  murg  jdn-ash 
rd  bi-dar  burd  (he  nearly  died ;  he  escaped 
death)  =  az  marg  najdt  ydft  (of  threatened 
danger) . 

Escapement  (of  watch),  ragqds-i  sd'at.  Vide 
Watch. 

Escort,  mustahfiz;  [badraqa,  class.,  in  m.c. 
means  seeing  a  guest  off] ;  yasdvul  (escort 
of  Shah,  Governor). 

Esop,  The  Luqman  of  the  Qur*an  is  supposed 
to  be  Esop,  Luqmdn  ki  zikr-ash  dar  Qur^dn 
dmada  ast  khiydl  mi-kunand  ki  Isdp  buda. 

Especial,  amr-i  muhimm  (important  matter); 
In  amr-i  makhsus-i  ^st;  khdss. 

Especially,  khiisus"" ;  khdssa. 

Esprit  de  Corps.     Vide  Jealous. 


Essence,  jawhar  ;  ruh ;  'ayn;  'aro^  (anything 

distilled). 

Essential,  tijdrat-i  ahdn  mumidd  balki  mdddo' 
yi  Tudliyya  ast  (  =  their  traffic  is  essential 
to  the  revenue).      Vide  Necessary. 

Essentially,  min  hais"'' l-ma^khaz. 

Established,  y/itt^arrar ;  mutamakkin;  qd^im; 
in  tdzagl-hd,  In  qdnun  guzdshta  shvda  ast 
(or  bind  shuda  or  bar  pd  shvda  or  jari 
shuda  ast) ;  in  amr-i  musaf.bat  ast  (estab- 
lished fact). 

Establishing,  bar  qardr  ddahtan. 

Estate,  amldk  ;  milkiyyat ;  mirds  (heritage  of 
kinsmen  by  law)  ;  u  insiyyat  kard  ki 
tamdm-i  md  yamlik-ash^  mdl-i  pisar-i 
buzurg-ash  bdshad.     Vide  Condition. 

Esteem,  rtibdr  k.  (for  persons  and  things) ; 
vaq'  or  vaqdr  nihddan  (for  persons  or  heir- 
looms, etc.) ;  muhtaram  or  mukarram  dash- 
tan;  bar  in  kdliska  i'tibdr  ddram;  in 
angvshtar  rd  vaqdr  mi-niham  ;  bar  in  sham- 
shir  i'timdd  ddram.  [daza  k. 

Estimate,  bar-dvard  k. ;   takhmin  zadan  ;  an- 

Estrangement,  bi-gdnagi ;  shakar-db  (cool- 
ness) ;  judd'i  anddkhtan  (to  effect — ). 

Et  cetera,  va-(jhayra;  khdna-ash  raftam, 
didam  'arusi  bud;  raqqds-hd,  bdzi-garhd, 
qawdl-hd,  va  va  va  (m.c. ;  I  went  to  his 
iiouse  and  saw  there  was  a  weddmg  there ; 
there  were  dancers,  jugglers, '  funny-men,' 
etc.,  etc.,  etc.). 

Eternal,  jdviddn  or  bdqi  (without  end) ,  God 
is  eternal,  Khudd  azali  va  abadi  '.5/ (with- 
out beginning  and  without  end);  dn-hd* 
ki  az  Khudd  ta'dlq  mi-tar  sand  surur-i 
jdviddni  (or  bdqi)  mi-ydband. 

Eternity,  abadiyyat  or  jdviddni  (without 
end);  azaliyyat  (without  beginning). 

Ether,  asir. 

Ethics,    ilm-i  akhldq. 

Ethiopian,  Habashi  (of  Abyssinia) ;  Sidi  or 
Suduni  (of  the  Soudan) ;  Zangi  (of  Zanzi- 
bar) ;  Bambdsi  (of  Mombassa) ;  kdku-aiydh 
or  siydh  (a  Black) 

Etiquette,  rasm;  takallufdt  (ceremonies); 
qd'ida-yi  nishast  u  barkhdst  or  tahzib 
(polish,  good  manners) ;  dddb  u  ruaUm-i 
fvldn  chiz  {or  jd). 

Etymology,  ishtiqdq;  masdar ;  ttuidda;  sarf 
(grammar  as  opposed  to  nahv  '  syntax '). 


1  Qaaidi  is  also  the  office  of  postman  (on  toot). 

2  Faaid  is  also  applied  to  an  evil  thought. 

3  Ar. ;  lit.  "  that  which  he  poaaeases  "  ;  note  Persian  suffix  a«A,  affixed  to  an  .Arabic  phrase. 
♦  Or  anha*l  ki—ot  kaaan-l  ki  (but  not  ishan  ki). 


£uc 


102 


Exa 


Euclid,  Uqltdas ;  Tahrir-i  Uqlidas  (Geo- 
metry). 

Eulogist,  maddah. 

Eulogy,  qasida  (a  poem) ;  chtz-i  dar  madh-i  u 
guft  (he  composed  something  in  eulogy  of 
him) . 

Eunuch,  khivaja  or  hhoja;  khwaja-bdshi 
(chief  eunuch). 

Euphemism,  tahsin-i  kaldm. 

Euphrates,  Rud-i  Furdt  va  Dijla  va  Qdrun 
muttasil  shuda  dhhd-yi '  sTmn  bi-Khaltj-i 
Fdrs  mi-rizad. 

Europe,  Farangistdn. 

European,  Farangl ;  ajnds-i  Farangi  hdld 
fardydn  ast;  ball  in  surat-i  khdnum-t 
Farangi^-i  ^st,  az  m  chi  dar  dmad?  Jd-yi 
rashk  nist  (Yes,  this  is  a  picture  of  a 
European  lady.  What  is  there  in  that  ? 
You  need  not  be  jealous). 

Europeanized,  farangl-ma^db. 

Evacuation,  takhliya  k.  (mil.);  itldq  [nxed^) . 
Vide  Empty. 

Evade,  gurlz  kardan ;  pahlu-tuhi  k. ;  lilch 
tafra  ^  na-zan  (do  not  shuffle) ;  bi-kuchoryi 
Hasan  chap  raftan  (to  avoid,  q.v.).  Vide 
Evasion. 

Evaporate,  Evaporation,  pandan  (vulg.)  ; 
juzv-i  havd  shudan ;  khushk  shudan. 

Evasion,  gurlz;  pahlu-tuhl ;  Mia  (artifice); 
tafra,  tajdhul  (pretending  ignorance).  Vide 
Evade. 

Eve,  dar  sadad-i  dmadan  budam  (I  was  on 
the  point  of  coming  to  you) ;  dar  sharaf-i 
raftan-i  bi-Bamba^i  budam  (I  was  about 
to  start  for  Bombay) ;  dar  kdr-i  jastan 
budam  ki  u  jilav-am  dmad.  Vide  Even- 
ing. 

Even,  hamvar ;  sdf ;  musattah  (of  land)  ; 
du  khatt  ham-bardbar  bi-kash  ^;  'adad-i  juft 
(even  number);  Aam  (adv.).     Vide  Money. 

Evening,  shdm  (after  sunset ;  also  the  even- 
ing meal) ;  sar-i  shab  (the  beginning  of 
the  night) ;  ghurub  (sunset)  ;  imruz  'asr 
inlizdr-i  urd  ml-kasham ;  khiydl  mi-kun- 
am*  ki  imruz  'asr-i  ml-dyad. 

Event,  vdqi'a;  ittifdq;  md-jard ;  sar-guzasht 
(adventure) ;  vide  Accident ;  m  hddisa-yi 
vahshat-dmlz  ast ;  bi-har  hdl  or  bi-har  surat 
(at  all  events) ;  dar  surat-i  ki — (in  the 
event  of). 

Ever,  gdh-i  ;  hargiz ;  hich  vaqt ;  [with  verb  in 


negative  =  "  never  "  ;  also  asl"^' ;  abad<^"]; 
abad'^'l-dbdd  (for  ever).     Vide  Always. 

Evergreen,  darakht-i  hamlsha-bahdr  (tree). 

Every,  Everyone,  har ;  har  kas ;  hama-kas ; 
har  kuddm ;  har  nafar  (every  one) ;  har  yak 
(each).     Vide  All. 

Every  kind,  har  jins ;  har  jur ;  har  qism. 

Everywhere,  har  jd :  hama  jd. 

Evict,  Eviction,  birun  kardan  or  rdndan; 
bi-dar  kardan,  tr. ;  rdnda  shudan,  intr. 

Evidence,  gavdhi ;  ta' dil-i  shdhid  or  shahddat 
{n.)  (to  correct  evidence) ;  shuhud  iqdma 
(k.)  (to  produce  evidence) ;  az  shaJmdat-t 
ki  dar  dlvdn-kkdna  dddand  taqsir-i  u  sdbit 
shud  or  isbdt  (or  subut)  yd  ft ;  ta'druz-i 
adilla  (conflict  of  evidence) ;  bisydr  kam 
ast  ki  kormd  yarnbagiAi  awqdi  rd  sarf-i 
muldhaza-yi  bayyina  u  shuhud  kunand 
(they  seldom  bestow  much  time  on  the 
consideration  of  evidence). 

Evident,  zdhir;  paydd;  badihl;  dshkdrd ; 
rushan ;  bayyin ;  wdzih  ast  ki  shumd 
ishlibdh  karda  id;  bi-vuzuh  payvast  ki — (it 
became  evident  that — ). 

Evil,  badi ;  sharr ;  fasdd;  shararat ;  qabdhat 
(mischief,  evil);  bad;  sharir ;  both  good 
and  evil  exist  in  this  world,  dar  dunyd 
ham  khub  va  ham  bad  paydd  mi-shavad. 
Vide  Calamity,  Misfortune. 

Evil-eye,  chashm-shur;  avaunt  the  evil  eye, 
chashm-i  bad  dur !  Khudd  urd  az  chashm- 
zakhm  nigdh  dar  ad !     Vide  Tongue. 

Evil-eyed,  bad-chashm  or  shur-chashm  (pos- 
sessed of  the  evil-eye) ;  badnigdh  (towards 
women) . 

Ewe,  mish;  [quch  "  ram"]. 

Ewer,  dftdba ,  ibrlq ;  dftdba-chi  (ewer-bearer , 
after  meals) . 

Exact,  durust;  rdst;  kdmil;  bd  hisdb  (care- 
ful. Vide  Regular) ;  he  was  exactly  two 
years  in  the  service  of  my  late  brother,  du 
sdl  durust  (or  tamam)  pish-i  marhum-i 
barddar-am  (or  barddar-i  Khudd  bi-ydmurzr 
am)  nawkar  bud. 

Exaction,  bi-ijhdf  giriftan,  subs.;  bi-zur-i 
daganak  giriftan,  verb.      Vide  Extort. 

Exactitude,  the  exactitude  so  dear  to  the 
European  is  distressful  to  the  Asiatic  in 
that  it  tends  to  circumscribe  the  flight  of 
his  imagination,  har  qadar  ahl-i  Farangis- 
tdn  mdyil-and  bar  in-ki  har  chiz  rd  ka-md 


1  Note  pi.  of  ab. 

2  Tafra,  Ar.,  "skipping." 

S  This  may  mean  "  of  the  samo  length  "  or  "  p8irallel." 
*  But  Jchiyal  daahtan  ' '  to  intend. ' ' 


Exa 


103 


Exc 


huwa  haqquh  ta'  rlf  nurmyand  hamdn  qadar 
afiiri  Asiyd  az  an  dun  mx-juyand  va  zaiimat 
mi-shimdrand  chi  vus'at-i  khiydldt-i   shdn 
rd  dar  dd''ira-yi  qayd  dar  ml-dvarad. 
Exactly,  guft  har  ki   khabar-i  an  'ujuba  rd 
kornid  huwa  haqquh  bi-ydrad  sar-i  urd   az 
gumbad-i  daunvar  mi-guznrdnam — Prof.  S. 
T.  (he  said  whoever  will  bring  me  full  and 
accurate  information  will  be  exalted   to 
tl;e  highest) ;   misl-i   namuna  bi-adz,  yak 
"tfr-i  mu  farq  na-ddshta  bdshad  (make  it 
exactly  like  the  pattern) ;  In  chdqu  misl-i 
lAud-ash  ast  ki  gum  karda  budam,  m.c.  (this 
pnknife  is  exactly  like  the  one  I  lost) ; 
As  bihu,  adv.  (exactly  alike) ;  bi-'aynih; 
ta'l  bi-na'l{  =  as  like  as  two  shoes  and  also 
=  foot-print  for  foot-print) ;  har  tawr-l  ki 
g  if  tarn  'ayn""  bi-kun. 
Ex^gerate,    Exaggeration,   u    khayll  bi-ddd 
nl-kunad     (m.c);     vide     To     embellish; 
ifhrdq  {k.) ;  his  account  of  the  fight  was 
^eatly  exaggerated,  sharh-i  da'va-%  ki  u 
lavisht  khayll  i^rdq  ddsht. 
Exilt,  rifat  dddan;  sarfardz  k.  or  sar  buland 
♦r  buland  k. ;  bi-dsmdn  burdan ;  afrdkhtan 
to  exalt  another  person) ;   az   khdk  bar 
lashtan;    urd  bdld   burda  ast   (in    joke). 
Vide  to  praise  and  to  honour. 
Exaltation,  sar-afrdzi ;  sar-bulandi ;  rifat. 
E»lted,  sar-afrdz;  rulba-yi  mani'a  (exalted 

ank). 
E:amination,  imtihdn  (testing) ;  bdz-purs 
[k.)  (of  witness) ;  tajassus  (k.)  (of  cases) ; 
jarh  {k.)  (cross-examination) ;  vulg. ,  purs 
u  su^dl. 
Ecamine,  to,  ghawr-rasi  k.  (to  look  into  the 
matter) ;  muldhaza  k.  (to  inspect) ;  sar- 
kashi  k.  (inspect,  q.v.). 
Ixample,  taqlid  k.  (copy  an  example;  good 
or  bad);  let  this  be  a  warning  to  you, 
in  bardy-i  shumd  Hhrat  bdshad;  iqtidd'^ 
bi-u  mi-kunam  (I  will  follow  his  example) ; 
but  mutdba'at-i  kas-i  kardan  (to  follow  the 
example  of  a  Prophet  or  an  exemplar) ;  %n 
khdnum  namuna-i  (or  sar-mashq-i)  bardy-i 
hama  ast;  az  ru-yi  In  bachcha  hisdb 
kunid  or  in  bachcha  rd  bardy-i  khud  sar- 
mashq-i  qardr  bi-dihid;  bi-juz  hamin  yak 
mawrid  naql  na-shuda  ast  (  =  except  this 
one  example — ) ;  chand  shavdhid-i  in  qd'ida 
baydn  kunid  (quote  me  a  few  examples  of 
this  rule  from  writers) ;  misdl  (example 
by  any  one) ;  naTiir  (precedent). 


Excavation,  hufra  (k.) ;  hafr  (k.). 

Excavations   hufra-hd. 

Exceed,  u  dar  fahm  u  firaaal  bar  hama  sabqeU 

ddrad;  u  az  hadd  tajdvuz  nu-kunad. 
Exceedingly,  bi-j/Adyat;  binihdyal. 
Excel,  to,  sabqat  burdan ;  fa:filat  ddshtan  bar 

Excellence,  khubi ;  fazilat.  _ 

Excellency,    Hazrat-i     A  jail:    *  AR    Ha^rat 

(H.E.). 
Excellent,  a' la. 

Except,  juz;  bi-juz,  bi-ffAayr;  ilia;  vara; 
hama  kasdmadand  magar  u.  Vide  Be- 
sides. 

Exception,  istisnd*;  shdzz,  pi.  shd^t  (for 
Ar.  shdzzdt;  gen.  shawdzz) ;  hama  bila 
ist'snd^  dmadand;  in  istisnd*^  dali-i  bar 
qavd'idri  kulliyya  ast  (this  exception  provee 
the  rule). 

Exceptionable,  tadbir-i  ki  pish  gufta-id  khiydl 
mi-kunam  ki  bi-yak  nuqta  qdbil-i  i'tirdz 
ast. 

Exceptional,  mvAstasnq. 

Excess,  ziyddati  ;  ifrdt.     FtV/e  Abundance. 

Excessive,  mufrit ;  bi-hadd  u  hisdb ,  az  hadd 
birun.     Vide  Wholly 

Exchange,  mubddala  (k.);  mu'dvaza  (k.)  (of 
things);  radd  u  badal  {k.)  (of  words  or 
despatches) ;  what  is  the  rate  of  ex- 
change.? tas^ir-i^  pawnd  chist?  or  nirkh^i 
rupiya  chist?  sarf-i  pul  (difference  of 
value  between  new  coins  and  old) ;  sarf 
na-ddrad  (  =  at  par);  farukhtan  (to  ex- 
change money) ;  but  khurda  k.  (to  change 
money) ;  hich  mayl  na-ddram  ki  jd-yam  rd 
bd  jd-yi  shumd  '  iwaz  bi-kunam ;  '  iwaz-i  an 
(or  dar  izd^-i  dn)  in  rd  bi-shumd  mi-diham. 

Excite,  tashviq  {d.  or  k.);  bar  angikhtan ; 
tahris  bi-fa'lim  (or  targi^  bi-tadris)  kardan 
(to  encourage,  incite,  q.v.). 

Excited,  az  jd  dar  raftan  (to  get  angry,  ex- 
cited) ;  bi-hayajdn  dmadan ;  kalla-ash  garm 
shud. 

Excitement,  dshub ;  jmh  u  khurush ;  haya- 
jdn. 

Exclamation,  harf-i  ?itrfa*  (gram.). 

Exclude,  khdrij  k.  or  sh. 

Excluded,  m^hrum.     Vide  Disappointed. 

Excommunication,  az  din  khdrij  kardan. 

Excoriation,  khird<*h. 

Excrement,  gufi  (vulg.);  fazla;  gAd^ti  (in 
m.c.  jfAdy at) .  najdsat;  chirk-i  chashm  (of 
eye).     Vide  Dung,  Filth. 


Tas'lr  is  also  the  rate  in  cash  of  that  portion  of  wages  that  can  be  drawn  in  kind. 


Exc 


104 


Exi 


Exculpate,  i6m*  w. ;  ura  hariyy^^ z-zimma 
kardam. 

Exculpation,  hariyy^^ z-zimmagi. 

Excusable,  ma'zur. 

Excuse,  ^uzr  ;  'uzr-i  ma' qui  (a  reasonable  ex- 
cuse);  ma'zarat;  bahdna  (evasion);  'uzr-i 
bad-tar  az  gundh  k.{to  aggravate  a  fault  by 
feeble  '  excuses) ;  'uzr  or  ma'zirat  dvurdan 
(to  excuse  oneself) ;  'uzr  khwdstan  (to  beg 
to  be  excused) ;  '  afv  k.  or  '  uzr  qabul  k.  (to 
accept  excuses,  pardon);  nana  gharlb-am 
dar  dvurdan  (to  make  pitiable,  not  false, 
excuses;  vide.  Entreat);  ishdn  'uzr-i  bis- 
ydr  dvurdand ;  az  in  ki  na-navlshta  budam 
ma'zur-am  ddrid;  ddam-i  ki  tarsid^  az  in 
bahdna-hd  mi-dvarad. 

Excused,  ma'zur. 

Execrable,  manfur  u  mazmum. 

Execrate,  to,  la' nut  k. ;  nafrin  k.;  manfur 
ddshtan  (abominate) ;  sahb  u  shatm  bar 
ravdn-i  u  mi-kunand  (they  execrate  his 
memory). 

Execration,  la' not;  la'n,  nafrin  (k.) ;  sahb 
{k.}. 

Execute,  to,  ijra^  n.  (of  order) ;  parddkhtan 
(of  written  deeds) ;  sural  dddan  or  bi-jd 
or  bi-anjdm  rasdnidan  (to  carry  out) ; 
bi-qatl  rasdnidan  (to  kill) ;  dusharnba-yi 
guzashta  bi-qisds-i  khun-i  dunafar''  bi-tandb 
anddkhtand* ;  bi-ddr  kashidan^  (to  hang, 
etc.) ;  bi-tandb  anddkhian  (to  strangle  any- 
how);  sar  buridan  (to  behead,  q.v.) ;  bi- 
gach  giriftan  (to  wall  up  alive);  dahan-i 
tup  guzdshtan  (to  blow  from  a  gun) ;  zinda 
pust  kandan  (to  flay  alive) ;  chdr  sJiaqqa  k. 
(quarter  alive) ;  sham'  djin  ^  k.  (to  stick 
lighted  candles  in  wounds  in  the  body  of 
the  ojffender,  who  is  paraded  in  the  streets 
til]  death)  "^ ;  tuqmaq  k.  (to  fix  the  head 
between  two  nails  and  beat  out  the  brains 
with    hammers) ;    bi-dum-i    asp-i    divdna 


bastan  (to  tear  by  wild  horses) ;  chahdr 
mikh  kashidan  (to  peg  out,  crucify  on  the 
ground) ;  az  kuh  part  kardan  (to  cast  from 
a  cliff). 

Executing  a  business,  ijrd-yi  kdr ;  in  how 
many  days  can  you  execute  my  order  ? 
td  chand  ruz-i  digar  mi-tavdnid  asbdb  rd 
hdzir  kunid? 

Executioner,  nasaq-chi ;  mir-ghazab  ^  (pi.  \nir- 
ghazabhd)  and  nasaqchi-bdshi  (chief  exbcu- 
tioner) ;  jalldd  (rare  in  m.c). 

Executor,  vasi,  pi.  awsiyd;  vasi-yi  mirds-'i  u 
kist?  (who  is  the  deceased's  executor?); 
vakil  u  vasi-yi  murda  ^  kist  ?  1 

Exempt  from,  bari  {k.) ;  mu'df  {ddshtai) ; 
dzdd  (k.) ;  gumruk  na-ddrad  (exempt  fwm 
customs  duty).  j 

Exercise,  mashq  {k.  and  d.)  (to  practise); 
gardish  (k.)  (walk) ;  varzish  {k.)  (gymras- 
tics) ;  varzish  u  mumdrasat  (bodily  espr- 
eise) ;  muddvamat-i  riydzdt-i  badani  (hahts 
of  exercise) ;  kasrat-i  badani.  \ 

Exert,  Exertion,  jidd  u  jahd  k. ,  kushish  br 
5a' «  '°  k.  (to  endeavour) ;  in  spite  of  all  |is 
exertions  he  got  nothing,  har-chi  dast.u 
pd  zad  chiz-i  gir-ash  na-ydmad;  bismr 
davandagi  kard.  \ 

Exhaling,  nafas  bdr  dvardan  or  birun  kas/i- 
dan;  dam  zadan  (to  blow);  'iir  dddan  (|>f 
flowers). 

Exhibition,  bdzdr-i  'umumi  " ;  nurridyish-gal; 
tamdshd-gdh. 

Exhilarated,  sar-hhush ;  sar-i  kayf  ast ;  park 
dimdgh.  1 

Exhilarating,  farhat-bahhsh  or  mufarrih  (t 
air;  drinks).  1 

Exhilaration,  sar-hhushi ;  sar-i  kayfi.  \ 

Exhort,  Exhortation,  tahrik  {k.  ovd.);  tashvti 

Exigency,  iqtizd^;  muqtazayat-t  vaqt  (exigeu'^ 
cies  of  the  case). 


^  Also  lit.  to  aggravate  a  fault  by  a  mischievous  excuse,  as  when  Abii  Nu'as  pinched  the  Khallfah 
and  said — '  But,  I  thought  it  was  your  wife.' 

2  Taraid  for  ml-.arsad ;  az  m  — "  out  of  these,  like  these." 

8  Or  du  adam. 

4  Birtflnuf  kashidan,  "  to  strangle  a  man  (with  a  shawl,  etc.)  on  the  ground." 

6  A  noose  is  placed  round  the  victim's  throat  and  he  is  then  hauled  up  to  the  top  by  means  of  a 
pulley.  _ 

*>  Ajin  k.  (old)  "  to  notch." 

T  Wounds  are  made  in  the  body  by  daggers.  Such  punishments  are  niost  rare.  There  is  too  little, 
not  too  much  punishment  in  Persia. 

8  The  mir-ghazah  wears  red,  in  the  East  the  colour  of  wrath. 

9  Marhum,  "  blessed,"  is  used  by  Muslims  of  Muslims  for  "  deceased  "  :  mutaivaffq  for  other  creeds. 
In  Kirman,  however,  marhum  is  often  used  of  Christians,  Jews  and  Zardushtis — just  as  the  Muslim  salu- 
tation is  there  given  to  other  creeds. 

'0  Ar.  pron.  sa'y. 

11  In  newspapers  the  word  Ikapuzisiyun,  from  Fr.  exposition,  is  often  used. 


Bxi 


105 


Exp 


Exile,  to,  Exiling,  ikhraj-i  (or  najy-i)  halad 
(k.) ;  tab' id  az  halad  or  mamlakat  (k.), 
etc. 

Exist,  vujtid  ddshtan ;  hast  shudan^ ;  ztstan, 
rt.  zi  (to  live). 

Existence,  vufud ;  hastl. 

Existent,  mawjud ;  zinda  (alive). 

Exit,  khuruj  (action),  makhraj  (place  of); 
birun  ml-ravad  (theatrical) ;  dar-raw  (for 
water;  also  escape  from  a  danger). 

Exorbitant,  qlmat-i  guzaf ;  guzaf  farfikhtan 
(sell  at  an  exorbitant  rate) ;  qimat  mi-kunl 
yd  tup  mt-zani  ?  ( =  your  prices  are  exorbi- 
tant) . 

Exorcise,  in  jinn  rd  'azimat  khivdnda  birUn 
kun. 

Exorcist,  'aztmat-khwdn  or  ' azd^im'^ -khwdn. 

Expand,  bdz  shvdan  (of  flower) ;  vus'at  dddan 
(kingdom,  etc.). 

Expanse,  fazd''  (of  atmosphere);  tn  mayddn 
vus'at-i  ziydd  ddrad ;  'arsa-yi  mayddn  tang 
bud. 

Expect,  rdh  pdyidan ;  dida  bi-rdk  ddshtan  (of 
persons) ;  dar  intizdr  bu  dan  or  intizdr 
kashidan  (of  persons  or  things) ;  az  mar- 
dum-hd-yi  past  tjhayr  az  In  chi  tavaqqu' 
ast?     Firfe  Hope  and  Think. 

Expectation,  ummld  or  umid ;  tavaqqu' ;  pas 
khiydl-am  khdm  shud  va  kdr  bar  'aks  vdqi' 
shud: — Prof.  S.  T.  (things  turned  out 
contrary  to  my  expectation). 

Expecting,  dar  intizdr-i — ,  or  muntazir-i — 
(waiting) ;  mutavaqqi' . 

Expediency,  munasabat ;  saldh. 

Expedient,  mundsib  (adj.);  hikmat ;  tadbir 
(plan). 

Expedition,  ilghdr  {k.)  (raid  or  forced  march) ; 
chapaw  (z.)  (a  raid  for  loot) ;  hay^at-% 
bardy-i  taftish  bi-samt-i  qutb-i  shimdli  firis- 
tdda  shud  (expedition  to  explore  the  N. 
Pole  regions — ).     Vide  Haste. 

Expel,  Padishdh  farmud  ki  urd  az  balad 
ikhrdj  kunand^ ;  jild-vatan  in  m.c.  usually 
voluntary  exile,  emigration. 

Expend,  to,  hharj  k. ;  sarf  k. 

Expenditure,  makhdrij  pi.;  kharj ;  ildirdjdt 
pi.;  masdrif  pi.;  hi  khayti  kharj  Idzim 
ddrad  (this  entails  great  expense). 

Expense,  vide  supra;  makhdrij-ash  chi  qadar 
mi-shavad?  in  HmJdrat  kharj-i  guzaf  bar- 


dash  t   (built  at    enorraouH    expeiuie) ;    in 
UMrj  bar  'uhda-yi  man  ast  (I  will  pay  the 

expenses). 

Expensive,  girdn  (dear) ;  J^rj  ddrad  (costs  a 
lot  of  money)  =  pul  ziydd  mikhwdliad. 

Experience,  (sadma-yi — )  chashidan  (of  pain 
or  joy) ;  dar  kdr  tajriba*  ddrad;  tajriba-yi 
vdfur  kashidan  karda-i?  (have  you  ever 
tried  opium  smoking  ?) ;  gdh-i  in  davd  rd 
dzmdyish  karda  id? 

Experienced,  mujarrab ;  tajriha-kdr ,  kar- 
kushta ;  pukhta ;  kdr-dzmuda ;  jang-dzmuda 
(in  war) ;  chakida-yi  kdr  (m.c.) ;  u  gurg-i 
bdrdn  dida  ast  ( =  he  is  an  old  soldier) ; 
also  shutur-i  naqdra-khdna  ast  or  shutur-i 
Nddiri  ast;  in  davd  mujarrab  ast  (this  is  a 
tested,  eflficacious  medicine). 

Expert,  ahl-i  khibra  (subs.) ;  chdq-dast  or 
chira- das  I  {dexterous) ;  ustdd ;  kirm-i  kdr; 
dar  tufang-anddzi  az  ahdli  mumtdz  ast  (he 
is  an  expert  marksman). 

Expertness,  chdq-dasti ;  chira-dasti ;  ustddi. 

Expiation,  kaffdra. 

Expiration,  inqizd'' {oi  time). 

Explain,  fahmdnidan,  hdli  k.;  sharh  k.  or 
dddan  (in  detail);  baydn  k.;  ta'rif  k. 
(describe) ;  chiz-i  ki  nami-fahmid  agar  az 
u  bi-pursid  shark  mi-dihad,  or  agar  istifsdr 
kunid  mushkil-i  shumd  rd  hall  mi-kunad. 

Explained,  mashruh  {sh.). 

Explaining,  mubayyin. 

Explanation,  shark;  baydn. 

Explicitly,  sarih'^''  va  vdzih"". 

Explode,  dtash  girijtan  (no  proper  word  in 
Persian) ;  butri-yi  db-i  jush  para  shud  va 
tikka-i  bi-chashm-am  l^urd  (the  soda  water 
exploded  and  a  piece  of  bottle  struck  me 
in  the  eye). 

Exploration,  Explore,  to,  istikshdf  (k.). 

Export,  Exports,  qdli-hd-yi^  Kirmdn  bi-Isldm- 
bul  kaml  mi-shavad  (the  carpets  of  Kirmau 
are  exported  to  Constantinople) ;  mJdh-i 
guzashta  nil-i  ziydd  bi-Misr  haird  shud; 
sddirdt  u  vdriddt  (exports  and  imports). 

Exportation,  haml  (k.). 

Exported,  mahmul. 

Express,  adj.,  moJ^sus ;  mu^akkad;  vdzih; 
maXlab-i  ^ud-at  rd  durust  add  na-kardid. 

Express,  to,  add  k.  (of  meaning). 

Expressed,  ma'sur  (of  juice) ;  nami-danam  %% 


I  In  old  Persian  kaat^an.  . 

«  'AzaHm,  pi.  of  'azimat  ;  these  words  are  not  much  used  ;  du'a  khwan  is  in  m.c.  usually  subetitutod. 
8  Class,  kardand  Past  tense,  to  signify  the  completion  of  the  order.     The   Aorist  indicates  that   the 
order  was  issued  ;  it  might  or  might  not  have  been  cturried  out.  ^ 

♦  ShaytJan  mara  tajriba  (or  azmayish)  hard  "  Satan  tempted  me."  '  Or  singular,  ^Uu 

14 


Exp 


106 


Eye 


istilah  (or  'ibdrat)  rd  dar  zahdn-i  Inglisi 
chi  tawr  tarjuma  (or  ma'ni)  mi-kunand. 
Expression,  istilah  (idiom,  etc.);  in  'ibdrat 
rd  dar  Fdrsi  chi '  mi-guyand  ?  (how  do 
they  express  this  in  Persian?);  ta'hir-i 
muiaddvil  (a  common  expression) ;  az 
safha-yi  jahin-ash  (from  the  expression  of 
his  countenance) ;  add^  (mode  of  speak- 
ing);  gkalal-i  'dmm  fasih  (a  current, 
though  incorrect,  expression;  now  good 
idiom). 

Expulsion,  ikhrdj  ;  nafi. 

Expunge,  qalam  zadan  or  ka^hidan ;  mahv  or 

pdk    k.    (to    blur,    obliterate) ;    hakk    k. 

(erase).     Vide  Erase,  Cancel. 

Exquisite,  hi-cfhdyat  nafis ;  kdmil;  tamdm 
(perfect). 

Extempore,  murtajal  (rare  in  m.c.) ;  fi-H- 
badihain  shi'r  rd  guftam  (I  recited  these 
extempore  verses). 

Extend,  bast  dddan ;  imtiddd  dadan ;  in  qdnun 
avval""  makhsus-i  shahr  bud,  hdld  hama  jd 
jdri  'si. 

Extension,  tntml  (making  longer) ;  tawsr 
(making  more  expansive). 

Extensive,  vasi' ;  basit ;  kushdda ;  fardkh. 

Extent,  vits'ai;  fardkhi;  bast;  qadr ;  miqddr 
(degree) ;  td  hadd-i  ki— {to  such  an  extent 
that — ) ;  chanddn  ki  (to  whatever  extent)  ; 
dn  qadr  (to  that  extent,  so  much)  ;  in 
muntahd-yi  '  ilm-i  shdn  ast  [savdd  —  reading 
and  writing  only]  (this  is  the  extent,  limit, 
of  their  knowledge). 

Extenuate,  takh/if  k.  or  d. 

Exterminate,  musta^sal  k.  ;  babr  dar  in  navdhi 
nasl-ash  munqati'  shuda  ast  (tigers  have 
been  exterminated  in  this  district). 

Exterior,  zdhir ;  birun  (subs.). 

Extermination,  istisdl  k. 

External,  zdhiri;  zavdhir  (externals). 

Extinct,  mafqud;  ma'dum"  ^l-asar. 

Extinction,  t7/a*  or  intifd^  (k.  or  sh.)  and  jaru 
nishdndan  (or  nishastan)  (of  fire,  thirst); 
inqirdz  {sh.)  (of  a  family).  Vide  Extin- 
guish and  Extinguished. 

Extinguish,  khdmush  k. ;  itjd^ov  intifd^  k.  or 
sh.  (of  fire).  Vide  Extinction  and  Extin- 
guished. 

Extinguished,  muntafi;  khdmush  shuda. 

Extol,  tamjid  k.  (God  or  man).     Vide  Praise. 

Extort,  bi-ijTmf  (or  bi-jabr)  giriftan ;  man  bi- 


zur  az  u  va'da  girijtam  ki — .     Vide  Exac- 
tion. 

Extortions,  ijhdfdt;  ta'addiydt  Vide  Tyr- 
anny, Oppression. 

Extract,  rubb  (boiled  juice  of  certain  acid 
fruits;  sp.  of  pomegranate  and  mul- 
berry) ;  rubb-i  andr  or  rubb-i  tut  (extract 
of  pomegranate  or  mulberry) ;  shira  (juice 
of  plants) ;  shira-yi  angur  ( boiled  grape 
juice) ;  shira-yi  khurmd  (expressed  and 
raw  juice  of  dates) ;  shira-yi  qand  (the 
scum  of  boiling  white  sugar ;  mixed  with 
water  and  eaten  with  bread);  jawhar'^ 
(any  essence) ;  'araq  (a  good  spirit ;  made 
from  dates  and  grapes) ;  ruh-i  guldb  (es- 
sence of  roses;  rose-scent);  intikhdb,  pi. 
intikkdbdt  (from  books).  Vide  Syrup  and 
Juice. 

Extraction,  wm  hasal  (the  outcome) ;  'araq- 
glri  or  -kashi  (of  spirits)  ;  nasi  (descent). 

Extraordinary,  jawq"'  ^l-'dda;  ghdyat-i  ihti- 
rdm  (extraordinary  honouring) ;  in  mard 
ki  'ujuba-yi  ruz-gdr  u  nddira-yi  dahr-i  hhud 
bud  (the  extraordinary  character  of  this 
wonderful  man). 

Extravagance,  isrdj  {k.) ;  vil-kharji  {k.) ;  ifrdt 
{k.)  (excess) ;  tajdvuz  {k.)  (exceeding  the 
bounds) . 

Extravagant,  isrdf-kdr ;  musrij ;  "I  extra- 
vagant ?  Never !  ' '  man  u  vil  kharj  ? 
Hdshd. 

Extreme,  bi-hadd  u  hisdb.     Vide  Wasteful. 

Extremely,  dar  (jkdyat-i  tashnagi  ast  or  bi- 
nihdyat  tashna  ast  (he  is  extremely  thirsty). 

Extremity,  pdydn;  dkhir ;  kdr  bi-jdn  va  kard 
bi-ustukhivdn  rasid  (to  be  at  the  last  ex- 
tremity) . 

Exudation,  tardvish. 

Exude,  tardvidan. 

Exult,  izhdr-i  vajd  kardan. 

Eye,  chashm ;  chdla  (eye-socket) ;  dku-chashm 
(gazelle-eyed) ;  chashm-i  durusht  (large- 
eyed  ;  a  beauty) ;  chashm  darida  (with  star- 
ing, starting  eyes  ;  also  shameless) ;  cha- 
shm-i nargisi  (sleepy-eyed ;  a  beauty) ;  cha- 
shm-i man  bdsh  (act  the  part  of  eyes  for 
me) ;  that  woman  has  attractive  eyes, 
chashm-i  dn  zan  giranda  ast;  chashm-i 
kutu  (beady  eyed) ;  khurus-chashm  or  bul- 
bul-chashm  (small  but  fine  eyed) ;  chashm-i 
pur  bdd  (puflfy  with  swollen  lids) ;  chashm-i 
gawd  rafta  or  bi-gawd  jaru  rafta  (hollow 


1  But  chi-tawr  ml-guyand  ' '  how  do  they  pronounce  it  ?  " 

■^  Jawhar-i  safld,  etc.,  is  a  euphemism  for  white  ^araq.     Jawhar-i  qirmiz 


red  wine. ' ' 


Eye 


107 


Fai 


eyed);  cfiashm-i  zdgA^  (bluish  eyed;  vide 
Blue) ;  vide  Evil-eye ;  agar  chaahm-ha- 
yi^  tan  rd  bi-ham  bi-guzdrid  chi  tawr  mi- 
tavdnid  bi-navlsid?  (if  you  shut  your  eyes 
how  can  you  write?);  cfiashm  pushldan^ 
(to  pardon) ;  [i^mdz  k.  (to  connive  at) ; 
dida  na-dida  k.  (to  pretend  not  to  see  *] ; 
chasfim-ash  bi-chashm-am  uftdd  (I  caught 
his  eye) ;  asp  rd  chashm  zadand  (the  horse 
has  been  struck  by  the  evil  eye) ;  chashm 
khurdan  (to  be  struck  by  the  evil  eye)  ; 
bi-ra^y"  'l-'ayn  mushdhada  namudam  (I 
saw  it  with  my  own  eyes) ;  zir-i  chashm 
nigdh-am  mi-kard — Prof.  S.  T.  (he  was 
watching  me  out  of  the  comer  of  his  eye) ; 
mardumak-i  chashm  (pupil) ;  bi-chashm- 
zadan  (in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye) ;  chashm 
dukhtan  (fix  the  eyes  on) ;  td  madd-i  nazar 
=  td  chashm  kdr  mi-kunad;  surdkh  (of 
needle).     Vide  Sunken. 

Eyeball,  ru-yi  tukhm-i  chashm-ash  lakka 
dvurda  ast  (simple  cataract). 

Eyebrow,  abru ;  abru-yi  payvastu  (joined 
eyebrows ;  a  beauty  in  Persian  and  Arab 
women)^  ;  abru-yi  kutdh  (short  eyebrows; 
an  ugly  feature) ;  abru-yi  hildli  (or  kamjdni) 
(arched  brows) ;  abru-yi  pdcha-buzi  (bushy 
brows ;  an  ugly  feature) . 

Eye-glass,  'aynak-i  yak  chashmi. 

Eyelash,  mizha,  pi.  mizhagdn. 

Eyelid,  pilk  (vulg.) ;  palak  (or  (jkildjyi  bald 
(upper) ; — zirin  (lower). 

Ezekiel,  Hizqil. 


Fable,  in  kitdb-i  afsdna  ast;  pand  (admoni- 
tion) ;  amsdl-i  Luqrndn  (Esop's  Fables) ; 
ddstdn  (story,  q.v.).     Vide  Tale. 

Fabric,  qumdsh,  pi.  aqmisha;  birvd'^  (build- 
ing). 

Fabricate,  to,  az  khud  Ijdd  k. ;  ikhtird'  n. 
(invent,  q.v  ). 

Fabricated,  sdldUa  shvda  ;  sdkhtagi  ;  mun-dar- 
dvardi  vulg. ;  in  harfhd  man-dar-dvardi-yi 
ust. 

Fabulous,  ma'lum"  H-ism  ma'dum"  H-jism; 
vujud  norddrad.     Vide  note  to  '  Traces. ' 


Face,  ru  or  riiy ;  chihra;  sHrat  (ra.c.) ;  safha; 
salh  (surface) ;  durchashm  (adj. ;  full  face, 
vide  Profile) ;  an  zan  safid  p&st  ast  {tair  in 
complexion ;  vide  P'air) ;  gandumgun  (nei- 
ther dark  nor  fair  for  an  Oriental) ;  zard 
(pale,  yellow  of  complexion);  safld  u 
surkh  (red  and  white;  complexion);  sabz- 
rang  (of  dark  complexion) ;  rii-yam  nanii- 
shavad  ki  bi-kunam^  (I  haven't  the  face 
to  do  it) ;  bi-ru-yi  khud  na-ydtmrdam  (I 
didn't  show  it  in  my  face,  I  didn't  mind; 
for  '  to  put  a  good  face  on  a  thing '  vide 
'  Job '  ;  vide  Attention,  Ignore) ;  malih  or 
bd-nam^k  (pleasant  of  face,  good-looking ; 
malih  also  used  of  a  pleasant  manner  of 
address). 

Face  to  Face,  rH  bi-ru. 

Facetious,  shukh  (amusing ;  joking) ;  maa- 
khara  (a  profess,  clown) ;  muzhik  (funny, 
in  good  or  bad  sense ;  ridiculous). 

Facilitate,  tas-hil  kardan ;  dsdn  or  sahl  k. 

Facilitated,  sahl  shuda. 

Facility,  suhulat:  dsdni 

Facing,  ru  (surface) ;  muhdzi  (adj.  and 
prep.). 

Fact,  kdr;  'amal  (deed);  fi-^l-haqiqal  or  al- 
haqq  or  vdqi'-ash  in  ast  ki  (in  fact) ;  the 
fact  of  the  matter  is  you  lost  your  tem- 
per, ka-md-hi-yi  hdV  in  ast  ki  az  hdUi  tabi'i 
blriin  raftid  (also  applied  to  any  change 
of  mind  or  state) ;  latifa  bi-kindr  rdst-ash 
(or  rdsli-yash)  in  ast  ki  (joking  apart, 
the  fact  is — ) ;  rdsti  bdyad  bi-ravim  (well ; 
in  fact,  we  must  go  then);  in  na  gumdn 
ast  'iydn  ast  (this  is  an  evident  fact). 

Factory,  kdr-khdna;  sabiq""  dast-gdh-i  nil- 
sdzi  injd  buda  {ast,. 

Faculty,  quwal,  pi.  quvq  and  vulg.  quvdt. 

Fade,  khushkidan  or  pazfimurdan  (of  flowers 
and  met.  of  people,  animals) ;  rang  pari- 
dan  or  raftan  (of  colours) ;  mvufmakUl  or 
kdsta  shudan  (of  people). 

Fail,  bi-harf  u  bi-khildf  (without  fail) ;  'o^ 
ash  bi-jd-^i  na-rasid,  qdsir  mdnd  (he  failed 
to  guess  it) ;  na-shavad  ki  naydyid  ( =  I 
hope  you  won't  fail  to  come;  vide  Must ; 
nami-shavad  ki — ) ;  agarbi-man  kumak 
nami-ddd  az  mudda'd-yi  khud^m  mahrum 


1  Zagh  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  zaj  "  alum  "  which  in  a  lump  is  blue;  vulg.  supposed  to  be  zSgh 
"  a  crow,  etc." 

*  More  colloquial  chashm-i  tanra. 

8  Chashm  prishidan  sometimes  means  ii/hmaz  kardan  or  rfl  avard  na-kardan, 

*  Musamaha  k.  negligence  ;  neglecting  to  carry  out  any  business  properly. 

*  Women  often  paint  a  join  with  waama  or  with  kuhl.         «  Don't  however  say  hi-kunamrosh, 

T  Ar. 


j»U^  ka-ma  hiy"  "  as  it  was,  i.e.  as  it  happens."  roii'i  ^^t^. 


Fai 


108 


Fal 


mi-shudam ;  zaban  az  ta'rif-ash  'djiz  ast 
(the  tongue  fails  to  express  it).  Vide 
Success. 

Failing,  muqassir  (in  duty). 

Failure,  'adam-i  nayl-i  murad  (failing  to 
accomplish  one's  object) ;  na-kdmyabi 
(being  unsuccessful). 

Faint,  hi-hush  shudan ;  az  khastagl  va  guris- 
nagi  ghash  kardam  (I  swooned  from 
hunger  and  thirst) ;  az  has  ki  khasta  va 
gurisna  hudand  zu'f  kardand  (they  half 
fainted  from — ) ;  dil-ash  az  hdl  raft, 
m.c.  (to  be  near  fainting). 

Faintness,  ^Aash  (without  power  of  speech 
but  not  in  a  dead  swoon) ;  zu'f  (weakness, 
failure  of  strength). 

Fair,  hdld  dsmdn  sdf  ast;  u  misl-i  gul  ndzuk- 
anddm  ast  (she  is  beautiful  as  tlie  rose) ; 
simm  or  ydsmin-badan  (of  fair  skin:  vide 
Face  and  Complexion;  Beauty) ;  hdjnsaj ; 
rdst-kdr ;  amln  (of  shop-keeper) ;  pdk-bdz  ' 
(in  dealing) ;  [qimdr-bdz  pdk-bdz  shuda  ast, 
the  gambler  has  lost  his  all].  Vide  Mid- 
dling. 

Fairy,  pari  (female  and  good) ;  jinn,  pi. 
ajinna"^  and  dlv  P.  (good  and  bad; 
males);  'ifrli,  fem.  Hfrita_{&,  malignant, 
powerful  div) ;  ay  'azizdn  bdvar  na-khivahtd 
kard  ki  dn  bdijh  chundn  bi-nazar  ml-dmad 
ki  guyd  pariydn  rd  hdl  burida  vil  karda 
hudand — Prof.  S,  T.  (you  will  not  credit 
me,  but  it  was  as  though  the  garden  were 
filled  with  pinioned  fairies) ;  sdya-yi  jinn 
bar  u  ujtdd  (possessed  by  a  jinn).  Vide 
Devil. 

Faith,  mazhab,  pi.  mazahib  (of  sect)  •,^  din,  pi. 
adydn  (relig.) ;  'aqida,  pi.  'aqd^id  _(3bn 
article  of  faith) ;  i'tiqdd  [ddshtan  or  dvur- 
dan)  (confidence) ;  vajd  (good  faith) ; 
mard-i  va'da-vafd  (a  man  of  good  faith); 
togiyt/a  (concealing  one's  faith;  a  Shi'ah 
doctrine) ;  ihdds-i  din-i  jadid  namud  (he 
founded  a  new  religion) ;  Nasrdniyyat 
(Christian  Faith);  Islam  (the  Muslim 
Faith):  imdn  {ditto;  also  honesty). 

Faithful,  vafd-ddr ;  bd-vafd  (of  lovers,  ser- 
vants) ;    n^mak-shinds  or  namak-haldl   (of 


servants,  dogs,  horses,  etc.) ;  mu^minin 
(the  Faithful,  i.e.,  Muslims);  u  nawkar-i 
amln-i  qadim-Vst  (he's  a  faithful  old 
servant.  Vide  Honest) ;  agar  in  khdna- 
zdd-i  mawrusl^  rd  niz  mahram-i  in  rdz 
farmdyid  awlq  ast,  va  harchi  dar  'agl-i 
ndqis-ash  dar  dyad  hi-'arz  khivdhad  rasdnid 
— Prof.  S.  T.  (if  you  will  condescend  to 
inform  your  faithful  slave  about  what  is 
in  your  mind,  he  will  advise  you  to  the 
best  of  his  poor  understanding). 

Falcon,  qush  (a  general  term  for  any  of  the 
Raptores  but  by  falconers  specially  ap- 
plied to  the  goshawk) ;  siydh-chashm 
(black-eyed,  i.e.,  the  falcons  or  long- winged 
hawks  as  opposed  to  the  zard-  chashm  ' '  the 
yellow-eyed  ' '  or  short- winged  hawks) ; 
tudr  or  tuvdr  (the  female  falcon  as  opposed 
to  jurra  the  male) ;  shunqdr  (in  Persia 
and  formerly  in  India  a  jer-falcon  ;  but  in 
Basra,  a  '  booted '  variety  of  the  F.  Saker 
is  so  distinguished*) ;  bdldbdnP.  (the  '  pas- 
sage falcon '  of  F.  Sacer) :  charkh  P.  (the 
Eyess,  or  nestling  of  the  same) :  utalgt  T. 
(male  or  female  of  F.  Sacer) ;  bahri  (the 
female  Peregrine^);  shdhin  P.  (properly 
the  Shdhin  Falcon,  F.  Peregrinator,  but 
loosely  applied  also  to  the  peregrine); 
Idchin  T.  (the  Shdhin  falcon) ;  turumta 
(the  EngUsh  merlin) ;  layl  (the  Hobby) ; 
dalija-yi  ndkhiln-i  siydh  (the  Common 
Kestril) ;  dalija-yi  ndkhun-i  safid  (the 
Lesser  Kestril).  Vide  Buzzard,  Harrier, 
Kite,  Hawk. 

Falconer,  qush-chi ;  qushi-hdshi  (Grand  Fal- 
coner). 

Fall,  uftddan ;  zamin  khurdan  ;  rikhtan  bar — 
(to  fall  upon ,  attack) ;  shindvar  ujtdd 
(local  ?  he  fell  prone ;  vide  Prone) ;  he 
fell  flat  on  the  ground,  u  ru-yi  zamin 
naqsh  bast  or  dam-i  ru  ujtdd;  [dam-i  ru, 
on  the  face] ;  bi-qasd-i  pusht  ujtdd 
(local  ?  he  fell  flat  on  his  back) ;  u  az 
asp-i  khud  parid  va  murd  =  az  asp  bi-zamin 
khurda  murd;  az  kuh  part  shud ;  [part- 
gdh  =  precipice] ;  u  taraqqi-yi  ma'  kus  dar 
dars  karda  ast  (he  has  fallen  off  in   his 


1  Murdan  ' '  to  die  ' '  is  not  used  of  flowers. 

2  Ajinna  is  incorrect  as  pi.  of  jinn;  it  is  the  pi.  of  janli  foetus.     In  Ar.   jinn  and  jin^'U  are  collec- 
tive noun,  the  sing,  being  jinnl. 

8  Khana-zad  ' '  a  house-born  slave  ' '  as  opposed  to  zar-kharld  ' '  purchased  slave  ' '  ;  mawrusi  '  heredi- 
tary.' 

*  The  sang-sang  of  some  Panjab  falconers. 

*  By  some  Arabs  the  female  is  called  shahina. 


Fal 


109 


Fftr 


studies) ;  rii-yi  pd-yam  uftad  (he  fell  at 
my  feet) ;  az  pa  dar  amadan  (of  tree,  man, 
etc.);  rumbidan  {y\x\g. ;  to  fall  down,  of 
houses;  met.  of  men). 

Fall  through,  ha'daz  tamdm-i  In  guft  u  gu-hd 
tadbir-i  ma  zamhi  munda  ast. 

Fallow,  bd'^ir  or  (jhayr-i  mazru'  (unculti- 
vated) ;  shiydr  or  Jchiah  shuda  (ploughed). 

False,  diirugh;  hizb  (prop,  subs.);  nd-rdst 
(vulg. ,  in  P.  Gulf;  untrue);  gAadddr 
(treacherous,  q.v.) ;  yaqin  ddshta  bdsh  ki 
in  khabar  bl-pd  (or  durugh)  ast;  vdhi 
(absurd,  without  foundation :  of  news ') ; 
qalb  (of  money) ;  maghshush  (adulterated, 
q.v.) ;  rasul-i  kdzib  (a  false  prophet). 

Falsehood,^  A;i^6;  durugt  ;  ghadr  [tvedbchery , 
q.v.). 

Falsification,  jwl ;  tahrlf  (changing  words  or 
letters.     Vide  Garbled). 

Falsify,  kaldm-ash  rd  radd  (or  takzib)  kardam 
(to  disprove) ;  sdkhtan  (of  accounts). 

Fame,  nam  ;  shuhrat ;  dvdza.     Vide  Name. 

Familiar,  anis ;  ma^nus ;  khudimJdni  (like 
one  of  the  household) ;  dghd  nawkar-ash 
rd  bisydr  ru  ddda  ast  (he  has  made  his 
servant  very  familiar,  has  encouraged 
him  too  much) ;  jasUr ;  gustdkh  (impu- 
dent, q.v.). 

Familiarity,  ulfat ;  uns ;  dsknd  budan  or 
shudan.     Vide  Impudence. 

Family,  u  Hydl-i^  bisydr  ddrad;  ndn-khivdr; 
awldd ;  atfdl  (children);  sdsila;  khdna- 
vdda ;  qavrni  (from  one  ancestor) ;  najib- 
khanddn  (of  good  family) ;  past-pdya  (of 
no  family,  a  nobody) ;  dah  sar  Hydl  ddram 
(there  are  ten  in  my  family  dependent  on 
me;  i.e.,  wife,  and  nine  children). 

Famine,  khushk-sdli ;  qaht  or  qaht  u  ghald 
(opposed  to  fardvdm) ;  dn  qadr  gj^alla  dar 
shahr  kam  bud  ki  bim-i  qaht-i  mt-raft. 
Vide  Relief. 

Famous,  mashhur ;  ndm-ddr;  ma'ruf;  ma'- 
ruf-i  dunyd  (world-famous). 

Fan,*  bddrzan;  lidld  khunuk  ast,  bdd-bi-zan 
Idzim  norddrad. 

Fan,  to,  ddman  zadan  (to  fan  a  flame  Eastern 
fashion) ;  bdd  zadan. 

Fanatic,  muta'assib  (also  patriotic,  q.v.). 

Fanaticism,  ta'assub  (also  patriotism). 


Fancier,  ifca6u/ar-fcaz  (pigeon — ;  ) ;  buBml-bSt: 
etc.,  etc. 

Fanciful,  insha-yi  khiydli  (of  writings) ;  vahmi 
(of  people). 

Fancy,  to,  hazdr  khiydldt  bar-ash  mi-ddsht  (a 
thousand  fancies  coursed  through  hi« 
brain ;  lit.  raised  him  up) ;  'uqdb  bi- 
tasavvur-i  gusht  jarud  dmad  (the  eagle 
imagining  it  to  be  meat,  descended  from 
the  air) ;  har  qism  khiydldt  dar  dH-am  jd 
girift  (all  sorts  of  fancies  took  hold  of 
me). 

Far,  dur ;  ba'ld ;  td  kujd  ?  (how  far  ?) ;  ^layli 
rah  (very  far) ;  dur  u  dardz  (far  off,  far 
distant) ;  md,-ddm-i  ki  zdhir-i  surat-ash 
malhuz  ast  (as  far  as  his  personal  appear- 
ance goes) ;  td  jd-^%  ki  muta'alliq-i  bi-Kal- 
katla  ast — (as  far  as  Calcutta  is  concerned 
— ). 

Farce,  In  dunyd  rd  bdzi-yi  taqlidi  hisdb  kun 
— Prof.  S.  T.  (just  consider  this  world 
as  a  tarce) ;  bdzi-yi  khanda  dar  dvardand 
(they  acted  a  farce). 

Fare,  kirdya  (hire);  ujrat  (of  labourers); 
ta'dm  and  khurdk  (food).  Vide  Hire  and 
Pay. 

Farewell,  vidd'  {k.)  subs. ;  al-vidd'  or  Khudd 
hdfiz  !  interjection ;  mi-khivdham  az  pidar- 
am  hilliyyat  bi-khivdham  (on  a  death-bed 
or  previous  to  a  journey). 

Farewell,  to  bid,  Khudd  hdfizi  k.  or  gujtan; 
badarud  k.  or  g.  (class,  padrud  or  bad 
rud).     Vide  Adieu  and  Good-bye. 

Farm,  to,  zird'at  k.  (land) ;  ijdra  d.  (to  give 
out  to  farm) ;  ijdra  k.  (to  accept). 

Farmer,  falldh ;  mri'  (cultivator) ;  mustc^jir; 
ijdra-ddr. 

Farrier,  na'l-gar  (one  that  makes  horse- 
shoes) ;  na'l-band  and  na'l-chi  gar  (one 
who  shoes  horses) ;  baytJdr  (horse  doctor) ; 
[puz-mdl  (farrier's  horse-twitch) ;  sum- 
tardsh  (farrier's  knife)]. 

Fart,  tiz ;  guz  (z ) ;  fisiisu  (k.)  (silent) ; 
\mard-i  fisfim'i  as/ =  "  he's  a  piffler,  a 
rotter  "  J ;  [guz  dar  bdzdr-i  mis-gardn  *  =  Idf 
dar  gJiurbat;  vide  Boast  J ;  muhra  bi-tds 
zadan  (lit.  to  cast  a  die  in  the  glass;  fig. 
to  break  wind  aloud  by  accident ;  polite) 


'   Vahiyat  "  absurdities." 

*  Falsehood  was  commended  by  the  Propliet  for  three  purposes  only  ;  to  get  the  better  in  war  of  «d 
infidel ;  to  please  a  wife  ;  and  to  reconcile  enemies  ;  vide  also  Oulistan,  St.  I,  Chap.  1. 

3  In  m.c.  Hyal  is  a  respectful  way  of  referring  to  a  man's  wife. 

♦  There  are  no  punkahs  in  Persia. 

i  The  noise  in  the  coppersmith's  bazar  is  deafening  and  drowns  lesser  sounds. 


Far 


110 


Fau 


=■  tiling-ash  dar  raft  (by  accident).     Vide 
Wind-mill. 

Farther,  dur-tar ;  ha' id-tar ;  qadr-i  an  iaraf- 
tar  hi- raw ;  biyd  bi-ravim  an  sar-i  kucha 
(let  us  go  to  the  other  side,  the  further 
side,  of  the  street).     Vide  Further. 

Fascinate,  to,  Fascinated,  dil  ruhudan;  farif- 
tan  (rt.  farib)  or  farifta  k.  (of  a  woman) ; 
ajsun  k.  or  khwdndan  (by  magic) ;  shir 
mard  rd  mustasha'  kard  (only  used  of 
lions,  snakes) ;  an  pari-ru  dil-ash  rd  hurda 
ast  —  farifla-yi  an  ndznin ast ;  az  sukhanhd-yi 
shirin-ash  mahv  shudam — Prof.  S.  T. ;  dam 
k.  (by  repeating  charms  and  exhaling  the 
breath)  ;  'ishq-i  u  mard  ajsun  kard;  ism 
khwdnda  mar  rd  ajsun  kardam.  Vide 
Charm  and  Magic. 

Fascinating,  dil-jatih ;  dil-ruhd  (of  a  mis- 
tress) ;  dil-giranda  (of  persons  or  things). 

Fascination,  tilism  (a  charm,  q.v.  ;  not  for- 
bidden by  relig.) ;  jddu  or  sihr  (black 
magic;  forbidden);  ajsun  (spoken;  en- 
chantment) ;  jazb  (attraction). 

Fashion,  rasm,  pi.  rusum;  atvdr  pi. ;  vaz' ,  pi. 
awza' ;  ravish ;  dastur  (Indian  in  this 
sense) ;  sahk-i  jadid  and  sahk-i  qadim  (new 
and  old  fashion) ;  qdnun-i  jadid-i  Tihrdn 
in  ast  ki  dast-kash  hi-dast  kunand;  the 
fashion  in  clothes  changes  yearly,  hur- 
ish-i  libds-hd  har  sal  Hvaz  mi-shavad,  or 
farq  mi-kunad.     Vide  Cut. 

Fast,  zud;  jald;  tiz-raw ;  tund-raw  (of  ani- 
mals) ;  chundn  gurikht  ki  oi-gardri  u  na- 
rorsidam  (he  ran  so  fast  I  couldn't  get 
near  him  even) ;  jmr  pish  ma-raw  (here, 
not  so  fast ;  met.) ;  in  sd'at  du  daqiqa 
tund  ast ' ;  muhkam  ;  mustahkim  ;  mazbut ; 
qd^im;  ustuvdr ;  sijt,  m.c.  (firm). 

Fast,  to,  jdqa  kashidan  Afghan  (to  go 
without  food) ;  sawm  or  ruza  girijtan 
(relig.  fast)  ;  ruza  mi-khurad  (he  is  not 
keeping  the  fast). 

Fasten,  bastan,  rt.  band ;  muhkam  bastan  ; 
{pich  rd  sijt  kun,  tighten  the  screw]. 

Fastened,  asp  rd  hasta-i  ?  (have  you  tied  up 
the  horse  ?). 

Fasting,  sd^im ;  ruza-dur  (adj.). 

Fat,  gunda  (corpulent  of  men ;  also  big, 
clumsy,  of  a  horse) ;  sanduq-i  gunda  ast 
(it's  a  big  fat  box)  ;  harra  chdq  ast  yd 
lugMr  ?  mardri  chdq  u  jarhih-l  ast  (he's  a 


big  fat  man) ;  p^h,  subs,  (fat)  ;  charhi 
(grease). 

Fatal,  muhlik  ;  zakhm-i  kdri,  or  munkar,  or 
muhlik  (a  deadly  wound) ;  [zahr-i  gdtil, 
deadly  poison] . 

Fatalist.     Vide  Predestination. 

Fate,  sar-navisht;  tali';  hakht  (fortune, 
luck)  ;  bakht-am  bi-khwdh  ast;  chi  kunam, 
in  nasih-i  man  ast  ?  Taqdir  ;  Qazd  ;  Qazd 
u  Qadar;  Qismat  (Fate). 

Fated,  m^qdur  or  muqaddar  ;  qism,ati. 

Father,  pidar ;  valid ;  bdbd  (a  child's  ex- 
pression; also  vulgar)^ ;  Qibla-gdh  (resp.) ; 
dqd  (respect.) ;  pidar-zan  (wife's  father, 
father-in-law)  ;  pidar-shu  (husband's 
father)  ;  jadd  or  bdhd-yi  huzurg  (grand- 
father) ;  nd-pidari  and  nd-madari  (m.c. ; 
step-father  and  step-mother)  ;  sigha-yi 
pidar- jarzandi  khwdnd  (he  went  through 
the  ceremony  of  adopting  him). 

Fatherless,  yatim  (in  v[i.Q.  =  bi-pidar  or  bi- 
middar)-^;  u  dar  dnjd  murda  zan-i  khud.  rd 
hiva  hd  panj  yatim  bdqi  guzdsht. 

Fathom,  baghal  (the  measure  of  the  extended 
arms) . 

Fathom,  to,  '  umq-i  db  paymiiddn ;  ay  mard! 
az  hila-yi  zandn  hargiz  sar  hirun  mi-tavdn 
dvard?  (oh  man  !  can  any  one  fathom  the 
wiles  of  women  ?).     Vide  Comprehend,  etc. 

Fatigue,  khastagi ;  mdndagi;  kujtagi;  dasi-i 
jalldddn  az  kasrat-i  'amal  az  kdr  mdnd 
("  —  to  the  fatigue  of  their  execution- 
ers"). 

Fatigued,  Masto;  manda;  az  ziyadati-yi  gar- 
dish  kujta  shuda-am  (I  am  knocked  up  by 
the  walk). 

Fatima,  Fdtima.  [lence. 

Fatness,  farbihi;  chdqi  (vulg.).     Vide  Corpu- 

Fatted,  Fattened,  parvdri  (of  cattle,  poultry). 

Fault,  qusUr  (vulg.)  or  iaqsir  (gen.  and  prop, 
slight  fault)  ;  khatd  (unintentional  error)  ; 
sahv  (mistake) ;  khabt  (blundering) ;  gkalat 
(grossly  erring  unint.)  ;  in  sahv  u  gAalat  az 
kdtib  ast  (copyist 's  error) ;  jurm  (crime)  ; 
gundh  (sin). 

Fault-finding,  sulchan-chlnl  (also  tale-bear- 
ing);  'ayb-giri;  nukta-glri.  Vide.  Criti- 
cism. 

Faultless,  hi-gurmh ;  hi-qusur  (vulg.) ;  hi-taq- 
sir;  bi-'ayb  (of  things);  kist  ki  taqsir  na- 
ddrad?  {or  gundh-kdr  nist  1) 


1  ^Aqdb  or  kund  "  slow  "  (of  watches,  etc.). 

*  Often  vulgarly  prefixed  to  trades,  etc. ;    In  baba-yi  qumar-baz  ' '  this  gambling  fellow. 
Princes  say  shah-baba. 

8   Yatim  is  properly  ' '  fatherless  ' '  and  yaslr  ' '  motherless. ' ' 


Royal 


Fau 


111 


Fee 


Faulty,  ba-'ayh^  naqia;  ma'yub  (of  things). 

Favour,  mihrbanl  (gen.  kindness) ;  tavajjvJi 
(from  superior) ;  fad  or  karam  or  makra- 
niat  (pecuniary) ;  indyat  (bestowing 
things)  ;  marhamat  (prop.  kindnes.s  from  a 
superior) ;  tarafddrl  and  taraf-ghi  (parti- 
ality); ni'mat  (sp.  for  benefit  of  God) ; 
tauifiq-i  ildhl  (favour  of  God) ;  iltijdt-i 
shakhsl  (personal  favours) ;  luif  farmuda 
lidm  u  nishdn-i  khud  rd  bi-man  bi-guyid. 

Favourable,  mas'ud  (of  time) ;  musd'id  (of 
time) ;  mumfiq ;  bad  bardy-i  bdld  rajian-i 
ritd-khdna  muvdfiq  ast;  in  rd  mumidd-i 
istiqldl-i  khud  mi-ddnist  (he  thought  this 
favourable  to  his  power,  strengthening 
his  position). 

Favoured,  mas'ud  (of  people;  by  fortune). 

Favourite,  In  tiflak  'aziz-i  man  ast  (this  is 
my  favourite  child)  ;  muqarrab  va  mu'- 
iamadri  Pddishdh  (royal  favourite) ;  u 
naz,ar-karda-yi  pidar  ast  (favourite  son) ; 
ikhtisds  u  imtiydz-i  kulli  dar  Hazrat-i  Pddi- 
shdh ddrad  (royal  favourite)  ;  Hlm-i 
makhft-yi  kimiyd  muntahd-yi  maqdsidri  u 
asi  (alchemy  is  his  favourite  pursuit)  ; 
bishiar  md'il  bi-shikdr-i  bdz  va  ghayra  ast 
(hawking  is  his  favourite  sport). 

Fawn,  barra-yi  dhu  or  dhu-bachcha;  dhu- 
barra. ' 

Fawn,  to,  paZ^  u  pdcha  busidan  (of  dogs). 
Vide  Toady,  Flatterer,  etc. 

Fayence,  kdshi-kdri  (k.). 

Fear,  khawj  (ddshtan) ;  bim  (d.)  (fear)  dah- 
shat  {d.)  (panic)  ;  hawl  u  hirds  {d.) 
(terror)  ;  tars  u  larz  {d.)  (fear  and  trem- 
bhng)  ;  md  bdyad  ki  az  Khudd  bish  az 
insdn  bi-tarsim;  dnjd  mi-raftam,  llkin  az 
tars-i  dir  rasidan  na-ra)tam  ;  az  tars  zahra- 
ash  db  shud ;  bdk  na-ddrad  (he  has  no  fear ; 
also  he  doesn't  caro);  haybat  or  mahdbat; 
ru'b  (fear,  and  incorrectly  awe)  ;  mabddd 
(for  fear  lest).     Vide  Awe. 

Fear,  to,  tarsidan;  bim,  or  khatvf,  or  vdhima, 
ddshtan;  hirdsdn  shudan;  mi-tarsam  ma- 
bddd bi-miram.     Vide  Fright  and  Afraid. 

Fearful,  tarsit  (of  men  or  animals)  ;  ramu 
(shy,  of  animals)  ;  hawl-nidk  (of  people  or 
places) ;  khawf-ndk  (of  places,  etc.).  Vide 
Coward,  Frightened. 


Fearless,  bi-tars  ;  fn-bdk  ;  na-tars. 

Feast,  ^iydfat  {k.  or  d.) ;  mihmJdni  {k.  or  d.) ; 
valhna  (d.)  (a  general  feast ;  sp.  at  mar- 
riage, etc.)=8hildn''^  (kashidan) ;  'id,  pi, 
a'ydd  (feast-days,  holidays). 

Feast,  to,  dn  ruz  duvist  mihtndn  rd  ta'dm 
dddam. 

Feather,  bdl  (prop,  wing,  but  also  flight- 
feather) ;  par;  shdh-par  or  shdhrbdl  (iWght- 
feather) ;  sar-push  (wing  coverts) ;  ydr- 
mdliq  T.  (tertiariss  ?) ;  miftdh  (primary 
coverts) ;  qdpdq  T.  and  'amud  Ar.  (the  two 
centre  tail  feathers,  the  '  deck-feathers ' 
of  old  falconers) ;  ruddfq  Ar.  (the  outside 
tail  feathers,  one  on  each  side):  dum-liza 
(the  small  feathers  under  the  tail ;  the 
'  brayles  '  of  old  falconers) . 

Feature,*  sar  u  sural;  rang  u  ru-yi  in  du  td 
khayU  bi-ham  shabih  hast  =  simd-yt  in  du 
td  misJri  ham  ast ;  sar  u  ru. 

Feeble,  nd-tavdn  or  nahif  (from  sickness) ; 
kam-zur  (gen.)  ;  za'ij  (enfeebled) ;  hdld 
khayli  za'if  shuda  ast,  az  jd-yi  khud  nami- 
tavdnad  harakat  kunad;  harakat-i  mazbuhi 
(feeble  resistance). 

Feed,  to,  intr.  mush-i  darakhti  (or  mush-i 
parrdn)  bi-miva  zist  mi-kunad  (the  squirrel 
feeds  on  fruits) ;  tr. ,  khurdk  dddan ,  or 
khurdnidan  (gen.) ;  kdh  u  ddna  d.  (of 
horse) ;  jaw-ash  pdk  ast  (said  of  a  well-fed 
horse  or  a  romping  boy). 

Fee,  haqq^'l-qadam  (gen.  of  a  doctor  or  tu- 
tor);  haqq'^'s-sa'i  (pf  broker);  haqq^'n^ 
nafas  (of  lawyer,  exorcist,  etc.) ;  haqq'^  T 
qalam  (of  a  mirzd) ;  who  pays  his  school- 
fees?  makhdrij-i  madrasa  raftan-i  urd 
ki  muiahammil  mi-shavad'i  vide  Hush- 
money  ;  rusum-i  farrdshdn  (often  used  for 
certain  legal  fees  which,  by  a  polite  fic- 
tion, are  assumed  to  be  intended  for  the 
farrashes) ;  nasaq-bahd  (a  fee  to  those 
that  execute  nasaq '') .     Vide  Tip. 

Feel,  to,  ihsds  k. ;  dast  zadan  (to  touch) ; 
vide  Know,  Experience ;  az  nuqsdndt-i 
shumd  muta^assit  shudam  (I  felt  sorry  at 
hearing  ot  your  loss) ;  kasdlat  ma'ltim  mi- 
kunam  (I  feel  unwell) ;  dar  tdriki  pd*ida 
mi-raftim  ;  vide  Grope. 

Feeling,    hiss;    quwxhyi    Idmisa    (sense    of 


1  But  hvbara  (also  hubura  Ar.  and  ahii-bara  P.)  the  hubara  or  bastard  bustard. 

*  Pal,  vulgar,  is  the  lower  part  of  the  trouser-leg. 

3  Shilan  is  properly  a  very  long  narrow  table-cloth. 

*  JSiltatt.  u  J^al  "  markings  "  (of  animals). 

*  Nasaq  is  any  mutilating  or  corporal  punishment,  other  than  death. 


Fei 


112 


Fib 


touch);  sard  (without  feeling,  i.e.,  emo- 
tion).    Vide  Emotion. 

Feign,  bahana  k.  (shamming) ;  riya  k.  (hypo- 
crisy in  religion  or  love) ;  tajdhul  k.  (to  feign 
ignorance) ;  mahdbhai-i  riya'i  darad ;  tama- 
ruz  k.  (rare  in  m.c. ;  to  feign  sickness) ; 
Tchud  ra  hi-dlvanagi  zad  or  hl-hhwab,  etc., 
zad ;  murda-hdzi  dar  dvardan  (to  sham  being 
badly  hurt) ;  kalak-hdzi-hd  dar  ma-yar  (no 
shamming).     Vide  Pretend,  Sham. 

Felicity,  m'ddat  or  sa'ddat-mandi. 

Fellow,  mardaka;  in  compounds  ham,  as 
ham-qatdr  (fellow-servant) ;  ham-ndm '  (of 
the  same  name) ;  ham-shahri  (of  the  same 
city)  ;  ham-sadd  (each  echoes  the  other ; 
also  of  the  same  tune) ;  ham-maktab  (school- 
fellow) ;  dardmand  (the  poor  fellow) ;  juft 
or  linga  (of  a  pair). 

Fellow-creature,  ham-jins  (of  the  same 
species  or  class,  rank) ;  u  niz  banda-yi 
Khudd  ast. 

Fellowship,  husn-i  shirkat  (good-fellowship) ; 
suhbat  (also  conversation). 

Felt,  namad  (subs.) ;  namadi  (adj.). 

Felt,  mahsiis  (p.  p.). 

Female,  mdda ,  td%fa-yi  inds  (the  female  '^ 
sex).     Vide  Offspring. 

Feminine,  mu^annas;  ta^nis  (in  gram.). 

Fence,  divdra;  divdra-yi  chubi  or  divdra-yi 
khishti,  etc. 

Fence,  to,  in  bdjh  rd  az  chub  dawr  girifta- 
and. 

Fend,  bachcha-hd-yash  sar-i  khud  ast  (the 
young  have  flown  and  are  able  to  fend  for 
themselves). 

Fennel,  shibit  (green)  ;  marza  (sweet  fennel)  ; 
siydh  ddna  {small  fennel);  rdz-ddna  (vulg. 
ior  rdziydna)  (aniseed?)     Ficie  Aniseed. 

Fenu-greek,  shambalila. 

Ferghana,  Farghdna. 

Ferment,  jush  khurdan;  kaf  k. 

Fermentation,  tahhrriir  (of  dough,  tobacco, 
halva,  etc.) ;  jush  khurdan  (of  wine  or 
liquids). 

Fermented,  jush  khurda ;  (but  jushida  boiled)  ; 
mukhammar. 


Ferocious,  daranda;  muzi ;  sag-tab'  (of 
people) . 

Ferret,  mush-i  khurmd  (a  mongoose,  ichneu- 
mon;  not  a  weasel  or  ferret,  etc.;  class. 
rdsu) . 

Ferry,  ma'bar,  pi.  ma'dbir  (any  crossing; 
ford,  etc.) ;  safina-yi  'ubur  and  'ibri  (ferry 
boat;  latter  also  =  passenger  by  boat). 

Fertile,  hdsil-dih ;  pur-hdsil ;  tamdm-i  zaminhd- 
yi  dn  vildyat  hdsil-khiz  ast;  zar  khiz 
(Afghan  and  Indian) ;  bdr-dvar ;  miva-ddr; 
pur-bdr ;  musmir  (fruitful ;  of  trees) . 

Fertilize,  mdyi  dddan  (to  fertilize  date 
trees)  ;  [talqih  and  ilqdh  in  books]. 

Festival,  'id,  pi.  a'ydd  (in  Persian  of  relig. 
or  semi-relig.  festivals  only) ;  jashn. 

Festivity,  shddi^ ;  shddmdnl  (joy);  jashn 
(also  festival,  celebration). 

Fetch,  dvardan,  rfc.  dr  or  dvar ;  biraw  qadrl 
miva  az  bdjk  bi-chin  biydr.     Vide  Bring. 

Fetid,  ganda;  gandida  p.p.  ('  gone  fetid'); 
muta'affln;  bu-yi  gand  (a  bad  smell) ; 
[gandand  a  leek]. 

Fetter,  c[hull  (gen.  for  neck) ;  ^ull  u  zanjir 
(for  hands,  feet  and  neck)  ;  kunda 
(stocks).  ['addva. 

Feud,  khdna-jangi  (family  feud  or  civil  war); 

Fever,  tab ;  tab-i  larz  (ague) ;  iab-i  nawba 
(intermittent) ;  makhmalak  (scarlet  fever); 
tifus  (typlius)  ;  hasba  (typhoid) ;  tab-i 
Idzimi  or  tab-i  diqq  (hectic  fever  or  con- 
sumption) ;  tab-i  nifds*  (puerperal  fever). 

Few,  qalil^  [opp-  to  kasir  "  many"] ;  chand 
najar-i  qalil  (m.c.  a  few  men) ;  naml- 
ddnam  dnjd  khayli  budand  yd  kam;  pdra-i 
az  sarbdz  (or  pdra-yi  sarbdz-hd  (a  few  of  the 
soldiers) ;  chand  nafar  sarbdz  (a  few  sol- 
diers) ;  ba'zi  (some) ;  panj  ruz  (fig.  a  few 
days ;  also  this  life) ;  kamtar  kas-l  mi- 
tavdnad  (few  can  do  it). 

Fewness,  qillat. 

Fez,  jis. 

Fiance, -ee,  ndm-zad. 

Fibre,  rtsha ;  nakh  u  risha-yi  In  kuluft  ast 
(it  is  of  course  fibre) ;  lif  (of  date ;  also  a 
'  lufa  '  for  the  bath) ;  tdr ;  rishta  (thread) . 


1  Also  saml  (for  Ar.  (.5**«)  "  of  the  same  name,  synonymous." 

5  Awladr-i  zuhur  and  awlad-i  inas  "  male  and  female  offspring." 
S  In  India  s/^ad^  "  marriage." 

4  ^ws^-i  ni '5,9  the  bathing  forty  days  after  child-bearing  when  the  mother  first  leaves  her  room. 
There  is  a  belief  that  if  a  mother  dies  before  taking  this  bath,  she  will  go  straight  to  Heaven.  The  pains 
of  child  bearing  are  so  great  that  all  the  mother's  sins  are  forgiven  on  account  of  them,  and  as  she  has 
not  left  her  room  for  forty  days  she  has  had  no   opportunity  of  committing  fresh  ones  during  that 

period. 

5  '•  At  least  ' '  aqall<in  or  fi'l-aqaU. 


Fie 


113 


Fin 


Fickle,  bi-vafa  (of  the  affections) ;  har-dam 
khiydl ;  nmtalawin " '  l-mizdj  (changeable , 
q.v.) ;  har  sd'at  yak  Jidlat  (Idrad  (change- 
able; also  flighty  and  fickle). 

Fickleness,  u  har-dam  rang-%  mi-zanad  ;  mard-i 
7nustaqill"'l-7nizd}  nist;  ialavvun  ddrad. 

Fiction,  afsdna ;  vide  Falsehood  ;  if  lira'-  (false 
tale;  with  bastan,  to  calumniate,  q.v.); 
ikhtird'  (an  invention). 

Fictitious,  ja'li;  sdkhtagi ;  Iftird'^i;  az  pish-i 
khud  sdkhia  or  bi-ham  bdfta  (made  up ;  of 
a  story). 

Fidelity,  vafd-dari;  haqq-i  namak-shindsi ; 
namak  bi-haldlt;  a7w«na/-«?an  (trustworthi- 
ness). 

Fie,  tuff  bar  tu ;  or  khijdlat  bi-kash ;  or 
qabdhat  bi-fahm  (fie  on  thee,  shame  on 
thee !) ;  vay  bar  tu  (out  on  thee!). 

Fief,  twjul,  pi.  tuyuldt  (lands  given  by  tlie 
Shah  on  condition  of  receiving  a  certain 
fixed  return). 

Field,  (no  word  exactly  corresponds  to  the 
English  'field');  kisht-mr  or  mazra'  (a 
place  made  ready  for  sowing) ;  mayddn 
or  razm-gdh  or  nabard-gdh  (—of  battle  ') ; 
[hunar-i  man  chtst  kibi-muydan-iu  bi-ravam 
(what  skill  have  I  to  compete  with  him  ?J. 

Field-glass,  dur-bin-i  du-chashmt.  Vide  Bino- 
culars. 

Fierce,  khun-khwdr  (of  savages)  ;  sharza  (of 
lions)  ;  daranda  (of  animals  gen.) ;  qalir- 
dlud  (of  men  or  of  animals,  etc.) ;  muzz 
(injurious).     Vide  Ravenous  and  Savage. 

Fierceness,  darandagi;  qahr-dludagl ;  shid- 
dat ;  hiddat  (of  sun) . 

Fiery,  dtash-mizdj  (of  people) ;  dtashln  (of 
things). 

Fife,  mizvmr  (2.)  (fife) ;  lahak  (2.)  (flute) ; 
nay  (2.)  (a  gen.  term  for  any  pipe). 

Fifteen,  pdnzdah. 

Fifth,  panjum. 

Fiftieth,  panjdhum. 

Fifty,  fanjdh 

Fig,  an]ir:  for  'I  don't  care  a  fig'  vide 
Care. 

Fight,  jang  {k.) ;  da'vq,  (k.)  ;  niza'  (k.)  (wordy 
or _ otherwise);  sit%z  {k.)  (with  blows); 
khdmush  nisfiastan  bihtar  az  bar-khdstan-i 
bi-jang  ast.     Vide  War,  Quarrel. 

Fight,  to,  bar  sar  u  kalla-yi  ham,  digar 
zadand;  zad  u  kub  kardan;  parWidah  k. 
(prop,  hand  to  hand). 


Figurative,  majdzi  (opposed  to  haqiqi). 

Figure,  shakl,  pi.  ashkdl  (gen.);  paykar  (of 
man) ;  qadd  u  quvdra  or  qadd  u  qdmat  or 
bdld  (stature) ;  rikht  (gen.  and  vulg.) ; 
handaa  (arithmetical);  ahakl  (geometri- 
cal). 

Filch,  to.  Filching,  ganda-duzdi  k.  (pilfering). 

Filcher,  ganda-duzd. 

Filbert-nut,  funduq. 

File,  to,  suhdn  z. ;  %n  pich  rd  suhidn  bi-zan ; 
in  kagAazdt  rd  jam'  bi-kun  or  bi-riahta  bi- 
kash  (file  these  papers  ;  but  ddkhil-i  daftar 
bi-kun  "  copy  them  in  the  book"). 

File  past,  to,  dkjtla  kardan  (Fr.  ;  mil.). 

Filings,  burdda  (sing,  and  pi.) ;  8uvdla{?)  ; 
sd^ida  (sing,  and  pi.). 

Fill,  pur  or  mamluv  k. ;  tapdnidan  or  chapd- 
nidan  (to  cram) ;  lab-riz  k.  (fill  up ;  of 
liquids) ;  In  pip  rd  pur-i  db  kun. 

Filled,  jmr ;  mamluv ;  lab-d-lab  ( — to  the 
brim). 

Fillet,  lula-gusht  and  sar-dast{?)  (of  meat) ; 
sar-band  (for  the  head) . 

Fillip,  to,  gush-ash  rd  piling  zad.^ 

Filly,  kurra-mdda. 

Film,  parda. 

Filter,  db-sdf-kun ;  sdfi  (a  strainer). 

Filter,  to,  sdf  kardan  ;  muqattar  k. ,  or  taqiir 
k.  (prop,  to  distil,  q.v.). 

Filtered,  sdf  karda ;  muqaiUir  and  mvqaUar- 
shuda  (prop,  distilled,  q.v.). 

Filth,  chirk;  or  kasdfai  (gen.)  ;  laws  (stain) ; 
najdsat  (gen.  for  faecal  matter)  ;  harzagi 
(of  words  or  deeds) ;  aljdz-i  rakik  (filthy 
abuse) . 

Filthy,  chirkin,  kxtsif ;  muiarwas;  chi  guh- 
kdri  kardi!  (what  a  filthy  mess  you've 
made!). 

Fin,  par-i  midhl  or  hal-i  mdhi;  par-i  mdza 
(dorsal  fin). 

Final,  javdb-am  qat'Vst;  qist-i  dl^iri  (final 
dividend);  Hllat-i  glids-l. 

Finally,  "dqibat  (subs,  and  adv.). 

Finance,  'ilm-i  hisdb-ddni;  vazir-i  mdliyya 
(minister  of  finance) . 

Find,  ju^tan,  rt.  juy  (in  m.c,  to  find  as  well 
as  to  seek) ;  urd  bi-jur  ^  bi-ydr  (find  him 
and  bring  liim) ;  paydd  k. ;  zir-%  miz 
ydftan;  qalam-i  khud  rd  gum  karda-am, 
nigdh  kun  shdyad  dn  rd  paydd  hunt ;  biraw, 
dar  bdb-i  dn  sar-i  dar  bi-ydvar  (just  go  and 
fijid  out  something  about  the  matter) ; 


1  Class,  mo'rajba. 

^  Piling  zadan  is  also  to  soap  the  fingers,  Persiem  fashion,  to  music. 

S  Bi-jur  wdg.  for  hi-ju. 

1 


F«l! 


114 


Fir 


hharm-yi  Ustd-Sayn-i '  qali-bdf  ra  surdg[h 
ikun  (find  out  the  house  of  Ustad  Husayn, 
the  weaver) ;  bi-ham  rasidan,  intr.  (to  be 
found,  to  be  obtained)  ;  bi-ham  rasdnidan, 
tr. 

Fine,  jurmana  or  jarlma  k.  or  giriftan  (in 
money)  ;  latif  (fine  and  good) ;  ndzuk 
(delicate)  bdrik  (slender  and  also  not 
coarse) ;  sdf  or  khub  (of  weather) ;  qalam-i 
riza  (a  fine  pen). 

Fine  arts,  sand^i'-i  nafisa. 

Fined,  agar  daf'a-yi  digar  chunin  Mr  bi- 
kunid  shunm  rd  jarlma  mi-kunand  (if  you 
do  this  again  you  will  be  fined) . 

Finger,  filing'^  zadan  (to  snap  the  fingers, 
as  boys  might  do  in  a  class) ;  angusht ; 
[angusht-i  pd,  toe] ;  panja  (all  five  fingers 
or  toes) ;  angusht-i  shahddat  (fore-finger, 
q.v.) ;  angusht-i  miydni  (middle  finger) ; 
angusht-i  kuchak  (little  finger)  ;  shast 
(thumb  or  big  toe) ;  sar-i  angusht  (finger- 
tip). 

Finis,  tammat;  tamdm  shud;  khatm;  khdii- 
ma. 

Finish,  sdkht  u  pardukht  (make  and  finish)  ; 
this  silver  work  is  not  bad  but  it  lacks 
finish,^  in  nuqra-kdri  bad  nist  va  likin  dn 
puf-i  kdsa-gari  (or  tamdmiyyat)  ki  bdyad 
ddshta  bdshad  na-ddrad.  Vide  note  to 
Negotiate. 

Finish,  to,  khatm  k.  or  sh. ;  khalds  k.  or  sh. ; 
tavmm  k.  or  6^. ;  bi-dkhir  rasdnidan ; 
anjdm  dddan ;  surat  dddan  (accomplish) ; 
in  Mr  rd  bi-jd  bi-ydvarid  (accomplish) ; 
takmil  or  anjdm  ydftan;  bi-sar  dmadan; 
bi-dkhir  rasidan ;  tamdm  shudan  (to  be 
completed  or  ended) ;  pul  tamdm  (or 
khalds)  shud  (the  money  is  finished) . 

Finished,  mukammal  (completed),  bi-itmdm 
rasida  (of  provisions,  money) ;  bi-dkhir 
rasida  (of  a  work) ;  I've  done  it  and 
there's  an  end  of  it,  dn  rd  kardam  raft. 
Vide  End. 

Fir,  kaj. 


Fire,  dtash ;  ihtirdq  or  hariq  (conflagration) ; 
dtash-garddn  (a  small  iron  basket  attached 
to  a  long  chain,  whirled  round  to  revive 
charcoal  embers). 

Fire,  to,  dtash  puf  kardan  or  damidan  (to 
blow  the  fire) ;  dtash  z.  (to  set  on  fire) ; 
dtash  giriftan  (to  catch  fire) ;  dtash  raiv- 
shan  k.  or  durust  k.  (to  light  the  fire) ; 
dta^h  khdmush  k.  (to  put  out  the  fire)  ; 
dtash  bi-ham  z.  (to  poke  or  stir  the  fire) ; 
dtash  dfrukhtan  or  rushan  k.  (to  light  a 
fire)  ;  tup  anddkhtan  or  khdli  k.  (to  fire  a 
big  gun) ;  ddfiA  k.  (cauterize  or  to  brand) ; 
tujang-iru  bi-man  khdli  kard  (or  anddkht) 
(he  fired  a  gun  at  me) :  du  si  tir  (or  gulula) 
bi-shir  zadand  ammd  hich  yak  na-khurd. 

Fire-brigade,  Fireman,  tulumba-chi  (of  Fire- 
brigade).     Vide  Stoker  and  Bath. 

Fire-place,  buhhdri  (in  a  living  room)  ;  tun 
or  gulkhan  (of  bath) ;  ujdq  (cooking 
place).     Vide  Stove. 

Fire-temple,  dtash- kada. 

Firewood,  hxzum;  hima. 

Fireworks,  dtash-bdzi  {k.). 

Fire-worshipper,  majus* ;  gabr,  vulg.  gawr ; 
Zardushii ;  Pdrsi ;  Ibrdhimi  ;  dtash-parast  ; 
mugh. 

Firing,  tup-zani  or  tup-anddzi  {k.)  (of  big 
guns ;  vide  Bombard) ;  tufang-anddzi  {k.) 
(of  rifle);  dagh-nihi  {k.)  (branding).  Vide 
Train. 

Firm,  sdbit ;  ustuvdr ;  qdyim  (vulg.);  pdydar 
(lasting;  of  buildings,  etc.);  muhkam; 
mustahkim;  rdsikh  (in  faith,  etc.);  sdbit- 
qadam  (in  relig.,  in  promises,  etc.).  Vide 
Tight. 

Firmness,  istihkdm  (strength ;  of  things) ; 
sdbdt-i  qadam  (of  persons  in  opinions  or 
deeds) ;  pdyddri  and  davdm  (lasting  long) : 
rdsikh'^H-i'tiqdd  (firm  in  his  faith). 

First,  awal  (pi.  avd^il) ;  ghurra  (the  first  of 
the  month) ;  dar  ibtidd''  (at  first) ;  az  awal 
(from  the  first) ;  kuddm  kdr  awal  bdyad 
kard?  bddi   dar   kdr   u   bud  (he  was  the 


1  Usta-Sayn  the  usual  m.c.  form  of  Ustad-Husayn. 

2  Professional  dancers  (raqqas)  snap  the  fingers  in  this  manner.  Sometimes  the  company  snap  their 
fingers  to  testify  approval. 

3  Prop,  kasa-gart:  it  is  a  custom  of  a  '  plate-maker  '  to  blow  over  a  cup,  etc.,  just  made  as  though 
to  give  it  a  finish. 

*  Majus  coll.  in  Ar.,  Majuai  noun  of  unity.  Zarduaht,  perhaps  from  some  similarity  in  the  Muslim 
legend  of  the  ordeal  by  fire,  has  been  confused  with  Abraham.  The  Muslims  for  some  time  tried  to  make 
the  niame  of  Zardusht  forgotten,  and  the  fire-worshippers  were  known  by  the  name  of  Ibrahimi. 
Muhammad  Shah,  son  of  Fath  'All  Shah,  protected  the  Fire- worshippers,  who  resumed  the  name  of 
Zardushti.  By  the  Muslims  however  they  were  called  Oabr,  which  name  has  come  to  signify  '  infidel.' 
In  India  they  are  called  ParsI,  and  this  name  is  being  introduced  into  Persia.  The  Persian  Zardushtis 
resent  being  styled  Oabr. 


Fir 


116 


FU 


first  to  do  this);  mtUakallim  (the  first 
person;  gram.). 

Firstly,  avr)al'*''. 

Fish,  mahi;  hut  (the  sign  Pisces);  [the 
Arabic  word  hut  is  applied  to  the  fish 
that  swallowed  Jonah,  called  also  nihang 
or  'shark'];  mdhi-yi  dudi  or  — dud-zada 
(smoked  fish) ;  indhi-yi  khuahk  (dried — ) ; 
midhx-vash  (fish-like ;  of  certain  sea  ani- 
mals). 

Fish,  to,  rmki  giriftan;  sayd-i  mdhi  k. 

Fisherman,  mdht-gir;  sayydd  or  shikdr-chl 
(any  kind  of  trapper,  falconer,  sportsman, 
etc.) ;  chand  sayydd-i  didam  ki  ddm-i  khud 
rd  mi-anddkhtandJ 

Fish-hook,  qulldba-yi  mdhi-gtri. 

Fish-net,  dam  or  tur-i  mdhi-girl. 

Fissure,  shikdf ;  darz. 

Fist,  musht ;  mu^ht  bastan  =  dost  musht  k.  (to 
close  the  fist). 

Fisticuffs,  mursht-zanl  {k.). 

Fistula,  ndsur. 

Fit,  adj . ,  qdbil ;  shdyista ;  IdHq ;  vdjib  ;  ram  ; 
munasib  (proper) ;  it  mutlaq""  bdb-i  In  kdr 
Tiist  (he  is  quite  unfit  for  this  job) ,  tabi'at- 
am  ziring  ast  (I'am  feeling  very  fit) ; 
subs,,  bl-hushi  (k.)  (a  swoon);  gkash  {k.) 
(a  semi-swoon) ;  sar  urd  girift  (fit  of 
epilepsy) . 

Fit,  to,  in  qabd  bar-ash  chust  ast  (this  coat 
fits  him) ;  kalid  bi-qufl  khurd  (the  key 
fitted  the  lock) ;   kafsh  anddz-i  pd-yam  ast. 

Fitness,  shdyistagi ;  liydqat;  mundsabat; 
mawzuniyyat. 

Five,  panj ;  pan-sad''-  (five  hundred) . 

Five-fold,  panj  muqdbil-i  an;  panj  Id  (in 
five  folds). 

Fix,  to,  bar  pa  or  nasb  k.  (to  erect) ;  nishdn- 
dan  (to  plant ;  of  trees,  etc.) ;  qardr  d. ; 
ta'ytn  k.  (to  assign) ;  kuddm  ruz  rd  qardr 
guzdshtid  or  muqarrar  kardld/  qlmat-ash 
bi-chand  guzardndid  (or  tayy^  kardid)? 
(what  price  did  you  settle  for  it  ?) ;  chashm 
dukhtan  bi — (to  fix  the  eyes  on,  stare  at) ; 
gir  kardan  (to  get  into  a  fix). 

Fixed,  burida  (m.c. ;  settled) ;  mushakhkhas ; 
mu'ayyan;  muqarrar;  qardr  ddda  shuda 
(decided,  settled);  hamr  turridn  qlmat-i  in 
khdna  qat'  shuda  ast. 


Flaccid,  shui  ;  Hz  ;  norm. 

Flag,  'alam;  bayraq  khtvabanidan  (to  lower 

a  flag ;  met.  to  vacate  the  field,  run  away  ; 

also  simply  '  to  depart ' ) ;  bayraq-i  Iran  rd 

didam  ki  ru-yi  arg*  bdd  mi-khurd  tcU^ta- 

sang    (of    stone);    bach    (root  of  Acorns 

calamus) . 
Flag,  to,  stMt  shudan;  sang-farsh  k.  (pave 

with  stones). 
Flagellation,      taziydna-zani :      shalldq-kdri ; 

chub-kdrl  (also  working  in  wood) ;  kutak- 

kdri. 
Flagon,    qardba;    kup;    sabu    (bottles;     of 

different  shapes). 
Flame,  shu'la  (of  fire  or  lamp) ;  zabdna  (fiie 

only);     mushta'il     (part.,     burning;     in 

flames). 
Flaming,  ishti'dl  (subs.);  mu^hta'il  (partic). 
Flamingo,  qdz-i  surkh  (lit.  scarlet  goose). 
Flap,  to,  par  or  bal  z.  (of  a  bird,  when  fly- 
ing) ;  par  par  k.  (fluttering). 
Flare,  dta^h  gurgur  ml-kunad  (of  the  noise  of 

the  fire). 
Flashing,  darakhshdn. 
Flashy,  mardri  bd  zarq  u  barq  (in  good  or 

bad  sense). 
Flask,  baghaU  (a  flat  bottle  that  contains 

rather    more    than    a     quart) ;     dabba-yi 

rughan  ( — for  clarified  butter ;  of  metal) ; 

dabba-yi  bdrut  (for  powder).     Vide  Pouch. 
Flat,  musaUah  ;  khwdbida  (lying  down) ;  jush- 

rafta  (of  drinks);  kdsid  (dull,  of  trade); 

sust;   sard;    kasil   (feeling  dull);    shakl-i 

kura-yi  zamin  chi  tawr  ast,  mudawar,  yd 

musattak,  yd  murabba' ,  ydbayzam?  \irvws- 

tatil  oblong].     Vide  Fall. 
Flat-bottomed,  tah-pahn;  zir-fardkh. 
Flat-iron,  uttu. 
Flatter,    chdplUsl    k.   and   tamaUuq  guftan; 

sahzi  pdk  k. ;  hhush-dmad  guftan ;  bad  zir-i 

baghal-ash  dad  (to  make  a  fool  of  by — )  = 

pizur  bi-pdldn-ash  chapund  (vulg.X- 
Flatterer,  bddinjdn-i  dawr-i  qdb  (lick-spittle) ; 

clvdplu  s ;     sabzx-pdk-kun  ^ ;      tamalluq-gu ; 

hdshiya-nishin    (hanger-on    and    dittoer). 

Vide  Toady  and  Ditto. 
Flattery,  chRplusi ;    khush-dmad;    tamaUuq; 

chird  in   taivr  tamalluq-i  mard  mt-kunld? 

chird  in  qadr  sifdl^  bi-pdldn-ash  mi-kuni 


i  Mahl-gir  is  also  a  name  of  the  common  heron.     Dam  is  properly  "  a  snare  "  and  tur  **  a  net." 

2  Pronounced  pun-sad. 

s  Toyy  k.  also  "  to  travel." 

*  Arg  residence  of  Shah  or  governor ;  the  citadel ;  qa»r,  palace  of  Shedi. 

6  i.e.  Sabzi  haray-i  u  pak  mi-kunad. 

6  Sifal  long  straw  used  for  stuffing  a  palan. 


Fla 


tl6 


Flo 


(why  do  you  flatter  him  so  ?) ;  hi-hama 
cMz;  (without  joking;  without  flattery;  I 
am  speaking  seriously). 

Flatulent,  Flatulency,  naffakh  and  badi  (of 
foods;  causing  flatulency) ;  nafkh-i  mi' da; 
sJiikayat-i  nafkk  ddram  (I  am  suffering 
from — ) ;  [badu  and  flsu  (pretentious)]. 

Flatwise,  tahhta  ra  pahn  bi-guzar  na  Istada 
(lay  down  the  plank  flatwise  not  on  its 
edge). 

Flavour,  maza;  zd^iqa;  Tchush-mazagi  (being 
nice  flavoured).     Vide  Taste. 

Flaw,  'ayb;  naqs;  mu  (crack;  also  black 
lines  in  stones  or  in  gems) ;  lakka  (spot) ; 
navisht  u  khwan  naqs  ddrad,  bdtil  ast 
(vulg. ;  there  is  a  flaw  in  the  contract,  it 
is  invalid). 

Flax,  kattdn. 

Flay,  jMst  kandan  or  kashidan  ,  salkh  k. 

Flayer,  salldkh  (one  that  slaughters,  and  also 
sells  liver,  head  and  feet,  etc.);  pust-kan. 

Flayed,  pust-kashlda ;  pust-kanda. 

Flaying,  satldkhl  {k.). 

Flea,  kayk  or  kahk  or  kak. 

Flea-bitten,  magasi  (of  a  grey  horse). 

Fledged,  vide  Fend ;  par  birun  dvurda  (half- 
fledged)  . 

Flee,  firdr  k.  (gen.) ;  pusht  dddan  (in  a  fight) ; 
chird  bi-gurizim?  khawj  nist.  Vide  Cow- 
ard. 

Fleece,  to,  vide  To  flay ;  pashm  giriftan  (to 
shear) ;  lukht-am  kardand  pirdhan  ham  rj/i- 
guzdshland. 

Fleeting,  nd-pdydur ;  jdni  (of  the  world,  life, 
etc.) ;  guzardn  (passing  away) ;  gurizdn 
(fleeing) ;  sdya-yi  zd^il  or  — ravdn  (a  fleet- 
ing shadow;  vide  Shadow).  Vide  Un- 
stable. 

Flesh,  gusht  (also  applied  to  '  flesh '  of 
fruits) ;  but  in  miva  gushtl  ast  (this  fruit 
is  dry,  without  juice);  najs  kushtan  (to 
mortify  the  flesh). 

Flexible,  nxirm ;  lams ' ;  fanari  (springy)  ; 
misl-i  fanar  jihanda ;  in  chub  cham  u  kham 
bar  mi-ddrad  ;  In  khayzurdn  lams  ast. 

Flicker,  cMrdgh  kur  kur  mi-suzad. 

Flight,  gurlz  (k.) ;  firdr  {k.) ;  parvdz  (of 
birds);  gurizandan  and  munhazim  k.  (to 
put  to  flight).     Vide  Defeat. 

Flinch,  mizhgdn  bi-ham  zadan;  takdn  khur- 
dan ;  dasl^am  rd  ru-yi  surat-ash  bur  dam, 
pas  kashid.     Vide  Wince. 


Fling,  to,  in  chi  jur  gulhd  ast?  bi-yanddz-i 
shdn  dur  (or  birun) ;  part  k.  (with  force). 

Flint,  sang-i  chdqmdq;  az  chdqmdq'^  zadan 
dtash  payddmi-shavad ;  [fatila  tinder- wick, 
for  flint  and  steel]. 

Float,  hdld  vaqt-i  madd-i  bahr  ast  jahdz  ru-yi 
db  mi-dyad. 

Flock,  galla  (of  sheep,  of  birds)  ;  rama  (of 
cattle) ;  dnjd  galla-yi  gusjand-i. 

Flock,  to,  mardum  bi-didan-ash  guruh  guruh 
dmadand. 

Flood,  sayldb  {sh.)  ,  rud-khdna  bi-tu^ydn 
dmad,  or  tughydn  kard ;  Tufdn-i  Nuh  (the 
Deluge). 

Floor,  takhta-push  (of  boards) ;  zamin-i  in 
utjdq  ta'mir  Idzim  ddrad;  zamin-ash  rd 
farsh-i  djurr  karda  and ;  daraja ;  tabaqa  ; 
martaba  (storey). 

Floor-cloth,  ztlu  (a  cotton  stuff  used  for  the 
floors  of  schools  and  mosques) ;  zir-farshi 
(common  and  coarse) ;  farsh  (better  qua- 
lity, placed  over  former). 

Florid,  surkh ;  surat-ash  misl-i  chuqandar 
surkh  ast ;  dn  mard  swat-ash  ziydd  khuni- 
'st  (m.c). 

Flour,  nan  az  drd  durust  ml-kunand  ;  drd  k. 
(to  grind  to  flour  or  to  powder) ;  [tdpu  (a 
large  earthenware  receptacle  or '  bin,'  q.v., 
for  flour,  rice,  etc.)]. 

Flourish,  zinat  dddan,  or  shdkh  u  barg  nihd- 
dan  (in  writing) ;  shahr  digar  surat-i  dbddi 
girift,  or  shahr  bdz  rawnaq  girift  (the  city 
again  flourished  =  db-i  rafta  bi-jHb  amad) ; 
sd'at-at  rd  bi-man  jilva  ma-dih  (don't  flaunt 
or  flourish  your  watch  at  me). 

Flourishing,  kdmrrdn  (successful;  of  people) ; 
ma'mur  (of  country);  risha  dar  db  ast;  bd 
db  u  tab;  kdr-ash  bi-khubi  mi-gardad  (in 
business) ;  rawnaq  ddrad ;  kdr  u  bdr-ash 
chdq  u  chilla  ast  (his  business  is  flourish- 
ing). 

Flow,  to,  Rud-i  Aras  bi-Daryd-yi  mdzandaran 
(or  bi-Bahr-i  Khazar)  muttasil  mi-shavad, 
or  ml-rlzad,  or  khMl  mi-shavad;  db-i  rud 
khdna  kuddm  taraf  jdrVst? 

Flower,  gul ;  shigufa  (bud) ;  na-bdyad  in 
gulhd  rd  bi-chinid;  khayli  gul-bdz  ast  (he 
is  a  great  flower  fancier) ;  zubda-yi  qushun 
(the  flower  of  the  army).  Vide  EUte; 
awal-i  javdni  or  'unjuvdn-i  shabdb  (the 
flower  of  youth). 

Flower,  to,  gul  dddan  or  kardan;  shikuftan 


1  Lama  "  flexible  "  and  ahaqq  "  inflexible,  rigid,' 

2  Chaqmaq  i  tufang  "  cock  of  a  gun." 


Flo 


117 


Foo 


or  shiguftan  (to  open  into  flower  from  the 
bud). 

Flowing,  jarayan;  zulfhJd-yash  td  surin 
rikhta  or  u/tdda. 

Fluent,  tund-add;  Fdrat  rd  ravdn  harf  mi- 
zanad ;  u  agarchi  zabdn-i  Inglist  sahih 
harf  nami-zanad  vali  dar  dn  harrdf  '  (or 
lassdn)  oat. 

Fluently,  ravdn  khwdndan  (to  read  fluently). 

Fluid,  abald  ;  md'i. 

Fluids,  chiz-Iid-yi  ra^q  u  sayydl ;  vmHyydt. 

Fluidity,  sayydM. 

Flush,  rang-ash  bar  dfrukhta  shud  (he 
flushed ;  from  anger  or  shame) . 

Flute.     Vide  Fife. 

Flutter,  tapidan ;  par  par  k.     Vide  Bate. 

Fluttering,  bdl-zani. 

Fly,  to,  paridan  or  parvdz  kardan,  intr.  ;  hi- 
bdd  dddan,  tr.  (of  a  hawk,  a  paper-kite, 
etc.) ;  par-i  bdl-i  tuti  rd  chid  ki  na-parad 
(or  mabddd  bi-parad) ;  jahidan  (of  a 
spring). 

Fly,  subs.,  tnja  magas  pur  ast  (this  place 
is  full  of  flies) ;  inid  ism-ash  bdyad  Magas- 
dbdd  bdshad  na  Dawlat-dbdd  (this  place 
should  be  called  Magas-abad  and  not 
Dawlat-abad)  ;  guh-magas  (fly  speck) ; 
pa^ha-yi  khaki  (sand-fly). 

Fly-blown, mo^cw-ncfei,  vulg.  (fly-spotted;  and 
also  stale). 

Fly-flap,  magas-rdn. 

Fly-fringe,  magas-pardn  (for  eyes  of  horses 
or  donkeys). 

Flying,  bvJand-parvdzi  (high-flying;  lit.  or 
met.). 

Foal,  kurra  ;  kurra-asp ;  kurra-khar. 

Foam,  kaf  ;  daryd  kaj  mi-kunad ;  bi-hadd-i 
ghayz  hard  ki  dahan-ash  kaf  dvard. 

Focus,  to,  mizdn  shvdan,  intr.  (of  camera, 
binocular,  etc.);  bi-mizdrh  dvardan,  tr. 

Fodder,  'aliq;  'alufa  (fodder  and  grain); 
'alaf  (green) ;  kdh  (dried  straw,  chopped). 
Vide  Seller. 

Foetus,  'alaqa  or  muzgha;  janin  (rare  ?). 

Fog,  mih-i  ^aliz-l  (a  dense  fog) ;  mih-i 
kam-i  (a  slight  fog,  or  mist) ;  gi^dr  (dust 
fog) ;  bukhdr  (steam  or  exhalation  from 
marshy  ground) ;  az  zamin  dtash  bar  mi- 
Wiizad  (of  haze) ;  dud  ru-yi  havd  rd  girift 
(the  smoke,  or  fog,  hid  everything). 

Fogginess,  kudurat-i  fahm  (of  understand- 
ing) ;  mih  giriftan-i  havd,  etc.     Vide  Fog. 


Fold,  in  chiz-hd  rd  dar  kdgiflz  hi-jnch  (or 

tah  or  tu  kun)  ;  navardidan  (to  roll  up) ; 
du  Id  k.  or  du  td  k.  (to  double  up) ;  aila  k., 
etc.  (to  fold  three  times) ;  dost  :^r-i 
bagl^  nihddan  (to  fold  the  arms  Eni^lish 
fashion) ;  dast  bastan  (to  fold  the  arms 
as  Persian  servants  *  do) ;  Sunnihd  namdz 
rd  dastrbasta  ml-k^ivdnand  va  ShVa-hd 
dast-vdz  (the  Sunnies  cross  the  hands  in 
front;  the  Shl'ahs  let  the  arms  hang 
straight  down  by  the  side). 

Fold,  d^ul  (of  sheep) ;  tah  (of  cloth,  etc.)  ; 
chin  (wrinkle) ;  du  tah ;  du  bardbar  (two- 
fold) ;  Id  or  tah  ;  Id-yi  dar  rd  bdz  kard  (he 
opened  one  fold  of  the  door). 

Follow,  pusht-i  sar  raftan ;  jilaw  bi-raw  man 
az  'aqab  ml-dyam  or  durnbdl-at  mi-dyam; 
iqtidd  k.  (to  follow  the  example  of  holy 
men) ;  pay-ravl  k.  (follow  the  example  of, 
good  or  bad)  ;  tashyl'-i  jarvdza  k.  (in  fune- 
ral procession) ;  az  Inqardr  (as  follows : — ); 
badraqa  raftan  or  mu>shdya'at  k.  (to  follow 
a  guest  to  the  door,  etc. ,  on  taking  leave) ; 
basta  muta'aqqib-i  in  kd(jihaz  khwdhad  rasid 
(the  parcel  will  follow  this  letter) ;  hami- 
sha  tdbi'-i  guyanda-yi  dkhirin  ast  (weak, 
q.v.,  always  follows  the  last  speaker); 
bi'matlab-ash  namitavdnam  pay  bi-baram 
(I  can't  follow  his  meaning). 

Follower,  pay  raw  and  t^i'  (gen.) ;  murid 
(relig.  only) ;  muqtadl  and  muqallid  (of  a 
great  Mujtahid) ;  ummut  (followers  of  one 
prophet  only ;  but  in  Arabic  also  for  na- 
tion) ;  millat,  pi.  milal,  (nation;  but  in 
Arabic  only  for  followers  of  one  prophet)  ; 
rajjdlaigi.  (camp-followers). 

Folly,  khariyyat  vulg.;  hamdqat;  baldhat; 
muntahd-yi  hamdqat  or  gt^dyat-i  U^ariyyat 
(height  or  extreme  of  folly). 

Foment,  to,  bakhur  or  tabkhir  k.  (to  steam) ; 
taftit  k.  (with  hot  oil) ;  takmid  k.  (dry  or 
wet) ;  taskhin  k.  (med.). 

Fond,  in  miva  rd  abad""  dust  nami-ddram; 
'dshiq-i  guldb  hastam. 

Fondle,  navdzish  k.  (a  kitten,  a  mistress) ; 
dast  ru-yi  sar  kashidan  (stroke  the  head). 
Vide  Caress,  Coax. 

Food,  ^i2a  (pi.  ajfhziya  =  dishes,  meats)  ; 
ta'dm,  pi.  oi'tVna  ;  in  chi  qism  khurdki'st ; 
qut-i  Id-yamut  na-ddrad  (he  has  nothing  to 
eat,  he's  starving) :  ma^kuldt  u  mashrubdt 
(meats  and  drinks) ;   khvriah  (a  special 


1  Harraf  and  laaaan  alone  have  the  idea  of  loquacity. 

4  beut  jur  kardan  "  to  fold  or  join  the  hemds  as  Hindus  do." 


Foo 


118 


For 


dish) ;  m  khurish-i  khuh-i  ast  (this  is  a 
nice  plat) ;  rizq;  ruzi  (daily  food,  daily 
bread,  sent  by  God). 

Fool,  to,  rish-khand  h.  (to  fool  a  person  ; 
make  an  April-fool  of). 

Fool,  dbldh;  ahmaq;  Mar;  pakht  vulg. 
(thick-headed)  ;  dabang  (cracked)  ;  sdda- 
lawh  (simpleton) ;  maskhara  or  mashhara- 
chi  (professional  fool) ;  lull  (bear  or  mon- 
key leader,  etc.).  Vide  Ass,  Mad,  Simple- 
ton. 

Foolish,  hi-vuquf  (  =  an  ass;  doesn't  know 
how  to  behave) ;  bl-'aql  (no  brains) ;  bi- 
shu'ur  (wanting  in  perception) ;  rish-gav, 
(m.c.)^ 

Foot,  pa  (foot  or  leg,  sp.  hind-leg;  of  man, 
beast  or  furniture,  etc.)  ;  sum  (hoof) ;  pa- 
yi  u  misl-i  gur-i  bachcTia  ast  or  pa-yi  guri 
darad  (he  has  enormous  feet) ;  pd-yash  rd 
bi-bin,  Khudd  shutur  rd  rahm  kunadl  (said 
by  a  jealous  woman  of  a  rival;  =  "Did 
you  ever  see  such  feet  as  she's  got?") ; 
pusht-i  pd  (instep) ;  kaf-i  pd  (sole)  ; 
gawdi-yi  pa  (arch) ;  ddmana  (of  moun- 
tain) ;  juz*  or  rukn  (in  scanning)  ;  piydda, 
adv.  (and  subs.)  (on  foot). 

Footman,  piydda;  shatir  (a  running  foot- 
man; in  front  of  a  horse). 

Footstep,  qadam,  pi.  aqddm ;  radd-i  pd  or 
dsdr-i  pd  ( — track) ;  pay-ravl-yi  pidar-ash 
mi-kunad,  or  az  ru-yi  garda-yi  pidar-ash 
raftdr  mi-kunad  ^  (local)  (in  good  or  bad 
sense) . 

Footstool,  kursi-yi  zir-i  pd. 

Fop,  Mlrm  Qashamsham  (a  fop) ;  qashang. 

For,  bi-vdsita-yi- ,  or  vulg.  bi-vdsa-yi — ; 
{mahz-i)  pds-i  khdtir-i  shumd  in  kdr  rd 
Tcardam;  az  du  sd'at  injd  ast  (he  has  been 
here  for  two  hours) ;  td  du  sd'at  birun  mi- 
ravam  (I'm  going  out  for  two  hours) ;  az 
bardy-i — ;  jihat-i — ;  nafy"  va  isbaf'"  (for 
and  against);  zird  ki ;  chunki;  bi-'illat-i 
%nki  ;  c^*ra-^i  (because). 

Forage,  'allq  (barley  and  straw  or  hay). 
Vide  Fodder.  [Raid . 

Foray,  chapaw   (k.) ;  chapawal   (k.).      Vide 


Forbearance,  hawsala  dvardan;  tahammul 
kardan;  hilm  ddshtan. 

Forbearing,  burd-bdr. 

Forbid,  nahi  k. ;  qadaghan  n.  ;  chird  az  dma- 
dan  man'  kardid  (why  did  you  forbid  him 
to  come?). 

Forbidden,  mamnu' ;  qadaghan  ast  (it  is^ 
forbidden)  ;  mamnu' dt  or  manahi  (things 
forbidden) . 

Forbidding,  mdni'. 

Force,  zur ;  jabr ;  'unf  (violence);  shiddat; 
hiddat  (severity) ;  hdld  rud-khdna  pur  zur 
ast ;  quvva-yi  barqiyya  (electric  force)  ; 
bigdr  giriftan  (to  seize  men  for  forced 
labour — generally  without  pay — for  State 
purposes^). 

Force,  to,  majbur  k. ;  vd  ddshtan  bi^;  jdrl 
sh.  (to  come  into  force).      Vide  Compel. 

Forceps,  arnbur-i  danddn-kashi  (for  teeth) ; 
gdz-arnbur  (blacksmith's)  ;  minqdsh  (twee- 
zers) ;  kalbatayn* 

Ford,  guzar-gdh  ;  guddr  vulg.  (usually  moun- 
tain-pass) ;  ma'bar,  vulg.  mi'bar  (also  a 
ferry  boat).     Vide  Ferry  and  Crossing. 

Ford,  to,  az  rud-khdna  bi-pd  'ubur  kardand. 
Vide  Wade. 

Forearm,  sdqa-yi  dad ;  sd'  id ;  dast  (fore- 
arm or  fore-leg  of  an  animal  as  opposed  to 
pd  the  hind-leg). 

Forecast,  hads  zadan  (to  conjecture) ;  tadbir- 
bdfi  or  tarh-rizl  k.  (planning  beforehand). 
Vide  Prophesy. 

Forefathers,  ajdud  (forefathers;  pi.  of  jadd 
grandfather,  q.v.) ;  aslnf  pi.  Vide  Ances- 
tors, Ancients. 

Forefinger,  sabbdba;  angusht-i  shahddat  (the 
forefinger  is  used  in  emphasising  the  words 
of  the  kalima  or  creed  ^) . 

Fore-foot,  sum-i  dast  (of  horse)  ;  panja-yi 
dast  (dog,  etc.). 

Forehead,  plshdni  ;  ndsiya  ;  jabin. 

Foreign,  ashyd-yi  hhdrija  (foreign  goods)  ; 
iddra-yi  hhdrija  (Foreign  Office) ;  Vazir-i 
umur-i  khdrija  (Foreign  Minister) ;  u  bi- 
mulk-i  ghurbat  rafta;  dahhl-%  bi-matlab 
nist  (foreign  to  the  subject). 


1  Oarda  is  a  small  bag  of  powdered  charcoal  used  in  copying  drawings.  A  pricked  tracing  is  placed 
on  a  clean  sheet  of  paper  and  the  bag  of  charcoal  dabbed  and  dusted  over  the  pricked  lines  of  the 
tracing. 

2  But  qadaghan  k.  "to  order." 

3  'Amala-yi  qalam  "labourers  so  seized. "  Bigari  bihiar  az  blkarl ;  a  common  saying.  Ri-aukhra 
giriftan  (class.). 

*  Dual  of  kalba  "a  bitch,"  fem.  of  kalb  "  dog." 

'  Also  Shi'ahs  when  repeating  the  ziyarat  point  the  forefinger  towards  the  grave  or  at  a  distance 
towards  the  qibla. 


For 


110 


For 


Foreigner,  (jtanb  (pi.  (jAurabd*  "  the  poor"] ; 
ajnabt  {]}\.  ajanib,  rare  in  ni.c.) ;  khdriji ; 
bigana  (stranger,  i.e.,  not  of  the  same 
household  ;  an  outsider)  ;  nami-guzarand 
khdrija^  az  mulk-i  shdn  'ubur  bi-kunand 
(foreigners  are  not  permitted  to  pass 
through  their  country). 

Foreignness,  ajnabiyyat. 

Fore-leg,  dast  (opp.  to  jxi  hind-leg);  saqor 
yi  dast  and  qalam  (shank). 

Foreman,  ustad. 

Foremost,  bar  hama  muqaddam;  awal  ; 
jilaw-tar  asi ;  az  hama  fish-tar. 

Forenoon,  avval-i  zuhr. 

Forepart,  jilaw. 

Foresight,  pish-bini;  basirat. 

Foreskin,  </hulfa,  pust-i  sar-i  hashaja^ 

Forest,  jangal;  bisha  (of  trees);  tarafayn-i 
rah  kuJtrha'^  pushida  az  jangal  bud  (on 
both  sides  of  the  road  were  hills  covered 
with  forests 

Foretell,  pishin-gu'^i  k. :  az  ffhayb  guftan  ; 
ki  mi-tavanad  az  pish  hi-guyad  ki  jar  da  az 
parda-yi  (fhayb  chi  zdhir  mt-shavad? 

Forge,   kura-yi  dhangarl   (a   smith's   forge) 

.    [kura  also  =  a  furnace,  a  brick-kiln]. 

Forge,  to,  sur^  karda  kuftan  (of  iron);  ja'l 
n. ;  u  imzd-yi  urd  ja'l  kard,  or  muhr-i  urd 
bar  tamassuk  taqallvb  kard  (he  forged  his 
signature). 

Forged,  ja'li ;  sdhhtagt ;  bi-ham  bar  bdfta  (of 
a  story). 

Forgery,  jfa'/;  sdkhtagi.     Fide  Counterfeit. 

Forget,  raft  va  likin  paygham-ash  rd  az  tah 
fardmush  kard  (he  went  but  completely 
forgot  his  message) ;  banda  rd  az  khdtir-i 
sharif  na-bdyad  anddkht  (don't  forget  me); 
mard  az  dil-at  mahv  rui-kun,  or  az  ydd-at 
na-ravam  (ditto). 

Forgetful,  fardmush- kdr ;  fardhh-gush  (lit. 
'  wide-eared '  =az  yak  gush  mi-shinavad  va 
az  dlgar  dar  mi-anddzad). 

Forgetfulness,  fardmushi. 

Forget-me-not,  gul-i  fardmush  (flower). 

Forgive,  'afv  k. ;  mu'df  k.;  bakhshidan;  az 
sar-i  gunah  guzashtan;  guzasht  k.;  agar 
iqrdr  mi-kard  ma'zur-ash  mt-ddshtam; 
Khudd  urd  bi-ydmurzad  (God  forgive  him) ; 
Khuda  pidar-ash  rd  bi-ydmurzad,  pisar  chi 
guh-%  dar  dmad  !  ( =  God  curse  the  father 
for  having  left  such  a  rotter  pf  a  son) ; 
Khudd  fU  rd  bi-ydmurzad!   chi   shikam-i 


gunda-i  ddradf  Khuddvand  vdlidayn-t 
shumJd  rd  bi-ydmurzad  or  rdhal  farmdyad 
(a  form  of  thanks ;  gen.  implies  that  the 
parents  are  dead). 

Forgiving,  gAafur  (of  God);  bd-guzfuht  (of 
men). 

Forgotten,  gdv-khur  shuda  ast  (of  customs) ; 
fardmush  shuda ;  hargiz-fardmush-na-kun 
(adj.;  never-to-be-forgotten). 

Fork,  changdl  (also  claws) ;  kdh-pardn  vulg. 
and  awshxn  (winnowing-fork;  for  afshdn?). 

Forked,  du-shdkha  adj.  (bifurcated);  mun- 
shaHb  (into  several  branches). 

Form,  shakl ;  hay^at ;  tarkib ;  rikht  vulg. ; 
pan-paykar  (of  fairy  form) ;  daraja  (at 
school);  qaddri  sarv  kulliyat'"  rdst  ast; 
rasm-i  khitjdb  (form  of  address).  Vide 
Figure. 

Form,  to,  tashkil  dadan,  tr. ,  and — ydftan,  intr 

Formal,  rasmdna  (official) ;  bd-takalluf  (of 
people,  ceremonies). 

Former,  an  ('  that,'  i.e.,  the  farther  oflF) ; 
[in  'this,'  i.e.,  the  latter];  sdbiq"' z-zikr 
(mod.  newspapers ;  opp.  to  dkhir"'z-zikr)  ; 
kuddm-ash  bihtar  ast,  await  yd  dkhiri? 
dar  zamdn-i  salaf  or — qadtm;  and  dar 
awqdt-i  pishin  (in  former  times).  Vid^ 
Ancient. 

Formerly,  sdbiq"" ;  sdbiq  bar  in,  or  pish  az  In. 

Formidable,  muhib  (terrifying) ;  i'tirdzdt-i 
shumd  bar  in  tadbir  vdqi'""  sakht  ast; 
milal-i  atrdf  az  vay  hisdb  bar  giriftand  or 
ml-burdand  (he  was  formidable  to  the  sur- 
rounding nations)  ;  sayl-i  bunydn-kan; 
rafta  rafta  chundn  parishdn  va  az  nazarhd 
sdqit  gashtand  ki  na  dawlat  rd  bi-xshdn 
ummid-i  va  na  dushman  rd  az  ishdn  bim-x 
rndnd  (they  gradually  became  so  broken 
and  discouraged  that  they  ceased  to  be 
formidable).     Vide  Fortification. 

Formula,  nushha  (medical) ;  qd'  ida-yi  jabriyya 
(algebraic);  kalima  (reWg.). 

Fornication,  zind*  (or  adultery) ;  [zina-yi 
muhsina,  "adultery,"  q.v.];  jindorbdsi 
(frequenting  female  prostitutes) ;  mard- 
bdzx  (of  women). 

Fornicator,  zant  (or  adulterer,  q.v.) ;  jinda- 
bdz  (frequenting  female  prostitutes). 

Forsake  tark  guftan  or  k.  (of  habits ;  vide 
Abandon) ;  dast  bar  dashtan  az — ;  vU  k. ; 
na-bdyad  dustdn-i  khud  rd  dar  halat-i 
parishdni  vd  guzasht  (or  tark  kard). 


1  Kharij'i  mazhah  "  of  another  sect  or  religion." 

2  Haahafa  glans  penis. 

8  Not  k~ih  sing,  which  would  mean  "  the  hiU." 


Kl^rijl  =  Sunni  ;  so  called  by  the  ShV<Mh». 


For 


120 


Fra 


Forsaken,  mahjur ;  az  haram  randa  va  az 
dayr  mdnda  (forsaken  by  both  parties) . 

Fort,  qal'a,^  Pers;  pi.  qaVajat'^ ;  hisar  (a  fort 
or  a  fortified  wall  around  a  city) . 

Fortieth,  cMhilum. 

Fortifications,  bur j  u  hdru  (of  a  town,  etc.); 
istihkdnidt  (protections)  ; — hurj-i  gilin 
saddri  Iskandarl  mi-namud  ( — the  slightest 
fortification  seemed  formidable). 

Fortified,  mahsur  [k.)  (also  beseiged) ;  mahsun 
or  muhassan  (k.). 

Fortify,  qal'a  bandi  k. ;  mustahkim  k. 

Fortitude,  tdqat  (dvardan) ;  dar  bald  khayll 
tahammul  namud;  sabr  {k.)  (endurance, 
q.v.).     Vide  Bravery. 

Fortnight,  du-hafta. 

Fortunate,  nik-bahhl;  khush-bahht ;  javdn- 
bakht;  bakht-ydr;  tdlv-mand;  iqbdl-mand ; 
kkushd  bi-hdl-ash  (may  he  prosper,  be 
fortunate!);  mubdrak  bddl  (may  it  be 
fortunate  for  you!);  bakht-i  Nddiri  ddrad 
(he  is  a  very  lucky  person) ;  In  kdr  sakht 
bi-jd  uftdd  (it  happened  opportunely). 
Vide  Fortune  and  Lucky. 

Fortunately,  bi-ydrl-yi  bakht;  az  husn-i  itti- 
fdq;  khush-bakhtdna. 

Fortune,  mdl-i  fardvdn  iam'  karda  ast ;  bakht ; 
iqbdl ;  tali' ;  qismat ;  mdl ;  dawlat ;  mrvat 
(wealth)  ;  bakht-i  it  bdz  (or  blddr)  shuda  ast 
(he  is  now  fortunate) ;  bahht-ash  basta  (or 
khwdbtda)  ast  (he  is  now  unfortunate) ; 
iqbdl  ru  bi-man  hargiz  nami-dvarad  (for- 
tune never  comes  to  me) ;  bi-margi  pidar- 
ash  pul-l  hangujt-t  gir-i  u  dmad  (he  in- 
herited a  fortune  on  his  father's  death) ; 
irmrgk  u  mdhi  dar  khwdb  dida  ast  (he's 
come  in  for  a  fortune  ^^).  Vide  Fortunate 
and  Wealth. 

Fortune-telling,  kaJinnat  (divination) ;  ghayb- 
gu^l ;  dast  mi-binad  (he  tells  by  hand). 
Vide  Omen,  Palmistry,  Geomancy. 

Forty,  chihil. 

Forward.     Vide  Impudent. 

Forward,  to,  firistddan  ;  irsdl  k.  or  ddshtan  ; 
rasdrddan ;  In  kdghaz  rd  bi-khidmat-i  ja- 
ndb  taqdim  mi-numdyam. 

Fosjsil,  jamdd,  pi.  jamdddt  (anything  without 
life);  mutahajjir.  Diary). 

Fossilized,  mutahajjir  {sh.) ;  "  fasiV  (Shah's 


Foster-brother,  barddar-i  razd't ;  u  ham-, 
shir-i  *  mxin  ast. 

Foster-mother,  ddya. 

Foster-sister,*  khwdhar-i  razd'i. 

Foul,  palid  (gen.  of  Satan,  or  of  living 
things) ;  muta'  affin ;  bad-bu  (evil  smell- 
ing) ;  kasif  (dirty;  in  m.c,  often  untidy). 

Fouling,  jirm-i  qalydn,  etc.  (of  pipe). 

Foul-mouthed,  bad-dahan ;  harza-dahan ;  bad- 
zabdn  (lit.  and  fig.) ;  dahan-darida  (also 
impudent,  answering  back) :  fahhdsh 
(foully  abusive). 

Found,  to,  ihddsk.  (to  found ^  a  city;  a  well); 
ta^sis-i  (or  bind-yi)  In  madrasa  rd  fuldnt 
guzdsht;  rikhtan  (to  cast  in  a  mould). 

Foundation,  pay-i  khdna  {guzdshtan  or  nihd- 
dan) ;  shdluda  (rikhtan)  ;  sang-i  bunydd-i 
khdna  rd  u  guzdsht;  in  khabar-i  bi-pd^st 
(this  rumour  is  without  foundation). 

Founded,  ta^sis  ydfta;  mabnt  bar — ;  bun- 
ydd-i shahr  az  kay  nihdda  shuda  ast  or 
guzdshta  shuda  ast  ?  (when  was  the  city 
founded?)  =  in  shahr  az  kay  dbdd  shuda 
ast?  (=  populated). 

Founder,  bdni ;  mu^assis. 

Founding,  ta^sis  ;  bind': 

Foundling,  kucha''t  (adj.);  bachcha-yi  sar-i 
rah  bar  ddshta,  or  bachcha-yi  sar-i  rdhi. 

Fountain,  sar-chashma  or  chashma  (spring); 
hama  jd  iavvdra-hd  mi-jihand  (fountains 
are  playing  all  around  us). 

Four,  chahdr,  chaMr-td  or  chahdr-ld  (in  four 
folds) ;  chahdr  muqdbil  (four-fold) ;  laid 
'abbdsi  (four  o'clock  flower). 

Fourteen,  chahdr-dah. 

Fourth,  rub' ,  or  chahdr-yak,  or  vulg.  chdrak 
(a  fourth  part) ;  chahdrum  (ordinal). 

Fowl,  murgh;  juja  (prop,  chicken) ;  murgh-i 
khdnagi  (domestic  fowl)  ;  tayr,  pi.  tuyur 
(bird) ;  paranda  (collec). 

Fowler,  sayydd;  shikdr-chi  (gen.  term  for 
bird-catchers,  fisherm.en,  sportsmen). 

Fox,  rubdh;  8haykh-i  Rubdh  (Reynard). 

Fraction,  kasr,  pi.  kusur  (arithmetic). 

Fracture,  shikastagi;  vide  Population;  dast- 
am  shikast;  or,  for  compound  fracture, 
khurd  shud. 

Fragment,  rlza  or  khurda;  parcha  or  tikka 
(larger  than  previous). 


•  Not  to  be  pronounced  as  in  India  :  divide  the  word  into  two  distinct  syllables  qal'-a  (not  qila"-). 

2  Arabic  J^Wal  qila'-  not  used  in  colloquial. 

3  Har  an  kC>\  Mkwab  binad  murah  u  mahl  .:  Na-mtrad  (a  hi-blnad  badshahl.     Refers  to  the  dream  of 
Nadir  Shah.  \ 

♦  Marriage  witii  a  foster-sister  is  as  unlawful  as  marriage  with  a  sister. 

*  Also  "  to  discover." 


Fra 


121 


Fri 


Fragrance, 'ajtr  (for  Hlr);  khu8h-bu*t;  ra^i- 
ka. 

Fragrant,  khush-bu  ;  'atr-bakhsh  ;  mu' attar; 
bdcfA-hd-yi  mamluv  az  rayahin  (fragrant 
gardens). 

Frame,  qab  (of  picture,  looking-glass)  ;  cfidr- 
chuba  (gen.  of  doorway) ;  kdlbud  or  qavdm 
(human).     Vide  Workshop. 

Framer,  qdb-sdz. 

Franc,  farank  (coin). 

France,  Frdnsd. 

Frank,  sdda-manish ;  rdst-gu;  Farangl  (Euro- 
pean). 

Frankincense,  kundur ;  Ivhdn. 

Frantic,  Franticly,  vahchiydna;  divdna-vdr. 

Fraternal,  bardduri. 

Fraternally,  barddardna ;  barddar-vdr. 

Fraternity,  ukhuvvat;  yagdnagi  (unity). 

Fraud,  htla  (k.)  (any  mild  artifice  or  trick)  ; 
khidd'  or  makr  (deceit)  {k.) ;  tazmr  {k.) 
(using  unlawful  means  to  obtain  one's 
object) ;  ghabn  (k.)  ^cheating) ;  khiydnat 
(treachery  in  money  matters ;  or  in  betray- 
ing secrets) ;  talbis  (k.)  (disguising  the 
truth,  acting  a  part). 

Free,  dzud  [k.) ;  ban  or  mubarrd  (exempt) ; 
mujaz;  murajdikhris ;  ma\un  (permitted, 
etc.) ;  khudrsar  (of  an  ordinary  indivi- 
dual) and  khud-mukhtdr  (of  a  ruler)  (inde- 
pendent) ;  dzdd  k.  (from  slavery) ;  khalds 
k.  (from  imprisonment) ;  rihd  k.  (let  go) ; 
harchi  dil-i  tan  ml-kkwahad  bi-khurid,  kas-i 
rmni'-i  shumd  nami-shavad  (you  are  free 
to  eat  what  you  like ;  said  by  a  Doctor) ; 
'•  Whoever  frees  a  slave  that  is  a  Muslim, 
God  will  redeem  every  member  of  his 
body,  limb  for  limb,  from  Hell"  {dar 
Shari'at-i  Islam  dmada  har  kas  banda-yi 
Mttslim-i  dzdd  kunad  Khudd-yi  Muta'dl 
urd  bi-hamdn  naw'  az  'azdb-i  dtash-i  Du- 
zakh  rastagdr  mi-kunad) .     Vide  Freedom. 

Free-agent,  insdn  fd'il-i  mukhtdr  ast,  na 
majbur. 

Free-born,  hurr. 

Freeman,  he  is  a  freeman  and  not  a  zimmi 
(u  Muslim  ast,  zimmi  ntst) ;  u  hurr  ast  na 
'abd  (he  is  a  freeman  and  not  a  slave). 

Freedom,  dzddi;  dzddi-yi  qalam  (freedom  of 
the  press) ;  rihd^i  and  khaldsi  (from  pri- 
son or  death) :  najdt  (from  danger) ;  ilchti- 
ydr  (option). 

Freemason,  Fararmsun ;  Fardmush-khdna 
(Lodge). 


Freethinker,  dzad-khiydl ;  la-mazhab  (with- 
out religion)  ;  Sufi. 

Freewill,  ikhtiydr ;  Qadariyya  (the  sect  that 
denies  predestination,  q.v.). 

Freeze,  munjamid  sdkhtan  tr. ;  in  shir  rd 
bastani  kun  (of  ices ;  or  bi-band,  vulg.)  ; 
gumJdn  ddram,  yakh  bi-bandad  '  (I  think  it 
is  going  to  freeze) ;  ihtimJdl  mi-ravad  yakh 
basta  bdshad  (it  has  probably  frozen). 

Freight,  kirdya ;  hama-yi  bdr-i  in  jahdz  rd 
ijdra  karda-am  ki  bi-Kirrndn  bi-baram. 

Freighted,  mahmul. 

Freighter,  bdr-gir  (the  officer ;  also  the  small 
boat). 

French,  Frdnsdvi. 

Frenzy,  sar-sdm  (disease).     Vide  Madness. 

Frequency,  kasrat-i  vuqu'  ;  az  ziydrat-i  bar- 
bdr-ash  'djiz  shudam  (I'm  tired  of  his  fre- 
quent visits). 

Frequent,  kasir"  'l-vuqu' ;  bdr-hd  (manj- 
times,  often)  ;  bi-jihat-i  dJidan-ash  fursat-i 
ziydd  ddram  (I  have  frequent  opportuni- 
ties Oi  seeing  him). 

Frequent,  to,  hamisha  rajtan  bi  — ;  dar  ftddn 
qahva-khdna  dmad  u  raft  mi-kunad. 

Fresh,  tdza;  tar  u  tdza;  sdgh  (of  shop- 
goods)  ;  in  sabzi^  rd  az  bdy[h  tdza  dvarda 
and;  in  'amal  rd  garm-d-garm  tahqiq  bi- 
kunim  (let  us  enquire  into  the  matter 
while  it  is  hot) ;  hdr  na-dida,  or  khdm  (of 
people) . 

Freshness,  tar  u  tdzagi  (or  in  stilted  speech 
tari  u  tdzagi) ;  khuzrat  (greenness) ;  tardvat 
(of  air,  season  ;  greenness). 

Fretful,  niqniqu  (of  children) ;  bad-ukht,  vulg. 
(of  people). 

Fretfulness,  7iiqniqi;  badrukhti,  vulg. 

Friction,  sd^idagi;  dalk;  musht  u  mat  (by 
hand) . 

Friday,  jum'a  (not  ju-m'a) ;  dddrm. 

Fried,  birishta  ;  birydn. 

Friend,  dust;  ydr;  habib ,  pi.  ahtbba ;  dust-t 
muvdfiq  (a  congenial  friend) ;  chi  kunam. 
dust-%  na-d^ram;  ydr-i  or  dust-i  sddiq  (a 
true  friend);  ^r-*  ^dr  (in  m.c,  com- 
panion and  friend  in  evil  practices ;  but 
sag  ham  rafiq-i  shikar  va  ham  ydr-i  tjAdr-i 
ishdn  ast);  dshnd  (acquaintance);  rafiq, 
pi.  rufaqd^  (prop,  companion,  comrade)  ; 
sar  va  ham-sar  (pi. ;  friends  and  equals). 

Friendless,  6»-dti5< ;  bi-rafiq;  bi-kas  (without 
any  one). 

Friendliness,  MuLyr-Wiipdhi. 


1  Or  khwahad  bast  but  not  mirbandad. 

16 


2  Sabz-rang  "  dark-complexioned. 


Fri 


122 


Fug 


Friendly,  dustana;  rafaqaf^^' ;  mushfiqana; 
u  ha  dusti-yi  tamdm  pish  amad '  (he  treated 
us  in  a  very  friendly  way) 

Friendship,  dusti ;  yari;  rafaqat;  ittihdd; 
pay-mar di  {k.)  (standing  by  a  friend). 

Fright,  bim  (ddshtan) ;  tars  (d.) ;  hawl  {d.) : 
khawf  (d.) ;  vahshat  (d.) ;  dahshat  (d.)  ; 
vahima  k. 

Frighten,  tars  var-dashtan  (to  take  fright) ; 
tars,  etc.,  hhurdan  (to  be  frightened); 
tarsdnidan ;  chashm-i  kas-i  tarsdntdan  ( =  to 
frighten  shghtly)  ;  hamchu  iarsldam  ki 
zahra-am  raft. 

Frightful,  tars-ndk;  hawl-nak;  dahshat-ndk ; 
hayhat-ndk ;  man  shakl-i  (or  haykal-i)  hawl- 
nak  i  dldam.     Vide  Challenge. 

Frigid,  bi-hdlat ;  khushk ;  sard  ;  afsurda  ; 
yakh  (of  persons). 

Frigidity,  hurudat  (of  things  or  of  tempera- 
ment) ;  afsurdagt  (of  persons). 

Fringe,  risha  (of  turban  or  coat) ;  ddmana  (an 
added  border) ;  sanjdf  (hemming,  border- 
ing);  magas-pardn  (for  eyes  of  horses, 
donkeys) ;  chatar  (of  hair  over  the  fore- 
head of  girls). 

Frisk  about,  to,  shalakhta  (and  vulg.  shiling- 
takhta)  z.  (of  goats,  boys,  etc.) ;  jast  u 
khiz  z.  (of  goats  or  monkeys). 

Frisky,  shalakhta-zan. 

Frivolous,  zan-i  nd-ma' qui ;  sahuk;  bi-ma'nl. 

Frizzle.     Vide  Frying. 

Frock-coat,  kullcha  (without  pleats  and  with 
short  sleeves) ;  kamar-chin  (with  pleats) ; 
sardart  (Napoleonic  frock-coat).  Vide 
Coat. 

Frog,  qurbdqa  T. ;  ghiik;  vazaq;  kurvagh. 
Vide  Lively. 

From,  az ;  az  pish-i — . 

Front,  pishi  or  jalam  (adj.) ;  pish  or  jalaw 
(adv.  and  prep.) ;  [danddn-i  pish-i  dahan, 
vulg.  for  danddn-i  jilaw  '  front  tooth '] ; 
jilo  bi-yuft  man  az  'aqab  mi-ay  am  (or  m»- 
rasam)  (go  on  ahead,  I'll  follow). 

Frontier,  sar-hadd^  pi.  sar-haddJdt;  du  sd'at  u 
nim  ^  kashid  td  rasidim  bi-sar-hadd-i  Hind. 

Frost,  zhdla  (hoar  frost). 

Frost,  to,  shakar-push  k.  (of  cakes). 

Frost-bitten,  sarma-zada;  sarrm-khurda. 


Froth,  kaf. 

Frou-frou,  khish-khish  (noise  of  silk,  or  of 
any  new  dress). 

Frown,  chin  (or  kham)  bi-ahru  dvardan. 

Frown,  to,  abru-yat  rd  chird  kaj  kar  da-i? 
(why  are  you  frowning  ?) ;  akh-ru  k.  (to 
look  disgusted) ;  turush-ru  sh.  (to  be  sour- 
faced)  . 

Frozen,  yahh-basta;  munjamid  (of  liquids). 

Frugal,  khuna-ddr  (thrifty) ;  pas-anddz  (sav- 
ing)_;  umurdt-i  khdnagi  rd  chiguna  sar- 
anjam  mi-dihad,  bd  qdHda  yd  bi-vil 
kharji  *  ?  dm  kharj  kardan  daqiq  ast  (he  is 
too  economical). 

Fruit,  miva;  bar;  samar,  pi.  asmdr ;  dnjd 
mivajdt-i  mumtdz  bi-'amal  mi-dyad  (fine 
fruits  are  produced  there) ;  murakkabdt 
(lemons,  oranges  and  citrons;  yellow 
fruits) ;  naw-bar  (first  fruits  given  to  big 
people ;  or  first  fruits  brought  for  sale  to 
a  town) ;  khusk-bar  (dried  fruits) . 

Fruitful,  bdr-ddr  or  pur-bar;  miva-ddr  (giv- 
ing fruit ,  of  trees) ;  hdsil-dih  (of  ground) . 

Fruition,  tamattu' ;  tana"um;  talazzuz. 

Fruitless,  bi-samar ;  bi-miva  ;  bi-bdr ;  ghayr-i 
mufid;  bi-natija;  Id-hdsil. 

Frumenty,  shir-gandum  (a  dish  made  of 
wheat  boiled  in  milk  ^ ;  raisins  are  some- 
times added). 

Frustrate,  to,  mahrum  k.  (disappoint,  etc.; 
people) ;  bdtil  k. ,  or  hadar  k.  (of  plans) . 

Frustrating,  butldn;  [ibtdl  not  used  in  m.c.]. 

Frustration,  hirnmn  (disappointment,  q.v.) ; 
6a'  d  az  hadar  raftan-t  taddbir-am  (after  the 
frustration  of  my  plans). 

Fry,  to,  birydn  k. ;  qirmiz  k. ;  surkh  k.  (with 
butter  in  a  pan). 

Frying,  jiz  jiz  {k.)  (frizzling;  noise  of  fry- 
ing). 

Frying-pan,  tjdva ;  mdhi-tava;  az  chula^  bi- 
chdla  uftddan  (out  of  the  hole  into  the 
well;  out  of  the  frying-pan  into  the  fire). 

Fuel,  sukht;  sukhtani. 

Fugitive,  firdri ;  muhdjir  (emigrant) ;  pandhi 
(one  who  seeks  shelter) ;  guriz-pa  (truant, 
of  boys;  runaway,  of  slaves)  ;  firdr-kun 
nistam  (I'm  not  a  man  to  run  away,  likely 
to  abscond).     Vide  Deserter. 


1  If  the  pronoun  ma  '  us  '  be  inserted,  bi-  is  substituted  for  65  before  duati,  as  u  ha  ma  bi-duati-yi 
tamam  pish  amad. 

2  Sar-hadd  in  m.c.  aiao^qashlaq. 

'^  Afghans  (but  not  Persians)  say  du  va  nim,  sa'^at. 

*  In  India  kifayat  "  economy."     In  m.c.  the  European  word  ikanami  is  used. 

6  Fiml  is  rice  cooked  in  milk. 

6  Chula  a  small  hole  in  the  ground  and  chala  a  big  pit. 


Ful 


123 


Gal 


Fulcrum,  takya-gah. 

Fulfilment,  tahml  {k.)  (of  promise,  rare; 
also  finishing  in  study) ;  anjam  (d.) ; 
ikhtitdm  {k.) ;  hi-iimJam  (or  ikhtitam)  rasd- 
nidan;  ifd-yi  or  vafd-yi  va'da  (k.)  (of  pro- 
mise) . 

Full,  mamluv  az — ;  pip  khdWst  yd  pur  ? 
pur  az  db,  or  pur-i  ah  ;  lab-riz  (full  to  the 
brim) ;  sir  (satiated) ;  ambdshta  or  mash- 
hun  (of  dry  things) ;  chapdnda  (vulg.,  cram- 
med full) ;  dganda  (stuffed  full  but  not 
crammed) ;  nlm-pur  (half-full) ;  pul  rd 
tamdm  u  kamdl  parddkht  (he  paid  up  in 
full). 

Fuller,  gdzur  or  gdzur-gar  (a  washerman)  ; 
gil-i  sar-shu'%  (a  kind  of  fuller's  earth). 

Fulness,  purl ;  slrl  (satiety) ;  dgandagi 
(being  packed  full) ;  chapdndan  (being 
overcrammed). 

Fumigate,  dud  dddan;  hakhur  d. 

Fun,  mahz  bardy-i  bdzl  (for  fun) ;  khayll  naql 
ddsht  (it  was  very  funny,  q.v.).  Vide 
Joke. 

Functionary,  ma^mur. 

Fundament,    surtn ;  nishlman-gdh    (polite) ; 

.  md-iaht  (facetious) ;  kun  (vulg.) ;  maq^ad 
(vulg. ,  the  anus) ;  mawzi'-i  mu'  tad  (polite ; 
anus). 

Fundamental,  asll ;  az  usul;  usul-i  din  panj 
ast;  chlz-l  'umda  (m.c.  only;;  chlz-hd-yi 
'umda  dar  dln-i  Muhammad:  namdz,  va 
ruza,  va  khums  u  zakdt,  va  hajj,  va  jihdd 
ast  (m.c). 

Funeral,  tadfln  (k.)  (burying,  q.v.);  tashyl'-i 
jandza  k.  (to  assist  at,  or  to  follow,  a 
funeral). 

Fungus,  chatr-i  mdr ;  qu{?)^ ;  qdrch  (mush- 
room) . 

Funny,  khanda-dvar ;  muzhik  (causing  laugh- 
ter) ;  mazorddsht.     Vide  Fun. 

Fur,  pust;  khazz  (name  of  a  special  fur). 
Vide  Ermine,  Squirrel. 

Furious,  mutahawir ;  misl-i  shir-i  zhiydn  (or 
pil-i  damdn) ;  vide  Angry,  etc. ;  bi-haya- 
jdn  dmadan  (to  be — ). 

Furnace,  kura  (of  smithy ;  of  kiln) ;  tun  or 
gulkhan  (of  a  bath). 

Furnish,  to,  asas""  H-bayt-i  khdna  rd  durust 
kardan  ;  In  chlz-hd  rd  bi-chi  zudi  ml-tavdnld 
hdzir  kunld  (or  muhayyd  kumd)  ?  (how 
soon  can  you  supply  these  ?). 


Furnished,  ardsta;  bd-asbdb ;  mafrush  (car- 
peted). 

Furniture,  mabl  (Fr. ;  house-furniture) ;  o^oj" 
H-bayt  (ditto) ;  u  hama  jur  asbdb  ml-sdzad; 
zln  u  barg  (horse  furniture). 

Furrier,  pustln-duz  (one  who  makes  puatlns 
or  sheep-skin  coats)  ;  kulah-duz  (one  who 
makes  fur  hats  and  lines  coats) ;  [a  man 
who  makes  felt  hats  is  called  kuldh-mxU] ; 
khazz- farush. 

Further,  dn  sar-ash  (its  further  end  or  boun- 
dary) ;  dur-tar ;  bdld-tar :  fUgar  pdylrirtar 
(further  down)  ;  digar ;  bdz  (moreover). 
Vide  Farther  and  Besides,  etc. 

Fury,  shiddat-i  ghayz. 

Fuss,  shuluq  (k.)  ;  'ar  u  tlz  (k.)  (vulg. ;  Ut. 
braying  and  breaking  wind ;  of  noise  and 
fuss) ;  shdt  u  shut  {k.)  (sp.  of  women). 

Fussy,  shuluql  (vulg.)  ;  shdt  u  shut  ddrad. 

Futile,  bdtil ;  hlhuda;  'abas. 

Future,  dyanda;  mustaqbal,  or  muslaqbil 
(part.) ;  istiqbdl  (subs.) ;  dkhirat  (future 
state,  next  world);  dar  mustaqbil,  or  dar 
dyanda,  or  ba'd  az  In  (adv. ;  in  future). 

Futurity,  az  pish  naml-tavdnlm  khahar  bi- 
dihlm  =  'ilm-i  ghayb  na-ddrlm. 

Fy ,  uff  bar  tu  (to  servants  or  children) . 


Gabriel,  Jibrd*ll;  Jibrll. 

Gad-fly,  khar-magas  (horse-fly). 

Gaffer,  'ammu  (lit.  pat.  uncle);  khdlu^ 
Safar  dust-i  man  ast  (Gaffer  Safar  is  a 
friend  of  mine). 

Gaiety,  khush-maza^l  (of  temperament) ; 
imruzrhd  Landan  kayf  ddrad  (there  are 
gaieties  now  in  London). 

Gain,  fdHda;sarfa;  naf  ;  az  Inkasb  {or 
kdsibl)  tavaqqu'-i  manfa'at-i  ziydd  darid? 
pahlH-yash  khayli  charb  ast  (there  is  much 
gain  to  be  had  by  living  with  him). 

Gain,  to,  tund  raftan  (of  watch). 

Gaining,  tahsll  (k.) ;  iktisdb  (to.)  (acquiring). 

Gait,  raftdr. '   Vide  Walk  and  Waggle. 

Gaiters,  pd-tdba  or  much-pich  (properly  '  put- 
ties'). 

Galangal,  sa*di  kufl. 

Galaxy,  Kahkashan  {Milky  Way) ;  majma'-i^ 
mdh-ruydn  (galaxy  of  beauty).  _ 

Gale,  tufdn  (with  rain) ;  bdd-i  tufdn. 


'   Qu  is  "  touchwood  "  and  also  Turkish  a  ''swan.' 

■i  Lit.  "maternal  uncle." 

s  Ma^din  ' '  mine  *  *  is  sometimes  used  in  this  sense. 


Gal 


124 


Gat 


Galen,  Jdllnus. 

Gall,  zdhra  (gall-bladder)  and  zard-ab  (the 
contents) . 

Gall,  to,  khirdsh  k. ;  zakhm  k. 

Gall-apple,  mazu. 

Galled,  khardshida ;  zakhm  sJiuda. 

Gallery,  rivdq '  (gallery  looking  into  a  court- 
yard ;  also  portico  and  projection  of  eye- 
brow) ;  ghuldm-gardish  (round  a  court- 
yard on  the  ground-floor  or  on  an  upper 
storey)  ;  gushvdra  (gallery  inside  a  hall). 

Gallingale.     Vide  Galangal. 

Gallop,  chahdr-na'l  rajtan ;  bi-tdkht  raftan ; 
tdkhtan  or  tdlcht  dddan  (tr.) ;  jilo-riz  raftan 
(at  a  gallop) ;  sar-i  shinaw  raftan  (fully 
extended) ;  davdnldan  (to  cause  to  gallop ; 
also  to  race,  q.v.). 

Gallows,  dnr ;  qdpuq  T.  (the  frame  of  a  door- 
way and  also  the  place  of  execution) . 

Gamble,  qimdr-bdzi  k. ;  burd  u  bdkht  k. 

Gambler,  qimdr-bdz ;  liarif-i  bad-l  rd  du-chdr 
dmada  budani  ki  Laildj  '^  shdgird-ash  narm- 
shud  (I  met  an  opponent  in  gambling  that 
could  have  beaten  Lailaj  himself) . 

Gambling,  qirmr^  (bdkhtan  and  vulg,  zadan). 

Game,  shikdr  or  sayd  (quarry) ;  khurus-i 
jangi  (game-cock);  bdzi  (a  play);  "we 
played  three  games  and  he  won  two;  I 
then  became  tired ' '  (md  si  martaha  bdzi 
kardim,  u  du  daf'a  az  man  burd,  kasdlat- 
am  faydd  shud)  ;  in  bdzi-hd  injd  dar  ma- 
ydr,  man  ki  gul  nami-khuram  (now  none 
of  these  games  here). 

Game,  [qayqdj  zadan,  shooting  when  at  a 
gallop ;  but  qayqdj  nishastan,  to  sit  mak- 
ing a  half  turn  in  the  saddle  towards  the 
rear  or  to  sit  in  a  chair  half-turned]. 

Game-keeper,  shikdr*  (head  shikdri  to  the 
Shah,  a  good  post) ;  shikdrchi  (any  shi- 
hdri) ;  shikdr-bdn  ;  nakhchir-bdn. 

Gaming.     Vide  Gambling. 

Gang,  jamJd'at;  guruh. 

Gangrene,  khura;  dkila  (rare). 

GB.o\y  zindan ;  dustdq-khdna  (m.c.) ;  mahbas ; 
ambdr  (m.c). 

Gaoler,  zinddn-bdn. 


Gape,  to,  kkamydza  kashldan  (yawn) ;  dahan 
gushddan  (of  young  birds). 

Garbled,  ( — story)  baydn-i  sdkhta;  tahrif 
shuda. 

Garden,  bdgh  ^ ;  bustdn,  or  bdgh-i  gulddr,  or 
gulzdr  (flower) ;  Bdghri  'Adn  or  Bdgjk-i 
Bihisht  (Paradise) ;  dar-i  bdgh  rd  chird  vd 
guzdrdid?  al-hdl  dar-i  bdgh-i  sabz-i  bi-man 
nishdn  mi-dihad  ( =  will  you  walk  into  my 
parlour?  said  the  spider) ;  bdgh-i  nabdtdt 
(Bot.  Gardens). 

Garden,  to,  bdgh-bdnl  k. ;  isldh  k.  (lay  out  a 
garden;  also  to  prune). 

Gardener,  bdgji-bdn;  bazr-gar  (cultivator). 

Gardening,  sayfi-kdri  (k.)  (summer  garden- 
ing ;  also  met.  '  to  do  things  out  of  sea- 
son ' ) ;  bdg}i,-bdni  k. 

Gargle,  bd  db-i  zdj-i  safid  gharghara  bi-kun 
(use  a  gargle  of  alum) ;  mazmaza  (k.) 
(rinsing  out  the  mouth). 

Gargling,  gli  arghara  (noise  of — ). 

Garland,  tdj-i  gul  (for  the  head) ;  band-i  gul 
(a  necklace  of  flowers). 

Garlic,  sir. 

Garment,  jdma;  libds. 

Garrison,  sdkhlu  or  sdkhlaw  (^i^U)  T. ;  ahl-i 
qal'a  {all  the  people  in  the  fort) ;  mustah- 
fizm-i  qaVa. 

Garrulous,  ruda-dardz  (m.c,  gen.  of  old 
people) ;  virr-gu . 

Garrulity,  ruda-dardzi. 

Garter,  zdnu-band:  jurdb-band;  nishdn-i 
zdnu-band  (Order  of  the  Garter:  Shah's 
D.). 

Gas,  gdz ;  chirdgh-i  dudi  (gas-lamp) ;  shahr  bd 
chirdgh-i  gdz  rushan  ast  (the  city  is  lighted 
by  gas). 

Gasp.     Vide  Extremity. 

Gastritis,  varam-i  mi' da. 

Gate,  darvdza;  qdpu  T. 

Gate-keeper,  qdpuchi ;  muhdfiz-i  darvdza. 

Gateway.     Vide  Door- way. 

Gather,  to,  chtdan,  rt.  chin  (pluck);  jam'  k. 
(collect) ;  chirk  jam'  shudan  (of  wound) ; 
riza-hd-yi^  ndn  rd  bar  chin  (brush  up  the 
crumbs,  with  the  hand). 


1  .4gra«i,  m.c.  for  portico ;  also,  gallery. 

2  "Lailaj  wouldn't  have  been  even  a  pupil  to  him."  Lailaj  is  supposed  to  have  invented  the 
game  of  nard. 

s  Gaming  (may  air)  is  forbitMen  in  the  Qur*an.  May  sir  was  played  by  ten  men,  with  ten  unfea- 
thered  arrows,  of  which  seven  had  shares  and  three  had  none.  The  stake  was  a  camel  which  was 
divided  into  ten  portions,  the  three  drawing  the  portionless  arrows  paying  for  the  camel. 

•*  In  India  an  assistant  falconer  or  a  common  bird-catcher,  etc.,  is  called  mir-ahikar. 

6  The  idea  of  ha^  is  a  place  where  trees  are. 

<>  jKfttirda-/ta  "  broken  bits." 


Gat 


125 


Geo 


Gathering,  miva-chini  (of  fruit);  jam'iyyat 
(concourse ;  vide  Crowd) ;  ijtimd'  (collect- 
ing). 

Gauntlet,  qalchaq  T  (of  iron) ;  dast-kash 
(any  glove  or  gauntlet) ;  bahla  (fal- 
coner's). 

Gauze,  khdssa  (a  fine  cloth) ;  tan-zib ;  tur 
(netting  or  lace) ;  mushabbak  (of  wire). 

Gay,  khandan ;  khush-hal ;  khush  u  khurram. 

Gaze  at,  chashm  dukhtan  (.stare  at) ;  chashm- 
charanl  k.  (to  gaze  leisurely  at  a  panorama, 
to  gaze  at  natural  scenery). 

Gazelle,  dhu  P.  (the  Persian  gazelle),  ghizdl 
(for  Ar.  gtaml). 

Gazette,  gdzai  (Eur. ,  newspaper) ;  akkbdr-i 
rasmi  (official  gazette). 

Gelding,  akhtu  (of  horses) ;  khasi  (of  goats , 
birds;  also  facetiously  applied  to  men). 

Gem,  jawhar  (or  gawhar*).  pi.  javdhirdt; 
sang-i  qimaii  (precious  stone). 

Gemini,  Jawm^  Ar. ;  Sitdra-yi  du  paykar 

Gender,  jhis. 

Genealogy,  hasab  u  nasab ;  shajara  (tree ; 
sp.  of  Say y ids  and  kings) ;  nasah-rMma 
(tree;  gen.);  kursi-ndma  (succession  tree 
of  saints  and  great  dervishes). 

General,  amir-panj  (supposed  to  command 
5000);  'umumi  (adj.);  shuyu'-V^  ddrad  — 
mutaddvil  ast  (to  be  in  general  use) ; 
'umum""  va  kkusus"^  (in  general  and  in 
particular). 

Generally,  btshtar  awqdt;  aksar-i  awqdt,  or 
agklab-i  ^  awqdt ;  majmu^ ""  baydn  mi- 
kunam  (I  will  explain  generally). 

Generated,  paydd  shuda  (gen.) ;  mutavallid 
(being  born;  not  of  insects).     Vide  Breed. 

Generation,  tawlid  {dddan  or  sh.,  gen.  of 
insects,  etc.)  (begetting);  silsila  (race); 
'pusht  (a  single  generation) ;  pushtbi-pusht, 
or  nasi""  ba'd''  nasU"*,  or  ah""  'an  jadd^ 
(from  generation  to  generation) ;  tavallud 
(spontaneous  generation  as  opposed  to 
tavdlud  propagating) ;  dlat-i  tandsul  (male 
organ  o — ). 

Generosity,  karam  =  jud  (liberality,  q.v.); 
fazl;  tafazzul  (open- handedness ;  stronger 
than  fazl) ;  ddd  u  dihish ;  sakhdvat-i  u 
hadd  n/i-ddrad  =  u  bi-hadd  dost  u  dil  bdz 
ast ;  u  daryd-yi  fayz  (or  karam)  ast ;  tafaz- 


zul-i  ziydd  bi-kharj  mt-dihad  (he  over-tips 
or  makes  a  show  of  his  generosity) ;  jdma- 
yi  sakhdvat  rd  Khudd  bar  qdmat-i  dn  zan 
burldabud — Prof.  S.  T.  (  =  sakhdvat  mun- 
hasir  biu  bud;  the  latter  a  common 
hyperbole). 

Generous,  sdhib-karam ;  sakhl ;  jayydz ; 
gushdda-dast ;  dil  u  dasl-ash  bdz  ast.  Vide 
Liberal. 

Genius,  nddira-kdr  (a  genius,  a  great  inven- 
tor) ;  qariha  (natural  talent) ;  malaka  (an 
acquired  facility). — ' '  The  abode  of  the 
Jinn  (genii)  is  Mt.  Caucasus.  They  eat, 
drink  and  propagate  their  species.  They 
appear  to  mankind  in  the  shapes  of  ser- 
pents, dogs,  cats  or  human  beings  "  {ad-i 
vnanzil-i  Ajinna  Kuh-i  Qdj  ast;  akl  va 
shurb  va  tawlid  mi-kunand  va  bishakl-i 
mdr,  sag,  gurba,  yd  insdn,  bi-dld-i  mardum 
mi-dyand.     Vide  Star  and  Jinn). 

Gentian,  juntiydna  (Eur.);  kharbaq. 

Gentle,  faqlr  or  mazlum  (of  animals  or 
men) ;  rdm  (tame,  not  frightened)  ;  hanm 
(mild  ;  of  men) ;  najib  (of  animals ;  of 
men  =  noble). 

Gentleman,  mardri  najib  ;  dn  dghd  rd  midd- 
qdt  kar da-id ;  bd  u  dshnd'i  ddrid?  (do  you 
know  that  gentleman  ?)  ;  in  Hazardt  mi- 
khwdhand  bi-ravand  (these  gentlemen  wish 
to  go)  ;  dcjhdydn  (a  better  word  than  the 
preceding;  would  be  applied  to  Khans, 
Mullas,  etc.);  mardumdn-i  najib  in  jur 
harakat  nami-kunand  (gentlemen  don't  do 
such  things). 

Gently,  drdm ;  yavdsh  T.  ;  dhista ;  narmak 
narmak  nazd/ik-i  utdq-am  dmad. 

Genuine,  asl^  ;  khdlis  (pure,  without  mix- 
ture.    Vide  Adulterated). 

Genuineness,  asdlat  (also  nobility  of  birth) ; 
asliyyat ;  khdlis  bit  dan. 

Geography,  dar  'ilm-i  jwjhrdfiya  kitdb-i  ta^- 
lif  karda  ast;  jughrdfiya-yi  tabi'i  (physi- 
cal — )  ;  jughrdfiya-yi  siydsi  (political  — ). 

Geologist,  ma' din-shinds ;  juldjiyd-ddn  (Eur.). 

Geomancer,  rammdlJ 

Geomancy,  'ilm-i  rami." 

Geometrical,  handasi. 

Geometrician,  muhandis  (in  m.c,  gen.  = 
'  Engineer ') ,  handasord^n. 


I  The  Ar.  pi.  favahir  is  gen.  used  as  a  sing,  in  m.c. 
'■'  Also  ahuyu'l  adj. 


8  The  autonym  is  badal. 


4  (JLJ  Oaj  1L~J. 

7  Bcmil  Ax.  '«sand." 


S  jLk.  ^  It 


Geo 


126 


Gla 


Geometry,  'ilm-i  handasa;  uqlidas  rd  khub 
mi-ddnad. 

Georgia,  Gurjistdn. 

Georgian,  Gurjji. 

Geranium,  sham'-ddnl. 

German,  Almdnl  (man);  mdl-i  Almdn  (adj.). 

Germany,  Almdn;  Namsd. 

Gesture,  Jiarakat,  pi.  harakat. 

Get,  paydd  kardan;  glr  dvardun ;  hi-ham 
rasdmdan;  anditkhtan  (to  horde,  collect) ; 
shumd  kitdb-hd-yi '  ziydd  ddrid  (you  have 
got  a  lot  of  books)  ;  db-i  shdn  bi-yak  jub 
namt-ravad  (they  will  never  get  on,  pull 
together) ;  buland  sliaw,  pa  shaw  (stand, 
get  up.  Vide  Rise) ;  hammdm-ash  'araq 
pas  narm-dihad  (you  won't,  or  can't,  get 
anything  out  of  him). 

Ghost,  div;  jinn  (a  being  of  fire.  Vide 
Jinn  and  Genius)  ;  shaytdn  (devil) ;  pari 
(fairy);  ''ifrit;  ham-zdd  (ghostly  double, 
q.v.) ;  Riih"^  'l-Qudus  (Holy  Ghost) ;  sdya; 
arvdh  (used  as  a  sing.) ;  siydha{?)  (bogey?) ; 
ululak  (a  bogey,  to  frighten  children). 

Ghoul,  ghul  (masc.  and  fem.^) ;  narra-ghul 
(used  of  a  man  in  rather  a  bad  sense  = 
lazy  and  lusty  brute;  often  applied  to 
wrestlers).         _ 

Giant,  u  misl-i  'Uj  ast  (he  is  as  Og,  King  of 
Bashan ;  said  of  a  big  man) ;  div  (some- 
times applied  to  a  man  of  great  stature). 

Gibbet,  dar.     Vide  Gallows. 

Giddiness,  davdr  or  duvdr ;  gichi. 

Giddy,  pish-i  chashm-am  siydh  shud;  sar-am 
daiur  mi-zanad ;  az  bos  dawr  i  khud  gash- 
tam  sar-am  gich  shud  (I'm  giddy  from 
spinning  round) ;  bl-magkz  (flighty). 

Gift,  hadya  (for  hadiyya),  pi.  haddyd  (gen.); 
ta'druf  (gen.) ;  pishkash  (prop,  to  a  supe- 
rior) ;  armaghdn  or  sawghEt  (a  rarity  or 
nice  thing  brought  back  from  a  journey)  ; 
iuhfa  (any  such  rarity  or  speciality) ;  nazr 
(from  a  tenant ;  also  vow)  ;  muzhdagdni 
(for  good  news ;  vide  news) ;  isdr  (a  self- 
sacrificing  gift) ;  bi-gadd  panj  rupiya  Isdr 
kard  (he  gave  the  beggar  five  rupees, 
which  he  could  ill  spare) ;  Awliyd^'^^lldh 
hamlsha  isdr-i  bi-nafs  mi-kunand  (the 
saints  are  unselfish  in  their  acts) ;  malaka 
(a  talent) ;  mawhabat  (gift  of  God) . 


Giggle,  to,  kirkir,  or  hirhir,  kardan. 

Gild,  to,  tazhlb  k. ;  mt-ddnid  chi-iawr  kitdb-ha 
rd  db-tild-kdri  ^  (or  tild-kdri)  mi-kunand  ? 

Gilded,  muzahhab  {k.);  mutalld*  (k.).  Vide 
Gilt. 

Gilding,  tild-kdri;  mutalld-kdrt. 

Gilt,  u  bi-man  qdb-i  'aks-i  ni,utalld-H  nishdn 
dad  (he  showed  me  a  gilt  picture  frame). 
Vide  Gilded. 

Gimlet,  barma  (lit.  a  brace ;  vide  Bit) ;  misqoh 
(any  boring  instrument) ;  matta  (a  kind  of 
gimlet) . 

Gin,  tala,  vulg.  talla  (a  trap) ;  ddm  or  band 
(any  snare,  q.v.). 

Ginger,  zanjabU,  vulg.  zanjafil;  murabbd-yi 
zanjabil  (preserved  ginger) . 

Giraffe,  zurdf  or  zurdfa. 

Gird,  bar  miydn  bastan;  miydn,  or  kamar, 
bastan  (to  gird  the  loins). 

Girded,  daman  dar  miydn,  or  ddman  bald 
chida  (with  loins  girded  up) ;  kamar  basta. 

Girder,  tir. 

Girdle,  sTvdl-i  kamar  (a  waist-shawl) ;  kamar- 
band  or  kamar;  zunndr  (sacred;  of  Par- 
sis)  ;  bikh-i  kamar-ash  rd  (or  hlkh.-i  qadd- 
ash  rd)  girijtam  va  vd-sh  ddshtam  (I  seized 
him  by  the  girdle  and  stopped  him). 

Girl,  dukhtar;  sabiyya;  u  panj  bachcha  (or 
awldd)  ^  ddrad,  si  td  pisar  va  du  dukhtar  ; 
khddima  (a  maid-servant) ;  kaniz  (a  negress 
slave  of  any  age). 

Girth,  tang  (of  saddle)  ;  girdi  (circumfer- 
ence) ;  dawra-yi  sina-ash  chi  qadr  ast  ? 

Give,  dddan,  rt.  dih;  bakhshidan,  or  arzdni 
dJdshtan;  'atE  k. ;  vdpas,  or  pas,  dddan 
(give  back) ;  taslim  k.  or  rasdnidan  (to 
deliver) ;  zih  zad^  ( =  he  gave  in,  gave  up) ; 
qalam  dudan  (to  give  out) ;  sipar  anddkh- 
tan  or  sar-i  taslim  kham  k.  (to  give  in, 
yield).      Vide  Gift. 

Giver,  dihanda;  'atd-kunanda  (bestower)  ; 
rasdnanda  Khudd  ast. 

Gizzard,  sang-ddna,  vulg.  for  sang-ddn. 

Glacier,  bahman. 

Glacis,  khd-k-riz. 

Glad,  masrur ;  shdd-mdn;  farah-ndk;  khush; 
dil-am  dsuda  shud  (  =  I'm  glad);  dar  in 
amr   khush-hdl  hastid   yd    ranjida-khdtir  ? 


Or  kitab-i  ziyad. 

In  Persia  ghvl  is  male  or  female,  but  in  Arabia  the  former  is  distinguished  by  the  term  qutruh. 

In  India  OTMZammo'. 

Note  the  ra. 

AwlMd,  plural  of  walad  "  child." 

Zih  ' '  bowstring. ' ' 


GU 


127 


Gna 


(are  you  glad  or  not  at  what  has  hap- 
pened ?) 
Gladness,     khushrhall ;     shddrmni ;     jarah; 

masarrat;  khursandi. 
Glance,  to ,  yak  nazar  k. ;  vide  Glimpse ;  tir 
bi-sang  Jchurda  kaj  raft  (the  arrow  glanced 
off  the  stone). 

Gland,  ghudda  At.,  pi.  gAudad;  gkobdud  P. 
Glemders,  sardja  or  sarrdja;  ufa  (glanders  ?). 

Glass,  shislui ;  dyina  (mirror) ;  jam  (pane  of 
glass ;  also  any  cup) ;  bdr-fitan  (coloured 
glass-ware,  opaque) ;  bulur  (cut  glass, 
table  glass  ;  properly  crystal) ;  mutavajjih 
bash,  hi  shisha  mi-shikanad^  (take  care; 
the  glass  will  break) ;  ydru  (a  facetious 
name  for  a  wine-glass) ;  langart  (a  kind  of 
drinking  glass) ;  istikdn  (little  deep  tea 
glass);  shisha-yi  sd'at  (sand-  or  hour- 
glass) ;  dyina-yi  dtashl  (burning  glass) ; 
Idla  (a  round  and  cup-shaped  glass  candle- 
shade  or  globe) ;  mirdangl  (a  glass  cover 
or  chimney  placed  over  a  light  to  protect 
it  from  draughts).     Vide  Mirror. 

Glass-blower,  shlsha-gar. 

Glass-ware,  bulur-dtdt. 

Glaucoma,  db-i  siydh. 

Glazed.     Vide  Porous. 

Glcize,  to,  muhra  kashidan  (to  glaze  paper, 
etc.,  with  a  shell) ;  shisha  zadan  (put  in 
window  panes). 

Glazier,  shlsha-bur  ;  [in  some  places  glazier's 
work  is  done  by  painters  '  naqqdsh ']. 

Glean,  fchuslw,  bar  chidan  (to  glean) ;  [but 
khusha  chidan  '  to  reap  and  gather  the 
harvest]. 

Gleaner,  khusha  bar-chin  (lit.) ;  khusha-chin 
(lit.  and  met.). 

Glib-tongued,  khayli  ravdn  harf  mi-zanad; 
zabdn-ash  khub  mi-gardad  (he  talks  glibly). 

Glibness,  ravdni ;  darugh-i  ravdn-i  (a  glib 
lie). 

Glimpse,  ayar  khdnum  rd  yak  nazar  bi-binam 
amr-i  buzurg-V st. — Prof.  S.  T.     Vide  See. 

Glimmer,  to,  kurkurak  sukhtan  (candle 
guttering). 

Glimmering,  sitdra-yi  za'if-i  (a  glimmering 
star). 

Glissoire.     Vide  Slide. 

Glitter,  darakhshidan. 

Glittering,  barq  barq;  zarq  u  barq'^  (subs.); 
shu'lorzan;  darakhshdn  (part.);  barrdq 
(shining) . 


Globe,  kura;  kura-yi  zamin  (Earth);  fdnus 
(of  lamp) ;  Idla  (of  candle.     Vide  Glaae). 

Globose,  Globular,  kuravi ;  mudavvar;  gird 
(round) ;  mustadir  (rare). 

Gloomy,  lira  or  girifta  (of  sky,  atmosphere) ; 
flkr-lM-yi  lira  u  tar  (gloomy  thoughts). 

Glorifying  God,  tamjid  (k.)  (also  of  men) ; 
iasbih  k. ;  tasbih  u  tahlil  k. 

Glorious,  jalil;  zu  'l-jaldl  (of  God);  majld 
(of  God). 

Glory,  majd  u  jaldl  (of  God) ;  hdla  (round 
the  moon,  and  hence  halo  of  a  saint). 

Glorying,  i^tikhdr  ;  mubdhdt  (vaunting,  q.v.) ; 
Idf  (boast,  q.v.). 

Glossary,  farhang.     Vide  Dictionary. 

Gloss,  hashiya,  pi.  havdshi  {navishtan) 
(marginal  notes) ;  tafsir,  pi.  tafdiir  (com- 
mentary) ;  rakhshandagi  (of  hair,  etc.). 

Gloss  over,  to,  taqsir-i  mard  raf  u  ruju'  kar- 
dand ;  parda  bar  ru-yi  kdr-am  kashidand  (to 
gloss  over  a  fault) ;  musdmahat  {k.) ;  bad- 
^■huS-yi  zan  rd  mdsUmdU  karda  va  payva^s- 
tagi-yi  abru-yash  rd  jalva  ddda  (glossing 
over  the  lady's  bad  temper  and  making 
much  of  her  two  eyebrows  joined  in  one 

-). 

Glove,  bahla  (falconer's  glove) ;  [kaff  or  chaff 
in  Basra  and  Baghdad] ;  mangala  Ar.  (a 
padded  canvas  cuff  that  takes  the  place  of 
the  hawking-glove) ;  dasf^kash  [in  India 
an  assistant  falconer  is  called  dast-kash, 
i.e.,  one  who  carries  and  handles  a  hawk] ; 
klsa  (for  bath). 

Glowing,  bar  afrukhtagi,  subs,  (of  face); 
qirmizi  or  surkhi  (of  face  or  of  metals) ; 
bar  afrukhta;  mushta'il  (adj.) 

Glue,  sarisham-i  mdhi  or  sarisham  or  sir- 
sham  ;  dhdr  (paste) ;  bi-najjdr  bi-gu  in  du 
takhta  rd  bd  sarish  bi-ham  bi-chaspdnad. 

Gluey,  chaspndk. 

Glutton,  'abd"'l-batn  (sometimes  applied  to 
a  fool) ;  pur-khur  (greedy  feeder) ;  shikam- 
parast;  chi  qadr  hirs  mi-zani,  kam  bi-khur 
(what  a  glutton  you  are,  eat  less) ;  shi- 
kamu,  vulg. 

Gluttony,  pur-khuri;  shikam-parasti  (devoted 
to  good  living;  also  gluttony);  ju'^'^l- 
baqar. 

Gnarled,  pur-girih. 

Gnash,  danddn  fishurdan  (to  clench  or  grind 
the  teeth,  gen.) ;  danddn  sd^idan  (grind 
the  teeth  in   sleep  only) ;  danddn  khirch 


1  Mutavajjih  bash  in  ahisha  na-ahikanad  "  take  cture  lest  this  glass  break." 
*  Vulg.  arq  u  barq. 


Gna 


128 


Goo 


khirch  L,   tr.  and  intr.   (in   sleep.     Vide 
Grind). 

Gnat,  pasha. 

Gnaw,  javidan  (a  bone ;  also  to  chew) ; 
kha^tdan  (to  gnaw  as  a  mouse ;  also  bite 
the  nails). 

Go,  raftan,  rt.  raw ;  rah  raftan  (to  walk,  q.v.) 
tashrlf  hurdan  (resp.) ;  kar  k.  (of  watch) 
dawr  n.  (go  round) :  dar  raftan  (go  off ;  of 
gun  or  people) ;  taraddud  dashtaii '  (to  go 
to  and  fro ;  also  to  vacillate) ;  dih  hiraw ! 
(go  away! ;  also  go  on,  go  on). 

Goad,  daganak  (2.)  (ox-goad) ;  gdv-ran  (z.)  ; 
gdv-sanj  {z.) ;  suk  zadan  (met.). 

Goal,  manzil-i  maqsud;  maqsad;  sar-i  gaz 
(in  polo;  in  India  darwdza). 

Goat,  buz ;  buzri  tagga  (for  stud  purposes) ; 
buz-i  qandi  (a  he-goat  let  about  by  lutis  ; 
gen.  has  its  beard  dyed  red) ;  chupan  (any 
herdsman  or  tender) ;  galla-ban,  the  owner 
of  flocks). 

Gobble,  to.     Vide  Hurriedly. 

Go-between,  dalldl  (any  go-between;  bro- 
ker) ;  dalldla  and  mashshdta  (sp.  for 
marriages ;  classically  the  latter  is  a  tire- 
woman that  goes  from  house  to  house). 

Goblet,  tung  (of  earthenware  or  glass)  ;  surdhi 
(gen.  of  earthenware) ;  kup  (very  large  de- 
canter-shaped bottle;  also  vulg.  "cheek" 
because  it  bulges  out) ;  kuza  (earthen, 
with  long  neck) . 

God,  Khudd ;  Allah;  Haqq  ta'dlq  (God  Most 
High) ;  Khudd  na-kunad  or  Khudd  na- 
khwdsta  or  Khudd  na-karda  (God  forbid) 
bi-fazl-i  Ildhi  (by  the  goodness  of  God) 
Astaghfir''Hldh,  na-kardam  (God  forbid 
I  did  not  do  it)  ;  bi-khwdst-i  Khudd 
agar — (God  willing  if  I — ) ;  Khudd  shdhid 
ast  ki — (God  is  my  witness  that — )  ;  bi-'lldh 
va-^lldh,  or  bi-'lldh,  or  bi-Khudd  (By 
God!);  az  bardy-i  Khudd  or  qurbaf^"  ilq 
'lldh  (for  God's  sake) ;  na'uz^  bi-^lldh  (we 
take  refuge  with  God) ;  Khudd  ddnd  'st,  or 
va-Hldh"  a' lam  (  =  God  knows  best);  Al- 
hamd"  li-HWi  (God  be  praised) ;  in-shd^- 
Alldh  (Please  God,  or  I  hope  so) ;  ma- 
sha^-Alldh  (as  God  willed ;  an  expression 
of  admiration,  etc.,  etc.);  bdrak- Allah 
(God  bless  you ;  an  exclamation  of  praise 
or  admiration) ;  Subhdn  Alldh  (Gracious 
God !) ;  khdk-am  bi-dahan  ( =  '  God  forgive 


me  but  I  am  obliged  to  mention  these 
tyrannies ' ;  only  when  referring  to  ty- 
ranny of  rulers ;  lit.  may  my  mouth  be 
filled  with  earth,  i.e.,  may  1  die)  ; 
Khuddyd!  (Oh  God!);  Khudd  hdfiz-i 
shumd  (God  preserve  you ;  good-bye) ; 
Khudd  na-ku7iad  ki  u  bi-mirad  (God  forbid 
that  he  should  die) ;  agar,  Khudd  na-karda 
(or  na-khwasta),  u  bi-mlrad — (should  he 
die,  which  God  forbid — ) ;  Khudd  pidar-i 
asp  rd  bi-ydmurzad  ki  mard  az  dahan-i 
shir  khalds  kard. 

Godliness,  Khudd-parastt ;  Khudd-shinasi ; 
taqvq.  (pietj^). 

Godsend,  Khudd  firistdda;  Khudd-ddd-i  bud 
ki  jdn  bi-dar  burdam  (it  was  a  godsend 
that  I  escaped);  bdd-dvard  (windfall). 

Gog  and  Magog,  Ydjuj  u  Mdjuj  (two  bar- 
barous tribes  descended  from  Japheth). 

Gold,'^  tild ;  zar-i  khdlis  (pure  gold)  [zar  alone 
not  used  in  m.c] ;  tild-kub  (inlaid  with 
gold) ;  varaq-i  tild  (gold-leaf)  ;  In  zanjlr  az 
tild  ast  yd  mis  ? 

Golden,  zarin  or  zarrin ;  tiVd,  or  az  tild ;  tild^i 
(generally  '  gold-coloured '). 

Goldfinch,  sihra  (in  Kirman  '  a  gold-finch  '). 

Goldfish,  mdhi-yi  surkh.     Vide  Carp. 

Goldsmith,  zar-gar. 

Goloshes,  zangdr. 

Gomorrah,  Ghumurah.     Vide  Sodom. 

Gong,  ndqus  (also  a  big  bell). 

Gonorrhoea,  suzdk ;  suzanak. 

Good,  khub  (gen.) ;  nik  and  niku-kdr  (of 
people  or  horses) ;  khush-khulq  (good- 
natured) ;  bah/  (interj.);  ntk  u  bad  or 
khayr  u  sharr  (good  and  evil). 

Good-breeding,  akhldq ;  akhldq-i  hasana. 

Good-bye,  Khudd-hdfiz  (by  guest) ;  Khudd- 
hdfiz  or  fi  amdn^'lldh  (by  host);  KhudM- 
hdfizi  guftan  (to  say  good-bye) ;  bi-jihat-i 
hamishagi  Khudd-hdfizi  mi-guy  am  (I'm 
going  to  say  good-bye  for  ever). 

Good-morning,  sabbaha-k  Alldh  biH-khayr. 

Goodness,  Good  deeds,  niki;  nikuH ;  khay- 
rdt  (good  works  generally  but  sp.  alms) ; 
hooandt  (good  deeds) ;  please  have  the 
goodness  to  — ,az  ru-yi  lutf  — . 

Good  news,  muzhda;  Tdbush-khaharl ;  bisha- 
rat. 

Good-night,  shab-Tchush  (old) ;  massa-k  Allah 
bi  H-khayr. 


1  Taraddui  also  anxiety ;  coming  and  going  of  etnxious  thoughts. 

2  Vessels  of  gold  and  silver  are  forbidden  by  Muslim  law.  In  Persia  silver  tea-spoons  often  have 
small  holes  in  the  bowl ;  as  they  do  not  then  hold  liquids,  they  are  by  a  quibble  supposed  not  to  be 
'  vessels. ' 


Goo 


129 


Gra 


Goods,  tankhwdh  (merchandise ;  but  in  India 
"pay");  mdl,  pi.  amvdl ;  jins,  pi.  ajnds ; 
mdl  u  matd* ;  kuhna-asqdt  (goods  that  are 
worn  out). 

Goodwill,  ism  (when  selling  a  shop  and  its 
business). 

Goose,  qdz. 

Gore,  to,  shdkh  zadan  (of  an  animal).  Vide 
Butt. 

Gorgeous,  muzayyan;  munaqqash  (painted, 
of  various  hues)  ;  arq  u  harq  (vulg.  for 
zarq  u  harq)  ddrad. 

Goshawk,  huz ;  tarldn ;  qizil  (local  race) ; 
qush  (properly  any  of  the  raptores) ;  tiqun 
(white  goshawk  and  also  any  albino  bird) ; 
(the  foregoing  words  are  specially  appli- 
cable to  the  female) :  jurra  (male  of  any 
hawk  or  falcon,  but  specially  of  goshawk, 
the  females  being  distinguished  by  the 
term  tuvdr).     Vide  Hawk. 

Gospel,  Injil  (New  Testament) ;  Andjil-i 
arba'a  (the  Four  Gospels). 

Gossamer,  idr-i  'ankabut  (of  spider) ;  abri- 
sham-i  ndzuk-i  misl-i  tdr-i   onkdbut. 

Gossip,  hhabar-chin  (male  or  female). 

Gossip,  to,  gap  zadan. 

Gourd,  "When  Jonah  was  sick,  after  the 
fish  had  cast  him  up,  God  caused  a  gourd 
plant  to  grow  over  him,"  ha'd  az  dn-ki 
mdhl  Yunas  rd  bi-khu-^hki  anddkht  va  u 
marizbud,  Khudd  hukm  farmud  td  darakht-i 
kadu^l  sahz  shuda  sdya  bar  u  anddkht. 

Gout,  niqris. 

Gouty,  niqrisi ;  giriftdr-i  niqris. 

Govern,  to,  hukumat  kardan ;  iydlat  n. ; 
siydsat  n. 

Governed,  taht-i  hukm-i — ;  mahkum  (of  per- 
sons ;  to  be  under  the  orders  of) ;  muzdf'"' 
ilayh  (of  noun,  in  grammar). 

Government,  /^M^umaf  (k.) ;  iydlat  {k.) ;  huku- 
mat,  or  awliyd-yi  mulk,  or  arbdb-i  siyd- 
sat (the  Government) ;  hukumat-i  mutlaqa 
(absolute  — ) ;  husn-i  iniizam  (good  — )  ; 
bt-intizdmt  and  su*-*  tadblr  (bad  govern- 
ment). 

Governor,  hakim ;  vdli  (of  a  small  or  sub- 
district)  ;  Farmdn-Farmd  (Governor-Gene- 
ral). 

Grace,  hicsn  u  lata  fat  (of  women,  gazelles) ; 
nazdkat  (ditto) ;  lawfiq-i  ildhl  (of  God) ; 
fazl-i  ildhi  (ditto). 

Graceful,  khush-numd  {gen. ;  of  appearance, 


action,   etc.);   ndzuk  (delicate);  ahang  or 

shangul   (pretty) ;  In  bachcha-hurdq  'ajab 

shangul  mangul  ast  (what  a  very  graceful 

little  Persian  kitten!). 
Gracefully,    misl-i    ta'us   ml-khirdmad   (she 

walks  gracefully) ;  bi-ndz  rah  raftan. 
Gracious  God.     Vide  God. 
Gradation,  tadrij. 
Grade,  daraja. 
Gradually,  kam  kam ,  rafta  rafta  ;  daraja  hi- 

daraja;  bi-tadrij ;  tadrij'^* ;  pilla  pilla  (step 

by  step). 
Graft,  to,  qalam  hastan  or  payvand  k. 
Grafted,  payvandi  (adj.). 
Grain,  ykalla ;  ddna  (a  single  grain) ;  hvbU' 

bat  (pi.  various  food  grains) ;  dar  in  vild- 

yai  (jhalloryi  bisydr  bi-'amal  ml-dyad;  rag 

(of  wood). 
Grained,    khush-rag     (of     prettily     grained 

wood). 
Grammar,  kitdb-i  sarf  u  nahv. 
Grammarian,  nahvi.     Grammarians,  ahl-i  (or 

'ulamd^-i)  sarf  u  nahv. 
Grammatically,    dar    Tihrdn  khayll  marbut 

karf  mi-zanand  (they  speak  grammatically 

in  Tehran). 
Gramophone,  dla-yi  hifz^* s-sawt. 
Granary,  arnbdr-i  (jhalla. 
Grand,  an  khdna-yi  'dli '  az  klst  ?  'dli-sh^an,^ 

or  'dli-martaba  (for  men). 
Grandchild,  nabira   or  nava  (boy  or  girl) ; 

pisar-zdda;    dukhtar-zdda.      Vide    Grand- 
son. 
Grandees,  buzurgdn ;  mutashaUilchisdn ;  akd- 

bir ;   'amd'id    (pi.   of  'umda) ;   a'ydn  (of 

State).     Vide  Great  and  Notable. 
Grandeur,  jaldl  (of  people,  court);  'azamat 

(men  or  buildings) ;  hashmat  (men  only) ; 

In  HmJdrat-i  bd  shukuh  ast ;  jdh  u  jaldl  (of 

high  rank). 
Grandiather,  jadd  {pi.  ajddd'  'ancestors"); 

jadd-i  mddari  (maternal) ;   jadd-i    pidari 

(paternal). 
Grandmother,  mddar-i  mddar   and   mJddar-i 

pidar ;  jadda  (gen.);  nana-bdbd  (paternal; 

m.c.) ;  btbi  (vulg;.;  pat.  or  mat.). 
Grandson,  pisar-zdda ;  nabira  or  nava  (child 

of  daughter  or  of  son).     Vide  Grand-child. 
Granite,  sang-i  sumdq. 
Grant,  to,  djfhd  istid'd  d^ram  ki  'arz-i  mard 

bi-paz%rid  (I  hope,  sir,  you  will  grant  my 

request);    [bi-'arz-i    man    b i-rasid  =  heax 


1  In  India  'ali-8h*an  is  also  applied  to  buildings, 
things,  and  means  ''grand." 

17 


211  "high  ••  is  colloquially  in  Persia  applied  to 


Gra 


130 


Gre 


me] ;  farz'^^  ki,  or  giriftam  ki,  shuma  bar 
haqq  hastld,  bdz — (granted  you  are  right, 
still — ).     Vide  To  give  and  Admit. 

Granulate,  to,  ru-band  shudan. 

Grape,  angur ;  ghura  (unripe;  for  sherbet, 
vinegar) ;  tujala  (vulg.  for  sufala  lit. 
dregs,  sediment)  (skins  and  stones  left 
after  expressing  the  juice) ;  angur-i  'askarl 
(stoneless  grape,  the  be-ddna  of  India) ; 
angur-i  siyah  (purple  grape) ;  rish-i  bdbd 
(black  from  which  wine  is  made) ;  khdya-yi 
ghuldmdn  (only  used  for  sherbet) ;  angur-i 
ydquti  (a  good  variety)  ;  tdk  or  maw  or 
raz  (vine). 

Graphic,  ranj  rd  chundn  baydn  kard  guyd 
iamdm-i  awzd'  dar  chashm  mujassam  gar- 
did. 

Grasp,  dast  giriftan;  vide  Comprehend;  bi- 
gusha-yi  dinmijk-am  naml-dyad  (I  can't 
grasp  this). 

Grass,  'alaf ;  hashish  (also  Indian  hemp  or 
bhang) ;  'alaf-i  saldm  ^  'alay-kum  (a  trouble- 
some weed  in  gardens ;  when  weeded  it 
at  once  re-sprouts  and  greets  you) ;  buzak 
ma-mir,  bahdr  mi-dyad  (  =  the  steed  dies 
while  the  grass  is  agrowing).     Vide  Weed. 

Grass-cutter,  'alaf-bur.     Vide  Woodman. 

Grasshopper,  'alaf -ting;  and  incorrectly 
malakh.     Vide  Locust. 

Grate,  to,  khardshidan  or  tardshidan  (nut- 
meg, etc.).     Fic^e  Pare  and  Gall. 

Grateful,  minnat-pazir ;  shukr-guzdr ;  mam- 
nun  ;  kamdl-i  tashakkur  rd  *  khwdham  ddsht. 

Grater,  kadu-tardsh  (for  carrots,  etc.) ;  kadu- 
kash  (ditto). 

Grating,  shabaka;  panjara  (of  windows). 

Gratis,  _mw/if,  or  muftaki,  vulg.;  rd^igdn; 
majjan"'") ;  hamin  tawr  bi-u  dddam  (I  gave 
it  to  him  for  nothing) . 

Gratitude,  tashakkur;  imtindn;  mamnuniy- 
yat.     Vide  Obligation. 

Grave,  muvaqqar;  bd  tamkin ;  bd  vaqdr ; 
sangln  (adj.);  vide  Dignified,  Sedate; 
in  kar  mas^uliyyat-i  ziydd  ddrad,  or  taklif-i 
buzurg-i  ast  (a  grave  responsibility) ;  gur ; 
qabr,  pi.  qubur ;  mazdr ;  mazja'  ;  zarih  (of 
saints).     Vide  Tomb. 

Grave-digger,  gur-kan  (also  the  badger); 
qabr-kan. 

Gravel,  sang-riza;  shin  (mud  and  sand 
mixed);  rlg-i  masdna  or  sang-i  masdna 
(the  disease). 


Gravel,  to,  rig-farsh  k. 

Gravelled,  rig-farsh. 

Gravitation,  kashish. 

Gravity,  tamkin ;  vaqdr ;  sangini  (sedate- 
ness) ;  razdnat-i  mddda  (specific  gravity ; 
of  metals  only) ;  markaz-i  saqdlat  (centre 
of  gravity) ;  quvva-yi  jdziba  (met.,  attrac- 
tion, of  women;  and  lit.,  the  force  of 
gravity). 

Gravy,  db-i  gusht. 

Gray,  kabud  (blue  grey  like  a  kabutar) ; 
khdkistarl  (ash-coloured) ;  filfil  namakl 
(pepper  and  salt ;  also  grizzled) ;  qizil  T. 
(nutmeg-grey ;  prop.  = ' '  red  " ) ;  gizil  nila 
(iron-grey) ;  sinjdbi.     Vide  Grey. 

Gray-beard,  rish-safid;  shaykh,  pi-  shuyukh 
(elder). 

Graze,  charidan  intr. ;  chardnidan  tr.j 
MamsMcfow  (scratch,  grate,  etc.);  asp-hd 
ru-yi  dasht  mi-charand,  but  dar  sahrd  chard 
mi-kunand. 

Grease,  charbi ;  pih  and  pi  (fat) ;  shuhum 
(pi.  of  shahm). 

Greasy,  charb ;  pur  az  pih;  mucharrab  Ar.  P. 

Great,  buzurg ;  kabir ;  'azim£  jasim  (in 
body) ;  hajim  (of  books) ;  'amdHd^  u  buzur- 
gdn  (the  great) ;  shumd  minnat-i  ziydd  bar 
mun*  nihdda  id  (you  have  done  me  a 
great  favour) ;  a'  ydn  u  ashrdf-i  shahr. 
Vide  Grandees  and  Notable. 

Greece,  Yundn. 

Greedily,  bd  hirs;  shardb  rd  misl-i  gdv  ml- 
khurad,  or  shardb  hawlaki  mi-hhurad. 

Greedy,  haris  (in  eating) ;  tammd'  (for  gain) ; 
shikamu  (fond  of  eating  much)  ;  dil-i 
ddrad,  harchi  zibd  did  mi-khipdd  (adj.  lit. 
he  has  a  nature  that  covets  every  nice 
thing  he  sees;  mi-khwdd,  vulg.  for  mi- 
khwdhad. 

Greek,  Yundni ;  ahl-i  Yundn  or  Yundniydn 
(the  Greeks). 

Green,  sabz;  sahz-i  barg-i  ndrangi  (orange- 
leaf  green  or  darkish  green) ;  qara-mashi 
(dark  green,  the  colour  of  vetches) ;  tdza 
(fresh) ;  rm-ras  (unripe)  ;  vide  Inexperi- 
enced ;  sabzi,  subs. ,  pi.  sabzi-dldt  {greens  ^) 

Greengrocer,  sabzi-farush ;  miva-farush 
(fruiterer). 

Greeting,  ahvdl-pursi  (asking  after  the 
health) ;  id)rik-i  'Id  guftan  (i.e.,  saying 
'Id-i  shumd  mubdrak  bad) ;  "  after  saying 
'  How  d'ye  do,'  I  said — "  {ba'd  az  dimdgh 


1  In  this  name  the  tanvnn   si  generally  omitted.  ^  Note  the  ra. 

8  PI.  of  ^umda.  4  Or  vulg.  har-i  man  for  baray-i  man. 

6  Compare  sharbat  alat ' '  sherbets,  various  kinds  of  sherbet  ' '  and  ahirini  alat. 


Gre 


181 


Gro 


cAagt,  guftam — );  aaldm  'alay-kuin,  (but  in 
greeting  a  person  scddm""  ^alay-kum  or  as- 
salam"  'alay-kum). 

Grey,  rish-i  jato-gandum-i  ddrad  (grizzled). 
Vide  Gray  and  Gray-beard. 

Greyhound,  1uz% ;  tdzl  kashidan  (to  slip  a 
greyhound). 

Griddle,  sdj. 

Grief,  (jhussa  (hh.)  (grief,  sorrow;  lit. 
things  that  choke);  huzn  (sadness)  (^.); 
(dam  (lit.  pain)  ;  gkcim{rn)  (the  face  being 
clouded  through  grief) ;  giam{m)  u  ghussa, 
(kh.)  ;  u  pidar-i  khud  rd  ranj  u  mihan ' 
d^da  ast ;  hisahab-i  marg-i  pidar-ash  dil- 
ash  hugiiZ  kard  (m.c). 

Grievance,  shikdyat  (k.,  az) ;  gila  (k.,  az). 

Grieve,  (jhamm,  etc.,  khurdan,  and  huzn  k., 
intr. ;  dzurdan,  ranjdmdan,  dil-lchur  k., 
dil-tang  k.,  Ir. 

Grieved,  magKrnum  (with  clouded  face) ; 
mahzun  (saddened) ;  dil-khun  (very  griev- 
ed)'. 

Grievous,  sakht;  shadid;  sadma-yi  sangln 
(grievous  hurt). 

Grill,  kahdh  k.  (of  meat) ;  hirydn  k.  (to  fry ; 
also  to  parch)  ;  birishta  k.  and  bu  ddcUin 
(to  parch;  roast  cofifee,  etc.);  tu-yi  rato- 
ghan  qirmiz  k.  (fry  in  butter).  Vide 
Roast. 

Grim,  'abus. 

Grimace,  turush-ru^i  k.  and  turush-ru  sh.  ; 
akhru_  k.  (gen.  from  pain)  ;  nishun  k.  or 
dar  avardan  (m.c. ;  of  children) ;  sural 
sdkhtan  (make  grimaces  ;  also  to  compose 
the  face  for  a  photograph). 

Grin,  to,  nishak  vd  k.  (of  dog,  monkey) ; 
danddn  namudan. 

Grind,  sdldan  or  sdbidan  (of  tools  ;  rubbing 
the  hands  together,  etc.) ;  ds  k.  (in  hand- 
mill) ;  khirch  khirch  k.,  tr.  and  intr.  (to 
grind  the  teeth;  vide  Gnash) ;  in  ghalla  rd 
dar  dsiya  drd  kun;  shumd  hich  mi-ddntd 
za'jardn  {rd)  chi  tawr  mi-sdband'^  (do  you 
know  how  to  grind  saffron  ?) ;  siUiya  k.  (of 
spices  on  a  stone). 

Grinder,  charkh-gar  (of  knives) ;  ds-garddn 
(of  mill) ;  danddn-i  dsiyd  (tooth). 

Grindstone,  sang-i  sab  or  sang-i  fisdn  (whet- 
stone or  hone) ;  charkh-i  sdb  (a  circular 
grindstone) ;  dam-i  charkh  bi-dih,  tiz  bi- 
shavad  (grind  it  on  the  stone). 


Gristle,    kirich   kirichu^    (vulg.) ;    kurkuraJc. 
Vide  Cartilage. 

Grizzled.     Vide  Grey. 

Groan,  ndla  kashidan. ;  ah  kashidan  (to  sigh 
and  groan). 

Groats.     Vide  Grout. 

Grocer,  saqat-farush  (sells  adviya,  i.e.,  spices, 
and  tea,  sugar,  etc.);  baqqdl  (sells  vege- 
tables  and  cheese).     Vide  Confectioner. 

Groceries,  mdl-i  saqat. 

Groin,  bikh-i  kash;  bikh-i  rdn  (of  humans; 
also  a  butcher's  term  for  rump-steak. 

Groined,  du-tdqa  (architec). 

Groom,  jilaw-ddr  (head) ;  mihtar  (under) ; 
mir-dhhur  (head  of  the  stables;  of  princes, 
governors,  etc.). 

Groove,  khdna;  gawdi. 

Grope,  dost  pdlun  k.  or  dost  palmds  k.  (to 
grope  in  the  dark) ;  kurdna  harakat  k. 

Gross,  gkaXiz  (of  words,  people ;  thick,  of 
liquids) ;  harza  (of  words ;  opp.  to  ma^- 
qul). 

Ground,  zamin ;  khdk  (earth) ;  zamina  (of 
picture;  background)  ;  jahdz  dar  rig  ni- 
shast  (the  ship  grounded) ;  zamin-gir  sh.  (to 
lie  down  and  hug  the  ground;  in  wrest- 
ling). 

Ground  floor,  tahtani  adj.  (opp.  to  fawqani). 

Groundless,  bi-jihat;  in  khawf  durugji  bud 
(vulg.,  the  fear  was  groundless)  ;  bi-jd. 

Ground-rent,  kirdya-yi  zamin-i  *  in  bdgjt  chi 
qadr  ast? 

Grouse,  siydh-sina  P.,  and  bdqri-qara  T.  (the 
"black  breast,"  i.e.,  the  large  sand- 
grouse)  ;  kokar  or  kawkar  P.,  and  qilqiirvq 
T.  (the  large  pin-tailed  sand-grouse). 

Grout  (pi.  groats),  bul(jhur  ;  [bul§[hur,  k.,  of  a 
child  just  learning  to  talk]. 

Grove,  khiydbdn  ;  darakhtisidn-i  ddr-bast  (for 
creepers) ;  raz-bandU  (for  vine) ;  darakhl- 
zdr  (a  clump  of  trees). 

Grow,  kdshtan,  tr.  (to  sow  or  plant) ;  bi-'amal 
dvardan  (raise) ;  rustan,  rt.  ruy,  intr.  ; 
numuv  k.  (of  trees  and  humans) ;  sar,  or 
tinja,  zadan  (of  seeds  just  appearing) ; 
bdUdan  and  rushd  k.  (of  humans);  nashv 
u  numd  k.  (of  plants,  humans);  gul-i 
ziydd-i  dar  hdgjiri  Khdn  bi-ham  mi-rasad. 

Growl,  Growling,  ghV'Tridan  (low  growling  of 
dogs  or  lions).  Vide  Grumble;  [na'ra 
kashidan,  to  roar ;  of  lions]. 


The  extract  is  used 


1  PI.  of  mihnat. 

^  The  saSron  is  wetted  with  rose-water  and  then  rubbed  in  a  ohina  mortar, 
for  colouring  pilaw,  sweetmeats,  etc. 

*  So  named  from  the  sound  it  emits  when  chewed. 

*  The  term  kiraya-yi  ba^  might  include  the  rent  of  the  buildings  in  the  bagh' 


Gro 


132 


Gun 


Grown,  az  an  vaqt  ki  shumd  rd  dida  hudam 
Jchayll  qadd  kashida-td  or  khayll  rushd  kar da- 
Id  (you  have  grown  a  lot  since  I  last  saw 
you). 

Growth,  rushd;  numuv ;  nashv  (Ar.  nushuv) 
u  numd ;  rushd-i  ki  na-karda  (he  has  not 
grown!). 

Gruel,  Jiarira^  (made  of  rice  and  water 
cooked  and  mixed  with  sugar  and  almonds, 
etc.) ;  jaw-shxr  (barley  water). 

Grumble,  lund  lund  (or  qum  qum,  or  qur  qur) 
kardan  (dissatisfaction  in  a  low  tone) ; 
shikam-am  qur  qur  ml-kunad  (from  hunger, 
etc.  =  qui  hu'^  Allah  mt-khwdnad). 

Grunt,  bagih  hagh  kardan  (of  pig). 

Guarantee,  zdmin  shudan ;  mukaffal  shudan  ; 
kafdlat  namudan;  zdmin  (person). 

Guaranteed,  in  sd'at  rd  zamdnat  karda-and 
ki  dah  sal  kdr  mi-kunad. 

Guard,  qardvul  (mily.  term);  kishik-chi  (a 
patrolling  sentry) ;  mustahfiz  (of  a  post, 
jail,  etc.) ;  pds-bdn  (gen.  term) ;  hifz ; 
hirdsat  (protection) ;  afvdj-i  khdssa  (Shah's 
body-guard). 

Guard,  to,  kishik  kasMdan  (of  sentry) ;  pas- 
bdni  n.  (gen).;  hijdzat  k. ;  nigdh  ddshtan 
(keep). 

Guarded,  mahjuz  (also  safe) ;  mahrus. 

Guard-house,  qardvul- khdna ;  sar-i  dam  (at 
a  cross-road). 

Guardian,  murahhi  or  vali  (teacher  or  guar- 
dian of  a  youth) ;  buzurgtar,  m.c.  (ditto) ; 
lala  (a  servant,  mentor,  vide  Tutor);  qay- 
yim  (of  orphan) ;  vasi  (appointed  by  will). 

Guardianship,  muhdfazat  (protection)  ;  visd- 
yat  (by  will  over  a  minor) ;  zir-i  dast-i 
mulld  urd  guzdshtam. 

Guarding,  nigdh-bdni  (k.) ;  hifdzat  {k.) ;  hird- 
sat [k.). 

Guard-room.     Vide  Guard-house. 

Guava,  anjlr-i  Hind} 

Guess,  qiyds  k. ;  hads  zadan  (to  conjecture) ; 
anchi  dar  dil-am  ast  mi-tavdnid  qiyds  bi- 
kunld  or  bi-jahmid? :  shast-ash  khabar 
shud  (he's  guessed  we  are  discussing  him 
=  havd-yi  kdr  rd  fahmid) .     Vide  Thumb. 

Guest, ^  mihmdn  ;  mihmdn  khar-i  sahib- khdna 
ast  (a  saying ;   =  I  will  follow  you). 


Guidance,  rdh-numd^i  or  rah-bari  (k.)  ;  bala- 
diyyat  (k.) ;  hiddyat  (k.)  (spiritual). 

Guide,  rdh-bar  or  rah-bar  ;  rdh-numd  *  ;  dalil 
(of  road) ;  chdvush  (professional  for  a  pil- 
grim band) ;  hddl  (sp.  spiritual) ;  agar-chi 
hich  vaqt  az  dn  rdh  na-rafta  budam  ma'- 
hdzd  bt-balad^  raftam. 

Guide,  to,  baladiyyat  k. ;  daldlat  k. ;  hiddyat 
k.  (spiritually) ;  bardy-i  shumd  baladi  mi- 
kunam  (I  will  act  as  your  guide).  Vide 
Pilgrim. 

Guilt,  gundh  or  gundh-kdri ;  khatd-kdri ;  taq- 
sir  ;  qusur. 

Guiltless,  bi-gundh;  bi-taqslr ;  bijurm;  ma*- 
sum  (pure  by  nature,  of  a  prophet,  etc.). 

Guilty,  mujrim  (criminal) ;  gundh-kdr  (sin- 
ful) ;  muqassir,  and  khatd-kdr  (committed 
a  fault). 

Guinea,  jina  (money). 

Guinea-fowl,  murgiri  habashi. 

Guinea-worm,  rishta;  pivak. 

Guitar,  'ud;  tdr  (any  stringed  instrument) ; 
si-tdr  (of  three  strings) ;  kdsa  (the  body) ; 
dasta  (the  long  neck) ;  kharak  (bridge) ; 
gush  or  gusha  (pegs) ;  mizrab  (plectrum)  ; 
stm  (the  strings  or  wires) . 

Gulf,  khalij ;  khur  (for  Ar.  khawr)  (narrow 
river  mouth)  ;  bughdz  T.  (the  broad  part 
of  a  river  mouth;  also  straits). 

Gullet,  gulu,  P.,  hulqum  A.  (throat) ;  hanjara 
Ar.  (windpipe). 

Gully,  gulu-gdh,  also  =  the  neck  of  a  spear. 

Gulp,  jur'a  or  qurt  (one  gulp  of  water,  etc.). 

Gulp  down,  to,  bi-zudi  jaru  burdan;  qurt 
dddan  or  zadan. 

Gum,  uzii  (m.c.) ;  samcfh  (gum-arabic) ;  jitk 
(any  gum  on  bark  of  trees) ;  katira  (traga- 
canth) ;  mastaki  (for  mustakq,  mastic) ;  Idk 
(shellac) ;  bun-i  danddn  (of  teeth) ,  also 
gusht-i  danddn. 

Gun,  iujang ;  du-lula  or  tufang-i  du-lula'i'^ 
(double-barrelled) ;  tufang-i  jaiila'i  (match- 
lock) ;  chdqmdqi  (a  flint-lock) ;  zarnburak 
(small  camel-gun) ;  tup  (cannon) ;  iah-pur 
(breech-loading) ;  dahan-pur  (muzzle-load- 
ing) ;  shash-khdna  (rifled) ;  qunddgh 
(stock) ;  chdqmdq  or  chdkush   or   chakush 


1  In  India  '  congee  '  (kanj'i). 

2  In  Ben;j:al  the  guava  is  erroneously  called  anjlr  "  a  fig." 

3  A  guest  should  not  stay  so  long  as  to  incommode  his  host,  but  according  to  a  precept  of  the  Pro- 
phet, the  host  should  entertain  him  three  days. 

♦  BaUriga,  in  India   ''a  gui  e,  escort,"  in  modern  Persian  means  going  a  short  distance  along  the 
road  to  speed  a  parting  friend  on  a  journey. 
6  Balad  =  vaqif. 


Gun 


133 


Hal 


(cock,  hammer) ;  shaytdnak  (trigger) ;  tup-i 
musalscd  (a  quick-firing  gun). 

Gunner,  tup-chi  (of  big  gun);  tufang-chl  (a 
rifleman). 

Gun-metal,  chawdan. 

Gunpowder,  barut  or  bdrut. 

Gunshot,  partdb-i  gtUula,  or  partdb-i  tir 
(distance  of — ). 

Gunsmith,  tufang-sdz;  tup-riz  (one  that 
cast  J  cannon). 

Gurgling,  qulqul  or  cfhulgjkul-i  mind  (the 
gurgling  of  wine). 

Gushtasp,  Gashidsp. 

Gusset,  bagJjMak  (a  gusset  under  the  arm- 
pit). 

Gust,  latma  (slap ;  also  of  waves) ;  [nafha,  a 
gentle  puff ;  hvbub,  blowing]. 

Gut,  ruda. 

to,  ruda-ash  bi-kash  or  shikam-ash  pdk 
m  (of  fowl) 

,ter,  rdJtri  db,  or  db  dar-raw  (on  ground) ; 
idv-ddn  (on  roof) ;  jadval  (a  drain), 
ittural,    hcdql;    az    hanjara-ash    harf    mi- 
zanad.     Vide  Voice, 
fymnasium,  zur-khdna;  varzish-khdna. 

jypsum,  gach  (as  dug  out) ;  sdruj  (mixed 
with  lime  and  ashes;  also  Portland 
cement). 

Gypsy,  kawli  (said  to  be  a  corruption  of 
KdbtUi) ;  qara-chi ;  lull  (a  tribe  that  dan- 
ces, etc.) ;  dast-muzd-i  Zubayda  rd  bi-dih 
( =^  cross  Zubeyda  the  Gypsy's  hand  with 
a  bit  of  silver) ;  tdli'-i  shumd  rd  ml-blnam, 
dawr-at  bi-gardam  (I'll  tell  your  fortune 
my  dear). 

Gyrate,  to,  charkh  zadan,  pir  khurdan; 
dawr  gashtan. 

H. 

Habit,  'ddat  {h.) ;  khuy  {k.  or  giriftan) ;  u 
ddVst  ki  har  ruz  subh  gardish  kunad; 
rasm,  pi.  rusum;  tarlqa ;  dastur  (Indian 
but  coming  into  use ;  dtistur  in  Ar.  per- 
mission);  ma'mul  (custom).  Vide  Cus- 
tom. 

Habitated,  maskun  (for  Mouse  or  land ;  also 
haunted,  q.v.) ;  dbdd  (land  only). 

Habitant,  sakin  (gen.) ;  [sdkinln  only  of  a 
house,  or  a  quarter  or  cityj. 

Habitation,  maskan,  pi.  masdkin;  manzil. 
Vide  Residence. 

Habitual,  mu'tdd;  ma' mull. 


Habitually,  'ddat'"  ;  bar  hasb-i  *ddal. 
Hackneyed,    bdzdri  shuda;    dast-i    har    kaa 
u/tdda. 

Hadramaut,  Hazramawt. 

Heifiz,  az  Hdfiz  tafa'^^vi  juatam,  chun  ki  kam 
tvaqt-i  ^8t  ki  takhalluf  (or  takhdluf)  namuda 
bdshad  (I  sought  an  omen  from  Hafiz  ;  his 
omens  seldom  fail).  Vide  Divination  and 
Bibliomancy. 

Hag,  plr-i  zdl  and  'ajuza  (any  very  old 
woman).     Vide  Beldame. 

Hagar,  Hdjar ;  "  and  Hagar  called  out  'Oh 
Abraham  !  with  whom  leavest  thou  me  ? ' 
He  answered  '  With  God '  "  va  Hdjar 
soda  karda  pursld  ' '  Ay  Ibrdhim  mard  bi- 
ki  sipurdi  ?  ' '     Javdb  dad  ' '  Bi-Khudd.' ' 

Haggard,  ddsh-tulak  T.  ('  moulted  outside  ' ; 
of  falcon) ;  tulakl  (gen.)  ('  intermewed '  or 
moulted  =  jamds  At.). 

Haggle,  to,  vide  Bargain ;  jir  u  da'  va  k. 

Hail,  tagarg  sar-darakhtl-hd  rd '  kharab  kard. 

Hail,  to,  tagarg  bdrldan. 

Hair,  mw;  /ll/il-mu ,  subs,  and  adj.  (wool  of 
Negroes) ;  mu-yi  zahdr  and  vulg.  pashm 
(of  the  pubes) ;  glsit  (long  ba,ck  hair  of 
women) ;  zulf  (side  curls  of  women,  or 
long  back  curls  of  men) ;  kdkul  (top-knot 
of  Muslims  or  of  Zardushti  boys) ;  [kdkull 
is  a  species  of  crested  lark] ;  dalldk  rd  bi- 
gu  bi  ydyad  muy-am  rd  isldh  kunad  (or  bi- 
chinad)  (tell  the  barber  to  come  and  cut 
my  hair) ;  rishma  (strands  of  camel-hair 
worn  by  dervishes  round  the  waist,  or 
round  the  kuldh:  also  for  rashm/i.  Ar.  reio, 
q.v.).     Vide  Curl  and  Locks. 

Hair-dresser,  mashshdta  (of  women).  Vide 
Tire-woman  and  Maid. 

Hair-pin.      Vide  Pin. 

Hair-splitting,  mu-shigdfl  {k.). 

Hairy,  pur  pashm  u  pita  (long  haired,  etc., 
of  dogs) ;  pur  mu  (of  men) . 

Half,  nlm;  nima;  nisf ;  yak  nisfa-yi  limu 
or  nisf-i  llmu  (half  a  lemon) ;  hd !  agar 
bakht-at  ydrl  kard  har  chi  dvardl  bdyad 
bardLar-i  khudrat  bi-man  qismat  bi-dihl 
(now,  if  luck  befriend  you,  whatever  sum 
you  get  you  must  halve,  share  equally, 
with  me) ;  shamshlr  zad,  du  nlm  shud  (he 
cut  him  in  half  with  his  sword) ;  nisf-i 
ziydd-ash  or  niaf-i  ziydda-tar-osh  (more 
than  half*). 


•  Sar-darakhti  "  fruits  grown  on  trees  "  (not  melons,  etc.)~ 

*  Corresponds  to  the  English  colloquialism  "  the  larger  half.'* 


Hal 


134 


Han 


Half-caste,  du-nasla  (of  men)  ;    du-raga  (of 

animals). 
Hall,  bdrika  (a  passage  with  rooms  off  it) ; 
kiryds    (a  hall,  gen.  octagonal,  not  join- 
ing  the   main   building)  ;    in   khdna   yak 
ddldn  ^  va  si  utdq  ddrad;  tdldr  or  ayvdn  (a 
verandah,  or  open  room  on  pillars) ;  tdldr-i 
ddh-rmla  (a  room  open  on  one   side  and 
with  ten  pillars). 
Halo,  IMa  or  hdld  (round  moon,  on  Saints' 
heads) ;  khirman   (of  moon) ;    nur  (round 
Prophets'  and  Imams'  heads). 
Halsband,  jalqu  (the  '  neck-band '  for  short- 
winged  hawks). 
Halt !  vd  tst  ! ;  bdsh ! 

Halt,  to,  lang  k.  or  uirdq  k.  (on  a  journey  or 

march) ;   maks    k.    (for    some    minutes) ; 

mdndan ;    tavaqquf   k.     (for   some   time) ; 

langidan  (to  limp). 

Halter,  ajsdr ;  qdhil-i  tandb  ast  (he  deserves 

the  halter) . 
Halting-place,     manzil-gdh;    farud-gdh    (for 

passengers  from  ships). 
Halve,  to,  vide  '  Half '  ;  dvrmm  kardan;  nisj 

k. 
Halving,  tansif ;  nisj  kardan. 
Ham,  gusht-i  bulbul  (a  facetious  name) ;  gus- 

fand-i  jarangi;  gushtri  gurdz. 
Ham,  Ham  (son  of  Nuh). 
Hammer,  chakush;   mangana  (T. ,  corrup.  of 
Eng.   "machine";    a   steam-hammer  or 
steam-presser) ;    kalla-pd    (large    smith's 
hammer). 
Hammock,  nanu  ;  nani  ;  nanu^i. 
Hamstring,  pay  zadan  (but  pay  burdan  '  to 

track  foot-prints  ') ;  pay  buridan. 
Hand,  *  dast  (also  fore-leg) ;  dast  bi-dast  (from 
hand  to  hand) ;  chahdr  angusht  (a  hand's 
breadth)  ;  gurg-i  bdrdn-dtda  or  kuhna-rind 
(an  '  old  hand  ' ;  an  '  old  soldier ') ;  'aqrabak 
(of_  watch;  lit.  'small  scorpion');  dxbst-i 
ura  bi-gtr  ("  take  his  hand  "  ;  not  in  m.c. 
' '  help  him  "  S) ;  az  taraf-i  digar  (on  the 
other  hand) ;  kdr  bi-har  jd  munjarr  bi- 
shavad  khayr-i  md'st,  az  yak  taraj  asp  az 
yak  taraf  pul  (it  is  to  our  advantage  how- 
ever it  may  end;  on  the  one  hand  a 
horse,    on   the   other    money)  ;     du-dastl 


(adv.  with  both  hands)  ;  yak  dast  shudan 
(join  hands ;  in  a  good  or  bad  sense) ; 
dast  d.  (to  shake  hands) ;  fuldna  zan  dast-i 
shuhar-ash  rd  zir-i  sang  ml-ddrad  ■=  dar 
dast-i  khud  khub  nigdh  mi-ddrad  (she  keeps 
her  husband  in  hand)  ;  u  bdzu-yi  man  ast 
=  dast-i  rdst-i  man  ast,  he's  my  right-hand 
man). 

Hand,  to,  vide  To  pass;  urd  d>dd  bi- 
kushand-ash  (vulg.)  (he  handed  him  over 
to  be  killed) ;  urd  bi-kushtan  ddd  (he 
caused  him  to  be  ruined) ;  dast  u  giribdn 
shudan  (to  come  hand  to  hand,  close 
quarters).     Vide  Entrust. 

Handcuffs,  khallll ;  zanjir-i  dast. 

Hand-made,  dast-sdhhta;  'amal-i  yad{d)t. 

Handicraft,  pisha;  shuc0 ;  kasb ;  kdsibi ; 
san'at. 

Handiwork,  kdr-i  dast ;  'amal. 

Handkerchief,  dast-mdl.* 

Handle,  dasta-yi  in  zabdna  (or — In  khdna-yi 
mlz)  shikasta  ast;  pir-i  zan  dasta-yi  jdrub 
bi-dast-ash  dmada  chunin  bar  sar-ash  navd- 
khi  ki  mardaka  bi-u  pandh  dvard — Prof. 
S.  T. 

Handled.     Vide  Soiled. 

Handmaid,  kaniz  (Negress  or  Georgian). 
Vide  Maid,  Tirewoman,  Hair-dresser. 

Handmill,  dast-ds. 

Hand-rail,  dast-anddz. 

Handsel,  dasht  (first  money  taken  in  the 
morning)  ;  ay  bdbd  !  hanuz  dasht  na-karda- 
am  ki  turd  chiz-l  bi-diham  (said  to  a  beg- 
gar by  a  shopman). 

Handsome,    hasm    (gen.) ;    jamil  ^      (gen.)  ; 
vajih  (in  face)    (all  of  people)  ;  qashang  ; 
maqbul;   khush-gil   (pretty;  gen.;  not    so 
strong  as  former ;  even  used  of  buildings) ; 
Ichush-manzar  (of  buildings  or  views  and 
rarely  of  people) ;  'all  (m.c.  of  buildings) 
khush-tarkib     (well-made,     of    anything) 
khush-quvdra  (well-made,  of  living  things) 
shakil ;    khush-anddm    (of   fine   form ;     of 
living   things);    khush-chashm  u  abru,    or 
khush  sar  u  surat,  or  malih  (good  or  plea- 
sant  looking) ;    dar   vajdhat  mu'  tadil  ast 
(his    looks    are   middling) ;    bd   tandsub-i 
anddm  (well-formed,  well-proportioned). 


1  Dalan  gen.  hall  in  a  gateway  or  near  the  entrance ,  not  in  the  house ;  it  leads  into  and  out  of  the 
hiryas.     Some  houses,  however,  have  no  kiryas. 

2  Muslims  eat  with  the  right  hand,     in  helping  themselves  to  a  dish,  Persians  will  sometimes  use 
the  left_hand.     In  Miaslim  society,  Europeans  should  be  careful  to  use  the  right  hand. 

'i  Ura  dastrgirl  kun  (m.c.)  "  help  him." 
*  In  India  lu-mal. 


6  In  Arabic  jamll  implies  stoutness  as  well  as  good  looks. 


Han 


136 


Har 


Handspike,  ahrum,  or  dilum  (lever,  of  iron 
or  wood) ;  'atala  Ar.  (rare)  (lever). 

Handy,  8ar-i  dost  (at  hand). 

Handwriting,  khatt ;  khatt-i  shlnn  (beautiful 
writing) ;  fuldni  sdkib-i  chahdr  khatt  oat 
(So-and-so  can  write  four  kinds  of  hand- 
writing) ;  khatt-i  ja'  U  (disguised  writing  ; 
also  forged  writing)  ;  shiva-yi  khub  ddrad 
(he  writes  a  nice  hand). 

Hang,  to,  dvikhtan,  rt.  dviz ;  dvizdn  k.;  bar- 
or  bi-ddr  kashidun  or  zadan,  and  maslub 
k.  (to  execute  by  hanging  by  the  neck ; 
lit.  the  latter  means  to  crucify  ') ;  bi-tandb 
anddkhtan  (to  strangle  on  the  ground  or 
to  execute  by  hauling  up  from  the 
ground) ;  az  daraJcht  mu'allaq  k.  (execute 
by  hanging  from  a  tree) ;  kalid-hd  rd  ru-yi 
mikhdvizdnkun  {or bi-ydviz),  or  vulg.  kalid- 
hd-rd  gal-i  mlkh  bi-kash  (hang  the  keys  on 
the  peg) ;  guh  mt-khuram  ki  nazdlk-i  u  bi- 
ravam  '■  (I  will  be  hanged  if  I  go  near 
him) ;  gardan-at  khurd  sTiavad !  or  chashm- 
at  kur  shavad  !  ( =  hang  you !). 

Hanged,  maslub^  (prop.  crucified). 

Hanger-on,  muta'allig;  az  vd  bastagdn; 
tujayli  (parasite) ;  hdshiya-nishtn  (and 
toady) . 

Hangings,  parda-hd  (curtains,  etc.) ;  dviza-hu 
(lamps). 

Hankering,  dar  fikr-i  chiz-%  budan  ;  'aqab-i  dn 
qdli  chashm  anddkhta  am  (1  have  an  eye 
on  that  carpet). 

Happen,  ru  dddan;  iitifdq  uftddan;  VTiqW 
ydftan ;  bi-zuhur  rasidan ;  vdrid  dmadan  ; 
tan  shudan  (to  come  suddenly  upon ;  chun 
shdb  tdri  shud) ;  in  hddisa  kay  vdqi'  shud?  ; 
fi'l-%  sar  mt-zanad  (something  will  hap- 
pen) ;  ba'd  bi-sar-am  har-chi  bi-ydyad  bi- 
ydyad  (let  happen  what  will) ;  har-chi  bddrd- 
bdd  (happen  what  may)  ;  dar  dunyd  hich 
harnchu  chiz-i  shuda  ast  ? ;  khub ,  chi  bi-sar- 
at  dmad?  ("well,  please;  what  befell 
you  ?  " ,  of  unpleasant  events  only) ;  na- 
fahmidam  chi  shud;  agar  In  kdr  tavyr-l  ki 
m%-guyam  surat  bi-girad  bi-tu  chiz-i  khwd- 
ham  dad  (if  things  turn  out  as  I  expect  I 


won't  forget  you)  ;  kdr-i  ahudant  mt-ahor 
vad  (what  is  to  happen,  will  happen). 

Happiness,  masarrat;  farah;  khush-vaqti; 
dar  in  dunyd  hich  kas  rdhat-i  kdmil  no- 
ddrad. 

Happy,  hhv^h-vaqt;  masrur ;  khush  u  khur- 
ram;  dil-shdd;  dn-Iid-i  ki  az  Khudd  mi- 
tarsand  'dqibat  khush-hdli  mi-ydband. 

Harass,  dzdr  k. ;  tza*  dddan;  aziyyat  dddan; 
parishdn  k. 

Harbinger,  ptsfi-raw  ;  khabar-rasdn ;  muzhda- 
dvar  (of  good  news). 

Harbour,  bandar,  pi.  banddir  (port) ;  langar- 
gdh  (anchorage) ;  qdvi  (any  extensive  har- 
bour) ;  TTM^man  (refuge) ;  kishti  qarib-i 
gddrbandi  ^  Idhim  shud  =  dar  rig  faru  ni- 
shast. 

Hard,  sakht ;  shadid  (severe) ;  khushk  (of 
bread) ;  vide  Diffic;ult ;  sabaq-i  ki  bi-man 
ddda  and  dsdn  ast  yd  mushkil?  ;  sakht-giri 
k.  (to  be  hard  on). 

Hard-featured,  sakht-ru ;  hhishin*-ru. 

Hard-fisted,  kuluft-dast  and  sakht-dast  (lit.) ; 
mumsik ;  db az  dast-ash nami-chakad  (met.). 

Hard-hearted,  sang-dil;  sakht-dil. 

Hardly,  mv^hkil  or  zur ;  mushkil  mi-ddnam 
(this  can  hardly  be  the  case;  also  I  don't 
think  it  can  be  done;  shak^  mi-ddnam, 
has  much  the  same  meaning) ;  td  pd  birun 
guzdsht  saqf  pdyin  dmad  (he  had  hardly 
set  foot  outside  when  the  roof  came 
down) ;  zur-am  mi-dyad  in  kdr  rd  bi-kunam 
(I  can  hardly  do  that ;  I  don't  want  to 
do  it). 

Hard-mouthed,  harun  (m.c.  a  puller,  a  horse; 
prop,  restive) ,  bad-lagdm ;  sar-kash. 

Hardship,  zulm  (lit.  tyranny) ;  shadd'^idri- 
zamdna  or  — bakht  (the  hardships  of  for- 
tune).    Vide  Toil. 

Hardware,  dhan-dldt. 

Hare,  khar-gush  ^  bisydr  tarsu  (or  ramu)  ^st. 

Hare-lipped,  lab-i  Mpargushi  ddrad  or  lab- 
shakar  ast;  lab-i  u  muhra  khurda  ast 
(local);  shutur-lab ;  lab-chidk  {Gr'Adkn). 

Harem,  andarun;  haram;"^  haram-sard  (gen. 
of  kings). 


An  angry  mttster  will  say  to  an 


I  Properly  to  crucify;  sdlib  "a  cross." 

^  A  crude  but  common  expression  ;  guh  lit.  ' '  human  excrement, 
offending  servant  az  guh  guhrtar-i,  az  Jihar  khar-tar  (m.c). 

5  The  corruption  of  some  Bombay  word. 
♦  For  hhaah  n. 

6  Shak  P.  for  Ar.  ahakk. 

<>  Kbar  old  Pers.  "big."  Compare  Jshfir-chang  "crab,"  kh.ar-muhra  (a  large  sheU,  a  "large 
cowrie ' ' ). 

T  Hartim  also  the  sacred  enclosure  of  the  Ka'ba  at  Makka,  and  of  tombs  at  Madlna,  Karbela,  Mash- 
had,  etc. 


Har 


136 


Hat 


Hark,  gush,  gush! 

Harlot,  jinda  (m.c.) ;  qahba;  fahisha;  zan-i 
zdniya  ;  zan-i  kusu  or  zan-i  kus-dih  (vulg.). 
Vide  Whore.  [tery). 

Harlotry,    jinda-hazx ;   zina-kari  (also    adul- 

Harm,  zarar  rasdndan  ;  mazarrat  (r.) ;  ziydn 
{k.),  or  khasdrat  {k.  or  r.),  or  nuqsdn  {r. 
or  dddan)  (loss) ;  dyd  chunin  kdr  kardan 
'ayb-i  ddrad? ;  hdk-i  nist  (there's  no  harm) ; 
chird  ?  (why  not  ?). 

Harm,  to,  aziyyat  k.  (living  things) ;  zarar 
rasdnidun  gen. ;  sadma  z.  (to  living  things). 

Harmonize,  Ivam-dhang,  or  ham-navd,  hudan 
(gen.  in  music ;  but  of  people  also) ;  in 
rang-hd  hama  ham-navdkht  ^-and. 

Harmony,  muvdfaqat  (gen.);  vifq  (gen.); 
dhang  and  ham-nacfhrnagi  {oi  music) ;  ham- 
rang  va  ham-dhang  shudan  (to  be  in  har- 
mony with,  of  people  only) ;  ham-dhang 
(gen.  of  music  but  of  people  also) ;  mulja- 
baqat'^'l-asvdt  (harmony  of  voices). 

Harness,  yardq  (equipment  of  a  saddle  horse ; 
also  harness ;  arms  and  accoutrements, 
etc.). 

Haroun-al-Rashid,  Hdrun^'W-Rashid. 

Harp,  chang  (gen.  played  by  Jews ;  it  is 
placed  flat  on  the  ground  and  not  upright 
like  a  Welsh  harp). 

Harper,  changi  ^  (gen.  a  woman) ;  chang-zan 
(man  or  woman) . 

Harridan,  kuhna- jinda.  Vide  Hag  and  Bel- 
dam. 

Harrier,  hil-hdqll  T.,  and  shab-mdla  Kurd., 
and  Abu-hikab  Ac.  (the  bird).     Vide  Kite. 

Harrow,  takhta  k.  or  takhta-kashi  k.  (with  a 
board  .studded  with  nails) ;  mala  kashldan 
(with  a  log  of  wood) ;  shdqul  (k.)  (also  a 
mason's  line). 

Harsh,  durusht  (in  words,  manners;  also 
"big");  zibr  (rough,  of  things)  ;  khishin 
(coll.  for  khashin,  rough;  of  persons  or 
things). 

Harshly,  durushtdna ;  sakht-gu^l  farmudid 
(you've  spoken  harshly). 

Harshness,  durushti  (also  bigness ;  vide  Big, 
Large) ;  khushunat  (of  disposition,  or 
cloths). 

Harvest,  mahsul  or  pi    mahsuldt^ ;   mahsul-i 


In  bdgk  chlst?  (what  is  the  money  value 
of  the  grain  and  fruit- crop  of  this  gar- 
den ?) ;  imsdl  az  jihat-i  qillat-i  dftdb  diraw 
'aqab  uftdda  ast  (the  harvest  is  late  this 
year  on  account  of  the  dull  weather) ; 
sayfi  (summer  harvest) ;  shitavi  (winter 
harvest). 

Hasp,  chift  (also  bolt  of  a  door). 

Haste,  ziidi  or  shitdb  (k.)  ;  bi-sur'at  raftan; 
ta'jil  (n.) ;  bi-ta'jtl  mi-navisam  td  bi-'pvst^ 
bi-rasad  (I  am  writing  in  haste  'to  save 
the  post ') ;  in  du  kalima  bi-rasm-i  isti'jdl 
mgdrish  yd  ft  (  =  yours  in  haste;  vide 
'  Yours')  ;  bar  sabil-i  'ijdla  navishta  shud 
(ditto,  at  the  end  of  a  letter)  ;  '  ajala  az 
Shaytdn  ast  va  sabr  az  Eahmdn  *  (common 
saying). 

Hastening,  ta'jil:  dar  zud  ra^idan  (or  rasdni- 
dan)-i  u  bdyad  kushish  bi-kunid. 

Hastily,  shitdbdna;  bi-ta'jil. 

Hastiness,  tund-mizdji  (of  temper). 

Hasty,  dast-pdcha  (flurried) ;  ta'jil  namudan 
kdr-i  ddam-i  'dqil^  nist. 

Hat,  kuldh-i  jarangi  (European  hat;  also  a 
round  summer  house,  etc.) ;  tdj-i  hasht  tark 
(dervishes'  cap  of  eight  pieces,  each  sha- 
ped like  the  divisions  of  an  orange)  ;  ha- 
mjdn  vaqt  ki  dar  utaq  ddkhil  shud  kuldh  rd 
bar  ddsht  '' ;  pukh  pukh  (barrel-shaped  hat 
worn  by  farrashes) ;  tds-kuldh  (a  felt  hat 
while  new  and  in  shape) ;  agar  na-kunam 
in  rish  nist,  dumi  khar  ast  (  =  I'll  eat  my 
hat  if  1  don't  do  so  ;  said  by  men) ;  agar 
nakunam  in  lachak  lachak-i''  fdhisha-hd 
hdshad  (said  by  women). 

Hatch,  dar  dvardan;  murgh  ru-yi  tukhm-hd 
khwdhida.     Vide  Broody. 

Hatchet,  tabar ;  tabarcha  (small). 

Hate,  to,  tana^ur  ddshtan  (to  feel  aversion  to, 
to  loath) ;  az  hich  bdyad  najrat  na-kunim 
gkayr  (or  magar)  az  gundh;  sdya-yi  urd 
nami-tavdnad  ru  did,  vulg.  (he  cannot  bear 
the  sight  of  him) ;  [but  az  man  guzashta 
sdya-am  rd  ham  nami-tavdni  did  —  injure 
me  ?  w^hy  you  cannot  even  hurt  my  sha- 
dow !  ] ;  dushman  rd  bad  ddnistan ;  kard- 
hnt,  or  makruh,  ddshtan  (to  dislike  much, 
detest) ;  urd  namitavdnam  bi-binam. 


'  Ham-navakht  also  of  music. 

2  In  some  districts  a  term  of  abuse,  as  female  harpers  are  generally  prostitutes. 

5  Hasil  is  used  in  the  sense  of  fa'i  a.     In  India  mahsul  railway  or  boat-fare,  etc. 

*  Or  al-'aj'alah  min<J^  ' sh-Shaytan  va  't-ta'^anni  min<*  'r-Rahman. 

6  Note  singular ;  or  kar-i 'aqilan. 

*  Kulah  I  a  az  aar-i  kas-l  har  daahtan  also  signifies  ''  to  get  the  better  of." 

7  Lachak  =  charqad. 


Hat 


187 


Hea 


Hated,  manfur  (loathed ;  of  people  or  things). 

Haughtiness,  fis  {k )  (m.c.) ;  kibr  {k.  or 
farukhtan) ;  takabbur  (k.) ;  khud-farushi 
{k) :  ghurur  {k) :  az  in  sukhan  bdd-i  burnt- 
ash  faru  nishast  (at  this  speech  his  haugh- 
tiness, swaggor,  forsook  him).     Vide  Pride. 

Haughty,  kibr-farush,  and  mutakabbir ; 
nuKjhrur  (proud  q.v.) ;  in  ruz  hd  dimdcfh.- 
ash  bald  rafta  (now-a-days  he  holds  his 
nose  in  the  air). 

Haul,  ka.'ihidan;  kashdn  kashdn  bur  dan ; 
khwdbdnidan  (to  haul  down  a  flag,  etc.). 

Haunch,  gurda  (small  of  the  back)  ;  dubur 
(buttocks ;  of  man  or  animals). 

Haunted,  pnn  ddrad;  maskun  {At.,  rare  in 
m.c). 

Hautboy,  surnd  (made  of  reed  or  wood). 

Have,  ddshtan,  rt.  ddr ;  bd  dn  dgiff,  Inch 
shindsd^i  ddrtd? 

Haven.     Vide  Harbour. 

Haversack,  chinta  (of  dervishes  and  beggars). 

Hawk,  qush  (any  hawk  or  falcon  or  eagle, 
but  specially  the  goshawk) ;  bdz  (gos- 
hawk ;  gen.  term) ;  zard-chashm  {'  yellow- 
eyed,'  vide  Falcon) ;  tlqun  or  tay:jkun  (the 
white  goshawk;  a  name  also  applied  to 
the  albinos  of  other  species  of  birds)  ; 
tarldn  (the  goshawk  that  migrates  into 
Persia) ;  qizil  (the  local  variety  or  race  of 
goshawk  that  breeds  in  Persia  ;  supposed 
to  be  inferior) ;  tujhral  (a  species  formerly 
imported  from  '  China,'  perhaps  the  Cres- 
ted Goshawk) ;  bdsha  P.,  and  qirghfiy  T., 
(the  Common  Sparrow-hawk) ;  jiiqu  (the 
Indian  shikra).  Vide  Goshawk  and  Fal- 
con. 

Hawker,  tabaq-kash  (gen.  of  fruit);  dast- fa- 
rush;  vide  pedlar;  qush-chl  (falconer,  q.v.). 

Hay,  bida  (dried  lucerne) ;  [yunja  green 
lucerne] ;  '  alaf-i  khushk. 

Hazard,  giraw  (the  stake). 

Hazard,  to.  In  muhra  rd  '  yd-nasib '  mi-andd- 
zam  (1  hazard  every thinsf  on  this  throw) ; 
dar  ma'raz-i  khatar  anddkhtan. 

He,  u  (or  she). 

Head,  sar ;  kalla ;  sar-d-pd,  or  az  sar  id  pd 
(from  head  to  foot) ;  Jmj  vdj,  or  dast  pdcha, 
shudan  (to  lose  one's  head) ;  ra''s  (of 
cattle) ;  vide  '  Button  '  and  '  Chief ' .  Vide 
Reverse  (of  coin).     Vide  Source,  and  Lose. 

Headache,  dard-i  sar;  sudd'  ;  tasdi'  (to  give 


a  headache  to,  to  trouble);  sudd'-i  shor- 
qiqa  (nervous  or  sick-headache). 

Head-dress,  chdrqad  (a  square  handkerchief 
worn  by  Muslim  women  out  of  doors) ; 
sar-band  (of  women).     Vide  Turban,  etc. 

Heading,  '  invdn  for  'unvdn  (of  chapter, 
letter,  etc.). 

Headlong,  sar-nigun ;  sar-d-nr. 

Head-piece,  ydl-push  (of  horse  clothing). 
Vide  Helmet. 

Head-quarterS;  mahall-i  markazi,  or  ddr" 
'l-qiydm. 

Head- stall,  ajsdr. 

Headstrong,  khud-rdy ;  lajuj. 

Heal,  '  ildj  k. ;  mu'dlaja  k. ;  chnq  k.  tr. ; 
shifd  or  slhhat,  dddan  (of  God)  ;  hdla 
zakhm-ash  chdq  shuda  ast;  gusht-i  naw 
bdld  dvarda  ast  (granulated) :  zakhm  ash 
pur  mi-shavad,  or  iltiydm  mi-ydbad  (his 
wound  is  healing). 

Healing,  subs.  Hldj  kardan  ;  mu'dlaja  (treat- 
ing)- 

Health,  hdl,   or  mizdj  (state  of  ) ;   sih- 

hat,  or  tan-durustt,  or  'dfiyat;  mizdj-i  u 
sdlim  (or  mustaqim)  ast ;  \mizJdj-i  u  mu^ta- 
qim  ast  also  =  "  he  is  not  changeable  "] ; 
bi-saldmati-yi  shumd  ("your  health"; 
when  drinking  wine)  ' ;  saldmat-%  ki  hast 
hama  chiz  hast  ( =  if  you  have  health  you 
have  wealth) ;  bi-tdq-i  abru-yi  n  khurdim 
(we  drank  his  health) ;  tajaqqud-i  ahvdl  k., 
or  ahvdl-pursi  k.  (to  enquire  after  the 
health  of) ;  in  fi'l  mukhill-i  sihhat  ast  (this 
vice  injures  the  health). 

Healthy,  tan-durust  (of  people) ;  sdlim  (of 
climate,  food) ;  bulukdt-i  ki  bishtar  maqrun 
bi-sihhat  ast — (the  healthiest  districts — ) ; 
sdlim-mizdj  (of  people). 

Heap,  tal ;  tuda ;  pushta;  yak  kut-i^  kd^az 
injd  jam'  shuda  ast,  birun-ash  bi-riz  (or 
kindr  bi-guzdr). 

Hear,  shanidan  or  shinudan  ;  dars  gush  girij- 
tan  (to  hear  a  lesson) ;  dnchi  mi-guyam 
gush  kun  (or  gush  bi-dih).     Vide  Listen. 

Heard,  masmH' ;  gush-zad. 

Hearer,  mustami' ;  shinavanda;  sdmi' ,  pi. 
sdmi'  in. 

Hearing,  istimd' ;  na-tavanistam  gush  kunam 
(I  could  not  hear). 

Heart,  qaW,  pi.  qulub  ;  az  tah-i  dil  (from  the 
bottom  of  my  heart) ;  nidj-i  ^  shahr  (the 


1  The  reply  is  nuah-i  jam. 

^  In  some  districts  kut  is  applied  only  to  a  heap  of  manure,  and  henoe  sometimes  means  '*  manure  ' ' 


itself. 


3  Nal  "navel." 
18 


Hea 


138 


Hel 


heart  of  the  city) ;  dil-i  insan  mdyil '  hi- 
gundh  ast ;  az  bar  khwdndan  (to  repeat  by 
heart) ;  dars-i  imruz  ra  ravdn  ddrld  (or 
ravdn-i  shumd  ast?)  (do  you  know  to-day's 
lesson  by  heart  ?) ;  ma-tars,  dil-i  pay  da 
kun  (take  heart,  don't  be  frightened); 
shdyad  dukhtara  jd-yi  dlgar-l'^  dil-bastagl 
ddrad  (perhaps  the  girl  has  lost  her  heart 
to  some  one  else) . 

Heart-burn,  dil-suzisTi. 

Heart-disease,  maraz-i  qalb. 

Hearth,  pish-bukhdri. 

Heartily,  Hearty,  az  ru-yidilujdn;  qalb"^"  ; 
ikhlds''" ;  az  tah-i  dil ;  bd  ishtihd  (for  eat- 
ing) ;  bd  garm-jushi. 

Heat,  garmt,  or  t'b  (heat  or  light  of  sun  or 
fire);  hardrat  (applied  to  disposition, 
fever,  sun,  etc.) ;  hardrat-i  gharlzl  (natu- 
ral heat  of  the  body) ;  for  '  heat '  of  ani- 
mals vidz  Season;  imruz  khayli  garm  ast, 
havd  khafa  ast  (it's  close)  ;  hich  ruh  dar 
badan-ash  nist,  or  hardrat  na-ddrad  (he  has 
no  heat  in  him ;  vide  Life)  ;  dar  qahr-i 
garmd  (in  the  depth,  or  great  heat,  of 
summer) . 

Heathen,  but-parast  (idolater) ;  kdfir,  pi. 
kuffdr  (vague  term;  infidel) ;  mushrik,  pi. 
mushrikm  (polytheist,  often  applied  to 
Hindus  and  to  Christians) ;  mulhid  (prop, 
one  that  denies  the  existence  of  God)  ; 
zindlq,  pi.  zanddiqa  (fig.  a  believer  in  the 
Zand ;  now  one  only  outwardly  a  Muslim). 
Vide  Idolator  and  Infidel. 

Heaven,  bihishfP.,  or  jannat  Ar.;  firdaws-i 
barin  (the  highest  heaven) ;  'arsh  (the 
seat  of  God  above  the  7th  heaven) ;  dar 
bihisht  dsdyish-i  hirun  az  hadd-i  baydn  ast, 
dar  jahannam  'azdb-i  bl-pdydn. 

Heavenly,  sarmvi ;  bihishtl.  ^ 

Heavens,*  afldk  (sing,  not  used):  sarmvdt 
(sing,  not  used  colloquially). 

Heaviness,  sanginl ;  siql;  saqdlat;  sar-girdni 
(of  head  ;  and  met.,  "  anxiety  "). 

Heavy,  sangin;  vazni ;  saqil  (also  indigesti- 
ble, of  food) ;  sakht;  shadld;  tund  (severe; 
of  rain,  snow,  or  wind)  ;  sangin  (severe ;  of 


snow  or  rain) ;  sangin  ast,  chi  taior  bi-baram 
(it  is  too  heavy  for  me  to  carry) ;  '  ibdrat- 
ash  khayli  sangin  ast  ( =  he  is  a  heavy 
writer) . 

Hebrew,  'Ibrdni;  'Ibri;  Yahudi,  pi.  Yahud 
(Jew);  /sm*?/»  (Israelite). 

Hedge,  khdr-band  or  khdr-bast  (also  hurdle). 

Hedge-hog,  jujuk  or  jujak ;  khdr-pusht.  ^ 
Vide  Porcupine. 

Heed,  to,  gush  dddan;  tavajjuh  k.;  multaflt 
shudan ;  mahall  guzdshtan.     Vide  To  listen. 

Heel,  pdshna. 

Heel-rope,  pa-band  (also,  adj.,  tied  by  the 
leg;  fig.)^ 

Heifer,  gusala-yi  mdda. 

Height,  bulandi ;  irtifd' ^ ;  rif'at,  miydna- 
qdmat  (of  middle  height).  Vide  Sta- 
ture. 

Heir,  vdris,  pi.  vurasd^iov  varasa ;  mirds-khur ; 
sdhib-khun  (legal  heir  of  a  person  mur- 
dered) ;  vali-'ahd  (heir  apparent) ;  jd- 
nishin  (successor;  not  necessarily  heir). 

Heir-loom,  tarika ;  murda-rlk  (rare).  Vide 
Relic. 

Heliograph,  hilugrdf  (Eur.). 

Hell,  Jahannam,  and  Duzakh  (the  whole 
place) ;  Saqar  or  Saqar ;  Darak  (Lowest 
Hell) ;  bi-Darak-i  Asfal  bi-raw  (go  to  the 
Lowest  Hell) ;  bi-raw  bi  Tun  u  Tabas '' 
( =  go  to  Hell !) ;  also  bi-raw  bi- Jahannam ; 
sag-i  duzakh  (hell  hound). 

Hellish,  duzakhi;  jahannami. 

Helm,  sukkdn-i^  kishti. 

Helmet,  khUd. 

Help,  madad  (k.  or  d.) ;_  imddd  {k.) ;  ydri 
(k.) ;  i'dnat  (k.) ;  mu'avanat  (k.) ;  ta^yid 
{k.) ;  pushti  {k.);  dast-ydri  or  dast-giri  {k.) 
[but  dast-gir  =  "  captured  "J ;  dar  in_  amr 
mard  kumak  mi-kunid?  — bi-shart-i  an  ki 
gusha-yi  kdr-i  banda  rd  ham  bi-girld  ( —  on 
condition  that  you  help  me  too) ;  az  man 
pushti  kard  or  girift  (he  took  my  part) ; 
chdra  nist  (there  is  no  help  for  it).  Vide 
Assistance. 

Help!  ay  dad,  ay  farydd,  bi-rasid ! ;  ay  mu- 
salmdndn ! 


1  Properly  ma^il  Ar. 

^  Note  this  m.c.  ja-yi  digar-i  for  ja'i  dlga- :  dlgar-l  prop,  means  "  another  person." 
8  In  India  bihishti  is  a  water-carrier,  because  to  quench  another's  thirst  is  a  heavenly  act. 
*  Traditions  regarding  the  fabric  of  the  seven  heavens  differ. 
6   The  porcupine  aikhu  is  sometimes  called  hhar-pusht. 
s  Irtifa'  in  classical  (or  Indian?)  Persian  also  means  revenue. 
T  There  are  however  worse  places  than  Tun  and  Tabas. 

8  Sukkan  is  also  the  Ar.  pi.  of  sakin  •'  inhabitant "  ;  in  Persian  only  the  Ar.  reg.  pi.  of  this,  aakinin, 
is  used. 


Hel 


139 


Her 


Helpless,  Id-char;  bi-chdra ;  'djiz;  dar- 
mdnda ;  bi-dast  u  pa  ;  magar  dast-i  ahumd 
basta  ast?  (=  helpless  creature!). 

Helpless,  to  be,  az  kdr  dar  mdndan ;  az  javdb 
*djiz  shvd  (he  could  not  answer) ;  az 
marg-i  barddar-ash  kamar-i  u  shikast  (after 
his  brother's  death  he  became  helpless, 
he  could  do  nothing  ^);  bi  dost  u  pa  shud. 

Hem,  maghzl  (a  border  or  hemming  of  other 
cloth  added) ;  labak  (edging,  gen.  of  tape) ; 
bi-khayydt  bi-gu  In  pdrcha  rd  sijdf^  bi- 
girad;  hdshiya  (border  of  shawl  or  car- 
pet) ;  daman  (skirt  or  hem  of  cloak,  etc.). 

Hemming,  bakhiya  {k.). 

Hemistich,  misrd'  or  misra'  =  nisf-i  bayt. 

Hemlock,  shukardn  or  shawkardn  (a  species 
of  hemlock).     Vide  Henbane. 

Hemorrhage,  khun-ravish(?)  ;  jaraydn-i  dam. 

Hemorrhoids,  bavdsir-i  khunl  (pi.  of  bdsur ; 
sing,  not  used). 

Hemp,  bang'""  or  varaq^^l-khaydi  (leaves); 
hashish ;  chars  (for  Hindustani  charas ;  for 
drinking) ;  kanab  (for  Ar.  qinnab). 

Hen,  murgA-i  khdnagi  (gen. ;  but  sp.  female) ; 
mdkiydn  (rare  in  m.c). 

Henbane,  saykardn  (night  shade  ?) ;  bikh-i  taft 
(the  poison  supposed  to  have  been  given 
to  Suqrdt  or  Socrates ;  hemlock  ?). 

Hence,  az  dnjd;  az  In  jihat  (for  this  reason) ; 
az  injd  (from  this  place);  ba'd,  or  az  in 
pas  (of  time). 

Henceforth,  ba'd  az  In;  ba^da-hd  or  ba'da-h". 

Henna,*  hinnd  Ar. ,  or  vulg.  Pers.  hind ;  hinnd- 
ash  rarhg  na-girift  (he  did  not  succeed) ; 
hinnd-ash  rang  na-darad.  (his  business  does 
not  flourish;  also  he  has  no  awe,  autho- 
rity, q.v.) ;  hinnd  bastan  (to  dye  with 
henna).     Vide  Dye. 

Hen-pecked,  muzakkar-i  sarnd'i  (of  husband) ; 
zan-mur%d. 

Heptagon,  musabba'^  :  haft-gusha*i. 

Her.     VideKis. 

Herald,  cha^ush  (guide  to  a  qdfXa;  also  an 
ofl&cial  that  rides  a  little  way  ahead  of  the 
Shah's  carriage;  chdwtsh  in  Turkish  a  Ser- 
geant) ;  munddi  or  jdrchi  (public  crier) ; 


rikd  or  shdlir  (a  runner  immediately  in 
front  of  a  carriage). 

Herat,  Hardt. 

Herb,  sahzl,  pi.  sabzljdt,  or  sabzi  dldt 
(vegetables  and  kitchen  heibs):  ruatanl 
(any  vegetable) ;  ishdn  faqat  nabdidt  rni- 
khurand. 

Herd,  gala  or  galla  (gen.) ;  rama  (of  sheep  or 
goats) ;  khayl  or  rama  asp  (of  horses). 

Herod,  Htrudis. 

Herdsman,  galla-ddr  or  galkt-bdn ;  shabdn  or 
shiibdn;  chupdn. 

Here,  injd;  in-su;  huy  huy  (look  here,  look 
here !) ;  tak  tak  (here  and  there ;  dotted 
about) ;  in  ast  'Aziz  Beg,^  khud-ash  mi- 
dyad  (here  is  'Aziz  Beg  himself,  now  com- 
ing). 

Hereafter,  dar  dyanda ;  sipas ;  pas  az  in. 
Vide  Henceforth. 

Hereditary,  irsi ;  maivrusi ;  mirdsi  ;  maraz-i 
mMiorusi  (hereditary  disease) ;  amrdz-imu- 
tandsila  (hereditary  diseases).  Vide  Dis- 
ease. 

Heresy,  bid'at;  rafz  (the  here.«iy  of  the 
ShT'ahs). 

Heretic,  ahl-i  bid'at;  khdriji  (the  Sunnis  are 
so  called  by  the  ShI'ahs) ;  rdfizi  (the 
Shi'ahs  are  so  called  by  the  Sunnis), 

Heritage,  irs  or  mirds;  matrukdt  pi. 

Hermaphrodite,"  nar  u  muk,  vulg.  for  nar- 
nidda;  nar-mdya ,  zan-mard ;  khunsq; 
[khoja  T.  "  eunuch ' '] ;  [mukhannas  Ar.  an 
effeminate  person,  but  in  Persian  herma- 
phrodite]. 

Hermit,  gusha-nishin ;  'dbid  (devotee,  q.v.; 
not  necessarily  hermit) ;  zJdhid  (leads  an 
ascetic  life,  not  necessarily  alone). 

Hermitage,  saioma'a. 

Hernia,  fatq;  qari. 

Hero,  yal ;  gurd  (old) ;  gav  (by  Zardushtis) ; 
shir-mard  ;  gkdzi  (religious  warrior) ;  Rus- 
tam-i  vaqt  ast. 

Heroic,      vide      Brave;     bahr-i     mutaqdrib 
(heroic   verse;    the  metre   of   the   Shah- 
Nama). 
Heroism,  yaU  (rare).     Vide  Bravery. 


1  Ka»-i  ki  baradar  na-darad  quwat-i  kamar  na-darad  ;  common  saying. 

5  Sijaf  prop.  ' '  piping. "  •  u  •    j     •     ^ 

s  Urdu  bfiang;  in  Ar.  banj.  HaahsMshln,  smokers  and  sellers  of  Ao«Af«A,  from  which  la  derived 
'  assasin.' 

*  The  Zardushti  women  do  not  dye  the  nails  with  henna.  The  custom,  too,  is  dying  out  amongst 
Muslims. 

<•  Beg  pronounced  like  the  English  word  ' '  beg. "  u       •        ^u 

«  In  public  prayers,  hermaphrodites  take  their  station  between  men  and  women,  but  m  other  res- 
pects they  observe  the  customs  of  women.  For  the  spiritual  existence  of  these  unfortimates,  vtde 
Hidaya,  Vol.  IV,  p.  559. 


Her 


140 


Hit! 


Heron,  rmhl-gtr ;  butimdr  (heron?);  'aqdr 
or  haqdr  (common  heron);  jarda  (purple 
heron) ;  vdq  (night  heron) ;  [in  poetry 
gtam-hhurak ,  gAussa-khurak ,  and  Mdlik" 
^l-Hazln;  nothuzn]. 

Herpes,  tablchJdl. 

Hesitate,  taraddud  ddshtan ;  pas  u  pish  k. ; 
dar  shish  u  bish  uftddan;  dil  dil  k.  (to  be 
uncertain) ;  pas-i  gardan-at  rd  ma-khdrdn 
(  =  don't  hesitate,  don't  turn  over  excuses 
in  your  mind). 

Hesitating,  mutaraddid  (part.);  muzahzah; 
taraddud  {d.)  (subs.). 

Hesitation,  taraddud;  tazabzub. 

Hexagon,  shash-gusha;  musaddas. 

Hexagonal,  shash-gusha^i ;  musaddasi. 

Hiccough, /MvaA;  (also  sobbing,  q.v.) ;  saksaka. 
Vidc^oh. 

Hidden,  panhan  (k.) ;  nihdn  {k.) ;  nihufta  {k. 
or  ddshtan  or  guzdshtan) ;  pushida  {k.  or 
d.  or  g.) ;  makhfi  k.  or  d.  or  g.) ;  nd-padid 
(gashian)  (not  visible) ;  mastur  (also  cov- 
ered). 

Hide,  charm  (untanned  hide  of  oxen,  ele- 
phants or  very  large  animals;  also 
leather);  pust  (of  sheep,  goats,  deer, 
tigers  or  small  animals ;  also  skin  of  fruits, 
bark,  etc.) ;  jild  (skin  of  human  beings ; 
also  cover  of  a  book). 

Hide,  to,  nihuftan,  rt.  nihdn;  pushidan,  tr. ; 
(jjid^ib  shudan,  intr. ;  inzivd^  guzidan  (to 
hide  in  a  corner  like  a  hermit) ;  kaldgfj, 
duzdl  mi-kunad  va  har-chi  ml-taidnad ' 
pinhdn  mi-kunad ;  lashkar  shikast  khurda 
dar  bisha  mutavdri  shudand  (the  army  was 
defeated  and  (the  soldiers)  hid  in  the 
wood). 

Hideous,  karift"H-manzar ;  zishti  bar  u  khatm 
bud ;  misl-i  shakl-i  Shaytdn. 

Hiding-place,  kamin-gdh  (ambush) ;  makman. 

Hierarch,  buzurgdn-i  millat ;  pishvdydn-i  din ; 
ru^asd-yi  ruhdni. 

High,  buland ;  'dli  (in  m.c.  also  'grand'  of 
buildings) ;  raji'  ;  murtaft  ;  'dli-makdn  or 
'dli-martaba  (of  high  station) ;  vazi'  u 
sharif, or  amir  u  faqtr,  or  khdss  u  'dmm,OT 
pddishdh  u  gadd  (high  and  low,  rich  and 


poor) ;     Khudavandri    Ta^  dlq  ■^    (God    the 
Most  High). 

High-flier ,  buland-parvdz  (of  birds ;  and  met. 
of  men  who  make  a  show). 

High-minded,  'dli-dimdgh,  and  'dli-hawscUa 
(noble) ;  'dli-nazar. 

Highness,  A'la  Hazrat  (for  Shah  only); 
Hazrat-i  FaZ5  (Royal  Highness);  Navvdb^ 
or  Navvdb-i_ydld  {ioT  ordinary  Shahzadas); 
Hazrat-i  'Alt  (a  term  applied  by  an 
inferior  to  any  gentleman) ;  [a  gentleman 
writing  to_a  servant  would  address  the 
envelope  'All  Hazrat-i  Fuldn;  Muqarrab" 
^l-Hazrat  is  applied  to  munshis  and 
mirzas]. 

High-road,  shdh-rdh.* 

Highwayman,  rdh-zan;  quttd^  "^  t-tariq  (in 
m.c.  used  only  in  pi.). 

Hijaz,  Hijdz  (see  Arabia). 

Hill,  kuh ;  silsila-yi  kuh  (range  of — ) ;  qulla 
(summit  of — ) ;  dar  vildyat-i  Khwdrazm 
kuh-i  kam  ast^ ;  darra  u  tappa  (hill  and 
dale) ;  [az  darra  u  tappa  pdra-yi  suvdldt 
kard,  he  questioned  me  on  various  or 
irrelevent  matters]. 

Hilly,  kuhistdn  and  kuhistdni  (of  a  country) 
kuhi  (of  man,  animals,  etc.). 

Hilt,  qab:}a. 

Hinder,  maw  k. ;  bdz  ddshtan ;  muzdhim 
shudan;  izdlhdm-i  mardum  qadri  mdni'  az 
tamdshd  bud  (the  thronging  of  the  crowd 
hindered  us  from  seeing  the  spectacle 
properly) . 

Hindrance,  mdni' ,  pi.  mavdni'  (part.;  also 
mdni'i^,  a  thing  that  prevents,  a  hind- 
rance) ;  sadd  (barrier) ;  in  kdr  'dHq-i  pish- 
raft-am  shud  (this  hindered  my  advance- 
ment). 

Hindoo,  Hindu,  Hindu,  pi.  Hunud;  HindJi'^ 
"  Indian." 

Hinge,  lawla;  qabza  (Indian?);  pdshna-yi 
dar  (either  European  hinge  or  its  Eastern 
substitute,  i.e.,  a  pivot) ;  pdshna-gard  (the 
socket  or  hole  in  which  the  pivot  works). 

Hint,  imd''  {k.) ;  kindya,  or  gusha,  zadan;  dar 
in  bob  chiz-i  ishdra-i  bi-u  bi-kunid  colloq. 
(give  him  a  slight  hint).     Vide  Allude. 


I  Or  birtavanad. 

•i  Taala  (Ar.)  prop,  a  verb  "  may  He  be  oxalted  "  ;  note  the  incorrect  izafa'. 

5  Note  tashdld  :  in  India  incorrectly  navab. 

4  There  are  no  '  roads  '  in  Persia  high  or  otherwise. 

6  Vulg.   for  kuh  kam  ast.     Kuh-i  bisyar  "much  hill"    or  kuh-ha-yi  bisyar  "  many  hills "  ;    both 
correct. 

8  ^«iLc  P.,  and  with  ^  of  unity  ^_j5k>olx:. 

1  As  Indian  settlers  are  usually  bariyana,  many  Persians  think  that  aU  Indian  are  Hindus. 


Hip 


141 


Horn 


Hippocrates,  Buqrat  also  Abuqrat. 

Hippopotamus,  aap-i  daryd*i. 

Hip,  Hips,  hula  (the  hip) ;  kafcU  (quarters) ; 
[pur-kafal,  or  '  broad  below  the  hips,'  is  a 
point  of  beauty  in  women]. 

Hire,  kirdya  (of  animals,  conveyances;  and 
also  rent)  (k.) ;  ujrat  (of  labourers,  etc., 
only) ;  muzd  (of  a  labourer).  Vide  Wa«;e8, 
Fee. 

Hire,  to,  bi-kirdya  giriftan;  ajir  k.  (of 
labourers) ;  yak  takkt-i  ravdn  va  zaiuraq-%  ' 
bdyad  kirdya  kunam;  bi-kirdya  dddan  ; 
ijdra  d.  (to  let  on  hire). 

Hirer,  mukdri  (one  who  hires  out  mules, 
donkeys,  camels) ;  kirdya-kun  and  musta'^ 
fir. 

Hired  labourer,  Hireling,  ajir. 

His,  mdl-i  u ;  mdl-ash ;  az  dn-i  m. 

Hiss,  to.  Hist!  his  his  kardan  (of  men,  i.e., 
to  say  hist  —  '  *  come  here  " ) ;  fis  k.  (of 
snake) ;  ahsant  ahsant  k.  (lit.  to  say  bravo 
=  to  hiss  a  person  in  public  on  the  stage, 
etc. ;  ironical). 

Historian,  tdrikh-navis ;  muvarrikh  (for  rmt- 
^arrikh) . 

History,  tdrikh,  or  pi.  tavdrikh ;  'ilm-i  tdrtkh 
rd  bi'dkhir  rasdnda  ast  (he  has  studied  his- 
tory deeply).     Vide  Study. 

Hit,  zadan,  rt.  zan;  zarb  zadan;  zarb-i  sha- 
dtd-i  bi-sar-am  zad  =  khayli  sakht  tu-yi 
sar-am  zad ;  chub  rd  bi-man  dshnd  kard ; 
khurdnn  bi — ,  intr. ;  khiydl-ashb  i-tn  iadbir 
bar  khurd  ki  —  (he  hit  upon  this  device 
— ).     Vide  Beat. 

Hitch,  girih  (lit.  knot) ;  gir  (catch,  hitch). 

Hitter,  zananda  ;  zdrib. 

Hive,  kandu ;  qandll  (this  is  a  barrel-like 
hole  in  the  wall  with  a  wooden  lid  that 
has  a  small  bee-entrance  in  it). 

Ho !  ho^i  or  o*J .' ;  ay  kas-l  ki  dar  utaq 
hastt  !  ay  Karbald^l !  ay  Mashhadl  '^ ! 
(ho  thou  within!) ;  ay  khwdhar! ;  ay  ham- 
shira !  ay  mddar !  etc  . ;  ay  bachcha-hd, 
kas-i  bardbar  nabdshad  (  =  I'm  coming  in, 
let  your  women  veiP  themselves). 

Hoard,  andukhta ;  dafina  (buried  treasure) ; 
zakhtra  (gen. ;  store). 

Hoard,  to,  ihtikdr  k.  (hoarding  up  any  grain 
or  any  necessity  of  life  to  increase  its 
price)  * ;  andukhtan. 


Hoar-frost,  zhala,  aarmd-riza. 

Hoarse,  sadd-yi  shumd  girifta  ast? 

Hoarseness,  giriftagl-yi  gvlu. 

Hobble,  to,  langdn  langdn  rdh  raftan ;  langt- 
dan ;  kaj  u  chula  rdh  raflan.  Vide  Wad- 
dle. 

Hobby.     Vide  Falcon. 

Hock,  Hough,  bakham  (of  horse,  or  other 
animal). 

Hock,  to.     Vide  Hamstring. 

Hoe,  bil  (z)  :  bilcha  (z.)  (smaller). 

Hog,  khuk  (gen.),-  gurdz  (boar);  khinzir,  pi. 
khandzlr  (also  a  disease;  goitre?).  Vide 
Boar  and  Pig. 

Hog,  to,  ydl  zadan  (a  horse's  mane). 

Hold,  tasallut  (ddshtan)  (influence,  q.v.)  ; 
khann  or  arnbdr  (of  ship).     Vide  Cabin. 

Hold,  to,  ddshtan,  rt.  ddr ;  gunjdnidan  (to 
contain) ;  pas  kashidan  or  vd  isiddan,  intr. 
(to  hold  back) ;  qalam  rdbi-dast-i  chap  ml- 
glrad. 

Hold-all.     Vide  Wallet. 

Hole,  surdkh ;  manfaz,  pi.  mandfiz  (venti- 
lation holes) ;  rawzan  (light-hole) ;  dar  za- 
mm  gawd- 1  bi-kan ;  mddagi  (button-hole). 

Holiday,  ta'ttl,  and  vulg.  riizi  rukhaat ;  'id, 
or  vulg.  'ayd  (annual  festival  and  holi- 
day) ;  'idi  (adj.). 

Holiness,  taqaddus ;  TaqaddiLS  Ma*db  (His 
Holiness  ;  for  Mujtahids,  the  Pope,  etc.). 

Hollow,  puk  (vulg.) ;  miydn  tuhi;  ajvaf  Ar. ; 
db-kand  (water-hollow) ;  dust  i  zdhiri  (hoi 
low  friend) ;  gawdi-yi  dost  (of  hand). 

Hollyhock,  khatmi;  [possibly  the  marsh- 
mallow  is  also  so  named]. 

Holsters,  qabul  (leather,  for  saddle) ;  qdh-i 
tapdncha  (box  for  pistols;  of  wood). 

Holy,  muqaddas ;  pdk ;  taqdis  (to  make  holy ; 
consecrate). 

Holy  Ghost.  Ruh"  'l-Quds. 

Homage,  izhdr-i  'ubudiyyat  k. ;  bay' at  k.  (to 
swear  allegiance  to). 

Home,  khdna;  manzil ;  vatan  (native  coun- 
try); dir-vaqt  shud,^  bi-yd  biravim  khdna; 
man  khdna-nishiji  shvdam,  (I  was  confined 
to  the  house ;  from  sickness,  poverty,  or 
because  of  dismissal  from  office) ;  dg^ 
tashrif  ddrand?  (is  the  gentleman  at 
home  ?) ;  bale,  khdna  ast. 

Home-made,  sdkht-i  U^ana,  or  adl^t-i  mtUk. 


to 


1  Or  yak  zawraq  (any  small  boat). 

*  Karbala*i  one  who  has  performed  the  pilgrimage  to  Kerbela,  ^id  Maahhadi  one  who  has  done  so 
Meshed.     It  is  civil  to  address  unknown  people  by  such  terms.        > 

S  For  Muslims  only ;  Zardushti  women  do  not  veil.     Ay  bachchal  a  !  also  =  Hindustani  ko*l  hai  ? 

*  A  common  custom  in  Persia  though  forbidden  by  Muslim  law. ) 

S  But  vaqt  tang  aat.     An  Indian  or  an  Afghan  might  say  tang  »h%^  i. 

I 

\ 


Horn 


142 


Hor 


Home-Secretary,  Vazir-i  Dakhila  (for  Vazlr-i 
umur-i  dakhila). 

Homicide,'  khun  or  gatl  (k.)  (the  action); 
khuni  or  qdtil  (person) ;  [khiin-ddr  is  the 
killer,  as  opposed  to  Ichun-khwah,  the  heir 
claiming  death  for  the  killer  in  lieu  of  the 
kh,un-bahd  or  diya]. 

Homogeneous,  ham-iins. 

Homogeneousness,  ham-jinsl. 

Homonym,  tajms ;  ham-sawt. 

Hone,  sang-i  sab  ;  sang-i  fisdn. 

Honest,  amm;  durust-kdr ;  mutadayyin  "^ 
(m.c). 

Honesty,  diyanat ;  amdnat-pishagi ;  durust- 
kdri ;  tadayyun. 

Honey,  shahd ;  'asal;  angahln;  shahd-i  ndb 
or  -khdlis  (pure  honey) :  khdna-hd  or  su- 
rdkh-hd-yi  ^  shdn  hamlsha  musaddas  ast  (the 
cells  of  the  comb  are  hexagonal).  Vide 
Comb. 

Honour,  'asmat,  for  Hsmat;  'iffat  (chastity); 
u  Hzzat-i  ziydd  bi-ham  rasdnda  ast ;  ri- 
'dyat-i  nam  u  nang  iqtizd-yi  dn  mt-kard  ki 

— (honour  required  that ) ;  makhsus-i 

nam  dar  guriz  ast  (it  is  a  point  of  honour 
to  run  away) :  vide  Dignity,  Rank,  etc. ; 
mahz-i  dbru  khud-kushi  kard  (he  com- 
mitted suicide  to  save  his  honour,  escape 
disgrace) . 

Honour,  to,  ihtirdm  n. ;  mumtdz  garddnldan ; 
imtiydz  bakhshidan ;  bi-sharaf-i  m,uldqdt-i 
shdn  musharraf  shudam  (I  had  the  honour 
to  meet  him). 

Honoured,  mu'  azzaz ;  musharraf ;  muhia- 
ram;  mukarram. 

Honourable,  muhtaram;  muvaqqar ;  zikr-i 
jamil  (honourable  mention). 

Honouring,  ihtirdm  [k.) ;  i'zdz  {k.),  tawqir  k. 

Hood,  bdsh-luq,  T. ;  kuldh,  P.  (for  hawk ; 
also  hat,  etc.) ;  and  [burqa'  At.  ;  local]. 

'  Hood-shy, '  bad-kulah  (of  hawks) 

Hoof,  sum;  sum-i  chdk-ddr  (cloven  — ). 

Hook,  shist  or  qulldb-i  mdhi  (fishing) ;  qulldba 
(iron  hook  in  the  roof) ;  nar  u  Ids  *  (hooks 
and  eyes)  and  qazan  qulfi'°  (a  bazar 
name) ;  pd-nihddanl  (hooks  on  a  sporting- 
belt)  ;    dns  (reaping  hook)  ;   qanndra  and 


kinndra  (hooks  with  tripod  for  suspending 
a  whole  carcase  in  a  butcher's  shop). 

Hook,  to,  bi-qulldb  kashldan  or  zadan  (to 
hook  up  or  suspend  an  article) ;  bi-qulldb 
giriftan  (to  hook  a  fish). 

Hoop,  halqa. 

Hooping-cough,  siydh-surja. 

Hoopoe,  murgh-i  Sulaymdm ;  the  hoopoe 
carried  the  letter  of  Solomon  to  the  Queen 
of  Sheba,  hudhud^  kaghaz-i  Hazrat-i 
Sulaymdn  rd  pish-i  Bilqis  burd;  [Hadhdd 
was  the  name  of  the  father  of  Bilqis]. 

Hope,  ummld  (ddshtan) ;  tavaqqu'  {k.) ; 
chashm-ddsht  (expectation)  ;  ummid  ast  ki 
zud  sharaf-ydb  bi-shavam  (I  hope  to  call  on 
you  soon)  ;  gumdn-i  ghdlib ,  or  ummid-i 
qavi  or  qat'i  (strong  hope). 

Hope,  to,  ummidvdr  shudan  ;  tab  na-ddshta 
bdshid'^?  (I  hope  you  have  not  got 
fever?). 

Hopeful,  ummidvdr  (in  India  also  a  candi- 
date for  a  prize,  or  place  in  examination, 
etc.). 

Hopeless,  nd-ummid  or  nawmid;  ma^yus ; 
mahrum  (disappointed) ;  dast  az  jdn  shus- 
tan  (to  despair  of  life).      Vide  Despair. 

Hopelessly,  nawmiddna;  bi-navdydna;  ma"- 
yusdna. 

Horizon,  ufuq,  (pi.  dfdq  for  the  four  sides  of 
the  world).     Vide  Elburz. 

Horizontal,  ufuqi  (rare)  ;  khatt-i  uftdda  or  — 
khwdblda. 

Horizontality,  ujuqiyyat. 

Horizontally,  bi-tawr-i  ufuql ;  uftdda  vulg.  = 
khwdblda. 

Hormuz,  Hurmuz. 

Horn,  shdkh  {zadan)  (of  animals) ;  karnd  or 
surnd  (2.)  (the  instrument,  vide  Trumpet) ; 
buq  {z.)  (bugle) ;  nuk  (of  moon) ;  jilaw- 
giri  k.  (to  pull  in  one's  horns). 

Horned,  shdkh-ddr. 

Hornet,  zarnbur ;  zdru  (a  yellow  wasp)  ; 
chEl-i  zarnbur  or  ghdl-i  zarnbur  (hornet's 
nest).     Vide  Comb. 

Horoscope,  zd^icha  ov  tMv -i  zd%cha ,  munaj- 
jim-hd  zd^icha-ash  rd  navishtand;  naqsha 
(the  diagram) ;  khdna-bandi  k.  (to  divide 


1  No  distinctive  words  for  mans=laught^,  homicide  and  murder,  though  the  latter  might  be  rendered 
khun-i  'amdi 

*  Mutadayyin  prop.  ' '  religion    ' ' 

3  But  ghal-i  zarnbur  wasp's  nei  .     Qhal  =  nest. 

4  In  India  huk-i  nar  u  mada. 
6  Derivation  not  clear. 

8  Hudhud  has  been  erroneously  rendered  *  lapwing '  by  translators  of  the  Qur'an. 
T  Note  Subj.  expressing  a  doi  bt ;  nordarld  would  express  an  assertion,  but  tab  ki  na-darld  would 
express  a  doubt. 


Hor 


143 


How 


the  diagram  into  squares  and  triangles; 
Jdhdna-'pur  k.,  to  fill  in  the  numerical 
values,  etc.). 

Horrible,  hawl-iridk  and  dahshat-ndk  (fearful); 
muhish  ;  muvahhiah  (prop,  desolater). 

Horrify,  Horrified,  vaqt-%  ki  in  harf  rd  zad\ 
zamin  zir-i  pd-yam  larztd  (when  you  said 
that  I  was  horrified) ;  gusht-hd-yam  db 
shvd. 

Horror,  hawl  (fear) ;  kardhat  (dislike). 

Horse,  asp  or  asb,  and  vulg.  as;  ydbu  (a 
coarse-bred  pony,  gen.  a  pack-pony) ; 
asp-i  kutal  (pron.  kutal;  a  riderless  horse, 
led  for  parade  purposes  during  the  Muhar- 
ram,  or  at  the  death  of  a  great  person) ; 
yadak  (a  spare  led  horse;  hence  yadaki. 
adj. ,  spare) ;  markab  (pi.  mardkib  "  ships  ") 
(any  riding  beast) ;  akhta  (gelding) ;  the 
horse  when  it  neighs  says  'Oh  God,  res- 
pect him  that  respects  me  and  disgrace 
him  that  dirg races  me,'  asp  dar  shlka 
ml-guyad  '  Alldhumma  a'izz"^  mana'azza-nt 
wa  ahin  man  ahdna-m '  ;  du  asp-i  chdldk 
ki  dar  raftan  az  bdd  sabqat  burdand — (two 
horses  swifter  than  the  wind  — ) ;  in  asp 
mdl-i  kist?  whose  horse  is  this  1  but  in 
asp  mdl-i  kujd  ast?  of  what  district  is 
this  horse  ?  where  was  it  bred  ? ' 

Horse-cloth,  jul. 

Horse-shoe,  na'T^  [bastan  or  zadan). 

Hospitable,  mihman-navdz  ;  mihmdn-dust  ; 
dar-i  khdna-ash  hamisha  bdz  ast ;  sufra-ash 
hamisha  pahn  ast,  or  khdli  az  mihmJdn  nist. 

Hospitably,  bi-navdzish ;  az  ru-yi  mihmjdn- 
navdzi. 

Hospital,  mariz-khdnori  hamin  zudi-hd  dnjd 
bind^  mi-shavad ;  shifd-khdna;  haspitdl 
(Eur.). 

Hospitality,  mihmdn  navazi ;  mihmdn^par- 
vari. 

Host,  miz-bdn  ;  mihmdn-ddr  (also  an  official 
in  charge  of  State  guests). 

Hosteige,  girawgdn,V. ;  yarghamJdl,  T. ;  zdmin 
u  kafil  (guarantee;  bail). 

Hostile,  mukhdlif ;  m,undqiz. 

Hostility,  mukhdlafat ;  mundqazat.  Vide 
Enmity. 

Hot,  ddgiA  (boiling-hot,  or  buming-hot ;  of 
water  or  metals) ;  surkh  (red-hot) ;  garm 


(warm) ;  tund  or  hdrr  (to  the  taste,  or  in 
effect;  of  eatables,  etc.);  tiz  (of  disposi- 
tion). 

Hot-house,  bi-garm-khdna  'amal  dvardan  (to 
raise  in  hot-houses). 

Hotel,  mihmdn-khdna  ;  lokanda  (in  the  Gulf). 

Hough.     Vide  Hock. 

Hound,  tula  (any  sporting-dog  that  hunts  by 
scent ;  also  a  pup) ;  ^azt  (greyhound)  :  sag-i 
shikdri.     Vide  Dog. 

Hour,  sd'at  (also  watch,  clock) ;  az  ru-yi  ad' at 
("by  the  hour"  or  "by  the  clock"); 
yak  sd'at-i  nujumi  muntazir-i  shurrvd  bu- 
dam  (I  waited  for  you  a  whole  hour). 

Hour-glass,  shisha-yi  sd'at;  [shisha-yi  qdb, 
watch-glass]. 

Houris,  HUri,  P.  {Hur,  Ar.  pi.,  but  used  as 
a  singular  in  P. :  P.  pi.  hurtydn) — ki  dar 
muqdbil-i  husn-ash  hur  va  pari  sharminda 
and^ — Prof.  S.  T.  (she  shamed  the  very 
houris  and  fairies  by  her  beauty). 

Hourly,  har  sd'at;  sd'at  bisd'at. 

House,  khdna;  manzil  [pi.  mannzil,  stages]; 
maskan,  pi.  masdkin;  'imdrat,  pi.  'imdrdt 
(building). 

House-bresiker,  naqb-zan  (by  digging  through 
the  wall  or  under  ground). 

Household,  ahl-i  khdna;  ndn-khtpdr. 

Householder,  khdna-ddr ;  sdhib- khdna. 

House-keeper,  khdna-ddr. 

House-keeping,  khdna-ddri  (also  thrift). 

House-warming,  ziydfat*  (no  special  name 
though  the  custom  exists). 

Housewife.     Vide  Woman. 

How,  chi  tawr  ? ;  chi-guna  ? ;  chi  qadar  y  (how 
much?)";  chi  qadar  rah  (how  far?);  charui 
(how  many  ?) ;  har  chand  (however  much) ; 
hi  chi  vajh  (in  what  way?);  '' Ahval-at 
khub  ast?''  '' Az  kujd  khitb  ast?'' 
("How  are  you;  well?"  "By  no 
means.") ;  ahvdl-i  sharif?  (how  are  you  ?) ; 
chun-i  (how  are  you  ?  vulg.  and  double 
entendre);  bi-chi  zudi?  (how  soon?); 
digar  chi?  (how  else,  what  else?);  chi 
qism  vdqi'  shud?  (how  did  it  happen  ?). 

Howda,  hawdaj  (for  elephant). 

Howl,  dula,  or  zuza,  kashidan  (of  jackals). 

Howling,  vo/yaia  {k.)  (shouting  and  weeping; 
also  cries  of  exultation  of  persons). 


'  Kia  khet  kaghora  hai?  Hindustani.  Qara  (dull  black);  muahki  (bright  black);  qara  kahar  (dark 
bay) ;  aap-i  char  qalam.aafld  (with  4  white  stockings);   daw  (ordinary  gallop);  <5fcir  (full  gallop). 

2  Na'^l  dar  atash  aruiakhtan  an  idiom,  classical  tmd  modern,  "  to  render  restless."  A  lover  writes 
the  name  of  the  beloved,  and  adds  it  to  a  ^iam  on  a  horse-shoe  and  casts  it  into  the  fire,  and  by  this 
means  attracts  the  love  of  his  mistress. 

^  Historical  present. 

*  The  feast  must  be  preceded  by  a  raima-lelkvant. 


Hub 


144 


Hut 


Hub,  chamhara  (of  a  wheel). 

Hubbub,  hangdma;  ma'raka.     Vide  Crowd, 

Dervish,  Turmoil. 
Hue  and  cry,  hdydhu  (k.)  (to  cry  and  chase) ; 

dad  u  biddd  k.  (to  cry  out). 
Hug,  to,  dar  haghal  giriftan  or — kashidan; 

kishti  kindr  kindr  harakat  mi-kard. 
Hull,  tana  (of  a  ship). 
Hum,  vin-vina  {k.)  (of  bees) ;  ham-hama  (of 

people).     Vide  Mumble. 
Human,   insdnt  and  bashari  (adj.);    insdn ; 

ddam-zdd     (human    being) ;    bani    naw'-i 

insdn,  or  bani  naw'-i  bashar  (the  human 

race) ;   tabi'at-i  bashari   (human   nature) ; 

[insdniyyat  is  courtesy  and  refinement] ; 

ins  u  jmn  (men  and  jinns). 
Humane,  halim  (of  mild  temper) ;   rahm-dil 

(pitiful) ;  sdkib-muruwat. 
Humanity,  muruvvat.     Vide  Compassion. 
Humble,  faru-tan;  rmitavdzi'  (also  polite,  of 

superiors    to   inferiors) ;    miskin     (poor) ; 

mazZwm  (prop,  "oppressed,"  but  in  m.c. 

"  quiet ' ') ;  ujtdda  ;  shikasia-nafs. 
Humble,  to,  faru-lani  or  uftddagi  k. ,  intr.  (to 

humble  oneself) ;  zalil  k. ;  bi-khdk  nishdn- 

dan  ;  dimdgtA  bi-khdk  mdlidan,  tr. 
Humbug,  chi  bdzif    (what    humbug!    what 

rot !) ;    that   black   (Negro)    dervish   is   a 

great  humbug,  an  darvish-i   siydh  khayli 

kalak  '    mi-zanad ;   pufyHz   (quack) ;  qash- 

mar  Ar.  coll.     Vide  Joker. 
Humid,  tar    (wet) ;  martub ;    rutubat  ddrad 

(damp).     Vide  Wet. 
Humidity,  rutubat;  [tari  =  freshness]. 
Humiliation,   sar-shikastagi  {k.) ;  zillat  {d.) ; 

takqir  (k.). 
Humility,  uftddagi ;  faru-tani ;  tavdzu'   (also 

condescension) ;  kuchaki. 
Humming-bird,  murgh-i  magas. 
Humour,   khilt,  pi.  akhldt   (the  humours  of 

the  body) ;  sar-i  dimdgh,  or  parr-i  dimdgk, 

or  sar-i  kayf,   budan   (to   be   in    a    good 

humour). 
Hump,  kawhdn,  kuhdn  or  kiiha  (of  camel) ; 

quz  (of  man);    [quz   bdld-yi   quz,   fig.,   to 

crown  all ;  misfortune  on  misfortune ;  the 

last  straw]. 
Hump-backed,  kuz-pusht  or  quz-pusht;  quzu 

(vulg.). 


Hundred,  sad''';  duvist^  (two-hundred);  si- 
sad  or  si-sad*  (three-hundred). 

Hungary,  Majdristdn. 

Hunger,  gurisnagi ;  ju' ;  ishtihd'^  (appetite); 
az  gushnagi  glkash  karda  am,  za'f  mi- 
kunam;  sadd-i  jW  k.  (to  appease  hunger). 

Hungry,  gurisna;  gurisna-yi  man  ast  (vulg. 
"  we  are  hungry  ") ;  tdlib  (seeking  after). 

Hunt,  shikdr  k. ;  sayd  k. 

Hunter,  shikari  or  shikdr-chi;  sayydd; 
shikdr-  or  sayd-garddn  (beater). 

Hunting,  shikdr  (k.) ;  sayd  {k.) ;  shikdr-gdh 
(hunting-ground) . 

Hurl,  partdb  k.  (for  things) ;  anddkhtan. 

Hurrah,  to,  hurd  kashidan —  Shah's  Diary. 

Hurricane,  bdd-i  tufdn. 

Hurried,  dast-pdcha:  hawlaki  (flurried). 

Hurriedly,  hawlak  hawlak  raftan;  [but  hav)- 
lakhawlak  khurdan  "to  gobble"];  sard- 
sima  ( =  hurriedly  and  in  confusion). 

Hurriedness,  dast-pdchagl  (flurry). 

Hurry,  'ajala;  shitdb ;  ammd  mi-shavad  ki 
shumd  dar  dn  hdy  u  hu  va  dast-pdchagi 
multafit-i  tifl  na-shuda  bdshid  (possibly  in 
the  hurry  and  confusion  you  did  not 
notice  the  child). 

Hurt,  zarar  (injury  or  loss) ;  nuqsdn  (loss) ; 
sadma  (blow;  to  body  or  mind).  Vide 
Wound. 

Hurt,  to,  az  mushdhada-yi  chunin  qabdhat-i 
dil-ash  mi-suzad;  ranjdnidan,  tr. ;  dzurdan, 
rt.  dzdr,  tr.  (the  feelings);  aziyyat  k.,  or 
tzd  dddan,  tr.  (the  body) ;  dil  shikastan 
(to  hurt  the  feelings  of — ). 

Hurtful,  muzirr  (of  things) ;  muzi  (of  animals, 
etc.). 

Hurting,  dil-khardsh  (of  words). 

Husband,  shu;  shawhar ;  mard  (vulg.). 

Husbandman,  zdri' ,  pi.  zdri  in  (cultivator)  ; 
falldh,  pi.  falldhin  (a  common  tiller). 

Husbandry,  zird'at;  jaldhat. 

Hush!,  khdmush! ;  bdsh! ;  drdm,  dram 
(quiet,  quiet!). 

Hush-money,  haqq-i  sukut  ('hush-money.' 
Vide  Recompense  and  Remuneration). 

Husk,  pusi. 

Husk,  to,  pust  kandan;  muqashshar  k. 
(med.). 

Hut,  kulba;   kapar ;   kuma,  pron.  kuma  (a 


1  Kalak-ash  ra  bastand  "  they  tied  up  his  jaw  after  death  "  (of  Muslims).     The  Zardushtis  do  not 
tie  up  the  jaw  but  cover  the  face,  leaving  the  eyes  visible. 

'■^  Sad  «x^  Pers. ,  so  written  to  distinguish  it  from  0mm  At.  ' '  barrier. ' ' 


8  Afghans  say  du-sad. 

*  (X«e  Am)  (not  (XiOms,  but  in  speaking  (XhAxm). 


Hya 


146 


Ido 


sportaman's     hiding     place) ;      tdpu      (a 

wooden  hut  shaped  like  a  tente  d'abri  and 

covered  with  mud). 
Hyacinth,  sumbul;  sumhuUi  hiydbdni  (wild) 
Hyaena,  kaftdr.     Vide  Wolf. 
Hydrocele,  hddri  khJdya  (there  are  two  kinds 

gushli  and  dbl)  ;  aJb-i  nuzul. 
Hydrophobia,  sag-gazi  (prob.  trans,  of  Arabic); 

kalab  (med.). 
Hymn,  sarud-i  miLqaddas  {khwdndan) ;  tasbih 

u  tahlil  {k.)  (praising  God) ;  mundjdt  {k.  or 

M.)  (gen.  sung  at  the  dead  of  night  or  in 

the  early  morning). 
Hyperbole,  ighrdq  (guftan) ;  mubdlagl^  (g.)  ; 

(the    Figure   mubdlagha   is  divided    into 

tablig^,  ighrdq,  (jAuluv). 
Hypochondria,  mdlikhuliyd  or  sawdd  {dash- 
tan). 
Hypocrisy,   riyd;    riyd-kdri;    du-ru^i:    nifdq 

(in  Persian,  hypocrisy  in  friendship). 
Hypocrite,    dtt-ru;    riyd-kdr :    mundfiq    (in 

friendship). 
Hypocritical,  gurg  dar  libds-i  mish  (wolf  in 

sheep's  clothing) ;   'aqrab-i  zir-i  hasir,  or 

rmr-i  zir-i  kah  (snake  in  the  grass). 
Hypothesis,  jarz,  pi.  furuz;  bar  farz-i  taslim 

ki —  (on  the  supposition  that  — ). 
Hypothetical,    farzi ;    i'tibdri    (opposed     to 

haqiqi  actual). 
Hyssop,  zufd. 
Hysteria,  khajaqdn  (slight,  temporary) ;  bdd-i 

khaydldt ;  ikhtindq-irahim  {med.,  of  women 

only). 


I,  man;  man-am  (I  am);  [banda,  Jiaqtr, 
mukhlis,  etc.,  are  substitutes  for  "I"]; 
man  khud-am,  or  vulg.  man-i  khud  (I 
myself). 

Ibex,  pdzan ;  buz-i  kuhi  ;  buz-i  pd-sang. 

Ice,  yakh;  db-i  yakh  (iced  water);  bastanl 
(the  confection) ;  the  sun  has  thawed  all 
the  ice,  az  hardrat-i  dftdb  tamdm-i  yakh-hd 
ab  shuda  ast;  qadr-i  mayl  mt-farmdyid  az 
in  bastani?  (will  you  have  a  little  of  this 
ice?).     Fide  Uninteresting. 

Ice,  to,  yakh  pushdndan  (with  ice) ;  shakar- 
push  k.  (with  sugar;  of  cakes,  etc.). 

Ice-house,  yakh-chdl  or  yakh-ddn.^ 

Ichneumon.     Vide  Mongoose. 


Icicle,  qalam-i  yakh. 

Idea,  khaydl  (k.) ;  tasawur  (k.) ;  tasawur-i 
bdtil  (vain  idea) ;  bi-har  hdl  mi-bdyiat^  Ura 
az  in  sardfat  andaUu  (at  any  rate  it  is 
necessary  to  get  this  notion  out  of  her 
head) ;  hich  bi-khaydl-am  na-rasid  ki  imrUz 
khwdhad  dmad  (or  bi-ydyad) ;  az  in  khaydl 
bi-yuft  (put  this  idea  out  of  your  head) ; 
JchiydUi  dur  u  dardz  (far-fetched  ideas; 
also  thoughts  of  events  far  distant);  az 
irdda  bdz  dmadan  (to  give  up  an  idea  or 
intention) ;  yak  rishta  ittild'  az  dn  maUab 
bidihid  (give  me  some  idea,  clue,  about 
it) ;  khaydl-ash  bi-jd'i  band  na-shud  (he 
couldn't  make  up  his  mind,  or  decide). 
Vide  Doubt,  Conjecture,  and  Opinion. 

Identical,  'ayn-ih;  hamdn  and  hamin  ("  that 
very ' '  and  "  this  very  *') ;  yak  chiz  ast,  or 
har  du  yak-i ;  hu  bi-hu  (exactly  like) ; 
^ayn-i  khudrash  ast  (it  is  the  identical 
thing  ;  just  what  I  wanted). 

Identification,  shindkht ;  tashkhis  (k.). 

Identify,  vaqt-i  ki  qissa-yi  Majnun  rd  mi- 
khipdnam  ham-rang-i  Majnun  mi-shavam 
(when  I  read  the  story  of  Majniln  I 
identify  myself  with  him);  in  murgh  rd 
tashkhis  na-karda  am  ki  az  kuddm  jins  ast. 

Id  est,  ya'ni;  a'ni. 

Idiom,  istildh ;  muhdvara. 

Idiomatic,  istildhi ;  bd  muJidvara. 

Idiot,  ablah-i  fitri;  kawdan-i  muUaq  (news- 
paper) ;  haplahapu  (slang ;  half-witted 
but  not  quite  idiot ;  perhaps  a  corrup.  of 
the  mod.  Ar.  coll.  haiodiva). 

Idiotic,  ahmaql  and  ablahi  (foolish). 

Idle,  tambal  (lazy) ;  tambal-i  Baghddd  (very 
lazy) ;  kdhil  and  sust  (slack ;  takes  no 
exercise ;  also  idle  in  work) ;  bd^-gush 
(playful  and  hence  idle ;  of  school-boys) ; 
chird  bi-kdr  bi-kdr  dar  shahr  mi-gardi? 
(why  do  you  wander  round  in  a  continued 
state ^  of  idleness?);  rdhat-talab  (luxuri- 
ous; seeking  comfort);  'uzr-i  bi-jd  (idle 
excuse).     Vide  Shirker. 

Idle,  to  be,  tarnbali  k. ;  magas-pardni  k.  (to 
idle  or  waste  the  time;  of  merchants  or 
the  unemployed) ;  vaqt  rd  bv-hich  sarf  k. 
(to  idle  away  the  time). 

Idleness,  vaqt-i  khud  rd  sarf-i  tambaR  (or 
kdhiR)  mi-kunad;  bi-kdri  (want  of  work). 

Idol,  but;  sanam,  pi.  asnam;  hold  tu  dan*  va 


1   Yaldk-dan  is  also  a  rude  kind  of  portmanteau  (covered  with  leather). 

*  Mi-bayiet  stronger  them  bayad. 

8  Note  the  force  of  repetition  of  6i-Jfc5r. 


19 


Ido 


146 


111 


but-i  buzurg — Prof.  S.  T.  (all  right,  you  will 
see  how  the  Great  Idol  will  treat  you ; 
look  to  yourself). 

Idolater,  but-parast;  [surat-parast  worship- 
per of  beauty]. 

Idolatry,  but-parastl 

Idolize,  tifl-ash  ra  mt-parastad  (he  idolizes 
his  child). 

Idol-temple,  but-kada;  but-khdna. 

If,  agar;  in  m.e.  also  hargdh,  chundnchi, 
and  agar  chundnchi:  va  Hid,  varna  and 
a^ar  na'  (if  not,  otherwise,  whereas); 
a,fsus  ki  jd-yi  agar  u  magar  u  ammd  ast 
(it's  a  pity  there  is  an  '  if '  in  the  case) ; 
Agar  rd  bd  Magar  tazvij  kardand  :  .Az  xshJdn 
bachcha-^l  shud  Kdshki  ndm  (If  was  mar- 
ried to  But  and  the  offspring  of  the  union 
was  '  Oh-would-that '). 

Ignite,  dtash  zadan  or  dddan,  tr. ;  dtash  girif- 
tan,  intr. ;  mushta'il,  or  muhtariq,  shudan 
and  kardan;  rushan  k.,  tr. 

Ignoble,  nd-najib ;  bad-rag;  bad-asl;  faru- 
mdya;  past:  razil;  dun  (low):  bi-^urza} 

Ignobly,  bd  zillat ;  zallldna. 

Ignominy,  rusvd^l ;  fazihat ;  khwdrt ;  zillat. 

Ignorance,  nd-dum ;  jahl;  jahdlat ;  ayydm-i 
jahdlat,ovJahiliyyat  (the  time  before  Islam ; 
opp.  to  zamdn-i  Isldm) ;  tajdhul  {k.)  (feign- 
ing ignorance) ;  jahl'i  basit  (simple  igno- 
rance, i.e.,  not  knowing  anything)  ;  jahl-i 
murakkab  (compound  ignorance,  i.e., 
thinking  you  know  what  you  don't.  Ex. 
An  kas  ki  na-ddnad  va  bi  ddnad  ki  na- 
ddnad  .".  Asp-i  tarab  az  gurnbaz-i  gardun 
bi-jihdnad. 

An  kas  ki  na-ddnad  va  bi-ddnad  ki  bi- 
ddnad  .-.  Dar  jahl-i  murakkab  abad"^  'd-dahr 
bi-mdnad;  tajdhul  u  na-ddnam-kdri  ma- 
farush  (don't  pretend  ignorance) ;  u  khud 
ra  bi-kucha-yi  Hasan  chap  mi-zanad  (he 
pretends  ignorance;  he  avoids  me:  Id-'ilmi 
(being  unacquainted  with).     Vide  Turk. 

Ignorant,  im-ddn;  bi-ittild'  ;  bi-'ilm;  bi-kha- 
bar  (without  information) ;  man  ndshi  ^  az 
zahdn-i  IngUsi  hastam  (I'm  ignorant  of 
English) ;  bl-savdd ;  ummi ;  nd-khivdnda 
(unlettered).     Vide  Illiterate. 


Ignore.     Vide  Attention. 

Ill,  nd-khu;Sh*  (not  well);  mariz  and  bimdr 
(quite  ill)  (vulg.)  ;  suH  (a  little  out  of 
sorts) ;  kasil  ast  or  kasdlat  ddrad  (he  is  in- 
disposed) ;  bad-hdl  (dangerously  ill ;  but 
hdl-am  bad  ast  may  mean  ' '  out  of  sorts  " ) ; 
ahvdl-i  ahad-i  bar-ham  na-hhurd  (no  one 
was  sea-sick)  ;  kaj-khulq  (ill-tempered) ; 
bl-vaqt  and  bt-hangdm  (ill-timed) ;  bad- 
bakht,  or  bakht  bar  gashta,  or  baUit-ash  bi- 
khwdb  ast  (ill-fated) ;  bad-nihdd  (evil  by 
nature) ;  bad  bdr  dmada  (ill-bred) ;  bad- 
niyyat  (ill-intentioned) :  bad-khu^i ;  bad- 
mizdjl  (ill-temper) ;  badi  (evil) ;  zarar 
(loss,  calamity);  dfat  and  bald  (a  gen. 
calamity) ;  muslbat  (a  severe  stroke  of  per- 
sonal ill-luck) ;  ranj  (pain) ;  khaydl-i  bad 
nisbat-i  mardum  na-kun  (don't  think  evil 
of  people). 

Illegal,  hardm  (unlawful) ;  khildt-i  shar'  ^  (of 
Qoranic  law) ;  khildf-i  'urf  (of  civil  law) ; 
khildf-i  qdnun  (contrary  to  civil  law). 

Illegible,  your  writing  is,  illegible,  tM^^.^?^ 
shumd  khwdnda  nami-shavad  ;  panja-yi  ka- 
Idgh  ast  (like  crow's  feet);  misl-i  kalinjdr 
ast  (like  a  crab). 

Illegitimate  (child),  hardm-zdda ;  nutfa-yi  ha- 
rdm; tukhm-i  hardm;  valad"^' z-zirid ;  ay 
mddar  bi-khatd  (oh  bastard,  i.e. ,  one  whose 
mother  went  wrong). 

Illiberal,  sahhdvat  na-ddrad  (of  money  only) ; 
chunin  khaydl-i  khaydl-i  kam-vu^'atdn  ast 
(such  a  sentiment  is  illiberal). 

Illiterate,  ummi;  bi-savdd;  nd-Tchivdnda ; 
dars  na-Jchivdnda;  ['dmmi  "a  common 
person"];  bd  bi-tarbiyatdn^  musdhabat 
kardan  mundsib  nist.     Vide  Ignorant. 

Illness,  nd-khushi ;  maraz ;  maraz-i  mawt 
(last  illness) ;  bimdrl  (vulg.) ;  nd-chdqi 
(vulg).;  su'^imizdj. 

Illuminate,  =  rawshan  k. ;  chirdghdn  k. ,  or 
chirdgirbdni  k.  (to  illuminate  a  city,  etc.); 
tild-kdri  k.,  or  muzahhab  k.  (MSS.). 

Illuminated,  muzahhab  (of  MSS.). 

Illuminati,  ishrdqiyym  (the  Platonists  of 
Persia). 


1  Surat-i  khud  ra  az  zarb-i  aill  aurkh  karda-im  va  ilia  az  gurianagl  quvvat-i  zanu  na-dartm  "  our 
cheeks  are  red  from  the  slaps  we  have  given  them;  but  indeed  we  are  so  hungry  that  we  can  hardly 
stand  up." 

2  ^  Urza  incorrect  for  Ar.  'irz. 

3  Naahl  P.  "ignorant,"  in  Arabic  signifies  "  growing,  arising." 
♦  In  India  "  displeased." 

6  Shar'  is  religious  law  and  'urf  customeiry  law.  There  is  however  no  law  in  Persia  except  the  law 
of  '  perhaps,'  or  '  go  as  you  please.' 

6  Bi-tarbiyat ' '  uneducated  "  in  its  proper  sense. 


lU 


147 


Imm 


Illumination,  shahr  ra  chird^dn  kardand 
(the  city  was  illuminated). 

Illusion,  khivdb  u  khaydl;  (jiJirur  (Sufi  term) ; 
ashyd*^  rd  zdda-yi  awhdm  va  dar  haqtqat 
ma*dum  ml-danand  (the  Sufis  think  crea- 
tion to  be  an  illusion  of  the  senses) ; 
nazar-bandi  (of  conjuror). 

Illustrate,  to,  Illustration,  tamsil  or  misdl 
{dddan  and  dvardan)  (example) ;  tasvir,  pi. 
tasdvir  (picture  or  drawing)  ;  bardy-i  taio- 
zih-i  hujjat-am  (to  illustrate  my  argu- 
ment) ;  mafJab  rd  bd  misdl  shark  dad  (he 
cited  examples  in  illustration  of  his  mean- 
ing). 

Illustrative,  muvazzih. 

Illustrious,  ndm-var  (famous,  renowned, 
q.v.) ;  ashraf  (most  noble);  jaltl"^  'l-qadr; 
'dli  (of  name) ;  ndm  bar  dvarda. 

Ill-will,  badrkhwdhi. 

Image,  but;  sanam,  pi.  asndm  (idol)  :  shakl; 
sural. 

Imagination,  Imagine,  to,  vahm,  pi.  awhdm; 
khaydl-ash  khayli  vus'at  ddrad  (a  fertile 
imagination) ;  nutq-i  u  bdb-i  ajkdr  rd  gu- 
shud  (his  speech  appealed  to  the  imagina- 
tion) ;  In  khaydl  az  kujd  sar  zad? ;  chiguna 
tasawur  kardld  man  in  sukhan  rd  qabul 
mi-kunam^  (or  bi-kunam) ;  dn  khaydl  dar 
nazar-am  mujassam  shud  (my  imagination 
made  that  real) ;  az  nazdik  shudan-i  ruz-i 
visdl  khaydl-am  rd  khush  mi-kardam  (I  was 
pleasing  my  imagination  by  indulging  in 
the  thought  of  our  meeting) ;  khdm-khaydll 
(idle  imaginings).     Vide  Rein. 

Imaginative,  pur-khaydli  (of  people  or 
bookvs). 

Imagined,  khaydli :  mawhum;  mutasawar. 

Imagining,  quvva-yi  takhayyul. 

Imam,  Imdm,  pi.  Ayimma. 

Imbecile,  za'tf'^  'l-'aql ;  tdHfa-yi  inds  ndqis^ 
H-'aql-and  (women  are  silly  creatures ;  of 
poor  understanding).     Vide  Idiot. 

Imitate,  to,  taqltd  k. ,  or  tashabbuh  k.  (in  good 
oi  bad  sense)  ;  zarb  giriftan  (also  =  to  play 
the  Persian  tambourine  at  physical  drill) ; 
iqtidd*'  k.  (of  a  good  example) ;  qvldbt  k. 
(counterfeit  or  forge  coins,  etc.,  etc.) ;  naql 
dar  dvardan  (to  mimic) ;  pay-ravi  k.  (follow 
in  the  ways  of) .     Vide  Copy. 

Imitated,  muqallad  (of  a  holy  man,  by 
others). 

Imitation,  taqltd;  naql;  in  ja'U  ast  na  asU; 


shdl-i     tirma-numd    (imitation     KaAhmir 

shawl) ;    in  chiz  bi-tarkib-i  sang   az  chUb 

sdkhta-and,  or  in  chiz  bi-sang  shabik  cut 

vali  az  chub  sdkhta  and. 
Imitator,  muqallid  (gen.  of  one  following  the 

example  of  a  holy  man;  also  actor). 
Immaculate,  ma'sum. 
Immaterial,  ghnyr-i  mdddi;  gAayr-i  jismdni. 

Vide  Important. 
Immature,  nd-ras  (rather  unripe ;  of  fruit) ; 

nd-bdUgi    (of    humans) ;     rmqis,^   or  nid- 

tamjdm  (of  plans) ;  khdm  (raw,  very  unripe ; 

of  fruits,  plans;  inexperienced). 
Immeasurable,  bi-andJdza;  bi-nihdyat;  birun 

az  hadd-i  hisdb. 
Immediately,  dar  hdl;  favjr"* ;  fawri  {m..c.)\ 

fi-'l-faiur:   bi-karf  (without  questioning); 

bi-mujarrad;  bi-mahz;  hamin  ki  (as  soon 

as)  ;  hamin  ki  u  dmad  bild  fdsila  man  raf- 

tam;  (as  soon  as  he  arrived  I  left,  without 

any  interval  of  time). 
Immemorial,  az  qadim"^  H-ayydm. 
Immense,    bi-anddza ;    nd-mahsur;    ihtimdl 

mi-ravad  ki,  dar  in  kdr   kharj-i  bi-hisdh 

khwdhad  shud. 
Immerse,  to,  zir-i  db  k. ;  khisdndan,  tr.  (to 

soak) ;   ghuta  dddan  (to  duck ;  of  things 

or  persons). 
Immersed,  mu^staghraq;   dar  mv^shkildt  faru 

raft    (he    was    involved    in    difficulties) ; 

mustaghraq-i    fisq    u    fujur    (plunged    in 

debauchery)  ;  gharq-i  fikr  ast. 
Immersion,    istighrdq;  ghuta   (ducking,    di- 
ving) ;  giriftdri  (in  work). 
Immigrant,   muhdjir,    pi.  muhdjirin  (also  = 

emigrant) ;     jald-vatan     (m.c. ;     prop.   = 

exile). 
Imminent,  nazdik;  qarib"  'l-vuqu'  ;  u  mush- 

rif  bi-mawt  ast  (his  dying  is  imminent) ; 

chun    bi-H-mushdfaha    surat-i    muf^dtara 

jilo    gard/id    (when    the    danger    became 

imminent) ;  dar  sharaf-i  vuqu'  budan. 
Immobile,  qd'^im:  sdbit. 
Immoderate,  bi-i' tidal  (of  persons);  ghayr-i 

mu'tadil  (of  season,  words,  actions). 
Immodest,  bi-sharm ;    bi-hayd;  khijaUU   nOr 

jahm:  bi-dard  u  'dr  (very  shameless). 
Immolate  fidd  k. ;  qurbdni  k. 
Immoral,    fdsiq    u   fdjir,    and    bad-kdr  (of 

people). 
Immorality,  fisq  u  fujur ;  faadd-i  akhlaq._ 
Immortal,   la-yamut ;   jdvid;   jism  fdni  asi 


1  Future. 

*  In  India  haqis  generally  means  "  spoilt  "  or  "  unservioeable." 


Imm 


148 


Imp 


Ukin  ruh  baqi  ;  Sa'  d?  ki  ndm-ash  harmsha 
zinda  ast  mi-guyad — (the  immortal  Sa'di 
says—). 

Immortality,  haqd ;  jdvid-manl ;  abadiyyat. 

Immortalize,  ism-i  kas-%  rd  jdvid  sdkhtani  In 
ghazal  ism-ash  rd  hdcp,  khwdhad  guzdsht. 

Immovable,  sdhib-i  'azm  (also  determined  ; 
of  people) :  ashyd-yi  manqula  va  g[kayr-i 
manqula  (movable  and  immovable  pro- 
perty) :  ishdn  dar  ra^y-i  khud  sdbit-and  (or 
mustaqill) ;  mustabidd^  W-ra^y  (immovable 
in  opinion)  :  In  miz  rd  naql  nanii-tavdn 
kard,  or  harakat  naml-tavdn  ddd.  Vide 
Firm. 

Immunity,  dzddl:  mu'dfi  (of  taxes). 

Immutable,  bi-tagkyir ;  Id  yazdl,  or  Id  yata- 
baddal  (of  God  only) ;  Id  yataghayyar. 

Imp,  shayian-bachcha. 

Imp,  to,  payvand  k.  (to  mend  a  feather  in  a 
hawk's  wing  or  tail). 

Impale,  qdbuq  k.  (to  crucify  on  a  plank 
or  wall) ;  qanndra  zadan  (on  butcher's 
hooks) ;  chdr  mlkh  kardan  (on  wall  or 
ground)  ;  chub  tu-yi  kun  kardan  (in  anus). 

Impalpable,  latif ;  ffhayr-i  mahsus. 

Impart,  to,  dddan,  rt.  dih]  bakhshtdan]  ilqd 
k. ;  bar  md  vdjib  ast  ki  '  ilm-i  khud  rd  bi- 
digardn  talqm  kuntm  (or  ta'lim  dihim). 

Impartial,  bi-taraf :  bi-ta'assvh  (sp.  in  re- 
lig.);  hdktm-i  'ddil  taraj-giri  namt-kunad, 
or  hdkim-i  munsif  bi-taraf  ast.  Vide  Par- 
tial. 

Impartiality,  bi-taraf i :  bi-ta'assubl. 

Impassable,  bi-guzdr;  'ubiir  na-pazir ;  rdh-i 
'ubur  u  murur  na-ddrad  ;  'ubiir  az  in  kuh- 
ha  muhdi  ast  zird-ki  az  har  taraf  jangalhd- 
yi  mdni'^  'd-dukhUl  ddrad  (or  —  dnhd  rd 
ihdta  karda  ast). 

Impatience,  bi-sahri ;  nd-shikibd^t ;  bl-haw- 
salagl ;  bi-tabii. 

Impatient,  bi-sabr;  nd-shiJdbd ;  kam-hawsala 
or  hi-hawsala;  bl-idb ;  khub,  hawsala-at 
tang  na-shavad  (don't  get  impatient, 
upset). 

Impeccable,  ma'sHm  (that  has  not  sinned 
and  cannot  sin). 

Impede,  to,  man'  k.;  rmni'  shudan;  bdz 
ddshtan  (stop) ;  vd  ddshtan  (also  to  impel, 
q.v.);  muzdhim  shudan;  dar  kdr-i  kas-l 
khalal  anddkhtan.     Vide  Intervene. 

Impediment,  khdr-i  rdh;  sadd;  muzahamat; 
ta'arruz;  mdni' . 

Impel,  to,  rdndan ;  tahrlk  k.;  vd  ddshtan 
(also  to  impede) ;  [bar  dn  ddshtan  (to 
compel)]. 


Impend,  marg  bar  sar-am  mu'allaq  ast.  Vide 
Imminent. 

Impenetrable,  ghayr-i  manfuz  (of  forest,  of 
materials) ;  khaydldt-ash  ghayr-i  manfuz 
ast  (none  can  understand  him). 

Impenitence,  bt-tawbagi. 

Imperative,  hatmi;  hukml:  hukm-i  Nddirl 
( —  order) :  amr  (the  mood  ;  gram.). 

Imperatively,  dmirdna  hukm  ddd.  Vide 
Dam. 

Imperceptible,  ghayr-i  mahsus. 

Imperfect,  nd-tamdm  ;  Thdqis ;  ma'yub ;  har- 
chi  dar  in  dunyd  hast  'ayb-i  ddrad:  mdzi- 
yi  istimrdrl  (Imperfect  Tense).       [tamdmt. 

Imperfection,  'adam-i  kamdl;  manqasat;  tm- 

Imperial,  saltanati. 

Imperious.     Vide  Imperatively. 

Impersonal,  fi'l-i  bi-fd'il  (impersonal  verb). 

Impersonate,  Impersonation,  naql  k.  (on 
stage);  u  khud  rd  bd  ' Ali  tashabbuh  kard 
(he  impersonated  'Ali;  on _ the  stage  or 
in  private  life) ;  khud  rd  Rdja  qalam  ddd 
(he  gave  himself  out  to  be  a  Raja). 

Impertinence,  gustdkhi;  chashm-safidi ; 
chashm-daridagi ;  jasdrat ;  raftar-ash  gustd- 
khdna  ast,  or  vaz'-i  u  bi-adabdna  ast: 
muddkhala-yi  bi-jd  (interference). 

Impertinent,  bi-adab ;  gustdkh  :  shukh  (saucy ; 
good  and  bad  sense);  chashm-safid ; 
chashm-darida :  hich  rdbita  na-ddrad  (ir- 
relevant) :  ziydda  bar  in  fuzulVst  (to  say 
more  would  be  impertinent,  i.e.,  un- 
necessary) . 

Impertinently,  bi-adabdna ;  gustdhhdna ; 
fuzvMna  :  jasurdna  (boldly). 

Imperturbably,  bi-dn  ki  az  jd  dar  ravad. 

Impetuous,  mutahavvir  (rash  in  war) ;  'ajul 
(hasty). 

Impetus,  zur ;  quwat;  sur'at-i  harakat:  tah- 
rtk-i  dddan  (to  give  an  impetus  to). 

Impiety,  bi-dini;  kufr. 

Impious,  bad-kish  :  bi-din;  kdfir. 

Implant,  nishdndan,  tr. ;  ghars  k.,  tr.  (lit.  to 
plant  trees) ;  markuz  shudan,  and  nishas- 
tan  intr. :  khdtir-nishidn  k.  ( — in  the  mind). 

Implement,  dla,  pi.  nlEt;  awzdr,  P.  (pi.;  no 
sing.) ;  adavdt  (pi.  of  addt,  the  singular  not 
being  used). 

Implicate,  to,  shdmil  k. ;  ddkhil  k. 

Implicated,  to  be,  dar  in  madkhaliyyat  (or 
dakhdlat)  ddsht,  or  dast-i  ddsht ;  shank 
budan. 

Implied,  m^fhUm  {understood);  zimn""" ;  dn 
dar  zimn  bud  (that  was  implied  ' '  in  the 
contract"). 


Imp 


149 


Imp 


Implore,  to,  iltimaa  k. :  ba  iltimas  guftan; 
bi-*ajz  u  ilhdh  guftan. 

Imploring,  multamia  (part.) ;  niydz,  subs,  (k.) 
(sp.  of  God  or  mistress) ;  iltimaa  {k.) 
(subs.). 

Imply,  to,  vide  Implied  and  Allude ;  bi-lhdm 
guftan  {to  hint) ;  tazammun  k.  (to  include). 
Vide  Infra. 

Import,  ma'nl;  matlab ;  dkhir  az  fahvd-yi^ 
kaldm-ash  chunin  mafhum  shud  ki  —  Prof. 
S.  T.  (at  last,  grasping  the  import  of  his 
speech  — ). 

Imports,  vdriddt  u  sadirdt  (imports  and  ex- 
ports, q.v.) ;  tankhwdh-i  dukkul  va  khuruj 
(old ;  imports  and  exports) ;  chiz-hd-i  ki 
az  khdrij  bi-ddkhil  mi-dyad  in  az  ddkhil  bi- 
khdrij  mi-ravad,  dar  in  vildyat  chist? 

Importance,  lashakhkhus  (personal  impor- 
tance ;  gen.  as  manifested  by  display) ; 
qadr :  ahammiyyat ;  chanddn  mvhdlagKa 
nisi  (?)  (it  is  not  of  such  vast  importance) ; 
hdld  khayU  didkhil-i  ddam  shud  (he  is  now 
a  person  of  importance);  magar  khayU 
.  ddam  ast  ? 

Important,  muhimm,  and  'azim  (of  things) ; 
chanddn  matlab-i  na-bud  (it  was  nothing 
very  important) ;  khaylt  Idzim  ast  bi-in 
amr  dil  bi-dihlm  or  tavajjuh  bi-kunxm; 
kdr-i  Idzim-i  bUd^  bdyist  dn  rdbi-guyam- 
ash  (I  have  something  important  to  tell 
him) ;  mushakhkhas  (of  people) :  juzv-i 
a'T^am  (the  chief  ingredient) .  in  sukhan 
madkhaliyyat-i  tamdm  dar  pish-raft-i  u 
ddrad  (this  has  an  important  bearing  on 
his  advancement). 

Imported,  mal-i  daryd  vulg. ;  maivrud  (a 
merchants'  term). 

Importunate,  in  gadd  khaylt  mvbrim  (or 
sakht-gir)  ast ;  pila-kun,  isrdr-kun. 

Importune,  ilhdh  k. :  ibrdm  k. ;  isrdr  k. : 
jnla  k. :  taqdzq  k.  (dun  for  money  or 
things  lent,  or  for  fulfilment  of  promise). 

Importunity,  isrdr ;  ilhdh ;  ibrdm  ;  piila , 
taqdzq  (dunning). 

Impose,  guzdahtan;  nihddan  (a  tax,  etc.); 
Id  Hlmt-yam  rd  ghammat  shimurda —  (im- 
posing on  my  ignorance — ). 

Imposer,  mzi'  (of  a  law,  tax). 


Impossibility,  chlz-i  muhal;  az  mukalat; 
misdl-i  marvdr  va  gunjishk  ast  (from  news- 
papers ;  =  the  height  of  impossibility  '  or 
absurdity). 

Impossible,  muhdl ;  ghayr-i  mumkin ;  shudanx 
na — ;  bi-'aql  nami-gunjad,  or  az  'aql  dur 
ast;  imkdn  na-ddrad;  muhdl-i  mumkin* 
ast  (m.c). 

Impostor,  talbis'kun;  tadlia-kun^ ;  ahayydd; 
muzawir  (deceiver). 

Imposture,  daghd-bdzl  {k.) ;  taUns  {k.) ;  taz- 
vir  (k.)  (to  deceive,  trick) ;  Miad'a  {k.). 

Impotence,  'unnat;  mardi  na-ddrad  (physi- 
cal); zu'f-ibdh  (partial):  'ajz  (inability). 

Impotent,  wo-mard;  'innin  (of  males):  'djiz 
(helpless).     Vide  Inability. 

Impoverished,  muftaqir.  Vide  Poor,  Needy, 
etc. 

Impoverishment,  iftiqdr :  iflda  (also  bank- 
ruptcy). 

Impregnability,  mana'at  (rare) ;  sakhti. 

Impregnable,  mani'  ;  magAlub  shudant  nlat 
(also  =  invincible). 

Impregnate,  dbistan  sdkhtan;  hdmila  k.; 
pur  k.  (met.) ;  khdk  d.  (of  dates).  Vide 
Fertilize. 

Impregnation,  talqih  (scientific). 

Impress,  to,  ta^sxr  k. ;  kdr  k. ;  sukhan-am 
dar  dil-i  u  naqsh  bast  (my  words  affected 
him) :  bi-sukhra  giriftan ;  muft  bi-khidmat 
dvardan  (by  force).  Vide  Imprint. 
khan  Impressed,  muta'^assir  ahudan;  mu^aaair 
kardan  ;  qalb-i  in  bachcha  asar-pazxr  ast. 

Impression,  naqsh  (stamp) ;  chap  (edition)  : 
sukhan-ash  dar  dil-am  naqsh  bast  (or  /ay 
girijt). 

Imprint,  khdtir-nishdn  k.,  or  zihn-niahxn  k. 
(on  the  mind) ;  zadan  (of  a  kiss) .  Vide 
Impress. 

Imprison,  hobs,  or  mahbus,  kardan;  bi-qayd 
anddkhtan ;  dar  zinddn  k. 

Imprisoned,  mahbu\ 

Imprisonment,  hobs;  qayd. 

Improbability,  ' adam-i  ihtimdl ;  duri. 

Improbable,  ba'xd ;  mustab'ad  (rare);  ria- 
muhlamal;  dur  az  'aql  bi-nasar-am  mi- 
dyad. 

Impromptu  (I  recited  an  impromptu  couplet) 


'  ^J^^  and  *|j.».5  ;  root  meaning  "to  intend,  mean." 
■i  Or  oat,  note  this  m.c,  of  the  past  for  the  present. 

8  A  crude  allusion ;  fnanar  dar  kun-i  gunjishk  (  =  the  less  cannot  contain  the  greater). 
♦  Compare   bar  farz-i  taalim:  also  the  m.c.  vulgarisms  na  ahafil  (for  ^Ja^t**") ;  htun-i  badi  (for 
badt):  huan-i  hhubl  (for  Ishiibi) :  na-mahrum  (for  mahrum). 

'  Tadlia  properly  concealing  the  faults  of  goods  that  are  for  sale. 


Imp 


150 


Inc 


fi,-'l-badtha  yak  hayt-l  kkwdndam;  badih'^' 

(adv.). 
Improper,     im-shdyista ;    ghayr-i    munasib ; 

ffhayr-i  masldhat ;  khdrij  az  tadbir. 
Improve,  to,  taraqql  d.  (tr.) :  bihtar  shudan  : 

fUsh  uftadan  (to  progress). 
Improvement,  'pish-raft ;  taraqql ;  bihtan. 
Improvidence,    ghaflat    dar    kharj    {k.) ;    la 

ubali-gart  {k.) ;  bt-ihtiyatl  {k.). 
Improvident,  kUtdh-andish  (gen.).     Vide  Im- 
prudent. 
Improvisatore,  badlha-gu. 
Imprudence,     bl-ihtiydU;    cjhaflat;    'adam-i 

basirat. 
Imprudent,  bi-basnat ;  bi-ihtiydt;  'dqibat  na- 

andish  ;  bi- tadbir. 
Imprudently,    bi-ihiiydtJdna ;     ghdfildTm;    bl- 

tadbirdna. 
Impudence.     Vide  Effrontery  and  Impeiti- 

nence,  etc. 
Impudent,     bi-adab ;     shukh-chashm.      Vide 

Bold  and  Impertinent. 
Impulse,  iargkJb  d. ,  or  tahrik  k.   (to  give  an 

-). 

Impunity,  'adam-i  'uqubat;  bd  bi-bdki  va 
'adam-i  iarnbih  tn  rd  nanii-tavdni  kard. 

Impure,  nd-pdk^  (sp.  relig.);  najis  (relig. 
only);  mulavvas  (stained,  polluted,  de- 
filed); ndkhdlis  (not  pure,  alloyed); 
mukaddar  (muddy,  of  water). 

Impurity,  nd-pdin:  najdsat  (also  excrement) ; 
jandbat  (ceremonial  impurity) ;  kudurat 
(muddiness  of  water) ;  Sakkdki  ^  dar  hdlat-i 
jandbat  gir  uftdd  (to  fall  into  an  unex- 
pected difficulty) . 

Imputation,  Impute,  haml  {k.) ;  nisbat  {d.) ; 
mansub  k. ;  tuhmat  {d.orz.  or  bastan) ;  vide 
Accusation,  Charge. 

In,  bi — ^,  dar;  tu  or  iuy ;  darun;  ddkhil; 
Id  (vulg. ;  in  the  folds  of,  between  the 
leaves  of) ;  id  yak  mdh-i  dlgar  (in  another 
month).     Vide  also  Ins. 

Inability,  nd-tavdndl  dar — ;  dar-mdndagi; 
'ajz  (helplessness,  q.v.). 

Inaccessibility,  dur-dastl ; — ki  su'ud  bar  dn 
ghayr-i  mumkin  ast;  dast-rasl  mumkin 
mst.     Vide  Impregnability. 


Inaccessible,  dur-dast;  dast  na-ras  or  dast- 
ras  na;  manV .     Vide  Impregnable. 

Inaccuracy,  'adam-i  sihhat  (also  ill-health). 

Inaccurate,  ndqis;  ghalat;  nd-sahih  (vulg.) 
baydn-ash  qadr-i  ndqis  ast,  or  dar  chand 
nukta  sahih  mst  (his  statements  are  not 
quite  accurate). 

Inaction,  bi-kdrt ;  tarnball,  etc.  Vide  Lazi- 
ness. 

Inactive,  bt-hiss  and  sust  (of  movement) ; 
kund  (slow  of  intellect) ;  bi-dast  u  pa  (help- 
less) ;  lakht  (a  flop) ;  bi-khur  u  bi-hhwab 
(thinks  only  of  eating  and  sleeping) ;  naml- 
khwdhad  az  jd-sh  harakat  kunad.  Vide 
Lazy. 

Inactivity,  bi-hissl;  sustl ;  kundi ;  bi-dast  u 
pd^l.     Vide  Inaction,  Laziness,  etc. 

Inadmissible,  (jjiayr-i  maqbul;  nd-matbu' ; 
'uzr-i  nd-muvajjah  (inadmissible  excuse; 
vide  Excuse). 

Inadvertence,  ghaflat :  gidfill;  sahv. 

Inadvertently,  bi-fikrdna ,  sahv^^' ;  az  ru-yi 
nd-ddnl. 

Inasmuch  as,  chunki :  az  dnjd  ki :  hdl-dn  ki 
(whereas) ;  az  bas  ki  u  mard  zahmat  ddd 
man  firdr  kardam  (inasmuch  as  he  greatly  * 
worried  me,  I  absconded) . 

Inattention,  tagMful  (k.) ;  bi-hhaydli  {k.) ;  bl- 
tavajjuhi  (k.) ;  bi-i'tindH  (k.),  bi-mubdldtl 
ijc.) ;  chashm-chardm  mi-kunad  (he  stares 
about  him). 

Inattentive,  bi-tavajjuh ;  ghdfil ;  bl-khaydl; 
bl-i'  iind^  ;  chashm-chardn  (staring  every- 
where) ;  gush-ash  bd  man  vail  dil-ash  jd-yi 
Sgar  ast.     Vide  Ogle. 

Inauidble,  nd-masmu'  ;  ghayr-i  masmu* ;  u 
shunlda  naml-shavad,  vulg. 

Inaudibly,  bisydr  dhista  guft  (he  spoke  in- 
audibly). 

Inauspicious,  nd-mubdrak ;  na-mas'ud;  nahs 
(in  m.c.  also  ugly).  Vide  Omen,  Ill- 
omened. 

Incalculable,  bi-shumdr ;  bi-hisdb  ;  bl-hadd  u 
hisdb. 

Incantation,  afsun,  or  vird;  or  mantar^ 
(khwdndan) ;  da'ivq^  khipdndan  (a  system 


1  Na-pak  in  m.c.  often  means  ''  saucy,  cheeky,  etc."  of  a  woman  ;  in  good  sense. 

2  The  allusion  is  to  a  well-known  story. 
8  Classically  ba—. 

♦  Az  baa  ki  in  Persian  always  gives  the  idea  of  excess.     In  India  however  it  is  used  for  ' '  because. 
6  Sanskrit  mantra. 

6  In  Ar.  da'wah  lit.  "  call  "  ;  sz^r  "magic"  and  kahana  "  fortune-telling  "  are  by  the  orthodox  held 
to  be  unlawful. 


Inc 


151 


Inc 


oi  incantation    held  lawful  by  orthodox 

Muslims.      Vide  Charm). 
Incapable,  bi-qdbiliyyat ;  bi-iati'ddd ;  na-loMq ; 

nc-qdbil;  *djiz. 
Incapacity,  ' adam-i  q^iliyyat ;  'adam-i  iaW- 

ddi;  ' adam-iliydqal ;  'ajz. 
Incarnation,   tajassum   (k) ;  [hvlul  k.   of  a 

spi-it  entering  into  a  body]. 
Incautious,   bi-khabar ;   bi-hazar ;  bi-ihtiydt  ; 

bi-jarvd ;  la-ubdli. 
Incautiously,    bl-fikrdna;   bi-ihtiydtdna :   bi- 

dur.-i  hazar. 
Incendiary,      dtash-afruz ;      or     khdna-suz: 

fitm-angiz ;   or  mufattin ;    or  mufsid  (se- 
ditious). 
Incense,    bakhur    {d.)    (gen.;   to    fumigate; 

relij,  or  otherwise)  kundur  {sukhtan)  (pine- 

resia);   liibdn  (sukh.):    'ud  (aukh)   (aloes 

wood). 
Inceme,  to,  bi-giayzu  ^azab  dvardan;  urd 

bi-giazab  hayajdn  kard. 
Incenive,  muharrik;  and  mushavviq:  mujib, 

etc  (cause). 
Incessant,  muttasil;    or  bild  fdsila;    or   Id 

yarqaii'     (without    cessation) :     muddmi  ; 

dd^imi  (continually) ;  dar  in  ruzha,  bdrdn-i 

mulavdtir  bdrxda  ast. 
Incessantly,  pitsht-i  sar-i  ham;  or  pay-i  ham; 

or  oay  dar  pay  (one  after  the  other  without 

a  Ireak) ;  'alq  ^Uittisdl;  mutavdtir;  si  ruz 

haj  (or  muttasil)  bdrld;  bi-dun-i  inqitd'. 
Incest,  ziim  bd  mJddar^   etc.    kardan;   zind 

kardan  bd  mahdrim  (relig.). 
Inch,  band-i  angusgt  (one  finger-joint) ;  girih 

(=   2  finger-joints;;   agar   qadd-i  In  chub 

yik  band-i  ndkhiin  buland-tar  bud  kifdyat 

ni-kard. 
Inddent,    vdqi'a;    ittijdq;    'driza:    hddisa; 

(accident) :  sarguzasht  (adventure). 
Incidental,  itiifdqi;  'drizi. 
Incipient,  ibtidd^i;  khatt-i  sabz  (of  beard  or 

moustache) ;  rish-ash  dam-i  khatt  ast  (he 
has  an  incipient  beard  and  whiskers). 
IfiCision,  shigdf,  in  m.c.  gen.  shikdf ;  shaqq. 
Iicisor,  danddn-i  pish,  or  danddn-i  jilaw. 
Incite,  to,  vd  ddshtan  (prop,  to  compel) ;  tar- 
Qh%b  k.  (for  good  or  bad  action,  but  sp. 
former) ;  ighvd  k.  (for  bad  actions  only) ; 

tahrls  or  tahrxk  k.  (good  or  bad) ;  urd 
igj^vd  kardand  ki  in  chunin  kdr-i  bi-kunad ; 
angikhtan ;  var^aldnidan  (to  mislead, 
lead  astray ;  sp.  of  Satan) ;  bar  aar-i  shatoq 


dvardan  (to  good) ;  but  urd  bar  sar-i  duzdi 
dvard  (he  incited  him  to  theft). 
Incitement,  targhib ;  tahrik ;  tahria  (good  or 
bad) ;  ifjAvd  (bad  sense  only).   Fide  Supra. 
Incivility,    bi-adabi    (of    subordinated) ;    bi- 
ta'drufi  (want  of  politeness) ;  'adam-i  inad- 
niyyat  (want  of  ordinary  refinement). 
Inclement,   durusht;  aakht:  ahadid  (of  per- 
sons or  weather). 
Inclination,  mayl ;  dinmgh  (of  persons) ;  vide 
Desire;   mayl  or  tamdyvl   (of   things,   of 
position). 

Incline,  nishib  (subs.);  khdna  bar  niahib-i 
kuh  bind  shuda. 

Incline,  to,  mayl  dddan ;  kaj  k.  tr. ;  divdr  yak- 
aar  kham  shuda  ast  (the  wall  completely 
leans  over,  its  top  overhangs) ;  darakht- 
hd-yi  zaytun  bi-taraf-i  ki  had  mi-vazad 
mutamdyil  (or  kaj  or  kham)  gaahtorand. 

Inclined,  rmyil.  (k.)  (for.  Ar.  md*'il) ;  or  mun- 
'atif  (lit.  bent)  (Ar.) (of  persons  ;  of  thoughts) ; 
havd  ru-{oT  mJayiU)  bi-khubi  ^st  (the  weather 
is  inclined  to  be  fine) ;  mdyil  bi-qirmizi 
(inclined  to  scarlet)  in  kdgifiLz  bar  bi-aur- 
khi  mi-zanad)  (for  bi-surl^i  bar  mi-zanad)  ; 
sar-i  mu'dmala  na-ddrad  (he's  not  in- 
clined to  do  business  with  me) ;  bind-yi 
taslim  ddshtand  (they  thought  of,  were  in- 
clined to,  surrender). 

Inclining,  mutamdyil. 

Inclose,  to,  maljuf  k.  (in  envelope,  etc.);  dar 
jawf  guzdshtan  (gen.) :  muhdt  k.  (with  wall 
etc.). 

Inclosed,  malfuf  ;  laff""  irsal  shuda. 

Inclosure,  muhawata  (place) ;  malfufa  (of 
letter). 

Including,  Inclusive,  mushtamil  —  ;  or  miUa- 
zammin  — ;  or  mundarij ;  in  kitdb  mush- 
tamil bar  si  bob  ast  (this  book  consists  of 
thirty  chapters) ;  in  mablagh  mushtamil- 
bar  kirdya-yi  bdijJi  ast  yd  na?  vulg.  for 
kirdya-yi  bdgh.  mushtamil-i  in  mablagh  oat  ? 
(does  this  include  the  rent  of  the  gar- 
den ?) ;  har  du  ruz  ddUiil  (or  mashmul) 
(both  days  inclusive). 

Incoherent,  bi-rabt;  darham  u  barham; 
ghayr-i  marbut  (also  =  ungrammatical) ; 
kalimdt-ash  bi-yak  (Rgar  vifq  na-ddrad  (or 
vulg.  —  ruimi-dihad) . 

Income,  dar-dmad ;  rrtd  hasal;  dakhl  u  i^rj 
(income  and  expenditure) ;  maddkhU-ash  * 
chand  aat  ? 


^  Har  ki  ba  madar-i  Ishtid  zina  kunad  ba  digaran  chi-ha  kunad  ?     Prov. 

^  Colloquisdly   tnadukh.il  often   means   "pickings,   small    bribes,"   the  word  rishva  being  specially 
applied  to  bribes  taken  by  Mujtahids  or  Hakims  to  influence  their  decisions. 


Inc 


162 


Ind 


Incommode,  to,  zahmat  dadan ;  musaddi' 
shvdan. 

Incomparable,  Id-sani;  bi-misal;  bi-hamta; 
bi-'adtl;  hl-misl ;  nazir  na^ddrad:  jarid ; 
yahid;  yagdna  (unique). 

Incompatible,  in  qissa-yi  dh  u  dtash  ast,  bd- 
ham  dar  naml-sdzand;  kushish  dar  jam'-i 
bayw^l-azddd;  kushish  ki  ham  Khudd 
ham  khurmd  gir  bi-ydyad  (vide  Cake) ; 
khildf-i  'aql  (incompatible  with  reason) ; 
mundfdt  ddshtan  bd  —  (to  be  incompatible 
with  — ). 

Incompetence,  ^ajz  ;  bi-kifdyatl ;  nd-qdbili. 

Incompetent,  bi-kifdyat  (opp.  to  bd-kifdyat) ; 
nd-qdbil;  ghayr-i  kdfi  ;  'dj'iz;  az'uhda-yi 
in  kdr  durust  bar  nami-dyad.  Vide  Effi- 
cient. 

Incompetently,  nd-qdbildna;  bi-klfdyatdna. 

Incomplete,  nd-tamdm;  ndqis;  nd-mukam- 
mal. 

Incompleteness,  naqs ;  nd-tamdmi. 

Incomprehensible,  Id-yudrak;  bi-zihn-i  ddam 
nami-rasad;  Khudd  birun-i  idrdk-i  insdni 
ast;  bi-'aql  (or  bi-fahm)  nami-dyad. 

Inconceivable,  nd-mutasavvar ;  ghayr-i  mud- 
rak;  bi-'aql  nami-gunjad;  'aql-am  nami- 
rasad  bi  — . 

Incongruity,  nd-ukhti;  bi-jd^i;  nd-mundsibi. 

Incongruous ,  wa-wMf ;  bi-jd  ;  nd-mundsib. 

Inconsiderate,  Id-uhdli,  adj. ;  bi-parvd. 

Inconsistency,  tandquz ;  mukhdlafat :  talav- 
vun  (being  changeable). 

Inconsistent,  m,undfi  bd  — ;  mundqiz  bd  —  ; 
tandquz  guftan  (of  speech);  khayli  ba'id 
az  ust,  or  azu  zur  mi-dyad  (this  is  inconsis- 
tent with  what  I  know  of  him). 

Inconsolable,  tasalli  nd-pazir:  mu^yus  (in 
despair) . 

Inconspicuous,  paydd  nist;  ghayr-i  marH  (to 
sight):  ghayr-i  mxi'ruj ;  or  bi-ndm  (not 
famous). 

Inconstant,  bi-vafd  (in  affection) ;  mutalav- 
vin;  or  munqalib"' t-tab'  (changeable); 
fdni  and  bi  ddvdm  (perishable) ;  sust  pay- 
mdn  (of  lovers  and  their  oaths) ;  hich 
sabdt-i  mizdj  na-ddrad. 

Incontinence, ' ad^m-i  kkud-ddri gen. :  'adam-i 
'iff at. 

Incontinent,  nd  'afif:  shdshu  (vulg.;  of 
children  that  cannot  contain  their  urine) : 
bad-parhiz. 

Incontrovertible,  in  mas^ala  nim*  bar  nami- 
ddrad. 


intr. 


Inconvenience,  muzdhamat;  az  in  zahmat-i 
bi-shumd  mi-rasad?  (will  this  inconveni- 
ence you?).  ' 

Inconvenient,  mushkil  or  dushvdr  (mic.) ; 
musaddi' -i  awqdt  shudan ;  agar  fardd  bi- 
ydyam  bard-yi  shumd  tasdi'-i  (or  zahnnt-i) 
ki  nist?  (wUl  it  inconvenience  you  if  I 
come  to-morrow?). 

Inconveniently,  bi-vaqt;  bi-mahall;  bi- 
hangdm;  btmawqi'. 

Incorporate,  ghayr-i  mujassam ;  ghayr-i  warf- 
di ;  ruhdni  (spiritual). 

Incorrect,  ghalat;  nd-sahih  (vulg.);  n^xdst: 
durust-raftdr  nist  (in  behaviour).  I 

Incorrectness,  VM-rdsti;  ghalat:  buldn-i 
tariqat  (of  belief). 

Incorruptible,  bitama' ;  or  rishva-norhhw  (of 
persons);  Id-zavdl;  or  giayr-i  fdni:  or 
bdqi  (of  matter,  or  of  God) ;  fasdd  dar 
zdt-i  U  rdh  nami-ydbad  (of  God). 

Increase,  (zdfa  {k.) ;  afzuni  ;  iazyid  (k.). 

Increase,  to,  afzudan,  rt.  afza,  tr.  and 
Vide  To  grow. 

Increased,  afzuda;  mazid;  tazyid  shida; 
chand  ruz  ast  ki  nnn-khwdr-i^  man  siydd 
shuda  ast  (my  household  has  lately  in- 
creased). 

Incredible,  khdrij  az  'aql;  bdvar  na-kardini  ; 
afsdna  bi-gush  mi-dyad ;  nami-shavad  invar 
kard. 

Incredulous,  nd-bdvar-kun ;  shakki;  bdiffar- 
na-kun. 

Incrustated,  pushida ;  mastur  (rare  in  (his 
sense) . 

Incrustation,  dludagi. 

Incubate,  to,  bar  tukhm  nishastan  or  — khufi- 
bidan.     Vide  Broody.  ' 

Incumbent,  Idzim ;  vdjib  ;  bar  man  farz  ast\ 

Incurable,  Id  'ildj,  mu'dlaja  nd-pazir;  a- 
darmdn. 

Incursion,  chapdw  k. ;  tdkht  dvardan  ;  chdpi 
dan.     Vide  Raid. 

Indebted,  bidih-kdr ;  or  maqruz;  or  madyut 
(of  money) :  minnat-ddr  vulg. ;  or  mamnun 
(obliged) :  man  zir-i  minnat-i  shumd  has- 
tam  (I  am  obliged  to  you) ;  zir-i  dayn  (orl 
-qarz)-i  shumd  hastam  (of  money).  \ 

Indebtedness,  bi-dih-kdri;  madyuni;  maqruzi 
(of  money) ;  imtindn  or  mamnuni  (obliga- 
tion). 

Indecency,  harzagi;  or  rakdkat;  (words  or 
deeds). 

Indecent,  harza  (of  words  or  actions) ;  harza- 


i  Nati'hhtpar  might  even  include  the  servants. 


Ind 


163 


Ind 


— ^  (of  people);  fuhhdsh  (indecently  abu- 
sive) :  luhsh  (of  words).     Vide  Shameless. 

Indecision,  iazabzub :  bi-istiqdmati ;  'adam-i 
istiqdmat. 

Indecisively,  muzabzabdna ;  bi-dun-i  iatiqd- 
mat. 

Indeclinable,  ghayr-i  munsarif  (in  gram.). 

Indeed,  albalta;   yaqin'" ;   'ajab!    (strange); 

:>  dyd  mumkin  aat?. 

Indefatigable,  khasta  na-shaw. 

Indefensible,  hifdzat-pazir  nlst  (mil.);  ^uzr 
barddr  nist  (of  conduct). 

Indefinite,  nd-mu'ayyan  ;  ghayr-i  tnu'ayyan  ; 
nakira  (gram.);  mvbham  (obscure). 

Indefinitely,  bi-dun-i  qayd-i  vaqt;  mubha- 
mdna  (obscurely). 

Indelible,  niaht)-nd-pazlr ;  pdk  na-shudam. 

Indemnification,  'ivaz  {d.). 

Indemnity,  tdvdn  (d.)  (equivalent  for  loss) ; 
ghfirdmat  {d.)  (fine) ;  Hvaz-i  talafdt  (as  an 
indemnity  for  the  killed) ;  khasdrdt-i  jang 
{d.)  (for  all  losses). 

Independence,  isLiqldl  (in  acts) ;  istighnJd^  (in 
temper) ;  sar-khvdi  (in  acts) :  dzddi  (free- 
dom). 

Independent,  mustagini  (in  temperament; 
of  God  or  man) ;  mustaqill;  dzdd;  u  sar-i 
khud  ast  or  khud-mukhtdr  ast;  u  bi-htch 
kas  mula'alliq  or  vdbasta  nlst  (he  has  no 
connection  with  anyone). 

Indescribable,  — ki  bi-ta'rif  naml-dyad  or 
nami-gunjad ;  khdrij  az  vasf  ast ;  bartar 
az  tawsif  ast  (beyond  all  praise). 

Index,  fihrist  {k.) ;  surat  tarjumdn-i  dil  ast 
(the  face  is  an  index  to  the  mind) ;  zdhir- 
ash  mukhbir-i  bdtin  bud  (her  face  was  an 
index  of  her  mind  =  surat-ash  khabar  az 
sirat  mi-ddd). 

India,  Hind;  Hindustdn;  Hindustdn  bi- 
ydd-i  fxl  uftdd  ( =  to  remember  old  times, 
etc.). 

Indian,  Hindi. 

Indian  corn,  zurat. 

India-rubber,  jir  or  kash  (any  rubber) ; 
midad  pdk-kun  (pencil  eraser). 

Indicate,  ishdra  k. ;  daldlat  bar —  k. ;  ddll-i 
bar  in  ast  ki — ;  az —  chunin  ma'lum  mi-sha- 
vad  ki — . 

Indication,  ishdra  (hint) ;  daldlat  (guiding 
to) ;  'aldmat  (token) ;  surd^  (clue) ;  asar 
(sign). 

Indict,  muttahim  sdkhtan.  [of — ). 

Indictment,    Uzdm  {d.) ;    ilzdm-ndma  (deed 


Indifference,  bi-parva^i ;  Id-ubdligari ;  6»- 
mubdldti ;  salil-angdri ;  b%  i'tina^i ;  in 
kdr-t  nlst  ki  bi-Uiwr-i  Id-ttbdli-gari  (or  bi- 
tarlq-i  ihmdl)  az  dn  bi-guzartm. 

Indifferent,  bi-parva ;  and  Id-ubdtl ;  and  bi- 
sar  u  pa  (in  bad  sense ;  in  living  or  to  pub- 
lic opinion) ;  bdk-l  na-ddram  or  parvd^-i 
na-ddram  (it's  all  the  same  to  me  either 
way) ;  miydna  (middhng). 

Indigence,  bl-puli ;  (absence  of  money) ; 
iflds  (bankruptcy);  iftiqdr  (impoverish- 
ment): bl-chlzl ;  or  bl-mdyagl :  muhldjl 
(being  in  want) :  darmshl. 

Indigenous,  buml. 

Indigent,  tuhl-dast ;  muflis  ' ;  faqir ;  muhtdj ; 
bl-chlz ;  bl-pul;  darvish;  Idt  u  lut  (vulg.). 

Indigently,  muflisdna;  muhldjdna;  darvi- 
shdna;  [faqlrdna  =  m^)\i\y,  humbly]. 

Indigestible,  saqil;  sangln;  lahlil  naml- 
ravad ;  hazm  naml-shavad. 

Indigestion,  fMMma  ;  su^-ihazm;  hayza  {m.c. 
with  diarrhoea). 

Indignant,  bar  dshufta  ;  bar  ajrukhta. 

Indignation,  vide  Anger:  bd'is-i  la' not  u 
maldmat-i  jam' I  shud  (excited  general 
indignation). 

Indignity,  khiffat;  zillat;  kkwdrl. 

Indigo,  nil;  nll-i  par-i  td'^usi  (peacock 
indigo ;  said  to  be  the  best)  ;  kdr-khdna-yi 
nll-sdzi,  or  dasl-gdh-i  nil-sdzl  (indigo  fac- 
tory). 

Indirect,  nd-rdst;  pUchlda;  bd-vdsita  (by 
means  of  a  third  person) ;  bd  kinidya  (by 
innuendo).     Firfe 'Influence. 

Indirectly,  kindya-vdr ;  ramzdna ;  gkayr-i 
mustaqlm'^'' . 

Indiscernible,  vjd-ma'lum;  ivd-paydd;  nd- 
mar'l,  gkayr-i  mahsus  (to  touch) ;  khafl. 

Indiscreet,  bi-ihtiydt. 

Indiscriminately,  bi-dun-i  tafriq ;  misUi  dsh-i 
hama  djll;  az  buzurg  u  kuchak  hama  rd^ 
fuhsh  dad. 

Indiscriminating,  bl-tamylz;  gko>yr-i  mumay- 
yiz.  _       _        . 

Indispensably  Idzim;  In  kitdb,  Id-buddast  ki 
nazd-i  hama  bdshad;  safar  bi-dun-i  put 
naml  shavad. 

Indisposition,  kasdlat;  or  sustl;  or  takassur-i 
mizdj  (illness):  bl-mayll;  or  bl-ragijbatl 
(disinclination). 

Indisputable,  bl-harf  (without  dispute,  with- 
out question);  bi-ikhiildf  (without  any 
dissent) ;  jd-yi  guft  u  gu  na-darad. 


•  Muflis  in  India  often  "  bachelor.' 
20 


i  Ellip.  for  az  buzurg  girifta  tS  kuehak. 


Ind 


164 


Inf 


Indissoluble,  hall  na-pazir,   ah  na-shudanl ; 

nd-gndaz:  mutaldsM  na —   (not   going    to 

pieces).     Vide  Inseparable. 
Indistinct,     Indistinctly,     na-saf ;    sdf     harf 

naml-zanad :    ghayr-i    vdzih   (of  sights  or 

sounds) ;  huriif-ash  durust  paydd  nisi  (the 

writing  is  indistinct). 
Individual,   nafar ;  afrdd-i^  az   nds,   or   har 

fard-i az  nds  na —  (not  a  single  individual). 
Individually,    Jard'^"     (opp.    to    jami'^"     or 

yaw'""). 
Indolence,    susti    (of    temperament):    kahili 

(slackness) ;  tambali  (laziness,  bodily)* 
Indorse,  to,  bar  pusht  imzd  namudan .  ta^yid 

k. ;  or  pasandidan  (of  opinion) . 
Indolent,  sust;  etc.     Vide  Lazy. 
Induce,  bar  sar-i  mayl  dvardan;  dar  zihn-ash 

anddkhtand  ki —  (he    was    persuaded    to 

believe  that — ) . 
Inducement,  targMb ;  tashviq ;  tahrtk  ;  tahris  : 

gharaz    (motive);    mujib     (cause).       Vide 

Incite  and  Excite. 
Induction,   istiqrd^  (k.)    (log) ;    [istintdj   {k.) 

deduction] . 
Indulge,   to,    Indulgence,   ru   dddan   (to   in- 
dulge a  child);    nafs-parasti   (k.)   indulge 

one's  passions) :  marhamat;  or  muldtafat ; 

or  mahahbat-hd  pi.  (kindness) ;   dar  khur- 

dan  ziydd-ravi  k.  (to  indulge  too  much  in 

eating) . 
Indulgent,  az  hadd  mushfiq :    khvd-kdml  k. ; 

or  nafsdniyyat  k.  (to  be  selfish) ;  nafs  par- 

vari  or  tanparvari  k.:  dn  pidar  bachcha- 

khardb-kun  ast   (he   is  a  very  indulgent 

father,  he  spoils  his  children). 
Indulging,  nafs-parast ;    havas-bdz;    shahvat- 

parast   (indulging    one's    lust).-   bi-khwd- 

hishdt-i  nafsdni  tan-dar-dih  (of  indulgence). 
Industrious,     kdr-kun;    zahmat-kash;    jafd- 

kash  ;  jdhid. 
Industry,  A;a5& (profession):  mihnat;  zahmat; 

jidd  u  jahd;  sd'i. 
Ineffable,  khdrij  az  baydn;  birun  az  tawslf ; 

bi-'ibdrat  nami-gunjad. 
Ineffective,  bi-asar;  bi-samar. 
Inefficacious,   bi-samar ;    Id-yanfa' ;    bi-sud ; 

bi-natija,  etc. 
Inefficaciously,  bi-samardna. 
Inefficacy,    bi-samari ;   'adam-i    fd'ida;    'a- 

dam-i  ta^sir. 
Inefficient,  mL-qdbil :  vide  Incompetent. 
Inelastic,  kash  bar  ma-ddr :  fanari  nist  (not 

springy). 


Inelegance,  bi-latafaii. 

Inequality,  na-hamvdri  (being  up  and  down); 
'adam-i  tdsdvi  (in  length,  or  in  size). 

Inestimable,  bi-bahd :  khdrij  az  takhmin. 

Inevitable,  shudani ;  nd-guriz ;  nd-guzlr ; 
bdyistani  (rare). 

Inevitableness,  nd-chdri  ;  nd-guziri  ;  luzum. 

Inevitably,  Id-mahdla;  Id-budd;  nd-chdr. 

Inexcusable,  'uzr-pa^r  rm — ;  nd-ma'zur; 
'uzr  bar-ddr  na — . 

Inexhaustible,  tamdm  nd-shudani ;  lutf-i 
Khudd  ddHm  ast ;  ghayr-i  munqati' . 

Inexorable,  bi-inhirdf ;  az  hukm-i  khud  mun- 
harif  na-shud;  mahtum  (of  Fate). 

Inexpedient,  nd-mundsib ;  na-kardan-ash  bih- 
iar  ast. 

Inexperienced,  bi-tajriba ;  ndshi  (lit.  '  grow- 
ing, immature'  and  hence  '  ignorant,  q.v. , 
and  inexperienced');  qashm  At.,  vulg. 
ghashim  (local) ;  na-ddnam^kdr  vulg. ;  kdr- 
na-dida;  khdm. 

Inexpert,  khdm;  ustdd  nist. 

Inexpiable,  kaffdra-pazir  na:  'afv  nu-pazir 
(not  to  be  forgiven). 

Inexplicable,  tawzlh  nd-pazir;  bila-ta'bir. 

Inexpressible.     Vide  Ineffable. 

In  eoctenso,  ' alqH-tafsil ;  mukammal;  bi- 
H-tamdm:  bl-kam  se  kdst  (without  sub- 
tracting an}^  thing). 

Infallibility,  ma'sumiyyat. 

Infallible,  ma'sum  (sp.  being  sinless  of  Pro- 
phets ;  also  of  infants) ;  man  ki  ma' mm 
nistam  ki  ishtibdh  na-kunam. 

Infamous,  shani' ;  shani"'  H-akhldq. 

Infamy  shand'at. 

Infancy,  bachchagl ;  kudaki:  ayydm-i  shir- 
khipdri;  razd'at:  az  tufuliyyat  urd  mi-shi- 
nMsam  (I  have  known  him  from  childhood). 

Infant,  babi  (baby):  tifl-i  shir-khwdra ;  razi'. 
VideOhM. 

Infantry,  piydda ;  piydda-yi  nizdm  (Regular) ; 
piydda  bi-dnki  dast  bi-sitiz  bar-drand  pa  bi- 
guriz  bar-ddshtand  (the  Infantry  fled  before 
they  were  attacked). 

Infatuate,  to,  fariftan,  rt.  farib. 

Infatuated,  divdna  {k.  and  sh.) ;  shifta  {k.)  ; 
farijta  (k.) ;  u  shijta-yi  dn  zan  ast:  dar 
'ishq-i  u  majnun  ast;  majtun  {k.  and  sh.). 

Infect,  to,  sardyat  {k.)  intr.  (of  disease) ; 
masmum  k.  (to  poison);  asar  k.  (to 
affect) ;  najs-ash  bi-shumd  khurda  ast  (his 
ways  have  infected  you ;  evil  ways). 

Infectious,  miisri. 


1  Afrad  pL  with  singular  signification. 


Inf 


166 


Inf 


Infer,  to,  fahinidan ;  iatirnbdt  k. ;  pay  bur- 
dan ;  natxja  giriftan;  —  va  qis  'alq  haza^ 
(from  which  the  rest  may  be  inferred). 

Inferior,  kuchuk-tar ;  kih-tar ;  past-tar:  ba 
2nr-dastdn  chi  tawr  pish  mi-ayad? ;  khush 
tab'  ast  bd-shdn?  (how  does  he  treat  Ills 
inferiors  ? ;  is  he  afiFable  with  them  ?) :  In 
kam  az  an  ast. 

Inferiority,  kuchaki ;  and  kih-tari  (in  rank); 
kam-tari;  or  past-tart  (in  rank  or  in  learn- 
ing) ;  zir-dasti  (in  rank). 

Infernal,  ya^awnawt ;  duzakhl :  mal'un  (cur- 
sed) ;  an  mard-i  bad-bakht  ^  bisydr  bi-man 
zahmat  dad  (the  infernal  fellow  worried 
me  a  lot). 

Infertile,  bi-quvvat :  or  kam-zur  (of  ground) ; 
hdsil-kMzna  (of  ground  or  country) ;  shura- 
zdr  (full  of  saltpetre). 

Infest,  'azdb  dddan;  Iza  rasanidan.  Vide 
to  Block. 

Infidel,  kafir,  pi.  kuffdr  (gen.  term. ;  Non- 
Muslim)  ;  bl-din  or  Id-mazhab  (without  any 
religion)  ;  mushrik  (Polytheist,  sp.  ap- 
plied to  Hindus)  ;  ta  kay''  dar  in  kafiris- 
tan  ini-mdni  ? — Prof.  S.  T.  (how  long  will 
you  remain  in  this  land  of  infidelity?); 
daftri  (materialist) ;  mulhid  (one  that 
turns  away  his  face  from  the  true  religion). 
Vide  Atheist  and  Pagan. 

Infidelity,  kufr ;  bi-dlni ;  Id-inazhabl :  dahri- 
gari  (believing  in  the  eternity  of  matter) . 

Infinite,  bt-intiha ;  or  njd-mutanidhx  ;  or  6t- 
pdydn  (without  end) ;  bl-kirdn  (without 
shore ;  limit) ;  nd-mahdud  (unbounded)  ; 
na-ma'dud  (beyond  number) ;  az  hadd-i 
ahumdr  birun  (ditto). 

Infinitesimal,  juz-l  Id-yatajazzd^  (the  indivi- 
sible atom) ;  jawhar-i  fard  (the  primordial 
atom) ;  qalil  bi-gl^yat  (exceedingly  little 
m  quantit}'). 

Infinitive,  masdar  (gram. ;  also  root  of  a 
word). 

Infirm,  nd-tavdn;  za'if ;  mard-i  *ajuz  (infirm 
old  man);  'ajuza  (infirm  old  woman); 
kharif  (dotard). 

Inflame,  to,  haydjdn  dddan ;  or  bar-angikhtan 
(to  excite  to  anger,  etc.);  bar  afrukhtan; 
or  kalla  k.  (ditto). 

Inflamed,  dmdslda  or  varam  karda  (swollen) ; 
surkh  shuda  (red  and  inflamed)  ;  pur-suz 


(burning)  :  multahifj  (of  a  flame)  ;  maah- 
ghfi't  or  pur  az  shaghaf  (with  love)  :  gulii- 
yash  bad  karda  ast  (his  throat  is  swollen) ; 
or — mddda  shuda  ast  (swollen  with  matter 
in  the  abscess) :  jd-yi  zakhm  surkh  shuda 
fXL  bad  karda. 

Inflammation,  suzish  (burning  of  wounds) : 
surkhi ;  varam;  dmds  (swelling):  ishti'al; 
ihtirdq  (being  set  on  fire).     Vide  Lungs. 

Inflated,  pur-bdd;  and  puf  karda  (full  of 
wind) ;  bdd-karda  (for  stomach  ;  bladder, 
etc.)  ;  nxifkh  karda  (of  stomacii) ;  bi-sabab-i 
jath  chundn  bad  kard  ki  dar  jama  nami- 
gunjld. 

Inflected,  munsarif. 

Inflexible,  sakht ;  or  mislri  fanar  tah  nami- 
shavad  (of  things) :  dar  intiqdm-i  in  zvlm 
{bar)  yak  pd  istdda  ast.     Vide  Inexorable. 

Inflexion,  tasrif  (gram.). 

Influence,  nufuz;  rusukh;  md  pish-i  ishdn 
hich  iqtiddr-%  (or  tasallut)  na-ddrim ;  Sarkar 
AghJddar  dilhd-yi  'avdmm"  'n-nds  rusuUi-i 
tamdm-i  ddrad  (the  S.  A.  has  great  influ- 
ence with  the  common  people) ;  'ulamd" 
agarchi  dar  sural  libds-i  hukumali  nami- 
pushand  vali  dar  ma'ni  rusukh-i  kiUIi  dar 
mamlakat  ddrand  (the  priesthood  in  an 
indirect  manner  have  considerable  influ- 
ence if  not  authority)  ;  rdy-i  urd  vaq'-i 
mi-nihand  va  dar  jaysala-yi  amr  rur<>ukh-i 
ddrad  (his  opinion  often  influences  the — ) ; 
asardt-i  falaki  (the  influence  of  the  stars, 
or  heavens)  ;  kuldh-ash  pashm  na-ddrad 
(he  has  no  influence,  authority) ;  khdya-yi 
chap  vulg.  slang  (one  who  is  under 
another's  thumb). 

Influential,  sdhib-nufuz;  sdhib-iqtidar ;  bd- 
rusukh. 

Influenza,  anflutvanza ;  zukdm-i  farangi  (less 
common). 

Inform,  fahirvdnidan ;  ittild'  dddan  tr.;  mut- 
taW  shudan  or  iUild'  ddshtan  intr.  (to  be 
informed);  khabar  k. ;  dgdhk.;  i'ldm  n., 
tr. 

Information,  ittild  ;  khabar;  dgdhi;  'ilm; 
ittild'  bi-ham  rasdnidan  (to  gain  informa- 
tion of) ;  surdjfhri  na-ddram  or  masbHq  nis- 
iam  (I  have  no  information  on  the 
matter). 

Informed,  muikUv  ;  masbuq ;  dgdli  (ah.  and 


1  f^  jjle  fjf»s  J  Ar.,  lit.  *•  and  measure  (guees)  on  that." 

2  Bad-bakht  and  kani-babht  are  in  Persian  the  same,  "unfortunate, 
used  to  express  contempt  or  abuse. 

'i  In  India  ta  kuja  is  often  used  for  ta  kay. 


In  Urdu,  the  latter  is  only 


Inf 


156 


Inj 


k.) ;  mardri  ha  ittild*-i  ast  (he  is  a  well- 
informed  man). 
Informer,  muhhbir  (gen.);  jasus  (spy).     Vide. 

Spy 

Infraction,  Infringement,  shikast  (on  pur- 
pose) ;  muhhalafat-i  ha  qanun  (on  pur- 
pose) ;  tajavuz  az  qanun  (or  az  shart)  {k.) 
(gen.) ;  or  faskh  k.  (on  purpose). 

Infuriate,  to,  dtash-pa  k. ;  ghazah-nak  karda 
urd  divdna  sdkht. 

Infuse,  dam  kashidan  or  khurdan  intr., 
and  — dddan  tr.  (of  tea,  etc. ;  to  stew 
slowly);  taqtir  k.  (to  filter;  or  to  distill); 
'araq  kashidan  (to  distill;  tech.  term  of 
hakims) ;  khisdndan  (to  soak) ;  shira  kashi- 
dan (extract  the  juice  by  any  means)  ; 
nkhtan  tr.  and  intr.  (to  pour  into) ;  ilqd  k. 
(to  instill  good  qualities).     Vide  Draw. 

Infusion,  jushdnda  fby  heat) :  khimnda  (by 
cold). 

Ingenious,  ha  ikhtird'  (of  people) ;  or  hd  hik- 
mat  (of  people  or  plans) ;  in  mjdshin-i  'pur 
hikmat  ast. 

Ingenuity,  san'at-kdri;  saw  at  va  hikmat; 
khub  san'at  hikdr  hurda  ast  or  hikmat  bi- 
kharj  ddda  ast  (he  has  displayed  great 
ingenuity  in  making  this) ;  chi  'aql-i  hi- 
kharj  ddda  ast. 

Ingenuous,  hd-saddqat ;  sdf-dil ;  sddiq ;  sdf  u 
sddiq. 

Ingenuously,  sddiqdna ;  az  ru-yi  safd. 

Ingot,  shimsh  (of  gold  or  silver). 

Ingrained,  qasdvat-i  qalh  dar  'uruq-ash  pay- 
Tosta  ast  (cruelty  is  ingrained  in  his  na- 
ture). 

Ingratitude,  kufrdn-i  ni'mat;  nd-haqq-shi- 
ndsi  vulg.  for  haqq  nd-shindsi ;  ihsdn- 
jardmushi. 

Ingredient,  juz*',  pi.  ajzJd^;  also  juzv. 

Ingress  and  Egress,  dukhul  u  khuruj ;  mad- 
khal  u  makhraj. 

Ingulf,  to  haVidan  (swallow  whole) ;  faru 
hurdan  (swallow  anyhow) ;  zarmn  Qdrun 
rd  faru  hurd. 

Inhabit,  to,  sukunat  ddshtan  (gen.) ;  sdkin 
budan  (gen.) ;  hud  u  bash  k.  (of  a  quarter); 
rndndan. 

Inhabitable,  qdhil-i  sukunat ;  or  la^iq-i  hud  u 
hdsh  (gen.;  of  houses,  cities,  islands). 


Inhabitant,  sdkin,  pi.  sdkinin  and  sakana 
(gen.) ;  muqim  '  (gen.  and  temp.)  ;  hdsh- 
inda  (of  the  soil) ;  mutavattin  (settler). 

Inhabited,  Inhabiting,  dhdd;  maskun  (also 
haunted,  q.v.) ;  ma'mur;  rub'-i  maskun 
(the  fourth  part  of  the  world,  the  amount 
that  is  inhabited ;  the  remaining  three- 
fourths  are  water). 

Inhalation,  kash  (of  the  pipe);  [puk,  vulg., 
for  puf  exhalation,  puff  of  pipe]. 

Inhale,  nafas  faru  hurdan:  dud  u  buhhdr 
faru  hurdan  (med.) :  dar  kashidan' 

Inharmoniousness,  nd-ham-dhangi  (of  sound) . 

Inherent,  asli ;  jihilll ;  tabi'i;  fitri.  Vide 
Ingrained. 

Inheritance,*  irs  or  mirds;  tarika  (ydftan). 

Inherited,  mau^rusi. 

Inheriting,  virdsat;  irs  hurdan  (act  of). 

Inheritor,  vdris,  pi,  vurrds  or  varasa;  mirds- 
khur ;  mirds-gir;  irs-gir. 

Inheritress,  vdrisa. 

Inhospitable,  mihrnan  na-navdz :  mihmdn- 
dust  nist. 

Inhuman,  vahshi ;  khabis  ;  [khdrij  az  insdniy- 
yat  in  m.c.  =  "  impolite  "  =  hi-adab]. 

Inimical,  mukhdlif  gen. :  mu'dnid  (of  persons 
only) ;  in  mund-fiyi  favd^id-i  man  ast  (in- 
imical to  my  interests). 

Iniquitous,  shanV  ;  qahih.  [etc. 

Iniquity,  \s^am'a^;    qabdhat.     Vide   Crime, 

Initial,  ihtidd^i  (adj.)  :  huruf-i  avval-i  ism 
(subs. ;  of  a  name). 

Initial,  to,  ism-ash  rd  na-namshta,  huruf-i 
muqatta'dt  ddda  (he  has  not  signed  his 
name;  merely  his  initials). 

Initiation,  ta'lim-i  muqaddamdt  (d.). 

Initiative,  avval  iqddm  k. :  tnubddarat  k.  (to 
hasten  to  do). 

Inject,  to.  Injection,  db-duzdak  dddan  (into 
the  veins) ;  tanqiya  {d  and  g.)  (a  purge  and 
also  an  enema) ;  'amal  or  dastur  giriftan 
(to  take  an  enema) ;  '  mJdrflya^  dar  badan- 
ash  kardand  (he  was  given  an  injection  of 
morphia). 

Injudicious,  bi-hasirat  (imprudent) ;  bi-tad- 
bir. 

Injunction,  ta^kid;  ta^kid-i  akid  (strict  in- 
junction) ;  qadaihan.  Vide  Command, 
Forbid. 


1  Mnqlm  also  meajis  ''quartered,  of  army,  etc." 

2  Children,  whether  by  a  wife  or  by  a  concubine,  inherit  by  law  equally,  provided  the  father  ac- 
knowledge the  law.  A  daughter's  share  is  half  a  son's.  If  there  is  no  issue,  a  wife's  shsire  is  one-fourth, 
otherwise  an  eighth.     A  man  may  will  away  a  third  of  his  property  as  he  pleases. 

If  a  wife  die  without  issue,  the  husband  inherits  half  her  property ;  if  there  be  issue,  a  quarter. 
Legacies  6«id  debts  must  first  be  settled. 


IBJ 


167 


fat 


Injure,  ^arar —  or  ziyan  rasamdan  (to  cause 
loss  to) ;  azurdan,  rt.  azar  (bodily  injury); 
aadma  rasanidan  (gen.). 

Injured,  kharab  shvda  (of  things) ;  sadma 
khurda  (of  persons)  ;  iride  Wounded ;  az 
ziyddatx-yi  zahmat  sihhat-ash  khalal-%  hi- 
ham  rasdnda  oat  (his  health  has  become 
impaired  by  over- work,). 

Injurious,  muzirr ;  mukhill ;  zarar-rasdn  ; 
ziydn-dih :  in  jdnvardn  mu^zx  and? 

Injury,  azxyat  (gen. ,  but  sp.  bodily) ;  dslb ;  or 
gazand  (bodily) :  zarar ;  or  ziydn  ;  or  nuq- 
sdn;  or  khisdrat  (loss);  khalal  (in  health, 
or  in  work). 

Injustice,  jawr  ;  or  jabr  ;  or  zulm  ;  or  bi-ddd  ; 
or  sitam;  or  ta'addi ;  or  ijkdf  (oppression, 
q.v.);  vide  Tyranny:  nii-shavad  mvipbiq-i 
qdnun  bdshad  vali  khildf-i  insdi  ast  (it 
may  be  law  but  it  isn't  justice). 

Ink,  murakkab ;  middd :  shanjarf  or  murak- 
kab-i  surkh  (red  ink).     Vide  Silk. 

Inkling,  ishdra ;  shamma-i  az  In  matlah  pay 
bur  dam. 

Inkstand,  davdt;  murakkah-dJdn. 

Inlaid,  khdtim-kdrx  (subs. ;  inlaid  wood- 
work) ;  murassa'  (past  part. ,  inlaid  with 
jewels) ;  muhajjar-kdrx  (mosaic  work). 

Inlay,  to ,  jawdhir  nishdndan  (with  jewels) ; 
tild-kub  k.  (with  gold). 

Inn,  khdn,^  pi.  khdndt  (local) ;  kdravdn-sardy^ 
(*public ;  for  caravans) ;  mihmdn-khdna 
(hotel,  q.v.);  ribdt  (charitable;  without 
charge  ;  food  is  provided  free)  .* 

Itmate,  mddar-zdd;  tabrx;  firl ;  zdti ; 
jibillx ;  sirishtt. 

Innately,  bi  't-tab' ;  bi  ^Uzdt  ;  bi  H-fUra. 

Innocence,  bi-gundhx;  bard^at  az  gundh :  ma'- 
sumiyyat  (sinlessness  by  nature) :  az  gundh 
khud  rd  bard^t  kard  (he  proved  his  inno- 
cence). 

Innocent,  bi-gundh ;  hx-jurm;  az  dn  gundh 
barx  ast :  m/i'sum  (sinless) . 

Innovate,  naw  dar  dvardan. 

Innovation,  "  this  tax  is  an  innovation"  xn 
khirdj  (or  mdliydt-i  san^)  bid' at  ast. 

Innoxious,  bx-zarar. 

Innuendo,  ta'  riz  (in  Rhet.) ;  bi-gusha  gujtan 
(in  coll.).     Vide  Hint  and  Insinuation. 

Innumerable,  bx-shumJdr ;  bx-hisdb ;  nd-ma- 
'dud;  bx-hadd. 

Inobservant,  bi-khaydl ;  bad-hamss. 


Inoculation,  dbla-kubi  (k.)  (for  small-pox) ; 
td'un-kubx  (for  plague). 

Inoculator,  dhla-kub. 

Inodorous,  bx-bu  ;  and  bx-rd^iha  (without  any 
smell). 

Inoffensive,  m  jdnvarhd  muzx  nxstand;  bi- 
zarar ;  bx-dzdr;  bt-xzd :  "I'm  a  quiet  in- 
offensive being  who  wouldn't  hurt  a  fly" 
(waw  ddam-i  faqxr  va  bl-sadd-x  hustam  ki 
hich  vaqt  aziyat-am  bx-murda-x  nami-rasad). 

Inopportune,  bt-vaqt ;  bx-mawqi' ;  bx-mahaU  ; 
bl-jd. 

Inorganic,  jamddl. 

Inquest ,  sarbdz-x  ki  khud  rd  bd  tufang  haldk 
kard  iakqlq-ash  rd  dxruz  kardand. 

Inquietude,  iztirdb  (sp.  of  mind) ;  bx-drdmx 
(of  body  or  mind);  'adam-i  sukun  (of 
body) ;  qalaq  (of  mind;  rare).  Vide  Rest- 
lessness. 

Inquire,  pursldan;  istifsdr  k.:  "someone 
else  was  inquiring  about  this  and  we  gave 
him  the  same  answer"  {kas-i  dxgar  ham 
az  mJd  juyd  shud,  bi-hamxn  qardr  javdb  dd- 
dtm) ;  tafahhus  k. ;  or  taftxsh  k.  ;  or  tahcfiq 
k.  (to  investigate  matters) ;  tajassus  k. 
(spying  out,  secret  inquiry). 

Inquirer,  mustafsir  (asker) ;  mutajassis  (spy- 
ins)  ;  mufattish  (an  investigator,  police- 
officer)  ;  sdHl  (questioner ;  but  gen.  b^- 
gar) ;  su^dl  kunanda,  and  vulg.  pursanda 
(asker). 

Inquiring,  'iyddat  subs.  =  ahvdl-pursx-yi  bi- 
mdr  (inquiring  after  the  sick)  :  pursdn; 
and  mustafsir;  and  juyd  (part.) ;  muhaq- 
qiq  (part. ;  in  science  or  relig.). 

Inquiry,  pursish  {k.) ;  or  istifsdr  (k.) :  tahqx- 
qdt  {k.)  (investigation  q.v.). 

Inquisitive,  kunj-kdv ;  fuzul  P.  (also  meddle- 
some; P.  for  Ar.  fuzulx). 

Inquisitiveness,  kunj-kdvx  ;  fuzuH  (P.  ior  Ar. 
fuzul) . 

Ins  and  outs,  rdh  u  chdh  (i.e.  what  to  follow 
and  what  to  avoid). 

Insane,  dxvdna;  sawda^x;  majnun:  dimdgh.- 
khushk  (has  a  tile  loose,  cracked) ;  dali  T. 
(mad),  pakht  (weak-minded;  wanting). 
Vide  Mad,  Cracked. 

Insanity,  divdnagx ;  saiodd,  junun:  Utabt-i 
dirndgh  ;  and  dirndjfhrl^ushhx  (being  crack- 
ed). 

Insatiable,  xshtihd-i  (or  tam'-i)  ddrad  ki  har 


1  Khan  At. 

^  In  karavan-aaraa  on  the  road,  no  charge  is  made;  but  in  those  in  dties  a  charge  is  made. 

8  Maliyat  only  on  Isuid ;  mSUy^it^  aori  "fr^  x  on  cattle,  poll-tax,  etc." 

\ 


Ins 


158 


Ins 


giz  sir  naml-shavad  ;  shikam-ash  sir  nami- 
shavad. 

Inscribe,  vide  Engrave ;  dar  dil-i  man  naqsh 
bcmta  ast  (it  is  engraved  on  my  heart) . 

Inscription,  katlha  (on  tombs  or  sacred 
places);  navishta,  or  kanda  (gen.).  Vide 
Engravings. 

Inscrutability,  na-mudrakl. 

Inscrutable,  Id  yudrak. 

Insect,  havdmm,  and  hasharat"H-arz  (only 
used  in  pi.) ;  khazanda  (all  creeping 
things;  includes  snakes,  lizards,  etc.): 
kirm  (m.c.  worm  or  insect,  etc.). 

Insectivorous,  kirm-khwdr. 

Insecurity;  'adam-i  amniyyat;  and  na-amnt 
(of  road,  country);  bi-hifdzl  (of  life,  pro- 
perty); na-muhkami  (of  buildings,  etc  ). 

Insensate,  misl-i  jarnJdddt ;  bi-hiss. 

Insensibility,  bl-hushi ;  madhushi ;  bi-hissi : 
guyd  bi^l-tab'  az  hlch  chiz  muta^assir  nist 
(  =  the  insensibility  of  his  nature). 

Insensible,  madhush;  az  nd-khushi  bi-hush 
ast:  bi-hiss:  ghayr-i  mahsus  (not  to  be 
felt);  nd-mar^i  (invisible). 

Insensibly,  nd-ma'lUmdna  ;  nd-mahsusdna. 

Insentient,  quvvat-i  ihsds  na  ddrad. 

Inseparable,  la  yanfakk. 

Insert,  faru  k. ;  ddkhil  k. ;  gunjdnidan  (to 
cause  to  contain) ;  bihtar  ast  in  Id^iha  rd 
dar  kdgi,az-i  khud  darj  kunid  (you  had 
better  insert  this  article  in  your  paper). 

Inserting,  idkhdl;  darj. 

Insertion,  mundarija  (lit.  matter  inserted) ; 
payvand  (of  dress). 

Inside,  darun,  ddkhil;  tu  or  tuy. 

Insight,  basirat. 

Insignia,  nishdn-Jm;  'aldmdt-i  imtiydz. 

Insignificance,  nd-chizl ;  bt-miqddri  ;  haqiri. 

Insignificant,  Mch;  nd-cMz;  bi-miqdar ;  mu- 
haqqar :  yak-vajabi  (in  stature) :  insdn 
nisbat  bi-Khydd-yi  Qddir  va  Mutlaq  chi- 
qadar  nd-chiz  ast. 

Insincere,  nu-sddiq  (of  words  or  persons) ; 
bi-ikhlds  (of  persons) ;  bi-vafd  (faithless ;  of 
persons):  sukhan-ash  riyd^Vst:  an  mard 
du-ru^st  (double-faced). 

Insincerity,  'adam-i  khulus;  bi-saddqati ;  du- 
ru^i. 

Insinuate,  dhista  dhista  rah-i  khud  rd  bi-dil-i 
u  paydd  kard:  bi-Umd  guftan.  Vide 
Allude,  Imply,  Innuendo,  Hint. 


Insinuation,  tma*  or  ihdm  (k.)  (good  or  bad) ; 
lujAz-pardni  (k.)  (of  evil).  Vide  Innuendo 
and  Hint. 

Insinuating,  lughz-pardn :  ramz-gu  (adj.). 

Insipid,  bi-maza  (of  persons  or  things) ;  hi- 
zdHqa;  bi-ta'm  (of  things) ;  misl-i  rndch 
ba'dazjamd'  vulg.  (indecent). 

Insist,  isrdr  k. :  bard-yi  in  kdr  qd^im  bi-man 
chaspid:  tu  khwdhi  na-khwdhi  dar  pay-i 
nawkari  dar  dmadi — Prof.  S.  T. :  harchi 
khwdstam  na  ravamu  pila  '  karda  burdat-am 
(in  spite  of  my  trying  not  to  go,  he  insis- 
ted and  took  me).  Vide  Search  and 
Press. 

Insistence,  ilhdh  u  isrdr  {n.) ;  pila  (k.). 

Insistent,  musirr ;  bd  ilhdh:  chun  mard  nihd- 
yat  dar  pay-i  dn  kdr  did — Prof.  S.  T. 
(when  he  saw  me  so  insistently  bent  on 
that—). 

Insolence,  bi-i'tinal;  ihdnai.  Vide  Pride, 
Impertinence. 

Insolent,  bi-adabdna  pish  dmadand  or  suluk 
kardand.  Vide  Haughty,  Impertinent, 
etc. 

Insoluble,  Insolvable,  ghayr-i  munhall ;  ghayr-i 
mahlul;  bi-guddz;  (sp.  in  chem.) :  hall  nd- 
shudani  gen.:  bi-ta^ml  (not  to  be  interpreted, 
explained) ;  in  matlab  hall  nd-shudani  ast. 

Insolvent,  var —  or  bar-shikasta ;  vide  Bank- 
rupt; al-muflis^  fi  amdn^'lldh  (  =  to  one 
who  has  nothing  to  give,  you  can  do  no- 
thing, he  goes  scot-free;  said  by  bank- 
rupts to  dunning  creditors) . 

Insomnia,  maraz-i  kam-khivdbi  or  — bi-khwdbi. 

Insomuch  so,  bi-hadd-i  ki;  bi-qadr-i  ki  (to 
such  an  extent  that). 

Inspect,  sdn  didan  or  kardan  tr.  (to  make  to 
file  past,  of  troops  at  a  review) ;  sdn  dddan 
intr.  (to  be  reviewed) ;  nigdh  k.  (vulg.  in 
this  sense) ;  sar-kashi  kardan  (of  things  or 
places  or  troops) ;  muldhaza  k.  (of  persons 
or  things):  dcjhd,  sar-rishta^  rd^  bi-talab 
ki  in  pdrcha  rd  muldhaza  kunad  vulg.  (sir, 
send  an  expert  to  inspect  this  cloth) :  bind 
mi-kunad  yak-i  yak-i  bi-ruy-i  mardum  nigdh 
kardan  (he  began  to  inspect  their  fea- 
tures). 

Inspection,  muldhaza  (gen.) ;  rasidagi  (of 
work) ;  sdn  (review ;  making  troops  file 
past  a  high  official). 

Inspector,     mufattish     (official) ;     mumayyiz 


1  Pila  "cocoon  of  silk  "  ;  origin  of  idiom  unknown.     Burdat-am  (vulg.)  "  he  took  me  "  and  hurdan- 
am  (vulg. )  ' '  they  took  me. ' ' 

2  Or  kh.ybra*l  ra,  for  yak-i  az  ahlri  Mkibra  (vulgarly  khuhrn). 


Ins 


160 


Ins 


(tester);  naair-i  ta'timat  (Inspector  of 
Schools);  fnai?ir  alone  is  steward,  etc.]; 
gazma-bdshl  (Inspector  of  Police). 

Inspiration,  ilham  (relig.  and  gen.) ;  vahl  (for 
Prophets  only) ;  bi-tawr-i  ilhdm  dar  zihn- 
am  dmad  ki —  (I  had  a  sudden  inspira- 
tion) ;  mukdshafa  (revelation ;  relig.)  ; 
qanha  (genius,  sp.  poetic). 

Inspire,  to,  damidan.  tr.  (to  blow  into) ;  nafas 
bald  (or  — dar)  kashldan  (to  draw  in  the 
breath) ;  tashviq  d. ;  tahris  d. ;  muhayyij 
shud'in. 

Inspired,  mulham;  vahi-ydjta ;  mi-guyand 
daricha-t  az  khizdna-yi  asrdr-i  ildhiyya  bar 
qalb-i  vay  kushdda  shud;  nur-i  ildhi  dar 
dil-ash  tdbld. 

Inspiring,  muhayyij  (of  words,  music,  etc.). 

Inspiratory,  dldt-i  najkhl  or  nafas-kashi  (the 
inspiratory  organs). 

Inspiriting,  ruh-bakhsh. 

Inspissate,  to,  til  kardan  (local?);  qavdm 
dddan;  ghpllz  kardan. 

Inspissated  juice,  rubb. 

Inspissation,  qavdm  (of  S5rrups) ;  masht  (of 
soups). 

Instability,  bi-istiqdm^ati ;  'adamri  sabdt  (for 
people  or  things) ;  nd-payaddri  (of  world, 
buildings,  opinions) ;  bi-i'tibdri  (of  world); 
bi-'azmt  (of  purpose).     Vide  Hesitating. 

Installation,  nasb  {k.)  (in  ofl&ce). 

Instalment,  qist,  pi.  aqsdt. 

Instance,  masal,  pi.  amsdl ;  nazir :  masal'^'* 
(for  instance). 

Instance,  to,  masal  dvardan ;  nazir  a.  ;  m/isal 
zadan  (gen.  of  apt  quotations,  in  prose  or 
poetry). 

Instant,  yak  chashm  barham  zadan,  or  turf  at"' I 
'ayn  (the  winking  of  the  eyes) ;  sdniya 
(second  by  the  watch) ;  lamha;  dn  (a 
moment) ;  al-dn  (this  very  instant ;  vulg. 
hamln  hold) ;  id  mard  did  parid  (the  in- 
stant, or  as  soon  as,  he  saw  me  he  bolted) ; 
in  rd  gujta  bild  fdsila  kdfur  shud  (the 
moment  he  said  this  he  disappeared). 

Instead  of,  'ivaz  {d.)  (subs,  and  prep.);  bi- 
jd-yi — ;  bi-manzila-yi — ;  dar  maqdm-i — ; 
taldfi-yi  mdfdt,  or  jabr-i  nuqsdn  (making 
good  a  deficiency  from  loss) ;  badal  (d.) 
(vulg.;  subs,  and  prep.):  bi-'ivaz-i  diruz 
fardd  mi-ayam,  told  ft  rd  mi-kunam  (I'll 
come  to-morrow  and  make  up  for  yester- 
day's lost  time). 


Instep,  puaht-i  pa;  [gaivdi-yi  kaf-%  pa  '*  arch 
of  foot"]. 

Instigate,  Instigation,  tahrik  or  tahris  k. 
(good  or  bad) ;  i^fJivd  k  (bad) ;  targAib 
dadan  (gen.  bad) ;  bar-angikhtan  (to  stir 
up ;  in  bad  sense) ;  var  gkaUdnidan  (to 
tempt;  of  the  Devil '  or  of  men). 

Instigator,  muharrik  (inciter) ;  ighvd-kun , 
munshd-yi  in  balvd  u  bud  (he  was  the  insti- 
gator of  the  disturbance,  rebellion) ;  dtash-i 
in  fitna  rd  u  afrukht. 

Instill,  to,  vide  Infuse;  dar  dil  nihddan  or 
guzdrdan:  dhista  dhista  bi-qalb  nishdndan , 
or  chakka  chakka  dar  qalb  rikktan. 

Instinct,  'aql-i  hayvdni;  shu'ur-i  fitri ;  filrat 
(prop.  =  tabi'at)  :  insdn  quvva-yi  idrdk 
ddrad  vali  hayvdndt  rui-ddrand  (man  has 
reason,  beasts  have  none). 

Instinctively,  fit/rat"". 

Institute,  to,  bar  pa  k.  (gen.)  ;  vaz'  k.  (of 
laws);  ijdd  k.  (of  customs).     Vide  Invent. 

Institutor,  bdni  or  mu^assis  (founder  of  any- 
thing) ;  muqannin  or  vdzi'  (of  a  qdnun) ;  in 
qdnun  rd  ki  guzdrd  ?     Vide  Inventor. 

Institution,  dar  Farangistdn  az  bdbat-i  tadris-i 
'ulum  qavdnin-i  khub  qardr  girifta  ast. 
Vide  Custom,  Law. 

Instruct,  dmukhtan,  rt.  dmuz,  tr.  and  intr. ; 
ta'  lim  k. ;  dars  dddan  or  tadris  k. ;  sabaq 
guftan. 

Instructions,  ynuiabiq-i  dastur"'  1-'  amal-i  shumd 
raftdr  kardam  (I  acted  according  to  your 
instructions). 

Instructive,  mufid  (often  in  m.c.  "interest- 
ing "  ;  of  a  book). 

Instructor,  mu'ailim  ;  [mula'allim ' '  pupil '  'J ; 
mudarris :  ustdd  (master) ;  dkhund  (a  small 
mulla,  a  teacher  of  boys ;  does  not  preach 
in  a  mosque  but  takes  part  in  the  raioza* 
khwdni ;  vide  Teacher) ;  ndsih  (adviser). 

Instructress,  mu'allima. 

Instrument,  dla,^  pi.  dldt;  awzdr  P.  pi.,  also 
used  as  sing. ;  adavdt  pi.  (sing,  not  used) : 
sdz  (any  musical  instrument)  ;  tdr  (any 
stringed—).     Vide  Cause. 

Instrumental,  to  be,  dast-i  ddshtan;  sabab-i 
budan,  etc. 

Insubordinate,  mulamarrid;  sar-kash. 

Insubordination,  sar-kashi;  tamarrud. 

Insufferable,  bi-tahammui;  birun  az  taham- 
mul  a^i. 

Insufferably,  In  qadar  nakhvat  ddrad  ki  l^rij 


I  Shaydan  mora  var-gJicUanid  specially  =  muhtalim  shudam  ;  but  the  term  is  also  applied  to  all  the 


vices 


9. 

*  AJf  instrument  but  »5Jf  generally  "  the  mcde  organ  of  generation." 


Ins 


160 


Int 


az  tahammul-i  insdni  ast  (he  is  proud 
beyond  human  endurance). 

Insufficient,  kam  {dmadan) ;  qasir  {dmadan) ; 
ghftyr-i  kdjl  (budan) ;  da'  vat-i  hist  nafar 
kardam  vail  ghizd  kam  dmad. 

Insulator,  gh,argh,ara  (m.c. ;  telegraph — ; 
also  reel  of  thread) ;  finjdnak  (of  tel.  only) ; 
dla-yi  ihtibds-i  barql  (Leyden  jar). 

Insult,  mard  bl-'izzat  kard;  khiffat  dad 
(sleight) ;  hatk-i  ab-i  ruy  '  k.  (to  disgrace) ; 
'uzr-i  badtar  az  gundh  dvardan  (to  add 
insult  to  injury).^ 

Insupportable.     Vide  Insufferable. 

Insurance,  bimd  {k.) ;  btmd-ndma  ( — policy). 

Insure,  In  jahdz  rd  dah  hazdr  tunmn  himd  kar- 
dam va  sanad-ash  dar  dast-am  ast  (I  have 
insured  the  ship  for  10,000  tumans  and  I 
have  the  policy  in  my  possession) ;  'umr 
rd  bimd  kardan  (to  insure  one's  life). 

Insurgent,  ydghl ;  'dsl  (also  sinner) ;  sar-kash. 

Insurrection,  sar-kashl  {k.)  (disobedience; 
also  to  prospect  a  mine) ;  or  shurish  {k.)  : 
tughydn  (k.)  (exceed  just  measure  or 
limits) ;  fitna  {bar  pd  k.) ;  fasdd  (k.)  (gen. ; 
disturbance  of  any  kind) ;  balvd  (k.) ;  or 
ghadr  {k.)  (mutiny  or  revolution) :  [but  in 
India  balwd  is  any  riot]. 

Intact,  sdlim ;  dast  na-khurda  (prop.  ' '  not 
touched  "). 

Intangible,  misl-i  havd  nd-mahsus  [incorrect 
for — rm-mar^i] ;  hukumat  giriftanl  nist,  or 
chlz-i  nist  ki  urd  bi-dast  hi-girand. 

Integrity,  durusti;  rdsii ;  saddqat:  diydnat 
(honesty) ;  tavmmiyyat  (wholeness). 

Intellect,  'aql;  or  idrdk;  or  quvva-yi  darrdka : 
zakdvat  (keenness  of — ) ;  zu'f-i  'aql  (weak- 
ness of  intellect ,  approaching  idiotcy) . 

Intellectual,  zakl ;  zahin. 

Intelligence,  firdsat. 

Intelligent,  hd-idrdk;  mudrik ;  tlz  hush  or 
zud-fahm  (quick) ;  zirak  (clever). 

Intelligently,  dastur"H-'amal-i  ki  hi-u  dddam 
khayli  bd  firdsat  (or  fahmldagt)  anjdm  ddd. 

Intelligible,  fahmldani ;  mafhum  shudanl. 

Intemperance,  bl-i'tiddli;  bad-parhlzl:  isrdf 
(extravagance  of  any  kind  in  living). 
Vide  Intoxication. 

Intemperate,  gt^ayr-i  mu'tadil;  M-i'tiddl. 

Intend,  khaydl  ddshtan ;  irdda  d. ;  qasd  d. , 
'azm   d  ;    dyd  'azm-i  safar  ddrid? :    pas 


fikr-at  chi  chiz  ast?  (well,  what  do  you 
intend  to  do  ?) ;  fardd  mi-hhipdham  ddam 
bi-firistam  (I  intend'^  to  send  a  man  to- 
morrow) ;  dar  dil-am  bud  ki  dnjd  iqdmat 
kunam.     Vide  Persuade. 

Intense,  bi-shiddat;  shadid;  bi-hadd. 

Intensely,  dar  ishtiddd-i  garmd  va  havd  (of  in- 
tense heat). 

Intensify,  quvvat  dddan  (strengthen)  :  vide  In- 
crease :  tlra-tar  k.  (of  colour). 

Intensity,  shiddat  (gen.) ;  hiddat  (sharpness 
of  heat,  cold,  or  emotions) ;  saivrat  (se- 
verity; of  heat  or  cold) ;  ghMdzat  (of  fog). 

Intention,  m,urdd ;  maqsud,  pi.  maqdsid; 
niyyat ;  vide  Intend :  irdda-am  rd  faskh  kar- 
dam (I  changed  my  mind).     Vide,  Idea. 

Intentional,  qasdl ;  'amdi;  irddi. 

Intentionally,  dida  va  ddnista;  qasd'^"  ; 
'amd"" ;  hi  ^l-irdda;  sanjida  u  fahmida. 

Inter,  to,  khdk  k. ;  dafn  k. ;  bi-khdk —  or  bi- 
zamin  sipurdan ;  dar  qabr  k.  {ye&r]. 

Intercalary,    kabisa  adj. ;   [sdl-i  kabisa  leap 

Intercalate,  afzudan. 

Intercede,  to,  vdsita  k.  or  sh. ;  vasdtat  k. ; 
miydnchi-gari  k.  (to  mediate) ;  lab-l  bi- 
shifd'at  na-guslidd  (he  did  not  make  the 
least  intercession). 

Interceder.     Vide  Intercessor. 

Intercept,  jilav-giri  k.  ;  or  kas-i  rd  bayn-i  rdh 
giriftan  (a  person  on  the  road) ;  jilav-i 
rushnd^i  rd  bdz  kunid,  tdrlki  na-kunid 
(please  get  out  of  the  light);  qaVk.  (to 
cut  off) ;  az  miydn  burdan  (to  carry  off  ; 
of  things). 

Intercession,  sAt/a'ai;  ot  vasdtat ;  or  miydn- 
jl-gari  {k.)  (mediation) ;  tavassut-i  vay 
nizd-i  shdn  maqbul  bud  (he  pleaded  with 
them  for  him ,  with  success) . 

Intercessor,  shajV  [in  India  relig.  only] ; 
vdsita;  miydnchi  (mediator). 

Interchange,  mubddala  (k.) ;  mu'dvaza  {k.) 
(also  exchange). 

Interchangeable,  ml-shawad  bd-ham  mubddala 
kard:  'iwazi. 

Intercommunication,  radd-u  badal-i  fi  mJd- 
bayn  [k.)  (of  ideas,  letters,  goods)  ;  muhd- 
vara  fl  md-bayn  (k.)  (of  speech)  ;  murd- 
vada ,  ^\.  murdvadat  (k.)  (gen.;  of  letters, 
speech,  goods ;  also  roads) ;  rdh-hd-yi 
dmad  u  shud  (roads). 


1  In  m.c.  often  ab  u  ruy.     In  India  ab-ru. 

%  Also  as  when  Abu  Nu*a8  pinched  the  Khalifa  and  apologized  by  saying  '  Oh  I  thought  it    was 
your  wife. ' 

S  Note  this  common  m.c.  use  of  khtpaatan. 


Int 


161 


Int 


Intercourse,  dmad  u  raft;  murdvadat  (nen.) : 
rdbita ;  or  mu'dsJmral ;  or  ikhtilcU  (social) ; 
miydn-i  man  va  harddar-am  khub  ast:  bd 
zan  rdh  ddshtan  (improper ;  intrigue) ; 
muqdrabat  k.;  or  mujdma'a  k. ;  or  mubd- 
Kharat  k.  (carnal). 

Interdict,  to,  nah%  k. ;  man'  k. :  qada^an  k. 
(also  to  order).     Vide  Command,  Order. 

Interdicting,  mdni  (part.). 

Interest,  far  (as  opposed  to  asl  "  prin- 
cipal"); tnanfa^at,  pi.  mandfi'  (profit); 
tanztl ' ;  sud  (usury)  ;  sud  bar  sud  (eorap. 
int.):  vdaita"^  (in  high  places):  dar  In 
amr  cjAaraz-i  na-ddram  (I  have  no  self- 
interest  ;  also  grudge) ;  harf-i  man  pish-t 
u  kharidarl  na-ddrad ;  la'alluq-i  shakhsl 
(personal  interest)  ;  khildf-i  mandfi'-i  man 
ast  (this  is  against  my  interest) ;  m^n  bi- 
an  kdr  h%ch  dil-bastagt  na-ddram  (I  take 
no  interest  in  the  work). 

Interest,  to,  bi-hich  shawq  na-ddram  (nothing 
interests  me) ;  in  bi-dard-i  man  davd  nist, 
or  in  bi-hdl-i  man  mufid  nist  (this  doesn't 
interest  me  or  benefit  me). 

Interested,  mugkriz^gkaraz  ddrad  (selfishly 
interested) . 

Interesting,  ii^c/iasp;  shirin;  inkiiabkhayU 
mufid  ast  (this  is  a  very  interesting  book) ; 
ruzTMtnajdt  akhbdrhd-yi  khub  khub  ddrand 
(the  newspapers  are  full  of  news :  intei'est- 
ing)- 

Interfere,  to,  Interference,  muddMiala  k. 
(polite) :  dast-anddzi  k. ;  or  fuzuli  k.^ 
(rude) ;  dust  tna-zan  or  kdr  ma-ddr  (don't 
interfere  or  don't  touch) ;  pa  dar  miydn 
guzdshtan;  dakhl  u  tasarruf  k.  Vide 
Meddle  and  Hinder. 

Interim,  dar  in  asnd ;  or  dar  bayn-i  in  (in 
the—). 

Interior,  darun  ;  ddkhil ;  tu  or  tuy. 

Interjection,  harf-i  nidd  (sp.  of  vocative; 
gram);  harf-i  ta^ajjub  (of  astonishment) ; 
harf-i  tambih  (of  warning),  etc.,  etc. 

Interlace,  to,  bi-ham  bdftan,  tr. 

Interlaced,  muslujbbak  {k.) ;  bi-ham  pichida ; 
or  shdkh  dar  shdkh  (of  creepers) . 

Interleave,  yak  dar  miydn  varaq-i  soda  dar 
miydn  nihddan. 

Interlinear,  bayn-i  sutur  navishta. 


Interlink,  halqa  dar  halqa  dar  dvardan  (of 
every  link  of  a  chain).     Vide  To  join. 

Interloper,  khar-magas-i  ma'raka  (a  forcible 
interfere r,  or  an  active  spoil-sport).  Vide 
Intruder. 

Interlunar,  tahf^'sh-shu'd'i  (adj.,  interval 
between  two  moons). 

Intermarriage,  dukhtar  dddan  va  dukhtar 
giriftan;  mundkahat  (k.) ;  muvdsalat  {k.) 
muzdvajat  (k.). 

Intermediary,  mutavassit  (half-way;  mid- 
dling).    Vide  Intercede. 

Interment,  tadfin;  dafn;  Miidk  sipurdan. 

Intermewed.     Vide  Haggard. 

Intermingled,  bi-ham  maMlut;  qdti  bi-ham 
T. ;  dar  ham  dmikhta  or  — karda ;  mamzuj 
(of  medicines). 

Intermission,  tavagquf  (delay)  ;  inqi^'. 

Intermittent,  tab-i  nawba  (of  fever) ;  gdh 
gdhi. 

Internal,  andaruni;  ddkhili;  bdtini:  qcdbi 
(of  the  heart). 

International,  duvaliyya ;  qdnun-i  milali*  or 
qanun-i  bayn"'  d-dawali.  [fciyn. 

Internecine,  tarafayn-kush ;   muhlik'^  ^trtara- 

Interpolation,  ilkdq  (addition) ;  zavd'id,  pi  : 
tahrif  (changing  words  or  letters):  munda- 
rijdt,  pi.  (insertions)  [fa-kun. 

Interpolator,   ilhdq-kun ;  mundarij-kun  ;  izd- 

Interpose,  pd  dar  miydn  nihddan ;  hd*il  shu- 
dan  (to  come  between) ;  Imjiz  sh.  Vide 
Intervene,  Interfere;  Intercede. 

Interposer,  pd-dar-miydn-nih. 

Interposition ,  muddhhala  ;  miydnji-gari  (me- 
diation). 

Interpret,  to.  Interpretation,  sharh  k.  (to  ex- 
plain fully,  enlarge  on) ;  tar  jama  k.  (to 
translate  and  to  interpret) ;  tafsir  k.  (ex- 
plain ;  of  Qur*an  only) :  taujjih  k.  (give 
meaning  to) ;  tawzih  k.  (make  clear,  eluci- 
date) :  ta'bir  k.  (of  dreams) ;  md'ni-yi  fdl- 
guftan  (of  omens). 

Interpreter,  tarjumdn ;  dilvwij  T.  (rare) ;  du- 
bdsi  (vulg.) :  mutarjim  (translator) :  mufa- 
ssir  (of  Qur*an) :  shdrih  (gen.) ;  ta'bir-kun 
(of  dreams) :  fdl-gu ;  fal-chi ;  or  fal-gir 
(taker  of  omens). 

Interred,  madfun;  dar  gur  karda;  bi-khdk 
sipurda. 


1  Tamil  is  really  "  discount."  The  proper  meaning,  however,  of  tanzU  is  '  sending  down  specially 
from  Heaven ;  causing  a  traveller  to  alight. ' 

^  In  India  the  word  toaaila  is  used  for  interest  in  high  quarters. 

8  Fuzuli  k.  has  in  m.c.  msuiy  meanings;  fuzuli  na-kun  '  don't  touch  that;  don't  be  misohievous: 
don't  be  abusive  ;  don't  chatter,  etc' 

*  MiUiti  ;  incorrect  Arabic  form.     In  Arabic  nouns  of  relation  are  not  formed  from  plurals. 


Int 


162 


Int 


Interregnum,  ayydm-i  fatrat  (prop,  religious ; 
interval  between  two  apostles). 

Interrogation,  su'ul  (k.)  (question ;  also  to 
beg>;  pursish  {k.)  (also  to  ask  after 
health) :  istifhdm  {k.) ;  and  istifsdr  {k.) 
(gen.,  asking);  istintdq  (k.)  (cross-examine 
in  law-courts) ;  harf-i  istifhdm  (gram.  ; 
particle  of — ). 

Interrogate,  pursidan ;  juyd  sli. ;  mustafsir 
sh. 

Interrogated,  mas^ul  (also  responsible  for). 

Interrogative,  su^dli;  istifhdrm ;  istifsdri. 

Interrogatively,  bi-tawr-i  su^dl;  bar  sahil-i 
islifhdm. 

Interrogator,  mustafsir;  su'dl-kun;  [sd^il 
gen.  =  beggar] 

Interrupt,  to,  Interruption,  qat'-i  kaldm  k. ; 
guft  u  gu  rd  barham  zad:  bd'is-i  khalal-i 
kdr  {sh.) :  dgJm  mi-tarsam  mukhili-i  shumd 
bi-shavam,  or  —  asbdh-i  zahmat-i  shumd 
bdsham,  or  —  shumd  rd  az  kdr  bdz  ddram 
(sir,  I  fear  I  interrupt,  or  intrude) ;  smM- 
an-i  mard  ma-burid,  or  lu-yi  harf-am  na- 
ydyid  (don't  interrupt  me  when  I'm 
speaking) ;  kdr-am  gir  paydd  kard  (I  was 
interrupted,  stopped  altogether) ;  bidun-i 
inqitd' ;  '  ala  '  t-tavdll ;  pay  dar  pay  (un- 
interruptedly;  without  interruption  or 
cessation). 

Interrupted,  burida  (also  '  ceased '  of  sound). 

Intersect,  to.  Intersection,  buridan;  In  khatt 
dn  hhatt  rd  taqdtu'  mi-kunad:  nuqta-yi 
taqdtu'  (point  of — ). 

Intersecting,  mutaqdti'  (part.) :  mutaldql 
(part. ;  meeting) . 

Interstice,  shigdf. 

Intertwine.     Vide  Interlace. 

Interval,  masdfat  (of  space) ;  fdsila  (time  or 
space);  tak  tak  (at  intervals,  i.e.,  here 
and  there).     Vide  Meanwhile. 

Intervene,  to,  u  miydna  uftdda  dnhd  rd  az 
yak  digar  sivd  kard  (he  intervened  and 
separated  them).     Vide  Interpose. 

Intervening,  hdyil ;  hujiz:  mdni'  (lit.  pre- 
venting) ;  dar  miydnl  (of  space,  etc.). 

Interview,  to,  sharafydbl  {hdsil  k.)  or  ziydrat 
(k.)  (with  great  people) ;  muldqdt  (k.) ; 
dldani  {k.)  (vulg.). 

Interweave,  to,  bi-ham  bdftan. 

Intestate,  hi-vasiyyat. 

Intestinal,  ruda^l. 

Intestine,  ruda;  or  am'd^,  pi.  subs. ;  ddkhila 
adj.  (of  a  state). 


Intimacy,  muwdnasat;  rabt;  dshim^l-yi  zi- 
ydd. 

Intimate,  to  be,  munis  sh. ;  vaqt-l  ki  sag 
mu^nus  shud  — .      Vide  Openly. 

Intimate  friend,  dust-i  mahram  va  ham-dam ; 
rafiq-i  mahram  u  yak-rang ;  dust-lm  misl-i 
du  maghz  dar  yak  pust. 

Intimation,  ittilM'  {k.).     Vide  Information. 

Intimidate,  to,  tarsdndan. 

Intimidation,  takhvlf  (k.) :  tahdid,  pi.  tahdl- 
ddt  {k.)  (threats). 

Into,  tuy ;  dar ;  dar  miydn-i — ;  darun. 

Intolerable,  nd-mutahammil ;  mukdl"  H-haml; 
fawq-i  tahammul. 

Intolerably,  nd-mutahammildna. 

Intolerance.     Vide  Bigotry. 

Intoning,  tarannum  {k.)  (hamming) ;  bd 
dvdza  khipdndan  (singing) ;  bi-talhln  kh. 
(rare) . 

Intoxicant,  muskir,  pi.  muskirdt;  munashshi: 
The  Prophet  said,  "  All  intoxicants  are  for- 
bidden ' '  [Paygharnhar  farmud  ki  harqism  % 
az  muskirdt  hardm  ast) . 

Intoxicated,  mast ;  khush-mast  (jolly)  ;  glch 
(giddy ;  very  drunk) ;  bad-mast  (offensive  in 
his  cups) ;  mast-i  Id-ya'qil '  (dead  drunk) : 
sar-ash  tu  havd  ast,  or  savdr-i  fil  ast,  or 
savdr-i  asp-i  Shaytan  ast  (very  drunk) ; 
sar-mast  or  maJchmur  (drunk  but  capable). 
Vide  Wine. 

Intoxication,  nashva  ;  nasha ;  sar-masti ; 
sar-khushl ;  sukr  paydd  karda  ast. 

Intractable,  sar-kash ;  nu-muti'  (of  iDeople) ; 
ram  na-shaw  (that  cannot  be  tamed) ;  u 
hamlsha  magjdub"  ^l-gjiazab  ast  (he  has  an 
intractable  temper). 

Intreaty.     Vide  Entreat. 

Intrench,  to,  Intrenchment,  qaVa  bafidl  (k.) ; 
sangar  ^  {bastan  or  sdkhtan) ;  saqndq  u 
khandaq  va  matars  u  murchal  (k.):  [ma- 
tars  also  =  scarecrow.] 

Intrepid,  bl-bdk;  jdn-bdz;  dildvar-i  bl-bdk; 
mutahavvir  (rash). 

Intrepidity,  bl-bdkl ;  jdn-bdzi. 

Intrepidly,  bt-bdkdna. 

Intricate,  ptchida  (gen.);  pich  u  kham-dar 
(of  road,  labyrinth,  curl,  etc.) :  pur-girih 
(knotted,  of  string;  also  of  intricate  sen- 
tences) .  tu  dar  tu  (of  a  statement).  Vide 
Difficult. 

Intricacy,  pich-plcht  (gen.) ;  kham  andur 
khaml  (of  road,  etc.) ;  pur  'aqdi.  Vide 
Difficulty. 


1  In  India  aiyah-maat. 

8  Sangar  a  breastwork,  generally  of  stones  or  earth. 


Int 


163 


Inv 


Intrigue,  fUna  ftar  pa  kardan  or  fitna  angu 
khtan;  mufattin  ahiidan  (with  tlie  idea  of 
disturbance) ;  bar  u  tuhmat  hastand  ki  ha 
yak'i  az  khavatin-i  MiLsahndn  rah  darad 
(accused  him  of  an  intrigue  with  a  Mus- 
lim lady) ;  sdzish  k.  (to  plot  with).  Vide 
Deceit,  etc. 

Intriguer,  fitna-ju,  or  fitna-bar-pd-kun ;  mw- 
fattin  (disturber) ;  sdzish-kun  (plotter)  ; 
hila  u  makr-kun  (trickster). 

Intrinsic,  asll ,  haqiqi;  zati. 

Introduce,  to,  shindsdnidan  ;  shumd  rd  hi-dn 
jandb  mu-'arraj%  bi-kunam? ;  prezdnt6  k. 
(Ft.)  :  dar  dvardan :  ddkhil  k.  (insert)  ; 
dar  miydn  dvardan  (of  subject  of  conver- 
sation) ;  shuinJd  dar  dmad  hi-kunld  man 
dumbdl-ash  rd  mi-giram  (of  a  subject)  ; 
darj  k.  (of  a  clause) ;  rasm  jdri  k.  Vide 
Acquainted. 

Introducing,  idkkdl  (k.)  (insertion). 

Introducer,  mu'arrij  (to  peisons). 

Introduction,  dlbdcha '  (prop,  the  ornate 
preface,  i.e..  Praises  of  God,  etc.,  and  the 
reason  for  writing  the  book,  etc.) ;  muqad- 
dama  (prop,  the  introduction  to  the  sub- 
ject of  the  book) ;  mu'arrafl  (to  persons) ; 
kdghaz-%  mu'arrafi  (letter  of — ) ;  sifdrish- 
ndma  (letter  ot  — ;  also  — of  recommenda- 
tion).    Vide  Frei&ce. 

Introductory,  tamhidi;  'unvdni  (of  intro- 
ductory titles  on  letters) ;  tamhid-i  muqad- 
dama  [chidan)  (preparatory  '  beating  about 
the  bush,'  gen.). 

Intrude,  muzdhim  shudan;  na-khipdsta  rdy 
dddan  (one's  opinions);  "If  a  serpent  or 
scorpion  intrude  on  a  Muslim  at  prayers, 
it  should  be  killed;  at  other  times  it 
should  first  be  admonished  to  depart" 
agar  mar  ya  'aqrah-%  dar  hangdm-i  namdz 
daMil  shvda  hdHs-i  taraddud-i  khdtir-i 
narrmzV-x  shavad  urd  hdyad  faur""  bi-kush- 
and;  vali  dar  awqdt-i  dtgar  bdyad  awal 
urd  az  rdh-i  naslhat  guft  ki  blrun  bi-raw. 

Intruder,  mard-i  juzul;  sar-i  khar.  Vide 
Interloper. 

Intrust.     Vide  Entrust. 

Intrusted,  mufavvaz;  muhawal  (handed 
oyer;  of  money*  or  things) ;  taindm-i  kdr 
hi-du  vd  gazdshta  (or  sipurda)  shuda  hud. 
Vide  Entrusted. 


Intuition,  basirat;  iahrdqaUi  qalb  (Sufl 
term) ;  qalh-i  man  ilhdm  kard  (or  gatvdhi  d.) 
ki;  ilqd  sh. 

Intwine,  pichdnidan,  or  hi-ham  jnchtdan. 
Vide  Interlace. 

Innuendo,  kindya ;  ramz. 

Inundate,  to,  sayldb  k.  ;  zir-i  db  k. ;  yAarq  k. 

Inundated,  atrdf-i  Tihrdn  az  gadd  mawj  mi- 
zanad  (Tehran  is  inundated  with  beggars) ; 
khututri  gadd*i  har  ruz  bdr-i  man  mi-skawd 
(I  am  inundated  by  begging  letter);  u 
mard  khatt-ktLsh  kard  (he  inundated  me 
with  letters) ;  zir-i  ah  {ah.)  (by  rain,  etc.) ; 
gAarq-i  ah  k.  (inten. ;  by  enemy). 

Inundation,  sayldb  {k.  or  sh.)  (irrigation  or 
flood) ;  tughydn  {k.  or  sh.)  (ditto) ;  rud  shahr 
rd  zad;  rud  tugAydn  kard,  or  bi-tughydn 
dmad  (the  river  overflowed  its  banks). 

Inured,  'dd/i  shuda;  mu'idd. 

Invade,  to.     Vide  Invasion. 

Invalid,  hamisha  'alii;  bimdr-i  histari  (con- 
fined to  bed) ;  ma'yuhin  (cripples  or 
invalids;  sp.  mil.);  za'if  (weak,  can't 
work);  az  kdr  uftdda  (worn  out;  of 
animals,  men  or  things).     Vide  Sick. 

Invalidate,  bdtil  k. 

Invalidation,  hutldn. 

Invaluable,  bi-qimat  or  bi-bahd  (also  "with- 
out any  value  ^ ") ;  hi-saman  (rare) ;  qimat 
na-ddrad  {ambiguous^). 

Invariability,  davdm  (permanence) ;  bi-tagh- 
yirt;  'adam-i  tala-vvun. 

Invariable,  ddHm  (permanent):  yak  hot; 
yak-sdn;  nn-mukdawin ;  taghyir-pazir  na 
— ;   rang-ash  sdbtt  ast  (fast,  of  colours). 

Invasion,  tdkht  or  yurish  {dvardan) ;  hanUa 
{burdan)  (to  attack;  or  charge;  no  special 
words  to  express  *  invade  ').        [sal^  zadj 

Invective,  tashni'   {k.) ;  harf-%  bar  J^Udf-i  u 

Inveighing  against,*  la'nat  wa  maldmat  {k.). 

Inveigle,  to,  az  rdh  dar  hurda — ,  izldl  karda 
— ;  igAvd  kardan. 

Invent,  harf  tardshidan:  ja'l  k.  (to  forge, 
etc. ,  of  fables,  etc.) ;  kashf  k.  (to  discover) ; 
ikhtird'  k.  (to  invent  something  strange) ; 
%jdd  k.  (to  bring  into  existence) ;  "  could 
a  man  have  invented  such  a  lie  ?  " 
{hamchu  durugh-i  rd  ham  m%-shvd  sdkht  ki 
in  sdkhta  ast?);  %n  qdniin  rd  ki  tjdd 
karda?;  but  ad' at  rd  ki  »fc^»m'  karda?. 


»  The  dtbacha  should  be  in  a  flowery  style.  Muqaddama  is  often  loosely  used  for  dibSoAo.  Modern 
writers  often  substitute  'arz-i  makhsua  for  both. 

«  Barat  bi-havala-yi  Fttlan  aai,  ki  dar  vajh'i  Fulan  kar-aazl  darad  "a  bill  on  So-and-So  in  favour  of 
So-and-So."      Vajh  here  =  money  and  hence  account. 

8  The  meaning  depends  on  the  tone  of  voice.  *  TaiabUchat  u  fti^rt'o*  k.  (literary). 


Inv 


164 


Iri 


Invented,  ikhtird'  karda;  ijdd  karda  and 
shibda. 

Invention,  ihdd,s  or  tjdd  (k.)  (to  bring  into 
existence) :  ikhtird'  (k.) ;  rm-guyand  az 
muhhtara'dt-t  khud-i  Payyhambar  ast  (they 
state  that  this  is  an  invention  of  the  Pro- 
phet) ;  ja'l  (also  forging) ;  iftird*^  (of  words 
or  statement,  etc.;  prop,  calumny). 

Inventor,  mukhtari' :  mujid  (the  Creator, 
God).     Vide  Genius. 

Inventory,  siydha  (k.  or  giriftan) ;  fihrist  (k. 
or  g.). 

Inversely,  bar  ^aks ;  ma^kusdna. 

Inversion,  taqltb  (k.) ;  tdhrif  (k.)  (of  letters) ; 
taqdlm  u  ta^khir. 

Invert,  vdzhgun  kardan  or  sar-nigun  k.  or 
mankus  {k.)  (to  invert  head  downwards) : 
and  ma'  kus  k. 

Investigating,  mujattish;  and  muhaqqiq  (act. 
part.;  — officer). 

Investigation,  tahqiqdt  pi.  (k.) ;  and  taftish 
{k.)  (of  police  etc.,  or  of  a  matter) :  tafa- 
hhus  {k.)  (of  a  matter  only) ;  tajassus  (k.) 
(of  a  secret) :  istintdq  [k.)  (police  or  judi- 
cial). 

Investigator.     Vide  Investigating. 

Investiture,  Tiasb  {k.)  (placing  on  the  gaddi, 
etc.) ;  takhli'  {k.)  (giving  a  robe  of  honour 
to — or  office,  etc.  to — ) ;  'atd  (k.)  (gen. ; 
bestowal). 

Investment,  muhdsara  {k.),  (siege);  takhll' 
or  'aM  (with  honours);  khiVat  pushdndan 
or  mukhalla'  sdkhtan  (to  invest  with  a 
robe  of  honor) ;  nmya-yi  ziydd  hirun  karda 
(he  has  large  investments  of  money). 

Invidious,  bd'is-i  rashk-i  dJigardn;  hasad- 
anglz. 

Invidiously,  hasuddna;  rashkdna. 

Invigorate,  to,  quvvat  dmlan. 

Invigorating,  quvvat-dih;  mvqavvi. 

Invigoration,  taqviyat  {d.) ;  quvvat-ydbi. 

Invincible,  shikast-khurdani  na  — .•  manl' 
(impregnable) . 

Inviolable,  dast  na-hhur  (not  to  be  touched) ; 
sirr-i  ma-gu  or  sirr-i  maknun  ( — secret) ; 
hardm  (unlawful) ;  muqaddas  (pure) ;  qati' 
(of  promise). 

Inviolate,  sdlim  (safe) ;  pdk ;  nd-mulavvas 
(unsoiled).     Vide  Inviolable. 

Invisible, — ki  bi-chashm  nami-dyad;  ghdHb : 
nidr'paydE;  na-mar^i  :  nihufta,  pinhdn 
(hidden) ;  mastur  (hidden  by  a  parda) ; 
[masturdt='  parda  '-ladies]. 


Invisibility,  ghfiybat  (but  ghibat  ^  backbiting) ; 
gMydb  (also  'absence'):  nihuftagi ;  ni- 
hdnt;  masturl. 

Invitation,  da' vat  {k.  or  d.) ;  ruq'a-yi  mih- 
mdni  or  ziydfat;  da'vat-ndma  (letter  of 
— );  mard  da'vat-i  shdm  karda  ast,  qawl 
dudoram  (or  qabul  karda-am,  or  pazirufta 
am,  or  ijdbat  namuda-am)  (he  has  invited 
me  to  dinner  and  I  have  accepted). 

Invite,  to,  chdr  nafar  rd  bi-shdm  va'da  girif- 
tam  vail  yak  nafar  qabul  kard. 

Invited,  maw'ud;  da'vat-girifta. 

Inviter,  da'vat-kun. 

Invocate,  Invocation.     Vide  Invoke. 

Invoice,  siydha ;  or  fihrist  (any  list) ;  bljak 
(trade  term  for  invoice  and  bill).  Vide 
Bill. 

Invoke,  istimddd  khwdstan ;  Khudd  rd 
hhwdndan;  istimdJdd-i  himmat  az  dn  vail 
bi-jihat-i  pddishdh  talab  kardand  (they 
invoked  that  saint  to  be  propitious  to  the 
sovereign) ;  Iblis  rd  hhwdst  ki  u  bi-ydyad 
va  imddd  nunmyad. 

Involuntarily,  bt-ikhtiydr ;  bi-dun-i  idrda ; 
khwdh  ma-hhipdh ;  az  dahan-ash  bi-khud  In 
harf  dar  dmad. 

Involuntary,  bi-irdda;  bl-qasd. 

Involved,  kashida  (dragged  into) ;  glr  dm/ida 
(entangled  in) ;  kdr-ash  darham  va  barham 
ast,  or  tu-yi  ham  plchtda  ast  (his  affairs  are 
very  involved) ;  jumla-yi  plchtda-i  (an 
involved  sentence). 

Invulnerable,  rWin^tan  (like  Isfandiyar). 

Inward,  bdtini  (of  the  mind,  etc.) ;  darunl 
(gen.);  ddhhiU  {gen.). 

Iodide,  yud,  or  jawhar-i  yud  (iodide  of  potas- 
sium) . 

Iodine,  ayud^n  (Eur.) ;  ta'fin-i  yud  (tincture 
of-). 

Iota,  shusha  (the  medial  form  of  dotted 
letters,  but  without  the  dots) ;  nuqta 
(dot) ;  zarra  (particle) ;  shamma ;  habba 
(grain) ;  qatra  (drop). 

Ipecacuanha,  jawhar-i  qay ;  afiququna  and 
apikd  (Eur.). 

Inwardly,  az  darun  (gen.) ;  bdtin"^ ;  or  qalb"" 
(of  the  heart) ;  ddkhil"''  (opp.  of  hhdrij'^'*). 

Irascible,  zud-hhashm;  tund-tabi' at ;  zud-az- 
jd-dar-raw. 

Irascibility,  zud-khashmi ;  tund-tabVati. 

Item,  Bdgh-i  Iram.^ 

Iridescent,     mutamawij     bi-alvdn-i     qaws-i 


1  Not  all  Persians  observe  this  distinction, 
s  A  fabulous  garden  mentioned  in  the  Qur^an. 


It  was  constructed  in  the  desert  of  '■Adan  by  the 


Iri 


165 


Irr 


QuzaJt  (reflecting  iridescent  tints) ;  rang-i 

par-i  tfl^s :  sdya-kuhl '  (of  silk). 
Iris    (flower),    susan ;    also,     but     perhaps 

erroneously  called  zambaq.      Vide  Lily. 
Iron,  dhan  P. ;  hacRd  A.  (rare) :  utu  {k.  or 

sh.)    (for    ironing    clothes) :     dhan-takhta 

(sheet-iron);  burdda-yi  dJian  (iron-filings). 
Iron-bound,  dhan-band  (of  boxes) ;  bd  tamq-i 

dhan  (of  bales). 
Ironclad,  zirih-push  (adj. ;  of  ships). 
Ironer,  uiu-kash  (of  clothes). 
Iron-foundry,  kdr-khdna-yi  dhan-rizi. 
Ironical,  ta'na-drriiz  or  Uinz-dmiz  (prop,  taunt- 
ing):  vide  Satire,  Sarcasm,   Ridicule  and 

Irony. 
Ironically,  to' 7ia-zanan   (tauntingly);    gusha 

va  kindya  zadan  (to  speak — ). 
Ironmonger,         dhan-farush ;         [dhan-gar 

'  smith ']. 
Iron-mould,  zang-zada  or  zang-khurda  (adj.). 
Irony,    tanz    (sneering) ;     bi-istihzd^     guftan 

(ridicule) ;  bi-ta'n  guftan  (taunt) ;  bi-kindya 

guftan.  (innuendo) :  hajv  (satire ;  poetical 

only) :,  sukhriyya  (derision). 
Irreconcilable,  sulh  na-pazlr    (of    persons) ; 

mundqiz  ast  va  isldh-jxzzir  na. 
Irrecoverable,   bi-imkdn-i   bdz  gasht;    vusul 

shudani  na. 
Irrefutable,  Id-javdb  ;  qdti' ;  In-radd;  muskit. 
Irregular,  bi-tarttb ;  bi-qd'  ida :  ghayr-i  nizdml 

(of  troops) ;  samd'i  (in  gram.). 
Irregularity,  bi-qdnuni  ;  bi-nizdmi  (of  troops) ; 
'adam-i  tarttb  (of  formation,  order)  ;  bad- 

7tazini:  bi-qd' idagi. 
Irrelevant,   bi-rabt;    nisbat    na-ddrad    bi — . 

Vide  Fits. 
Irreligious,    ghfibyr-i    mutadayyin    (also    dis- 
honest) ;  bi-din. 
Irremediable,  ftz'tTa^';  bi-darmdn;  bl-cHdra. 
Irremovable,   ghfiyr-i  manqul  (of  property, 

such    as    lands,    houses,     etc.);    (j^ayr-i 

mutaharrik  (of  heavy  things) ;   raf  — ,  or 

dur  shudani  na —  (of  doubts).* 
Irreparable,  isldh  nd-pazir. 
Irreproachable,  maldmat-pazir  na — ;  niyyat- 

ash  pdk  ast ;  kdr-hdrosh  pdk  az  bdk  ast. 
Irresistible,   mv^dvamat-pazir  na;    daf    na- 

shaw:  nd-magbJiub  (unconquerable). 
Irresolute,  du-dil ;  mutaraddid ;  pas-pish  kun 

(vulg.) ;  (muzabzah  is  generally  used  of  an 


irreligious  time-server,  i.e.,  one  who 
changes  his  faith  with  his  company).  Vide 
Hesitating. 

Irresolution,  du-diR;  taraddvd;  tazabzvb. 
Vide  Hesitation. 

Irresolvable,  gkayr-i  munfakk  (not  to  be 
separated) ;  tujziya-nd-pazir  (not  to  be 
analysed,  or  resolved  into  component 
parts). 

Irrespective  of,  qat'-i  na^ar  az — ;  bi-dun-i 
muldhaza-yi  in  ki — . 

Irresponsibility,  'adam-i  mas^uliyyat. 

Irresponsible,  ashkhds-i  gkayr-i  mas^ul  (irres- 
ponsible people). 

Irretrievable,  isldh  nd-pazir;  nuqsdn-i  bdz 
yd  ft  TiOr  shudani  ( —  loss). 

Irreverence,  bi-ihtirdmi  ;  'adam-i  ihtirdm. 

Irreverent,  dar  na>mdz  ihtirdm  nigdh  nami- 
ddrad. 

Irreversible,  mansukh  na-shaw. 

Irrevocable,  mardud  na;  naskh  na-pa^r; 
muhkam. 

Irrigate,  db  dddan,  or  db-ydri  k.  (by  man)  : 
mashrub  k.  (of  a  river). 

Irrigated,  mashrub  or  sir-db  {sh.  or  k.) ;  (but 
m«w  sir-db  shudam  'I  drank  my  fill"); 
fdrydb  adj.  (of  irrigated  land,  as  opposed  to 
zamin-i  bahhsh  land  dependent  on  rain) . 

Irrigation,  db-ydri  {k.) ;  [db-pashi  k.  to 
sprinkle  a  courtyard,  etc.] ;  in  zanun  rd 
db  dasti  mi-dihand  yd  db-i  ravdn  ?  (is  this 
land  watered  by  hand  or  flooded  ?) ;  az 
db-i  gdv-gard  zird'at  mi-kunand  (it  is  irri- 
gated by  a  well  and  oxen) ;  dayma-kdr 
ast?  (does  it  depend  on  rain?);  khayr  bd 
rudrdb'^  db  mi-kunand  (no,  it  is  irrigated 
by  hill- water). 

Irritable,  churidn  tund  mizdj  ast  ki  nami- 
tavdn  guft  abru-yat  kaj  ast  (saying) ;  jir- 
jiru  adj.;  zHd  az  jd  dar-raw.  Vide  Iras- 
cible. 

Irritate,  to,  aziyyat  k.  (gen.) :  kaj-khulq  k.  (of 
people) ;  or  awqdt-am  rd  ialkh  na-kun : 
parishdn-am  na-kun  (don't  bother  me) ; 
in  shir  khwdbida  ast  angusht-ash  na-kun, 
or  jir-ash  na-kun. 

Irritating,  vide  Bore. 

Irritation,  mu-yi  dimdjfJk-i  man  ast  (he's  a 
constant  source  of  irritation  to  me ;  bores 
me). 


impious  Shaddad  son  of  'Ad  and  great-grandaon  of  'Amlaq,  the  son  of  Ham,  to  rival  the  celestial  para- 
dise. The  tribe  of  'Ad,  refusing  to  listen  to  the  Prophet  Hud,  was,  with  the  oppressor  Shaddad,  ^.ttnok 
dead  by  a  voice  from  Heaven,  and  the  garden  vanished  from  sight.  It  is  still  existent .  thoufi^  hidden 
from  human  vision.     It  is  often  referred  to  in  the  Arabitm  Nights. 

1  In  Urdu  dhup-chha*un  ka  kapra. 

*  Biid-ab  is  a  stream  fed  by  hiU-floods,  and  snow  water,  etc. 


Is 


166 


Jad 


Is,  hast-ash  (vulg. ;  "is  he  there ?  " ) ;  nlst- 
05^  (vulg. ;  "he  is  not"). 

Isaac, "  Muslims  think  it  was  Ishmail  and  not 
Isaac  who  was  offered  up  as  a  sacrifice ' ' 
{Muslirmn  chunin  ml-pinddrand  ki  Ismd'U 
qurbdm  shud  na  Ishaq). 

Isaiah,  Isha'ya. 

Isfahan,^  Isfahan  chahar  fad  darad  (Isfahan 
has  a  good  chmate,  with  four^  distinct 
seasons) ;  [A  man  asked  the  Devil, 
'^Isfahdm-zada  sJiEgrid-i  tu  hud?^'  The 
Devil  humbly  replied,  "  IJstdd  ast  an 
' Ali  Jandb  ^^];  Isfahan  nisf-i  Jahdn 
(common  sajdng) ;  Isfahan  jannat-l  ^st 
pur  ni'mat .-.  Isfahdnl  dar  u  nami-bdyad 
(common  saying),  and  Jahdn  rd  agar 
Isfahdn-i  na-hud .'.  Jahdn-dfarin  rd  jahdn-l 
norbud.     Vide  Israel. 

Ishmael,  "  Ishmael  was  the  eldest  son  of 
Abraham  by  Hagar  ' '  {Ismd'  II  az  shikam-i 
Hdjar  pisar-i  avval-i  Ibrdhim  bud). 

Islam,  Isldm :  dtn-i  Muhammadt ;  har  kas  ki 
rdh-i  Islam  raft^  saldmati-yi  du  jahdn 
ydft. 

Islamism,  Isldmiyyat ;  Musalmdni  *  ;  musal- 
nmn  ast  vail  isldmiyyat  na-ddrad. 

Island,^  jazira  'ibdrat  ast  az  qii'a-yi  zamin-% 
ki  dawr-ash  rd  db  ihdta  tarda  ast  (or — 
bdshad) ;  [shibh-i  jazira  peninsula]. 

Isolated,  tanhd  karda  shuda ;  jvdd  {sh.  or  k.) ; 
tak  tak  (here  and  there). 

Isolation,  tanhdl  (loneliness). 

Israel,  Isrd'-U;  Bani  Isrd^il  (children  of — ); 
Banl  Isrd^il  mi-dyad  ( =  "  an  Isfahan!  or  a 
blackguard  is  coming  along."  Vide  Isfa- 
han). 

Issue,  Issue,  to,  birun  dvardan  (of  bank 
notes) ;  hukm-l  dar  Jchusus-i  In  sddir  shuda 
(an  order  about  this  has  been  issued) ; 
shumdra  (of  newspaper)  and  also  nuskha 
("copy");  aioBd  (children);  Id-valad 
murd  (he  died  without  issue). 

Issuing,  isddr  (k.)  tr. ,  and  sudur  intr.  ; 
khuruj  (sh.)  (coming  out) ;  jdri  (sh.)  (flow- 
ing); ijrd^,  tr.  (ydftan). 

Isthmus,  tav^a;  gardana,  bdrika  (prop, 
passage). 


It,  dn;  u;  tu  budi  ki  ruz-i  'Id  dmadi  va — 
(it  was  you  that  came  on  the  'Id  and — ). 

Italy,  Itdliyd;  Itdliyd^i  (Italian). 

Itch,  gar ;  hikka  *"  (rare) ;  khdrisht ;  khdridan 
(to  itch) ;  gar-gin  (adj.) ;  sawdd  (also  mad- 
ness). 

Itching  (subs.)  khdr-khdr  (k.) ;  khdrish  {k.). 

Item,  madd;  and  bdbat ;  and  shay  (thing) 
(of  an  account). 

Itinerary,  safar-ndma  (narration  of  a  Jour- 
ney);  dastur"  H-' amal-i  safar  az  Kuk  (an 
itinerary  by  Cook). 

Itself,  of,  hhud  bi-khud ;  khud-ash :  dar 
khud-i  Shlrdz  (in  Shiraz  itself). 

Ivory,  danddn-i  fil  and  'dj  (of  elephant) ; 
shir-mdhi  or  danddn-i  shir-mdhi  or  u^tv^ 
khwdn-i  mdhi  (of  walrus). 

Ivy,  labldb. 

Izrael,  'Izrdll  (the  name  of  the  Angel  of 
Death  or  Malak^'l-Mawt) ;  'Izra^il  firishta- 
yi  qdbiz-i  arvdh  ast. 

J 

Jabber,  to,  harza-dmna^gi  k. ;  qirqir  or  vir  vir 
k.  (to  be  garrulous,  q.v. ;  of  old  people) ; 
bi-Fdrsi  viq''  viq,  (or  vir  vir,  etc.)  mt-kuruid 
(they  are  jabbering  Persian) ;  chi  zabdn 
bulgkur  mi-kunad?     Vide  Babble. 

Jabberer,  ydva-gu;  harza-dara  (one  that 
talks  rot) ;  vir  vir-kun  or  qir  qir-kun  (gar- 
rulous person).     Firfe  Babbler. 

Jackal,  sliaghdl;  tura. 

Jack-ass.     Vide  Ass. 

Jack-o'-lantern,  fdnus-i  Shaytdn  (Will  o'the 
Wisp). 

Jackdaw,  zd^  (jackdaw  ?).  Vide  Crow  and 
Magpie. 

Jacket,  nim-tana;  sadri ;  jilitqa  (Ft.  gilet; 
waistcoat) ;  sina-band  (sleeveless  ;  worn  by 
small  children). 

Jacob,  James,  The  grief  of  Jacob  and  the 
patience  of  Job  zari-yi  Ya'qub  va  taham- 
mul-i  Ayyub :  nardbdn-i  rismanl  or  ward- 
bdn-i  dagal  (naut. ;  a  Jacob's  ladder). 

Jade,  yashm  (the  stone) :  murda  adj.  (worn 
out;  of  horse,  bullock,  etc.). 


1  The  Isfahan!  merchants  are  proverbial  for  their  meanness. 

2  Some  districts  have  only  two,  a  hot  and  a  cold. 
8  Note  Pret.  Indie,  for  Pres.  Subj.  or  Pres.  Indie. 
*  In  India  muaalmanl  means  ' '  circumcision. " ' 

6  The  Hindi  word  tapu  "  island  "  is  used  by  travelled  Persians  for  the  Andamans;  ura  tapu  firia- 
<ada-awd  "  he  is  transported."  _    .    ,  _      , 

6  Hikka,  Ar.,  is  in  Persian  generally  used  in  an  indecent  sense :  u  hikka  darad  =  u  azar-i  ubna  darad 
=  u  ma f  til  ast. 

1    Viq  viq  or  vdk  vak  ' '  cackling  of  geese. '  * 


Jad 


167 


Jew 


Jaded,  kjiasla  va  IdgAar  shvda ;  shikasta 
shuda. 

Jail,  mahbas;  dustaq-^dna  (vulg.) ;  siyah- 
cMl  (a  dungeon,  pit) ;  td  yak  sal  bdyad 
mahbus  bdshad,  or  qardr  ddda-and  ki  td  yak 
sal  dar  zinddn  bdsJiad :  fiUdn  rd  tu  ambdr 
karda-and  (  =  they  have  locked  him  up). 

Jailor,  zinddn-bdn.     Vide  Warder. 

Jam,  murahbd.     Vide  Extract. 

Japan,  Zhdpun. 

Japhet,  Ydfis. 

Jar,  khum  or  khumra  (large  earthenware,  for 
wine) ;  drira  (small ,  porous  or  glazed  ;  for 
jams,  pickles,  etc.) ;  sabii  (small,  porous, 
for  drinking)  ;  kuza  (a  general  terra .  gen. 
earthenware) ;  martabdn  (a  Chinese  jar  for 
preserves,  etc.) ;  tdpu  (of  earthenware ; 
big  enough  to  contain  a  man;  used  for 
storing  grain). 

Jasmine,  ydsamin. 

Jasper,  yashp  (prop.  yasb). 

Jaundice,  yaraqdn;  u  zardU  birun  dvarda  asl 
—  yaraqdn  girifta. 

Javelin,  jarid '  (blunt ;  used  in  sport ;  prop, 
a  plm-stick  stripped  of  leaves). 

Jaw,  ilvdr ;  and  ilvdra  (also  the  hollow  part 
of  the  cheek) ;  alvdrdsh  dar  gawdi  faru 
raftb  (with  hollow  cheeks) ;  fakk-i  asfaJ 
(lover) ;  fakk-i  a' la  (upper) ;  lup  (the 
low3r  part  of  the  face). 

Jaw-tone,  ustukhipdn-i  chdna;  shdkul  (?), 

Jaxaites,  Sayhun. 

Jay,  ialut-khur. 

Jealoos,  rashkin  (prop,  in  a  bad  sense) ; 
roihk-dvar  (causing  jealousy) ;  hdsid  (envi- 
oiB  ;  in  Persian  always  in  a  bad  sense) ; 
gjflyur  (with  a  fine  sense  of  honour  regard- 
irg  one's  women-folk  or  nation ;  esprit  de 
cjrps) :  az  man  mt-mzad ;  chashm-i  didan-i 
liraqqi-yi  mard  na-ddrad. 

Jealousy,  rashk :  hasad  (envy  in  a  bad 
reuse) ;  ghayrat  (a  nice  sense  of  honour 
regarding  one's  women-folk,  nation,  etc.; 
asprit  de  corps) :  bar  *ilm-i  'Arabl-yi 
shumd  rashk  mi-baram  (I  envy  you  your 
knowledge  of  Arabic). 

Jeddah,  Jidda. 

Jeer,  to,  istihzd^  k.  (prop,  ridicule;  vide 
Irony) ;  nshkhand  k.  and  tamashhur  k.  (to 


laugh  at,  to  chaff;  of  friends).    Ftcfo JafI, 
Joke  and  Taunt. 

Jeering,  ta'norzanl  (k.)  (taunting) ;  sfuundtai 
(k.)  (the  laughter  of  enemies  at  failure) ; 
dushman-kdm,  adj.,  and  dushman-kdint 
subs,  (failure,  or  being  in  a  state  that 
delights  enemies;  kdr-i  na-kun  k%  bd'is-i 
dushman-kdmi  shavad). 

Jehovah,  Yahuwa. 

Jelly,  mdquti  (made  of  sugar,  starch  and 
saffron) ;  dvlma  ^  (said  of  anything  of  the 
consistency  of  jelly). 

Jellied,  misl-i  didma. 

Jerboa,  mush-i  du-pd,  P. ;  and  yarbH' ,  Ar. 
(rare) . 

Jeremiah,  Armiyd. 

Jericho,  Arlhd. 

Jerk,  to,  much-ash  rd  takdn  ddda  gurikht  (he 
jerked  his  wrist  free). 

Jersey,  ganj-i  jrdgJs,  (by  Persians  in  India) ; 
banydn  H. ;  zir-pirdhanl. 

Jerusalem,  BayfU-Muqaddas. 

Jesses,  pdcha-band,  P.;  {shabug  Ar.]  (of 
hawks). 

Jest,  shukhi  {k.)  (opposed  to  jadcR;  vide 
Joke);  muzdh{k.);  mazhaka  (k.) ;  latifa, 
pi.  latd'^if  iguftari)  (any  bon  mot  or  neat 
witty  story) ;  hazl,  pi.  hazliyydt  (g.)  (amus- 
ing improper  stories) ;  bazla  {g.)  (any 
laughable  story,  independent  of  style). 
Vide  Jeer,  Joke  and  Fun. 

Jester,  mxiskhara  (profess.);  luti-bdshi^ 
(chief  comic  man  of  Shah).     Vide  Fool. 

Jesting,  dil-hhushi  {k.)  (mirth) ;  shukhi  {k.) 
(jesting) ;  rishkhand  (k.)  (chaffing). 

Jesus,  "Jesus  was  crucified  in  effigy  "  {'Isd 
rd  dar  asl  rrmslub  na-kardand  vali  ham- 
shakl-i  urd). 

Jet,  yusr  (prop,  the  black  aromatic  seeds  of 
a  plant;  also  black  coral  from  theRed 
Sea);  yusr-i  masnul  {Mtxi.  jet);  'aqiq*'l- 
bahr  (jet  ?) :  yak  fawara  db  (of  water). 

Jetty',  askala  (pier ;  Fr.  "  steps  " ) :  mislri  gtr 
siydh  ast  (jetty  black). 

Jew,*  Jewish,  Yahud  sing,  and  pi. ;  Yahudl: 
Isrd^ili;  'Ibrdni.  Vide  Hebrew.  "And 
the  Jews  said,  '  Verily  we  have  slain  the 
Messiah,  Jesus  the  son  of  Mary,  an 
Apostle  of  God'"    {va    Yahiid    guftand 


1  Two  jarld  about  one  foot  long  are  by  Shi'ahs  (not  by  Sunnis)  palced  in  the  coffin  with  the  corpse, 
to  assist  it  to  sit  up  when  visited  by  the  Two  Angels. 

*  Dulma,  mtule  of  cabbage  or  brinjal,  with  minced  meat,  sugsu-,  lemon  juice,  etc. 

3  A  luti  sings,  plays,  travels  with  monkeys,  etc.     The  word  is  also  a  term  of  reproach. 

*  Jews  in  Persia  can  be  distinguished  by  their  side  locks  ;  and  their  qaba  is  generally   of  a  peculiar 
cut. 


Jew 


168 


Jol 


harayina  ma  Masih-i  'Isd  pisar-i  Mar  yam 
yak-i  az  ambiya-i  ^  Khudd  rd  hi-qaU  rasdni- 
dim. 

Jewel,  to,  jawhar-nishdn  k.  (to  set  with 
jewels) ;  murassa'  k. ;  tdj  mukallal  hi-almds 
hud  (the  crown  was  set  with  diamonds). 

Jewel,  zwar  (of  gold,  silver,  etc.);  sang-i 
qlmatl;  javdhir'^  (pi.  jewels);  and  javdhi- 
rdt  (double  plural ;  all  sorts  of  jewels) ; 
marvdrid  (pearl) ;  almns  (diamond) ;  zum- 
urrud  (emerald) ;  zabarjad  (an  inferior 
green  stone,  olavine,  etc.);  la'l  or  ydqut 
(ruby) ;  firuza  (turquoise) ;  'aqiq  or  'aqlq-i 
surkh  (cornelian) ;  dyd  hich  zar  u  zlvar 
zada  bud?  (had  she  any  jewels  on?). 

Jewel-box,  mijri  (cash-box) ;  durj  (casket 
for  jewels).     Vide  Box  and  Casket. 

] ev/elled, gawhar-nishdn ;  murassa'  :  mukallal 
(of  crown  or  rings). 

Jeweller,  javdhir-farush ;  jawharl :  zar-gar 
(goldsmith). 

Jib,  to,  gah-gir  sh.  and  zamin-duz  sh.  (to  refuse 
to  go  ahead;  of  a  horse).      Vide  Restive. 

Jinn,  Jinn^  (and  Jinna) :  magar  guh-i  Jinn 
khurda''-i?  (  =  "you  can't  tell  about  the 
future  "  ;  it  is  believed  that  one  who  eats 
the  excrement  of  a  Jinn  obtains  the  power 
of  reading  the  future). 

]  oh,  kdr-i  mukhtasar :  talkh  rd  shir  in  khurdan 
(to  make  the  best  of  a  bad  job ;  to  put  a 
good  face  on  what  is  unpleasant). 

Job,  "some  Muslim  commentators  say  Job 
was  of  the  family  of  Esau  ' '  ha'zi  az  mufa- 
ssirin-i^  Muslim  mi-guyand  ki  Ayyub  az 
khdnddn-i  (or  nasl-i)  'Isu  ast  (or  bud). 

Jockey,  chdbuk-savdr :  rd^iz-i  asp  (horse 
trainer) . 

Jocose,  shukh-tab'  ;  muzdh-kun :  zarlf  (witty) ; 
hazla-gu  (one  who  tells  naughty  stories) : 
khush-maza. 

Jog,  to,  suk  zadan  (to  jog  a  person,  or  his 
memory) ;  urd  bdyad  hamisha  suk  zad  ki 
fardmush  na-kunad.     Vide  Remind. 


John,  Yuhannq;  Yahyq  (John  the  Baptist; 
in  the  Qur^dn). 

Join,  vasla  (place  of  a  join ;  and  also  a 
"  patch  in  cloth"). 

Join,  to,  payvastan,  rt.  payvand,  tr.  and 
intr. ;  vasl  k. :  mulhak  k. :  chaspdnidan  (to 
cause  to  stick) :  in  du  takhta  rd^  bd-Jiam 
payvand  kun :  kdliska-hd  hama  bi-ham  vasl  *> 
bud  (the  carriages,  "railway,"  were  all 
joined  together). 

Joined,  payvasta  (also  =  always) ;  mulhaq. 

Joiner,  najjdr  ;  or  ursi-sdz  (carpenteri. 

Joinery,  najjdri ;  ursi-sdzi. 

Joint,  band;  mafsil,  pi.  mafdsil;  much  (wrist 
or  ankle);  vide  Limb;  fiH-i  mushtarik 
(joint  action). 

Jointly,  shardkat'*" :  hdham  mas^ul-and  (they 
are  jointly  responsible). 

Jointure  (woman's),  mahr ;  or  kdbin  (rare) 
(money  paid  by  husband  to  wife);  jahdz 
(money  and  plenishing  given  by  father) ; 
mxihr-i  mu'ajjal  (the  amount  paid  down 
at  marriage  by  the  husband) ;  mahr-i 
mu^ajjal  (the  amount  paid  at  some  later 
date).     Vide  Dowry  and  Bond. 

Joists,  shdh-tir  (big);  tir :  varga  (small). 

Joke,  dnchi  guftam  faqat  shukhi  bud,  fiddl 
na-bUd  (I  spoke  in  jest,  not  in  earnest) ; 
guftam  biyd  shuhhl  shukhi  dnhd  ra  bi- 
tarsdnim  (I  said  let  us  just  frighten  ihem 
for  fun) ;  shu khiyyaP"  (by  waj^  of  j»ke). 
Vide  Jest  and  Fun.  i 

Joke,  to,  bi-shukhi  giriftan  (to  jest  with). 
Vide  To  jest.  ! 

Joker,  juwalaghi  T.  (a  humbuging  joter). 
Vide  Jester.  \ 

Joking,  muzdh  {k.) ;  bi-hama  chiz  (seriouily, 
not  in  joke,  without  flattery).  ,\ 

Jollification,  jashn;  surur-i  bar  pd  cttt; 
majlis-i  suri;  biyd  imshab  *aysh-i  n- 
kunim. 

Jolly,    par-i   dimdgji    (good   humour) ; 
dimdgh  or  sar-i  hdlat ;  khurus-ash  (or 


1  *ljjjJt.  After  a  final  *  in  Arabic  words  the  izafat  is  expressed  by  a  kaara  (i),  and  is  not  written  nor 
pronounced  ^. 

2  .Jawhar  sing,  also  means  "  essence  "  ;  jawharl  "  a  jeweller  "  ;  and  also    '  made  of  spirit." 

5  Created  some  thousands  of  years  before  Adam.  There  are  five  classes.  When  the  Jinn  creep  up 
to  listen  to  the  secrets  of  the  lowest  heaven,  many  are  killed  by  the  meteors  hm-led  at  them  by  the 
Angels.  The  chief  abode  of  the  Jinn  is  the  mountain  of  Qaf.  According  to  a  Hadis ,  their  chief  abode  is 
in  the /lammam*  ,•  their  place  of  resort,  markets  and  cross-roads;  their  drink,  intoxicants;  their  food, 
what  is  haram  ;  their  mu^azzin.  music  ;  their  Qur^an,  poetry  ;  their  snares,  women  ;  their  speech,  false- 
hood. 

♦  Sharih  (gen.)  is  a  less  common  word  for  '  commentator.' 

6  Note  ra  after  a  definite  noun  preceded  by  a  numeral. 
6  Or  budand. 


Jol 


109 


Jui 


ash  or  bidbul-ash  ')  mi-khtvanad  (he  is  feel- 
ing jolly). 

Jolt,  takan ;  rah  bad  bud,  hay  takan  mi-khur- 
dim  dar  kaliska. 

Jonah,  "  When  the  fish  swallowed  Jonah,  it 
swam  after  the  ship  with  its  head  out  of 
water,  so  that  the  Prophet  might  breathe. 
The  fish  vomited  him  up  on  dry  land." 
Ba'd  az  dn-ki  mdhi  Yunas  rd  baVtd  az 
dumbdl-i  kishti  shind  mi-kard  va  sar-i  khud 
rd  az  db  bar  dvard  id  Yunas  bi-tavdnad 
nafas^  bi-kashad. 

Jonas,  Yunas;  misl-i  Yunas  dar  dahdn-i 
m/ihl  shud  (  =  disappeared). 

Jonquil,  nargis. 

Joseph,  "It  is  among  the  sayings  of  the 
Prophet  that  woman  should  be  forbidden 
to  read  the  story  of  Joseph  andPotiphar's 
wife ' '  dar  hadis  dmada  ki  zandn  na- 
bdyad  hikdyat-i  Yusuf  va  Zulaykhd  rd  bi- 
khipdnand. 

Jostle,  to,  tana  zadan  (to  shoulder). 

Jot,  zarra:  pa'ihiz  (of   money):   pashm-ash^ 
mi-shumdram  (I  don't  value  it,  or  him,  a 
jot) ;    man  yak  sar-i  suzan  ham  bdk  na- 
.  ddram.     Vide  lota. 

Journal,  ruz-ndma ;  ruz-namcha  :  sajar-nama 
(of  journey).     Vide  Diary. 

Journey,  sajar  {k.),  pi.  asfdr:  sayr  {k.)  walk 
ing,  driving,  sailing;  sdmnn-i  safar  didan 
(to  prepare  for  a  journey) ;  hdld  man 
bdyad  safar-i  iulanV-l  bi-kun/im  (or  safar-i 
dur-dasl-i  or  safar-i  dur  u  dardz-i  *  bi-ku- 
nam).     Vide  Travel. 

Journeying,  siydhai  (k.)  (travelling  for  re- 
creation) . 

Jovial,  khush-guzardn  (in  living) ;  {'ayydsh 
' '  debauched  ") ;  khanda-ru ;  bashshdsh. 
Vide  Jolly. 

Joy,  shddmdni;  dil-shddi;  dil-khushl ;  khur- 
rami;  masarrat:  Varab  (dancing,  leaping 
for  joy ;  in  Ar.  emotion) :  farah ;  Jdiush- 
hdli,  khursandi;  khush-vaqti;  az  khushi 
pd  ru-yi  pd-yash  band  namt-kunad,  or  pd 
ru-yi  zamin  namt-guzdrad  (he  can't  con- 
tain himself  for  joy,  i.e...  he  can't  sit  at 
rest  with  one  leg  over  the  other) ;  pddi- 
shJdh  rd  bi-tawr-i  khushi  dast  ddd  ki  n/izdik 
bud  haldk  bi-shavad — Prof.  S.  T.  (the  King 
nearly  died  of  joy) ;  az  shddi  par  zad  (he 


crowed  with  joy) ;  shadi-marg  shudan  (to 
die  of  joy). 

Joyful,  masrur ;  shad;  shddrkdm;  shndman; 
farahndk,  etc. 

Judah,  Yahudd. 

Judas,  Yahudd-yi  Iskharyuti. 

Judas  Tree,  ar^avdn. 

Judge,  qdzi,  pi.  quzdt  (gen.  ;  a  Judge) ; 
hdkim-i  shar  (of  relig.  law);  hdkim-i  'urf 
(of  common  law) ;  qdzi  mujrim  rd  siydsat 
kard  (tlie  Judge  .sentenced  him) ;  qdziy'l- 
quzdi^  (chief  Judge). 

Judge,  to,  divan  k. :  tawbihh  k.  (censure) ; 
ilzdm  k.  (accuse) ;  chiguna  dar  bdb-i  raf- 
tdr-i  u  sukhan  bi-guyam?  urd  nami-shind- 
sam.     Vide  Consider,  Think,  etc. 

Judgment,  fatvq  {d.)  (prop,  of  a  mufti): 
tahakkum  k. ,  mahkama  or  divdn-khdna 
(the  hall  of — ) :  tamyiz;  fahm  (discretion). 

Judgment-Day,  rHz-i  qiydmat ;  ruz-i  jazd'^ ; 
ruz-i  ddvari  (Day  of  Judgment) ;  dar  ruz-i 
qiydmat  ddman-i  turd  mi-giram — Prof.  S.  T. 
(I  will  cling  to  your  skirt  and  not  release 
you  at  the  Resurrection). 

Judicial,  shar'i  (relig.);  'urfi  (of  common 
law). 

Judicially,  shar"'* ;  'urf"". 

Judicious,  bd  sanjidagi ,  sanjida ;  bd  basirat 
(prudent);  \bd  tamiz  in  m.c.  "clean" 
and  "of  good  manners"];  bd  firdsat  (in 
active  sense). 

Judy.     Vide  Punch  ;  (no  word  for  Judy). 

Juggle,  to,  shu'bada-bdzi  k.  (to  conjure)  ; 
huqqa-bdzi  (jugglery  with  cups,  etc. ;  met. 
to  deceive):  chashm-bandi  k.  (to  create 
optical  delusions).     Vide  To  deceive. 

Juggler,  huqqa-bdz  ;  shu'bada-bdz  (conjurer) : 
bdzi-gar  (dancer  and  performer) ;  band-bdz 
(dancer  on  tight- rope). 

Juggling,  art  of,  shu'bada-bdzi{k.)  (conjuring); 
huqqa-bdzi  [k.)  (jugglery) ;  chashm-bandi 
(k.);  Imyydli  (trickery);  tar-dasti  (sleight 
of  hand).     Vide  Deceit,  Trick,  etc. 

Jugular  vein,  shdh-rag;  varid  (med.). 

Juice,  rM66  (inspissated);  shira  (boiled  syrup- 
juice  ;  or  of  dates  and  grapes  also  the  rav*  - 
juice);  db  (of  fresh  fruits);  fishurda  (ex- 
pressed juice) ;  qadr-i  db  az  in  limu  bi-gir 
(or  bi-fishdr).     Vide  Syrup. 

Juicy,  db-ddr;  pur-db;  shdd-db. 


1  But  "  buttnil-ash  Ya  Qtiddua  mi-bhwanad  "  has  an  indecent  meeming. 

*  Note  Pres.  Subj. 

3  Paahtn  here  mu-yi  zuliar. 

*  Note  the  ^  of  unity  added  to  the  second  adjective  only  of  the  compound. 

i  Incorrect  for  QazVl-Quzat. 
22 


Juj 


170 


Kee 


Jujube  fruit,  'unndb  (the  fruit '  of  the  Eur. 
jujube  tree)  ;  sidr  (the  lote  tree,  Indian 
jujube  tree) ;  kunar  (its  fruit,  the  Hindust. 
her) ;  sinjid  (a  species  of  jujube?). 

July,  mahri  zhuld^l  (Ft.). 

Jumble,  darhami  harhaml  subs. ;  khilt  u  pilt; 
shuluq-kdn :  parishdn-khiydlthd  (of  ideas). 

Jump,  jaqidan  (vulg.  for  jihidan) ;  jastan 
kardan  (vulg.) ;  jastan  rt.  jih  ;  khiz  zadan  ; 
asp  az  divdr  parid  (the  horse  '  flew '  the 
wail) ;  bar-jastan  (to  start  up) ;  jast  u  khiz 
k.  (to  jump  here  and  there,  jump  about; 
of  monkey Sp  etc.). 

Jumper,  khlz-gir  (hopping,  springing) ;  ja- 
handa  (of  horses,  men,  etc.). 

Junction,  jd-yi  ittisdl  (gen  );  nuqta-yi  ijtimd' 

!''0r  ilsdq  (of  rivers,  railways,  roads,  etc.). 

June,  zhun  (Ft.). 

Jungle,  jangal  (with  trees) ;  sahrd  (open 
country  as  opposed  to  town)  :  dasht ; 
btydbdn  (a  desert  plain) :  ddkhil-i  jangal-i 
shudam;  jangal-i  bud  ki  har  qadar  ddam 
dahhil  bi-ravad^  bdz  khud  rd  khdrij  ml- 
blnad — Prof.  S.  T.  (I  entered  a  forest,  a 
forest  so  vast  that  the  further  one  pene- 
trated it  the  nearer  one  was  to  the  edge 
from  which  one  started). 

Junior, c?ar  'uhda  kihtar,  or  past-Uir  or  pdyin- 
tar;  man  mu^'akhkhar-am  (I  am  junior); 
\u  az  man  dar  mansab  (or  dar  kkidmat) 
muqaddam-tar  ast  (he  is  my  senior)] :  u  dah 
sal  az  man  'aqab  tar  ast.     Vide  Senior. 

Jupiter,  Mushtari  Qdzl-yi  falak  ast. 

Jurisdiction,  qalam-raw  (of  governor) ;  in 
blrun  az  'uhda-yi  man  ast,  or  az  iddra-yi 
man  khdrij  ast.. 

Jurisprudence,  'ilm-i  fiqh  (relig.). 

Jurisprudist,  faqih,i^\.  fuqahd* {relig.) :  qdnun- 
ddn  (one  that  knows  the  secular  law) . 

Jury,  Hdkim-i  Inglisi  az  shuhud  tafahhus 
karda  khuldsa-yi  izhdrdt-i-shdn  rd  bar  ahl-i 
majlis-i  instintdq  ^  zJdhir  kard  va  ba'  d  ishdn 
rdy-i  khud  rd  huvaydd  namudand. 

Just, 'ddil;  munsij :  abrdr  (just  men  ;  the 
Just) :  bd  savdb  (in  the  right) :  sahih 
(correct) ;  'ayn-i  or  sar-i  vaqt  (just  in  time  ; 
also  punctual). 

Justice,  dMd ;  insdf ;  'adl;  'addlat.  Vide 
Judgment. 


Justification,  'uzr  (excuse) ;  '  uzr-i  masmu'  ; 

bard-yl  kirddr-i  khud  'uzr-i  nami-drad. 
Justify,  khud  rd  mubarrq  qalam  dddan  az — . 
Justly,  insdf"" ;  az  ru-yi  'addlat. 
Jute,  kattdn-i  hindi  ;  kanif  (vulg.  for  qinnah). 
Juvenile,  khurd-sdl;  kam-'umr :  javdn  (about 

17  or  18). 
Juvenility,     khurd-sdli ;    kam-sinni ;    javdni 

(youth). 

K 

Kabul,  Kdbul. 

Kai  Kaus,  Kaykd^us.* 

Kai  Khusrau,  Kaykhusraw. 

Kai  Kubad,  Kayqubdd. 

Kalat,  Kaldt. 

Kaliyan  (Persian  water-pipe),  qalydn.  Vide 
Pipe. 

Kalmuch,  Kalmdq. 

Kars,  Qdrs. 

Karun,  R.     Vide  Euphrates. 

Kashan,  8ag-i  Kdshan  bih  az  akdbir-i  Qum, 
bd-vujud-i  ki  sag  bih  az  KdshVst  (say- 
ing); Kdshi  (inhabitant  of  K.).''  Vide 
Qum. 

Kashghar,  Kdsh^kcir. 

Kashmir,  Kashmir. 

Kaswin,  Qazvin. 

Kathay,  Khatami. 

Kazarun,  Kdzarun  (between  Shiraz  and 
Bushire;  noted  for  its  oranges,  limes, 
etc.). 

Keen,  tund ;  tiz  (sharp) :  sar-garm ;  and 
shd^iq-i  (eager  and  mushtdq-i  fond  of) . 

Keep,  to,  vafd  n.  (a  promise) ;  sar-i  qawl-i 
khud  Istddan  (a  promise) ;  tdza  mdndan 
intr.  (of  eatables) ;  bdz  ddshvan  tr.  (to 
keep  back) ;  and  bdz  istddan  intr. :  mahfuz 
mdndan  (to  be  pieserved,  kept  safe) , 
nigah  ddshtan  (to  maintain);  mar'i  dash- 
tan  (observe) ;  bi-jd  dvardan  (to  perform) : 
"  they  went  on  and  on  (kept  on)  till  they 
reached  an  enchanted  castle ' '  {raftand 
rajtand  raftand^  td  bi-qal'a-yi  sihr-karda'i 
rasidand)—TToi.  S.  T. :  in  pul  ptsh-i  tu 
amdnat  bdshad  td  vaqt-i  ki  mard  Idzim 
bdshad  (or  bi-shavad)  (keep  this  monej^  for 
me  till  I  want  it). 

Keeper,  nigdh-bdn ;  and  mustahfiz  :  muhr-ddr 


1  The  juice  is  extracted  from  the  fruit  by  boiling,  and   the  extract  used   as   a   'cooling  medicine.' 
The  fruit  soaked  in  water  is  occasionally  given  to  bulbuls. 

2  Better  ml-ravad. 

8  MajUa-i  istintjag  is  a  committee  of  enquiry  only  ;  the  members  are  chosen  by  the  Governor, 

*  Name  of  the  grandfather  of  Kayjchuaraw  ;  supposed  to  be  Cyrus. 

6  Professional  story-tellers  are  especially  fond  of  such  repetitions  to  express  continuance. 


Kee 


171 


Kin 


(keei>er  of  the  seal) :  darban ;  or  qapfl-chi 
and  toll,  qdb-chi  (of  door).  Vide  Door- 
keeper). 

Keepsake,  yddxjar. 

Kennel,  sag-khdna:  dasta-yi  tula  (a  pack  of 
hounds). 

Kerbela,  Karhald.     Vide  Pilgrim. 

Kernel,  maghz-i  hassa-yi  hulu  (kernel  of  a 
peaeli-stone) ;  in  ndrjil  rd  bi-shikan  va 
7nagh.z-Ush  rd  bi-khur ;  {db-i  ndrjil  milk  of 
the  cocoanut) ;  ma^z-i  uslukhwdn  (mar- 
row) ;  [but  marrow  for  eating  is  maghz-i 
qalam]. 

Kerman,  Kirmdn;  [also  the  pi.  of  kirm 
*'  worm "  ;  a  certain  poet's  tajnis]. 

Kermanshah,  Kirmdnshdh. 

Kerosine,  naft  (for  najt) ,  or  rugifibn-i  najt. 

Kersey,  barak. 

Kestrel,  Kestril.     Vide  Falcon. 

Kettle,  kitli  (Eur.). 

Kettle-drum,  naqqdra.     Vide  Drum. 

Key,  kalid;  miftdfi,  pi.  mafdtih  (rare) ;  pich-i 
kuk  (of  musical  instrument) ;  parda  (in 
music) 

Key-hole,  surdkh-i  kalid. 

Keyless,  dasta-kuk  (of  a  watch). 

Khaibar,  Khaybar. 

Khiva,  Khavdrizm. 

Khojand,  Khujand. 

Khokand,  Khuqand. 

Khosroes,  Kisrq,  Ar.  form  of  Khusraw. 

Khotan,  Khulan. 

Khurasan,  Khurdsdn. 

Kick,  lagad  z.  (with  one  leg;  also  to  stoop,  of 
a  falcon) ;  juftak  anddkhtan '  (to  let  fly 
with  both  hind  legs) ;  chundn  tipa  tu-yi 
kun-at  bi-zanam  ki  du  pdra  shavad  ("I'll 
give  you  such  a  toe  on  the  ax  x  e  in  a 
minute ' ' ;  vide  toe) ;  tu-yi  kuni  or  sJiala- 
khta'^  (a  kick  on  the  behind).  Vide 
Slovenly. 

Kid,  buzj/hdla. 

Kidney,  gurda. 

Kill,  kushtan ;  qatl  k. ;  bi-qail  ra-sdnidan ; 
kushtdr  or  khunrtzi  k.  (of  a  big  slaughter) : 
duzd-hd  dar  dn  may  dan  barddar-i  'aziz  am 
rdshahid''  kardand—Proi  8.  T. :  zabhk.  (to 
cut  the  throat  and  hence  often  to  slaugh- 
ter for  food  according  to  law) ;  yd  sar,  yd 


huldh  (=-.kill  or  cure;  i.e.,  either  my  head 
or  his  hat).     Vide  Sword. 

Killed,  kushta  ;  maqtHl ;  qaiil. 

Killer,  kushanda;  qdlil;  khUn-riz;  [mard-i 
khuni  a  murderer,  a  bloody  man]. 

Killing,  qatl  (k.) ;  kushtdr  (k.)  (of  a  number). 

Kill-joy,  farhal-kush  (adj.).  Vide  Long- 
faced. 

Kiln,  kura-yi  djur-pazt  (brick-kiln) ;  [khisht 
an  unburnt  brickj ;  kura-yi  qach-pazi 
(lime-kiln).      Vide  Forge. 

Kind,  jins  [pi.  ajnds  goods] ;  qism,  pi.  aqaam ; 
waW,  pi.  anvd'  ;  sinkh  (m.c.) ;  «tn/,  pi. 
asndf ;  qahil ;  jur  (subs.):  ;i7m,  adj.  (in 
kind  opposed  to  naqdl) :  mihrbdn,  ad j . 
(kind);  mushfiq;  and  sliajiq  (showing 
affection  to,  sp.  to  inferiors) ;  adj.  Jchaijli 
iltifdt  ddrid  (you  are  very  kind). 

Kindle,  afrukhtan,  rt.  ajruz,  tr.  and  intr. ; 
mushta'il  k.,  tr. ;  mushta'il  shudan,  intr.; 
bd  kdh*  dtash-i  rushan  kardand  (or  afrukh- 
tand) . 

Kindling,  ishti'dl ;  dtanh  girif tan,  intr. ;  afrukh- 
tan;  or  rushan  kardan,  tr. 

Kindness,  lutf  (an  inherent  quality) ;  talattuf  ; 
or  ihsdn  (doing  kindness  to  others) ;  mihr- 
6am  (gen.) ;  sAa/a^o/ (compassion) ;  raf'at 
(sp.  from  God);  'indyat  {fB.w our  irom  & 
superior) ;  in-hd  az  iltifdt-i  shumd  ast  (this 
is  due  to  your  kindness  ;  lit.  paying  atten- 
tion) . 

Kindred,  khivishdn  ;  qaurni  u  khivish ;  aqvdm  ; 
khivish-dvand ;  aqribd^  {pi.  of  qarib) :  man- 
sub  (connections  by  marriage  or  distant 
relations).     Vide  Kinsfolk. 

King,  Pddishdh  ;  Shah  (of  Persia) ;  Syd^n^ ; 
Shkhanshdh  (King  of  Kings) ;  Shdha  !  (O 
King!);  malik,  pi.  muluk ;  Khdqdn  or 
Fa^fur  (of  China) ;  Shah  (at  chess) ; 
Ya'sub  (king^  of  the  bees). 

Kingcraft,  'ilm^i  pddishdhi ;  'ilm-i  saUatuU- 
ddri ;  d''in-i  shahrydri. 

Kingdom,  aqjltanat;  dawlat  (country):  az 
mamlakat-i  Irdn  *ubur  kardim:  pddishdhat 
(ruling);  mavdlid-i^  saldsa.  ya'nihayavd- 
VMt,  nabdtdt,  va  jamdddt. 

Kingfisher,  mdhi-girak. 

Kingly,  shdhdna;  khusravdna;  mulukdna 
(adv.  and  adj.);  s?uih-vash  (adj.). 


i  Hindustani  du-latt  mama. 

•i  ShnlaUlta  rah  raj  tan  (vulg.)  "  to  go  kicking  about  the  place,"  i.e.,  wander  idly  in  the  bazars  ;  said 
of  good-for-nothings. 

'i  Shahld,  lit.  "  martyr."     Shuh-i  skahid  is  Naaiv' d-D\n  Shah  who  was  assassinated. 
*  Kah,  chopped  straw  (Hindustani  hhtiaa) ;  'alaf-i  khushk  "  dried  grass  ;  hay." 
6  Suldan  Ar.  =  "power."  «  i.e.,  the  Queen.  ^  Sing.  fiiatoIt7</. 


Kin 


172 


Kno 


Kinsfolk^  Kinsman,  hhipishavandMn ;  khivi- 
shan;  az  aqarih;  'ashira  or  khanddn 
(family).     Vide  Kindred  and  Tribe. 

Kiosk,  kushk. 

Kiss,  rmch  (vulg.)  {z.  or  g.) ;  husa  {z.  or  g.)  ; 
mach  u  much  {k.)  (mutual  kissing) ;  hus  u 
kinar  {k.)  (kissing  and  cuddling) ;  yak  juft 
husa  az  lab-ash  bar-dasht  (he  gave  her  a 
double  smack  on  the  lips) ;  du-busa  (a 
double  smack,  not  a  kiss  on  each  cheek) ; 
chahdr-husa  (two  double  smacks  on  the 
same  place).     Vide  Smack. 

Kitchen,  dsh-paz  khdna ;  matbakh- 

Kite,  childq  T.  (a  term  also  applied  to  the 
Marsh-Harrier  and  another  species  of 
harrier);  childq-i  qdpdq  ^  T.  (the  'Fork- 
tailed  Kite');  ghaUvdj :  sangak  (said  to 
closely  resemble  the  piqu  or  Indian  Shikra 
but  to  have  black  eyes ;  perhaps  the  black- 
winged  kite) ;  (the  toy)  kd(jhaz-havd ;  bdd- 
badak ;  tayydra  (Ar. ;  rare)  {pardndan) ; 
[bi-bdd  dddan  of  first  casting  the  kite  into 
the  air]. 

Kitten,  in  burdq-i  khayli  qashang  ast  du  td 
bachcha-yi  shangul  mangul  ddrad  misl-i 
khudrosh  (this  is  a  pretty  Persian  cat ;  she 
has  two  sweetly  pretty  kittens  like  her- 
self). 

Knapsack,  kula-bar-i  sarbazi:  chanta  (der- 
vishes' bag;  suspended  from  a  shoulder 
and  carried  under  the  same  arm) ;  push- 
tdra  (a  small  bundle  carried  on  the  shoul- 
der by  a  stick).     Vide  Ba,g. 

Knave,  vJa-pak  or  ndquld  (mischievous  of 
children ;  dishonest  of  servants) ;  dast-kaj 
(pilferer;  sp.  apphed  to  servants) ;  pidar- 
sukhta;  and  khabis  (blackguard,  q.v.). 

Knavishly,  az  ru-yi  siflagi,  or  — pas  firatl. 

Knead,  kharnir  k. 

Kneaded,  khamlr  karda. 

Kneading-trough,  tac^dr-i  khamlr  (baker's; 
of  any  substance) ;  lagan  (domestic ,  of 
metal). 

Knee,  zdnu;  u  bi-zdnu  dar-amad  va  'uzr 
khwdst ,  or  zamin-i  khidmat  busid  va  talab-i 
'afv  kard:  du-zdnu  nishastan  (to  sit 
formally  on  the  calves  and  heels) ;  chahdr- 
zanu  n.  (to  squat  tailor-fashion) ;  asakk 
(knock-kneed;  sp.  of  camels). 

Knee-deep,  zdnu-ras;  yak  zdnu  gawd  ast; 
td  sar-i  zdnu  dar  gil  faru  raft  (he  sank  in 
the  mud  quite  up  to  his  knees). 

Kneel,  zdnu  z.,  or  zdnu  tah  k.,  intr. ;   khwd- 


hdnldan,  tr.  (to  make  to  kneel  or  lie  down ; 
of  camels,  etc.).     Vide  Knee. 

Knife,  clidqu  (penknife  or  clasp-knife) ;  qalam- 
tardsh  (penknife) :  kdrd  (with  handle) ; 
or  sikkin  (rare) ;  sdtur  (butcher's)  ; 
bughdd  (butcher's  chopper) ;  qama  (wea- 
pon ;  straight  and  double-edged) ;  Tchanjar 
(single- edged  and  shaped  like  a  tiger- 
claw)  ;  sum-tardsh  (farrier's  knife) ;  hdrjhaz- 
bur  (paper-knife). 

Knife-grinder,  charkh-gar  (the  man) ;  charkh-i 
fisdn  (the  stone). 

Knight,  mard-i  marddn;  sMr-i  qdlin  (carpet 
knight;  opposed  to  former).     Vide  Hero. 

Knit,  bd  mil  bdftan  or —  chldan ;  u  yak  juft 
jurdb  bd  mil  bar  mi-chinad  (she  is  knitting 
a  pair  of  socks) :  abrib  dar-ham  kashidan  ; 
and  girih  afgandan;  and  chin  dar  abru 
anddkhtan  (to  knit  the  brows) . 

Knob,  bar-dmadagl ;  qubba:  luk  (vulg.  on 
body  or  elsewhere) :  dukma  (small  knob ; 
the  button  of  an  electric  switch  ;  also  a 
button  of  silk). 

Knobby,  qubha-ddr ;  dukma  mdnand. 

Knock,  Knock,  to,  zarb  (z.)  (a  blow)  ;  taraq 
taraq  dar  ra  zad'^  (he  knocked  loudly  at 
the  door)  ;  dar  kubldan  or  daqq"^  l-bdb  k. 
(to  knock  at  the  door  with  the  fist) ; 
dastak  z.  (with  the  open  hand) ;  halqa  z. 
(to  knock  with  the  knocker) ;  zamin  zadan 
or  anddkhtan  (to  knock  down). 

Knock-kneed.     Vide  Knee. 

Knocker,  halqa  (of  door) ;  chakush  (rare  ;  lit. 
hammer) . 

Knot,  girih,  in  m.c.  often  girin,  {z.);  aqd; 
or  'uqda  (bastan) ;  in  rismdn  girih  ddrad, 
bdz  kun  or  bi-gushd ;  tandf  (vulg.  for 
tandb)  rd  girih  bi-zan  (tie  a  knot  in  the 
rope) ;  but  tanuf-hd  rd  sar-i  ham  girih 
bi-zan  (tie  the  ropes  together) ;  girih-i  kur 
(a  knot  that  can't  easily  be  untied) ; 
'iqd-i  surayyd  (the  knot,  cluster,  of  the 
Pleiades) . 

Knotted,  girih  shuda;  pur-girih;  girih  girih 
(knotted) ;  pich  dar  plch  (intricate).  Vide 
Difficulty,  etc. 

Knotty,  daqiq  (of  problems) ;  sa'b ;  and 
mushkil  (difficult,  intricate) ;  dar  hall-i 
mushkildt-i daqlqa-yi  mazhabl  (or  dar  'uqda- 
kushd-'^l-yi — )  mdhir  bud  (he  was  skilled 
in  solving  knotty  points  of  religion). 

Know,  to,  ddnistan,  tr. ;  ma'lum  {k.  or  shJ)  ; 
shlndkhtan,  rt.  shinds  (recognize ;  balad  sh. 


1  Qapaq,  T.  the  two  centre  tail-feathers. 


2  A  villager  or  an  impatient  person. 


Kno 


173 


Lad 


(oi  a  ruad ,  language) ;  shumd  dar  in  kdr 
kam-tajriba  hastid  (a  polite  expression) ; 
rah  namx-haram  bi-navisam  (vulg.)  (I 
don't  know  how  to  write) ;  u  dar  an  kar 
dast-i  na-ddrad  vulg.  (he  doesn't  know 
how  ') ;  hick  az  jddu-hd^-i  ki  karda  ast  m%- 
ddni  bi-guyi?^  (do  you  know  anything  of 
the  magic  he  has  practised  ?) ;  sar-ash  dar 
hisdb  ast  (he's  in  the  know)  ;  Turin  sar-at 
ml-shavad?  (do  you  know  Turki?):  vid>e 
Knowledge ;  bi-tawr-i  yaqin  mi-ddnam — (I 
know  for  certain  that — ) ;  Khudd  mi- 
ddnad  =  va  'lldh''a'lam  (God  knows;  vide 
Knowing);  'ilm-i  najjdri  rd  ddrid?  (do 
you  know  carpentry  ?).     Vide  Acquainted. 

Knowing,  dar —  kirm-i  kdr  (of  any  special 
business  or  art) ;  Allah"  a* lam  (God  is 
most  knowing,  God  knows  best ;  this 
phrase  is  used  by  writers  when  stating 
something  the  truth  of  which  they  cannot 
vouch  for.  When  telling  intentional  false- 
hoods the  phrase  is  rarely  used). 

Knowingly,  bi-tawr-i  dgdhdna  gujt  (he  spoke 
with  authority,  as  one  that  knows) ; 
ddnista.     Vide  Purposely. 

Knowledge,  ddnish ;  Him  (pi.  'vlum 
sciences)  ;  ma^rifat;  dar  qahva-sdzi  mu'ri- 
fat  ddrad;  'ilm-i  sarsari  (superficial — ); 
*  ilm-i  rasmi  (worldly  knowledge) ;  &»- 
sdbiqa  (without  previous  knowledge) ;  az 
dmadan-i  u  hich  'ilmri  na-ddshtam  (I  did 
not  know  he  was  coming) ;  banda  masbuq-i 
in  na-budam  (I  had  no  previous  know- 
ledge of  this) ;  mardum-shirvds  u  qiydfa- 
ddn  (adj.  with  a  knowledge  of  character). 

Known,  mO-lum ;  ma'ruf ;  mash-hur  (well 
known,  famous) :  zarb^  'l-amsdl-i  afvdh 
(vulg.  ;  omit  afvdh)  (well  known) ;  maw- 
sum     bi (known     as — ) ;     zabdn-za^i 

khald'^iq  gardida  (notorious ;  for  good  or 
evil) ;  angusht-nurrui  (gen.  in  a  bad  sense, 
notorious).     Vide  Notorious. 

Knuckle,  band-i  angusht. 

Korah,'  Qdrun. 

Koran,  Qur*dn;  Furqdn;  Kaldm"  'lldh 
(Word  of  God). 


Kran  (coin),  qo/rdn  and  qirdni  [52  to  54  =  i:l  ; 

i.e.  in  1903J. 
Kum,  Qum  :  vide  Kdshdn. 
Kurd,  Kurd,  pi.  Akrdd:  Kurdi  (adj.). 
Karachee,  Kardchi. 


Label,  sar-chaspdn  {k.). 

Labial,    shafavi;      huruf-t    shafaviyya    (the 

labials). 
Laborious,  kdr-kun  (hard  worker) ;    mihnat- 

kash;  jafd-kash  (hard  worker) :  pur-zahmal 

(of  things). 
Labour,     kdr    (k.) ;    mihnat    {k.) ;     zahmai 

{kashidan) ;  vide  Endeavour ;  bard-yi  mor 

'ishat    khayli    zdhmat     (or     mihnat)    mi- 

kashand. 
Labour,    to,    dard-i    zih*    (of    child-birth); 

to'oft    kashidan;  ranj    burdan.      Vide    to 

Endeavour. 
Labourer,  muzdur ;  fwala  (prop.  pi.  of  fdHl; 

sing,  not  used  in  this  seiLse) ;  injd  panjdh 

'amala^  mashgAul  ast  (fifty  labourers  are 

employed  here). 
Lac  (gum),  Idk  (subs.;;  Idki  (adj.). 
Lace,    tiir   (net),   or    turi,    or  zanjira   (for 

dresses) ;  band-i  kafsh  (boot-lace) ;  qaytJdn 

(gold  or  silk  braid  on  uniform) :  kalabatiin 

(of  gold  only). 
Lace,  to,  band  bastan  (of  shoes) ;  tur,  qaytdn, 

etc.,   duhhtan;  hdshiya-duzi   k.    (to   work 

needlework  borders,  etc.);    mtbshabbak  k. 

(to  interlace;  also  to  sew  lace  on  the  cuffs 

or  skirt  of  women's  dresses). 
Lacerate,  to,  jigar  pdra  k.;    or  dil  rd  dtash 

zadan  (of  the  feelings). 
Lack,  'adam  (subs.);  Al-hamd"  IVlldh   man 

kam  u  kasr-i  na-dJdram  (thank  God  I  lack 

nothing) . 
Ladder,     nardabdn,    or    nardbdn;     suUam; 

urchin:  kamand  (of  rope).     FtVie  Jacob's 

Ladder. 
Ladies'  man,  'ishq-bdz  (in  a  bad  sense). 
Lading,  sitami  (bill  of  lading ;   for  receiver 

to  clear  goods.     Vide  Bill). 


1  Also  "he  h£is  no  hand  in  the  business." 

^  This  is  not  the  same  as  mi  tavani  bi-guyl,  which  would  refer  to  the  ability  only  to  speak  and  not 
to  the  will :  whereas  ml-dani  implies  that  the  person  will  tell  if  he  knows. 

8  The  opulence  emd  avarice  of  Qarun  are  proverbial.  He  brought  a  feJse  accusation  of  immorality 
against  Moses.  There  is  a  tradition  that  as  Qarun  sank  gradually  into  the  ground  to  his  knees,  to  his 
waist,  and  to  his  neck,  he  cried  out  four  times  "Oh  Moses,  have  mercy  on  me!";  but  each  time 
Moses  replied,  "Oh  earth,  swallow  them  up."  Allah  said,  "Thou  hadst  no  pardon  on  Qarun  though 
he  asked  pardon  of  thee  four  times  :  I  would  have  had  pity  had  he  asked  pardon  of  me  but  once." 

*  When  travail  is  prolonged,  a  muUa  mounts  on  to  the  roof  and  cries  the  asjan. 

6  Prop.  pi.  of  'amtl  but  in  Persian  used  as  a  singular.     Ast  should  be  and. 


Lad 


174 


Lan 


Ladle,  kafcha;  kaf-gir. 

Lady,  khanum;  khdtun  pi.  hhavatln;  banu 
(rare) :  haygum  (address  to  Sayyidas). 

Lady-like,  misl-i  khdnumha. 

Lag,  to,  'aqab  ujtadan. 

Laggard,  sust-raw ;  'aqab-raw. 

Lagoon,  murdab  (any  marshy  or  boggy 
ground) ;  mashila  (joined  to  sea).  Vide 
Swamp. 

Laid,  nihdda ;  maivzu'  (rare)  (set  aside). 

Lair,  kundm  (of  beast) ;  maghdra  (cave,  den). 

Lake,  darydcha-yi  idza-i  injd  tashkll  ydfta  (a 
new  lake  has  been  formed ,  formed  itself, 
here) . 

Lakh,  yak  lak  '  rupiya  nii-shavad  (or  tamdm 
ml-shavad)  (it  will  cost  a  lakh  of  rupees). 

Lama,  Ldmd  (of  Tibet). 

Lamb,  barra''-  (in  some  parts  of  Persia  "a 
sheep " ) ;  barra-yi  shir  (even  when  no 
longer  being  suckled) :  barra-yi  shir-mast 
(sucking  lamb).'^ 

Lame,  to  be,  langidan  (to  be  lame). 

Lame,  lang;  shal  ("crippled,"  from  an 
accident  or  disease  or  "  broken  down"  of 
a  camel,  etc. ;  and  also  =  mafluj  "  para- 
lysed ' ')  :  bi-sabab-i  langi  bd  'asd  mi-gardad 
(as  he  is  lame  he  walks  with  a  stick) ;  chuldq 
(permanently  crippled  in  the  hand ;  vide 
left;  also  fig.  "butter-fingered")  ;  man 
shal  shudam  (I'm  broken  down  from  over- 
work, or  from  a  bad  cold,  etc.) ;  langdn 
langdn  raftan  (to  limp  along);  langidan 
(to  go  lame);  'uzr-i  sust,  or  — lang;  or 
bahdna-yi  sust  (a  lame  excuse). 

Lament,  ndlidan ;  ndla  kardan ;  zdn  k. ; 
flg];^dn  k. :  zdr  zdr  ginstan  (to  weep  bitter- 
ly) ;  shivan  k.  or  mdtam-ddrl  k.  (to  mourn 
for  the  dead  by  beating  the  head  and 
breast,  etc.);  ^azd-ddri  k.  (ditto);  afsus 
khurdan;  or  ta^assuf  (ddshtan)  (to  feel 
sorrow  for) ;  nawha  k.  (to  mourn  for  the 
dead  by  chants,  etc. ;  sp.  at  the  Muhar- 
ram) ;  marsiya  khivdndan  (to  recite  an 
elegy). 

Lamentation,  shivan  {k.) ;  or  shivan  u  shayn 
[k.) :  nawha-gari  (k.)  (by  chants;  at  death 
or  in  a  great  calamity) ;  muya  k.  (rare ; 
weeping  for  the  dead  only). 

Lamenter,     nawha-gar      or      nawha-Tchwdn; 


marsiya-khivdn  (reciter  of  an  elegy) ; 
mdtam-ddr*;  or  'azd-ddr;  or  sahib-' azd 
(mourner  for  death). 

Lamenting,  ndldn ;  or  girydn  (part.) :  yidla 
(subs.)  ;  shivan  (at  death). 

Lammergeyer,  humjd  (the  Bearded  Vulture 
or  Ossifrage). 

Lamp,  chirdgh^  (now  a  gen.  term);  jdnus 
(Chinese;  also  globe);  chirdc^4  mushl 
(small  lamp  without  shade :  Roman 
shape) ;  Idla  (Eur.  candle-lamp  with 
globe) ;  chihil-chirdgk  (chandelier) ;  jar 
(candle-lamp  with  many  branches) :  chi- 
rdgh-i  duzdi  (any  lamp  yielding  insufficient 
light) ;  qindil,  pi.  qanddil  (a  hanging  lamp 
burning  either  candles  or  oil ;  sp.  used  in 
mosques);  mash'al  (torch);  ''Idmpd'^ 
(Eur.  pattern) ;  pih-siiz  (old  Persian  pat- 
tern ;  with  loose  wick  and  castor-oil) ; 
vaqt-i  ki  bar  gashlam  dldam  hanuz  chirdgh-i 
shumd  mi-suzad.^ 

Lamp-black,  duda-yi  chirdgh. 

Lamp-lighter,  chirdi/h-chl  (of  a  palace  or  a 
mosque). 

Lampoon,  tasnlf-i  hajv  (in  m.c.  topical  song 
in  satire  of  some  one) 

Lampoon,  to,  galak  zadan  (?);  hajv  gujtan 
(to  satirize  or  lampoon). 

Lamp-post  mil;  sutun ;  '  alam-i  Yazid  (fig. 
a  man  or  post  very  tall  and  thin).  Vide 
Tall. 

Lance,  nayza. 

Lancet,  nlshtar  and  nishtar. 

Land,  mulk  (country) ;  vildyat ;  fchdk ;  vatan 
(native  land) ;  zamin-i  khdlisa  (crown 
lands) ;  zamlnhd-yi  arbdbi  (private  lands)  : 
az  rdh-i  daryd  mt-ravld  yd  khushkl  (do  you 
go  by  see  or  land  ?) ;  chand  band-i  gdv 
zird'at  ddrid  (  =  how  much  cultivated  land 
have  you  ?) ;  zamin-i  dayml  (dependent  on 
rain) ;  zamin-i  farydbi  (irrigated) ;  zamin-i 
mushajjar  (land  with  trees) ;  zamin-i  bdyir 
(uncultivated  or  fallow) ;  zamin-i  shur  or 
shurorzdr  (salt  land) ;  zamin-i  bi-sdhib  (un- 
claimed). 

Land,  to,  kujd  irdda-yi  payin  dmadan  ddrid 
(where  do  you  intend  to  land  ? ;  but 
piydda  shudam,  not  pdyin  rafktm  "I 
landed  ") ;  piydda  k.  or  pdyin  dvardan,  tr. 


1  The  Persians  have  vague  notions  of  a  lak ;  the  word  is  better  avoided. 

•i  Barra-yi  ahu  "  a  gazelle  fawn." 

3  Butchers  blow  out  the  skin  of  lean  sucking  lambs  to  make  them  look  fat. 

♦  For  At.  "  ma^tam." 

6  In  m.c.  chiragh  is  often  used  in  the  sense  of  "  a  light." 

8  The  Imperfect  mi-auMLt  would  not  be  so  idiomatic  as  the  Present. 


Lan 


175 


Las 


Landed,  mhib-i  milk  (of  people) ;  favd'id-i 
milkiyyd  (landed  interests) ;  milk,  pi.  amiak 
(landed  property). 

Land-force,  quvvayi  barriyya;  [quwa-yi 
hahriyya  naval  strength]. 

Landholder,  malldk ;  or  sakifhi  milk  (small) ; 
arbdb  {hip). 

Land-locked,  tnahsUr  bi-zamtn;  char  dawr- 
ash  zamin  ast. 

Landing-place,  muJiall-i  nuzul. 

Landlord,  u  sdhib-i  khdna  ast ' ;  man  kirdya- 
ddr-i  u  hastam  va  u  ijdra  kdr ;  vide  Land- 
holder; karavdnsard-ddt  (of  a  karavan- 
sara). 

Landmark,  'aldmal  (conspicuous  object); 
mtUi  sar-kaddi  (boundary  pillar). 

Landscape,  chashm-anddz  (view) ;  m/inzar. 

Landslip,  dvdr  (also  debris  and  also  of  the 
collapse  of  a  building) ;  kuh  dar  rajtan. 

Land-tax,  khirdj  (tax  on  land:  also  tribute) ; 
m^l-i  divdn;  or  mMiyydt  (revenue  from 
land  only). 

Lane,  pas-kucJta  (back-street) ;  kucha  (any 
street  or  lane).     Vide  Alley. 

Language,  zabdn,  P.,  lit.  and  met. ;  lisdn,  lit. 
and  met.  (Ar.  pi.  alsina,  met.  only)  (ton- 
gue) ;  zabdn-i  khdrija  (foreign  tongue) ; 
harf-i  yavmhiyya  naml-tavdnad  bi-zanad 
(expresses  ignorance; ;  dar  panj  lujjtat 
kaldm  mi-tunad  (he  speaks  five  langu- 
ages). 

Languid,  siist ;  kasil  or  khasta  (tired) ;  pazh- 
murda  (withered) ;  kdstan,  rt.  kdh  (to 
decrease  daily).     Vide  Protracted. 

Languish,  pazhmurdan  (lit.  to  wither). 

Languor,  kasdlat;  kisil^  hastam,  nami  khwd- 
ham  harakat  bi-kunam. 

Languorous,  chashm-i  makhmur  (languorous 
eyes  ;  a  point  of  beauty). 

Lank,  bisydr  buland-qadd  u  Idgiir  ast.  Vide 
Tall. 

Lantern,  jdnus  (prop.  Chinese  pattern ;  also 
globe);  chirdgiiri  dastl:  fdrvm-i  shu'bada 
(magic). 

Lap,  Msh  (local) ;  daman ;  kindr. 

Lapdog,  buji^  (lapdog). 

Lapful,  yak  daman  (a  lapful) ;  ddmun  ddman 
(whole  lapfuls). 

Lap,  to,  bd  zabdn  lak  zadan  (of  a  dog)  ; 
lisidan  (to  lick). 


Lapidary,  saruj-tardsh  (also  incorrectly  uued 
for  hakkdk);  hakkdk  (of  jewels,  and  seals 
only) ;  vide  Jeweller :  hajjdr  (of  stones, 
rocks). 

Lapidation,  rajm  (law  term);  "  Lapidation 
is  the  punishment  fixed  in  the  Shar'  for 
adultery"  {shar""*  aazdyi  zind*^  aang-sar 
kdr  dan  ast). 

Lapis  lazuli,  Idjavard;  tdjavardi  (of  the 
colour  of — ). 

Lapsable,  sdqit-shaw ;  bi-dauUit  bar  khipdhad 
gasht  ( — to  Government) ;  mtistaraddrshaw. 

Lapse,  murur-i  duhur  (of  time,  ages) ;  inqizd- 
yi  muddat  (of  fixed  period) ;  inhirdf  az — 
(turning  aside  from)  ;  lo'jAzish  (slip) :  sahv 
(mistake). 

Lapsided.     Vide  Lopsided. 

Lapwing,  bdrdn-talabak. 

Larder,  chambara  (made  of  string  and  cone- 
shaped  ;  suspended  from  the  ceiling) 

Large,  buzurg  (gen.) ;  'azirn  (of  roads,  build 
ings,  cities,  kingdoms,  the  body);  kaldn* 
(rare) ;  diruzmiht-yi  buzurgl  sayd  kardam  : 
jarshanddz-i  utdq  chi-qadr  ast  (how  large  is 
the  room  ?) :  saffhtr  u  kainr  (young  and 
old)  :  jasim  (bulky ;  of  men  or  animals) ; 
sitabr  and  zakhim  (bulky  ;  gen.  of  things) ; 
kuluft  (thick ;  of  men  or  things) ;  hajhn 
(of  books) ;  vast'  (spacious) ;  khattr  (great ; 
of  fear,  sum  of  money) ;  kaslr  (of  num- 
bers) ;  ziydd;  or  fardvdn  (of  quantitjO- 

Largeness,  buzurgl,  azamxit  (generally 
majesty) ;  jasdmat  (bulkines.^) ;  kidufti 
(thickness) ;  sitqbrl  (ditto) :  Ivajm  (size ; 
big  or  small ;  sp.  of  books) ;  tms'at  (ex- 
panse);  fardvdni;  or  ztt/a(^<i  (abundance, 
of  quantity) ;  kasral;  or  vujur  (abundance 
in  numbers). 

Lark,  chakdva  or  chakdvak ;  tjhuzldgh  or 
qdzldq  T. ;  qurnbara  Ar.  and  kdkidt  P.  (the 
crested  lark) ;  chughul ;  tlsak  (a  small  bird  ; 
perhaps  the  short-toed  or  social  lark). 

Larkspur,  zabdn  dar  qafd. 

Lascivious,  sJuihvati ;  pur-shahvat  (lustful) ; 
hasharl^  (vulg.  and  stronger  than  former); 
bdh  ziydd  ddrad. 

Lash,  shalldq  (2.)  (the  thong  of  a  whip  and 
also  the  whole  whip) ;  zabdna-yi  shalldq 
(the  lash) ;  khayli  urd  zarb-i  zabdn  zadam 
(I  laslied  him  with  my  tongue). 


1  But  aahih-khana  ' '  occupier.  * ' 

'''  Properly  kasil.     Isfahanis  are  specially  apt  to  substitute  a  ztr  for  a  zeibctr. 

8  Buji  is  applied  to  any  diminutive  breed  or  to  a  diminutive  individual  of  tiny  breed. 

*  Kalan  much  used  by  Afghans. 

f>  Seud  to  be  derived  from  haaharat  "  insects,  etc.'* 


Las 


176 


Law 


Lasso,  kamand  (also  the  rope  ladder  of 
thieves) . 

Last,  pas-i  hama  (vulg.) ;  dkhir-i  Kama  (be- 
hind all);  akhirm  (the  last):  bi'l-akhira; 
'aqibat"'l-amr  (at  last) ;  dar  payan-i  kar 
(at  the  end  of  all) ;  si-shamha-yi  guzashta 
(last  Tuesday) ;  par-sal  (last  year) ;  salk[i 
(last  day  of  the  month)  ;  dusk,  dishab  and 
vulg.  dina-shab  (last  night) ;  qdlib  (shoe- 
maker's). 

Last,  to,  davdm  k. ;  mdndan ,  ddHm  budan  (to 
last  for  ever) :  qd^im  budan  (of  God,  build- 
ings, etc.) :  pd^ldan  (also  to  watch) ;  tul 
kashidan  (of  periods  of  time)  ;  in  durtar  ' 
'ayb  mi-kunad  m.c.  (this  will  last  longer) ; 
td  yak  mdh  In  majlis  hast  (this  committee 
will  last  a  month) ;  tE  tulu'-i  dftdb  bar  in 
qardr  guzasht'^  (this  state  of  things  lasted 
till  dawn) .     Vide  Suffice. 

Lasting,  bd  davdm  (gen.) ;  dur  'ayb  ml-kunad 
(of  cloth,  furniture,  eatables);  pdyaddr 
(for  buildings) ;  bdqi  (of  God). 

Lastly,  dkhir'^". 

Latch,  zabdna  (of  door). 

Late,  d^r;  dir-vaqt,  or  vulg.  dur-vaqt;  'asr-i 
tang-i  (late  in  the  evening) ;  jawt  shuda  or 
mutavaffq  (deceased,  gen. ;  sp.  non- Mus- 
lims) ;  marhum ^  (lit.  blessed,  i.e.,  deceased, 
generally  of  Muslims) ;  Persians,  however, 
apply  this  term  to  Christians  also) ;  magh- 
jur  (lit.  pardoned  =  marhum) ;  nazd-i 
barddar-i  Khudd-biydmurz-am  nawkar  bud 
(he  was  a  servant  of  my  late  brother) ,  dir 
dmadid  (you're  late). 

La.tely,darln  ruz-ha;  dar  In  nazdiki-hd ;  dar 
%n  awqdt  or  dar  hi  awdkhir :  dar  In  tdzagl- 
hd. 

Lateness,  dlri ;  tangi-yi  vaqt  (insufficiency  of 
time).     Vide  Delay. 

Lathe,  mikhrata;  [kharrdt,  a  man  who  uses  a 
lathe] :  dla-yi  kharrdii. 

Lather,  kaf-i  sdbun  {dar  dvardan)  (of  soap). 

Latitude,  'arz  (geo.) ;  [tul,  longitude] :  dzddi; 
or  mayddna  or  vus'at  (in  instructions). 

Latrine,  mabdl  (prop,  urinal);  pd-khdna: 
khaW  (prop,  open  space,  deserted  place) ; 
mabraz  (rare) ;  mutavazzq  (rare ;  prop, 
place  of  ablution) .  Vide  Water-closet  and 
Privy. 

Latter,    duyuml    or    duvvumt;    dkhirl;    in 


(this);  [dn   "  that  "="  former  "] :  dkhir'" 
'z-zikr  (modern;  in  newspapers). 

Latterly.     Vide  Lately. 

Lattice- window,  panjara;  shabaka;  qafasa. 

Latticed,  mushabbak. 

Laud,  to,  hamd  k.  (of  God) ;  sand  guftan  (of 
God  or  man)  ;  tamjid  k.  (of  God  and  great 
people) . 

Laudable,  mustahsan;  situda;  af  dl-i  hamida 
(laudable  actions) :  sifdt-i  hamida  (laud- 
able qualities). 

Laudably,  bi-tarz-i  sutudagi. 

Laudanum,  Iddan  (Eur.) :  jawhar-i  tirydk. 

Laudatory,  pur-madh ;  hamd-dmiz. 

Laugh,  Jchandidan  ;  khanda  k.  or  z. ;  qdh  qdh 
khandidan  or  qahqaha  z.  (to  laugh  aloud) ; 
bidun-i  jihat  chird  nisJi-ai  rd  vd  mi-kuni 
(vulg.;  why  are  you  grinning?);  tabas 
sum  k.  (to  smile) ;  khanda  kas-i  rd  ast  ki 
mi-barad  (let  him  laugh  that  wins) :  puq 
khandidan  (to  burst  with  restrained 
laughter).     Vide  Bright,  Ridicule,  etc. 

Laughable,  muzhik  (that  causes  laughter) ; 
khanda-dvar :  bisydr  khanda  ddsht. 

Laugher,  khandanda ;  khanda-zan  or  — kun. 

Laughter,  Laughing,  khanda;  qahqaha  (loud 
laughter;  also  the  call  of  the  chukor 
partridge) ;  man  az  khanda  ruda-bur 
shudam  (I  split  my  sides  with  laughing) ; 
khanddn  (adj.)  :  mutabassim  (smiling; 
adj.).  _  _ 

Laughingly,  khanda-kunxin ;  khandan  khan- 
ddn (contin.) ;   mutabassimdna  (smilingly). 

Laundress,  rakht-shur  *  (male  or  female) : 
gdzur  (rare). 

Laundry,  rakht-shu  khdvia. 

Laureate,  malik"^  ^sh-shu'ard  (Poet  Laureate). 

Laurel,  ghdr  Ar.  (rare). 

Lavatory,"  ru-shur-khdna,  or  utaq-i  ru-shuS 
(in  trains). 

Lavender,  ustukhuddus  (a  species  of  lavender ; 
made  into  a  tea  and  drunk  as  a  remedy 
for  cold  in  the  head). 

Lavish,  musrif  (also  extravagant) ;  or  vil- 
hharj  (extravagant  in  a  bad  sense;  vide 
Extravagant) :  bi-hisdb. 

Lavish,  to  be,  isrdf  k. ;  vil-hharji  k. 

Lavishly,  az  ruy-i  isrdf  gen. :  musrifdna  (in 
bad  sense). 

Law,  shar'  ;  or  shan'at;  or  aunnxit  (relig.  sp. 


1  Dur-tar  (for  dir-tar  ?). 

i  The  subject  is  awqat  or  some  such  word  understood  :  vide  also  '  feel. ' 

S  In  India  and  elsewhere  this  term  is  applied  by  Muslims  to  deceased  Muslims  only. 

*  In  Persia  it  is  always  the  women  who  wash  clothes :  there  are  no  dhobia. 


Law 


177 


Lea 


of  Muslim  lau) ;  'urf  (common  law): 
masaHl-i  shar'iyya  (points  of  Muslim  reli- 
gious law):  qdnun,\)\.  qavanin;  or  dyin 
(regulation) :  rasm,  pi.  rusum,  and  rasumdt 
(customs);  fiqh,  or  fiqh  u  uaul  (jurispru- 
dence) :  bi-murdfa'  a  raftan  (to  go  to  law) . 

Law-abiding,  mutl'-i  qnnun. 

Law-breaking,  qdnun-shikan. 

Lav/-couTt,  mahkama ;  'adliyya. 

Lawful,  ram;  jdHz;  mashru'  (according  to 
Muslim  law) ;  or  shar'-pasand;  or  haldl 
(ditto) ;  inakruh  (lawful  but  inexpedient) ; 
mubdh  (lawful  to  do  it  or  omit  it ;  in- 
different); mustahahh  (recommended  to  be 
done);  in  shar'""  jd^'iz  ast:  'urfi  (accord- 
ing to  common  law)  :  khun-ash  id  hadar 
sdkht  (he  proclaimed  his  blood  lawful). 

Lawfully,  s^r"";  'urf'^" ;  qdnun"". 

Lawfulness,  hilliyyat ;  javdz. 

Law-giver,  shdri' ;  qdnun-sdz ;  muqannin 
(in  newspapers). 

Lawless,  bi-din  u  dyin ;  vahsJd  (savage) :  sar- 
kash  u  ydg[At. 

Lawn,'  chaman  (any  meadow  or  grass  plot, 
etc.). 

Lawsuit,  murdfa'a;  muhdkama:  mitqaddama 
(Indian). 

Lawyer,  qdnun-gu  (vulgar) ;  qdnun-dan. 

Lax,  siist;  pd-band  na — . 

Laxative,  mulayyin  (of  food  or  medicine). 

Laxity,  linat  (of  bowels). 

Lay,  to,  nihddan,  rt.  nih;  vaz*  k.  or  yak  taraf 
nihddan  (to  lay  aside) ;  giraw  or  nazr  or 
shart  bastan  (lay  a  wager) ;  md  bdyad 
shardrat  rd^  kindr  bi-guzdrlm  —  bdyad  az 
mandht  (or  manhiyydt)  ijtiimb  kunim ;  fru 
nishdndan  (of  dust) ;  tukhm  dddan  or 
guzdshtan  (eggs) ;  sufra  kashidan  (the  table 
cloth) ;  taqdim  k.  (lay  before) ;  zakhira  k. 
(store) ;  bd(jh  sdkhtan  (to  lay  out  grounds) ; 
sar  bi-sar-i  ham  nihddan  (to  lay  heads 
together) ;  Vdlid-i  buzurgvdr-am  niz  sa'y-i 
liaydr  kardand  ki  az  tukhm  bachcha  bi- 
kashand;  na-shud.  Man  farmudam  ki 
chand-i  az  nar  u  mdda-yi  u^  yak  jd  nigdh 
darand.  Rajta  rafta  bi-tukhm  dmadand. — 
Mem.  of  Emperor  Jehangir  (My  respected 
father  made  many  attempts  to  rear  the 


young  [of  the  saras  crane]  from  the  egg, 
but  failed.  I  gave  orders  for  a  pair  to  be 
kept  in  a  specially  prepared  place  and 
after  a  time  they  produced  eggs). 

Lazarus,  La'dzar. 

Laziness,  tambali;  suiti ;  kahili. 

Lay-figure,  ddam-i  chubi  (wooden  idol); 
but. 

Lazy,  au8t;  kdhil;  ddam-i  tamhal  munajjim 
mi-sliavad {or  vulgarly  mi-uftad*)  ;  tarr^al-i 
Baghdidd  ast  (he  is  very  lazy) ;  tapala  (lit. 
cow- pat;  a  fat,  lazy  person ;  a  '  flop  '). 

Lead,  surb:  middd  (of  pencil);  shdqhul 
(used  by  masons) ;  safida  (white  lead) ; 
shangarf  or  shanjarf  (red  lead) ;  surbi 
adj. 

Lead,  to,  burdan;  vide  Guide;  mahdr-ai 
bi-dast-i  ust  ( =  he  leads  you  by  the  nose) ; 
dn  bichdra  nd-bind  ast,  yaJc-i  digar  'asd- 
kashri  ust :  in  rdh  bi-kujd  mi-ravad  ?  ^  (or 
sar  dar  mi-dvarad  or  sar  mi-kashad  or  bi- 
kujd  muntahi  mi-shavad?) ;  in  kucha  bi- 
manzil-ash  rdh  ddrad  (this  street  leads  to 
his  house) ;  gum-rdh  k. ;  or  bad-rdh  k. 
(lead  astray ;  relig.  only) ;  az  rdh  (dar) 
burdan  (ditto);  'umr-i  zisht-i  bi-sar  mi- 
barad  (he  leads  a  dog's  life);  dar  zimn-i 
suhbat  sukhan  rd  bar  sar-i  matldb  kashid 
(he  led  up  to  this — in  talking) ;  raftdr-ash 
dn  qadar  bad  bud  ki  hich  kas  urd  'izzat 
nami-kard  (or  inahaLl  nami-guzdsht)  (he 
led  such  a  life  that  none  respected  him) 
(or  regarded  him). 

Leader,  sarddr ;  sar-karda  (gen.) ;  aar-jang 
(mil.) ;  fishvd  or  imM7n  or  pish-namdz  (at 
prayer) :  pish-raw  (going  ahead) ;  maqdla- 
yi  makhsus  (leading  article  of  newspaper). 

Leading,  gum-rdh  k. ;  or  izUil  (k.)  (rare)  (into 
error ;  relig.) ;  hiddyat  {k.)  (guidance,  reUg. 
or  otherwise) ;  daldlat  {k.)  (showing  the 
way) ;  rah-bari  {k.)  (to  tell  or  show  the 
way). 

Leading-strings,  hanuz  mahar-a^h  dast-i 
mddar-ash  ast. 

Leaf,  barg  (of  plants) ;  varaq  (of  plants  or 
books ;  but  pi.  awrdq  of  books  only) ; 
Ah!  dn  varaq  bar-gasht  (Oh!  I've  turned 
over  a  new  leaf) ;  takhta  (sheet  of  paper) ; 


1  It  is  said  that  the  §adr-i  A' jam  has  started  the  fashion  of  having  lawns,  but  that  for  long,  the 
only  lawn  in  Persia  was  that  of  the  British  Legation. 

2  Ra  necessary. 

8  Modern  anha  ra  instead  of  ii. 

*  i.e.,  does  not  act,  but  after  the  manner  of  an  astrologer  says  to  himself  "perhaps  it  will  turn  out 
all  right. ' ' 

6  In  India  rafta  cut  would  be  preferred. 

23 


Lea 


178 


Lea 


linga-yi  dar  (of  door) ;  varaq-i  tila  (gold- 
leaf)  ;  In  sabaq-Vst  ki  az  shwnm  yad  ddram 
(I  have  taken  a  leaf  out  of  your  book). 

Leaflet,  risdla. 

Leafy,  pur-barg. 

League,  mu'dhada  (k.) ;  'ahd  u  misdq  {k.  or 
hastan) ;  sdzish  {k.)  (plot). 

Leak,  to,  chakidan  or  chaka  k. ;  tardva  k. 
vulgar  or  local  for  tardvldan  (to  ooze  out) ; 
db  tu  dmadan  (of  ship). 

Leaky,  pur  cliakha '  ast ;  nukhud  dar  dahan- 
ash  nami-khisad  =  rdz  rd  td  bi-khdna  namt- 
rasdnad  =  dahan-ash  sanduqcha-yi  sirr-i 
kas-i  mst  (he  blabs). 

Lean,  to,  takya  zadan  bar — (intr.) ;  bar — zur 
k.  (intr.) ;  takya  dddan  bar  (tr.)  (all  of  per- 
sons) ;  mdHl  budan  and  kardan  (of  things 
out  of  the  upright) ;  bi-man  takya  naml- 
kunad  (he  does  not  expect  help  from  me) ; 
bar  himmat-i  khud  takya  karda  ast:  bar 
mlz  takya'^  ma-zan  (or  morkun  or  ma-dih). 

Lean,  (adj.)  laghar ;  kdhida  shuda  (after 
sickness) :  gusht  (subs. ;  opp.  to  pih  fat). 

Leaning,  md^il  bi —  (inclining  towards). 
Vide  Incline. 

Leanness,  Idghari;  kdhidagl  {after  sickness). 

Leap,  to,  jastan  (or  jaqidan),  rt.  jih;  bar- 
jastan  (leap  up) ;  Ichiz  z.  or  giriftan  ;  parl- 
dan  (of  horses  over  a  jump) ;  didam  yak 
maymun-i  az  ru-yi  ddr-bast  ^  jahid ;  asp  az 
bdgh  blrun  jahid  or  parid:  savdr  shudan 
or  bar  pusht  rajtan  (to  copulate,  of  ani- 
mals);  fuldni  savdri  rd  khub  mi-ddnad  = 
dar  jirm'  Mub  sar-rishta  ddrad. 

Leaping,  jast  u  khiz  (here  and  there,  like 
goats,  monkeys). 

Leap-year,  sdl-i  kabisa. 

Learn,  ravdn  kardan  (to  get  by  heart) ; 
dmukhtan,  rt.  dmuz^;  shumd  zud-tar  az 
md  mi-dmuzid;  tahsil  k.  and  anduhhtan, 
rt.  anduz,  (of  science) ;  ydd  k.  (of  lessons) ; 
dars  giriftan  (to  take  lessons) ;  ittild'  yd f tan 
and  mustahzar  shudan  (to  get  informa- 
tion) ;  khabar-ddr  sh.  (to  be  warned,  to 
learn) ;  zabdn  dmukhtan  or  ydd  giriftan  (to 


learn  a  language) ;  istifdda  k.  (to  acquire 
a  knowledge  from  a  person). 

Learned,  'dlim,  pi.  'ulamd^;  fdzil,  pi.  fuzald*^ 
(accomplished^  a  man  of  letters)  ;  ddnd 
(wise) ;  but  sdhib-i  'ilm  va  ddnish  (learn- 
ed) ;  'drif,  pi.  'urafd^  (Silfl  term) ;  mard-i 
hakim;  pur  Him  u  ddnish;  mutabahhir 
(deeply  learned). 

Learnedly,  'dlirmn^;  fdzildna. 

Learner,  naw-dmuz;  mubtadi  (beginner); 
shdgird  (pupil) ;  alif-bd-khwdn  (quite  a 
beginner ;  in  anything) . 

Learning,  'ilm  (gen.);  hikmat  (philosophy 
and  wisdom)  ;  fazilat  (accomplishment, 
merit);  Hlm-i  adab  (literature);  ma'rifat 
(of  God). 

Lease,  Lease,  to,  ijdra-ndma  (the  document) ; 
in  khdna  panj-sdla  ijdra  (or  kirdya)  kar- 
dam;  ijdra  dddan  (to  give  on — ). 

Leash,  shikdr-band  P. :  murasa  Ar.  (for 
hawks)  ;  tasma  (for  dogs). 

Least  (adj.),  kamtarin;  kamtar  az  hama ; 
adnq;  kihtarm;  aqall-i  nids  (the  least  of 
persons) :  aqall-i  qalil  (the  least  part) : 
kamtar  az  kamtarin  less  than  the  least). 

Least  (adv.),  hxch  na-bdshad;  aqall<^^  P.  dast-i 
kam ;  Id-aqall  (prop,  not  less);  fVl-aqall; 
bdr-l;  (well,  at  least) ;  dast-i  kam  (at  the 
least). 

Leather,  charm,  (of  cows,  and  generally  of 
large  animals) ;  timMj  (goat-  or  sheep-skin) ; 
jir^  (chamois  leather,  etc.);  bulghdr^ 
(scented  leather) ;  jild  (of  men  ;  also  the 
cover  of  a  book) ;  pust  (skin  of  goats  and 
sheep  and  small  animals,*"  and  of  fruits) : 
sdgharl  (green  leather;  shagreen). 

Leathern,  charmi  or  charmin;  pusti ;  [bub 
pustin  a  fur  coat  of  sheep-skin]. 

Leathery.      Vide  Sodden. 

Leave,  izn ;  or  ijdzat  (permission) ;  rukhsat 
(permission,  also  leave  of  absence) ;  mur- 
akhkhasi  (leave  of  absence) ;  vidd'  guftan 
or  k.  (to  say  good-bye) ;  Khudd-hdflzi  k. 
or  g.  (ditto). 

Leave,    vide    to    Place,    Entrust,    Deposit, 


1  In  pur  chakka  the  k  is  doubled  to  distinguish  it  from  chaka  ' '  trickster. ' ' 

2  In  India  toA^o  "  pillow  "  :  in  Persia  takya-gah  "a  pillow"  (big  or  little).  Takya  is  also  the 
place  where  the  passion-play  is  enacted,  and  also  a  shrine ;  takya-yi  Sa'dl  (the  garden  and  tomb  of 
Sa'dx). 

5  Dar-bast  wooden  verandah-frame  for  training  a  vine-arbour.  KMr-bandi  (of  hurdle  or  hedge  of 
thorns) ;  Miar-aadd  (hurdle). 

4  Tr.  and  intr.  but  rarely  tr.  in  m.c. 

6  Corpses  of  the  rich,  to  be  transported  to  Kerbela  for  burial,  are  sometimes  enclosed  in  this 
leather — In  m.c.  jir  also   means  India-rubber. 

•  Occasiona,lly  pust  is  incorrectly  used  for  large  animals. 


Lea 


179 


Len 


Abandon,  Quit,  Start,  Bequeath,  Cease, 
etc.;  hama-yi  kdr  u  bar-ash  rd  bi-muharrir' 
ash  vd  ml-guzdrad:  mi-guyad  ki  irdda 
ddrad  zud  az  In  vildyat  bi-ravad ' ;  mard 
■oil  kun  (leave  me  alone) ;  nziyyat-am  ma- 
dih  (ditto) :  In  kdr  rd  bi-shumd  vd  mi- 
guzdram  (I  leave  this  to  you). 

Leaven,  khamir-mdya  (k.) ;  or  khamtr-tursh 
{k.). 

Leavened,  var-dmada  (of  dough,  q.v.). 

Leavings,  pas-mdnda  or  bdqt-mdnda  (gen.) ; 
pas-khurda ;  or  ulush  T.  (rare) ;  (leavings 
of  food). 

Lebanon,  Mount,  Kuh-i  Lvhndn. 

Lecherous.     Vide  Lascivious. 

Lecture,  dars  (for  schools);  nutq  (public; 
also  "speech");  gush-i  va"z  raftan  (to 
attend  religious  lectures). 

Lectiirer,  dars-gu;  nutq-kun ;  va*z-kun  or 
vdiz  (relig.  lecturer;  also  preacher). 

Led-horse,  yadak  (spare) ;  kutal  (for  parade 
purposes). 

Ledge,  raf  (the  high  ledge  that  runs  round  a 
Persian  room) ;  tdq  (niche  or  projecting 
ledge). 

Ledger,  daftar,  pi.  dafdtir  ;  dastak  (?). 

Leech,  zdlu  ;  zulu  vulg.  ;  zdlu-yi  Shirdzi  (the 
best  kind) ;  zdlu  anddkhtan  (to  apply — ). 

Lees,  durd  (of  wine) ;  tah-nishln  gen.  (sedi- 
ment; what  settles  at  the  bottom). 

Leek,  gandana. 

Leeward,  taraf-i  bdd-pandh%. 

Left,  bdqi ;  bdqi-mdnda ;  tatimma  (balance  of 
account):  matruk  (abandoned):  chun  az 
dastri  rdst  chvldq  (or  lunj)^  ast  bd  dast-i 
chap  ml-namsad;  dast-i  cJiap  or  taraf-i 
chap  (to  the  left,  on  the  left). 

Left-handed,  chaplu,  or  dast-chapi;  u  chap 
ast,  or  chapakl  kdr  nii-kunad  (  =  he  is  left- 
handed)  ;  [chapaki  "  upside  down"  :  also 
"  cross- ways ' ' ;  chapaki  uftdd  =  he  fell  on 
his  side]. 

Leg,  pd  or  pdy  (sp.  hind-leg) ;  qalam  (shank, 
or  bone  of  forearm) ;  ran  (thigh) ;  sdq 
(shank  of  leg  only ;  dast  u^,pdy  (fore  and 
hind-leg,  of  a  horse,  etc.);  pacha  (sp. 
shanks  of  goats,  cows) ;  az  asp  parid  va 
pay-ash  shikast :  chap  u  rdst  k.  (to  cut  off 
the  left  foot  and  the  right  hand  or  vice 


versa ;  an  ancient  punishment) ;  pdya  (of 
table,  chair  ;  also  a  stand). 

Legacy,  mirds,  tarika;  mukhallafdt  (rare; 
property  left,  estate) ;  az  tarika-yi  u  faqat 
sad  tumdn  bi-man  rastd:  vasiyyat  {k.)  (the 
Will). 

Legal,  mashru'  or  shar'i  (according  to  Qura- 
nic law);  ravd;  jdHz;  haldl.  F»«fe  Law- 
ful. 

Legality.     Vide  Lawfulness. 

Legate,  saflr,  pi.  sufard*  (ambassador,  etc. ; 
polite  for  messenger). 

Legatee,  vofi ;  irs-gir ;  and  wm  (prop.  heir). 

Legation,  sifdrat ;  sifdrat-khdna. 

Legend,  hikdyat-i  qadim ;  afsdna-yi  qadim. 

Legendary,  afsdna-dmiz  or  pur-afsdna. 

Legerdemain,  huqqa-bdzi  {k.)  (with  cups)  ; 
shu'badorbdzi  (gen.  conjuring) ;  tar-dastl 
(sleight  of  hand) ;  hila,  etc.  (artifice, 
deceit). 

Legging,  vide  Gaiters  ;  [f^-push  is  used  for  a 
mat  to  wipe  the  feet  on]. 

Legible,  in  khatt  khwdrvd  nist  or  khwdnda 
nami-shavad  (this  writing  is  not  legible; 
but  khivdndant  nist  "  it  is  not  to  be  read, 
it  is  secret"). 

Legislator,  vdzi'-i  qdnun;  muqannin. 

Legitimacy,  haldl-zddagi ;  or  haldl-budan-i 
nut  fa  (of  offspring) :  hilliyyat  (lawfulness) : 
ravd-  or  jd^tz  budan  (of  actions). 

Legitimate,  hdUdUzdda  ;  nutfa-yi  haldl.  Vide 
Lawful. 

Leisure,  fardghfii;  fursat;  awqdt-i  bi-kdri; 
dghd  hdld  fdrigh  hastid?  izn  mi-dihid  (or 
murakhkhas-am)  ki  bd  shumd  guft  u  gu 
kunam  ?  ;  agar  bi-kdr  hastid  banda  bi-ydyam 
du  kalima  harf  bi-zanam. 

Lemon,  Umu  (lemons  with  thin  skins) ;  db- 
limu  or  db-i  Umu,  or  'araq-i  limu  (lemon 
juice);  turanj  (sour  with  thick  skin;  for 
making  jam) ;  rang-i  limu  (colour  of — ). 

Lemon-grass,  bddrang-buya.^ 

Lemonade,  sharbat-i  db-i  limu. 

Lend,  qarz  dddan;  or  vdm  d.  (rare);  [qarz 
or  vdm  giriftan  to  borrow] ;  man  khayli 
faqir-am  chand  rupiya  bi-qarz-i*  man  bi- 
dihid;  qarz^'l-hasana  d.  (lend  without 
interest) :  'driyat  dddan  or  bi-Uiior-i  amunat 
d.  (of    things;  the  latter  also  means,  to 


1  Indirect  narration. 

*  Lunj  ia  also  a  '  thick  lower  negroid  lip.' 
'  butter-fingered.' 

8  The  agya-ghaa  of  India. 

♦  Qarz  with  or  without  interest.     Qarz  k. 
usually  take  interest. 


But  u  chulaq-daat  oat  =  he  breaks  everything  he  touches, 


to  borrow  money."     The  Persians,  though  Muslims, 


Len 


180 


Let 


entrust  to  the  safe  keeping  of) ;    ['ariyat 
giriftan  to  borrow  things]. 

Lender,  qarz-dih;  or  vdm-dih  (of  money); 
'arlyat-dih  or  amanat-dih  (of  things; 
latter  also  means  depositor) . 

Length,  tul ;  dardzi  (of  things) ;  muddat 
(long  time);  dhhir ;  dhhir^H-amr ;  'dqi- 
baf^'l-amr  (at  length). 

Lengthen,  dardz  sh.  (intr.) ;  tul  dddan  (tr.)  ; 
tul  kashldan  intr.  (of  time) ;  tatvil  k.  (to 
be  prolix  in  speech) ;  madd  d.  (of  vowels . 
in  speaking  or  writing). 

Lengthening,  imtiddd  (of  things) ;  tatvil  (of 
(speech). 

Lengthwise,  tul"^'. 

Lengthy,  tuldnl  (of  speech  or  a  writing). 

Leniency,  muldyamat  and  narm-dili.  '  Vide  ' 
infra;  tasdhul;  muddra;  (excessive  leni- 
ency; neglect). 

Lenient,  muWim  (of  persons,  or  thmgs) ; 
narm-dil  (soft-hearted) . 

Lenity,  narmi;  muldyamat. 

Lens,  'adasiyya;  shlsha-yi  'adasi. 

Lentil,  'adas. 

Lentiform,  shakl-i  'adasi. 

Leo,  Burj-i  Asad  (Zodiac). 

Leopard,  palang ;  yuz  (cheetah  or  hunting 
leopard) ;  yuz  hd  yuz  dar  qafas  jujt  namt- 
shavad  td  chi  rasad  bi-shir  ^  (the  cheeta 
will  not  pair  in  confinement  how  much  less 
the  lion^). 

Leper,  pisi  P. ;  or  mabrus  At.  (white) ; 
majzum  (black). 

Leprosy,  pis;  or  baras  (white) ;  juzdm  (black 
leprosy). 

Leprous.     Vide  Leper. 

Less,  kam ;  or  kamtar  (in  quantity) ;  kuchak- 
tar ;  or  khurdrtar  (in  size) ;  kihtar  ;  or  past- 
tar  (in  rank) ;  kamtarak  (a  little  less) ; 
kasr-%  az  dumst  rupiya  (a  little  less  than 
Rs.  200) ;  duvist  rupiya  va  kasr-i  (a  little 
more  than  Rs.  200) ;  kam  yd  bish  (more 
or  less) ;  yak  'ashara  kam^tar  bar  mi-gardam 
(I'll  return  in  less  than  ten  days) ;  mavd- 
jib-am  kamtar  az  mavdjib-ash  ast  (also 
colloquially — kamtar  az  u'st) ;  mElik-i  ydk 
gusfand  ham  nist  chi  jd-yi  galla-yi  shuturdn 
(why,  he  does  not  own  even  one  sheep, 
how  much  less  a  flock  of  camels) ;  mun  in 
rd  nami-tavdnam  harakat  ham  bi-diham  id 
chi  rasad  bi-in  ki  bi-khdna  bi-rasdnam  (I 
cannot  even  move  this,  how  much  less 


can  I  carry  it  home) ;  bahd-yi  (or  pul-i  or 
qimat-i)  yak  shalvdr  na-ddram  td  chi  rasad 
bi-kharj-i  'arusi  (I  have  not  the  price  of 
one  pair  of  trousers  even,  how  much  less 
money  for  the  marriage) . 

Lessee.     Vide  Lessor. 

Lessen,  kam  k.;  talchfif  d.  (tr.) ;  takhfif 
ydftan  (intr.)  ;  faru  nishastan  (of  a  swell- 
ing, of  anger,  of  violence). 

Lesson ,  sabaq ;  or  dars  ;  biyd  dars-at  rd  pas 
bi-dih  (come  repeat  your  lesson)  ;  dars-ash 
rd  pas  bi-gir  (hear  him  his  lesson);  'ibrat 
(warning).     Vide  Learn. 

Lessor,  mu^jir ;  [musta^jir  lessee] ;  ijdra-dih  ; 
[ijdra-gir  lessee]. 

Lest,  mabddd ;  na-kunad  (vulg.  iox  na-shavad) 
bi-ufti  (lest  you  fall) ;  ki  (after  a  verb  of 
fearing — with  verb  in  negative) ;  az  tars-i 
in  ki — ;  na-shavad  ki —  (followed  by  Pres. 
Subj.). 

Let,  vide  Allow,  Permit :  riha  k. ;  or  khalds 
k.  (to  release) ;  bi-gu  bi-binam  (come 
let  me  see  what  you  have  to  say) ;  bi- 
guzdr  bdshad  (let  it  alone) ;  chird  asp  rd 
vil  kardM?  (why  did  you  let  the  horse 
go?);  biyd  (or  bi-guzdr)  bi-binam  in  rd 
mi-tavdnam  bi-khwdnam  (let  me  see  if  I 
can  read  this) ;  bi-ravim  ki  bi-ravim  (Oh, 
do  let  us  be  off) ;  jasdrat-i  harf  zadan  ham 
na-bud  chi  jd-yi  khand^dan  =  khanda  rd 
bi-guzdr  kindr,  jasdrat-i  harf  zadan  chi 
ma'ni  ddrad  ?  (I  dared  not  speak  let  alone 
laugh) ;  az  magas  guzashta  kayk  ham  bud 
=  magas  rd  bu-guzar  kayk  niz  bud  (let 
alone  flies,  there  were  fleas  as  well) ;  kdr 
ma-ddr  (let  it  alone ;  don't  touch  or  inter- 
fere) ;  bi-kirdya —  or  bi-ijdra  dddan  (to  let 
on  hire) ;  firu  k.  (to  let  down  from  a 
height) ;  m,a-guzdr  ki  biyufiad  (don't  leb 
it  drop) ;  dast  az  man  bar  ddr  =  kdr  bi- 
m/in  na-  ddshta  bdsh  (let  me  alone) . 

Lethal,  nisydn-dvar. 

Lethargic,  sust  (in  movement ;  or  of  tem- 
perament) ;  dlr-matlab-ras  or  dir-hushydr- 
shaw  (slow  to  understand) ;  tapala  (in 
movement;  of  humans;  lit.  a  "cow- 
pat,"  i.e.  short,  fat;  and  unwieldy); 
pinaki  (drowsy). 
Lethargy,  sustt. 

Letter,  kdgtkaz;  or  navishta;  or  maktub  pi. 
makdtib  (gen.);  raqima  (polite);  farmdn; 
or  dast-khatt ;   or  hukm ;  or  manshur ;  or 


1  As  this  was  said  by  the  Emperor  Jehangir,  he  by  sher  meant  ''  tiger  "   and  not   '•  lion."     Note 
that  65  shir  (if  substituted)  would  mean  '  a  cheeta  would  not  pair  with  a  tiger.' 


Lee 


181 


Lid 


iawqV  (of  Shah) ;  raqam;  or  (lasl-khatt ;  or 
hukm;  or  imzd*" ;  or  ta'liqa  (of  Princes  or 
Ministers) ;  tawqV  ;  or  khilab ;  or  lawh 
(dignitaries  of  the  church);  'anza  (lower 
to  higher) ;  ibla^-idusiana  (gen.)  \  i^timad 
noma  (sovereign  to  sovereign) ;  murdsala ; 
yad-dasht;  rasila ;  raqirna;  marquma  and 
kayjiaz  (mercantile ') ;  shuqqa  and  mufd- 
vaza  (superior  to  inferior) ;  ruq'a  (note ; 
polite) ;  sifdrish-ndma  (of  recommenda- 
tion) ;  khatt-i  mu'arrift  (letter  of  introduc- 
tion) ;  harf,  pi.  huruf  (of  alphabet) ;  bardt 
(letter  of  credit) :  bi-'ibdrat-i  qdnun  'amal 
mi-kuntd  yd  bi-mcUlab  (will  you  act  on  the 
letter  of  the  law  or  on  the  spirit  0  ;  ^(i^f 
bi-harf  (to  the  letter) ;  adib  (a  man  of 
letters). 

Lettuce,  kdhu. 

Levee,  saldm-i  'dmm  or  bdr-i  'dmm  (of  Shah 
only) ;  majlis-i  scddm  (for  Governors,  etc.). 

Level,  hamvdr;  sdj ;  ham-bardhar  (vulg.) 
musattah;  dar  mayddn-i  hamchu  kaf-i  dost 
vdrid  shudlm  — Prof.  S.  T. :  dla-yi  istivd 
(spirit  level). 

Lever,  dllum;  tah-zan  (vulg.);  ahrum  (said 
to  be  the  stick  on  the  shoulder  with  the 
bundle  at  the  end^). 

Levite,  Levitical,  Lam. 

Levity,  sahuki;  khtffat;  Id-ubdli-gari. 

Levy,  to,  (of  taxes),  guzdshtan;  nihddan; 
bastan. 

Lewd,  nafs-parast ;  havd-parast  (sensual,  q.v. 
polite);  hashart  (wulg.).      F/rfe  Lascivious. 

Lexicographer,  lughfit-nams . 

Lexicography,  'ilm-i  lughat. 

Lexicon.     Vide  Dictionary. 

Liable,  mustawjib ;  sazdvdr ;  az  chunin  fi'l 
mustahiqq-i  janma  hastid ;  in ,  gumrak  bar 
mi-ddrad  (liable  to  customs  duty). 

Liaison,  rah  ddshtan  bd—  (  — with  a  wo- 
man). 

Liar,  darughgu ;  kdzib. 

Libel,  dbru-nzt  k. ;  hajv  guftan  (to  lanipoon, 
and  to  satirize);  tuhmat  (z.)  (a  false 
charge,  scandal)  :  buhtdn  (z.)  (evil  accusa- 
tion on  one  innocent) ;  bad-ndm  k.  (to  give 
a  bad  name  to)  ;  iftird'-  (b.).  (calumny, 
spec,  relior.).     Vide  Calumny,  Slander. 

Libeller,  mujtan  (false). 


Libellous,  iftird*i  (false). 

Liberal,  sakhi-tah' ;  karlm  (m.c);  gushddor 
dost;  fayydz  (munificent):  ba^shiah-kun ; 
vasi'khiydl  (in  ideas ;  opp.  to  tang-khiydt) ; 
chashm  u  dil-ash  air  oat  (in  money) ; 
dzdditalab  (Liberal  politician ;  also  ahrdr 
Liberals,  opp.  to  mustabidin  conserva- 
tives).    Vide  Generous,  Munificent. 

Liberality,  sakhdvat;  bakhshish;  makramat; 
jud;  jayydzl ;  etc.,  etc. 

Liberally,  kanmdna:  fayydzdna. 

Liberate,  rihd  k. ;  dzdd  k.  (of  slave);  [the 
law  terms  for  liberating  a  slave  are  'itq, 
intr. ,  and  i'tdq,  tr.];  sar  dddan  (to  give 
the  head  to;  in  riding  or  driving).  Vide 
Let  and  Release 

Liberation,  khaldsi;  or  rihd^i;  or  dzddi 
rastugdri  (properly  Salvation). 

Liberated,  rastagdr  (relig.) ;  khaJus  shuda;  or 
rihd  ydfla ;  dzdd  shuda. 

Liberator,  rihd^i  bakhsh  ;  or  Jchaldsi-dih. 

Liberating,  rihd^l;  or  takhlis. 

Libertine,  mard-i  Id-ubdli  (gen.  careless  in 
work  or  in  living,  etc.) ;  fdsiq  u  fdjir  (loose 
in  morals  as  regards  women). 

Liberty,  hurriyyat;  or  dzJddi  (freedom); 
najdt ;  or  khalds ;  or  rihd*'i  (from  danger 
or  restraint) ;  mahbus  budand  va  likin  hdld 
khalds  shuda-and  or  birun  dmada-and; 
rastagdri  (salvation) ;  dzddi-yi  akhbdr 
(liberty  of  the  press) ;  dzddi  yi  ray:  dzadr 
or  muhhtdr  hastid  ki  bi-ravid  (you  are  at 
liberty  to  20). 

Libidinous.     Vide  Lewd. 

Libra,  Mizdn  (Zodiac). 

Librarian,  muhdjiz-i  kutvb. 

Library,  kiidb-khdna ;  kulub-khdna ;  qird'tU- 
khdna  (reading-room). 

License,  ijdza;  ijdza-ndma:  dasiak ;  javdz; 
javdz-nama  (to  trade,  etc.). 

Licentious,  awbash  ;  bi-fisq  u  fujur  va  anvd'-i 
imddhi  u  mandhi  ruz  mi-guzdrad. 

Lichen.     Vide  Moss. 

Lick,  to,  Lick-spittle,  lisidan ;  sag  az  lazzat-% 
gusht  Jahhd-yi  khud  rd  mi-lisad^ :  an 
shakhs  kdsa-lis  ast  (he  is  a  plate-licker,  i.e. 
toady,  etc.). 

Licorice,  rubb-i  sus. 

Lid,  sar ;  sar-push  (of  a  pot) :  takhtoryi  bald 


'  Most  of  the  foregoing  are  used  by  Persian  Foreign  Office  officials ;  some  of  them  are  not  in  com- 
mon use. 

*  Apparently  the  equivalent  of  the  Ar.  ilip;  jJlL:  is  "  a  carrier  of  burdens." 
8  In  India  lcU}ha-yi  fc&wd  /  5  M««A  mi-kunad. 


Lie 


182 


Lik 


or  sar-i  bald  (of  box) ;  dar-i  sanduq  rd 
guzdsht  (he  shut  the  box) ;  dar-i  In  ja'ba 
rd  huland  kun:  pilk  (of  eye). 

Lie,  durugh-  or  hizb  (guftan) :  takzib  {k.)  (to 
give  the  lie  to). 

Lie,  to,  durugi,  gujtan  pish-i  u  kdr-i  na-ddrad 
(he's  a  regular  liar);  hard-yash  sdkhtand 
(they  trumped  up  lies  against  him) :  in 
durugA-hd  rd  hardy-am  juft  kardand  (ditto). 

Lie  down,  dardz  kashidan  (to  lie  down  at 
length) ;  kkwdbidan  (intr. ;  also  to  sleep) ; 
khwdbdnidan  (to  make  camels,  etc.,  kneel 
down) ;  dam-i  ru  khwdbidan  (to  lie  or 
sleep  face  downwards) ;  bar  pusht  hhwdbl- 
dan  (to  lie  on  the  back) ;  yak  pahlu-  or 
yak-bara  kh.  (to  lie  on  the  side) ;  ham- 
bistar  sh. :  or  ham-hhxvdba  sh.  (with  a 
woman). 

Lieutenant,  ndHb-i  avval  (Sub-Lieut.) :  ndHb-i 
duvvum  (Lieut.). 

Life,  zindagdnl ;  or  zindagi  (living) ;  hasti 
(existence) ;  u  jaqat  ztst  mi-kunad,  zindagi 
na-ddrad;  tul-i  'umr  (long  life);  haydt : 
jdn  or  ruh  na-ddrad  (he  is  dead) ;  bi-in 
taivr  in  panj  ruz-i  zindagi  bi-sar  baram — 
Prof.  S.  T.  (let  me  thus  spend  the  few 
remaining  days  of  my  life) ;  ruh-i  dar 
qdlib  na-mdnda  bud — Prof.  S.  T.  (no  life 
was  left  in  my  body) ;  zindagi  baqd^i  na- 
darad,  taddruk-i  'dqibat  bay  ad  did;  'umr-i 
'aziz-am  dar  mulk-giri  guzasht,  kdld  bi-in 
sinn  u  sal  rasida  am ;  juz  marg  hich  bdgi 
nist — Prof.  S.  T. ;  khun  rd  bd  khun  mi- 
shuyand  (they  exact  life  for  life) ;  hdldt-i 
'umri  or  savdnih-i  'umri  (memoirs,  biogra- 
phy) ;  dkhirat  (next life) ;  mu' a shar at  {boc\&\ 
— ) ;  'umr  bi-sar  burdan  or  guzardnidan  (to 
pass  one's  life) ;  ihyd  k.  (to  raise  from  the 
dead,  restore  to  life);  az  zindagi  sir  sh. 
(to  be  weary  of  life) ;  ruh-i  anjuman  (the 
life  of  the  party) :  md  ddm'  'l-haydt  (as 
long  as  life  lasts). 

Life-giving,  haydt-bakhsh. 

Lifeless  bi-hush  (senseless);  bi-jdn  bi-zamin 
khurd  or  rH-yi  zamin  naqsh  bast  (he  fell 
lifeless  or  senseless  to  the  ground)  ;  murda 
(dead) ;  afsurda ;  or  yakh ;  or  sard  (dull ; 
of  people) ;  asar-i  ruh  dar  u  na-bud. 

Lift,  mushin-i  rap  (a  lift). 

Lift  to,  buland  k. ;  barddshtan;  afrdshtan, 
rt.  afrdz  (to  raise  on  high;  of  hand,  flag, 
etc.);  bar  khizdnidan  (to  force  to  rise); 
naql  k.  (remove);  mih  bar  taraf  (or  zaHl) 
shud  (the  fog  lifted). 


Ligature,  rismJdn ;  nakh  (thread) ;  Hsdba 
(med.,  bandage). 

Light,  to,  dtash  rushan  k.  or  -afrukhtan; 
rushan  k.  or  munavvar  sdhhtan  (to  light  a 
room,  etc.). 

Light  (subs.)  rushnd'i ;  nur,  pi.  anvdr ; 
nurdniyyat  (heavenly  brightness,  of  sun, 
etc.,  and  of  face);  tutuq-i  nur  (a  column 
of  light  in  a  dark  bazar,  from  an  upper 
window) ;  chirdgh  (prop,  lamp  but  in  m.c. 
often  for  any  light) ;  vide.  Lamp  and 
Candle;  khatt-i  nur  (streak  of  light  in  a 
room) ;  khatt-i  shu'd'  (of  dawn) ;  nur 
iqtibds  k.  (to  borrow  light ;  as  moon  from 
sun,  etc. ;  also  met.  of  knowledge  by  a 
disciple) . 

Light,  sabuk;  hhafij  (of  weight);  kam-rang 
(gen. ;  ^  light  in  colour,  weak) ;  dbaki  (of 
liquids ;  light  in  colour,  weak) ;  vdz  (light- 
coloured;  of  stuffs,  not  of  liquids);  ahvdl-i 
Tihrdn  rd  bi-sar  javdb  ddd  (in  reply  he 
made  hght  of  the  news  of  Tehran)  Vide 
also  Dark. 

Lighted,  munavvar  (past  part.) ;  rushan. 

Lighten,  bdr  rd  sabuk  kardan;  or  takhfif  n. 
(of  weights);  barq  z.  (of  lightening). 

Lighter,  rushan-kunanda  (of  lamps) ;  zhirdgh- 
chi  (lamp-lighter,  q^^v.). 

Light-footed,  sahuk-pd  (of  animals  or  men) : 
bdd-pd  (swift;  of  horses). 

Light-headed,  sabuk-maghz  (als_o  foolish). 

Light-horse,  sabuk- savdr ;  sawdra-yi  Ichafif. 

Lightness,  sabuki  (in  weight) ;  sabuk- pari 
(buoyancy  in  flight) ;  kami-yi  vazn. 

Lightning,  barq-i  ziydd  mi- jihad;  diruz  vaqt-i 
ra'd  birun  budam ;  barq  zadan  tr.  and  — kh. 
intr.  (to  be  struck  by—);  [pdya  (thunder); 
sdHqa  thunder  'bolt];  mil-i  barq  (  — rod) ; 
barq-rubd  ( — conductor). 

Like  (resembling),  misl-i— ;  nazir-i— ;  rm- 
nand-i—(pveip.,  resembling);  bardbar-i — 
(equal  to);  ham-mdnand;  or  ham  misl  or 
ham-shabih  (like  one  _  another) ;  yak-san 
(exactly  hke) :  mutdbiq;  or  muvdfiq 
(equal):  —sd,  —dsa,  —vdr,  —vash  and 
— sdn  (in  composition) ;  chun  or  chu  (adv.) ; 
amsdl-i  shumd  (subs. ;  the  likes  of  you) : 
vide  to  Resemble ;  khdna-am  shabih-i  khdna- 
yi  shumd  ast:  vaz'-i  pddishdh  chi  tawr 
bud?  (what  was  the  king  like  ?)_;  kur  kur 
rd  payda  mi-kunad  va  db  gawddl'^  (like  to 
like) ;  pisar-i  pidar-ash  (  =  like  father,  hke 
son). 

Like,  to,  dust  ddshtan;  mayl  bi-chiz-i   ddsh- 


1  Bang-ash  sir  ast  "  deep  coloured." 


2  Ra  understood  after  gawdal. 


Lik 


183 


Lin 


ta7i ;  khwdstan  (of  things  =  to  like ;  of 
persons  =  to  love) ;  tnan  shawq-i  ziyad  bi- 
safar-i  Farangistdn  ddram;  az-ash  (or 
%z  hania  chiz-ash)  khush-am  im-ayad  (I 
like  him  immensely ;  vide  also  Mind) ;  az 
In  bad-am  mi-dyad  (I  do  not  like  this) ; 
tirndakd  rd  chi-guna  didi  (how  did  you 
lice  the  play?) ;  mar^ub  sh. ;  or  pasand 
d'nadun,  or  Uiub  bi-nazar  dmadan  (to  be 
liied). 

Likes,  in  naw'  nasd^ih  az  nsh-safiddn  bishtar 
qcbul  mi-kunand  (this  soit  of  S/dvice  is 
more  listened  to  coming  from  grey- beards 
than  from  the  likes  of  us).     Vidt  Rather. 

Likelihood,  ihtimJal. 

Lilely,  muhtamil;  yahlamil  (prop.  3rd  pers. 
^or.  Ar.). 

Liktn,  to,  tashbih  k.  or  dddan. 

Likeness,  shabih  (of  an  effigy ;  also  of  pictures 
oi  Muhammad,'  his  son-in-law,  and  his 
grandsons) ;  timsdl ;  or  tasvir  (any  picture 
or  ^hoto  other  than  those  of  Muhammad, 
etc.) ;  'aks  (photograph) :  mushdbdhat 
(resemblance);  shabahat-i  tdmtn  ddrad (it's 
an  excellent  likeness). 

Likewise,  ham ;  ham/^huniu  ;  ayz" " ;  niz ;-  -va 
hdkizd  man  ham  bi-u  bad  k/npdham  gujt 
(anc  likewise  I  will  speak  harslily  to  him). 

Liking  mayl;  khxvdhish ;  ragkbat 

Lilac,  /a-s'. 

Lily,  zimbaq;  fjul-i  maryam  (some  kind  of 
white-lily) ;  nilufar  or  laylupar  (lotus, 
wat(r-lily) ;  susan  (prop,  the  iris) ;  zain- 
baq-i  tukhm-i  Zhdpuni  (Japan  lily ;  Shah's 
Diaiy). 

Limb,  uzv,  pi.  a'zd^;  dost  u  pa,  or  par  u  pa 
(limas) ;  javdrih  (limbs ;  also  classically 
bircfe  and  beasts  of  prey). 

Lime,  ahak;  dhak-i  zinda  (quicklime,  q.v.) ; 
dhac-i  murda  or  kushta  (slaked  lime) ;  dibq, 
Ar.  (bird-lime,  q.v.);  kura-yi  gach-pazi; 
and  kura-yi  dhak-pazi  (kiln) ;  Umu-yi 
shcrbaii  (sweet  lime). 

Limestone,  sang-i  ahak. 

Limi:,  hadd,  pi.  hudud  (gen.)  ;  sar-hadd,  pi. 
8ai-hadddt  (boundaries  of  land) ;  sughur 
(dkto;  the  sing,  not  used  in  m.c.)  in  mun- 
ta}R-yi  savdd-ash  ast  (this  is  the  limit  of 
hs  knowledge). 

Limited,  mahdud ;  'ilm-ash  mahdud  ast;  kdr- 


hd-yash  munhasir-i  bi-taqcMvb  ast  (his  busi- 
ne^ss  is  limited  to  cheating)  :  murakhkhas 
nistam  ki  bishtar  az  sad  rupiya  bi-diham. 

Limp  (adj.),  mardaka  khayli  sard  ast,  bdyad 
garm-ash  kard  (he's  a  limp  fellow,  he 
requires  stirring  up).  '  ' 

Limp,  to,  langidan.     Vide  Lame.  ,  \ 

Limpid,  zuldl ;  shaffaf  (transparent).  Vide 
Pellucid. 

Limpidity,  shaffafi. 

Line,  to,  saff  zadan  or  — kashidan,  intr.  (to 
fall  in,  in  line;  of  soldiers,  slaves,  etc.); 
saff  drdstan,  tr. ;  rah  rd  bd  sar-bdz  mff- 
bandi  k.  (to  line  the  road  with  troops  ;  for 
a  reception) ;  astar  k.  or  astar-duzi  k.  (to 
line  a  garment) ;  mistar  k.  (to  rule  paper) ; 
khatt  kashidan  (to  draw  lines) ;  a^ar  sim-i 
talagrdf  khwdbida  ast^  (if  the  telegraph 
line  is  down,  i.e.  if  communication  is 
interrupted-;-). 

Line,  (subs.),  satr,  pi.  siUur ;  khait,  pi.  Mfl# 
M^  (lines,  marks);  risrndn  (cord);  rishta 
(string) ;  shdqul  (mason's) ;  silsila  (race, 
q.v.) ;  saff,  pi.  sufuf  (mil.) ;  qitdr  {chidan) 
(file) ;  khatt-i  dhan  (of  railway) ;  khatt-i  kaj 
u  kuj  (zig-zagged) ;  khatt-i  qawsi  (bowed): 
khatt-i  munhani  (crooked,  bent) ;  khatt-i 
mustaqim  (straight  line) ;  khait-i  mutavdzi 
(parallel  lines) ;  khait-i  'amudi  (perpendi- 
cular) ;  khatt-i  ujuqi  (horizontal  Une) ; 
khatt-i  fdsil  (that  separata**  or  divides) ; 
ahl-i  in  iMr  nistam,  or  az  ddHrd-yi  lair-am 
kMrij  ast  (this  is  not  in  my  line). 

Lineage,  nasab ;  asl  u  nasab ;  hasab  u  nasab  ; 
khdnavdda ;  or  dudmdn;  or  'ashira 
(family) ;  qabila.  pi.  qabd*il  (tribe) ;  zur- 
riyya  (descendants).     Vide  Race,  Tribe. 

Lineament,  khatl-hd-yi  surat  or  — chihra. 
Vide  Features. 

Lineal,  bild  fdsild  azPayghfimbar  mi-dyad,  or 
bl-khatt-i  mustaqim  nasab-i  khud  rd  bi- 
PaygJiambar  mi-rasdnad  (he  is  a  direct 
descendant  of  the  Prophet;  i.e.  from  his 
daughter) ;  bild  vdsita  (immediate  descen- 
dant). 

Linear,  khatii. 

Linen,  katdn  or  katUdn  (subs.) ;  kattdni  (adj.). 

Linendraper,  bazzidz  (anj'  cloth  seller) ; 
pdrcha-farush  (ditto). 

Lingah,  Linga. 


1  Though  forbidden  to  draw  pictures  of  the  Prophet,  etc.,  many  uneducated  people  have  such 
pictures,  which  they  regard  early  in  the  morning.     The  face  is  always  veiled. 

4  The  Persian  telegraph  Une  spends  a  large  portion  of  its  time  on  the  ground.  I  have  heard  a 
postman  complain  that  he  could  not  carry  the  mails  and  erect  the  fallen  posts  as  well. 

!i  The  Ar.  pi.  khutftf,  is  in  m.c.  confined  to  "  letters." 


Lin 


184 


Lit 


Linger,  to,  'aqab  uftadan :  vide  Delay ;  hanuz 
ta'm-ash  rd  ddram  (the  taste  still  lingers 
in  my  mouth). 

Linguist,  zabdn-ddn. 

Liniment,  marham  (ointment  for  wounds 
only) ;  tild  (for  painting  or  rubbing  on) ; 
zimdd  (poultice). 

Lining  astar  or  dstar  (k.)  (of  a  garment). 

Link,  halqa  (ring  or  link  in  a  chain) ;  hdqala 
vulg.  or  ddna  (a  bead  in  a  rosary '). 

Link,  to,  musalsal  sahhtan:  hi-Jiam  payvas- 
tan;  or  vasl  k.  (to  join  latter  also — to 
patch). 

Linked,  bi-ham  payvasta :  musalsal  (linked 
together ;  of  a  number) 

Linkman,  mash^al-chi  (in  a  procession) ; 
fdnus-kash  (a  private  servant  with  lamp). 

Linseed,  tukhm-i  kattdn;  rawghan-i  bazr-i 
katdn  (linseed  oil) ;  [raw§[han-i  kunjad,  oil 
of  sesamum  seed ;  in  India  til  oil ;  often 
confused  with  linseed  oil]. 

Linsey-woolsey,  pdrcha  az  pashm  va  kattdn. 

Lintel,  sar-dar. 

Lion,  shir,  P. ;  asad,  At.  ;  arsaldn,  T.  (rare) ; 
shir-i  ydl-dm  (a  maned,  i.e.,  male  lion); 
[in  Persia  shir  is  a  lion  and  bahr  is  a  tiger, 
but  in  India  vice  versa] ;  u  az  shir  shir-tar 
ast  (he  is  braver  than  a  lion) ;  nishdn-i 
Shir  u  Khurshid  (the  Order  of  the  Lion 
and  the  Sun)  ;  mahall-i  tavajjuh-i  mardum 
ast  (he's  the  lion  of  the  season) ;  jd-hd-yi 
khub  (the  lions  of  a  place) ;  burj-i  asad 
(Zodiac).     Vide  Knight. 

Lioness,  shir-mdda. 

Lip,  lab ;  lab-i  pdyin  (lower) ;  lunj  (lower 
lip;  sp.  Negroid) ;  lab-i  bdld  (upper) ;  lab-i 
shuturi  (loose  hanging  lips) ;  lab-i  durusht 
(thick  lipped) ;  lah-i  ndzuk  (delicate- 
lipped)  ;  lab-laHi  (ruby-lipped  ;  of  women) ; 
lab-i  khargushi  (hare- lipped,  q.v.). 

Liquefaction,  guddzish ;  db  shudan ;  hall. 

Liquid,  dbaki ;  mn^i,  pi.  muHyydt:  ashyd-yi 
mdS  dar  dn  jd  nami-girad  (it  won't  con- 
tain liquids) :  db  sh.  (to  melt  q.v  ) :  [mun- 
jamid,  solid  as  opposed  to  liquid ;  but 
sulbl,  solid  as  opposed  to  hollow] :  gar  da 
or  safuf  (powder). 

Liquor,  jawhar  (lit.  essence):  'araq  (spirit, 
also  sweat,  juice).     Vide  Wine. 

Liquorice,  rubb"''s-sus  (in  sticks);  shirin 
baydn  {?) ;  malhati,  vulg.  mutkl  (the 
plant) . 


Lisp,  to,  vdzih  harf  nami-zanad;  (no  special 
word;  vide  Moses;  to  Jews  the  wori 
luknat  "  stammering  "  is  applied).  / 

List,  fihrist;  siydha;  fard;  tafsil.  , 

Listen,  gush  k.  or  dddan;  gush  fard  ddaan 
(to  eaves-drop,  q.v.) :  gush-am  bd  shufid 
ast  (I'm  listening  to  you) ;  gush-at  bd  n^n 
bdshad,  or  gush  bi-ddr:  dgha  bi-manbdsjiid. 
Vide  To  hear.  | 

Listener,  mustami' ;  sdmi'  (hearer,  q.v.)./ 

Listless,  izhdr-i  mayl  bi-chiz-i  na-ddrad ;  sjird  ; 
yakh  (m.c).  \ 

Literal,  taht"  H-lafz  (of  translation) ;  lafti  &*■ 
lafz;  harji;  in  tarjuma  istildhi  nlst  (un- 
idiomatic) :  fuqahd-yi  millat  i'tiqdd  bi- 
zavdhir-i  dydt  rd  bi-tariq-i  ta'abbud  Idiim 
mi-ddnand  (the  religious  guides  believ^  in 
the  literal  interpretation  of  the  Qorani. 

Literary,  adib  :  Hlm-dust  (also  scientific),! 

Literature,  'ulum-i  adabiyya.  ' 

Lithographer,  sang-chdp-kun  or  — zan. 

Lithography,  chdp-sangi  (for  chdp-i  san^i) 
(k.) :  sang-i  chdp  (the  stone). 

Litigation,  murdfa'a  {k.) :  muqaddaim  (an 
Indian  word  coming  into  use). 

Litigious,  murdfa'a-ju. 

Litter  (a  sort  of  palki  carried  by  t^o,  or 
four  mules  or  camels)  takht-i  ravdt;  az 
takdn-i  takht-i  ravdn  Ichayli  sadmu  kh'irdam 
nazdik  bud  nd-khush  bi-shavam;  mkhmil, 
pi.  mahdmil  (rare) ;  haudaj  (elephant 
howdah) :  kajdva  (camel  'kajavas'); 
pushdl  (straw  bedding  for  horses) ;  hhas  u 
khdshdk  and  ashqdl  (litter,  chips,  ejc,  in 
a  room,  vide  Refuse) ;  Ichdkruba;  oi  ra^ht 
(sweepings  when  swept  up) ;  in  (hahdr 
tula  yak  jd  zdHda  (these  four  pups  are  of 
one  litter) ;  az  shikam-i  awal-and  (they 
are  the  first  litter).  _  i 

Litter,  to,  chird  in  utdq  ra  shuluq  katdi? ; 
in  shuluq-kdri-hd  chist?  (what  a  litter  you 
have  made!).  \ 

Little,  andak;  kam ;  qalil ;  (adjs. ;  ;  for 
quantity):  yak  kam-i  (or  yak  khurda\  bi- 
dih,  ziydd  nami-khivdham :  khurd;\  or 
kuchak  (small  in  size) ;  kutdh  (short) ; 
andak-i ;  or  qadr-i  (a  httle) ;  jasta  psta 
rdh  raftan  (of  a  child  just  learning  to 
walk) ;  jasta  jasta  harf  z.  (of  a  child,  or  of 
a  learner  of  a  foreign  language) ;  hm 
kam;  khurda  khurda  (little  by  little);  ywr 
kam;  or  khayli  kam  (too  or  very  little),; 


I   There  are  in  a  tasblh  101  beads  ;   99  for  the  attributes  and  1  for  the  essential  name  of  God. 
101st  bead,  larger  than  the  rest,  is  called  ahayMiak  and  marks  the  completion  of  the  round. 


The 


Lit 


185 


Loc 


Littleness,  Icuchaki  (smallness) ;  kutdhl  short- 
ness) ;  kami  (deficiency) ;  yia-chtzi  (worth- 
lessness) ;  laruj-na^arl  (littleness  of  mind) ; 
paaii  (meanness). 

Live,  ztatan,  rt.  z% ;  zinda  budan;  pahlu-yi 
khana-yi  man  mi-nishlnad  (he  lives  close 
to  me) ;  in  firqa  bar  nabatat  u  giyah  sadd-i 
ramaq  mt-kunand  (they  live,  just  subsist, 
on  vegetables) ;  awqat  guzrdnldan  or  bi-sar 
burdan  ;  or  zindagdni  k.  (to  pass  the  time) ; 
tahsiUi  mu'dsh  k.  (gain  a  livelihood) ;  mkin 
budan ;  and  sukunat  or  manzil  ddshtan  (to 
dwell) ;  mdndan  (remain) ;  tavattun  k.  (to 
settle) ;  iqdmat  n.  (to  stay  for  a  time) ; 
agar  id  sdl-i  qabl  haydt  ddshta  bdsham — (if 
I  live  till  next  year — ) ;  chand  sal  ast  ki 
injd  hasti  ? 

Livelihood,  cldrd  bi-ruzi-i  (or  bakht-i  khud)  pa 
mi-zani?;  ma'ishat;  or  maddr-i  ma'dsh 
(means  of — ) ;  kafdf-i  ma'dsh  (sufl&ciency) ; 
rizq  (daily  bread  from  God). 

Lively,  u  khayli  zinda-dil  ast:  firz  (active, 
quick ,  in  movent) :  ziring  (prop,  active ; 
of  mind  or  body). 

Liver,  ;Vgrar;  kabid:  sudda-yi  kabid ;  varam-i 
kabid  (diseases  of — ) ;  khush-guzrdn  (one 
that  is  a  generous,  free  liver). 

Liveried,  nawkar-bdb  (any  servant  in  livery). 

Livid,  kabud  (of  nails  or  lips  of  a  corpse) ; 
labhd-yash  az  tars  kabud  shud;  rang-ask 
yarid  or  — bdkhta  ast  (of  fear ;  of  face 
only);  zard  shud  (pale,  etc.,  from  sick- 
ness or  from  death). 

Living,  hayy ;  zinda ;  jurnbanda  (living 
thing);  khurdk;  or  ta'dm,  pi.  at'ima;  or 
ma^kuldt  (pi.  eatables)  (food)  ;  asbdb-i 
ma'ishat  (means  of  living).  Vide  Liveli- 
hood. 

Lizard,  susmdr  or  buz-dush '  (Uromastix) ; 
cJialpdsa  (house  lizard) ;  kulpuk  (chame- 
leon, q.v.). 

Lo !  bi-bin;  Mi;  ho^l  (vulg.);  inak  (here  it 
is). 

Load,  bar ;  hand  (for  Ar.  himl) ;  khar-vdr 
(ass-load) ;  yak  bdr-i  shutur  (one  camel- 
load)  ;  kula-bdr  (a  man's  load). 

Load,  to,  bar  or  haml  (k.)  (of  animals  and 
carts) ;  bdr-i  matd'  k.  (of  a  ship) ;  kishti  rd 
pur  az  mdl  (or  matd')  kardand:  zir-i  bdr 
kashidan  (to  make  to  work) :  pur  k.  (a  gun 
or  rifle). 


Loaded,  in  tufang  pur  ast?  ;  khar-hd  mahmul- 
and?;  jahdz  az  mata'  bdr  shuda  ast: 
muntalid-yi  'izzat  va  ihtirdm  bi-u  kardand 
(he  was  loaded  with  honours). 

Load-star,  sitdra-yi  qutb  (pole-.star,  q.v.). 

Loadstone,  sang-i  dhan-rubd;  khds{8)iyyat-i 
sangi  maqndtls  rd^  mi-ddnid? 

Loaf,  ndn-i  ("a  bread  ") ;  qurs-i  nan  (round, 
flat  cake  of  bread) ;  bi-ndnvd  sifdrish  bidih 
ruz-%  si  td  girda-yi  nan  bi-dihad-^  (order  the 
baker  to  supply  daily  three  (flat  round) 
cakes  of  bread). 

Loafer,  vil  (a  bazar  loafer) ;  mUgard ;  harza- 
gard;  avdra;  dar  bi-dar ;  kucha-gard.  Vide 
Respectable,  Blackguard,  Vagabond. 

Loan,  qarz,  for  money  ( — dddan  to  lend ;  and 
— giriftan  "  to  borrow  ") ;  vdm  (debt)  (d. 
and  g.)  (rare) ;  istiqrdz-i  dawlatl  {g.)  (a 
Govt,  loan^) :  qarz^' l-hasana  (a  loan  for  a 
few  days  without  interest ;  a  savdb) ;  for 
things,  lutf  karda  in  kitdb  rd  chand  ruz-i 
bi-man  'driya  bi-dihid;  vide  Borrow. 

Loathe,  to,  makruh  ddshtan;  munfur  d.; 
bizdr  budan  az — to  be  tired  of,  sick  of). 
Vide  Hate,  Aversion. 

Loathing,  nafrat  (k.) ;  istikrdh  {k. ; — az); 
tanaffur  {ddshtan  az) ;  kirdhat  {ddshtan  az). 

Loathingly,  ba-tanaffur-i  tamdm;  az  ru-yi 
istikrdh. 

Loathsome,  karih ;  makruh ;  maraz-i  makruh-i 
ddrad;  bu-yi  manfur-lst. 

Lobby,  kafsh-kan  (place  of  removing  the 
shoes) ;  ddldn  (hall) . 

Lobe,  bind-gush  (or  bind-yi  gush) ;  and 
narma-yi  gush  (of  ear). 

Lob-sided.     Vide  Lop-sided. 

Lobster,  maygu-yi  dardz;  [maygu  alone  is 
"  prawn  "]. 

Local,  mahalli ;  mahalliyya;  kukumat-i  ma- 
halliyya  (local  government). 

Loch,  buhayra  (prop,  a  large  lake  or  inland 
sea;  but  a  small  loch  or  "tank"  is  so 
called). 

Lock  qufi  (of  door) ;  chakhmaq  (of  gun). 

Lock,  to,  qufl  k.  (with  key) ;  band  k. ;  and 
bastan  (to  shut) ;  chift  k.  or  — zadan  (to 
bolt) ;  dar  ham  payvastan  or  bi-ham  digar 
chaspidan  (to  lock  in  wrestling) . 

Lockjaw,  dahan-quflak ;  kahak-quflak. 

Locksmith,  qu/l-sdz;  kiRd-sdz. 

Locomotive,  lukumutif  (Eur.). 


1  Supposed  to  suck  goate. 

4  Note  the  ra. 

3  Gen.  pronounced  nuriva  and  nun. 

*  Sanadat-i  iatiqraz,  '•  the  notes  given  by  Government  for  a  loan.' 

24 


Loc 


186 


Loo 


Locomotive-power,  quvva-yi  jarrara  va  har- 

rdka. 
Locum-tenens,  qdSm  maqdm  ;  nEHh ;    ndHh 

manab.     Vide  Acting,  Deputy. 
Locust,  malahh;  malakh-i  misrt  (a  species, 

small    and    injurious) ;    malakh-i    daryd^i 

(large  and  less  injurious) ;  s^ar'""  malahh 

bard-yi  Muslimin  hdldl  ast  bidun-i  dnki 

zabh  bunand;  agar  malakh  rlza  bud  durust 

faru  mi-burd  (if  the  locust  were  small,  it 

(the  bird)  swallowed  it  whole). 
Lodge,   to,    baytuta   k.   (spend   the   night) ; 

mJdndan;   imshah  kujd  bdyad  manzil  ku- 

nlm  (where  shall  we  put  up  ?) ;  sar-i  dara- 

kht  mdnd  (it  lodged,  got  caught,  in  the 

tree) . 
Lodging,  manzil  {k.  and  d.,  intr.  and  tr.) ;  jay 

{dddan,  tr.) ;  khdna  subs.. 
Lodger,  kirdya-nishin. 
Loftiness,  rifat;  or  *uluv  (of  buildings,  or  of 

rank).     Vide  Pride. 
Lofty,   'dli ;  or  rajl' ;  vide  Pride ;   Dawlat-i 

^aliyya-yi  Irdn  or  '  JJamdrii  (but  Dawlat-i 

fakhima-yi  Inglis). 
Log,    kunda :   tana   (trunk   of    tree,    cut   or 

uncut). 
Logic,    '  •  Avicenna   translated   some   Greek 

works  on  logic  into  Arabic ' '   {Abu  Sind 

ba'zi  kutub-i  'ilm-i  maniiq-i  Yunani  rd  bi- 

'Arabi  tarjuma  namud:   istildhat-i  manii- 

qiyya  (terms  of ). 

Logical,  mantiqi. 

Logician,  mantiqi;  mantiq-ddn. 

Logwood,  baqam. 

Loins,  kamar  (the  whole  waist) ;  gurda  (prop. 

kidney)  ;    sulb  (the    small   of   the   back) ; 

az  sutb-i  fuldn  ast  (offspring  of  So-and-So) ; 

a^p-i   kamari   (horse   gone    in    the  loins). 

Vide  Girded. 
Loiter,  w'(Ze Linger,  Delay  ;  chird  awqdt-i  khud 

rd  in  tawr  mujt  az  dast  ml-dihid,  or  bi- 

gkaflat  myi'  mi-kunld :  In-jd  bi-kdr  chi  mi- 

kuni  ? 
Loiterer,  dir-ra^s  (arrives  late) ;  sust-kdr  (lazy 

at  his  work). 
London,  Landan  (to  Persians  a  synonym  for 

England). 
Loneliness,  dil-tangi  (boredom,  depression) ; 

tajarrud  (being  alone)  ;   bi-sahab-i  tanhd^l 

vahshat  'driz-am  ml-shavad. 
Lonely,  dil-tang  (depressed) ;  bisydr  vahshat- 

am  girifta  ast  (I  feel  lonely) ;  dur  az  dbddl 


(lonely) ;    mrdna  (desolate,  of  places ;   or 
met.  of  the  heart). 

Long,  kucha-yi  tavil  or  — tuMnl ;  qissa-yi  tavil : 
mard-i  qadd-buland  or  mard-i  dardz :  ruz-i 
buland ;  rish-i  buland :  in  pdrcha  chand  zar'  ^ 
ast?;  khayli  vaqt,  or  muddat-i  madid,  or 
zamdn-i  dardz  (a  long  time) :  saltanat-i"^  pd- 
dishdh  khayli  tul  na-kashid;  chand  ruz  bi- 
'Id-i  Naw-Ruz  ddrim  (how  long  is  it  to 
New  Year's  Day?);  td  kay  (how  long  ?) ; 
dir-bdz  ast  ki  urd  didam  or  khayli  vaqi  ast 
ki  urd  na-dida  am  (it  is  long  since  I  saw 
him) ;  khuldsd-yi  kaldm  (the  long  and  the 
short  of  it).     Vide  Tall,  and  Lamp-post. 

Long-cloth,  lang-kldt  (Eur.)  ;  yak  tup  chil- 
vari  (for  chihil  vdri)  (a  piece,  a  thdn,  of 
long-cloth). 

Long-faced,  khushk-i  muqaddas  (austere- 
looking,  of  priests) ;  sirka-ru  (sour-faced). 
Vide  Doleful.  _ 

Longing,  mushtaq  (part. )  ;  yiwahish  ;  ishti- 
ydq ;  drzu  (subs.) :  dilshura  (longing  of  a 
pregnant  woman  for  sour  things) ;  also 
vomiting,  of  a  pregnant  woman  whose 
longing  is  not  satisfied) ;  drma  {?)  (ditto) ; 
magar  zan-i  drma  ddri?  (said  to  a  man 
vomiting,  or  to  one  fond  of  pickles,  etc.). 

Longingly,  mushtdqdna;  harisdna. 

Longitude,  tul ;  daraja-yi  tul. 

Longitudinally,  az  tul. 

Long-sighted,  dur-nazar :  ^dqibat-bin  (met.). 

Long-suffering,  iul-i  tahammul  (subs.) ;  bd 
iahammul,  or  bd  tdqat  (adj.).  Vide  Pa- 
tience, and  Patient. 

Long-winded,  ruda-dardz ;  or  pur-gu  (in 
speech) ;  najas-i  khub  ddrad  (in  running). 

Long-wise,  tub";  in  rd  az  tul  bi-bur,  na  az 
'arz. 

Look,  to,  nigaristan ;  didan,  rt.  bin;  nazar 
k. ;  nigdh  k. ;  namudan  intr.  numd ;  or  bi- 
nazar  dmadan;  or  ma'lum  shudan  (to 
seem) ;  muvdzahat  k.  (look  after,  care  for) ; 
vd-rasi  or  rasidagi  k. ;  and  ghawr  k.  (to 
look  into) ;  didan ;  or  just  u  ju  k. ;  or 
tafahhus  k.  (to  look  out  for  a  thing  ;  vide 
also  'Wait');  in  utdq  bar  daryd  sar-zan 
ast,  or  bar  daryd  mushrif  ast  (this  room 
overlooks  the  sea) ;  sayr  ^  kardan  or  tamd- 
shd  k.  (to  look  at  shop  windows,  stroll 
about  a  city,  etc.) ;  bi-guzdr  bd  durbin-at 
bi-binam  (let  me  look  with  your  glasses) ; 
khiydl-i  bdrdn  ddrad,  or  mi-khivdhad  bdrdn 


1  In  India  t.iii  and  'arz  "length  and  breadth  "  for  cloth,    etc. 
used  for  cloth. 

2  But  Hukumat  for  a  Governor.  8  Vulg.  aayl. 


In  Pers.  m.c,  however,  tfil  is  not 


Loo 


187 


Lot 


bi-ydyad  (it  looks  like  rain,  or  I  think  it  is 
going  to  rain) ;  in  rd  hash  (now  just  look  ' 
at  this). 

Look  here,  Injd  nigdh  Icun  (fig.  and  lit.) ; 
gush ;  bi-shumd  hastam  ( =  I  am  speaking 
to  you;  poHte). 

Look  out !  bi-pd  ! ;  hushydr  bdah  ! 

Look-out  man,  did-bdn  (sentry) ;  <Uda-gdh 
(place  of ). 

Looking-glass,  dlna  or  dyina;  badan-numd 
(cheval  glass). 

Loom,  kdr-gSJi-i  bdjandagi. 

Loop,  halqa  (2.) ;  mddagl  (loop,  button-hole). 

Loose,  shut  (loose  of  a  rope  or  cloth) ;  laq 
(of  teeth,  screws,  etc.) ;  bandhd-yi  in 
sandall  shul  (or  sust)  shuda  ast ;  in  tandb 
rd  shul  kun;  sa'i  bi-kunid  bi-binid  mi- 
tavdnld  in  girih  rd  bdz  kunid  (try  and 
see  if  you  can  untie  this  knot) ;  fardkh ; 
or  gu^hdda  (of  clothes) ;  basta  na — (of 
porridge,  etc.) ;  vil  (of  a  loose  end  of  a 
rope ;  untied) ;  dvikhta  (hanging  down) ; 
juru  hishia  (of  loose  under-lip,  or  of 
eyelid) ;  judd  shuda  (of  a  leaf  of  a  book) ; 
or  aiordq  shuda  (if  many  leavas  are  loose) ; 
mi' da  narm  ast  (of  bowels,  loose) ;  bi-qayd 
or  biparvd  (in  morals). 

Loose,  to,  Loosen,  gushddan;  or  vd  k. ;  or 
bdz  k.  (to  untie) ;  shul  k.  (to  loosen) ; 
rihd  k. ;  or  vil  k. ;  or  khalds  k.  (set  free) ; 
"■ivJdnrd  sust  k.  (to  loosen  the  reins;  lit. 
and  fig.);  mi' da  rd  narm  k.,  or  — linat 
dddun  (the  bowels). 

Looseness,  shuli ;  gushddagi ,  fardkhi ;  laq^ 
or  laq  budan:  bi-parvd"i  (of  morals) ;  linat 
(of  bowels). 

Lope,  shiling  (2.)  ^  (a  long  high  step) :  qurg- 
davi  k. 

Lop-sided,  yak-bara;  in  bdr  yak  taraf-ash 
sangin  ast ;  yak-burdu  rdh  mi-ravad  (of  a 
man,  horse,  ship,  leaning  over  to  one  side 
in  moving). 
Loquacious,  pMr-gfM  ;  vir  viru  (vulg.);  harrdf 
(full  of  talk ;  in  good  or  bad  sense) ;  laffdz 
(talks  too  much ;  in  bad  sense) ;  ruda- 
dardz  (sp.  of  garrulous  old  people);  chil 
chit  zabdn  (pleasantly  talkative,  sp.  of 
children);  jafang  adj.  (of  prattle;  of 
children  or  fools  :  lassdn  (fluent). 
Loquacity,  rudadardzi  {k.)  '.garrulity ;  sp.  of 
old  women) ;  pur-gu^i  {k.) ;  or  harrdfi,  (k.); 
vir  vir  {k.)  (vulg.) ;  chil\chil  zdbdni;  chachuU 


zabdni  (blarney;  but  chdchul-bdzi  (gross 
flattery) . 

Lord,  Khuddvand;  Rabband  {Our  Lord \  i.e., 
God) ;  Mawlana  (prop,  our  Lord,  is  in 
m.c.  a  title  of  respect  for  a  learned  man) ; 
vide  God,  Master,  Husband:  amir,  pi. 
umard''  (opposed  to  faqir,  fuqard) ;  Jdiwss, 
pi.  khavdss  (opposed  to  'dmm,  pi.  'avdmm). 

Lordship,  Hazrat-i  'Ali. 

Lose,  to,  gum  k.  and  sh. ;  or  mafqud  sh.  [also 
to  be  missing;  but  mafqud  k.  to  make 
to  vanish] ;  zd%'  k.  or  sh.  (gen. ;  to  des- 
troy, waste);  zarar  k.  or  rasdnidan,  tr., 
and — rasidan,  intr. ;  and  nuqsdn  k.,  tr., 
or  ydjtan,  intr. ;  or  Id  dddan,  tr.  and  vulg. 
or  khasdrdt  k. ,  or  — kashidan  (of  money ; 
lost  in  trade  or  gambling) ;  fawt  k.  and  sh. 
(of  time)  ;  bar  bdd  dddan;  or  talaf  k.  (to 
squander) ;  bdkhtan  (in  games) ;  chdqu^i 
ki  bi-shumd  dddam  muvdzib  bdshid  gum- 
ash  na-kunid:  khud-ash  rd  gum  kard  (he 
lost  his  head) ;  kund  rajtan  (of  watch) ; 
talaj  sh.  (to  be  lost,  of  men  in  battle); 
shikast  yd f tan  (be  defeated,  lose  in  battle, 
or  in  games) ;  fur  sat  az  dast  dddan  or — 
fawt  k.  (of  time,  opportunity);  'indn-i 
ikhtiydr-ash  az  dast  raft  (he  lost  control  of 
himself) ;  jdn-ash  az  dast  raft  (he  lost  his 
life) ;  az  jd  birun  raft  (he  lost  his  t-emper, 
or  got  upset). 

Loss,  khasdrat ;  or  zarar;  or  nuqsdn  (to 
property  or  life) ;  talaf,  pi.  talafdt  (of  life ; 
in  battle,  etc.) ;  mutahayyir  sh.  (to  be  at 
a  loss) ;  dast-pdcJui  sh.  (ditto). 

Lost,  bar  bdd  shuda :  or  zd%'  shuda  (wasted) ; 
gum  shuda-yi  dast-az-vay-shusta-i  (a  thing 
hopelessly  lost) ;  vaqt-i  ki  az  shahr  bar  mi- 
gasht  rdh  rd  gum  kard. 

Lot,  "Lot  was  rescued  from  the  city  that 
wrought  filthiness ' '  {KhudJd  Lut  rd  az 
shahr-i  hhahisdn  najdt  dud). 

Lot,  qur'a  (anddkhtan) ;  hissa  (share) ;  qismat, 
etc.  (destiny,  q. v.) ;  u  dMa  ast  (local  ?)  (he 
is  a  bad  lot,  not  respectable);  ba'd  nd- 
chdr  shuda  tan  bi-qazd  mi-dihad  (she  will 
then  be  forced  to  put  up  with  her  lot) ; 
Uit  (Eur.) ;  in  Idt-i  chdhi  si  '  mdrka  '  ddrad 
(this  lot  of  tea  has  three  distinctive 
marks) ;  dar  hardj-i  imruz  panj  qalam 
chizhd  kharidam  (I  bought  five  lots  at  to- 
day's auction). 


1  Look  in  a  figurative  sense. 

2  Shiling-takhta  is  some  wrestling  term  ;  also  frisking  about. 


Lot 


188 


Low 


Lote,  sidr  ^  (the  lote-tree  ;  the  juice  of  the 
soaked  leaves  of  which  is  sprinkled  on  a 
corpse).     Vide  Jujube. 

Lotus,  laylu  par ;  nllufar.     VideJjily. 

Loud,  huland;  huland-avaz  (loud-voiced) ; 
jahr  (rare) ;  ghawgMH  (noisy,  clamorous) ; 
pur  shdt  u  shut  (of  quarrelsome  or  noisy 
women) ;  khud-farush. 

Loudness,  hhud-numdS  (of  dress;  self-adver- 
tisement). 

Lounge,  to,  lui  raftan  (vulg.) ;  tamhall  k. ; 
vd  lamidan  (to  loll  or  recline  on  a  sofa, 
etc.). 

Lounger,  khurdan  u  Tchwdhidan  kdr-ash  ast 
(he  is  a  lounger) ;  Bu-hhur  u  bu^khwab  kdr-i 
man  ast  .'.  Khudu  nigah-ddr-i  man  ast 
(saying  of  the  lazy). 

Louse,  shipish ;  rishk  (nit) ;  shipish-i  zuhar 
(crab-louse) ;  sin,  sen  or  sina  (a  plant 
louse  that  destroys  crops) ;  khar-i  khaki 
(wood-louse). 

Lousy,  shipishu  (of  men) ;  pur  az  shipish  (of 
garments). 

Lout,  rustd  (lit.  villager) ;  rustd-vdr  (loutish) ; 
dabang-guz  (vulg). 

Love,  Love,  to,  'ishq  (ardent  love,  between 
the  sexes  or  for  God) ;  mahabbat  (gen. 
affection) ;  mihr  (parental ;  also  God's 
love  for  man) ;  'alaqa  (sp.  of  parents  for 
children  and  vice  versa) ;  u  murd  az  dil  u 
jdn  mi-hhwdst — Prof.  S.  T.  (he  loved  me 
dearly);  muddat-i  madid-i  bar  lu  'dshiq 
shuda  am.  ^  va  dar  in  zindagi  murda  am — 
Prof.  S.  T.  (it  is  now  a  long  time  since  I 
first  fell  in  love  with  you  and  died  a  living 
death);  yak  dil  na,  hazdr  dil  'dshiq-i  u 
shuda  ast  (she  has  fallen  madly  in  love 
with  him) ;  'dshiq  shudan  bi —  or  bar —  (to 
fall  in  love  with) ;  giriftdr-i  mahabbat-i  u 
ast  (ditto) ;  dil-bastagl  dashtan  (gen.) ;  ham 
digar  rd  dust  bi-ddrid  (love  each  other) ; 
az  bimdr  shudan  khush-ash  mi-dyad  (he 
loves  being  sick) ;  saldm-i  Lur^  {or  saldm-i 
rustd^i)  bi-tama'  nist  (  =  cup-board  love) ; 
hubb-i  dunyd  (love  of  the  world).  Vide 
Beloved. 

Love-lorn,  hijrdn-zada  (separated);  mahjur- 
shuda  (forsaken,  love-lorn). 

Love-philtre.     Vide  Restless. 

Lover,    Love-sick,   giriftdr-i   faldn;    maraz-i 


'ishq  ddrad;  kirm-i  'ishq  ddrad  (vulg.; 
kirm  =  microbe) ;  majnun. 

Lover,  'dshiq,  pi.  'ushshdq  (lover;  generally 
the  man);  ma'shuqa;  or  mahbuba*  (be- 
loved, the  woman) ;  in  mard  u  zan  'dshiq 
u  ma'shuq-and  (not  ma'shuqa);  'aysh- 
talab ;  or  'aysh-dust  (lover  of  pleasure); 
/asig  (paramour, q. v.;  unlawful);  sift-zan 
vulg.  (ditto). 

Loving,  mihr-bdn  (of  superiors) ;  pur-Hshq 
(amorous) :  mushfiq  (indulgent) . 

Low,  rani;  or  dun-tabi'at;  u  mardaka-yi 
pastfitrat-V St :  past  (in  height  or  in  origin, 
etc.) ;  bdzdri  (of  people  or  words) ;  or 
dani-tab'  (of  people) ;  puch  (worthless, 
gen.) ;  u  bi-qimat-i  ndzil  (or  arzdn)  mi- 
farushad;  nisf-i  bahd  (at  half  its  value); 
zamin-i  past;  bi-sadd-yi  past  or  — kuchak 
(in  a  low  voice ;  also  yavdsh  or  dhista, 
adv.). 

Low-bred,  past ;  bad-asl ;  razil ;  az  sinf-i  jarr- 
dsh. 

Lower,  to,  sar-d-ztr  k. ;  furu —  or  zir  k. 
(from  a  height);  arzdn —  or  ndzil  k.  (of 
prices) ;  in  sail  (or  dalv)  rd  dar  chdh  pdyin 
bi-kun :  kam  k.  (of  quantity) ;  khwdbdni- 
dan  or  pd^in  kashidan  (of  a  flag,  standard, 
etc.) ;  'dr-am  mi-dyad  ki  bi-u  harf  bi-zanam 
(I  lower  myself  by  speaking  to  him) ;  in 
mujib-i  kasr-i  man  mi-shavad  (this  will 
lower  me  in  people's  eyes)  ;  az  hisdb-ash 
kdsta  bdqi  pul-ash  rd  dddam  (I  lowered, 
cut  his  bill  down,  and  then  paid  him). 
Vide  to  Humble. 

Lowering,  tiragi,  subs,  (of  clouds) ;  havd  pur 
az  abr-i  tira  va  tdrik  shud. 

Lowest,  past-tarin  (gen.) ;  adna-tarin  (double 
superlative ;  of  people) . 

Lowing,  khuvdr,  Ar.  {k.)  (rare) ;  sadd  {k.) 
(common,  of  cattle). 

Low-land,  zamin-i  past. 

Lowliness,  farH-tani  ;  khdk-sdri ;  inkisdri ; 
khushu'  u  khuzu' ;  tavdzw  ;  u  bisydr  kucha- 
ki  or  shikasta-nafsl  izhdr  mi-kunad. 

Lowly,  faru-tan  or  uftdda  ;  burd-bdr  (meek) ; 
miskin ;  or  mazlum  (humble,  quiet). 

Lowness,  pasti  (gen.) ;  siflagi  (of  a  man's 
nature) ;  narmi ;  or  dhistagi  (of  voice). 
Vide  Meanness  and  Cheapness. 

Low-spirited,    dil-tang ;    or   malul ;    or   pur- 


1  There  is  a  tree  of  this  kind  in  Paradise,  a  boundary  mark  that  no  creature  may  pass. 

2  Or  haatam. 

8  The  Lvrs  are  noted  for  greed. 
4  Mahbub,  masc.  "loved." 


Loy 


189 


Lus 


malal;  dil-murda;  or  dil-afsurda  (from 
sorrow,  or  naturally). 

Loyal,  jdn-nisar  (devoted);  mukhlie ;  vafa- 
ddr ;  namak-shinds  or— haldl{oi  servants) ; 
fidd'-l.     Vide  Obedient. 

Loyalty,  jdn-nisdri ;  ikhlds ;  vafd-ddrT.  Vide 
Obedience. 

Lozenge,  lawz  (the  sweetmeat,  and  also  any- 
thing in  its  shape)  ;  In  pdrcJia  rd  lawzl 
dujchla  ast  (this  cloth  is  quilted). 

Lucerne,  yunja  (sp.  fresh)  ;  shajtal  and  si- 
barga. 

Lucid,  rawsfian ;  or  vdzih  (for  style) ; 
munir ;  or  rawshan  (for  stars) ;  vaqt-i  ki 
hush-ash  durvst  bud  (during  a  lucid  inter- 
val). 

Lucifer,  kibrit  (match);  Zuhra  (Venus;  the 
morning  star);  Iblts;  ov  Shaytjdn  (Ssitan). 

Luck,  nik-bakkti;  or  sabz-bakhti ;  or  iqbdl ; 
or  khush-naslbl  (good  luck) ;  bakht-am  rd 
basta  and  (my  luck  is  gone) ;  bad-bakhtl  ; 
or  nuhusat;  or  bakht-i  shum  (bad-luck); 
^W  (the  star) ;  taqdir  (Fate) ;  or  qismat 
(portion) ;  bahht  (luck,  good  or  bad) ;  nas^ 
(portion ;  naslb  sh.  (to  fall  to  one's  luck, 
lot). 

Luckily,  bi-ydri-yi  bakht;  bakht  ydri  karda; 
az  khushrtdli'i. 

Luckless,  badrbakht;  or  bad-nasib ;  or  bad- 
taW  ;  or  bi-nasib ;  but  kam-bakht  (a  term 
of  abuse  =  wretched).     Vide  Unlucky. 

Lucky,  ruz-i  ta'yin-i  sd'at-i  nik  karda  az  dnjd 
harakat  kardim — Prof.  S.  T.  (one  day  we 
started  at  the  fixed  lucky  moment) ;  zahl 
sa'ddatri  man  ki  dar  khidmat-i  shumd  mi- 
bdsham  (I'm  indeed  lucky  to  be  with 
you)  ;  barra-yi  du  mddar  (lit.  a  lamb  with 
two  mothers,  i.e.,  one  that  gets  a  double 
quantity  of  milk). 

Lucrative,  sud-mand;  ndfi,' ;  bd  manfa'at. 

Lucre,  jifa-yi  dunyd  (filthy  lucre). 

Ludicrous,  khanda-ddr ;  muzhik;  khanda- 
dvar  or  khanda-khiz  (causing  laughter;  in 
a  good  or  bad  sense ;  bd'is-i  istihzd'^  (cause 
of  ridicule) . 

Ludicrously,  puUi  ki  bi-man  dddand  qabiUi 
istiJizd  ast  (a  ludicrously  small  sum) . 

Luggage,  6%na ;  asbdb ;  sdmdn;  rakhi-isafar 
(personal  luggage) ;  bar  (luggage  or  loads ; 
but  bar  u  buna  personal  luggage) ;  khurda- 
riz;  or  khir  u  fir;  or  khirt  u  pirt  (small 
packages,  odds  and  ends,  things  not  neces- 
sary ;  also  lumber,  q.v.). 


Lukewarm,  shlr-garm  or  ntm-garm;  malUl; 
rui  garm  na  sard;  khayli  bd  dnhd  garm 
nist  (he's  lukewarm  in  his  attachment  to 
that  party). 

Lull,  to,  Idld^l  karda  khiodbdnldan  (lull  an 
infant  to  sleep) ;  sdkit  sh.  or  khtpdbidan 
(of  storm). 

Lullaby,  Idld^i  {khwdndan  or  k.). 

Lumbago,  dard-i  kamar. 

Lumber,  asbdb-i  bt-kdra;  khir  u  fir.  {Vide 
Luggage).  _ 

Lumber,  to,  in  asbdb-i  bi-kdra  tamJdmri  tUaq 
rd  girifta  ast. 

Luminous,  rusJuin  (lighted ;  also  adj.  of  day- 
light) ;  darakhshdn ;  and  daraJ^handa  (of 
sun,  etc.,  gems,  metals);  munir  (of  sun); 
and  tdbdn  giving  heat  and  light ;  of  sun, 
fire) ;  nurdnl  (of  heavenly  bodies)  ;  mu- 
nawar  (illuminated) ;  rang-i  lammd'  (lumi- 
nous paint). 

Lump>  tikka  (small  piece) ;  luk  (a  little  swell- 
ing) ;  radd-i  nish  (insect  bite) ;  bar-dma- 
dagi  (any  protuberance) ;  yak-jd  (in  a 
lump. 

Lunacy,  junun.     Vide  Madness. 

Lunar,  qamari. 

Lunar  caustic,  qalam-i  jaJiannam  (in  sticks) ; 
jawhar-i  nuqra  (nitrate  of  silver). 

Lunatic,  majnun,  pi,  majdnin ;  vide  Mad; 
ddr'^H-majdmn  ( — asylum). 

Lunch,  'asrdna  {sarf  k.)  (about  2  o'clock). 

Lungs,  shush;  ri^ah  (rare);  zat'^^Uri^ah  (in- 
flammation of  the  lungs.  Vide  Pneumo- 
nia). 

Lure,  iabla,  P. ;  baftara  (in  Basra  and  Bagh- 
dad) ;  \milu)d^ih  (in  Koweit  and  in  Bah- 
reyn  Is.] ;  china  (a  grain  bait  for  birds) ; 
tu'ma  (a  live  bait);  mvJld^  (a  bird  when 
a  live  bait  for  a  hawk).     Vide  Bait. 

Lurk,  panhan  s?i.,  intr.  (to  hide)  ;  kamin  k., 
intr.  (to  lie  in  wait ;  qd^m  sh.). 

Lurking-place,  kamin-gdh. 

Luscious,  laziz;  Ichush-maza;  pur  ab  u  bd 
lizzat  (juicy  and  luscious). 

Lust,  shahvat ;  havd-yi  nafsdni  ;  masti. 

Lust,  to,  hirs  varzidan  (to  lust  after). 

Lustful,  shahvat- parast;  or  pur-shahvat;  or 
shahvati:  harts  (covetous). 

Lustfully,  shahvatdna;  bd  nigdh-i  shahvat 
nigaristan  (to  look  lustfully  at  a  woman). 

Lustration,  tathir  {k.  or  d.)  (relig. ;  of  any 
portion  or  the  whole  of  the  body)  ;  taghsil 


1  MuUa,  P. ;  corrup.  of  Ar.  tnilwah,  a  decoy-bird  ;  em  owl  used  as  a  decoy-bird,  etc. 


Lus 


190 


Mad 


{k.  or  d.)  (relig. ;  of  the  whole  body ;  also 
for  dead  bodies). 

Lustre,  -jalva ;  or  raumaq  (of  things) ; 
darakhshandagi  (of  gems,  the  sun,  etc.)  ; 
barrdqi  (of  silk);  db  (the  "water,"  of  a 
jewel) ;  jar  or  chihil-chirdgh  (a  crystal 
chandelier) ;  and  qalam  (a  '  drop '  of  the 
chandelier). 

Lusty,  vide  Strong;  mard-i  gardan  kuluft-i 
pur-shahvat-i  ast ;  fil-i  mangus.^ 

Lute,  'ud  (Arabian) ;  rubdb  {z.) ;  barbat  (Per- 
sian).    Vide  Lyre. 

Lutist,  'ud-zan;  rubab-zan. 

Luxuriance,  jart ;  or  kasrat  (abundance) ; 
ijrdt  (excess). 

Luxuriant,  vafir ;  fardvdn  (abundant) ;  am- 
buh  (thick;  of  foliage). 

Luxurious,  'ayydsh  (in  a  bad  sense) ;  khush- 
guzardn  (in  a  good  sense) ;  zan-sifat  (effi- 
minate) ;  tan-parast  (selfish  and  luxurious) ; 
'aysh-talab  (seeking  after  pleasure;  in 
good  or  bad  sense). 

Luxury,  *aysh  u  'ishrat;  khush-guzardm  ; 
'ayydshi  (in  a  bad  sense;  profligacy)  ; 
zaruriyydt  va  ghayr-i  zaruriyydt  (neces- 
saries and  ordinary  luxuries  of  life) ;  asbdb-i 
tajammul,  or  tajammuldt  (dress,  carriages, 
and  all  luxuries' for  show). 

Lying,  pur-darugh;  or  kdzib,  adj.  (of 
people):  darugk,  adj.  (gen.);  kazzdb,  adj. 
(intensive;  of  people);  kizbdmiz,  ad],  (of 
words);  darugltgu^l ;  and  kazzdbi,  subs. 

Lying-in,  dard-i  zih  (pains  of) ;  vaqt-i  zd^idan 
(time  of ;  of  a  woman) ;  manz-khdna-yi 
bachclia-zd%  (a  lying-in  hospital) ;  chilla 
(the  40  days  after  birth,  during  which  the 
woman  does  not  leave  the  chamber). 

Lying  in  ambush,  kamln-nishinl.  Vide  Am- 
bush. 

Lymph,  mddda-yi  dbila  (for  vaccination). 

Lynx,  siydh-gush;  hudhud-chashm'^  (lynx- 
eyed;  lit.  hoopoe-eyed). 

Lyre,  barbat  [miz'har,  Ar.,  not  used  in  m.c.]. 

M 

Macadamize,  to,  sang-farsh  k. 
Macadamized,  rdh-i  sang-farsh;  rdh-i  shusa 
(Fr. ;  mac.  road). 


Mace,  basbdsa  (spice) ;  gurz  (battle) ;  chumdq 
(official  mace;  also  a  thick  walking  stick). 

Mace-bearer,  chumdq- ddr  (with  mace) ; 
yasdvul  (precedes  procession,  carrying  a 
mace,  or  a  flag,  or  a  spear,  etc.,  also 
guard,  q.v.). 

Macerate,  to,  narm  k.  (to  Soften) ;  hhisdndan 
(to  steep) ;  nafs  kushian  (to  mortify  the 
flesh) ;  Idghar  k.  (to  make  thin). 

Machination,  htla,  pi.  hiyal ;  kayd,  pi.  makaHd 
(prop.  pi.  of  makida). 

Machine,  charkh  (with  wheels) ;  charkh-i 
khayydti  (sewing  machine) ;  in  '  mdshin '  rd 
chi  ml-guyand? :  dast-gdh  (prop.  '  plant,' 
is  also  applied  to  factory  machinery) ; 
manjaniq  (a  hand- sling;  war  catapidt; 
crane).  [sky). 

Mackerel,    dsmdn-i    chifta   chifta  (mackerel 

Mackintosh,  bdrdm. 

Macrocosm,  'dlam-i  kablr  (tlie  universe 
exterior  to  man;  opp.  to  microcosm  or 
man,  'dlam-i  saghir). 

Mad,'*  divdna  (gen.) ;  majnun  (sp.  from  love) ; 
sag-i  har  urd  gazid  or  kand  ( =  he's  mad) ; 
dirmgk-ash  khushk  ast;  or  khabt-i  dimdgh 
ddrad  (he's  cracked) ;  anj-ash  Jchardb  ast 
(ditto);  shlfta-yi — or  farlfta-yi  dn  dukhtar 
ast  (he's  madly  in  love  with  the  girl) : 
vide  Dog  and  Madman;  'aql-ash  pd-sang* 
mi-barad  (his  wit  requires  make- weight). 

Madam,  Madam  (Fr.). 

Made,  sdkhta  (made;  also  made-up,  false); 
masnu'l  (artificial) ;  u  mard  bi-khatt 
navishtan  vd  ddsht,  or  majbur  bi-kdgl^az 
navishtan  kard  (he  made  me  write) ; 
qalam-l  sar  karda  (or  tardsMda)  shuru' 
bi-navishtan  kard  (he  cut,  made,  his  pen 
and  then  wrote) ;  hdzir  (ready-made ;  opp. 
to  farmdyishi ,  adj.  'to  order').  Vide 
Compel. 

Made-up.  Vide.  Fabricate,  Invented,  False, 
etc. 

Mad-house,  divdna-Tchdna  ;  ddr"-' l-majdnm. 

Madmen,  mulhidin-i  majdnln  (impious 
madmen.     Vide  Mad. 

Madness,  divdnagl  (gen.);  shuridagi  (from 
love);  khabt  (being  cracked);  junun; 
mdlikhuliyd  (melancholy,  madness) ;  sawdd 
(ditto). 


1  Mangus  is  properly  the  name  of  some  place ;  said  to  be  noted  for  white  elephants. 

2  It  is  believed  that  the  hoopoe  can  spy  springs  hidden  under  ground. 

3  Mad  people  are  not  well  treated  in  Persia.     They  are  sometimes  fettered  and  beaten  by  their  rela- 
tions. 

*  When  one  pan  of  a  scale  is  too  heavy,  a  small  stone,  etc.,  is  placed  in  the  other  to  rectify  the 
balance,  and  this  is  called  pa-sang. 


Mag 


191 


Mai 


Magazine,  ambar,  or  ma/chzan,  or  khazina 
(store- place,  etc.);  barui-khdna  (for  pow- 
der) ;  qur-khana  (powder  and  weapons) ; 
jabba-khdna  (for  arms ;  armoury) :  risdla-yi 
mdhdna  (monthly  magazine).  Vide  Jour- 
nal, Periodical). 

Maggot,  kirm ;  kirm-khurda,  or  — zada  (worm 
—  or  maggot-eaten) .     Vide  Meat. 

Magi,Magian,l/a7i/«  ;  {majus%,XT.,  pi.  majus, 
Ar.];  {Majusiyyat,  the  Magian  religion]; 
gabr  or  gawr  (guebre) ;  dtaah-parast  (fire- 
worshipper)  ;  Pdrsi  (sp.  in  India) ;  Zar- 
dushti;  Mugh,  old  P.  (rare);  dastur  (high 
prest  of — ) ;  rnubid  (priest  of — ) ;  [zunndr 
(the  girdle) ;  dtash-kada  (fire-temple) ; 
dakhma  (place  where  the  dead  are  ex- 
posed ;  a  tower  of  silence  ']. 

Magic,^  jddu  (k.)  (black) ;  sihr  (k.)  (black  or 
white);  afsUn  (A;.)  (incantation;  good  or 
bad) ;  sihr-i  haldl  (lawful  magic) ;  sihr-i 
haram  (unlawful — ) ;  sihr-i  Sdmin  ddrad 
(he  is  a  skilled  magician). 

Magistrate,  hakim  (governor) ;  mufti  (one 
that  gives  a  legal  opinion  or  fatvq) ;  qdzi, 
pi.  quzdt  (who  gives  a  judgment) ;  zdbit 
(governor  of  a  village). 

Magnanimous,  javdn-mard;  '  dli-himmat ; 
shartf"''n-nafs. 

Magnanimously,  az  ru-yi  bulandrhimmuti. 

Magnate,  az  'amd^id—  (pi.  of  'umda),  or 
ashrdf — ,  or  a'ydn-i  shahr ;  yak-i  az  ajilla 
ast;  yak-%  az  sar-shinds-hd-yi  shahr  ast 
(one  of  the  notables,  well  known  to  sight). 

Magnet,  dhan-rubd ;  sang-i  miqndtts. 

Magnesia,  tabdshlr. 

Magnetic,  miqndtisi;  chashm-ash  quvva-yi 
miqndtisi  ddrad  (her  eyes  have  a  magnetic 
attraction) ;  suzan-i  qutb-numd  (magnetic 
needle). 

Magnetism,  quvva-yi  miqndtisiyya ;  jazabdt-i 
najsdnl  (Sufi  term) ;  quvva-yi  kashishiyya, 
or —  jdzibiyya  (animal  magnetism). 

Magnetize,  to.     Vide  Fascinate. 

Magnificence,  jaldl;  shukuh  (gen.);  'azamat. 

Magnificent,  jaUl ;  shukuh-mand  or  'pur  shur 
kuh;  in  utdqhd  khaylt  'dlVst  (these  rooms 
are  magnificent;  'dli,  prop.  "  high"). 

Magnificently,  jaEldna;  shukuhdna. 

Magnifier,  zarra-bin  (glass) :  mddih ;  buland- 
kunandd  (Etoller). 

Magnify,   to,  buzurg  k.  ;  madh  n.;  or  mrui 


guftan;  ortamjidn.  (to  extol).     Vide  To 
Honour,  Exaggerate. 

Magnitude,  'a?iamat  (greatness) ;  hajm  (bulk) ; 
ahammiyyat  (importance);  'ammat —  or 
ahammiyyat-i  amr  (the  importance  of  the 
business) . 

Magpie,  zdjfh'^  and  zdrj^cha  (the  English 
magpie) ;  kardjak  (ditto,  in  Kirman). 

Mahdi,  Mahdi-yi  Kdzib  (of  all  false  Mahdis) ; 
Imdm-i  Mahdi  (the  12th  Imam  of 
Shi'as). 

Mahommedan.     Vide  Muhammedan. 

Maid,  bdkira  (virgin),  colloquially  duUitar; 
dukhtar-khdna  (unmarried  girl);  jdriya; 
and  kaniz;  and  kanizak;  (Negress  or 
Georgian  slave) ;  hhddima  (gen.  servant- 
maid  or  slave-girl).      Vide  Maid-servant. 

Maiden.  Vide  Maid ;  mazmun-i  bikr  (maiden 
speech,  etc.) ;  fikr-i  bikr  (a  maiden  thought 
and  excellent  thought). 

Maidenhead,  bakdrat;  dost  bi-tarkib-i  kas-t 
zadan  (to  take  the  maidenhead  of;  also 
fig.  to  molest). 

Maidenhood,  ayydm-i  bakdrat. 

Maid-servant,  mashshdta  (a  tiring-maid,  sp. 
for  bride ;  she  goes  from  house  to  house 
and  is  not  a  private  servant.  In  some 
places,  any  old  woman  that  decorates  a 
bride ;  also  a  government  servant  that  in 
cases  of  rape  or  seduction  decides  whether 
the  victim  is  or  is  not  a  virgin) ;  band- 
anddz  or  haffa-kun  (a  woman  that  removes 
small  hairs  or  fluff  from  women's  faces; 
a  Muslim  custom).     Vide  Maid. 

Mail,  jawshan ;  zirih ;  dir  (for  fighting)  : 
"  pusta  "  or  "  pusid"  and  ."  mayV  (the 
post) ;  mayl-i  qabl  (last  mail). 

Mail,  to,  zirih- push  k.  (of  armour) ;  bi-zari'a- 
yi  mayl  firistddan  (to  post). 

Mail,  to,  qapdncha  k.  (to  'mail'  a  hawk;  to 
put  a  hawk  in  a  '  sock '). 

Maimed,  chiddq  (in  the  hand);  ndqis-^'Vuzv 
(gen.);  maqt:U' "' Uyad  etc.  (with  a  Umb 
cut  off). 

Maintain,  to,  parvardan;  or  parvarish  k. ; 
and  ndn  dddan;  khur  u  push  d.  (to  sup- 
port); iddi'd  k.  (to  claim);  vide  Assert, 
Say,  Defend ;  dast-gdh-i  va^i'-i  rd  mi-gar- 
ddnad  (he  keeps  a  large  establishment  of 
hands). 
Maintenance,  vajJiri  ma'dsh  (in  money) ;  ma 


1  Called  In  India  Manara-yi  khamoaKan,  or  "Tower  of  Silence." 

*  Held  to  be  unlawful  by  orthodox  Muslims.     Vide  Incantation  and  Charm. 

3  Zajpi  is  sometimes  also  applied,  apparently  incorrectly,  to  the  chough  and  the  crow. 


Mai 


192 


Mai 


^ishat  (in  money) :  qui  (food) ;  hifz  (guard- 
ing) ;  iqama-yi  an  hujjat  mukal  ast  (the 
maintenance  of  that  argument  is  impos- 
sible) . 

Maize,  zurat;  saqa-yi  zurai  (the  green  stem) ; 
chub-i  zurat  (the  dry  stalk). 

Majestic,  ha-jaldl;  ha  'azamat;  ha  dahdaha. 

Majestically,  jaltldna ;  mu' azzanidna ;  shuku- 
hdna. 

Majesty,  A' la  Hazrat :  Qihla-yi  'Alam  or  Haz- 
ratri  Zill"'Udh  (Your,  or  His,  Majesty 
the  Shah);  'Ulyd  Hazrat  (Her  Majesty); 
Hazrat-i  Aqdas-i  Humdyuni  (His  Sacred 
Majesty  the  Shah). 

Major,  ydvar^  (in  Turkey  A.D.C.) ;  Mdjur 
or  Mayzhur  (in  newspapers). 

Major-domo,  ndzir. 

Majority,  taraf-i  agMah  or  kasrat-i  drd^  (Par- 
liamentary) ;  hi-haddri  taklif,  or  hi-sinn-i 
tamyiz  rasidan  (to  attain  one's  majo- 
rity*). 

Make  (subs,),  tarkih ;  or  sakht  (gen.);  rikht 
(of  a  man). 

Make,  to,  sdkhtan  rt.  sdz ;  kardan  rt.  kun; 
durust  kardan:  hd'is  shudan  (to  cause  to 
do,  be  the  cause  of)  and  vd  ddshtan  (to 
cause,  or  force  to  do) ;  man  hd'is  sJiuda 
urd  dvurdam  =  man  urd  vd  ddshtam  ki  hi- 
ydyad  (I  made  him  come).  Firfe  Create; 
hikdyat  rd  ru-ham  anddkhtan  (to  make  up 
a  story ;  of  stories  only) ;  khud  sdkhtan 
(make  up,  invent  words). 

Makeup,  for,  vide  Instead;  tasalli-hd-yi 
shumd  taddruk-i  ghamri  mard  nam,ud  (m.c. ; 
=  taldfi  kard). 

Makeup,  to,  khdya-mdli^  (k.)  vulg.  (making 
up  to  an  official  in  any  way).  Vide  Flat- 
ter, Toady. 

Makeup  (subs.),  taqlid-i  lihds-i  dn  hdzi-gar 
(or  muqallid)  khuh-a  (his  make-up  is 
good) ;  dn  zan  vazak  mi-kunad  (that  lady 
makes  up,  paints,  etc.)  ;  ja'ba-vazak 
(makeup  box). 

Maker,  sdzanda  (also  player  on  a  musical 
instrument).     Vide  Creator. 

Make-shift,  bi-jihat-i  kdr-guzardn,  or  guzardn- 
dan-i  kdr ;  hard-yi  daf^  'l-vaqt;  bard-yi 
Hjdla-yi  vaqt  (temporary). 


Maladministration,  su^-i  intizdm ;  bad-nazmi. 

Malady,  nd-khusM ;  maraz,  pi.  amrdz;  hl- 
mdri  ;  'illat ;  dard. 

Male,  nar,  subs,  and  adj.;  of  animals)  ;  nari- 
na  (adj.;  of  humans);  zukur,^\.  (subs.); 
muzakkar  (adj.  ;  masculine) ;  "in  the  rut- 
ting season  the  females  flee  from  the 
males  ' '  ;  can  it  be  that  Nature  has  placed 
pain  at  the  portals  of  love  as  she  has  at 
the  portals  of  maternity  ?  [dar  ayydm-i 
jujt  khurdan  mdda  az  pish-i  nar  dovdn 
davdn  firdr  mi-kunad  dyd  mi-shavad  ki 
Qudrat,  dard-l_dar  dstdna-yi  mahahbat  ni- 
hdda  hamchu  dard  dar  dar-i  ummiyyai? 
Vide  Offspring. 

Malediction,  du'd-yi  had  {k.  or  khwdstan) ; 
or  nafrin*  (k.)  (to  call  down  a  curse  from 
God);  la'nat  {k.)  (from  God);  Id'nat-i 
Khudd  bar  u! ;  Shi' a  ' Umar  rd  la" not  mi- 
kunad.     Vide  Curse. 

Malefactor,  mujrim  (guilty). 

Malevolence,  had-khivdhi;  bad-niyyati ;  bad- 
andisM:  'addvat  {enmity). 

Malevolent,  bad-khwdh;  had-niyyati;  bad-an- 
dlsh. 

Malice,  kina;  shutur-kinagi  (rancour;  for 
injury) ;  bughz  (a  grudge) ;  'amd"^^  az  ru-yi 
kina  in  kdr  rd  kard  (with  malice  pre- 
pense) . 

Malicious,  shutur  kdna;  kina-var  or  kina- 
mand. 

Malign,  to,  tuhmat  zadan  (any  false  charge, 
also  scandal) ;  huhtdn  z.  (slander) ;  badr 
ndm  k. :  iftird'  (calumny ;  any  false  inven- 
tion) . 

Malignancy,  kina-varzi ;  '  adavat-pishagi : 
shiddat  (of  disease).     Vide  Mahgnant. 

Maligner,  tuhmat-zan;  buhtdn-zan  ;bad-gu. 

Malignant,  kina-varz;  or  '  addvat-pisha 
(continuously) ;  bad-hhwdh-i  bad-i :  maraz-i 
muhlik  (raed.).     Vide  Tongue  and  Curse. 

Malinger,  to,  tamdruz^  k. ;  hhud  rd  bi-nd- 
khushi  zadan.     Vide  Feign,  Pretend. 

Mallard,     Vide  Duck. 

Malleable,  az  zarb-i  chakush  imtidad  yaftani 
or  imtiddd-pazlr  ast. 

Mallet,  tukhmdq:  mushta  (of  shoe-maker). 

Mallow,  khatmi  (a  name  also  given  to  the 


1  A  Yavar  does  not  really  correspond  to  a  Major.  A  fawj  is  commanded  by  a  Sartip  who  merely 
draws  the  pay  and  arranges  the  reliefs.  Next  is  a  Sarhang  who  occasionally  looks  on  at  a  parade.  A 
Yavar  marches  with  the  men  and  says  yak,  du ;  or  chap,  laat. 

2  i.e.,  for  a  boy  about  16  years  when  he  must  observe  all  the  religious  observances.  If  married 
before  this  age  he  can  disavow  the  marriage. 

8  ^aya  "  testicle." 

*  Corruption  of  na-afarln. 

6  Of  the  same  measure  as  tajahul  "  to  feign  ignorance." 


Mam 


193 


Man 


hollyhock) ;       khatmx-yi      kuchak.       Vide 
Marsh-mallow. 

Mammal,  hayvdn-i  valud  (those  giving  birth 
to  young ;  opp,  to  hayvan-i  gi^yr-i  valud 
those  that  lay  eggs). 

Malta,  Malta. 

Maltreat,  to,  bad-rajtan  k.  ha—;  bad-suluH 
k.  bd — ;  bad  pish  dmdan  bd — .  Vide 
Oppression. 

Mammon,  mdl-parast;  zar-paraat  (votary 
of) ;  dunyd-parasii  (worship  of). 

Man,  ddum  (gen.) ;  mard  (as  opposed  to 
zan) ;  insdn  (mankind  q.v.) ;  mardum,  pi. 
(people) ;  nafar  (with  numerals) ;  shakhs, 
pi.  ashkhds  (person);  kas  (pron.,  person); 
muhra  (a  piece  at  chess,  draughts) ;  %n 
mardaka  bdb-i  man  ast  (this  is  the  man 
for  me) ;  duvdl-pd  or  iasma-pd  (a  creature 
Uke  Sindbad's  old  man;  it  has  no  bones 
in  its  legs;  sometimes  it  throttles  its 
victims  with  its  '  strap-legs ' ) ;  khitn  ki 
fiamt-shavad,  dkhir  tu  mardri,  an  kdr  rd 
li-kun  (there's  no  great  harm  in  it;  at 
least  you're  a  man;  do  it). 

Man,  to,  fawj-i  az  tupchiydn-i  savdra  hi  mi- 
tavdnand  bist  tup  dar  mayddn  harakat 
dihand — (a  corps  of  horse  artillery  suffi- 
cient to  man  20  field  guns — ) ;  for  "  to 
man  a  hawk ' ' :  vide  to  Tame. 

Manacle,  dast-band:  bukhav  (only  for  feet); 
ghuLl  u  zanjir  (chain  attached  to  hands, 
feet,  and  neck) ;  [kunda  "a  log  and  chain 
for  the  feet  "] :  MiaUU  (handcuff). 

Manacle,  to,  bi-zanjir  bastan. 

Manage,  iddra  dddan;  rdh  bur  dan;  garddn- 
dan  (a  business);  rasidagt  k.  (to  look 
after);  ''who  manages  his  affairs?" 
tartib-i  kdr-ash  rd  ki  ml-dihad? 

Management,  nazm;  tartib:  tadbir ;  husn-i 
tadbir  (good — ) :  sar-bi-rdhi-yi  khdna  dast-i 
khdnum  ast:  ajzd-yi  iddra  (the  whole  staff 
of — ) ;  but  ajzd-yi  intizdmi  (the  managing 
committee):  ratq  u  fatq-i  umur  ( — of 
public  affairs). 

Manager,  sar-kdr  (in  small  affairs);  ndzim; 
and  mvhdshir ;  and  *  manajar  '  (Eur. ) ; 
khdna-ddr  (good — ;  in  a  household) ;  pish- 
kdr  (a  head  assistant  or  head  clerk  in  an 
oflSce) . 

Manchuria,  Manuchihar  or  Manch-har ;  now 
generally  written  ManchHriyd. 


Mandate,  farmdn  P. ;  fardmln  Arabicized  pi. 
(official ;  prop,  of  kings  only,  but  also  used 
for  governor)  ;  manshur  (Royal) :  far- 
jrvdyiah,  pi.  farmdyisliat  (not  official ;  hukm 
pi.  ahkdm;  amr,  pi.  avdmir  (gen. ;   orders 

Mandible,  minqdr-i  bdld  (upper) ;  minqdr-i 
pdyin  (lower). 

Mandrake,  t/a6rii^,  and  luffdh  (rare  in  Pers.) ; 
yabruj"  s-sanam  Ar.  (med.) :  mihr-giyd  or 
mihr-giydh  P. 

Mane,  yal  (horse's) :  shtr-i  ydlddr-i  Afriqd^i 
bd  ydUi  siydh-i  bisydr  zakhim-i  riUita  va 
chashmhd-yi  *  darida  yi  khayli  muhib  dnjd 
hud — Shah's  Diary  (there  was  there  a 
male  African  lion  with  a  thick  flowing 
black  mane  and  terrible  fierce  eyes). 

Maned,  ydUdidr. 

Mange, i  khdrish  (contagious)*;  hakka  (for 
hikka).     Vide  Itch. 

Manger,  dkhur  or  dkhur  ;  'alaf-ddn  (vulg.). 

Mango,  am  (or  amba)  rd^  dust  mi-darid? 
do  you  (like  mangoes  ?) 

Mangosteen,  tnangistdn. 

Manhood,  5»7iw-t5^M'iir;  bulughiat{ip{xhexty) : 
rujuliyyat.     Vide  Maturity  and  Manliness. 

Manichee,  payraw-i  Mdnl.* 

Manifest,  dshakdrd  ;  huvaydd  ;  zdhir  ;  vdzih  ; 
paydd ;  'iydn;  nurndydn:  fash  (disclosed 
of  secrets  only). 

Manifestation,  zuhur  (intr.  ;  also  appear- 
ing);  izhdr ;  ibrdz  tr.,  huruz  intr.:  tajaUi 
(Sufi  term). 

Manifestly,  sardhaf^*  ;  vdzih"". 

Manifold,  mutakdsir  (many) ;  mutanawi'  (of 
many  kinds). 

Manikin,  mardaka  (dimin.  for  contempt) ; 
mardak  (dimin.  not  contemptuous).  _ 

Mankind,  bant  naw^-l  insdn  ;  awldd-i  Adam  ; 
insdn;  bashar ;  hayvdn-i  ndtiq  (reasoning 
animal,  opp.  to  hayvdn-i  sdmit  or  hayvdn-i 
mvilaq) ;  bdyad  hama  kas  rd  dust  bi-darim  ; 
makhluq  ("created";  includes  animals 
and  even  inanimate  things) ;  'dlamiydn 
(dwellers  of  the  world  ;  humans). 

Manliness,  mardanagi;  mardi  (bravery  and 
also  virile  power) ;  rujuliyyat ;  \marduml 
is  "kindness"].  Ftdc  Courage,  Bold- 
ness, etc.). 

Manly,  marddna  (brave);  »»7a^t  marddna 
ddrad  (manly). 


'  Or  singular  chaahm. 

2  Amongst  the  Indian  horse-dealers  khariaht  is  non-contagious  mange.  3  Note  the  ra. 

*  Marii,  Manes,  a  Persian  of  the  3rd  century  A.D. ;  a  famous  painter,  and  the  founder  of  the  sect  of 
Manicheans. 

25 


Man 


194 


Mar 


Manna,  taranjvhin  (Ar.  form  of  P.  turanga- 
bm) ,  and  mann  Ar.  (obtained  from  a  tree) ; 
sMr-khisht  (used  in  medicine) ;  gaz  or  gaz- 
angabin  (the  sweetmeat). 

Manner,  toiyr  (pi.  atvdr  "  behaviour  ") ;  nahv ; 
tarh;  tarz;  vajh  (pi.  imjuh  "causes"); 
tariq  (pi.  turuq  ' '  ways  ") ;  qism  (pi.  aqsdm 
"  kinds  " ) ;  jur  (also  "  kind  " ) :  m  tawr 
bi-man  harf  zad:  in-chunm;  or  hdkazd^ 
(' '  thus  " ) ;  hamchumn  ( ' '  thus  ' '  and 
"  also  ") ;  chi-tawr  (what  manner  of,  what 
sort?):  minvdl ;  vaz'  (pi.  awza'  "affairs, 
disturbance,"  etc.) ;  naw'  (pi.  anva'  sorts) ; 
ravish. 

Mannerism,  takya-yi  kaldm  (a  cant  word  or 
phrase  that  is  a  mannerism). 

Mannerly,  khaliq;  mu'addab  (adj.:  of  good 
manners).     Vide  Civil,  Polite. 

Manners,  dddb-i  mu'nsharat  (social) ;  rusum 
(customs,  etiquette) :  akhldq;  mubddi  dddb 
adj.  (rare)("  of  prepossessing  manner,"  in 
m.c.)  husn-imu'dsharat{&jniah\e  manners) : 
harakdt;  tarz-i  nishast  u  bar-khdst ;  tahzib-i 
akhldq;  or  akhldq-i  pasandida,  or — niku 
dd,rad  (good  or  refined  manners) :  aJchUdq-i 
bad  (bad  manners  or  bad  morals) :  tamjtd- 
az  zan  na  faqat  ta'dJil-i  harakdt-i  nd-hanjar 
ast  balki  mushavviq-i  a'mdl-i  buzurg  ast 
(the  approbation  of  women  not  only 
softens  man's  rough  manners  but  stimu- 
lates him  to  noble  actions). 

Mannish,  mard-vash 

Manoeuvre,  'manHvar'  (k.)  (Eur.);  harakdt-i 
nizdml  (in  newspapers). 

Man-of-war,  jaMz-i  yawgf? .•  ^manvdr^  (Eur.). 

Mansion,  'imdrat-i  'dll  (for  private  indivi- 
duals). 

Man-slaughter,  ddam-kushl  (k.)  (gen.) :  qatl-i 
bi-'amd  (k.)  (murder). 

Man-stealer,  ddam-duzd:  bachcha-duzd  (of 
children). 

Mantel-piece,  sar-buhhdri :  bdld-ujdqi  (in 
kitchens). 

Mantle,  ridu  or  'abd  (the  Arab  over-mantle 
should  be  of  pure  camel-hair ;  also  called 
kisd^):  drndnr-nanwiz  (women's  white 
over-sheet) :  chddar  'arabi  (outer  loose 
garment  of  women,  gen.  blue;  for  out- 
door wear) ;  khirqa  (of  dervishes) ;  ydpun- 
cha  (short  lamb-skin  mantle,  buttoning 
on  the  shoulder  farthest  from  the  wind). 

Manual,  dasii,  adj.   (made  by  hand;    sent 


by  hand);  dastur''''l-'amal  (instructions); 
risdla  (pamphlet). 

Manufactory,  kdr-khdnd,  pi.  kdr-khdnajdt. 

Manufacturer,  sdni'  (a  small  retail  manufac- 
turer, such  as  a  basket-maker,  watch- 
maker, etc.);  sdhib-i  kdr-khdna. 

Manumission,  i'tdq  (law  term).  Vide  Liber- 
ate. 

Manure,  zur  (d.) ;  quvvat  (d.) ;  rishva  (d.) 
(also  bribe) ;  kiit  or  samdd  (these  words 
are  also  used  of  human  ordure  removed 
from  the  latrines  by  special  persons 
styled  guh-kash  or  chdh-pdk-kun,  and 
spread  in  the  roads,  whence  land-owners 
remove  it  at  will.^  [etc. 

Manuscript,   kitdb-i  hhattx:   Qur^dn-i   qalarm 

Many,  bisydr ;  khayll ;  ziydd;  bas-iaz — 
(followed  by  pi.  verb.);  basd  (followed  by 
pi.  noun);  bisyar-i  az — (followed  by  pi. 
verb);  'adid;  [ma'rfilc?  "  few  "J ;  muta- 
'  addld :  chand  ;  or  chi-qadr  (how  many  ? ) ; 
in —  or  dn-qadr  ki-;  or  chandin  or  chanddn 
— ki ;  or  har-qadr  (as  many  as) ;  du-chand ; 
or  muzid'^  af  ;  or  du-muqdbil ;  or  du  barabar 
(twice  as  many,  double) ;  sad-chand  (100 
times  as  many) ;  zan-i  ziydd-i  du  chJdr-i  md 
shudand  (we  met  a  lot  of  women)  ;  qatra 
qatra  jam*  gardad,  vungdh-l  daryd  shavad 
(many  a  mickle  makes  a  muckle,  many 
drops  a  flood). 

Map,  naqsha:  khartta  (prop,  a  roll  of  paper). 

Map,  to,  naqsha  kashidan: — naqsha  bar- 
dashtan  (to  copy  a — ). 

Marauder,  tdrdj-gar;  chapaw-kun:  dar  pay-i 
shikar  ("marauding,"  of  animals). 

Marble,  farsh-i  in  khdna  az  marmar  ast  ( — has 
a  marble  floor). 

March,  March,  to,  kuch  (k.  intr.) ;  ilghdr  {k. 
intr.)  (forced  march;  m<^eRaid) ;  kuchdni- 
dan ;  and  harakat  dddan ;  and  kuch  dddan 
(tr.).  Vide  Walk:  Mdrsh  (Eur.  the 
month). 

Marching,  kuch:  'ubur;  and  murur  (passing, 
crossing). 

Mare,  mddiydn;  mddiydn-i  kurra-ddr  (with 
foal  at  foot) ;  mddiydn-i  kurra  girijtan 
(brood-mare) ;  kaf-i  /lavd  pay  da,  karda,  or 
tuhhm-i  'anqd^  paydd  karda  or  pd-yi  mar 
dida  (  =  to  find  a  mare's  nest). 

Margin,  hdshiya  (pi.  havdshl  of  books) ;  dam  ; 
lab  ;  kindr ;  kirdn :  daman  (skirt  of  moun- 
tain) ;  hadd,  pi.  hudud  (boundary). 


1  IAS^A.  2  The  Zardushtis  use  ashes,  not  water  in  the  latrines. 

S  Indians  say  "  an  elephant's  egg. ' ' 


Mar 


195 


Mar 


Marginal,  jadval  (marginal  lines  in  borders 
of  books ;  also  any  parallel  lines  ;  rivulet). 

Marigold,  gul-i  jafan.     Vide  Parsley. 

Marine,  bahri;  darya^l:  Vazir-i  Bahriyya 
(Minister  of  Marine). 

Mariner,  kishti-bdn ;  mallak ;  jdshu ;  [but 
imshu  '  a  long  narrow  boatj. 

Marionettes.      Vide  Punch, 

Marjoram,  gul-par^  (Persian  marjoram,  used 
in  the  kitchen) :  puna  (essence ;  used  in 
med.). 

Mark,  Mark. 

Mark,  nishdn  {k.);  'aldmat  {k.  or  n.) ;  asar, 
pi.  dscir  (guzdshtan) ;  vide  Brand :  bi- 
nishdn  khurdan,  intr.,  and  bi-nishdnz,  tr. 
(to  hit  the  mark) ;  ttr  bi-sang  khurdan  (to 
miss  the  mark,  oiE  bullets  or  arrows).  Vide 
Heed,  Give  ear  to. 

Marked,  nishdn-zada  or  — guzdshta;  hdld 
nazr  karda-yi  Dawlat  shuda  ast  {''he  is  a 
marked  man " ;  in  good  sense ;  gdv-i 
safid  jnshdni  (conspicuous,  q.v.). 

Market,  bdzdr  (any  street  with  shops) ; 
chdr-su  or  chdr-suq  (a  cross  street) ;  may- 
ddn  (a  large  open  market) ;  nakhkhds  (for 
slaves  or  cattle) ;  bdzdr-i  bazzdzdn  (of  cloth 
merchants) :  bdzdr-i  sabzi-farush  (vege- 
table market) ;  bdzdr-i  'dmm  (the  Indian 
meZa  or  fair).  Vide  Share;  ru-yi  mayddn 
raftam  ^  (I  went  to  the  market) :  dar  atrdf 
bildd-l  hast  ki  mdl-i  tijdrat  bi-masraf  mi- 
rasad  (it  has  several  markets  for — ). 

Market-price,    nirkh-i    bdzdr   (market-rate) ; . 
qimat-i  muta'drif  (current,  ordinary  rate). 

Marskman,  nishdnoryi  khub  darad,  or  ttr-zan-i 
khub-Vst  (he's  a  good  shot) ;  dar  nishdna- 
zani  az  aqrdn  mumtdz  ast. 

Marmot,  mush-i  Sultdniyya. 

Marmora,  Daryd-yi  Marmara. 

Marriage,  nikdh  {k.)  (a  lawful  marriage) ; 
'arusl  {k.)  (gen.);  muVa  (k.)  (temporary 
marriage;  lawful  amongst  Shi'as;  by 
Persians  called  also  si tjAa* ;  majlis-i  'aqd 
or  — nikdh  (the  ceremony) ;  khwdstgdrl  {k.) 
(to  demand  in  marriage ;  propose  for  the 
hand  of) ;  bi-zani  dddan  (to  give  in  marri- 
age) ;  shawhar  dddan ;  (ditto) ;  dukhtar  rd 


shawhar  dadand.  Vide  also  Contract  and 
Dowry. 

Marriageable,  pa  bar  bakht  (local  ?)  (of  a 
marriageable  age)  ;  bdli(jh ,  masc. ;  and 
bdliglya,  fem.  (of  the  age  of  puberty) :  6*- 
hadd-i  nikdh  rasida. 

Married,  zan-burda  or  ddrridd-shuda ;  or 
muta^ahhil  (sh.)  (of  man) ;  shawhar-ddr  or 
*  arusi- shuda  (of  woman) ;  but  '  arus  shuda 
"  decorated  as,  or  like  a  bride  ") :  mankuha 
(of  woman;  married  by  nikdh). 

Marrow,  maghz-i  listukhipdn  (gen.) :  maghp-i 
qalam  (of  shank ;  eatable) ;  hardm-magAz 
(of  backbone ;  not  eaten) :  Ivbb  (gen.  used 
for  the  best  of  anything).     Vide  Prime. 

Marry,  to,  'arust  k.  (gen.) :  nikdh  k. ;  zan  k. 
or — giriftan,  tr.  (of  man) ;  shawhar  k.  or 
— giriftan,  tr.  (of  woman) ;  zan  ikhtiydr  k., 
etc. ;  'arus-shndan,  intr.  (of  women) ; 
ddmdd  shudan,  intr.  (of  men) ;  khwdst- 
gdrl k.  (to  ask  in  marriage  by  parents) ; 
hd  Fvidn  'aqdri  nikdh  bastan,  or  bd  Fuldn 
sigia  jdri  k.  (of  Qazi) :  but  pidar  pisar- 
ash  rd  bd  Fuldn  'aqd  bast. 

Marrying,  muzdvajat. 

Mars  (planet),  Mirrikh  (or  Bahrdm)  khun- 
dshdm-i  Falak  ast  (Mare  is  the  warrior  of 
the  sky). 

Marseilles,  Mdrsil :  MarsaUi  Frdnsa,  m.c. 

Marsh,  mashlla  (lagoon,  q.v.) ;  murddb  (any 
stagnant  water) ;  bdtlaq,  T.,  or  khildb 
(a  bog)  :  lajan-zdr  (black  mud).  Vide 
Swamp. 

Marshal,  marshal  (Fr.). 

Marshal,  to,  saff-drd'^i  k. 

Marshalled,  saff-drdsta;  murattab. 

Marshmallow,  khatmt-yi  khabbdza.  Vide 
Mallow  and  Hollyhock. 

Marshalling,  saff-bandi;  saff-drd'i;  iarttb- 
dihi. 

Marten,  dala  and  dalak  (Pine  Marten;  the 
skin  is  confounded  with  that  of  a  desert- 
fox). 

Martin.     Vide  Swallow. 

Martingale,  ta'llml^  (also  means  a  thin 
'  swagger-cane ' ) :  sina-band  (breast- plate). 

Martyr,     shahld^^    pi.    shuhaddt;    hushtoryi 


1  In  Bengal  called  n3*o.  s  Oulpar  is  used  by  druggists  in  the  adulteration  of  safTron. 

8  Here  a  Persian  would  not  say  bi-maydan  raftam,  which  might  mean  bi-jang  raftam. 

*  The  term  algha  is  also  applied  to  the  temporary  wife;  zan-i  'agdi  is  permanent  wife  as  opposed  to 
zan-i  a%gha*%. 

^  In  India  zer-band. 

8  Shahid  lit.  '•  present  as  a  witness."  It  means  aU  that  the  English  word  means  and  more.  It  is 
specially  applied  to  one  slain  in,  or  on  the  way  to,  a  religious  war,  etc.,  or  to  one  slain  vinjustly ;  also 
figuratively  to  one  who  dies  in  a  manner  that  excites  sympathy — by  any  sudden  death,  assassination, 
or  by  plague  if  he  does  not  flee  from  it. 


Mar 


196 


Mat 


rah-i  Khuda :    "  nana-ghariham^''    k.   (to 
pose  as  a  martyr). 

Martyrdom,  shahddat:  [M ash-had, \\t.  "Place 
of  Martyrdom ' ' ;  vide  Meshed] ;  mahall-i 
shahddat  (place  of  — ) :  shahddat  ydftan 
(to  suffer  — ). 

Marvel,  'ujuba  (for  u'juba)  Tchayli  'ujuba  (or 
antika)  ast  (he's  a  perfect  marvel) ;  '  a^a*- 
i6»  'l-makhluqdt  ("the  marvels  of  crea- 
tion"; also  the  name  of  a  book,  the 
' '  World  of  Wonders  " ) .     Vide  Miracle. 

Marvellous,  'ajib  ['ajdHb,  pi.  of  'ajiba]; 
glaanb  {ghardHb,  pi.  of  gMnbd];  khdriq-i 
'ddat  (supernatural);  nazar-ash  kimiyd  'st 
(he  has  marvellous  sight)  :  hayrat-angiz. 

Mary,  "Mary  was  the  mother  of  Jesus" 
Maryam  madar-i  Hazrat-i  'Isq  ast,  or  bud). 
Vide  Jesus  and  Jews. 

Masculine,  muzakkar ;  dn  zan  mard-sifat  ast 
(she  is  a  masculine  woman;  or  she  has 
fine  manly  qualities ;  but  mard-mdnand  ast 
only  means ' '  she  is  a  masculine  woman  " ). 

Mash,  to,  lih  kardan. 

Mask,  dlv-chihra  (the  toy) :  niqdb  (veil;  exe- 
cutioner's veil  or  mask). 

Mason.      Vide  Stone-cutter  and  Freemason. 

Masonry,  mi'mdn;  or  bannd^l  (the  trade 
of  a  mason) ;  djur-kdn  (burnt  brick- work) : 
sang-kdn  (stone- work). 

Masquerade,  bi-libds-i —  dar  dmadan ;  tab- 
dil-i  libds  n. 

Mass,  Quddds  (Syr.)  :  tuda  (heap ;  also 
mass) . 

Massacre,  qatl-i,  'dmm  (w);  kushtdr  (k.). 

Massive,  zakhim. 

Massiveness,  zakhdmat. 

Mast  (of  a  ship),  tzr;  dagal ;  dtrak  (also  pole 
of  a  tent) :  darahht-i  jahdz. 

Masted,  dagal-ddr :  kishtl-yi  si-dagalt  (three- 
masted). 

Master,  a^a  or  dqd  (owner,  etc.) ;  mu'allim 
(teacher) ;    ustdd   (teacher ;    also  a   past- 
master,    skilled);    dghd-yi    shumd    tashrlf 
ddrad  (is  your  master  at  home?) ;  sahib; 
and  mdlik  (owner) ;  dichund  (master  of  a 
school  or  a  small  preacher,  vide  Teacher) ; 
mulld-maktabt    (a   pedant,    q.v.) ;    ustddri 
kdr-ash  ast,  or  dar  fuldn  kdr  dast-i  kdmil-l 
ddrad  =  yad-i  tula  ddrad  (he  is  master  of 
his  subject) ;  ustddl  bar  u  khatm  ast  (he  is 
a  perfect  master  of  this) :   bi-zabar-dast-l 
bar-khurd  (he  has  met  his  master). 
Master,    to,   ghdlib    dmadan    (to    conquer) ; 
dast  ydftan  (to  conquer ;  also  to  master  a 
subject). 


Mastership,  riyasat  (headship) ;  dqd^i  (ditto, 
vulg.);  istlld;  bartari  (mastery,  q.v.). 

Master-stroke,  'ayn-ustddi:  ustddi-yi  kdmil. 

Mastery,  tasallut ;  or  dast-i  kdmil ;  dar  davd- 
sdzl  tasallut  ddrad :  tasallut  bar  kas-i  ydf- 
tan (to  obtain  mastery  over).  Vide 
Mastership. 

Masticable,  bdb-i  danddn. 

Masticate,  Mastication,  jamdan;  javldan-ash 
mushkil  ast  —  bdb-i  danddn  nist. 

MdiSiic,  mastaki :  mastaki-yi  ruml  (best  kind). 

Masterbation,  jalq  zadan ;  mushtu  kardan, 
vulg. :  musht-zani  k. 

Mat,  buriyd ;  or  hasir  (of  reed  or  date-palm 
leaves) :  pd-push,  or  kafsh-pdk-kun  (door- 
mat). 

Mat,  to,  buriyd,  etc.,  bdftan  (to  weave): 
hasir,  etc.,  anddkhtan  or  — farsh  kardan  (to 
mat  a  floor). 

Match,  kibrit  (lucifer) ;  kibrit-i  rasml  (com- 
mon Persian  match) ;  kibrlt-i  farangl  (Eur. 
match);  skam'cha  (wax  match);  mahtdbl 
(slow-match) ;  harif  (equal) ;  zawj ;  and 
juft;  and  ling  (of  a  pair). 

Match,  to,  mutdbiq  sh,  and  k.  (of  things) ; 
juit  dvardan  (of  things  in  pairs). 

Matchless,  bi-nazlr ;  bi-'adll;  bl-misl;  bl- 
mdnand :  hi-hamtd. 

Matchlock,  tufang-i  fatilaH :  [chakhmdq,  flint- 
lock]. 

Matchlock-man,  tufang-chl. 

Mate,  najjdr  va  shdgird-ash  rd  sada  zan  (or 
bi-gu  bi-ydyand)  (call  the  carpenter  and 
his  mate) ;  juft  (of  a  pair) ;  mdt  (in  chesf;) : 
kish  or  kisht  "check")  zich  (?)  (stale- 
mate). 

Mate,  juft  sh.  (to  mate  and  also  to  copulate, 
of  beasts  or  birds).     Vide  To  pair. 

Material,  Materials,  masdlih  (for  making 
things) ;  qumdsh,  pi.  aqmisha  (gen.  of 
cloth) ;  mdddl  or  jismdni  (adj.  of  the  body ; 
opp.  to  ruhdni  "spiritual");  in  pdrcha 
az  chi  jins  (or  qumdsh)  ast  ? :  lavdzim 
(necessaries  for) ;  sdmdn-i  jang,  or  asbdb-i 
jang  ( — of  war) :  'umda  (important,  essen- 
tial). 

Materialism,  mazhab"'l-mdddiyyin  (the  doc- 
trine). 

Materialists,  mdddi,  pi.  mdddiyyin  (who  hold 

the  doctrine). 
Materiality.     Vide  Materialism. 
Materia-medica,  kitdb^'l-adviyah :  qarabddln. 
Maternal,    mddari;    az    taraf-i     mddar     (of 
relationship) :    [khdla    ' '  maternal   aunt ' ' 
and  khdlu  "  maternal  uncle  "]. 


Mat 


197 


Mea 


Maternally,  mddar-vdr;  mddardna  (bke  a 
mother). 

Maternity,  ummiyyat. 

Mathematician,  muhandis  (engineer) ;  riyazl- 
ddn ;  hisah-ddn  (arithmetician) ;  muhdsib 
(accountant) ;  muhdsib-i  sanad-ydfta  (char- 
tered accountant). 

Mathematics,  'ilm-i  riydzl;  hindasa  (geo- 
metry); *i7m-i  i^tsaft  (arithmetic);  Uqlidus 
(Euclid) ;  jabr  u  muqdhala  (Algebra). 

Matricide,  mddar-kush  (adj.);  rmdar-kuaht 
(the  act  of — ). 

Matrimony,  'arusl;  izdivdj. 

Matrix,  zihddn;  rdhim. 

Matron,  kadrbdnu  (lady  of  the  house,  how- 
ever young) :  ndzira  (stewardess) ;  mukhad- 
dara  (a  polite  form  of  address) ;  nanct- 
hdshl  (an  elderly  person,  generally  a  rela- 
tion, who  manages  the  house).  Vide. 
Duenna. 

Matronly,  hlbl-manish  (in  imitation  of  the 
mistress;  said  of  maid-servants  or  little 
children). 

Matter,  avir,  pi.  umur ;  kdr  (affair) ;  qaziyya  ; 
mu' dmala  (occuTtence) ;  matlab ;  kayfiyyat; 
muqaddama  (ditto) ;  turd  chi  shud?,  or 
vulg.  chit  ml-shavad,  or  chita '  ?  (what's  the 
matter  with  you  ?) ;  in  khayll  Idzim  ast, 
bdqi  naql-i  nist  (or  matlab-l  nist,  or  hikdyat-l 
nist)  (this  is  necessary,  the  rest  doesn't 
matter) ;  muzdyaqa  nist ;  'ayb  na-ddrad ; 
chizarar  ?  ( =  "  yes,  I  don't  mind  if  I  do  "  ; 
a  familiar  or  casual  reply  when  refresh- 
ments are  offered;  for  the  respectful  bi- 
chashm);  harf-%  nist,  khub ;  or' ayb  na-ddrad, 
or  zarar  na-ddrad  ("it  doesn't  matter; 
that  will  do");  chirk  or  jardhat^ ;  or  rim 
(rare)  (pus) ;  rmdda  (in  nature) ;  jd-yi  guft 
u  gu  ast  =  mahall-i  shakk  ast  (it's  a  matter 
of  doubt) ;  kamd-hiy-yi  hdldt  in  ast  =  asl 
in  ast  (the  fact  of  the  matter  is — ) ;  Mr 
bi-hadd-i  rasida  ast — (matters  have  reached 
to  such  a  pitch  that^) :  dar  in  harf-i  nist 
(as  a  matter  of  course) ;  chanddn  matlabi 
norbud  (it  was  not  a  very  important 
matter) ;  Jiar  jur-i  ki  mumkin  bdshad 
(somehow,  it  matters  not  how). 

Matthew,  Mattq. 

Matting.     Vide  Mat. 

Mattock,  kulang  (pick-axe) :  tisha. 

Mattress,  dushak  (for  sleeping  on) ;    dusJiak-i 


fanari  (spring  mattress) :  visdda  (for  sit- 
ting on). 

Mature,  rasida  (of  fruit) ;  pukhta  (in  experi- 
ence, etc.) ;  kdmil"* s-sinn  (about  30  years 
of  age) ;  bdligA  (of  the  age  of  puberty, 
i.e.,  about  16  or  18).     Vide  Age. 

Maturity,  bulugi,  (of  persons) ;  rasidagi  of 
fruit  or  persons). 

Matutinal,  bdmdddi. 

Maugre,  ' alq-raghm  (out  of  spite  to — ).  Vide 
Notwithstanding. 

Mauritania,  Macjhrib. 

Maul,  to,  lih  k. :  panja  z.  (to  claw). 

Maund  (Indian)  man;  [the  Tabriz  man  is 
about  7|  lbs. ;  the  man-i  shdhi  is  about 
double.  In  India  the  maund  is  about  82 
lbs.]. 

Mausoleum,  zarih  (of  Prophets  or  Imams) ; 
rawza  (prop,  of  Prophets  and  Imams) ; 
mazdr  (of  saints,  etc.);  mazja'  (rare;  of 
kings  and  great  men) ;  marqad  (gen. ;  but 
sp.  of  big  people) ;  maqbara  (of  kings ; 
prop.  =  cemetery) ;  bug* a  (a  spot;' where 
anything  sacred  has  happened  and  which 
has  been  made  into  a  residential  shrine). 

Mauve,  arghavdni  (colour  of  the  Judas-tree 
flower). 

Maxim,  pand;  masal,  pi.,  amsdl:  qd'ida 
(rule). 

Maximum,  muntqha;  qimat-i  a' la  [opp.  to 
(pmdUi  adna  the  minimum  price]. 

May,  shahr-i  May. 

May  be,  shdyad  (ki) ;  guyd  (perhaps) ;  mi- 
shavad  ki — ;  or  mumkin  ki — ;  or  yumkin 
ki — (possibly) ;  yahtamil  ki — ;  or  muhtamil 
ast  ki — (probably) ;  ma-bdd  (may  it  not 
be). 

Mayor,  hdkim  ^  (of  large  cities)  ;  kaldntar  (of 
a  big  village). 

Mayoralty,  m^nsab-i  hukumat :  kaldntari. 

Maze,  sP^alat-anddz  (a  mod.  trans,  for  laby- 
rinth). 

Meadow,  ulang*  (a  spacious  natural  grazing 
ground);  margizdr  (large  space  covered 
with  grass) ;  chaman,  any  small  green  plot, 
lawn) ;  chard-gdh  (grazing-ground). 

Meal,  khurdk  (food) ;  drd  (flour) ;  bulghnr,  T. 
(coarse  meal) :  iiA»30*and  ta'dm  (repast). 

Mean,  miydna ;  and  mutavassit  (medium) : 
khcisis  (mean) ;  and  mumsik  (miserly) ;  or 
kinis  (vulg.)    (in    money   matters,   etc.) ; 


1  Chita,  vulg.,  for  chi-at  aatf 

4  JaraJ^at,  lit.  "  wound  *'  but  in  m.c.  "  pus." 

8  The  Shah  uses  the  term  hakim  for  the  Lord  Mayor  of  London. 

♦  Corruption  of  mahaU-i  lang-i  iiba  (for  oba,  T.,  "a  tent,  a  transportable  cabin  "). 


Mea 


198 


Mee 


past ;  or  faru-mdya ;  or  ra^l ;  or  kamlna 
(in  origin);  jtuch;  and  vil  (vulg.)  (of  ac- 
tions and  persons). 

Mean,  Mean,  to,  qasd  k.  (to  intend,  pur- 
pose); ma'm  ddshtan  (to  denote);  daldlat 
k.  {of.  the  application  of  a  word ;  to  imply) 
ya'ni  hi-kushi-ash '  ?  (then  you  mean  to 
kill  him  ?) ;  man  naml-jahmam  ;  ya'ni  chi? 
(I  don't  understand  what  you  mean) ; 
lajz-i  (or  ma'nl-yi)  chdpdr  Hhdrat  ast  az 
Inki  dar  har  manzil  asp  'ivaz  nii-kunand : 
az  in  jur  harakdt  matlab-at  chist  (what  do 
you  mean  by  such  behaviour  ?). 

Meander,  pichidan» 

Meaning,  gusha-ddr  or  ma'm-ddr,  adj.  (with 
hidden  meaning);  ma'nl;  and  matlab, 
subs,  (signification) ;  maqsad,  pi.  maqdsid, 
or  murdd  or  matlab;  or  maqsud  (object, 
q.v.) :  fahvq  (signification,  import,  q.v.). 

Meaningless,  bi-ma'm ;  la^hv. 

Meaningly,  hd-maqsad;  ha  qasd  (also  =  pur- 
posely):  pur-ma' nq. 

Meanly,  khasisdna  (stingily) ;  hahhtldna 
(miserly) ;  az  ru-yi  dand^at-i  tab'. 

Meanness,  khissat ;  and  khasisi  (stinginess) ; 
bakhtli  (miserliness) ;  past-fitratl ;  or  sif- 
lagi;  or  duni;  or  nd-najibi  (of  nature). 

Means, msite;  vasila,^l.  vasd^il:  mujib  (but 
pi.  muvdjib  —  "  pay  ")  or  sabab ;  and  '  illat ; 
and  vajh;  and  bd'is  (cause) :  bi-chi  tadhir  in 
kdr  rd  ml-tavdmd  bi-kunid  (by  what  means 
can  you  accomplish  this  ?) :  istitd'at-%  yak 
juft  kajsh  ham  na-ddram  (I  haven't  the 
means  to  buy  even  a  pair  of  shoes) :  dar 
sdya-yi  —  (by  means  of  — ). 

Meanwhile,  dar  in  bayn ;  dar  in  asnu.  Vide 
Midst. 

Measles,  surkhcha;  surkhak. 

Measure,  to,  paymudan,  rt.  paymd  (of  land, 
of  grain) ;  paymdyish  k.  (of  land  only) : 
zar'  k  (of  cloth) :  mxisdhat  k.  (of  area)  : 
qadd  giriftan  (height,  of  recruits,  etc.); 
qadd-i  sina-ash  chist  ?  ;  qadd-i  in  miz  bi-gir 
(measure  this  table)  :  j)aymdna  k.  or  kayl 
k.  (of  com) ;  anddza  (or  vulg.  angdra) 
giriftan  (to  take  the  measure;  height, 
depth,  etc.). 

Measure,  vazna  (powder  measure) :  vazn-i 
tarn  (good  measure) :  ziydda  az  hadd;  or 
bi-hadd  (beyond  measure) :  band  (tape — ) : 
gaz  (yard-measure). 

Measurement,  anddza  (length  and  breadth. 


as  of  a  room ;   cubic,  of  a  box) :   paymd- 
yish (of  land) :  tul  u  'arz-ash  chi  qadr  asl? 

Measurer,  anddza-gir ;  payrmyanda :  kayydl 
(of  corn,  etc.). 

Meat,^  in  gusht  kirm  zada  ast  (the  meat  has 
maggots  in  it). 

Meat-safe.     Vide  Cupboard. 

Mecca,  Makka  or  Makka-yi  Mu'azzama : 
Bayt"  'l-Hardm  (Temple  of  Mecca). 

Mechanics,  'ilm-i  jarr-i  asqdl. 

Medal,  nishdn;  marfaZ  (Eur.) ;  imtiydz  (deco- 
ration). 

Mede,  Shirvdni. 

Media,  Shirvdn. 

Meddle,  fazuli  k.  (of  impertinent  meddling): 
muddkhala  k. ;  or  dakhl  u  tasarruf  k. 
(interfere) :  dast  zadan  (to  touch) ;  kdr 
ddshtan  (ditto). 

Meddler,  Meddlesome,  fazul,  adj. 

Meddling,  subs.,  fazuli  (k.). 

Mediate,  to,  tavassut  n. ;  visdtat  k.  ;  miydnji- 
gari  k.     Vide  to  Intercede. 

Mediation,  visdtat,  or  tavassut. 

Mediator,  miydn-ji:  vdsita ;  visaiat-kun. 
Vide  Intercession. 

Medical,  tibbi:  [tibb,  the  medical  art;  tqhd- 
bat  "the  profession"]:  mu'dlaja  (treat- 
ment). 

Medicine,  davd,  pi.  davdjdt;  (the  Ar.  pi. 
adviya,  in  m.c.  gen.  means  "spices"): 
'  ildj ;  darmdn;  mu'dlaja  (curing).  Vide 
Medical. 

Mediocre,  mutavassit;  miydna. 

Mediocrity,  hadd-i  vasat. 

Meditation,  tafakkur  (k.) ;  ta^ammul  {k.) ; 
ghawr  {k.) :  bi-'dlam-i  murdqaba  raftan 
(Sufi  term) :  hhawz  {k.)  (thinking  deeply 
on  a  subject).       Vide  Intend. 

Mediterranean  Sea,  Bahr"*  'I  Abyaz;  Bahr-i 
Safid ;  Bahr-i  Rum  ;  Bahr-i  mutavassit. 

Medium.     Vide  Mediocre  and  Means. 

Medlar,  azgil. 

Meek,  burdbdr ;  and  halim :  mazlum  (m.c; 
prop,  "oppressed");  salim ;  shikasta- 
nafs;  mutavdzi' . 

Meekness,  burdbdri ;  hilm:  shikasta-nafsi ; 
and  tavdzu' ;  and  farutani  (humility) : 
muldyamat  (gentleness). 

Meet,  to,  muldqdt  {k.) :  du  chdr  sh.  (to 
encounter  unexpectedly) ;  bar-khurdan 
(ditto) :  urd  dar  rdh  ydftam  or  didam  (I 
met  him  accidentally) :  fardd  dar  khdna-yi 


'  Note  the  Pres.  Subj.,  the  full  sentence  would  be  ya'ni  irada  dari  ki — . 

2  The  Mu-slim  distinction  between  meats  that  are  lawful  and  unlawful  is  nearly  the  same  as  the 
Mosaic.     For  Muslims,  however,  camel's  flesh  is  lawful. 


Mee 


199 


Men 


Maxdavi  Sa'id  mara  muldqdt  kunid:  yak 
farsakh  raftam  htch  kas  rd  na-dtdam: 
jf^aflat""  tu-yi  kucha  bi-u  bar  khurdam  (I 
accidentally  met  hira  in  the  street) :  lasd- 
dum  shvdan  (to  collide);  vide  Assemble: 
istiqbdl —  or  jnshvdH—oT  pishvdzk.  or  jilaw 
raftan  (going  out  some  distance  to  meet  a 
guest) ;  [badraqa  k.  (in  Kirman  also  kafdpd 
k.)  to  accompany  and  speed  a  guest  on 
his  way:  tashyV ,  the  Arabic  for  the  mod. 
badraqa,  is  in  m.c.  generally  used  for 
accompanying  a  jandza.     Vide  Funeral]. 

Meeting,  majlis,  pi.  majdlis ;  and  dnjuman 
(assembly):  muldqdt:  ilsdq  (of  rivers, 
etc.). 

Meeting-place,  sar-dam  (a  secret  meeting- 
place  for  drinking,  gambling,  etc.) :  dakk 
or  dakka  (m.c.)  (ditto):  mVdd-gdh  (ren- 
dezvous). 

Megrim.     Vide  Head-ache. 

Melancholic,  mdlikhuliyd''% ;  sawddvi. 

Melancholy,  afsurdagi ;  mdlikhuliyd  (sp.  the 
disease)  :  dil-i  u  girifta  ast.  Vide  Sad, 
Depressed. 

Melodious,  khush-sadd;  khush-ilhdn ;  khush- 
dvdz  ;  khush-giUu ;  hhush-navd  ;  khush- 
dliang  (of  people) ;  shlrln  (of  sounds). 

Melody,  dhang  (harmony);  lahn,  pi.,  alhdn: 
tardna  (sweet  sounds). 

Melon,  garmak  (an  inferior  kind  that  comes 
in  season  about  1st  July) ;  kharbuza  (bet- 
ter variety  a  month  later) ;  hinduvdna 
(water-melon) ;  kharbuza-yi  gur-gdbi  (a 
large,  good  variety)  ;  fdliz  or  pdUz  (melon- 
beds). 

Melt,  guddkhtan,  rt.  gttddz  (tr.  and  intr. ;  of 
snow,  wax,  fat);  db  k.  (of  metals) ;  hall  k. 
(chem. ;  by  grinding  or  by  acids). 

Melted,  guddkhta;  db-shuda;  mahlul. 

Member,  'uzv,  pi.  a'zd  (also  limb);  or  juz*, 
pi.,  ajzd  (of  committees,  etc.);  aharik 
membrane  (partner) ;  parda  (of  brain, 
stomach,  ear). 

Membership,  'uzviyyat;  shirkat. 

Membrum  virile,  dla-yi  tandsul;  dlat-i 
mardl;  Abu  H-' Abbas  (polite,  prop,  only 
for  one  very  large) :  zakar :  hashafa  (the 
acom) :  kir  (a  crude  word) :  bul  (of  little 
boys:  na'wgf (properly  only  when  in  erec- 


tion); ?ar6a  (of  bulls);  faqara  (joking 
term).     Vide  Penis. 

Memoir,  savinih-i  'umri  (biography);  taz- 
kira  (gen.  in  m.c.  "passport");  hdldt ; 
sar-guzasht-i  Jahdngxr-i '  qaymr  rd  mi- 
khwdnam  (I  am  reading  the  memoirs  of 
the  Emperor  Jehangir). 

Memorable, — ki  gdh-l  fardmush  nami-ahavad, 
or  ydd-aah  az  khdtir  nami-ravad.  *  Vide ' 
Famous. 

Memorandum,  In  rd  ydd-dasht  kun :  kitdbcha-yi 
ydd-ddsht  (pocket-book). 

Memory,  Itdfiza-yi  bad-i  ddram-kam-hdfizoram 
(I  have  a  bad  memory) :  zikn-ash  khub 
nist  (vulg. ;  prop.  =  he  has  not  a  good 
brain) :  zihn  or  k^ir  (mind) :  dz  ydd-am 
raft  (it  has  escaped  my  memory) ;  hafiza-yi 
gharrd^-%  ddrad  (he  has  a  glorious  mem- 
ory). 

Menagerie,  jdnvar-khdna  (a  small  private — ). 

Mend,  to,  tarmim  k.,  or  marammat  k.  (gen.) : 
ta'mir  k.  (build  or  repair;  of  buildings, 
tanks,  masonry) ;  rafu  k.  (to  darn) ;  vasla 
—  or  'payvand  k.  (to  patch) :  »n  isldk-i 
umur  na-khivdhad  shvd  (this  won't  mend 
matters) :  havd  ru  bi-bihtarl  ast  (the 
weather  is  mending,  clearing  up). 

Mender,  marammat-kun ;  ta'mir-sdz. 

Mendicant,  gadd ;  jac^r,  pi.  juqard^;  sdU; 
khdna-bi-dush  (gen,  for  a  poor  dervish) ; 
mis  kin  (prop.  "poor"). 

Mendicity,  gadd^;  faqiri;  su^dl. 

Mending,  to' m»r*  (A.)  (of  things);  isldh  (k.) 
(of  manners,  defects  in  administration; 
also  dressing  meats  with  flavourings). 

Menial,  past;  dani;  dun;  sifla  (mean). 
Vide  Servant. 

Menses,  rvd-khushx-yi  zandna;  hayz  (sh.) ; 
bi-namdzi,  or 'ddat  (polite)  {ddshtan) ;  imruz 
az  hayz  fdrij^  shudam  (fig.;  "I've  got 
out  of  my  difficulty ' ' ;  said  by  women 
only). 

Menstruation.     Vide  Menses. 

Menstruous  woman,  bi-namdz  (polite) ;  haSza 
and  hdHz^. 

Mensuration,  Hlm-i  masdhat. 

Mental,  zihnl  (of  the  understanding;  also 
of  diseases);  'aqli  (of  sciences;  also  of 
diseases). 


'  Note  this  izafat.     In  Indian  and  in  classical  Persian 
this  word  means  "  passport." 


memoirs  ' '  are  tazkira  but  in  Mod.  Pers. 


■^  In  India  "  to  build. 
In  Arabic  the  masc.  form  is  used  for  adjectives  that  can  apply  to  females  only. 


Men 


200 


Met 


Mention,  Mention,  to,  zikr  k. ;  nam  burdan ; 
mazhur  k.  vulg. ;  zikr-i  jamil  (favourable 
mention) ;  yad-i  shumd  kard '  (he  men- 
tioned you) ;  az  zan  guzashta  mard  ham 
khayll  hud  (not  to  mention  women  there 
were  plenty  of  men  too) ;  az  fuhsh  guzashta 
urd  zadand  =  fuhsh  hi-guzdr  kindr,  urd 
nlz  zadand. 

Mentioned,  mazkur :  — ki  zikr-i  khayr-ash  raft 
(previously  mentioned) ;  mazkura-yi  hold; 
or  mazhur  (mentioned  above). 

Mentor,  laid  (a  head  man-nurse) :  ndsih  ;  and 
nasihat-gar  (adviser). 

Mercantile,  tijdratl. 

Mercenary,  ajir  (hired;  of  soldiers);  puU 
dust :  tammd'  (covetous) ;  haris  (greedy  of 
gain  or  in  eating). 

Mercer,  hazzdz  (cloth-seller). 

Merchandise,  matd' ,  pi.  amti'a;  jin^,  pi. 
ajnds ;  tankhwdh  (wares);  in  jins-i  tijdratl 
'st:  qumdsh,  pi.  aqmisha  (stuffs,  cloths): 
tijdrat;  and  mu'dmala;  and  Md  u  sitad 
(trading). 

Merchant,  tdjir,  pi,  tujjdr. 

Merchantman,  jahdz-i  tijdratl. 

Merciful,  rahm-dil  (of  men) ;  rahlm  (pp.  of 
God  only  ) :  rahmdn  (of  God  only). 

Mercifully,  az  ru-yi  rahm;  az  ru-yi  muruvvat. 

Merciless,  hl-rahm;  sang-dil;  zdlim. 

Mercilessly,  zdlimdna ;  az  ru-yi  sitam. 

Mercury ,  zlbaq ;  jlva;  slmdh  (rare);  'Utdnd 
(or  Tlr)  munshl-yi  Falak  ast  (Mercury  is 
the  Secretary  of  the  sky) :  kushta-yi  jlva 
(mercury  at  the  back  of  mirrors). 

Mercy,  rahm  (gen.) ;  rahmat  (of  God  only) ; 
anmn!  amdnf  (Mercy,  mercy!):  mdl  u 
jdn-i  shdn  dar  dast-i  khush-i  Sultdni  qah- 
hEr-l  ast  (their  lives  and  properties  are  at 
the  mercy  of  an  arbitrary  monarch) :  turd 
bi-Ei'Udd  bigu  (tell  me  for  mercy's  sake) : 
aman —  or  dakhll  dvardan  (to  cry  for 
mercy). 

Merely,  faqat:  mahz  (in  m.c.=  hardy):  In 
rd  guftam  va  has  (I  said  this  and  nothing 
else). 

Meridian,  khait-i  nisf'^'n-nahdr  (astr.) :  awj 
(of  anything) :  dar  vdsat"^^ s-samd-yi  jaldlat- 
ash  hud  ki — (he  was  at  the  height  of  his 
fame  when — ). 

Merit,  sazdvdrt ;   and  liydqat  (fitness) :   fazl- 


lat;  hhuhl;  In  kitdh  ta'rlf-i  na-ddrad  (this 
book  has  no  merit) :  hunar  (of  persons 
only). 

Merit,  to,  IdHq-i  (or  sazavdr-i)  —hudan; 
mustawjih-i  (or  mustahiqq-i) — hudan. 

Meriting,  istihqdq  {dashtan). 

Meritorious,  Idyiq-i  ta'rif  va  tawslf ;  qdhil-i 
lahsln;  mustahiqq-i  tamjld. 

Merlin.     Vide  Falcon. 

Mermaid,  ddam-i  darydl  (gen.  term) :  zan-i 
darydl  (mermaid). 

Merry,  sar-i  hdlat;  sar-i  kayf ;  hhush-hdl :  In 
hulhul  sar-i  kayf  Tor  dimdgh)  ast,  mi- 
khwdnad. 

Merry-thought,  jarMgh-     Vide  Philopena. 

Merv,  Marv. 

Mesh,  chashma-yi  tur,  or  surdkh-i  dam  (of 
net) :  [ddm  is  properly  any  kind  of  snare]. 

Meshy,  mushabbak. 

Meshed,  Mash-had  (lit.  "place  of  martyr- 
dom"; the  tomb  of  Imdm'^  Rizd,  the 
seventh  in  descent  from  'All,  is  here). 

Mesmerize,  to,  jazba-yi  ruhdnl  k. 

Mesopotamia,  Diydr-hakr. 

Mess,  to,  kdr-shikanl  k.  (said  of  a  third 
person  that  cuts  in  and  spoils  a  bargain)  ^ ; 
kdr  khardb  k. 

Message,  paydm ;  payghdm  ;  rasdlat  or  risdlat 
(rare) ;  tabllgiri  payghdm  k.  (to  deliver  a 
message) . 

Messenger,  firistdda  (gen.);  qdsid  (on  foot); 
paygJidm-bar  (gen.)  {but  payghamhar 
' '  prophet  " ) ;  rasul  (also  =  ' '  prophet ' ' ; 
Rasul'^'lldh,  or  Rasul-i  Khudd  =  Muham 
mad);  chdpdr  (mounted  messenger  or  a 
post-man).     Vide  Orderly. 

Messiah,  Maslh  *  murdagdn  rd  ihyd  ml-kard. 

Messmate,  ham-sufra ;  ham-kasa;  ham-navdla 
(gen.  of  friends  living  together). 

Metal,  mufarrigA^  (m.c.  cast  in  metal);  ma'- 
danl,  pi.  ma'daniyydt;  filizz,  pi.  filizzdt. 
Vide  Silver. 

Metalled.     Vide  Road. 

Metallic,  filizzl;  ma' danl. 

Metamorphosis,  tabdll-i  shakl  (of  disguise) ; 
taJbdll-i  hdlat  (as  of  butterfly  from  chry- 
salis) :  maskh  (of  man  into  a  lower  form 
of  animal)  :  tandsukh  (rebirth,  transmi- 
gration) . 


1  Or  fihuma  ra  yad  kard :  note  ra. 

2  He  was  killed  by  Ma'muw'r-Rashld. 
2  Urdu  hhanjl  mama. 

*  Masih,  lit.  "  anointed  with  the  sacred  oil,' 
^  Incorrect  for  Ar.  mufragh. 


i.e.  olive  oil  mixed  with  balsam. 


Met 


aoi 


Mil 


Metaphor,  majaz  (as   opposed   to  haqiqat): 

isti'ara  (the  Figure) ;  {tashblh  similej. 
Metaphorical,  majdzi. 
Metaphorically,  majdzo". 
Metaphysics,    'ilm-i    haqtqat    (the    science); 

'irfdnrbdfi  (a  half-contemptuous  term  for 

the  metaphysical  talk  in  a  Persian  majlis). 
Metempsychosis,  tandsukh. 
Meteor,  tir-i  dtash-fishdm.     Vide  Star. 
Meteoric,    tnisl-i    shihdb :   khush  darakhshid 

vaU   dawlat-i  mustu'jil  bud   (of   meteoric 

fame,  etc.). 
Metheglin,  sharbat-i  'asal  (mead). 
Methinks,  guyd ;  bi-mazanna-yi  man ;  gumdn- 

am  an  ki  —  ;  bi-khaydl-am  mi-rasad  ki  —  ; 

hamchunin  7ni-fahmam  ki  — . 
Method,  tartq  or  tarlqa  ;  qdnun  ;  vaz' . 
Methodical,  munazzam ;  bd  na^m :  kdr  rd  bi- 

vaqt  mi-kunad. 
Metonym,  kindya. 
Metre,  miir  (Fr.  measure) ;  bahr  or  vazn  (of 

verse) ;    qdfiya  (rhyme   in   poetry) ;    saj' 

(rhyme  in  prose). 
Metrical,  mawzun. 
Metropolis,  pd-yi  takht ;  ddr"  'l-khildfa;  ddr" 

^s-saltana. 
Mettlesorrie,    svJbuk-ruh   (of  horses;   also  of 

little  birds  =  "  sprightly  ") :  jdn-ddr  (opp. 

to  Idgjiar  "  thin  "). 
Mew,  Mews,  qush-khana  (hawk-mew). 
Mew,  to,  mn,tD-mxiw — or   mn'aw    ma' aw    k. 

(of  cats). 
Mewing,  subs.,  miyu  miyu  kardan,  or  wmw 

m^w  kardan  (of  cats). 
Miasma,  bukhdr-i  muta'afjin. 
Michael,  Mikd*'%l. 
Microscope,  zarra-bin;  khurda-bin. 
Microcosm.     Vide  Macrocosm. 
Midday,  nimrruz;  zuhr ;  nisf"^  ^n-naJidr. 
Middle,  miydn;  vasal;  dar-dil-i  shah  (in  the 

middle    of    the    night;    vide,   Midnight); 

dar  ndf-i  shahr  (in  the  middle  of  the  city). 
Middle-aged,    sinn-ash    bayn  bayn;    ma,rd-i 

kamil"^   's-sinn;    miydna  'umr;   mutavas- 

sit"  U-'umr. 
Middle  height,  miydn-qadd;  miydna-bdld. 
Middling,  mutavassit ;  miydna:  na-khub  na- 

bad  (m.c.) ;  bayn  bayn. 
Mid-heaven,  fl  vasat^  ^s-samd  (of  sun);  dar 

vasat-i  dsman  (of  birds  flying). 
Midnight,    nlmr^hab ;    nisj-i  shah;    vasat-i 

shab;  duqismi-yi  shabm ;  dil-i  sAa6  (dead 

of  night). 


Midst,  d/ir  miydn-i — ;  dar  vaaal-i  — ;  miyd- 
na-yi  — .•  dar  ndf-i  shahr,  or  dar  bah- 
buha-yi  shahr:  dar  qalb-i—(ol  anything); 
dar  In  asnd  (in  the  meanwhile) ;  dar 
miydn-i  hama-yi  inhd  ftUdn  rasid  (while 
this  was  going  on  So-and-Sc  arrived). 

Midsummer,  chilla-yi  tdbistdn  ( the  forty  days 
of  greatest  heat) ;  tamuz  (rare  ;  dog-days) ; 
qahr-i  garmd ,  'ayn-i  tdbistan. 

Midway,  nhn-rdh,  or  nisf-i  rdh. 

Midwife,  mdrrvd  and  mdmdcha ;  vaqt-i  ki 
mdmdcha  du  id  shud  sar-i  bachcha  kaj  dar 
mi-dyad  (Anglice,  "too  many  cooks"); 
qdbila. 

Midwifery,  qdbilagl  {k  );  mdmdcha-gari  (k.). 

Midwinter,  chilla-yi  zamistdn  (forty  days  of 
greatest  cold);  vasat-i  sarma;  'ayn-i 
sarmd  ;  dar  ghalba-yi  sarmd. 

Mien,  manzar (outward  appearance);  qavdra 
or  paykara  (frame) ;  hay*at  (general  appear- 
ance in  face  and  dress);  vajh,  etc.  (face, 
q.v.).  _ 

Might,  zur  (bodily);  qudrat  (of  God) ;  tdqat; 
and  quvvat  (bodily ;  or  of  nations) ;  bd 
hama-yi  dil  u  jdn  =  bd  hama-yi  tavdnd^i ; 
zur,  kun-i  khar-i  hisdb  rd  pdra  mi-kunad 
(might '  is  right). 

Mignonette,  rizdda  Fr. 

Migrate,  to,  yiyldq  u  qishldq  k.  ;  sard-sir  u 
garm-sir  k.     Vide  Summer. 

Migratory,  yiylag  u  qishldq-kun. 

Milch,  gdv-i  shir-dih,  or  gdv-i  tdza  zdd  (a  cow 
that  has  just  given  birth  and  will  not 
therefore  go  dry  soon). 

Mild,  muldyim;  or  fuUim;  bd  tdhammul  or 
mutaliammil  (forebearing) ;  havd  mulayim 
shud. 

Mildew,  purmak  {khurdan) ;  pamp  (or  pampu) 
in  rd  zada  ast  (m.c.  only);  zangdr'^  (of 
wheat). 

Mildewed,  purmak-zada. 

Mile,  mil,  pi.  amydl  (Eur.)  ;  farsakh-hd  Idla- 
yi  khud-ru  ru^ida  bud—Vvol.  S.T.  (for 
miles  there  were  wild  poppies  growing). 
Vide  Square. 

Milestone,  sang-i  mil. 

Military,  'askari;  nizdmi ;  bard-yi  havd^ij-i 
lashkan  (for  military  purposes). 

Milk,  shir ;  laban  (rare) ;  shir-i  sar-shir  girifia 
(skimmed) ;  mast  (curds) ;  dujfA  {mast 
is  mixed  with  water  and  from  this  butter 
is   made ;    what  remains   is   dujfh) ;   bad- 


1  And  also  hagq  ba  sfuinuhir  aat  eaxd  dast-i  qudrat  govt  'at. 
*  Properly  "  verdigris." 

26 


Mil 


202 


Min 


shn^  (said  of  a  child  suckled  by  a  low 
nurse;  hence  applied  to  an  ill-behaved 
child ,  also  used  as  a  term  of  abuse) ;  '^  in 
shir  dbakl'st  (this  milk  is  poor) ;  kashk 
(made  from  curds  and  dried) ;  Dar  khana-yi 
akdhir-i  Kirmdn  chu  hu-guzari  .\  Kashk 
ast  u  baz  kashk  u  dlgar  kashk  u  bdz  kashk 
.•.  (a  saying  in  derision  of  the  poverty  of 
Kerman). 

Milk,  to,  dushidan;  shir-giriftan. 

Milker,  dushanda;  shir-dush. 

Milking,  shlr-dushi  (k.) ;  shir-girt  (k.)  (subs.). 

Milk-pail,  dalv. 

Milk-safe,  vide  Larder ;  shir-dviz  (a  cage  of 
wood  or  rope  but  of  one  storey) ;  cham- 
bara  (circular,  of  string ;  has  several 
stories).     Vide  Larder. 

Milk-seller,  shir-farush. 

Milk-tooth,  danddn-i  shir. 

Milky  way,  Khatt-i  rah  i  Makka  (vulg.) ; 
Kahkashan. 

Mill,  dsyd;  dsyd-yi  bddJi  (wind-mill);  dsydb 
(water-mill);  dast-ds ;  and  dsak  (hand- 
mill). 

Millepede,  hazdr-pd. 

Miller,  dsyd-bdn. 

Millet,  arzan 

Million,  milyun  (Eur.);   du  kurur.^ 

Millstone,  sang-i  dsiya. 

Mimic,  taqUdrkun. 

Mimic,  to,  taqlid  dar  dvardan;  add-yash  rd 
dar  dvard  (he  mimicked  him) ;  zarb  girif- 
tan ;  {zarb  zadan  ' '  to  threaten  and  to 
multiply  "] ;  Irdnihd  khayli  muqallid  and 
(the  Persians  are  great  mimics) ;  maymun 
taqlid-i  shumd  rd  dar  mi-dvarad  (the 
monkey  is  mimicking  you). 

Mimosa,  gul-i  fitna  (mimosa?). 

Minaret,  marvdra  or  mandr*  (vulg.  muTMr), 
pi.  marMvir;  gul-dasta  (a  small  minaret 
in  the  centre,  over  the  entrance,  from 
which,  in  Persia,  the  azdn  is  delivered). 

Mince,  qima  k. ;  riz  riz  k. ;  (^ma  (minced 
meat) ;  kujta  (minced  and  made  into 
balls ;  rissoles)  :  tannazdna  rah  raftan,  to 
walk  mincingly). 

Mind,  Mind,  to,  rasidagi  k.  and  mutavajjih 


sh.  (to  look  after) ;  vide  Listen,  Pay  atten- 
tion, etc.;  pay-i  kdr-at  bi-raw  (mind  your 
own  business) ;  hhud-at  rd  bi-pd  (mind 
what  you  do) ;  in  rd  dar  khdtir-i  hhud-am 
fikr  karda  am  or  sanjida  am:  khub !  or 
'ayb  na-ddrad  (=  I  don't  mind) ;  agar  (bi-) 
dnchi  guft  multafit  shuda  budid  bihtar  bud : 
muzdyaqa  na-ddram  (I  don't  mind) ;  az 
yak  digar  bad-i  mdn  na-ydmad  (we  didn't 
mind  each  other,  i.e.  we  rather  liked  each 
other,  vide  Like) ;  ra^y-ash  bar  gasht  (he 
changed  his  mind) :  bi-zahmat  dn  kitdb  rd 
bi-dihid  =  agar  zahmat  na-bdshad  dn  kitdb 
rd  bi-dihid  (would  you  mind  giving  me 
that  book) :  zamir  (conscience) ,  pi.  zamdHr; 
khdtir,  pi,  khavdtir ;  and  dil  (the  mind) ; 
qalb  (heart;  the  organ);  'aql  (intellect) 
yak-dil  budan  (to  be  of  one  mind) ;  mayl 
ddshtan  (to  have  a  mind  to) ;  bi-khdtir 
dmadan  (to  come  to  one's  mind).  Vide 
Idea. 

Mind,  presence  of,  ijtimd'-i  havdss ;  dast- 
pdchagi  bi-khud  rah  na-dada ;  huzur-i 
qalb  (?)  (means  also  "  devout  attention  in 
prayer");  havdss  rd  ma-bdz  (don't  lose 
your  head).     Vide  Intuition. 

Mindful,  mas^aiiyyat-i  khud  rd  hamisha  dar 
nazar  ddrad:  hamisha  kdr-i  khud-ash  rd 
mi-binad. 

Mine,  wia'c?ari,  pi.  ma'ddin ;  and  kdn ;  surb 
va  mis  rd'^  az  ma* dan  mi-kanand:  naqb 
(underground  passage).      Vide  My. 

Mine,  to,  naqb  zadan  (to  undermine,  dig  a 
passage ;  to  dig  into  a  house  or  a  fort,  of 
thieves,  etc.) ;  zir-i  Ichdna  khdli  karda 
bdrut  guzdshtand  va  raftand  vulg.  (they 
mined  the  house  and  evacuated  it). 

Miner,  ma'dan-chi;  naqb-zan  (as  a  thief, 
etc.) ;  haffdr  u  naqqdb  (sappers  and 
miners). 

Mineral, ma'(Za%t,  adj. ;  filizz,  pi.  filizzdt;  and 
ma' dan,  pi.  ma'daniyydt,  subs.  *dlam-i 
jamdd/i  (mineral  kingdom) ;  m,a'ddin-i 
nafisa  (valuable  minerals) :  db-i  mu'dani 
(mineral  water). 

Mineralogist,  ma' dan-shinus . 

Mineralogy,  'ilm-i  ma'ddin. 


•  Easterns  believe  that  a  child  imbibes  some  of  the  qualities  of  a  nurse  with  the  mill?.  Similarly . 
Indians  think  that  if  a  foal  be  given  buffalo's  milk,  it  will  learn  the  trick  of  lying  down  in  water  with 
its  rider. 

2  Bad-asl  attributes  the  bad  origin  to  the  father  ;  bad-shlr  to  the  mother. 

S  The  Indian  karor  is  one  hundred  lakhs  or  ten  millions,  the  lakh  being  a  hundred  thousand.  In 
Persian  corrupted  into  l6k. 

*  '  A  place  where  a  light  is  seen/  and  in  Persia  met.  the  "  penis." 

S  Note  ra  required  after  the  second  object  only.     The  ra  could  here  be  omitted. 


Mia 


203 


Mis 


Minister,  vazir,  pi.  vuzard :  vazlr-i  duval-i 
khdrija  (Head  of  Foreign  OflSce)  :  Sadr-i 
A'sam  (Prime  Minister  of  Persia) :  Vazir-i 
Muhhidr-i  IngRs  (British  Minister ,  Tehran); 
safir  (ambassador)  :  arkan-i  dawlat  (Minis- 
ters of  State) :  vazir-i  ddkhila  (Minister  of 
Interior) ;  vazir-i  ma'drif  (for  Public  In- 
struction) ;  vazir-i  'adliyya  (of  Justice ; 
hears  final  appeals) ;  Vazir-i  favd^id  (of 
Public  Works);  Vazir-i  jang  (of  War); 
Vazir  mukhidr  ( — Plenipotentiary). 

Ministry,,  vizdrat;  saddrat  (office  of  Prime 
Minister). 

Minor,  khurd-sdl ;  rM-bdligh  (in  law) ;  tu  ki 
na-ydmadi  sahl  ast,  mard  du  sd'at  hi-kdr 
guzdshli  (your  not  coming  was  of  minor 
importance,  "was  nothing";  but  you 
wasted  two  hours  of  my  time) 

Minority,  nd-hdligi^  (of  age) ;  qillat  (opp.  to 
kasrat ;  Parliamentary  term);  qillat-i  yak 
rdy  (minority  of  one). 

Minstrel,  sdzanda  and  mutrih  (professional, 
who  plays);  hhicdnanda  {gen.)  ;  and  wm- 
ghanni  (prop,  who  sings) :  rdmish-gar  (a 
hired  local  singer  and  player) :  khunyd- 
gar  (a  wandering  bard). 

Mint,  zarrdb-f^na  or  ddr"'z-zarb  (for  coins) ; 
na'n'  '  T.  (the  garden  herb) ;  pudina  (wild 
mint). 

Minus,  'aldmat-i  tafriq  (the  sign — ) ;  panj 
Hid  si  (5-3). 

Minute,  daqiqa;  shast  sdniya  yak  daqiqa  ast 
or  mi-shavad  (sixty  seconds  make  one 
minute). 

Minute  (adj.),  khatjLi  riza  (small) :  duqiq  (criti- 
cal);  6artA:-6m  (ditto). 

Minutes.     Vide  Proceedings. 

Miracle,  mu'jiza  (by  a  prophet)  ;  kardmat  or 
khdriq-i  'ddat  (by  a  saint  or  vali) ;  bale, 
ydru  mu'jiza  karda  sad  tumdn  bi-fuqard^ 
bdkhshida. 

Miraculous,  mu'jiz-numd. 

Mirage,  sardb;  db-i  Yazid  (less  common). 

Mire,  gil  u  shul.  (for  gil-i  shut  ?).  Vide. 
Mud. 

Mirror,  m,ir^at ;  d^ina ;  dHna-yi  badan-numd 
(cheval  glass) ;  Arastu  dHna-yi  iskandan 
rd  sdkht  va  dar  qal'a-i  az  qild'-i  Sikan- 
dariyya  nasb  kardand  (Aristotle  made  the 
mirror  of  Alexander  which  was  erected  on 
a  fort  in  Alexandria). 

Mirth,  az  khushi  dar  libds  (or  dar  pust)  nami- 
gunjad,  or  az  khushi  khud-ddri  nami-kunad 


(he  cannot  contain  himself  for  joy  ;  vide 
Joy)  ;  hangdma  (boisterous  mirth,  up- 
roar). 

Misadventure ,  hddisa ;  su^-i  itiifdq.  Vide 
Accident,  Misfortune. 

Misanthrope,  mutanaffir  az  khalq. 

Misanthropy,  tanaffur  az  khalq. 

Misapprehension,  kaj-fahmi.  Vide  Misunder- 
standing. 

Misbehaviour,  harakat-i  bi-jd ;  bad-raftdri. 

Miscalculate,  ghfilat  shimurdan  (also  to  count 
the  mistakes) ;  ghfilat  pinddshtan ;  ishti- 
bdh  dar  hisdb  k. 

Miscellaneous,  mukhtalif  (various) ;  muta- 
farriqa,  pi.  mutafarriqdt  (miscellaneous). 

Mischance,  su*-i  ittifdq.  Vide  Mistake,  Mis- 
fortune. 

Miscarriage,  isqdt-i  haml  (k.  or  sh.)  (abor- 
tion) ;  dn  zan  bachcha  ndqis  (or  sdqit)  kard 
(she  had  a  miscarriage)  kdshki  bdr-am 
uftdda  bud  (said  by  a  mother  to  an  unduti- 
ful  child);  za*'  shudan-i  haqq  (of  justice). 

Mischief,  shaytanat;  fasdd  ;  bad-zdtt;  kalak-i^ 
zir-i  sar  ddrad  (he  has  some  mischief, 
trick,  in  his  head) ;  khardbi-yi  kdr  inki  — 
(the  mischief  of  the  matter  is  — ) ;  m»- 
ddnam  bard-yi  man  mdya  ml-girad  (I  know 
she  is  brewing  mischief  for  me). 

Mischief-maker,  mufsid.  Vide  Tale-bearer, 
Calumny. 

Mischievous,  muzi  (hurtful) ;  bdzi-gush,  bdzi- 
mush  vulg. ;  sharir  ;  badzdt ;  bachcha  fazuli 
na-kun  (child,  don't  be  mischievous);  in 
tifl  pidar-i  Shaytdn  ast. 

Misconception,  ghfdatrfahmi ;  kaj-fahmi. 

Misconduct,  bad-raftdri;  harakat-i  nd-sazd: 
nd-najibi  (stronger  than  two  previous). 

Misconstruction,  kalnm-am  rd  ta^vil-i  bi-jd 
kardid,  or  —  ma'nd-yi  gl^lat  guzdshtid. 

Miscreant,  awbdsh;  shaqi.  Vide  Black- 
guard. 

Misdeeds,  zatnd^im-i  kirddr  (sing,  jamiwia 
not  used  in  conversation) ;  sW^i  raftdr 
(opp.  to  husn-i  raftdr). 

Misdirect,  rdh-i  bdtil  namudan  (gen.) ;  sar-i 
pdkat  rd  ghalai  navishtan  (of  a  letter). 

Miser,  la'im  (miserly  to  himself  and  others) ; 
bakhil  (miserly  to  others  only) ;  mumsik 
(niggardly ;  will  spend  on  his  own  comforts 
but  not  more) ;  kanis;  and  khasis  (stingy, 
niggardly). 

Miserable,  shikasta-hdl  (of  men  or  animals) ; 


Variously  spelt. 


Kalak  is  properh-  an  earthen  brazier  {mahgal)  used  by  the  poor. 


Mis 


204 


Mit 


parishan-hal  (of  men)  ;  khivdr  (of  animals 
or  men) ;  muhaqqar  (of  things). 

Miserliness,  la^dmat ;  huhhl ;  khissat. 

Miserly,  hhasis ;  vulg.  kinis  and  kinisk; 
hakhil  (about  every  thing). 

Misery,  khwdrl ;  shikasta-hali  (gen.);  fald- 
kal;  and  'usrat  (pecuniary);  shaqdvat 
(miserable  luck) ;  dar  hdlat-i  khwdri  guza- 
ran  mi-kunand. 

Misfortune,  siydh-bakhti ;  hold;  muslbat,  pi. 
masd%h ;  falak-zadagi ;  idhdr ;  sadma  (gen. ; 
disaster) ;  shikasi  (loss  of  property) ;  dfat-i 
huzurg-i  bi-u  rasida  ast,  or  bad-baJchtl  bi-u 
ruy  dvar da, or  urd  nakbat  girifta  ast ;  kalak 
bar  sar-i  kas-i  bastan  (to  play  a  trick  on, 
and  hence  to  bring  trouble  on  any  one). 

Misgovern,  to,  siydsat-i  bad  k. ;  hi-intimml  k. 

Misgovernment,  bi-nazml. 

Misguidance,  gum-rdh-sdkhtan  (gen.)  ;  izldl 
(k.)  (gen.;  rare);  bad  rdh-numd^i  (gen.). 
Vide  Mislead. 

Misguided,  gum-rdh  (k.). 

Misinform,  ittild'-i  kizb  dddan  and  ydftan; 
khidmat-i  shumd  daru^  'arz  karda-and 
(you  have  been  misinformed). 

Misinterpret,  ghalat  ta'^vil  kordan;  bad  fah- 
midan. 

Misjudge,  hukm-i  nd-haqq  k.  (in  law).  Vide 
Misconception. 

Mislead,  to,  kucha-ghalaii  k. ;  vide  Misgui- 
dance ;  sar  az  rdh  burdan  (fig.) ;  bi-gi/alat 
anddkhtan. 

Misleading,  bi-ishtibdh  mi-anddzad ;  gum- 
rdh-kun;  izlal-kun;  (gen.). 

Miss,  to,  hhatd  shudan  and  kardan  (of  rifle)  ; 
nishana  gjialat  raft;  gulula  radd  shud  na- 
hhurd :  dnjd  khayli  jd-yi  shumd  khdli  (or 
sabz ')  bud  (we  missed  you) ;  az  dast  dddan 
(of  opportunity) ;  gum  k.  (to  miss  a  per- 
son on  the  way);  Mpcitd  k.  (without  an 
object,  of  a  train). 

Mismanagement,  bi-tadbirt ;  bl-nazmi,  bad- 
intizdmi. 

Misplaced,  bi-jd. 

Misreckon,  bad-shimurdan ;  ghalat  shimur- 
dan. 

Misrepresent,  khildf  *arz  k. ;  ghalat  izhdr 
ddshtan  ;  harf  rd  bar  khildf  vd  namuda  ast 
(he  has  misrepresented  the  matter). 

Missal,  kitdb-i  amrdd  (any  book  of  prayer) ; 


Miftdh'^^l-Jindn^  (a  ^t' a  book  of  prayers 
for  all  twelve  months). 

Missing,  azmjdmafqiidast;  maqtuUn^ hazm , 
majruhin  du-vist,  va  mafgudin  sad*  (killed 
one  thousand:  wounded  two  hundred; 
and  missing  one  hundred). 

Mission,  ma^muriyyai-i  'umda  (special  — ,  or 
important  mission) ;  risdlat  (of  a  prophet) ; 
si f drat  (embassy);  vakdlat;  or  niydbat 
(being  a  delegate) . 

Missionary,  kashish  (clergyman) ;  duktur-i 
kashish-maslak  (medical  missionary  ;  either 
sex)  ;  paras^r  (nurse),  or  shdgird  duktur 
(doctor's  assistant)  are  also  terms  in  use. 
[The  Ar.  dd'i,  pi.  du'dt,  is  coming  into 
use]. 

Mist,  bukhdr  (also  steam,  vapour) ;  havd  dud 
girifta  ast  (fog  or  mist) ;  mih  (sp.  morning 
and  evening  mist). 

Mistake,  sahv  {k  ) ;  fardmushkdri  [k.) ;  khabt 
(k.)  ;  ghalat  {k.) ;  (erring) ;  maqsud-am  rd 
bad  jahmidid  (you  have  mistaken  my 
meaning)  ;  chunin  ml-fahmam  ki  ishtibdh 
kardld  (I  think  you  have  made  a  mis- 
take ;  but  kdr-i  ghalat  kardld  ' '  you  have 
erred,  sinned  " ) ;  dar  avval-i  nazar  Jandb-i 
'All  rd  Hvaz-i  kas-i  dlgar  bi-jd  dvurdam  (I 
at  first  mistook  you  for  some  one  else ; 
vide  Recognize) ;  sahV" ;  or  nd-ddnista 
(by  mistake). 

Mistletoe,  kdvali. 

Mistress,  dil-drdm,  or  shdhid,  or  rafiq  =  ma- 
'shuqa;  hhdnum  or  bdnu  (of  house); 
begam^  (for  Sa5ryid  ladies);  blbi^  (by 
people  of  the  house):  mu'allima;  and 
dtun  (instructress ;  goes  from  house  to 
house) ;  zan-i  dashta  and  politely  mut'a-^t'' 
(kept  woman) ;  rafiq  (not  '  kept'). 

Mistrust,  az  kas-i  bad-gumdn  shudan;  or 
bad-zann  sh. 

Mistrustful,  bad-gumdn;  shakTd  (suspicious). 

Misty,  pur-mih;  havd  mih  bud  (it  was 
misty).     Vide  Mist. 

Misunderstanding,  kaj-fahmi ;  bad  fahmldan ; 
ghalat- fahml :  dar  miydn-i  shdn  qadri  nd- 
chdqt  ast  (there  is  a  misunderstanding 
between  them).     Vide  Coolness.  [k. 

Misuse,  to,  bad  bi-hharj  dadan;  bi-jd  isti'mM 

Mite,  kirm-i  panir  (in  cheese) ;  pashtz  (coin) ; 
zarra  (atom). 


1  On  the  grass.  *  Jinan,  pi.  of  Jannat. 

3  Or  kushtar  or  atlaf  ' '  killed. ' ' 

*  In  India  yak  hazar ;  and  yak  sad  would  be  substituted. 

*  Pronounced  bigum. 

s  A  child  calls  its  mother  blbi.  ^  djtxK 


Mit 


206 


Mol 


Mitigate,  az  qusur-aah  7ni-kdhad  (mitigates 
the  offence) ;  iakhflf  dddan  or  k. ;  kam  k. 

Mitre,  'imanui  (pagri  worn  by  mullas) ;  liar 
ki  'imdma  sar  ast  az  ulama*^  'sf. 

Mitred,  mu'arnmam  (bound  with  or  wearing 
an  'imama). 

Mix,  dmikhtan,  rt.  dmh  ti.  and  intr. ;  and 
qdti  k.,  T. ;  and  shdmil  k.  and  makhlut  k. 
(gen.);  mamzuj  k.  (of  liquids  or  pastes); 
yakjd  k.  vulg. :  tu-yi  ham  k.  or  shdmil-i 
ham  k.  (to  mix  all  together;  of  dry 
things);  ikhtildt  k.  (of  persons);  mw'- 
dsharat  k.  (ditto) ;  bd  ham  nami-jushim  (we 
don't  mix,  we  don't  get  on  together)  ;  In 
hakim  bd  mxirdum  misl-i  hdkim-i  awal 
nami-jushad  (or  dmlzish  nami-kunad). 

Mixable,  qdbil-i  imtizdj. 

Mixed,  dmikhta ;  and  makhlut  (gen.) ;  mam- 
zuj (of  liquids  or  pastes) ;  muraklcab  (com- 
pound). 

Mixture,  mamzuj;  dam  (gen.  medicine); 
'araq  (liquid  medicine) ;  qivdm  (in  cookery ; 
the  mixture  after  cooking).  Vide  Consis- 
tency 

Moan,  ndla  (k.). 

Moat,  khandaq. 

Mob,  tzrfiViam  (crowd) ;  'avamm^^n-nds.  Vide 
Canaille. 

Mock,  to,  taqltd-i  kas-l  rd  na-bdyad  kard  (we 
ought  not  to  mimic) ;  zarb  giriftan  (m.c.) ; 
isiihzd'-  k.  (ridicule).  Vide  Mimic  and 
Taunt. 

Mocker,  islihzd-kun;  taqlld-chi  (mimicker). 

Mockery,  istihza;  iamaskhur  (ridiculing). 

Mockingly,  bi-tawr-i  istihzd;  bar  sabil-i 
tamaskhur. 

Mode,  vaz' ;  tawr ;  tarz;  ravish;  awzd'  (pi. 
of  vaz')  (manners ;  also  disturbance).  Vide 
Manner,  Fashion,  Cut. 

Model,  namuna  (sample  of  things) :  sar- 
mashq  (copy,  a  good  example ;  of  persons 
and  things);  namuna-yi  'iffat  ast  (she  is  a 
model  of  virtue ;  chastity) ;  raftdr-ash  sar- 
mashq  ast  bard-yi  digardn  =  In  mujas- 
sama-yi  akhldq  ast  (he  is  a  model  of  good 
behaviour). 

Model,  to,  misdl  sdkhtan ;  dar  qdlib  durust  k. 
or  bi-qdlib  zadan  (or  rikhtan)  (to  cast). 

Moderate,  miydna-rdw  ;  mu'tadil. 

Moderation,  miydna-ravx ;  i' tidal;  iqtisdd  u 
miydna-ravl. 

Modern,  tdza  ;  jadid :  mutaqaddimin  va  muta*^ 
akhkhirln   (ancients  and   moderns) ;    (dza 


ijdd,  or  tdza  ikhtird*  (of  inventions,  fash- 
ions). 

Modest,  aharm-ru  (also  shy) ;  bd  hayd;  muh- 
jub ;  najib  (prop,  noble) ;  'a/«/  (chaste) : 
shikasta-nafs. 

Modesty,  khijdlat;  or  sharm-sdri;  or  hayd: 
'ismat;  or  '  iffat  ^  (chastity) :  shikasta-naffti 
(humility) ;  uftddagi  (ditto). 

Modicum,  miqddr-i ;  miqddr-i  qalil-i. 

Modification,  ta'dil  pi.  ta'dildt  {k.  or  d.) ; 
isldh,  pi.  isldhdt  {k.)  (corrections) :  ba'd  az 
tabdll  u  tayhyir  matlab  rd  fish  kard.  Vide 
Change. 

Modulate,  7nawzun  k. ;  dvdz  garddnidan  (of 
voice)  :  kuk  k.  (to  tune,  of  instruments; 
wind  up  a  watch,  etc.,  etc.) :  [qalydn  kuk 
ast  ' '  does  the  pipe  sing  properly  ?  "  ;  a 
new  pipe  does  not  emit  the  correct  note ; 
also  -  "  does  it  draw  ?  "J. 

Modulation,  garddndan-i  sawt. 

Mogul  or  Mongolian,  Mu^al  (a  vague  term 
in  Persia,  where  it  is  often  applied  to 
Afghans  and  implies  barbarity). 

Mohur,  ashrafi. 

Mohammedan,  Musalmdn ;  Muhammudl ; 
Muslim  ^^  pi.  Muslimln;  din-ddr  (opp.  to 
kdfir).     Vide  also  Moslem. 

Mohammerah,  Muhammara. 

Moire  antique,  risham-i  mawj-ddr. 

Moist,  nam  (k.)  (of  clothes,  paper,  floor); 
nam-ndk  {k.) ;  or  pur-num  {k.) ;  or  martub 
( of  house,  land,  floor,  atmosphere) ;  in 
pdrcha  (or  ka^az  nam  or  pur-nam  ast  or 
nam  ddrad;  but  in  zamin  nam  ddrad  or 
namn/dk  ast  or  martub  ast  (but  not  nam 
ast) :  tar  (wet  and  also  fresh) ;  nam  k.  (to 
make  damp). 

Moisten,  tar  k.  (prop.  "  to  wet*'). 

Moisture,  rutubat ;  tiami  (rare) ;  [tan  fresh- 
ness]. 

Molar,  danddn-i  dsyd^i.     Vide  Teeth. 

Mole,  mushri  kur  (also  the  musk-rat  ?):  khdl 
(a  small  beauty-mole  on  the  skin) ;  kalaf 
(disfiguring  mole ;  also  freckles ;  the  spots 
on  the  sun ;  the  dark  marks  in  the  moon). 

Mole-cricket.     Vide  Cricket. 

Molecule,  zarra,  pi.  zarrdt. 

Molest,  aziyyat —  or  dzdr  dddan ;  zarar  rasdn- 
dan;  izd  k.;  muta'arriz  shudan.  Vide 
Maidenliood. 

Molester,  dzidr-  etc. — kun. 

MolUent,  mulayyin  ;  linat-dih.  [grief). 

Mollify,  nirm  k.  (of  anger) :  tascUli  dJddan  (of 


'  Modesty  is  enjoined  by  Muslim  law. 

^  Mtiaalmanan !  or  Ay  Musalmanan  !  is  a  Muslim  cry  for  ' '  Help  !  help ! ' ' 


Mom 


206 


Mon 


Moment,  lamha :  lahza :  harniii  hdla  hi-raw 
(go  this  very  moment) ;  dar  an-i  vahid  (in 
a  single  moment) ;  hi-yak  chashm  zadan  or 
bi-tarfat"^H-'ayn  (in  the  twinkling  of  an 
eye);  dn-l  ki  (or  td)  dost  zad  murd  (the 
moment  he  touched  it  he  died) :  hi-yak 
an  mi-dyam  (I  will  come  in  a  moment). 

Momentary,  dm;  fawri. 

Momentous,  muhimm;  girdn;  bd  'uzm; 
ahammiyyat  ddrad. 

Monarch.     Vide  King. 

Monarchy,  Inglist^n  Shah  durad,  jamhurl 
nist;  dawlat-i  mashruta  (limited  monar- 
chy). 

Monastery,  dayr  (Christian ;  also  nunnery) : 
khdnaqdh  (residence  of  one  or  more  der- 
vishes or  Sufis). 

Monasticism,  az  dunyd  guzashtagi  (asceti- 
cism) :  rahbdniyyat  or  ruhbdniyyat  (of 
Christians) . 

Monday,  du-shamba. 

Money,  jml:  pul-i  hdzir:  pul-i  mawjuda  ; 
naqd  (cash  including  notes) :  naqdina  (cash 
in  coin) :  dasht  {k.) '  (the  first  money  taken 
in  a  shop  in  the  day) ;  td  bi-hdl  dasht  na- 
kardam  (I  haven't  sold  anything  yet) : 
bay'dna  (earnest  money) :  jtb-kharj  {ipocket- 
money) ;  sikka  (coin) ;  pul-i  khurda  (small 
money) ;  pul-i  qalb  (bad — ) ;  qdyima  or  sar- 
rdst  tech. ;  even  money) ;  u  put  paydd-kun 
ast  (he's  a  money-maker) ;  pul-am  sukht 
shud"^  (my  money  has  clean  disappeared) ; 
in  kharj-i  jih-i  bachcha-hd-t  ast ,  or  in  djil-i  ® 
kisa-yi  bachcha-hd-t  ast  (pocket-money  for 
your  children) :  pul  bi-jigar-ash  chaspida 
ast  (he  canH  part  with  his  money) :  bd 
pul-i  naqd  bdld-yi  sabil-i  Shdh  naqqdra 
tavdn  zad  (with  money  you  can  do  all 
things) ;  pul  pul  rd  mi-kashad  (money 
makes  money) :  sim  u  zar  (money ;  also 
silver  and  gold)  ;  pul-i  khud  rd  hi-ddHra 
zad  (he  wasted  his  money  on  music  and 
delights).  Vide  Remuneration  and  Out- 
fit. 

Money-changer,  sarrdf. 

Moneyed,  p/uldar. 


Mongoose,  mush-i  khurmd. 

Mongrel,  du-raga.     Vide  Wolf. 

Monitor,  naslhat-kun  or  ndsih ;  khalifa  (the 
head  boy  in  a  class  who  assists  in  teach- 
ing). _ 

Monk,  rdhib,  pi.  ruhban  and  ruhhdb  (Christian 
monk ;  or  Buddhist  monk) ;  zdhid  (asce- 
tic) ;  gusha-nishln  (recluse) ;  tdrik-i  dunyd 
(monkish). 

Monkey,  buzina  or  maymun;  shddi  P. ; 
'antar*  (m.c. ;  ape). 

Monogram,  naqsh-i  khdtam  (in  signet  ring) ; 
saj'-i  muhr  (in  seal) ;  saf-i  ism  (elsewhere) ; 
tughrd  (a  full  name  in  ornamental  mono- 
gram form,  as  on  a  coin). 

Monopolist,  muhtakir.     Vide  Infra. 

Monopoly,  imtiydz  (mod. ;  given  by  Govt.) : 
ihtikdr^ — ,  or  ambdr  kardan  (engrossing, 
hoarding  up  foodstuffs  against  a  time  of 
scarcity  or  to  produce  a  rise  in  price) : 
ikhtiydr-i  kull. 

Monotheist,  muvahhid;  mu'taqid-i  tawhid  : 
muqirr  bi-yagdnagi-yi  Khuda. 

Monotone,  bi-yak  sadd  (or  — tiavd)  harf  mi- 
zanad  (he  speaks  in  a  monotone). 

Monsoon,  mawsim-i  bdrdn ;  barash-kdl  or 
bdrish-kdl  (Hind. ;  rare). 

Monster,  tarkib-i  kharq-i  'ddat;  vide  Demon: 
mazhar-i  khabdsat  ast  —  shardrat  bar  u 
khatm  ast  (a  monster  of  iniquity). 

Monstrous,  vide  supra :  chunin  'amal-i  az  vay 
bi-shiddat  qabih  ast  (it's  monstrous  of  him 
to  act  like  this). 

Month,''  mdh;  shahr,  pi.  shuhur  (used  in 
letters,  etc.):  shahr-i  qamari  (lunar — ); 
mdh-i  shamsi  (solar — ) ;  ghurra  or  avval-i 
mdh  (first  of  the  month) ;  in  pul  rd  sar-i 
mdh  mi-diham  (I  will  pay  on  the  first  of 
next  month;  sar  properly  beginning). 

Monthly,  har-mdha  (adv.)  (every  month); 
mjdhiydna  adv. ;  [mdhdna  monthly  pay] : 
m,dh  bi-rimh  (adv.) :  jira  (daily  or  monthly 
ration,  or  its  money  equivalent) :  musha- 
hara  or  shahriyya  =  mavdjib-i  mdhdna. 

Monument,  ydd-gdr ;  dsdr-i  qadimu  (ancient 
ruins) ;   mi-hhwdham  ydd-gdr-l  ru-yi  qabr- 


1  The  dasht  is  sometimes  placed  on  the  lips  and  forehead  before  it  is  placed  in  the  pocket. 

2  Sukht  kardan,  tr. 

3  AjU,  nuts,  etc.,  eaten  between  meals. 

*  'Antar,  At.  "  horse-fly."     How  does  it  come  to  mean  baboon  in  Mod.  Persian  ? 

6  Practised  even  by  leading  Mullas.  Monopoly,  engrossing,  and  usury,  axe  however  all  contrary  to 
Muslim  law. 

6  In  letters,  the  Muslim  lunar  month  is  used;  but  in  agricultural  and  revenue  documents,  etc.,  the 
old  Persian  solar  months  or  the  signs  of  the  Zodiac  are  used.  The  Turkish  year  is  used  in  farmans  and 
newspapers. 


Moo 


207 


Mor 


ash  bu-guzaram  (I'm  going  to  erect  a 
monument  over  his  grave) :  mandra  (col- 
umn) ;  sang-i  lahd  (tombstone). 

Mood,  stjf^a  (gram.) ;  zamdn  (tense) :  vide 
Disposition:  irnruz  mutaiiammil-i  ta'arruz 
nldt  (he  is  in  no  mood  to  be  contradicted) ; 
halat  i  bdzi  kardan  na-ddram  (I  am  not  in 
the  mood  to  play). 

Moon,  mdh:  mdh-i  naw,  or  hildl  (new) :  badr 
(fuU) ;  mdh-i  shdb-i  chaJidr-ddh  ( =  full 
moon) ;  tahvil-i  mdh  (change  of  the  moon) : 
mdh  td  hanuz  sar  na-zada  oat.  or  tulW  rm- 
karda  :  istihldl  namudan  (to  view  the  new 
moon). 

Moonlight,  mdh-tdb. 

Moonstruck,  qam^r-zada  (lunatic). 

Moor,  Mar^ribl  (man  of  Murrdkish  or  Moroc- 
co. 

Moorage,  langar-gdh. 

Mootable,  bahs-pazlr  ;  nizd^-barddr. 

Moot-point,  mahall-i  guft  u  gu ;  mddda-yi 
nizd' ;  mawrid-i  bahs. 

Mope,  to,  puff  k.  (of  birds ;  with  feathers 
puffed  up);  pizhmurda  (adj.)  (moping;  of 
birds  or  people). 

Moral,  fahvq  (meaning) ;  dar  hi  hikdyat  du 
fd*idu  ast  (there  are  two  morals  to  this 
story) ;  naiija :  pdrsd  (in  behaviour) ; 
taJizib-i  akhldq  (moral  culture,  and  refine- 
ment of  manners). 

Morality,  saldhiyyat ;  pdrsd^  (righteousness) ; 
'i7m-t  akhldq  (the  doctrine). 

Moralize,  to,  natija  giriftan  az — ;  dar  bayn-i 
hikdyat  bind  mi-kunad  bi-va'z  u  nasihat. 

Morals,  akhldq  (also  behaviour) ;  hus7v-i 
akhldq  (good — ;  opp.  to  su^-i  akhldq  or 
fasddri  akhldq). 

Morass.     Vid£  Marsh, 

Mordant,  nxsh-zan  ^biting). 

More,  blsh ;  bishtar ;  ziydda  {ziydd  much) ; 
bishtarak  (a  little  more) :  kam  u  bish,  or 
kam-d-bish  (more  or  less) ;  bi-kam  u  ziydd 
(neither  more  nor  less) :  digar  na  (no  more); 
bish  az,  or  mutajdviz  az,  or  ziydda  az  du 
rupiya  na-ddd;  harchi  ziydda- tar  bihtar 
(tlie  more  the  better) ;  az  jdn-ash  ham 
ml-guzarad  td  chi  rasad  bi-mdl  (he's  risk- 
ing liis  life,  how  much  more  won't  he  risk 
his  property) ;  chanddn  ki  Uilab  kard  kam- 
tar  ydft  (the  more  he  searched  for  it  the 
less  he  found  it) :  {az)  yak  jarsakh  bishtar 
rah  bud:  qadr-i  bi-charbdn  ("give  me  a 


little  over ' ' ;  said  by  a  woman  making  a 
purchase:  the  seller,  for  instance,  will 
then  increase  his  measure  of  cloth  by  the 
breadth  of  half  his  nail,'  a  quantity  that 
will  quite  satisfy  the  laidy  that  she  has 
made  a  bargain) :  iHibdr-i  zan  dar  chashm-i 
mard  mdnandri  khidmatf/dr  ast  na  rafiq 
(women  are  regarded  by  the  men  more  a.** 
servants  than  associates).  Vide  Over  and 
Rather. 

Moreover,  guzashta  az  in;  'aldva  bar  in; 
izdfa  bar  in;  vdngahi^  (pronounced  vun- 
gahi)  ;  sivd-yi  dn  (excepting  tliat) ;  qat'-i 
nazar  az —  (setting  aside). 

Morgue,  murda-khdna. 

Moribund,  qarib'^  U-marg ;  mushrif-i  bi- 
mawt;  nafas-ash  bi-shumdr  uftdda. 

Morning,  sttbh :  bdmddd;  'alq-s-sabdh  (adv.; 
early  in  the  morning) ;  sahar  (before 
dawn) ;  vide  Dawn ;  sitdra-yi  subh  (the 
morning  star,  i.e.  Zuhra  or  Venus). 

Morocco,  Mardkash  (Ar.  Murrdkish) ;  Magh- 
rib {old;  Mauritania).  [green). 

Morocco  leather,  sdghari  (gen.  green;    sha- 

Morose,  'abus  (frowning). 

Morosely,  'abusdna. 

Morphia,  jawhar-i  tirydk. 

Morrow,  to-,  fardd ;  pas  fardd  (day  after 
to-morrow) ;  pastur  fardd,  and  vulg.  pas-i 
pas  fardd  (the  day  after  the  day-after- 
to-morrow)  :  shab  dbistan  ast  fardd  chi 
zdyad  ( =  none  knows  what  the  morrow 
will  bring  forth) ;  fardd-yi  qiydmat  bi-man 
mi-rasad  (  =  'I'll  never  get  it). 

Morsel,  luqma  (nice  or  nasty). 

Mortal,  murdani;  and  fdni;  and  bi-baqd 
(fleeting) ;  qdtil  or  muhlik  (gen. ;  deadly, 
killing) ;  kdri  or  muhlik  (of  wound) ;  zahar-i 
haldhal  (deadly  poison) :  du^hman-i  jdni 
or  a'dd  'aduv  (mortal  enemy) :  irisdn  (a 
man). 

Mortality,  itldf-i  nufus;  diruz  'idda-yi  amvdt 
dutist  bud :  bashariyyai. 

Mortar,  jughfin  or  havan  (for  pounding) ; 
[dasta-yi  hdvan,  pestle];  khumpdra  (gun)  : 
gach  (prop,  gypsum,  cement) ;  sdruj  (mix- 
ture of  hme,  ashes,  and  chopped  straw  ; 
for  flooring  ;  also  Portland  cement) ;  kdJi- 
gil  (mud  and  chopped  straw). 

Mortgage,  to,  rahn  guzdshtan  or  bi-rahn 
dddan;  giraw  guzdshtan;  [but  giraw  bas- 
tan,  to  bet]. 


J  U  barorffi  man  an  qadr  charhZnld. 


c^T. 


Mor 


208 


Mou 


Mortgaged,  marhun ;  dar  giraw  rafta ;  dar 
giraw  ast. 

Mortgagee,  murtahin;  rahn-giranda. 

Mortgager,  rahin;  rahn-dihanda. 

Mortification,  riyazat  (mortification  and  reli- 
gious exercises);  nafs-kushl  (mortifica- 
tion) ;  parhiz  (abstinence) ;  fasad  (corrup- 
tion) :  murtdz  and  riydzatkasJi  adj.  (practis- 
ing mortification). 

Mortified,  khusk-i  muqaddas  (austere  look- 
ing ;  of  priests).     Vide  Doleful. 

Mortify,  fasdd  payda  k.  (of  wound) ;  tawhln 
k.  (to  humiliate) ;  javab-i  iawhin  dddan 
(to  give  a  mortifying  reply) ;  javab-i  dil- 
shikan  dddan  (ditto). 

Mortmain,  vaqf  (gen.  of  church  property,  but 
also  corporate  body). 

Mosaic,  hhdtam-kdn  (in  wood) ;  zamm-i  man- 
qusha  (in  floor). 

Moses,  Musq;  'asd-yi  Musq^  bi-chashm-i  tu 
(  =  "mayyounot  guess";  said  by  boys 
playing  at  finjdn-bdzi). 

Moscow,  Musqaw. 

Moslem,  Muslim,  pi.  Muslimin;  Muslima, 
fem.     Vide  Mohammedan. 

Mosque,  masjid,  pi.  masdjid;  masjid-i  jdmi' 
(congregational  mosque,  for  Friday  pray- 
ers);  khdna-yl  Khudd  (also  =  Ka' bah  in 
Mecca) . 

Mosquito,  pasha;    [pashsha-yi  khaki,  sand- 

flyj. 

Moss,  puda  (that  grows  on  damp  walls) ; 
davdlak  (tree  moss;  lichen). 

Most,  blshtarln;  agMab-i  — ;  aksar-i  — ; 
khayli  bdshad  (or  muntahq)  qimat-ash  dah 
tumdn  ast  (its  price  at  the  most  will  be 
ten  tumans) ;  muntahJd-yi  mardtib  (or 
dast-i  dkhir)  mard  mi-kushand  (at  the  most 
they  can  kill  me). 

Mostly,  aksar-i  awqdt ;  gkdlib-i  awqdt :  aksar- 
ash  (of  quantity). 

Mosul,  Musil,  for  Mawsil. 

Mote,  zarra,  pi.  zarrdt;  tutuq-i  nur  (the 
column  of  light  in  a  dark  bazar  or  in  a 
darkened  room). 

Moth,  bid  (also  the  fungus  insect  that  eats 
woollen  stuff  in  the  hot  weather)  ;  bid- 
khurda  (moth-eaten) ;  parvdna  'dshiq-i 
chirdgh  ast. 

Mother,  rmdar;  vdlida;  nana  (by  children) ; 
mddar-zan  and  rmdar-shu  (mothers-in- 
law)  ;  khush-ddman^  (rare  =  mddar-zan). 


Motherhood.      Vide  Maternity. 

Motherless.     Vide  Orphan. 

Mother-o '-pearl,     sadaf. 

Motion,  harakat;  jurnbish:  inqildb-i  daryd 
(restlessness  of  sea) ;  harakat-i  ddHmi 
perpetual  — ). 

Motionless,  sdkin;  bi-harakat. 

Motive,  maqsud-i  asli  gkaraz ;  sallamnd 
muharrik-i  shdn  asbdb-i  digar  bdshad 
(admitted  they  act  from  different  motives 
— ) ;  quvva-yi  mutaharrika  (motive  power). 

Motor-car,  kdliska-yi  khud-raw ;  '  atomobil ' 
(Eur.). 

Mouflon,  arghali  (the  Persian  mouflon; 
vide  Sheep). 

Mould,  qdlib ;  gulula-riz  (for  bullets)  ;  khdk; 
and  gil  (soil).     Vide  MildcAv. 

Mould,  to,  tashkil  dddan;  and  qavdra  d.  (rare) 
(to  fashion,  shape);  qdlib  z.  or  bi-qdlib 
rikhtan  (to  pour  into  a  mould). 

Mouldable,  tashkll-pazir. 

Moulder,  qdlib-zan. 

Mouldy,  purmak-zada ;  pampu-zada  (vulg.);' 
vide  Mildew;  urusi-yam  pampH  zada  ast 
(my  shoes  are  mouldy). 

Moult,  to,  tulak  k.  T. ;  kuriz  k.  P. ;  par  rikh- 
tan. 

Moulted,  tulaki.  Vide  Haggard  and  Inter- 
mewed. 

Moulting  (subs.),  par-rlzi ;  tulak  ;  kuriz. 

Mound,  tal ;  lappa  ;  pushta;  tuda  (heap). 

Mount,  to,  muqavva  {k.)  (a  picture ; 
muqavvq  =  cardboard) ;  bar  asp  bar  dma- 
dan,  intr. ;  savdr  k.  caus.;  tr.  (of  gems); 
savdr-i  asp  shuda  tdkht :  bdld-yi  kuh  raftan : 
bi-qushun  asp  dddan  (of  troops) :  bald 
raj  tan;  and  taraqqi  k.  (of  prices). 

Mountain,  kuh:  sar-ikuh;  and  qulla-yi  kuh 
(summit)';  kamar-i  kuh  (half  way  up): 
pd-yi  kuh;  and  ddm^n-i  kHh  (skirt  of — ); 
ddam  bi-ddam  mi-rasad  vali  kuh  bi-kuh 
nami-rasad  (prov.;  =  it's  a  small  world; 
we'll  meet  again) ;  kuhi  (adj.). 

Mountaineer,  kuhistdni. 

Mountainous,  kuh-sdr ;  pur  az  kuh. 

Mounted,  bi-gurda-yi  ^  (or  pusht-i)  asp  savdr 
shudam  (I  mounted  the  horse) :  savdra 
(adv.;  also  subs,  "cavalry"). 

Mourn,  to,  ndla  k.  (to  moan) ;  zdri  k.  (weep 
loudly) ;  nudba  k.  (to  mourn  and  recount 
the  good  qualities  of  the  dead) ;  girya  k.  (to 
weep) ;  afsus  kh.  or  k.  (to  regret) ;  mdtam 


1  The  rod  of  Moses  possessed  magical  powers. 

2  Khushrdaman,  is  common  in  India,     s  Qurda  properly  "  kidney  "  and  hence  "  back  of  the  loins. 


Mou 


2()9 


Mud 


(for  ma^tam)  girijUm;  ahxvan  n.  (beating 
the  breast,  etc.  for  the  dead);  nawha  k. 
chanting,  etc.  for  dead) :  dar  matim-i  u 
taimm-i  ahl-i  vilayat  siyah-push  shuda  and ; 
bi-jihat-i  marg-ash  gjiussa  ml-khurand. 

Mourner,  mdiam-gar  or  gtriya-kun  (any 
mourner  for  the  dead) :  nawha-gar  (hired 
chanters  and  wallers] :  mdtam-ddroTta'ziya- 
gxr  (prop,  in  Muharram) :  8ahih  'azd  kist 
(who  is  the  chief  mourner  ?). 

Mournful,  gham-gin;  and  gham-nak  (shown 
by  appearance ;  with  clouded  looks) : 
mahzun  (saddened  in  heart) ;  dil-tang  (sad 
and  also  bored  q.v.) :  malvl  (sad,  q.v. ; 
dejected). 

Mournfully,  mahzundna. 

Mourning,^  vide  Grief:  'azd-dari;  and  md- 
tam-ddri  (holding  the  assembly,  etc.  for 
mourning) :  ishdn  dar  'azd  hastand  (they 
are  in  mourning) :  tshdn  'azd-ddr  and, 
nami  tavdmd  didan-i  shdn  hi-ravld  (they 
are  in  mourning,  you  can't  call);  vide  to 
Mourn ;  libds-i  mdtam  (dress) ;  shdl-i  'aza 
hi-gardan^  bastam  (to  wear  the  sign  of 
mourning). 

Mouse,  mush ;  mush-i  Tchdnagi  (house — ) ; 
dar-mush  (i.e.  '  tree-mouse  or  the  dor- 
mouse') ;  mush-i  sahrd*i  (field- rats  such  as 
the  mush-i  du-pd  or  kangaroo-rat,  and  the 
jerboa,  etc.). 

Mouser,  mush-gir  adj.  (of  cats). 

Mouth,  dahan;  dahan-i  tang  ddrad  (she  has 
a  small  mouth ;  a  point  of  beauty) : 
dahan-i  fardkh  (large  mouth) ;  saqf-i  dahan, 
or  kdm^  (roof  of  the  mouth) :  dahan-darlda 
foul-mouthed) ;  nihang  dahan-ash  rd  misl-i 
yak  *  darvdza  vd  mt-kard  (the  shark  ^  opened 
its  mouth  wide  like  a  don) ;  puz  (the  snout 
of  animals) ;  the  lips  and  mouth  of  hu- 
mans ;  dahana  (of  river  or  of  pass) ;  dahan 
(of  a  big  gun);  bi-yak  zabdn  (with  one 
mouth) . 

Mouth,  to,  vaqt-i  ki  sukhan  ml-guyad  dahan- 
ash  rd  mi-sdzad. 

Mouthful,  yak  luqma ;  navdla  (rare) ;  qwp  (of 
water) :  yak  chingak  (a  beakful) ;  bu-guzdr 
yak  ching  bi-zanad;  [ching  "beak,"  but 
chang  "claw"]. 


Mouthpiece,  lab-gxr  (of  pipe,  etc.) :  sufora* 
zabdn-i  bddshdh-hd  and  (amba.ssadors  are 
the  mouthpieces  of  the  kings). 

Movables,  asbdb-i  manqula.  TiVfe Furniture, 
Property. 

Move,  to,  jumbtdan ;  and  harakat  k.  (intr.) ; 
jumbdntdan ;  and  harakat  dddan ;  takdn  d. 
tr.  (to  shake)  and  takdn  kh.  intr. ;  harakat 
na-kun;  vd  ist  jd-yi  khud  (don't  stir; 
stay  where'you  are) ;  takdn  na-khur  (don't 
move)  ;  dar-majlis-i  shurd  u  fuldn  maUab 
rd  tahnk  namud  (at  the  committee  he 
moved  that — ) ;  to*5tr  k.  (aflFect) ;  bi-jush 
dvardan  (for  joy  or  grief);  bar-angikhtan 
(to  anger) ;  garm  k.  (to  move  to  tears) : 
vide  Induce;  harakat  d.  (of  troops,  chess- 
men) :  pish  k.  (of  chessmen) :  jd  bi-jd  k. 
(of  troops,  articles) :  rah  bi-raw  ("go  on; 
move" ;  in  chess). 

Movement,  harakat ;  jumbish  (shaking) :  jum- 
bish  i  langar-i  sd'at  (of  pendulum,  not  6»z-» 
langar). 

Mover,  muharrik  (fig.) :  jurnhdnanda {shaker; 
of  things) ;  jurnbanda  (living  creature) ; 
taqdim-kun  (of  a  motion) :  jd  bi-jd  kun 
(displacer). 

Moving,  muta^assir  (affecting);  tashviq-dih; 
tarcjhib-kun  (inciting  of  words  or  people). 

Mov/,  to,  diravldan  or  diraw  kardan  ;  das  k. 

Mowed,  Mown,  diravida;  bunda;  diraw 
karda. 

Mower,  diravanda  or  diraio-gar ;  'alaf-bur  (of 
grass). 

Much,  ziydd;  hhayU;  firdvdn;  az  bas; 
bisydr ;  vdfir  ;  pur  ;  id  chi  rasad  bi —  (how 
much  the  more  or  less ;  vide  More) ;  an 
qadr  ki ;  or  chanddn  ki ;  or  har  qadr  ki  (as 
much  as) ;  bisydr  ziydd  (too  much). 

Muchness,  bisydrl;  ziyddx;  miqdar-i  'azxmi^ 
kasrat;  ziyddatx;  vufur ;  fardvdnx  (abun- 
dance) ;  ifrdt  (excess ;  opp.  to  tafrit  defici- 
ency, being  too  little). 

Mucous,  lu'db-ddr  (of  leaves,  seeds).  Vide 
Membrane. 

Mucus,  khitt,  pi.  akhldt  (from  nose,  eyes, 
wounds) ;  mtif  (of  nose) :  lu'db-x  dahan 
(saliva) ;  but  lu'db  ddrad  (it  is  glutinous). 

Mud,  gil;  gil  u  shut  (adj.  and  subs.;  slush; 


1  Mourning — black  or  some  dark  colour — is  worn  by  Shi'as  for  a  near  relation  for  a  year,  and  for  a 
cousin  for  two  or  tliree  days.  The  mourning  dress  is  removed  from  the  mourners  by  the  head  of  the 
family  or  by  a  big  person.     Mourning  is  also  worn  during  the  months  of  Safar  and  Muharram. 

*  A  bl£ick  shawl  is  worn  on  the  head  by  men  and  one  end  is  twined  round  the  neck.  The  women 
wear  a  bleick  chadar. 

5  Kam  also  means  "  desire."     A  donkey  with  a  black  palate  is  unlucky  and  hence  cheap. 

♦  Yak  here  is  emphatic. 

6  The  crocodile  is  often  confused  with  the  niahang  or  shark. 

27 


Mud 


210 


Mus 


shul  is  looser  than  gil) ;  lajan  or  Esh  (black 
mud  at  the  buttom  of  a  well  or  stream, 
etc.) ;  lay  (of  mud  in  streets) ;  batldq  T. 

Muddle,  ightishash  (k.) ;  shuluq  (k.) ;  kharabi 
{k.) ;  vide  Mire:  kar  rd  shalgham  shurbd 
karda  ast  vulg. 

Muddy,  (adj.)  gil-dlud  (of  water) ;  mukaddar 
(ditto);  gill ;  Id^l-ddr ;  shul  u  gil  (adj. 
and  subs.) :  libds-am  tamdm-asJi  pur  gil 
shuda,  or  shul-dlud  shud. 

Muddy,  to,  mukaddar  k. ;  gil-dlud  k.  (water, 
clothes,  etc.). 

Muezzin,  mu^azzin. 

Muhammadan,  Muslim;  az  ahl-i  Isldm  (the 
man) ;  Isldm ;  or  dm-i  Muhammadi  (the 
religion);  /sZamj  (adj.). 

Mulberry,  tut;  tut-i  saftd  (white—);  tut-i 
siydh  (black — );  tut-i  khurmdH  (large 
kind) ;  shdh-tut  (a  good  kind). 

Mule,  qdtir ;  baghl;  astar :  qdtir-i  dar  dwmsi 
rupiya  hhandam. 

Muleteer,  qdtircJn;  or  qdtir-ddr,  a  muleteer 
who  owns  mules  :  cTidrvd-ddr  (for  mules  or 
donkeys ;  either  the  owner  or  the  head- 
man in  charge) :  [sdrvdn  or  sdrbdn  ' '  camel 
driver  or  grazer ' '  jammdl-ddr  ^  or  shutur- 
ddr,  the  owner] :  mukdri  (a  muleteer  or 
camel-man  that  transports  goods) ;  jilaw- 
ddr  (a  head- muleteer ;  also  a  head-groom 
that  rides  ahead  of  his  master) :  yatlm- 
chdrvd-ddr  (assistant  muleteer). 

Multiform,  kasir"'  'l-ashkdl. 

Multiplicand,  mazrub. 

Multiplication,  zarb  {k.)  (arithmetic) ;  zarb-i 
murakkab  ^compound  — )  ;  jadval"^  'z-zarb 
( —  multiplication  table). 

Multiplier,  mazrub  bih,  or  — fih. 

Multiply,  zarb  k.  or  z.  (arithmetic)  ;  vide 
Increase ;  du  si  td  shash  td  (twice  three  is 
six) ;  chahdr  rd  dar  shish  zarb  kun  (multi- 
ply six  by  four). 

Multitude,  izdihdm;  or  jam'-i  ghajir. 

Mumble,  min  min  khivdndan  or  — harf  zadan 
(to  speak  in  an  indistinct  manner ;  also  of 
children  humming  their  lessons  to  them- 
selves) ;  jdvida  harf  ml-zanad  (he  mumbles 
his  words ;  a  natural  defect)  ;  shikasta 
harf  mi-zanad  (he  breaks  off  in  his  sen- 
tences ;  also  of  a  beginner  ' '  he  speaks 
brokenly"). 


Mummy,  mumiyd^l'^  (the  medicine)  ;  Vdsh-i 
mumiyd  zada  (the  Egyptian  ;  the  corpse). 

Mundane,  dunyavi. 

Municipality,  iddra-yi  baladiyya,  or  iddra-yi 
tanzlfiyya. 

Munificence,  bakhshish;  or  bakhshandagi ; 
or  bazl  (giving  freely) ;  jud  (liberality ,  even 
by  a  poor  man);  fayydzl,  (munificence; 
more  than  bazl). 

Munificent,  bakhshanda;  and  bazl  kunanda 
(liberal) ;  javvdd  (rare) ;  or  fayydz  (munifi- 
cent) ;  daryd-dil. 

Murder  to,  khun  rtkhtan;  and  kushtan  (to 
kill);  bi-'amd  bi-qatl  rasdndan:  khun  k., 
Indian,  but  coming  into  use). 

Murder,  khun  nami-khwdbad  (murder  will 
out) ;  qatl :  hhun-rizl  (slaughter  of  a  num- 
ber) ;  qatl-i  'amd. 

Murderer,  khuni^;  qdtil  (killer). 

Murderess,  qdtila. 

Murderous,  hhun-Tchipdr  (of  men) ;  khunln  (of 
deeds). 

Murmur,  Murmuring,  hamhama  (of  distant 
crowd)  ;  shur  shur  (noise  of  water) :  gila ; 
shikdyat;  shakvq  (complaint  in  any  way). 

Murmur,  to,  lund  lund  k.  (gen.;  grumble 
under  the  breath) ;  qur  qur  k.  (of  unwill- 
ing servant);  qum  qum  k.  (rare).  Vide 
Grumble  and  Mutter. 

Murmurer,  shdkH  (complainer)  ;  qur  qur-kun 
(of  servant). 

Muscat,  dar  Masqat  *  faqat  chand  darb  khdna 
bd  safd  ast. 

Muscle,  mdhicha  (of  calf,  or  upper  arm) ; 
pay,  and  •asab,  pi.  a' sab,  (tendon). 

Mascular,  gusht-i  badan-ash  pichlda  ast  (he  is 
very  muscular). 

Museum,  muza  (Eur.);  'ajd^ib-khdna. 

Mushroom,  qdrch. 

Music,  ^  musiqdn,  ^  vulg.  mizgdn ;  musiql  or 
muzlk ;  muziq  dust  mi-ddrld,  or  az  dvdz  u 
sdz  khush-i  tdn  mi-dyad  ?  ( are  you  fond 
of  music  ?)• 

Musical,  parda  (scale) :  musiqi-dEn  (one 
skilled  in  music) :  sanduqi  muzlk  (musical 
box). 

Musician,  sdzanda  or  mutrib  (professional 
singer  or  player) ;  khivdnanda  (singer ; 
gen.) ;  dvdzrhhipdn  (ditto) ;  mugkanni  (pro- 
fessional singer  or  player). 


1  The  affix  dar  is  incorrect  as  jammal  by  itself  is  a  camel-owner. 

a  A  medicine  sold  in  the  bazars,  but  no  longer  Egyptian  mummy. 

8  Enunciate  the  x.  distinctly.         4  Lit.  "place  of  falling  "  ;  masqaty-'r-ra'a  Ar.,  "  birth-place." 

6  Music  is  condemned  by  Muslim  law. 

6  Mvsiqar,  a  bird  with  a  perforated  bill  that  emits  musical  notes. 


Mus 


211 


Mys 


Musk,  mishk :  nafa  (the  musk- pod) ;  mishk-bu 
(scented  like  musk  ;  the  adjective  mishkin 
in  m.c.  generally  signifies  musk-coloured, 
i.e.  black) ;  ahu-yi  mishkin  (muak-deer) ; 
mush-i  mishkl  (musk-rat). 

Musket,  tufang :  lula  (barrel)  ;  qunddjfh  (butt); 
khizana  (chamber) ;  khurusak  (hammer  of 
flint-lock) ;  ckaqtrvaq ;  or  chakuah ;  or  ding 
•(cock);  sumha  or  mU  (ram  rod);  tasma 
(sling) ;  karndn  '  (spring) ;  qabza  (the  grasp) ; 
atashkhdna  (pan  of  flint-lock) :  did  (back- 
sight) ;  magasak  (fore-sight) ;  lablaba  (trig- 
ger); pashna  and  shaytanak  (ditto);  qar- 
khaluq  (trigger  guard).  Vide  Rifle,  Gun, 
Match-lock. 

Musketeer,  tufang-chi. 

Musketry,  tir-anddzi. 

Muslin,  malmal  (Hind.). 

Must,  mi-bdyist  or  hdyisl ;  or  bdyad ;  or  Idzim 
ast  ki ; — (followed  by  Pres.  Subj.)  :  chi 
sadd-yi  khish  khish-i  mi-dyad^  jdnvari 
bdyad  bdshad  (what  is  this  noise  ?  it  must 
be  some  animal) :  bdyad  rafta  bdshad  (he 
must  have  gone ;  classically  mi-bdyist  rafta 
bdshad). 

Mustachios,  burut ;  or  sabil :  shdrib  or  56- 
khwdr  (that  portion  that  overhangs  the 
lip ;  cut  off  by  very  strict  Muslims) : 
burut-ash  tab  ddrad  (he  has  twisted  mus- 
taches) ;  sabil-i  c/taqmdqi  ( — curled  up- 
wards) :  bi-sabil-at  qasam,  in  rd  narkardam 
(vulg.  oath). 

Mustard,  kkardal  (seed). 

Muster,  sdn  didan  (to  review,  by  big  people) ; 
vide  Review  :  hdzir  u  ghdyib  k.  (to  note 
attendance  in  muster-roll) :  kitdbcha-yi 
ftdzir-bdshi  (muster-roll) :  lashkar-navis  (the 
keeper  of  the  roll). 

R'^^utability,  taghyir,  pi.  UKjJiyirdl;  inqildb,  pi. 
inqildbdt.      Vide  Change. 

Mutable  or  Mutation,  ta^yir —  or  tabdil- 
pazir ;  munqalib. 

Mute,  Idl;  u  kar-i  gung-i  mddar-zdd-V st  (he 
is  a  deaf  mute  from  his  birth). 

Mute,  to.  Mutes,  chdlquz,  anddkhtan  (mutes 
of  birds) :  sargin  or  chalquz^  (of  pigeons). 

Mutilated,  maqlW  "'l-yadd  etc. ,  etc. :  dost  u  yd 
burida  (of  hands  and  feet). 

Mutilation,  qal'-i  a'zd;  nasaq^  (cutting  off 
nose,  hands,  etc.,  etc.,  as  punishment  for 


theft) :  khwdja  or  khaal  kardan  (to  emas- 
culate). 

Mutineer,  ydg^i ;  bdgi^i ;  tayifi :  sar-kash 
(gen. ;  rebellious). 

Mutiny,  ydgifi-gan ;  or  bajfA^vat:  balva 
(gen.) ;  or  ahurish  (disturbance) :  9ar-kafshi 
(gen.  ;  rebellion). 

Mutter,  zir-i  lab  guftan  (speak  in  a  low  voice) ; 
qum  gum  k.  (rare)  or  qut  qut  k.  or  lund 
lund  k.  (grumble  in  a  low  voice;  vide 
Murmur) :  dhista  or  yavdsh  guftan  (to  say 
'  aside '  or  in  a  low  voice) ;  qir  qir  or  qur 
qur  k.  (of  unwilling  servant). 

Mutton,  gusht-i  gusfand:  gusht-i  barra-yi 
shir  (lamb) ;  gusht-i  barra  (in  m.c.  the 
flesh  of  a  ram  of  any  age;  barra,  properly 
lamb) :  gusht-i  rdn  (leg  of — ) ;  gusht-i  dast 
(shoulder  of — )  gusht-i  pusht-i  mdza* 
(upper  portion  of  the  saddle) ;  gusht-i  sina 
(breast  of — ).     Vide  Sheep  and  Lamb. 

Mutual,  du-san ;  az  tarafayn  or  jdnibayn ; 
in  fdHda-yi  tarafayn  ^  khwdhad  bud. 

Muzzle,  puza  (of  animals) ;  [pw2,for  a  man's 
nose,  is  a  word  chiefly  used  bvZardushtis ; 
it  is  considered  vulgar] :  puz-band  for  dogs 
and  horses) :  lunj  (mouth  and  chin  and 
also  the  fat  part  of  the  cheek ;  usually  of 
chubby-cheeked  boys). 

Muzzle-loader.     Vide  Breech-loader. 

My,  mdl-i  man : — am :  dz  dn-i  man  or  az  man 
(mine). 

Myrobalan,  halila-yi  siydh  (black) :  haHla-yi 
zard;  and  halila-yi  kdbull ;  and  ImlVki 
(names  of  various  species). 

Myrrh,  murr;  murr-i  m^kki  (Mecca  myrrh). 

Myrtle,  as ;  murd. 

Myself,  khud-i  man,  or  m/in  khud,  or  jdkud-dm 
(I  myself). 

Mysterious,  ramzi,  sirri;  asrdri  (secret): 
makhfi  (hidden). 

Mysteriously,  mmz"" ;  az  ruy-i  ramz  ;  makhfi- 
ydna. 

Mystery,  ramz:  mu'amma  (prop,  riddle): 
digar  az  xn  sirr  hich  nami-ddnam,  or  digar 
namiddnam  In  chi  sirr-Vst. 

Mystic,  'drif  pi.  'urafd^,  Siifl  (relig.) :  arbdb-i 
kashf  u  shuhud  (those  Sufis  to  whom  reve- 
lations ate  made) ;  xn  raqs-hd  ramz  ddrad 
(of  mystic  dance) :  ghayb-shinds  (one  wlio 
knows   hidden   secrets) :    ahl-i    murdqaba 


1  Fanar  spiral  spring. 

2  Sargin  dung  of  animals.     Pigeon's  racmure  is  used  for  melons. 

3  Nasaq-chl.  "  executioner. " 

♦  Maza  or  maz,  •'  back-bone." 

*  Tarafayn  Ar.  dual.     No  word  for  ••  mutual." 


Mys 


212 


Nar 


(Sufis  that,  at  will,  fall  into  a  temporary 

waking  trance). 
Mysticism,    Sufi-gan;   and  Tasawuf :    and 

mazhab-i  asrariyan  (rare)  (Sufism). 
Mystical,  ha  mu'amnm;  pasi  parda;  sirrl ; 

ramzi  ;  az  ghayb.     Vide  Mystery. 
Myth,  qissa-yi  kuhna;  afsana. 
Mythological,  mawhum;   ' adim^^  l-vujud. 
Mythology,     Tchurafat-i     Yundnlyln    (Greek 

Mythology). 

N 

Nadir,  an-nazir  or  samf^'l-qadam  (astron. ; 
term  opposite  of  samf^^r-ra^s). 

Nail,  ndMun  (of  finger ;  also  claw) ;  mikk  (of 
iron  or  wood) ;  gul-mlkh  (with  large  head, 
for  retaining  tiles  in  position) ;  mismdr 
(rare);  chang  (of  animal,  but  ching 
"beak");  nakhun  tardshidan  or  giriftan 
(to  cut  the  nails) ;  gal-i  milch  dmzdn  kun 
(vulg.)  (hang  it  on  the  nail).     Vide  Hang. 

Nail  to,  mlkh  zadan  (in  box,  or  ground) ;  or 
kubidan  (in  ground,  in  box,  in  wall) ;  vide 
Hammer ;  vide  Peg. 

Nail-cutters,  tlgka-yi  ndhhun-gir,  or  ndJchun- 
gir. 

Naked,  harahna;  luhht  or  luch  {vide  also 
Squint-eyed):  'urydn:  luhhi-i  mddar-zdd 
(stark-naked). 

Nakedness,  barahnagl;  'urydni;  juz  sdtir-i 
'aurrat  lihds  bar  khud  nami-girand  (their 
dress  is  only  sufficient  to  cover  their 
nakedness).     Vide  Nude.  ^ 

Name,  nam ;  ism  pi.  asdmi  and  asrm^  (pi. 
asm,d  also  =  nouns  q.v.) ;  laqah  pi.  alqah 
(title  or  nickname) ;  kunya '  (caUing  one  by 
the  relationship  ;  as  son,  father,  brother — 
of  So-and-so) ;  takhallus  (nom  de  plume  of 
a  poet) ;  asm^yi  husna  (the  99  names 
or  attributes  of  God) ;  ism^  'z-zdt  (the 
essential  name  of  God,  i.e.  Allah  or 
Hu) :  'alam  (a  proper  name :  of  persons 
the  special  name  by  which  the  individual 
is  distinguished) ;  az  taraf-i  Shah  (in  the 
name  of  the  Shah) :  ism-i  a^zam^  (the 
great  name  of  God) ;  "in  jahdz  Zulaykhd 
nam  ddrad,  or  bi-Zulaykhd  mawsum  ast 
(this  ship  is  called  Zulaikha) :  agar  kdm- 
yah  norshavam  i6m  az  sar-i  hhud-am  mi- 


garddnam  or  bar-mi-ddram  (if  I  fail  I'll 
change  my  name) :  az  in  kdr  ism  u  rasm 
paydd  mi-kuni  ("by  this  you  will  acquire 
a  great  name ' ' ;  the  word  rasm  in  Ar.  = 
trace) ;  ism-i  khudat  rd  sar-i  man  mi- 
guzdri  ("you're  making  me  out  to  be 
what  you  are  yourself  "  ;  in  a  bad  sense) ; 
ism-i  hd  musammq  ast  (it  bears  out  its 
name;  is  aptly  named). 

Name  to,  ndmidan;  ism  niJiddan;  n^m 
gumrdan;  laqdb  dddan ;  bad-ridm  k.  (to 
give  a  bad  name  to). 

Named,  mawsum  hi — ;  mulaqqah  hi — ;  muta- 
khallis  hi — (of  poet;  with  the  nom  de 
plume  of — ). 

Nameless,  bl-ndm;  bi-nishdn. 

Namely,  ya'ni;  a'ni. 

Name-sake,  sami;  ham-ism;  ham-ndm. 

Nap,  khwdb-i  khargushi^  (k.) ;  churt-i  ml- 
zanam  (I'll  take  a  short  nap ;  vide  Nod). 

Nap  to,  bi-guzdr  bi-ravam  churt-i  hi-zanam 
(let  me  go  and  take  a  nap ;  churt  zadan 
' '  to  nod  in  sleep  " ) ;  vide  Sleep . 

Nap  (on  cloth),  purz. 

Nape,  qafd  (of  neck) ;  gawddl-i  gardan  (vulg.) ; 
or  pas-i  or  pusht-i  gardan. 

Naphtha,  najt  (for  najt)  ;  nafti  (adj.). 

Napkin,  dast-mdl-i  sar-i  miz  (table — ) :  pish- 
gir*  (table — ) :  nihdlcha  (of  infants). 

Naples,  Ndpul. 

Narcissus,  nargis. 

Narcotic,  Miwdh-dvar;  munavvim  (med.)  : 
muskir,  pi.  muskirdt  (intoxicant). 

Narration,  vasf  (k.)  (to  praise);  ta'rif  (speci- 
fication and  praise)  (k.) ;  taqrir  (k.)  (also 
to  make  a  speech) ;  and  baydn  {k.) ;  vide 
To  say :  ajsdna —  or  qissa — or  hikdyat 
(guftari)  (story). 

Narrative,  rivdyat  (k.)  (sp.  tradition) :  ddstdn 
(sp.  of  adventure)  {g.);  qissa  pi.  qasas  (g.)  ; 
hikdyat  {k.  or  g.) ;  naql  (k.). 

Narrator,  ndqil;  or  rdvi  (gen):  qissa-gu ; 
or  ddstdn-sard  (story-teller) :  rdvi  rivdyat 
karda  ast  dar  mulk-i  Rum  shdhanshdh-i 
hud  ki  'addlat-ash  misl-i  Nushirvdn  va 
sakhdvat-ash  chun  Hdtim  mash-hur-i  dfdq 
bud—Proi.  S.  T. 

Narrow,  tang  (also  '  tight ') ;  kam  'arz;  kam- 
pahnd;    bi-ham  girifia   (vulg.   or    local) ; 


1  Also  in  Arabic  a  nickname  as  "  He  of  the  cat  "  Abu  Hurayrah. 

•  Solomon  had  this  name  engraved  on  his  seal  and  by  it  he  compelled  the  Jinn  to  assist  in  building 
the  temple.     By  this  name  the  dead  even  have  been  raised  to  life. 

s  JKbipab-i  Mkargushi  is  also  applied  to  state  of  negligence,  or  extravagance  without  regard  to  the 
future.  ;' 

*  Also  the  name  of  the  loin-cloth  in  the  hammani 


Nar 


213 


Nea 


barik  (of  loads;  also  slim,  slender;  fine  of 
thread) :  inardVst  naT^ar  tang  (greedy ;  also 
miserly;  but  khaydl-ash  mahdud  ast  or 
vast'  nist  "he  is  narrow-minded "). 

Narrowly,  kam  mdndabud  (or  — mand)  ki 
ghfirqhi-shavam  (I  narrowly  escaped  drown- 
ing). 

Nasal,  harf-i  ghunna  (letter). 

Nasturtium,  guUi  Iddan. 

Nasty,  bad-maza  (taste) ;  qay-avar  (nause- 
ous):  vide  Unclean ,  Dirty  :  muta'a/fin  (of 
smell) :  'amal-i  rafdk  (a  nasty,  mean  ac- 
tion).    Vide  Rose-water. 

Nation,  millat,  pi.  milal  (properly  all  peoples 
of  one  faith,  in  Persian,  also  a  nation) ; 
ummat  (followers  of  one  prophet  as  ummat-i 
'Isa  Christians ;  sar-amad-i  milal-i  dunyd 
IngRshd  ast  (The  Enghsh  are  the  leading 
nation). 

National,  milli:  dawlatl  (of  Government, 
state) . 

Native,  buml ;  u  ahUi  Iran  ast  (he  is  a  native 
of  Persia) :  talaffuz '  az  ahl-i  zabdn  bdyad 
bi-ydmuzid  (learn  the  pronunciation  from 
a  native) ;  u  zd*\da-yi  Kalkata  ast  (he  was 
born  m  Calcutta) :  zidd-bum  ;  or  vaian  (na- 
tive land  or  village).     Vide  Birth-place. 

Nativity,  vilddat ;  mildd;  payddyish.  Vide 
Horoscope. 

Natural,  zdti ;  jihilll,  filri :  gkarizi  {in  Persian 
of  heat  of  body  only) :  dushmam-yi  sag  u 
gurba  zdti  (or  tabi'i)  ^st:  az  'dlam-i^  zarrdt 
dushman-i  yak  digar  and  (  =  they  are 
enemies  from  the  egg) . 

Naturalism,  Naturalist,  mazliab-i  naychan; 
iabiHyyln  pi.  naychan  (Eur.)  (the  doctrine). 

Naturalized,  mujarras  (Persianised ;  of  a 
foreign  word  in  Persia) ;  mu'arrab  (Arabi- 
cised  ;  of  a  foreign  word  in  Arabic) :  asl"^^ 
Irani  hast  hdla  mahsub-i  bi- Hindi  shuda: 
bi-Hindl  mahsub  mi-shavad,  or  dar  i'ddd-i 
Hindi-hd  dar  dmada  ast  (he  is  a  naturalised 
Indian). 

Naturally,  ^^raf"";  tabi'af^";  az  sirisht ;  bi't- 
tab'  ;  'ddat""  (vulg.)  ;  bi  'z-zdt:  bl-sdkhta 
(or  sdda)  bi-lstld  (said  by  photographers 
to  a  posing  person). 

Nature,  tabl'at  (God  or  of  lu^..  ,  ;  sirisht  or 
nihdd:  or  fttrat  (of  man);  oi  ..  wa<  (lit. 
clay) ;  tab'  (nat.  gift  of  poetry) ;  babr  az 
awal  sharza  (or  qahr-dluda  or  daranda) 
ast  (the  tiger  is  fierce  by  nature) ;  har  kas 


sildh  ma'na  ddahl  (every  one  who  had 
anything  in  the  nature  of  a  weapon). 

Naughty,  nd-guld;  sharir  (of  children);  u 
dukktar-i  shayOdnVst;  ay  nd-durust 
(naughty  boy!  said  playfully). 

Naughty,  to  be.     Vide  To  meddle. 

Nausea,  hdlat-i  istifrdgh  (feeling  of  — ;  but 
istifrdcjji,  alone  the  act  of  being  sick) ; 
tahawu'  (feeling  of  — ) ;  kardhat  az — 
(loathing). 

Nauseate,  kaldm-ash  (or  inta'dm)  dil-am  rd 
bi-ham  mi-zanad  (lit.  makes  me  vomit). 

Nauseous,  qay-dvar. 

Naushirwan,  Nushiravdn. 

Nautical,  Naval,  bahri ;  daryd^i  ;  madrasa-yi 
bahri  (naval  college)  ;  sdhib  mansab-i  bahri 
(naval  officer) ;  dar  fann-i  jang-i  daryd^i 
Jhdpun  khusha-chin-i  khirman-i  Inglis  ast 
(Japan  is  the  pupil  of  England  in  naval 
warfare). 

Navel,  wa/;  ndf-i  finjdni  ddrad  (she  has  a 
navel  Uke  a  cup;  a  point  of  beauty  on 
which  stress  is  laid  by  Arab  and  Persian 
story-tellers). 

Navigable,  qdbil-i  sayr-i  kishti ;  qdbil-i  '  nbUr 
u  murur-i  safd^in 

Navigation,  'ilm-i  malldhi  (or — kishti-rd7ii) 
rd  ydd  girijta  ast. 

Navigator,  daryd-gard  (a  traveller  by  sea). 
Vide  Navigation. 

Navy,  isti'dddri  bahri;  quwa-yi  bahriyya 
(naval  power). 

Nazarene,  Nasrdni,  pi.  XasSrq  (now  applied 
to  any  Christian). 

Nazareth,  Ndsira. 

Near,  nazdik  (of  things  or  animals);  nazd 
(of  persons) ;  qarib  (of  things  or  animals 
or  of  time) ;  qarib-i  ham-digar  nishastim 
(we  sat  near  each  other) ;  dar  qurb-i  (in 
the  vicinity  of  — ) ;  muttasil  (adjoining)  ; 
dam-i  dast  (near  at  hand) ;  dam-i  kdliska 
dmad  (he  came  near,  to  the  edge  of,  my 
carriage) ;  qardbat-i  nazdik-i  bd  man  ddrad 
(he  is  a  near  relation) ;  dar  in  nazdiki-hd 
(  =  '•  neighbourhood  ;  "  also  "in  these 
days,"  in  a  future  sense  only) ;  'an-qarib 
ki — ,  (it  is  near  that — ) ;  kam  mdnda  ast 
divdna  bishavam  (I'm  near  going  mad); 
jahJdz  nazdik  bi-gjyirq  shitdan  rasid  (the 
ship  nearly  sank) ;  kam  mJdnda  bud  *  ki — 
or  chizri  na-mdnd  az — (  =  nearly).' 

Near  to,  taqarrub  k. ;   nazdik  sh.  (to  draw 


1  But  Ifihja  '  accent.' 

*  '  Alam-i  zarr,  the  world  of  atoms  before  creation 

3  Manda  bud,  incorrect  m.c.  for  mand. 


Nea 


214 


Neg 


near  to) ;  u  dar  nazar-i  Shah  taqarrub 
ydfta  ast  (he  has  found  great  favour  in 
the  sight  of  the  Shah) . 

Nearly,  taqrih"'" ;  '  an  qarlb  ki — (it  is  near 
that  — ).     Vide  Near. 

Nearness,  nazdikl;  qarabat. 

Near-sighted,  nazar-ash  kutah  ast:  vide  Fnr- 
bUnd  and  Short-sighted. 

Neat,  tamiz  (clean  and  neat;  gen.);  murattah 
(of  a  room) ;  zan-i  pdkiza  (neat  woman) ; 
nazlf  (clean ;  of  persons  or  clothes  or 
garden);  zan-i  Farangi-ma^ah  '  va  hhayli 
pdklza  (a  mother's  description  to  her  son 
of  the  wife  she  has  selected  for  him). 

Neatly,  urd  hd  safd^'i  du-nim  kard  (he  cut  it 
neatly  in  two) ;  bad  tawjih  na-kard  (he 
expressed  it  rather  neatly). 

Neatness,  pdkizagl;  saliqa  (good  taste). 

Nebuchadnezzar,  Bukhf-Nasar. 

Necessaries,  lavdzim ;  hqvd^ij  and  hdjdt , 
zaruriyydt;  nd-guzirlhd-yi  safar  (the  abso- 
lute necessaries  of  a  journey). 

Necessarily,  Id-budd  ;  Id  mahdla. 

Necessary,  vdjih  ;  Idzim ;  bi-qadar-i  luzum : 
bi-hich  vdjh  Idzim  nisi  dnajd  bi-ravid :  dnchi 
Idzima-yi  tadhir  bud  bi-jd  dvard  (he  did 
what  was  necessary) ;  nan  Idzima-yi  zinda- 
gi'st. 

Necessitarian,  Jabri:  Jabriyya  (the  sect). 

Necessitous,  muhtdj.      Vide  Poor  and  Needy. 

Necessity,  luziim ;  zarurai ;  hdjal,  bi-farz-i 
zarurat  =  dar  htn-i  luzum  (in  case  ot  neces- 
sity). 

Neck,  gardan  (of  men,  animals,  bottles); 
gardan  bi-gardan  shudan  (to  fall  on  each 
other's  neck);  halq ;  or  gulii  (throat); 
ndy  ;  or  hulqum  (wind  pipe) ;  vide  Nape  ; 
gardana  (of  land) ;  gusht-i  gorm  (from  the 
neck  of  a  slaughtered  animal). 

Neck-cloth,  gardan-band  (also  necklace) ;  or 
shal-i  gardan  (comforter) ;  dastmdl-i  gardan 
(scarf) . 

Necklace,  gardan-band;  [gulu-band  or  zir- 
guluf'l  is  a  pendant  to  a  pin  or  broach 
which  fastens  the  chdrqad] ;  tawq  (a  ring 
round  the  neck ;  not  now  worn  by  the 
Persians) . 


Neck-tie,  gardan-band  (applied  to  English 
neck-tie  ?). 

Necromancy,  tasMiir-i  arvdh ;  taskhlr-i  arvdh-i 
khabtsa  (subduing  evil  spirits) ;  taskhlr-i 
jinn.     Vide  Magician,  etc. 

Nectarine,  shalil. 

Need,  luzum  or  zarurat  {ddshtan) ;  ihtiydj 
(ddshtan)  (also  = ' '  destitution  ") ;  bi-ku- 
mak-i  shumd  hich  muhtdj  mstan  (or — ihti- 
ydj na-ddram) ;  dar  band-ash  nistam  (I  am 
not  in  absolute  need  of  it). 

Needle,  auzan :  javdl-duz  (Yfa,cking—);  surdkh 
or  tah-i  suzan  (eye  of  — ) ;  sar  (point) ;  mil 
(a  bodkin,  probe,  blunt  needle). 

Needle-case,  suzan-ddn. 

Needleful,  yak  nahh  abrisham  (a  needleful  of 
silk).     Vide  Knitting. 

Needless,  bl-zarurat;  bi-luzum ;  khud  rd  bl- 
jihat  bi-zahmat  mi-anddzad  (she  is  giving 
herself  needless  trouble). 

Needy,  muhtdj.     Vide  Poor. 

Nefarious,  sham'  (of  men  or  actions) ;  ma- 
'dan-i  khubs  u  fasdd;  or  shaqi  (of  people) ; 
jazih  (of  actions). 

Negation,  salb  (in  logic);  naqiz'^  (opposite); 
inkdr  ;  nafi  subs,  (denying). 

Negative,  nafiy  subs,  (gram);  ba'zi  awqdt 
khabar-i  naji  bihtar  az  isbdt  ast  (negative 
information  is  sometimes  more  useful  than 
affirmative). 

Negatively,  nafy"" 

Neglect,  (jkajlal  {k.)  iaghdful  {k.) ;  tahnvun 
{k.) ;  tasdhul  {k) :  kutdhi  (k.) ;  In  bi-vdsita- 
yi  ihmdl-i  shumd  shuda. 

Neglect,  QJidfil  sh. :  dar  kar-ash  susfi  mi- 
kunad;  rasldagi-yi  atjdl-ash  rd  naml- 
kunad  (she  neglects  her  children). 

Neglected,  vil  guzdshta:  kas-i  pursdn-i  hdl- 
ash.nist. 

Negligent,  bl-khabar ;  bi-parvd ;  bl-iHind; 
sust ;  Id-ubali  •"* ;  u  tarnbal  va  ghdfll  oat :  dar 
kdr-ash  ihmdl  ddrad. 

Negotiate,  Inak  bardt-'  mablagh-i*  fuldn 
havdla  ddda  shud  ki  fuldn  tdjir  bi-shumd 
bi-parddzad  (here  is  the  bill  of  exchange 
for  so  much,  assigned  on  such  and  such  a 
merchant  who  will  negotiate  it  for  you). 


1  Ma*-ah  Ax.,  prop.  "  place  of  return  ;  a  repository  "  ;  used  in  forming  compound  adjectives  of  like- 
ness, etc. 

4  Motion  is  the  naqlz  of  rest,  because  a  body  must  be  either  in  motion  or  at  rest;  but  black  is  the 
zidd  of  white,  because  an  object  may  be  void  of  both  these ;  it  may  be  yellow  or  another  colour  but  never 
botli  black  and  white. 

8  Lit.  in  Arabic  "  I  do  not  care." 

4  Note  that  mdblagh,  unlike  most  qualifying  words  preceding  numerals,  is  followed  by  an  izo/a<. 
Havala  sTittd  =  "  assigned  by  me,"  Az  chiz-l  pardalchtan,  "to  finish,"  but  hi-ehlz-i  pardahhtan,  "to 
attend  to  a  thing. ' ' 


Neg 


215 


Nex 


Negotiations,  inuzakarat,  pi.  (between  par- 
ties); iiiukhabarat :  77iuravaddt  p].  (m.c). 

Negress,  dukhtar-  i  IJabushi  (young) ;  zan-i 
Habashi:  dada-siyah  (a  negress  slave). 

Negro,  Zanf/i  (Zanzibirl)  :  Habashi  (Abys- 
sinian) :  /^a/wc/t  (a  black-skinned  Balucli  of 
a  special  tribe) :  siydh  :  kaka  '  or  siydh  or 
jf^ulam  (a  black  male  slave) :  kaniz  (gen., 
a  slave  woman) ;  and  dada  (black  slave 
woman) ;  siydh  gar  surkh  pushad  k/jar  bi- 
khandad  (  =  a  jackdaw  in  peacock's"  fea- 
thers. Negroes  are  fond  of  bright  red,  a 
colour  not  supposed  to  suit  them). 

Neighing,  shiha  [zadan  or  kaahidan) ;  ihahna 
(vu.g.). 

Neighbour,  ham-sdya ;  ham-javar. 

Neighbourhood,  bam-sdyagi ;  javdr ;  qurb  u 
javir ;  alrdf ;  nazdiki ;  dar  in  havdll  (or 
naidhx)  manzil  ddrad,  or  vulg.  dawr  u 
bari  man  manzil  ddrad  (or  dar  in  dawr  u 
barhd — );  dar  hainsdyaji-yi  man  mi- 
mmad,  but  dar  havdll-yi  (or  navdin-yi) 
Shrdz  ml-mdnad. 

Neither,  nor,  na — na:  na  in  na  dn  (neither 
tiis  nor  that;  neither  the  one  tiling  nor 
tie  other);  .*.  Na  khud  khuri  na  kas  dihl 
:  ganda  kuni  bi-sag  dihl  .*.  ("  you  neither 
tat  it  nor  give  it  away  :  you  spoil  and 
then  give  it  to  the  dogs":  said  of  the 
niser). 

Nfjd,  Najd:' 

Ntphew,  barddar-zdda  and  khwdharzdda 
(nephew  or  niece) :  pisar-ibarddar,  etc.  etc  ; 
pisar-i  kdkd  (vulg. ;  son  of  elder  brother). 

lepotism,  najsdniyyat  (prop,  selfishness) ; 
aqdrib-parasti. 

Nerve,  'asaba  or  'asab;  and  pay  (also  = 
sinew,  tendon,  etc.). 

Nervous,  amrdz-i  asabi  (nervous  diseases). 

Nest,  dshiydna  (k.)  (of  birds)  fchdna  {k.)  (of 
animals,  of  ants) :  gbfil  {k.)  and  Idna  (k.) 
(of  birds  and  wasps) ;  chdl  {k.)  (of  wasps). 

Nestle  to,  {dar — )  dast  u  pd  jam'  karda 
nishaslan  (of  animals) :  bdl  u  par  jam'  k. 
(of  birds). 

Nestling,  dshiydni  (eyess) :  buz-yur  T.  and 
farkh  Ar.  pi.  afrakh  (in  Falconry  a  bird 
in  the  immature  plumage,  before  the  first 
moult ;  vide  Haggard)  :  juja  (of  domestic 
fowl  or  any  running  chick). 


Nestorian,  Nasturi. 

Neitorices,  Nastur. 

Net,  tur  (gen. ;  also  lace) :  du-gaza  (a  small 
hawk-net) :  dam  (any  snare) :  shabaka  Ar. 
(netting,  net-work). 

Net  to,  bi-tUr  giriftan. 

Netted,  turi ;  vide  Snared :  mushabbak  (of 
net- work). 

Nettle,  anjara;  gazna;  [palakam,  a  leaf 
applied  to  cure  a  nettle-sting  ;  the  dock  ?J. 

Neuralgia,  dard-i  'asab;  nazla,"^  or  vulg. 
rikhta.      Vide  Catarrh. 

Neuter,  iazkir  u  taints  na-ddrad:  gjaayr-i  zt 
ruh  (things  without  life). 

Neutral,  bi-taraj. 

Never,  hargiz;  or  asl"" ;  or  abad"* ;  or  kick 
vaqt  (with  verb  in  negative) :  vaqt-i  gul-i 
nay,  or  nuh-sharnba-yi  dkhir-i  Jiafta  (never ; 
said  to  children  to  put  them  off ;  the  nay 
of  course  never  flowers.  Compare  the 
English  "When  Good  Friday  falls  on  a 
Monday  ") ;  haftdd  sdl-i  siydh. 

New,  naw ;  tdza;  jadid;  tdzagi  na-ddrad 
(there's  nothing  new  in  this);  dast  na- 
khurda  (untouched,  first-hand). 

New  Year's  Day,  Naw-ruz;  "Id-i  Naw-ruz 
(festival  of — ). 

New-comer,  tdza-vdrid. 

New-fashioned,  naw  dar  dvard  (of  clothes, 
the  latest  invention) . 

Newness,  jiddat :  tdzagi. 

News,  khabar  (pi.  akhbdr)  (news  or  news- 
paper) ;  muzhda ;  or  khabar-i  khush  (good 
news) ;  az  bishdrat-i*  ki  Mawld-yi  mushkil- 
kuohd-yam  bi-man  dad  khdtir-jam'  shuda 
qasd-i  Rum  kardam — Prof.  S.  T.  (feeling 
easy  on  hearing  the  joyful  news  my 
learned  master  gave  me,  I  started  for 
Turkey) ;  muzhdagdni  (a  present  for  good 
news) ;  khabar-i  bad  (bad  news) :  suhbat-i 
bdzdri  (bazaar  talk). 

Newsmonger,  akhbdr-chi  (gen. ,  also  a  report- 
er to  a  newspaper) ;  khabar-tardsh. 

News-writer,  akhbdr-navis ,  or  vaqd*i'-nigdr 
(to  newspaper). 

Next,  maJi-i  dyanda  or  mdh-i  dtiya  (next 
month):  ruz-i  digar  or  — ba'd,  or  fardd 
(next  day) :  mdh-i  bad  or  mdh-i  digar  (the 
month  following) ;  tnuttasil  (adjoining) : 
ba'd  az  in  (adv  ). 


1  Kaka,  properly  ••elder  brother." 

*  Pronounced  'Nejd.* 

8  Nazla  (in  coll.  Ar.  =  apoplexy)  is  properl,-  ••catarrh,"   but  is  a  vague  t«rm 
supposed  to  turn  the  hair  \vhit*>.  cause  tlie  teeth  to  decay,  and  the  eyes  to  water. 

*  Or  bashZirat. 


for  a  disease  that  is 


Nib 


216 


No 


Nib  of  a  pen,sar-i  qalam  (m.c.) :  sar-i  qalam-i 
fuladl  (steel  nib) ;  fak{k)  (the  slit) :  nuk-i 
qalam  (the  nib  portion  of  a  reed  pen) ; 
zabana-yi  qalam  (each  side  of  the  nib) ; 
qadd-zan  (a  strip  of  horn  or  ivory  on 
which  pens  are  nibbed). 

Nib  to,  qadd  (or  qatt)  zadan. 

Nice,  khayli-jd-yi  ha  safd '  tst  or  jd*-ist  khayll 
bd  safd  (it's  a  very  nice  place) :  khush 
ta'm ;  or  khush-maza  (of  taste) ;  daqiq 
(fine). 

Niche,  tdqcha  (any  small  niche) :  hilMi  (an 
arched  niche) ;  mihrdb  (in  a  mosque ;  for 
/maw). 

Nick,  gusha  (notch  in  wood).     Vide  Time. 

Nickel,  nikal  (Eur.) ;  varshu  (Russian)  (elec- 
tro-plate). 

Nick-name,  laqab  guzdshtan  or  nihddan)  (also 
title) ;  hard-yi  u  ism  guzdshta-and. 

Nick-named,  mulaqqab  (also  entitled,  titled). 

Niece,  dukhtar  barddar  or  dukhtar-khwdhar. 
Vide  Nephew. 

Nicholas,  Nikld. 

Niggard,  mumsik ;  bakhil.  Vide  Miser, 
Mean,  etc. 

Niggardliness,  imsdk ;  ^  bukhl  or  bakhdlat. 

Night,  shab ;  shaw  (vulg.) ;  layl  Ax.  pi.  laydli; 
dishab,  vulg.  dishaw  (last  night) ;  sahar 
(the  last  part  of  the  night,  i.e.,  the  early 
morning  before  dawn) ;  shab-i  yaldd  (the 
longest  night) ;  shabdiia-ruz  (night  and 
day ;  24  hours) ;  parl-shab  (the  night 
before  last) ;  harf-i  shab  subh  na-ddrad 
( =  no  importance  must  be  attached  to  an 
after-dinuer  speech) ;  imshab  yak  sal  ast 
(interminable  night) ;  biyd  td  dar  suhbat 
shab  bi-ruz  drim  (let  us  pass  the  night  in 
talking) ;  dar  dil-i  shab  (in  the  dead  of 
night);  imshab,  vulg.  imshaw  (this,  i.e., 
the  coming,  night) ;  shab-nishastan  or  sho^ 
nishinik.  (to  make  a  night  of  it) ;  shab- 
zinda-dar  (one  who  watches  and  prays  by 
night;  also  used  of  dogs)^;  Shah-i  Qadar 
(supposed  to  be  between  19th  and  27th  of 
Ramazan;  the  doors  of  Heaven  are  open 
and  the  angels  descend) ;  Shab-i  Bardt  (on 
the  15th  of  Sha'ban.  Vide  note  to  Re- 
joice). 

Night-blind,  shah-kur  (opp.  to  ruz-kur). 

Night-blindness,  shab-kuri. 


Night-brawler,    shab-gard    (also    of    animals 
'  prowling   at  night.'      Vide  also    Night- 
Watch). 
Night-cap,  shab-kuldh. 
Night-dress,    jdma-yi    hhwdb ;     [but    rakht-i 

khwdb  ' '  bedding '  'J.  Vide  Night-Shirt. 
Nightingale,  bulbul  (a  term  sp.  applied  to  the 
nightingale  but  also  to  several  species  of 
warblers) ;  hazdr-ddstdn,  or  hazdr,  or  'anda- 
lib  pi.  'anddil  (the  nightingale  Daulias 
Hafizi  or  Sylvia  Luseenia) ;  bulbul-i 
khurmid  (the  Common  Bulbul). 

Nightly,  har-shab ;  or  shabdna  (every  night). 

Night-man,  khald-pdk-kun ;  or  hhdss^chln 
(who  cleans  latrines  at  night). 

Nightmare,  kdbus ;  khuftu  (m.c.  only);  bakh- 
tak;  qabuk  (all  with — dar  khwdb  dmaian). 

Nightshade.     Vide  Henbane. 

Night-shirt,  yak  td-yi  pirdkan  (with  nothing 
on  but  a  night-shirt).     Vide  Night-dress. 

Night-watch,  shah-gard  {vide  Night-brayler) ; 
'  asas.  1 

Nihilist,  Nihilist  (Eur.). 

Nile,  Rud-i  Nil. 

Nimble,  chdbuk ;  shdtir ;  khush-daw  (syift 
and  also  with  good  action;  of  a  holse, 
etc.) :  ziring  (also  of  intellect). 

Nimrod,    ' '  Nimrod    persecuted    Abrahar 
Namrud  Ibrahim  rd  sitam  kard. 

Nine,  nuh. 

Nineteen,    Nineteenth,    nuzdah ;     nuzdahi 
(19th). 

Ninety,  navad. 

Nineveh,  Ninavd  or  Naynavd. 

Nip  to,  pinjar  giriftan  (pinch  with  the  fingei 
only) ;  nishkunj  or  nishkan  giriftan. 

Nipped,  angusht-am  tu-yiambur  fishurda  shud;\ 
or  arnbur  angusht-am  rd  girift ;  or  angusht- 
am  tu-yi  arnbur  gir  kard. 

Nippers,  arnbur. 

Nipple,  sar-i  pistdn :  pistdnak  (of  gun). 

Nishapur , '  Nayshdpur. 

Nit,  rishk.     Vide  Lice. 

Nitre,  natrun. 

No,  not,  na :  khayr  (polite) ;  nodding  the 
head  forward  English-fashion  is  "  Yes," 
but  throwing  the  head  back,  and  some- 
times at  the  same  time  closing  the  eyes, 
is  "No."  Simply  closing  the  eyes  is 
"Yes,"    while  raising    the    eyebrows    is 


Jli^lj 


_lliU>U  or 

*  But  u  Tchayll  imsak  darad  has  a  common  and  objectionable  meaning. 
8  Hence  '  Usman-i  akab  zinda-dar,  a  Shi'a  equivoque. 


Noa 


217 


Nor 


"No");  na  khayr ;  az  tah  pul  na-ddram 
(no;  I  have  no  money  at  all)  ;  hihakhshid 
(lit.  pardon  me) ;  nay  nay,  or  khayr  khayr 
(no,  no!  not  at  all!). 

Noah,  "Noah  built  the  ark  at  the  time  of 
the  flood ' '  Nuh  pish  az  tufdn  kishii  rd 
sdkht;  [kishti-yi —  or  saftna-yi,  Nuh,  "  the 
Ark  "  ;  tuldn-i  Nuh,  ''the  Flood  "]. 

Nobility,  najdbat ;  or  shardfat  (worth) ;  shura- 
fd'^u  7iM;a6a*  (nobility  and  gentry). 

Noble,  sharij  (in  lineage  and  nature) ;  najih 
(ditto) ;  buzurg-zdda '  or  amir-zada  (of 
noble  race) ;  bi-marg-i  rnajddna  murd  (he 
died  a  noble  death;  opp.  to  marg-i  razl- 
Idna). 

Nobles,  nujabd'-.     Vide  Nobility. 

Nobly,  najibdna. 

Nobody,  hich  kas'^  (no-one,  with  verb  in  nega- 
tive) ;  mard-i  majhul-i  ast,  or  vulg.  u  kas-i 
nist  (he's  a  nobody);  past  pdya  (of  no 
family ;  and  also  of  low  family) ;  hlch-kdra : 
dnkhil-i  qdzurdt  ham  nist  (not  even  dirt). 

Nocturnal,  shab-gard  (of  animals). 

Nod,  bd  sar  ishdra  kardan  ('  vide '  No  and 
Not) ;  or  sar  jumbdnldan :  churl  zadan  (in 
sleep ;  vide  Nap) ;  pinaki  z.  (sp.  for  opium 
smokers,  etc.). 

Noise,  ghawgbJd  (of  crowd) ;  dvdz ;  or  sada  (of 
things)  ;  hdy  huy,  or  shurish  (of  crowd) ; 
shdt  u  shut  (loud  talking) ;  tdqal-i  in  qadar 
shar  u  shur  norddram  (I  can't  stand  this 
noise ;  of  people) ;  harf  nami-zdnad  tup  ml- 
zanad^  (he's  not  talking,  he's  making  a 
noise  to  frighten  you) ;  dar  dil-i  shab  sadd- 
yi  shika^lan-%  dmad  (in  the  dead  of  night  I 
heard  the  noise  of  something  cracking); 
farydd  (loud  cry) ;  shuLuq  (disturbance  and 
noise ;  of  people) ;  valvala  (excited  cries  of 
grief  or  exultation  ;  inde  Howling) ;  hdy  u 
huy  (hue  and  cry) ;  ddd  u  bi-ddd  (crying 
out). 
Noiseless,  bl-sadd;  or  bt-dvdz;  or  bi-sadd  u 
nidd  (of  people,  things ;  ' '  desolate,  quiet ' ' 
of  a  place). 
Noisily,  bd  sadd-yi  buland. 
Noisy,   ghawghd^l   (of  individuals) ;  pur-sadd 

(of  a  street).     Vide  Uproarious. 
Nolens  volens,  khwdhl  na-khwdhi ;  tau"^"  aw 

karh'^". 
Nomad,  %l^  pi.  Hat  or  xliydi  (a  nomad  tribe) ; 


lliydti,    adj. ;     chddar-nishin    or    bddiya- 
nishin,  subs   or  adj. ;  badii  (a  Bedouin). 

Nomadic,  badavi  (of  .Arabs  only).  Vide 
Nomad. 

Nom-de-plume,  takhaUu^  (of  poet) ;  ismri  far:^ 
(other  than  in  poetry). 

Nominal,  ismi ;  bard-yi  ndm  or  — tain  (not 
in  reality). 

Nominally,  ism"";  nan  ismi  yak  man  yak 
qardn  ast,  vali  si  shdhi  mi-farushand  (m.c.) 
(bread  is  nominally  a  qardn  a  mann  but  in 
reality  it  is  sold  at  1^  qardn). 

Nomination,  tasmiya  (kardan) ;  ndm-zad  kar- 
dan.    Vide  Appoint 

Nominative,  hdlat-i  fd'ili  (gram.). 

Nominator,  ndmzad-kun;  nasb-kun. 

None,  hich  na  (of  things) ;  hich  kas  na''^ —  (of 
persons) :  hich  kuddm  na —  (ditto) ;  ahad-% 
na-ydmad*  (none  came) :  dar  jahdn  kist 
ki  bi-gundh  bdshad  ? ;  kas-t  nist  ki  bi-gundh 
bdshad. 

Nonentity,  nisti:  'adam;  fand  (non-exist- 
ence) ;  hich  ast  (of  a  person). 

Non-existent,  nist;  nd-bud;  ma'dum;  'adtm^* 
'l-vujud. 

Nonsense,  to  talk,  puch,  or  bi-ma'ni,  or  bi- 
huda  adj.  (guftan)  (  =  "  worthless  "  ;  of 
men  or  things) ;  cliarand  or  harza  or  laghv 
or  jafang  {guftan);  harf-i  muft  {zadan); 
ardjif  {guftan)  (lit.  false  rumours) :  az  ru-yi 
fahm  nami-guyad  =  ru-yi  ham  mi-guyad 
(he's  talking  rot ;  '  gasing '  etc.) :  marcUika 
guh  mi-khurad  vulg.  (the  fellow's  talking 
rot);  in  hama  pashm  ast  (vulg.,  this  is 
nonsense ;  lit.  this  is  all  pubes  hair ;  but 
of  cloth,  "  this  is  all  wool  "). 

Nonsensical,  bi-khud ;  bi-ma'mi ,  bihuda; 
vdhi :  ydva  (rare). 

Non-suited,  murdfa'a-yi  mudda'i  rd  radd 
kardand.^ 

Noon,  nim-ruz ;  zuhr;  nisf'''n-nahdr ;  vasat-i 

ruz. 
Nooning,  qaylula,  or  khipdb-i  nim-ruz  (noon- 
day sleep). 
Noose,  kham-i  kamand   (of  lasso*);    qil  (?) 
(horse-hair  noose  ?) ;    halqa-yi  mu-yi  asp 
(horse-hair    noose) ;    dJdm    (snare).      Vide 
Snare. 
Nor,  na.     Vide  Neither. 
North,    shimJal    (but    sliamdl   North- wind); 


i  In  India  biizurgzada,  "  the  son  of  a  Murahid,  etc.,  but  in  Persia  aqa-zwia. 

t  But  in  a  complex  sentence  har  kaa — na. 

8  Tup-zadan,  also  "  to  ask  a  high  price." 

*  But  ahad-%  az  lahan  na.yamadarui. 

6  In  India  kharij  kardand.  «  Sometimes  kikam,  "  untanned  leather,"  is  used  for 

28 


lasso. 


Nos 


218 


Nou 


qutb-i  shimdl   (N.  Pole) ;    taraf-i   sharq  u 
shimdl  (N.-E.). 

Nose,  hlni ;  dimagh;  puza  (muzzle  of  ani- 
mals); pul-i  dimagh-am  khurd  shud  (I 
broke  the  bridge  my  nose)  ;  ura  gush  u 
binl^  kardand  (m.c.)  (they  cut  off  his  ears 
and  nose) ;  dimagh-i  qalarrn  (a  fine  straight 
nose) ;  dimagiri  khamida  (aquiUne  nose) ; 
dimagh-i  minqar-i  shdhim,  or  adj.  shdhln- 
bim  (hook-nosed,  with  a  large  hook  nose) ; 
dimdgh-i  durusht  (a  large  or  fat  nose) ; 
dimdgh-i  pilch  '^  (a  flat  nose) ;  dimdgk-i 
hhumrudi^  (with  a  large  blob  nose);  az 
(surdkh-i)  dimdgh  harf  mi-zanad  (he  talks 
through  his  nose) ;  dimdgh-i  pahn-i  hhwd- 
btda  (broad  flat  nose) ;  dimxigh-i  bar  gashta, 
(turned-up  nose) ;  hlni-yi  istdda  (promi- 
nent nose):  dirmghrbdru  adj.  (with  a 
coarse  Jewish  or  Armenian  nose)  ;  dimdgh 
fin  kardan,  or  — takdnidan  (to  blow  the 
nose  poor-man  fashion) ;  pdk  kardan  (in 
any  manner).     Vide  Infra. 

Nostril,  tninkhar,  dual  mmkharayn  ;  surdkh-i 
dimdgh:  lula-yi  dimdgh  (of  hawks  or 
men) ;  para-yi  dirndgk  (the  outside  of  the 
nostril). 

Not,  na;  in  compounds  ^a^/ri — ;  mutlaq"", 
or  asld  or  asl"",  or  bihich  vajh  (not  at  all ; 
with  negative  verb) ;  bi-hich  vajh  min  al- 
vujuh  (by  no  manner  of  means) ;  mutlaq"^ 
na  (not  at  all  q.v.).      Vide  Won't. 

Notable,  sar-shindsdn  (the  leading  people  of 
a  place) ;  mashdhir,  or  mutashakhkhisin 
(ditto) .      Vide  Known  and  Nobles. 

Notch,  sufdr  (notch  in  arrow;  rare  in  m.c). 

Note,  hdshiya,  pi.  havdshi  (a  margin  and  a 
marginal  note) ;  ydd-ddsht  (memo.) :  pd- 
sa/^a  (foot-note;  mod.);  ikhtdr, or  intibdh 
( =N.B  ) ;  vide  Letter ;  iskinds  (R. ;  bank- 
note). 

Note-book,  kitdbcha  (also  pocket-book). 

Noted,  ma'ruf  (well-known) ;  u  bi-duzd  mash- 
hur  ast  (he  is  noted  as  a  thief) ;  marqum: 
or  maktub  (written):  mazkura  bald  (noted, 
mentioned  above). 

Nothing,  az  man  chlz-i  khivdst  vali  hich  na- 
dddarn :  bi-man  chi  ?  -  bi-man  hich  ruju' 
na-ddrad  (it  has  nothing  to  do  with  me) ; 
khidmat-i  chanddn-i  na-bud  (it  was  noth- 
ing I  did  for  you) ;  dar  in  muhimm  mard 
sar  u  kdr-%  nist  (I  have  nothing  to  do  with 


this  matter) ;  hizi  ki  na-kardam  duzdi  ki 
na-kardam  (a  common  speech  even  in  the 
mouth  of  women;  =  "I  have  done  noth- 
ing dreadful ;  no  harm) :  Khudd  hich  nlst 
vulg.  for  Khudd  mddda  nist  (God  is  im- 
material).    Vide  Minor. 

Nothingness,  rm-chizi  (being  of  no  value) ; 
'adam;  or  nisti;  or  madumi  (non-exis- 
tence). 

Notice,  qdbil-i  mahall  (or  i'tind)  nlst  (he's 
worth  nothing) ;  i'Zaw  (poster,  etc.) :  lihdz ; 
or  tavajjuh  (attention). 

Notice  to,  mutavajjih  shudan ;  i'tind  k.  (to 
heed ;  on  purpose) ;  vide  Hurry :  urd 
didam  vail  multafit-ash  na-shudam  ("I  saw 
him  but  did  not  notice  him";  by  acci- 
dent, inadvertence) ;  mahall  na-guzdshtan 
(to  take  no  notice  of  a  person,  on  purpose ; 
to  cut) ;  ru-yi  kdr  dmadan  (to  come  into 
notice) ;  az  In  kdr  'dr-am  ml-dyad  (it  is 
beneath  my  notice) ;  tavajjuh  dihdnidan 
(to  draw  attention  to).     Vide  Attention. 

Noticeable,  qdbil-i  zikr ;  qdbil-i  did;  jdlib-i 
nazar :  gdv-i  sajid-plshdni  {budan). 

Notification,  ittild'  (k.) ;  ikhbdr  (k.);  i'ldn 
(k.).      Vide  Inform. 

Notion,  gumdn ;  khaydl:  sardfat  (fancy); 
hads  (conjecture) ;  qiyds  (guess  etc.) ; 
i'tiqdd  (belief) ;  ittild'  (information).  Vide 
Idea. 

Notoriety,  shuhrat,  and  shuhrat-i  dfdq  (in 
good  or  bad  sense  but  spec.  good). 

Notorious,  mash-hur  and  ma'ruf  (in  good  or 
bad  sense) ;  misl-i  kufr-i  Iblis  mash-hur 
ast:  harf-l  u  nuql-i  majlis  ast  (he  has 
become  notorious;  he  is  in  every  one's 
mouth  like  the  sweetmeat  nuql*)j  u 
shuhra-yi  dfdq  shuda  =  kas-l  nist  ki  urd  na- 
ddnad  (famous,  or  notorious) ;  u  zabdn- 
zad-i  hama  shuda  (famous  or  notorious) ; 
angusht-numd  shuda  ast  (pointed  out  for 
bad).      Vide  Known  and  Famous. 

Notwithstanding,  bd-vujud-i  ki ;  bd-vqsf-i  dn 
ki :  bd  in  hama :  bd  dn-ki :  (va)  hdl  an-ki 
(whereas) . 

Nought,  sifr  (num.);  hich,  etc.,  vide  Noth- 
ing; M^aydldt-ash  bi-havd  va  hadar  raft 
(his  ideas  came  to  nought). 

Noun,  ism,  pi.  asmd^  (gram.,  also  name, 
names);  ism-i  si  fat  (adj.);  ism-i  jam' 
(collective  noun) ;  ism-i  zdt  (a  real  noun)  ; 


1  The  word  bim  la  almost  obsolete  in  m.c.  2  For  pikht. 

8  Corruption  of  kJium  and  amrud,  "  pear." 

♦  Nuql  is  a  small  white  sweet.     But  u  nuql-i  majlis  ast  (all  like  him). 
6  The  pi.  asaml,  only  "  names." 


Nou 


219 


Oar 


ism-i  ma'na  (abstract  noun) ;  hdail-i  inas- 
dar  (verbal  noun) ;  iam-i  jdmid  (primitive 
noun). 

Nourish  to,  parvarish  dddan,  or  — kardan; 
or  jHirvardan ;  or  {xirvaridan  (of  humans, 
animals,  trees) ;  tarbiyat  kardan  (humans 
or  animals).     Vide  to  Feed. 

Nourisher,  iarhiyat-kun. 

Nourishment.     Vide  Food. 

Nouveau-riche,  naw-kisa. 

Novel,  rumdn,  Ft.  (romance). 

Novelist,  rurmn-navis  (Fr.  P.). 

Novelty,  tiizagt ;  jiddat. 

November,  Navainbar  (Eur.). 

Novice,  naw-dmuz  ;  mvhtadi;  imwcha  (rare); 
tdza  bi-kdr,  or  tdza  ru-yi  kdr  dniada ;  tdza- 
xmdn.  or  jadtd"U-isldm  (a  new  convert  to 
Islam) ;  taht-i  tajriba.  Vide  Probationer 
and  Convert 

Noviciate,  muddat-i  imtihdn. 

Now,  hdld ;  aldn ;  aknun  or  kunun ;  harmn 
hdld  (vulg.) ;  aldn  va  bi'l-fl'l;  gdh  gdh-i 
(now  and  then) ;  inak  bi-khdtir-am  mi-rasad 
ki — (now  it  has  just  occurred  to  ray  mind 
that—). 

Nowhere,  hich  jd  (with  verb  in  negative). 

Nowise,  bi-hich  vajh,  or  — iawr,  or  -  guna 
or —  qism  (with  verb  in  negative). 

Noxious,  muzi  (of  living  things) ;  muzirr  (of 
plants,  vapours). 

Nubia,  Nuba. 

Nuhi\e,  ball jji ;  bi-hadd-i  taklif  rasida ;  khud 
rd  shindkhta  asi.      Vid^.  Puberty. 

Nude,  6a/aAna ;  'ury^n;  lukht.    Fjc^e  Naked. 

Nugatory,  bdtil. 

Nuisance,  asbdb-i  dard-i  sar ;  dzdr-i  'umumi, 
or  zahmat'i  — or  shikdyat-i — (public — ) ; 
vahrd :  bald. 

Null  and  void  (to  make),  ibldl  kardan  (rare) ; 
bdtil  k.  [tion. 

Nullity,  butldn:   mansukh  shudan  (cancellar 

Numb,  az  sarmjd  baynt  shuda  (local  I);  az 
aarmd  angusht-hd-yam  bl-hiss  (or  khttshk) 
shuda  asi. 

Number,  'adad,  pi.  a' dad;  numra  (of  periodi- 
cals, etc.) ;  'adad-i  zawj  or  juft  (even  num- 
ber) ;  '  adad-i  tag  (odd  number) :  chand 
nafar  hdzir  budand?  ('what  number  of 
persons — ?  ",  but  chand  nafar-i  m.c.  ''a 
few  persons"):  bx-hisdb  (without  num- 
ber). 

Number,  to,  'adad  k. ;  shimurdan,  rt.  shumdr. 
Vide  Count. 

Numbered,  ma' dud. 

Numberless.      Vide  Countless. 


Numda,  'araq-glr  (a  numda  under  the 
saddle). 

Numeral,  hindaaa  (for  handaaa). 

Numeration,  ta'ddd  (vulg.  ti'ddd);  ahumdra. 

Numerator,  bast,  or  8urat"l-kasr  (arith. ; 
opposed  to  makhraj  or  maqdm*'l-kasr). 

Numerous,  vide  Many;  ambuh  (vulg.);  az 
hadd  u  hisdb  (or  haddu  hasr)  bxrun  (too 
numerous  to  be  counted). 

Nun,  rdhiba  :  zan-i  tdrik-i  dunyd. 

Nurse,  bachcha-garddn  (of  children) ;  dada  or 
d^ya  (wet-nurse) ;  [dada  also  negress  slave] ; 
paristdr  (of  sick) ;  gis  safid  (an  old  faith- 
ful servant;  duenna;  matr(n;  also  a 
'  wise- woman ') ;  jmraidam  ddya  rd  chi 
khivdhi  kard  ?  Javdb  ddd  ki  "  In  kdr-i 
dsdn  ast ;  qadr-i  bi-u  zahr  mi-khurdnam  ' ' 
— Prof.  S.  T.  (I  asked  her  what  she  would 
do  about  the  nurse.  She  said,  "It's easy 
enough  to  settle  her;  I'll  just  give  her  a 
little  poison"). 

Nursing.     Vide  Overlooking. 

Nurture,  parvarish  kardan ;  vide  Nourish ;  u 
ndz-parvarda  bud  [  =  Indian  sdya-parvarda 
or  dar  sdya  parvarish  ydfta]  (delicately 
nurtured) ;  vide  Shade ;  bdld  dvardan  (to 
bring  up). 

Nusrabad,  Nusrdbdd  (a  penal  station  in  the 
lul  between  Sistan  and  Baliichistan). 

Nut,  jawz  (of  walnut  or  cocoa-nut) ;  funduq 
(filbert) ;  girdU  (walnut) ;  pi.'ita  (pistachio) ; 
ndrjll  (cocoa-nut) ;  jawz-i  ^//trfi  (mutmeg) ; 
chil^uza  (of  edible  pine) ;  fufal  (betel) ; 
pulak,  or  muhra-yi  pich  (of  a  screw). 

Nut-brown,  rang-i  junduqi. 

Nutmeg.     Vide  Nut. 

Nutshell,  pust. 

Nutritious,  pur-quwai ;  muqavvi. 

Nux  vomica,  kuchala.     Vide  Strychnine. 

Nymph.     Vide  Fairy ;  Houri  or  Huri. 

Nymphomania,  ' illat-i  jxma'  (gen.). 


O  !  yd ;  o-x  '  ^y  ) ;  or  oy  C  j^l  )  (for  attract- 
ing attention) ;  akh  (for  pain) ;  Khuddya  f  ; 
or  (75)  ildhx;  or  Yd  Rabb  (O  God!)  (for 
distress). 

Oak,  darakht'i  bdliit  (or  — ballut);  [bdlut 
' '  acorn. ' '      Vide  Jay]. 

Oak-apple,  rndzH  .  jift-mdzu. 

Oar,  mardi;  [f^ru,  zadan,  to  rowj ;  bidun-i 
pdru  chi  tawr  mi-tavdnand  zawraq  rd  hi- 
rdnand ? 

Oarsman,  pdru-zan. 


Oat 


220 


Obi 


Oath,  sawgand  {ydd  kardan) ;  qasam  {khur- 
dan) ;  half  kardan ;  qasam-i  durugli  khur- 
dan  (a  false  oath) ;  dar  mahkama-yi  shar'  * 
shuhud  qasam  mi-ldmrand ;  ba-qasam  u  dya 
(with  oaths) ;  sawgand — or  qasam  dddun 
(to  administer  an  oath) ;  qasam-hd-yi 
ghildz  va  shiddd  (great,  binding  oaths) 
bay' at  girijtan  (to  take  an  oath  of  fealty). 
Vide  Swear. 

Obdurate,  bi-ta^assur  (unafifected) ;  sang-dil 
(hard-hearted) ;  bi-rahm  (pitiless). 

Obedience,  farmdn-barddn ;  itd'at;  bdyad 
ita'at-i  urd  bi-kunid,  or  muti'-i  hukm-i  u 
bdshid;  farmdn-i  urd  bi-ta'abbud  qdbul 
mi-kunand  (blind  obedience). 

Obedient,  muti' ;  farmdn-barddr ;  tdbi'  ;  far- 
zanddn-i  ahl  *  tdbi'-i  vdlidayn-i  khud  has- 
tand  va  hama  kas  rd  hurmat  ml-ddrand^; 
izhdr-i  bandagi  (k.). 

Obeisance,  ta'zim  (k.)  (any  reverence);  vide 
Rule ;  kiirnish  (k.)  (bowing  the  head) . 
Vide  Bow. 

Obelisk,  mtl-i  chdr-gusha. 

Obese,  gunda :  surin-ash  lurnba ,  or  pur-lumba 
ast  (he  has  big  '  quarters '  ;  lurnba  is  the 
tail  of  a  fat- tailed  sheep) ;  chdq  u  gunda; 
misl-ifil-i  mangus *(a,n  obese  fellow). 

Obesity,  gundagi. 

Obey,  itd'at  k. ;  farmdn  barddr  shudan;  man 
bdyad  hukm-ash  rd  bi-jd  bi-ydvaram,  or 
itd'at-i  amr-ash  rd  bi-kunam,  or  bi-hukm- 
ash  tan  dar  diham. 

Obituary,  vafdt-ndma. 

Object,  chtz ;  or  shay,  pi.  ashyd  (thing)  ; 
maqsad,  pi.  maqdsid  (desire)  ;  gharaz-i 
shumd  chi  chiz  ast  ?  (what  is  your  object, 
purpose  ?) ;  az  raftan  ^  bi-Mashhad  chi  mat- 
lab  (or  maqsud)  ddshti? :  khar-i  khud  rd 
az  pul  guzardnid  (  =  he's  got  his  own 
object) ;  bi-murdd,  etc.,  rasidan  (to  obtain 
one's  object) ;  maf'ul  (gram.). 

Objection,  i'tirdz  k. ;  az  in  dalil-i  ki  shumd 
dvarda-id  irdd-i  m%-giram  (I  have  an  objec- 
tion to  raise  against  your  argument); 
muzdyaqa  nami-kunam  (I  won't  object) ; 
'ayb  dar  an  nami-binam  (I  see  no  objec- 
tion); harf-i  na-ddram,  or  'uzr-i  na-ddram 
(I  have  no  objection,  nothing  to  say 
against  it). 


Objectionable,  qdbil-i  irdd,  etc. ;  mard-% 
makruh  (objectionable  man). 

Objective,  nazari  (opposite  of  hissi  "  subjec- 
tive"). 

Objector,  trad-gir ;  mu'tariz. 

Obligation,  minnat  {nihddan)  (to  place  a 
person  under — ;  also  to  cast  obligations 
in  a  person's  teeth);  ihsdn;  imtindn;  zir-i 
bdr-i  minnat  budan  (to  be  under  an  obliga- 
tion to — ) ;  namak-shindsi  (gratitude) ; 
rmmak-lchwdragi  vd  bi-sharmi  khub  nist  ki  ^ 
ihsdn-i  ghayr-l  bar  gardan  girl  va  taldft 
na-kuni — Prof.  S.  T.  (" —  its  not  the 
thing  to  accept  an  obligation  and  not 
repay  it " ) .     Vide  Duty. 

Obligatory,  ijbdrl;  bi-man —  (or  bar  man) 
farz  ast;  Idzim  ast  bi-kunam:  gardan- ash 
bar  shud  ki  bi-kunad  (he  was  forced  to  do 
it).     Vide  Force. 

Oblige,  to,  vide  to  Force;  mamnun  sdkhtan 
(by  doing  a  favour);  marhuni  minnat 
garddnldan  (place  under  a  deep  obliga- 
tion) ;  minnat  bar  gardan-i  banda  ddrid 
(you  have  placed  me  under  an  obligation 
=  thank  you). 

Obliged,  mamnun  sh. ;  dar  rizd-mandi-yi 
dqd-yi  khud  bdyad  kushish  kunid ;  kamdUi 
imtindn  rd  ddram  (I  am  much  obliged  to 
you) ;  agar  mard  az  in  amr  muttaW  farmd- 
yld  ba'id  az  mihrabdni  na-kh,wdhad  bud — 
Prof.  S.  T. ;  agar  avval  sar-guzasht-i  khud 
rd  baydn  kunid  md  mustafiz  mi-shavim — 
Prof.  S.  T.     Firfe  Thanks. 

Obliging,  khaliq  or  ba  ta'druf  (civil). 

Obligingly,  az  ru-yi  mahabbat ;  az  ru-yi  imti- 
ndn. 

Oblique,  kaj ;  urub  (vulg.),  or  urib ;  qayqdj 
nishastan  (of  men''  to  sit  affectedly 
in  the  saddle,  the  body  half-left,  the 
hands  and  reins  held  half- right;  also  to 
sit  in  a  chair  with  the  body  above  the 
waist  half-turned) ;  qayqdj  zadan  (to  shoot 
right  or  left  off  horse-back) ;  qayqdj  shu- 
dan (turning  the  body  half-left  to  draw 
the  sword). 

Obliterate,  pdk  k. ;  mxihv  sdkhtan  (efface) ; 
hakk  k.  (erase,  by  friction).  Vide  Efface 
and  Erase. 

Oblivion,  fardmushi ;  nisydn. 


1  Oaths  are  not  administered  in  the  majikama-yi  '■urf  and  only   principals   and  not  witnesses  are 
sworn.     The  law  allows  expiation  for  an  inconsiderate  oath. 

2  AM,  obedient  opposed  to  lia-ahl,  disobedient  (m.c). 

8  Note  Present  tense  of  dashtan  in  a  compound  verb.  *  For  Mangalus. 

6  Or  az  raftan  i  bi-Maahhad.  •  Ki  =  ya'ni. 

'  Of  women,  "  to  ride  side-saddle." 


Obi 


221 


ObT 


Ohliyioxis,  faramu ah- kar ;  ghafil ;  nasi. 

Oblong,  mustatil 

Obloquy,  to'  n  (2  )  (taunt) ;  taahnV  k.  (to  hold 
up  to  — ) :  sharnatat  (derision  or  rejoic- 
ing of  enemies  at  failure  or  misfortune) ; 
iawbikh  (reproof  or  censure) ;  sar-zanish 
(ditto);  tash,hir  (k.) ;  maVun-i  kha1E*'iq  k. 
(to  hold  up  to — ). 

Obnoxious,  manfur  (hated) ;  makruh  (hate- 
ful).    Vide  Hate. 

Obscene,  karza  (of  persons  or  books) ;  jahish 
(ditto)  ;  fahhash  (of  persons  ;  obscene  and 
abusive) ;  Hukumat-i  Hind  hukm  jdrl 
bar  da  ki  Kulliyydt-i  Sa'di  mushlamil  az 
harzagVsi:  kitdb-i  hazliyydt  (=inm.c.  a 
book  humourously  obscene '). 

Obscenity,  harzagi:  juhsh  (filthy  abuse). 

Obscenely,  fdkishdna. 

Obscure,  tdrlk ;  tar  (dark) ;  mugbJLaq  (ab- 
struse) ;  daqxq  (subtle) ;  mvbham  (amphibo- 
logical ;  not  clear ;  a  fault) ;  ghdmiz  or 
mu(jhmaz  (veiled)  ;  mu'ammq  (adj.  and 
subs,  riddle) ;  muhmal  (no  particular 
meaning) ;  mushtabih  (of  passages  of  doubt- 
ful meaning  in  the  Quran) ;  nd-ma'ruf  or 
^um-ndm  *  (of  a  man) ;  havd  tank  hud  ki 
md  savdr  shudtm  ("we  mounted  in  the 
obscure  light  of  morning;"  or  " — of 
evening  " ) ;  vaqt-i  gurg  u  mish  (the  half- 
light  or  twilight  before  dawn;  and  also 
at  evening). 

Obscurity,  giriftagl  (of  cloudy  day)  ;  txra^gl 
(darkness,  q.v.). 

Obsequies,  rusum-i  tadjin. 

Obsequious,  hisydr  muti' ;  ziyad  faru-tant — 
or  kuchaki  mi-kunud ;  khayli  fish  fish  mi- 
kunad. 

Obsequiously,  mutt' ana. 

Observance,  ijrd^;  hijd  dvardan;  add*;  Ta- 
shayyu'  iqdma-yi  'am-yi  Imam  Husayn 
har  sal  mi-kunand  (the  Shi* as  keep  the 
celebration  of  the  mourning  of  Husayn). 

Observant.     Vide  Attentive  and  Obedient. 

Observation,  rasad-bandl  {k.)  (astr.)  ;  miUd- 
haza  (by  sight  and  also  ' '  remark  ") :  harf  ; 
or  kalima  (saying) ;  izhdr-i  ray  (expression 
of  opinion). 

Observatory^,  rasad;  rasad-khdna. 

Observe,  mulahaza  k. ;  or  pd^idan;  or  dtdan 


(to  look  at) ;  bi-jd  dvardan  (to  fulfill) ; 
mar*%  ddshtan  or  bi-jd  dvardan  (of  customs, 
etc.);  vide  be  Attentive  to,  to  Watch: 
iT^hdr  ddshtan  ;  or  guftan :  murdqaba-yi  hdl- 
ash  rd  mi-kard  (he  continued  observing  all 
he  did). 

Observer,  murdqib  (gen.) ;  zdhir-btn  (superfi- 
cial — ) ;  rasad-band  (astron. ). 

Obsolete,  qadimi  shuda;  mansuMi  (prop, 
cancelled);  malruk* ;  mutaddvil — (or  wio'- 
mul — )  na ;  in  istildh  hdld  az  miydn  rafta 
ast,  or — tark  shuda  ast;  tn  rusumhd  hold 
mundaris^  shuda  ast  (m.c). 

Obstacle,  tn  mdni'-i  ta'lim-am  ast,  or  mard  az 
ta'  lim  mdni^  mishavad ;  dar  kdr-am  khalal 
mi-anddzad;  sadd-i  buzurg-%  dar  miydn-i 
rdh  bud. 

Obstinacy,  ziddiyyat  (cussed  opposition) ;  lajd- 
jat  (persisting  in  a  request ;  or  sticking  to  a 
wrong  opinion) ;  khud-rd'^%  (opinionative- 
ness)  ;  yak-dandagi  (local) ;  or  yak  pahlO- 
gari ;  ov  sar  sakhtl (ditto);  «5rar (pressing, 
importunity). 

Obstinate,  khud-rdy  (opinionated) ;  lajj-hdz ; 
or  lajuj:  kallorkhar  (stupid  and  obsti- 
nate, muhsh) ;  dar  ra'y-i  khud  khayli  khud- 
sar  and. 

Obstructed,  masdud;  basta. 

Obstruction,  mdni' ;  aadd :  sadda  or  sudda  (in 
bowels) ;  [sar-am  sudda  karda  ast  (vulg.  or 
local?)  =  "I  have  a  cold  in  the  head"]; 
mi-khiodst  bi-kunad  vali  hard-yam  sang 
anddkhtand  (he  wanted  to  help  me  but 
obstructions  were  placed  in  the  way). 

Obstructive,  muta'arriz;  mukhill. 

Obtain,  ydjtan,  rt.  yah;  hdsil —  or  tahsil 
kardan ;  kash  k. ;  hi-dast  dvardan  ;  fardkam 
dvardan;  hi-ham  rasdnidan;  Injd  miva 
bi-ham  mi-rasad?  (can  any  fruit  bo  ob- 
tained here  ?) ;  muyassar  shudan  (not  with 
kardan) :  gir  dmadan  and  dvardan ;  vusul 
ydjtan  intr.  and  — kardan  tr. 

Obtainable,  ydftani ;  husul-pazir ;  gir-dma- 
dani  ;  hi-dast  dmadani ;  muyassar. 

Obtaining,  tahsil;  husul;  nayl. 

Obtuse,  khul-damang ;  vide  Stupid:  zdviya-yi 
munfarija  ( — angle).  -1'    , 

Obverse,  taraf-i  rdst,  or  ru  (of  medal;  opp. 
to  pusht). 


1  Hazl  prop  .'*  a  jest,"  but  on  account  of  a  work  of  Sa'di  the  word  has  in  m.c.  this  secondary 
mesming. 

*  Gum-nam  in  India  '  anonymous.' 

3  The  Eastern  observatory  was  a  deep  pit  in  the  ground. 

*  U  matrvk-i  naz^ar-i  Mio"  'l-Mulk  ahuda  oat  "  he  is  out  of  favour  with  the  'Ala<»'I-Mulk.'* 

*  Mundaris  Ar.  "worn  out,"  etc. 


Obv 


222 


Off 


Obvious,  zahir ;  k'^'' shrshams  fi  vasatys-sama; 
chlz-%  ki  Hydn  ast  chi  hdjat  hi-bayan  ast? ; 
misUi  ruz  rushan  ast.     Vide  Apparent. 

Obviously,  zdhir"". 

Occasion,  mawqi' ;  hi-taqnb-i  tdj-pusht  (on 
the  occasion  of  the  Coronation) ;  vide 
Accident  and  Opportunity;  dmadan-i 
shumd  bi-injd  luzum  na-ddsht  (there  was 
no  occasion  for  you  to  come) ;  vide  Cause ; 
u  sabab-i  aziyyat-i  vdlidayn-i  khud  shuda 
ast. 

Occasional,  ittifdqt  (not  constant) ;  'drizi 
(ditto). 

Occasionally,  gdh  gah  or  gdh  gah-t ;  gdh 
vaqt-i. 

Occult,  g[kaybi;  jMshtda;  'ulum-i  khufya 
(occult  sciences). 

Occupant,  qdbiz  (holding,  gen.  with  force) ; 
mutasarrif  (possessor).  Vide  Dweller  and 
Occupier. 

Occupation,  kasb  or  kdr  or  shughl  or  hirfat, 
or  plsha  (trade,  etc.  q.v.) ;  vide  Civil; 
vide  Possession;  bi-kdrl  (want  of  wotk, 
occupation). 

Occupied,  mashgiMl  (busied) ;  ba'd  az  yak 
mdhri  digar  yak  sdl-i  tamdm  ast  dar  injd 
tavaqquf  ddram^  (in  a  month's  time  I 
shall  have  occupied  this  house  a  whole 
year);  Bu-shahr  rd  maskan-i  'asdkir-i 
khud  kard  (he  occupied  Bushire) ;  dushman 
sar-garm-i  glr  u  ddr  budand  ki — (the  enemy 
was  wholly  occupied  with  the  fight  when 

-)• 
Occupier,  sahib- khana ;  dar  in  khdna   ki  nd- 

nishinad?.     Vide  Occupant. 
Occur,  wg-i'  sh. ;  ru  d.  (to  happen);  bi-khdtir 

khutur  kardan  =  bi-dil  uftddan;    bi-khdtir- 

am  nlst  ki  chunln  amr-l.  pish  az  in,  ittifdq 

uftdda  bdshad   (I   can't  recollect  such  a 

thing  having  ever  occurred). 
Occurrence,  amr;  vdqi'a,  pi.  vdqi'dt;  ittifdq, 

pi,  ittijdqdt.     Vide  Accident. 
Ocean,  bahr-i  muhtt;  oqiydnus  Gr.  (rare), 
Oceania,  JazdHr-i  Oqiydnus  (Oceania?). 
Ochre,  gil-i  zard;  or  gil-i  mdshi. 
O'clock,  sd'at-i  chand  ast  (what's  o'clock  ?) ; 

sd'at-i  du'st  (it  is  two  o'clock;    but   du 

sd'at  ast  "  it  is  two  hours'^  ")• 
Octagonal,   hasht-gusha ;    musamman.     Vide 

Tank. 


October,  Aklubar  (Eur.). 

Octogenarian,  hashtdd-sdla  (often  used  for 
any  very  old  man). 

OcvlIslv,  chashmi ;  'ayni;  basari ;  nazari. 

Oculist,  kahhdl  (from  kuhl  collyrium) ;  ddru- 
gar  (vulg.);  tablb-i  chashm. 

Odd,  (not  even),  'adad-i  tdq  (opp.  to  'adad-i 
juft  even  number) ;  in  kajsh  tdq  ast  (this 
is  one  shoe) ;  %n  kajsh  tdq  u  ling  a  ast,  or 
linga  linga  ast  (two  odd  shoes) ;  ur si-yam 
id  bi-ta  (or  — ling  bi-ling)  shuda  ast  (my 
pumps  are  odd) ;  hashtdd  rupiya  va  kasr-i  '^ 
(some  eighty  rupees  or  more) ;  gharib ; 
and  'ajlb  (strange) ;  u  'ajab  nuskha-yi  khub 
Vst  ( -=he's  an  odd  sort  of  a  fellow). 

Odds  and  ends,  Jchirt  u  pirt  (small  belong 
ings). 

Ode,  gAazal  (short) ;  qasida  (not  less  than  19 
or  20  lines;  the  longest  written  has  121 
lines).  _ 

Odessa,  Udisa. 

Odious,  qabih ;  makruh  ;  manfur. 

Odiousness,  makruhiyyat ;  manfuriyyat. 

Odium,  istikrdh ;  tanaffur;  qabdhat. 

Odoriierous,  mu' attar ;  mashmum;  khush-bu; 
raydhin,  pi.  (odoriferous  herbs;  rayhdn 
sing.  "  sweet  basil  "), 

Odour,  bu  or  buy  (gen.) ;  bii-yi  khush  (sweet 
smell) ;  bii-yi  murddr  (bad  smell ;  vide 
Offal);  'itr;  or  rd^iha,  pi,  ravd^ih  (sweet 
odour);  bisydr  ta'affun  ddrad,  or  'ujunat 
ddrad  (it  stinks). 

Off,  far,  dur ;  ba'id  (far) ;  banda  rafta  am 
(well,  I'm  off) ;  gum  shaw  (be  off  with 
you,  quit!);  dihbi-rawf  (run,  off!  also  go 
on);  durbdsh!  (keep  away!). 

Offal,  murddr  or  mayta  (anything  stinking; 
also  anything  that  has  died  of  its  own 
accord,  or  that  has  not  been  slain  accord- 
ing to  Muslim  law ;  vide  Odour) ;  ashJchdl 
(m.c. ;  mess  in  a  room) ;  rasht  (refuse 
when  swept  up) ;  fuzla-yi  gusjand  ( — of 
sheep ;  fuzla  also  =  excrement) . 

Offence,  chi  taqsir  az  man  sar  zada  ast  ?  ; 
qusur  (vulg.) ;  gundh  (sin) ;  jurm  (crime) ; 
khatja  (error);  ranj  (cause  of  annoyance; 
also  trouble,  pains). 

Offend,  to,  ranjdnldan  tr. ;  dar  sar-i  kar-i 
juzH  az  u  qahr-am  (I'm  rather  offended, 
angry,  with  liim  about  a  little  matter  "  ; 


1  The  classical  Future  Perfect  (karda  basham  "  I  will  have  done  ")  is  not  used  in  modern  Persian; 
the  Perfect  Indicative  or  Present  takes  its  place.  Bayad  karda  basham  ("  I  must  have  done,  will  have 
done  ")  is  however  used. 

i  Indians  always  mistake  this  for  "  it  is  two  o'clock." 

8  But  hashtad  rupiya  va  chand  ana,  "  rupees  eighty  and  some  annas." 


Off 


223 


Old 


vide  Anger) ;  taqslr  etc.  k.  (to  commit  a 
fault);  ranjish  ydftan  (to  be  or  become 
offended) . 

Offended,  az  u  ranjjida  am  or  dzurda  am: 
dil-gir;  dil-khur ;  ranjida-khatir.  Vide 
Turbid. 

Offender,  taqsir-kdr ;  or  muqassir  (gen.); 
gundhrkdr{H\nnQiv) ;  khata-kdr  (gen.) ;  muj- 
rim  (criminal) ;  avtxil  shwnm  dast-dardzi 
kardid  or  — iqddm  namudid  (you  were  the 
first  offender).     Vide  Aggresor. 

Offensive,  kanh  (objectionable,  q.v. ;  of 
people,  odours) ;  hamla-dvar  (assailant) ; 
jang-i  hi-hamla  (opposed  to  jang-i  bi-daf^ 
defensive  war). 

Offensively,  makrufidna. 

Offer,  taqdim  kardan  (offer  a  present) ;  az 
nazar  guzardndan  (to  Shah) ;  dah  rupiya 
ml-dddam  likin  qabul  na-kard  (I  offered 
him  ten  rupees  for  it,  but  he  declined) ; 
shardb  ta'druf  kard,  khurdam,  sar-khush 
shudam  (he  offered  me  wine  ;  I  drank  and 
became  merry) ;  asp-hd  rd  bar  pddishdh 
'arza  kardand :  m/in  urd  bi-khurdan-i  chdhi 
taklif  kardam  (I  offered  him  tea) ;  fursat 
ru  namud  or  dast  dad  ki  (an  opportunity 
offered  to  — ) ;  qurbdni  dddan  (offer  up  a 
sacrifice). 

Offering,  jnshkash  (k.)  (to  superior) ;  hadya 
(k.)  (gen. ;  present,  q.v.);  taqdim  (k.)  (put- 
ting forward ;  also  a  present) ;  qurbdni 
(k.)  (sacrifice) ;  nazr  {k.)  (present  to  a 
superior,  to  a  religious  teacher,  a  Hindu 
god ;  also  a  vow) ;  nazr  u  niydz  (offerings 
to  dead  saints,  etc.). 

Off-hand,  sarsari ;  bidun-i  sdbiqa  guft  (with- 
out any  preliminaries  he  said—) ;  bidun-i 
sdbiqa  Tnara  zad  (he  beat  me  without  any 
explanation  or  warning). 

Office,  'uhda;  or  mansab  (rank) ;  shugM  (of 
a  common  occupation) :  khidmxit-ash  chist?; 
ma^muriyyat  (specially  deputed) ;  iddra 
(place  of  business) ;  dar  'uhda  n%st  =  bi-kdr 
ast;  masd'i-yi  jamila-yi  Jandb-i  'AH  rd 
min  bdb-i  in  murdfa'a  tdlib-am  (I  desire 
your  good  offices  in  this  suit). 

Office-keeper,  muhdfiz-i  iddra. 

Officer,  a/sar  (Eur.) ;  sdhib-mansab ,  pi.  sdhib- 
mansabdn  (gen.);  sdhib-'uMa  (gen); 
gazmachi  (of  police). 

Official,  Officials,  ahl-i  qalam  (civil) ;  ald-i 
kishvar  (ditto) ;  ahl-i  say f, or  ahl-i  lashkar, 


or  ahl-i  ni^dm  (military) ;  ahl-i  zqlama  (a 
rather  uncivil  term  much  used  by  mulla8, 
and  especially  applied  to  officials  with 
power) ;  rasmi  (adj.) ;  [kabUtar-i  rasmi  the 
common  pigeon] :  dawlati  (belonging  to  the 
State). 

Officially,  ro«m°";  rasmdna. 

Officiate,  vakdlaf"  kdr  k.  (to  act  for  an- 
other). 

Officious,  fuzul ;  dsh-i  hama  djil '  ( =  he  inter- 
feres in  everything;  lit.  he  is  sauce  for 
every  dish). 

Offspring,  farzand ;  tifl;  awldd-am  munhasir 
bi-hamln  yak  bachcha  ast,  gltayr  az  in  na- 
ddram;  awldd-i  zukur  (male  offspring); 
awlddri  unds  (female). 

Often,  hdrhd  (many  times);  mukarrar"" 
(repeatedly) ;  chanddn-kt  or  harchi-ki  (as 
often  as);  chand  bar  or  chand  daf'a  or 
chand  martaba  (how  often?). 

Ogle,  to,  Ogling,  bd  gusha-yi  chashm  nigah 
k.;  chashmak  zadan*  {to  wink  at);  nazar- 
bdzi  (k.)  (love  signs  by  the  eyes) ;  chashm- 
chardni  (k.)  (of  love  looks). 

Ogre,  (fhiJil  (eater  of  corpses) ;  'ifrit  (an  ima- 
ginary ogre;  prop,  in  Ar.  an  evil  Jinn). 

Ogress,  mMda-ghul. 

Oh  !     Vide  0  ! 

Oil,  rawgbfin  (also  gh%  and  varnish) ;  raw- 
ghan-i  gdv  or  — zard  (clarified  butter, 
ghl)  ;  naft,  for  naft  (kerosine) ;  rawgh/an-i 
chirdglj,,  or  rawghhan-i  bidanjir  (or  — kin- 
natun,  or  — karchak  (castor-oil) :  rawghan-i 
zayt  (olive  oil) ;  rawgkan-i  talkh  (mustard 
oil) ;  dabba-yi  rawghan  (a  pot  of  oil  or 
ghi)  ;  vide  Kerosine  and  Castor-oil) ;  raxo- 
ghan-ddn  P.,  and  mudhun  Ar.  (oil-bottle 
or  the  oil-gland  in  birds). 

Oil-cake,  kunjada. 

Oil-cloth,  mushamma'  (oil-  or  wax-cloth  for 
packing). 

Oiled  paper,  kdgiaz-i  rawgkani  (for  tracing). 

Oil-gland.     Vide  Oil. 

Oilman,  rawgian-farush. 

Oil-painting,  tasvir-i  rawghant. 

Oil-press,  Oil-presser,  'assdr  (the  man) ; 
charkh-i  'assdri  (the  press);  'assdr-khdna 
(the  whole  plant). 

Oily,  cJiarb ;  rawgAani :  (rich  or  greasy ;  of 
food). 

Ointment,  marham:  tild  (for  painting  on). 

Old,  sdl-d*da ;  or  sdl-Uiurda ;  or  kuhan-sdl ;  or 


1  Ajil  "  nuts,  desert  *'  ;  and  also,  as  here,  "  food,  dish. 

2  Chaahmak,  in  India  "  spectacles." 


Old 


224 


One 


nmsinn  (aged ;  of  people) ;  muzmin  (chro- 
nic, of  disease) ;  qadim  ;  or  iwAwa  (ancient, 
of  things) :  chand  sal  dan  ?  or  sinn  u  sal-i 
shumd  chi-qadar  ast '  ?  (how  old  are  you  ?); 
w  du  mitqdbil-i  sinn-am  ast  (he  is  twice  the 
age  I  am) ;  pusida  (rotten,  of  wood;  bad, 
of  food) ;  vide  Stale ;  mundaris  ;  or  farsuda 
(worn  out) ;  pir  (old ,  of  people  or  animals) ; 
pir-i  mard  (old  man) ;  pir-i  zal  (old  wo- 
man) ;  shaykh  or  rish-safid  (grey-beard) ; 
gis-saftd  (old  woman  and  duenna) ;  ay 
nana  (a  vulg.  but  respectful  address  to  an 
old  woman ;  better  ay  madar) :  kuhna  ''■ 
(old  clotheSj  rags) ;  pir-i  na-haligh  (child- 
ish old  man) ;  vide  Oldman ;  panj-mdha 
(five  months  old);  du-sdla  (two  years 
old);  daqydnusl  (  =  of  the  age  of  Methu- 
sala ;  applied  to  people  or  things) . 

Old  age.     Vide  Age. 

Older,  musinn-tar  ast  =  sinn-ash  az  shumd  ^ 
bishiar  ast  (but  'umr-i  it  az  shumd  bishtar 
ast  might  signify  "he  will  live  longer 
than  you  will");  kuhna-tar;  and  qadim- 
tar  (more  ancient). 

Old  man,  shaykh-i  matasabbi  (an  old  man 
that  '  gets  himself  up '  and  behaves  like  a 
youngster.     Vide  Also  Old). 

Oleander,  khar-zahra  (so  called  because  it 
will  kill  even  a  donkey). 

Olive,  zaytun  or  zayt;  sanjid*  (Bohemian 
olive ;  the  dried  fruit  is  eaten  by  the 
poorer  classes). 

Olive-oil,  rawgAan-i  zaytun. 

Oman,  Umdn. 

Omelet,  kuku,  or  hhagina  (savoury). 

Omen,  jdH  (giriftan)  (gen.  from  books, 
etc.);  tajd^ul  {zadan  or  justan)  (gen.  from 
birds,  animals,  etc.) ;  btf  (or  bum)  jdnvar-i 
bad  ucfhur-Vst:  ughurbdshad{Si  greeting  to 
a  friend  unexpectedly  met  in  the  street ; 
in  Yezd  a  greeting  of  muleteers  on  the 
march;  but  in  Shiraz  jursat  bdshad  is 
used);  tatayyur  {giriftan)  (from  birds); 
shugun  {g.)  (gen.). 

Omened,  bd-shugun  (good-omened);  bad- 
shugun  (ill-omened) ;  nd-mubdrak  (inauspi- 
cious) . 

Omission,  jaru-guzdsht  (in  duty) ;  uftddan 
(of  words  in  text). 


Omit,  to,  ihmdl  k.  (to  neglect  to  do,  of  other 
people;  but  fardmush  kardam  "  I  omitted 
to  do  it  ") ;  sahv^^  na-guftam  ki — (I  omit- 
ted to  mention  that — ) ;  anddkhtan  (to 
omit  by  design  from  a  list,  etc.). 

Omitted,  dar  m  savdd  chiz-i  az  miydn  uftdda 
ast  (in  this  duplicate  MS.  copy,  something 
has  been  omitted  by  error;  but  in  print- 
ing generally  chiz-t  parida  ast);  ism-ash 
az  siydha  uftdda  bud  (his  name  was  acci- 
dentally omitted  from  the  list). 

Omnipotence,  jabarUt;  qudrat. 

Omnipotent,  Jabbdr ;  Qddir-i  'alq,  'l-itldq; 
Qddir-i  mutlaq  ;  Qadir. 

Omnipresent,  hama  jd  hdzir  u  ndzir ;  hamu 
jd  mawjud. 

Omniscient,  ddnd-yi  kull-i^  hdl;  'alldm^'l- 
ghuyub  (knower  of  all  secrets) ;  ddnd-yi 
mutlaq. 

On,  bar;  bald;  ru ;  dar  rU;  sar;  asbdb  rd 
bdr-i  shutur  bi-kun  (load  these  things  on 
a  camel) ;  piydda  (adv. ;  on  foot) ;  savdra 
(adv. ;  on  horse-back) ;  yd  Allah,  vulg. 
ydlld  (on !  on !) ;  dih  biydyid  (come  on, 
do);  dih  bi-ramd  (go  on,  do;  also  con- 
tinue) ;  dih  pish  (go  on  ahead). 

Onanism,  jalq  (z.) ;  musht-zani  {k.)  vulg. 

Once,  yak  da  fa  ;  or  yak  bar ;  or  yak  martaba 
(one  time):  ruz-i:  mi-guyand  zamdn-i — 
( =  once  upon  a  time) ;  sdbiq""  (formerly) ; 
md  ham  yak  vaqt-l  dukhtar  budim  va  likin 
— ("I  too  was  once  young  but — ";  said 
by  a  mother  and  = ' '  when  /  was  young , 
girls  were  much  better  behaved"); 
daf'af" ;  or  yak  hdragl  (all  at  once 
suddenly);  mukarrar  (once  more,  encore). 

On,  (lit,  az  qardr-i  ki  ma'lum  mi-shavad  ;  mi- 
guyand — . 

One,  yak ;  yak-i  or  kas-l  (some  one) ;  yak  bi- 
yak,  or  yak-i  yak-i,  ovyagdn  yagdn,  or  fard"^ 
fard'^"  (one  by  one);  "the  animals  went 
in  one  by  one ' '  ( hayvdndt  yagdn  yagdn 
ddhhil-i  kishti-yi  Nuh  shudand) :  ahad-i 
(with  verb  in  negative;  "no  one"); 
yak-i  ba^d-i  digar-i  (one  after  the  other) ; 
yak  du  (one  or  two) ;  ma'ni-yi  tawhid  in 
ki  Khudd  yak  ast  va  du  nist. 

One  another,  yak  digar ;  ham  digar. 


1  An  instance  of  the  Persian  love  of  alliteration  or  jingling  ;  ainn  At.  and  sal  Pers.  are  synonymous. 

^  Kuhna  muna  ho  is  the  cry  of  the  old-clothes  man,  a  Jew. 

8  Az  shuma  for  az  ainn-i  ahuma,  but  asp-i  man  az  aap-i  tu  hihtar  aat  ;  were  the  word  aap  not  re- 
peated the  comparison  might  refer  to  '  you  and  the  horse. ' 

*  It  is  advisable  to  avoid  mention  of  this  tree.  Many  Persians  will  not  allow  it  in  their  gardens. 
Sanjid  hi-lchur  has  some  significant  and  objectionable  meaning.  6  Note  this  izafat. 


One 


226 


Opp 


One-eyed,  yak-chashm ;  vdhid^'l-'ayn  (also 
metap.,  "  the  penis  "). 

Oneness,  vahdaniyyat. 

Oneself,  khud;  khwtsh. 

Onion,  piyaz  [also  means  a  '  bulb ']. 

Only,  faqat ; — va  has  (merely) ;  mahz-i  khdtir-i 
shumd  (only  for  your  sake);  na  hamin 
dushndm-ash  dad  halki  zad-ash  (he  not 
only  abused  him  but  beat  him) ;  u  yak 
ddna-yi  ihddar  ast,  or  durr  ddna-yi  mddar 
ast  (he  is  the  only  son  of  his  mother); 
bard-yi  shumd  ast  ki  bi-ravid,  or  — kaldm 
nakunld  ("you  have  only  to  go,"  or  "  to 
hold  your  tongue"  ;  said  in  displeasure); 
tanhd  kas-%  ki  drnad — (the  only  person 
who  came — ) :  for  '  not  only — but  also ' 
vide  Both. 

Onset,  hujum  etc.  dvardan.     Vide  Attack. 

Onus,  bdr-i  hujjat  (or  bdr-i  subUt)  bar  shumd 
ast. 

Onwards,  az  fardd  bi-ba'd  (from  to-morrow 
onwards). 

Onyx,  sang-i  sulaymEni ;  hdbd-quri. 

Ooze ,  birun  dmadan  ;  tardvidan. 

Oozing,  tardvush  (k.). 

Opal,  updl  (Eur.). 

Opaque,  mukaddar  (dingy) ;  kdsij ;  giayr-i 
shaffdf  (translucent). 

Open,  to,  gushudan;  bdz —  or  vd  kardan; 
m^ftuh  kardan :  rag  zadan  (of  a  vein) : 
yak  madrasa  maftuh  (or  bar  pa)  shud 
bard-yi — ;  shisha  anddkhtan  (open  a  win- 
dow in  a  railway '  carriage) ;  iftitdh  k.  (a 
meeting) ;  tamJdm-i  dard-i  dil  hi-man  guft 
(he  opened  out  his  mind  to  me) ,  vide  to 
Blossom ;  in  dar  bi-kucha  rah  ddrad  {' '  this 
door  opens  into  the  street ' ' ;  but  in 
daricha  bar  kucha  vd  mi-shavad  "  this 
window  opens  on  to  the  street) . 

Open-eyed,  chashm-bdz,  or  chashm-kushdd  (but 
bx-ddr  "  wide-awake"  lit.  and  met.). 

Open-handed,  dast-vdz  ;  gushdda-dast. 

Open-hearted,  dil-vdz  (generous). 

Opening,  gushdyish  (met.  only ) ;  iftitdh  (met.) ; 
gushdd  (at  chess). 

Openly,  dshkdrd ;  vdzih'^"  ;  fdsh;  'alq  ru*Us^^l- 
ashhdd:  dar  khald  u  mala  (openly  and 
in  secret ;  but  u  bd  juldn  shakhs  khayli 
khald  u  mala  ddrad  =  "  he  is  very  intimate 
with  him");  'aldniyya;  T^dhir^* :  bVs- 
sardha. 


Open-mouthed,  dahan^vdz  (also  greedy). 

Openness.     Vidt  Candour. 

Operate,  to,  fi*l  k. ;  or  asar  k.  (of  medicine) ; 
jarrdhi  k.  (surgically);  bi-'amal  dmadan; 
or  jdri  sh.  (take  eflFect  from). 

Operation  (surgical),  jarrdhi  (k.) ;  'amal-i 
yaddi^  {k.) ;  nishtar-ash  bi-khUbl  shud  {hia 
operation  was  successful).  [mufid. 

Operative,   kdr-gar,   or    kdn-gar ;    mu'assir ; 

Operator,  jarrdh  (surgical). 

Ophthalmia,  chashm-dard ;  or  chashm-khardbi. 

Ophthalmic,  chashmi ;  muia'alliq  bi<hashm. 

Opiate,  davd-yi  musakkin  (lessening  pain  or. 
the  palpitation  of  the  heart) ;  munawim 
(causing  sleep) ;  ma' /tin  (electuary).  Vide 
Narcotic. 

Opinion,  rdy  (for  ra*y),  pi.  drd^;  gumdn  (also 
doubt):  khaydl;  tasavrmr ;  mazanna ;  i'ti- 
qdd;  'aqida,  pi.  'aqd^id  (belief);  rd*y-i 
m^n  dar  bdb-i  u  ndqis  ast  (I  have  a  mean 
opinion  of  him) ;  khatd-yi  rdy  (k.)  (to  form 
an  erroneous) ;  ba'zi  bar  an  and  ki — (some 
are  of  opinion  that — ) ;  bi-khdtir-i  fdtir-am 
chunin  mi-numdyad  ki — (in  my  humble 
opinion — ) ;  tdbi^-i  drd^-i  nds  (slave  of  public 
opinion) ;  vide  Think ;  havdla  bi-rdy-i  shdn 
kardam  (I  told  them  to  act  as  they 
thought  fit,  best;  to  use  their  own  discre- 
tion).    Vide  Immovable. 

Opinionated,  khud-rd^i;  dar  ra^y-%  khud 
muta'assib. 

Opium,  tarydk^  (but  tarydq  antidote,  q. v.); 
afyun  (rare) ;  tarydki  (opium  smoker) ; 
afyunx  (ditto;  rare);  {dar)  sad  navad  u 
panj  az  muslimin-i  injd  vdfuri  hnstand  (95 
per  cent  of  the  Muslims  here  are  opium 
smokers).     Vide  Smoker. 

Opponent,  mukhdlif :  raqib  (rival  in  love  or 
trade) ;  hartf  (rival  in  trade ;  opponent  in 
a  game) ;  mujddil  (in  dispute) ;  mubdhis 
(discusser). 

Opportune,  bd-mahall ;  bd-maioqi'  ;  ukht  uftd- 
dan  (to  fall  opportunely). 

Opportunity,  fursat  (ydftan) ;  [qdbu  ydftan 
class.] ;  fursat  dast  ddd  (an  opportunity 
presented  itself) ;  majdl-i  na-ddshtam  (I 
had  no  opportunity) ;  ruz-i  fursat  rd  fawt 
kardam,  or  mawqi'  az  dast-am  raft  (I  lost 
the  opportune  day);  fursat  rd  ghanxmat 
shimurdam  (I  seized  the  opportunity) ; 
vide  Time;  bi-zan-gdh  (opportunity;  adso 


1  Daricha  andaMktan  (in  fin  Indian  hackney  carriage). 

2  Meaning  depends  on  context ;  used  alone  *amal-i  yaddl  means  "  skill." 

8  In  Ramazan,  before  ivisak,  i.e.  about  3  a.m.  English  time,  a  paid  crier  announces  from  a  roof  56 
ast  u  taryak  =  '  drink  your  Itist  water  and  take  your  last  dose  of  opium.' 

29 


Opp 


226 


Ord 


spot,q.v.);  dast-amz  (pretext).  Vide  For- 
tunate. 

Oppose,  mukhdlafat  k. ;  muqdvamat  k. ;  or 
jilawtstddan  {to  stand  up  to) ;  i'tirdz  k.  (to 
object  to) ;  ta'arruz  n,  (to  raise  an  objec- 
tion, q.v.) ;  muzdhim  oh.  (by  action)  but 
man'  k.  (forbid  by  words) ;  ddam  khayll'st 
ammd  Tiich  yak  harij-i  u  nanii-tavdnad  bi- 
shavad  (of  men  there  are  many,  but  none 
capable  of  opposing  him) ;  muzdyaqa  naml- 
kunam  (I  shan't  oppose  the  matter).  Vide 
Objection. 

Opposite,  muqdhil ;  ru  bi-ru ;  jilaw :  muhdzl 
(of  place) :  zidd ;  or  khildf  (of  disposition). 

Opposition, mw^afta^af ;  mukhdlafat;  muzdha- 
mat;  muqdvamat:  mukhdlifin  pi.  (Parlia- 
mentary). 

Oppress,  ta'addi  k  (go  beyond  the  limit); 
zulm  k. ;  or  jafd  k.  (oppression) ;  ijlmj  n. 
(injustice ;  sp.  with  extortion) ;  jawr  k. ; 
or  siiam  k. :  bar  ishdn  sakht  mi-girift. 

Oppressed,  mazlum  (also  in  m.c,  "  quiet, 
inoffensive  ") :  sitam-dida. 

Oppression,  tazallum  (k.);  dast-dardzl  (k.)  ; 
tatdvul  [k.). 

Oppressor,  mlim  ;  jajd-kdr  ;  sitam-gar ;  jawr- 
ptsha. 

Opprobrious,  shanl' ;  mazmum. 

Opprobrium,  rusvd^;  mazallat:  u  kard  vaU 
khardbi-yi  an  bi-man  bar  ml-gardad.  Vide 
Odium. 

Optative,  sigha-yi  iamannd^i  (mood). 

Optical,  basari. 

Optics  ,*ilm"^'l-mandzir. 

Optimist,  nik-bln  (opp.  to  bad-bin).  Vide 
Pessimist. 

Option,  ikhtiydr. 

Optional,  ikhtiydri;  basta  bi-mayl  va  khivd- 
hish. 

Opulence,  ghind;  tamavvul. 

Opulent,  ghani ;  mutamavvil. 

Or,  yd  ;  hhwdh  ;  chi  ;  vide  Otherwise  ;  du  si 
(two  or  three) ;  In  jd  bi-mdnid,  yd  in  ki 
na-ydyid  (either  stay  in  my  house  or  don't 
come  near  me).     Vide  Either. 

Oracular,  ilhdmi  ;  zu  ma'niyayn,  adj.  (with 
double  meaning). 

Oracularly,  bi-tawr-i  ilhdm  (by  inspiration). 

Oral,  zabdni  ;  shifdhi. 

Orally,  zabdn'^"  (Persian  word  ;  Arabic  case) ; 
shifdh'^" ;  lafz"-^ :  bi  'l-mushdfaha  (face  to 
face) ;  taqrir^"  na  tahrir"'^  (orally  and  not 
in  writing).  \ 


Orange,  tmrangi  (with  loose  skin) ;  purtugidl 
(Eur.  variety) ;  ndranj  (Seville— or  Bitter 
Orange);  ndrangi-yi  Chin  or  —  majlisi 
(Mandarin) ;  murakkabdt  Cgen.  term  for 
yellow  fruits;  oranges,  lemons,  citrons)  ; 
madanl  (sweet  lime;  cooling  to  the  sys- 
tem). 

Orangeade,  sharbat-i  ndranj. 

Orange-flower,  bahdr. 

Orange-flower  water,  'araq-i  bahdr. 

Orangery,  nuranjistdn  (orangery,  conserva- 
tory). 

Orange-outang.     Vide  Ourang  Outang. 

Oration,  khitdba  (or  address)  {khivdndan). 

Orator,  muqarrir ;  Tchatib  (preacher;  in  Ar. 
orator). 

Oratory,  namdz-khdna  (place  of  worship) ; 
'  ilm-i  khitdba ;  or  vulg.  '  ilm-i  taqrir. 
Vide  Eloquence. 

Orb,  kura,  pi.  kurdt  (globe) ;  qurs  (disc) ; 
jirm^  pi.  ajrdm  (anybody,  especially  celes- 
tial). 

Orbed,  kuravi. 

Orbit,  rdh-i  dawrdn ;  khatt-i  dawrdn ;  maddr  ; 
khatt-i  gar  dish,  vulg. 

Orchard,  hadiqa ;  or  bdgh  (garden ;  gen.  term ; 
Persian  gardens  usually  contain  fruit 
trees). 

Ordeal,  imtihdn;  az  buta-yi  imtihdn  khdlis 
birun  dmad  (he  passed  successfully  through 
the  ordeal). 

Order,  tartib  (d.)  (arrangment) ;  intizdm;  or 
nazm  (good  order) ;  munazzam  (well 
arranged,  ordered) ;  radij^  (one  behind  the 
other);  dyin;  or  qdnun,  pi.  qavdnin;  or 
zdbita,  pi.  zavdbit  (regulations)  ;  hukm,  pi. 
ahkdm  (d.) ;  or  amr,  pi.  avdmir  (k.)  (gen.) ; 
farmdn  P.,  Ar.  pi.  fardmln  {d.)  (sp.  of  the 
Shah,  or  Kings);  hukm-i  makhfi  (secret 
order) ;  bidun-i  hukm-i  sdni  (without  fur- 
ther orders) ;  farmdyish,  pi.  jarmdyishdt 
(k.)  (for  goods;  instructions,  etc.);  tariqa 
(relig.) :  nishdn;  or  imtiydz  (a  decora- 
tion); ia-^i— (in  order  that) ;  dlgar  hukm 
ast  ("well,  it's  the  order";  a  common 
reply  to  stop  further  query  as  to  why  a 
person  is  doing  such  and  such  a  thing). 

Order,  to,  farmudan,  rt.  farmd;  amr  k. ; 
taht-i  qd'ida  dar  dvardan  (to  bring  into 
good  order)  =  munazzam  k. ;  murattab  k. 
(arrange  in  order);  saif  drdstan^  (of 
(troops) ;  qadffhan  k.  or  ta^kid  k.  (to  give 
a  strict  injunction) ;  bi-qd'ida  ddshtan  (to 


1  Radif  "  one  riding  behiAd  on  a  horse;  reserve  forces." 

*  Araatan.  (rt.  ara),  alone  ia."  to  adorn,  etc.,  arrange,  decorate,  etc." 


Ord 


227 


Orp 


keep  in  order)  buzurgi  bar  an  bichdra 
ma-hun  (don't  order  that  poor  boy  about 
so ;  don't  '  boss '  him  so  much).  Vide 
Forbidden. 

Order,  to,  (adj.).     Vide  Made. 

Orderly,  ghulam  (gen.) ;  gAulam-l  savara 
(mounted — ) ;  favdra-yi  mukhbirdn  (moun- 
ted orderlies,  messengers) ;  salim  ;  or  dram 
(of  a  crowd) ;  mazlum  (quiet ;  of  an  in- 
dividual) ;  bd  qd'ida  (ditto). 

Ordinal,  'adad-i  tartibl;  ['adad-i  handast 
cardinals]. 

Ordinance,  fartza,  pi.  jardSz  (of  God) ;  dijtn 
(regulations) ;  qdnun  (a  code  or  system 
but  pi.  q'amntn,  regulations);  farmdn  P., 
pi.  Ar.  jardmxn  (of  kings) ;  ahkdm  (of  God). 
Vide  Fate  and  Order. 

Ordinary,  mutaddvil ;  or  ma'  mul  (customary) ; 
musta'mal  ("used";  gen.  of  words); 
rdHj  (current ;  of  coin  or  words) ;  qimat-i 
*ddila  (equivalent  price  of  foreign  coin) ; 
gunjishk-i  muta'drif  or  — rasml  (the  com- 
mon sparrow);  qimat-i  mutadrif  (the 
ordinary,  well-known  price). 

Ordinarily,  'umum"^^ ;  ^ddat""  (customarily). 

Ordure,  guh  (vulg.) ;  fuda  (gen.).  Vide 
Excrement,  Mutes,  Dung.  [Maw. 

Ore,  sang-i  mu'  dan-i  tild  (gold  ore) ;  fUizz-i 

Organ,  dla,  pi.  aW.t  (instrument) ;  argh  and 
arcfJianun  {z.)  (musical) ;  in  ruz-ndm^  dla-yi 
kdr-i  daulat  dst  (this  newspaper  is  a 
Government  organ) ;  dlat-i  tandsul  (organ 
of  generation). 

Organization,  tanzim  {d.) ;  tartib  (k.  or  d.)  ; 
tashkil  {d.  and  yd f tan).     Vide  Order. 

Organize,  tartib  d. ;  tashkil  d. 

Organized,  az  pish  murattab. 

Oriental,  mashriqi,  adj.;  ahl-i  mashriq  zamln 
subs,  (the  pepple). 

Orifice,  maw/as,  pi.  man^/iz  (of  ears,  nose; 
any  air-hole) ;  stujba  or  sufra  P.  (of  anus) ; 
dahana  (mouth  of  a  pipe) ;  surdjch  (any 
hole). 

Origin, asZ [pi.  usul  principles,  fundamentals] 
(root) ;  bunydd  (foundation) ;  masdar 
(source);  moftrfa*  (beginning) ;  mxtmba'-i 
fasdd  u  a^t;  asl""  Irani  {  =  he  is  of  Persian 
origin  on  the  father's  side ;  and  possibly 
on  the  mother's  too) ;  bad-asl  and  bad-rag 
(of  low  origin) ;  marja'-i  jami'  bi-yak  asl 
ast  (they  have  all  a  common  origin). 


Original,  fikr-i  bikr,  or  af kdr-i  abkdr  (*  virgin,* 
and  hence  'original,'  thoughts);  asl  subs, 
(of  a  work :  not  a  copy) ;  in  nitakha-yi 
awal  ast  va  dn  nuskha-yi  sdni  (this  is  the 
original  document  and  that  the  copy) ; 
asU,  adj. 

Originality,  jiddat;  tdzagi ;  in  mard  tdzagi 
ddrad;  qasd^id-i  Qa^'dni  jiddat  ddrad. 

Originate,  to,  ibdd'  k. ;  jdri  k. ;  bar  pa  k. ; 
bind  nihddan. 

Originating,  ndshi  az —  (arising  from — ) ; 
bunydn  az — ;  ijdd  az — . 

Originator,  mubdi^;  bdnt. 

Orion,  Jabbdr;  and  Nasaq. 

Ornament,  ardyish  {d.  or  k.) ;  or  zinat  {d.  or 
k.)  (gen.);  ptmya  (jewelry)  (ba^tan)  ;  zivar 
{pushdndan;  or  bar  k.)  (jewellery).  Vide 
Adorn. 

Ornament,  to,  drdstan.  rt.  drdy  (gen.) ;  pirds- 
tan,  rt.  pirdy  (of  the  person,  or  a  garden) ; 
tazyin  k. ;  or  muzayyan  sdkhtan  (decorate 
or  ornament,  etc.,  of  persons  or  things). 

Ornamental,  zinat-dih :  pirdy a-bakhsh. 

Ornamentally,  az  ru-yi  tazyin ;  bard-yi  zinat. 

Ornamentation,  naqsh  u  nigdr  (painting, 
carving,  etc.);  drdstagi  (the  furniture, 
pictures  and  ornamentation).  Vide  also 
Ornaments. 

Ornamented,  drdsta ;  pirdsta ;  muzayyan; 
murassa'  (studded  with  jewels) ;  mukallal 
(with  jewels). 

Ornaments,^  pHrdya;  or  zivar;  or  javdhir- 
dldt'^  (jewels);  asbdb-i  tajammul  (every- 
thing that  makes  a  show,  as  dress,  horses, 
motor  cars,  etc.). 

Ornate,  muzayyan  (decorated);  *ibdrat-i  rangin 
(ornate  style ;  in  writing) ;  bi-'ibdrat-i 
rangin  nutq-i  kard  or  ddd  (he  delivered  an 
ornate  speech) ;  rangin-khipdn  adj.  (of  an 
ornate  preacher;  by  Persians  in  India). 

Ornithologist,  iayr-shinds. 

Orphan,  bi-mddar,  or  mddar-murda  (without 
mother) ;  bi-pidar,  or  yatim,  pi.  aytdtn 
(without  father);  [yasir  Ar.  "mother- 
less" not  used  in  m.c] ;  vdlid-i  in  yatlm^ 
rihlat  far  mud  va  vaqt-i  jdn-kandan  bard- 
dar-i  kuchak-ash  rd  ki  *ammu-yi  man'^ 
bdshad  talab  karda  farmud  ki  man  hama-yi 
mdl  va  mulk  rd  tark  karda  irdda-yi  safar 
ddram  va  likin  in  vasiyyat-i  inard^  bi-jd  bi- 
ydvarid  va  buzurgi  rd  pisha  kunid — Prof. 


1  By  Mualim  law,  gold  omamenta  are   forbidden  to  men,  but  allowed  to  women.     Vide  note  to 
'gold.' 

2  Javahir,  alone  "  precious  stones.'' 

^  The  speaker  commences  in  the  3rd  person  (in  yatim)  £uad  changes  to  the  Grst  (man  euid  mara). 


Orp 


228 


Out 


S.  T.  (my  father  died,  and  in  his  last 
moments,  sending  for  his  younger  brother, 
my  uncle,  said  to  him,  "  I  am  about  to 
start  on  a  journey,  leaving  my  wealth 
and  land  behind  me,  but  do  thou  carry 
out  this  behest  of  mine  like  an  honour- 
able person)." 

Orphanage,  yaiim-khdna. 

Orpiment,  zarnikh  (yellow). 

Orthodox,  mutasharri* ;  hanlf  (rare) ;  hhush- 
i'tiqdd;  pd-band-i  sharl'at.     Vide  Strict. 

Orthodoxy,  tasharru'  ;  hanlfi  (rare) ;  khush- 
i'tiqddi. 

Orthography,  imld^. 

Oscillate,  to,  Oscillation,  harakat  kardan-i 
langar-i  sd'at  (of  pendulum) ;  [in  Arabic 
tazabzvJ)]. 

Osprey.     Vide  Eagle. 

Ossification,  mutahajjirl  (prop,  petrifaction) . 

Ossify,  to,  mutahajjir  sJtudan. 

Ostensible,  zdhiri. 

Ostentation,  khudrnunm^l  {k.) ;  izhdr-i  tash- 
akhkhus  (k.)  ;  pufyuzi  {k.)  (also  quackery) ; 
jilva-farushi  {k.) ;  buzurgl  farukhtan  (show 
off  wealth;  also  one's  authority). 

Ostentatious,  khud-numd ;  tashahhlchus-far- 
ush. 

Ostrich,  shutur-murgh,;  misl-i  kahk  sar  zir-i 
barf  mi-kunad  (to  put  the  head  in  the 
sand  like  an  ostrich).     Vide  Partridge. 

Other,  gAayr ;  dtgar :  sd^ir  (also  the  whole) ; 
^ayr  az  (other  than) ;  an  du  td-yi  dlgar 
(the  other  two ;  of  things) ;  an  du  nafar-i 
digar  (of  persons). 

Otherwise,  varna;  or  va  agar  na;  or  va  ilia 
(if  not) ;  digar-gun  or  tawr-i  digar  (in  an- 
other fashion) ;  sihhat  va  'adam-i  sihhat-i 
in  kayfiyyat  (the  truth  or  otherwise  of  this 
affair) ;  bar  khildf-i  an  ast  (the  case  is 
otherwise) . 

Otter,  sag-i  dbl  P.;  [by  the  Afghans  also 
sag-i  law];  su-samuri  T.  (rare). 

Ottoman,  ^Usmdnl. 

Ought,  Idzim  ast,  or  bay  ad,  or  bdyist — (follow- 
ed by  Pres.  Subj.  =  "you  ought  to — ") ; 
mi-bdyist  (followed  by  Pres.  or  Perf.  Subj. 
=  "  ought  to  have — ");  na-ravid,  narm- 
shavad  (  =  you  ought  to  come  with  me; 
polite);  ^"-ma  ?/am6a^i  (as  is  fitting) ;  Idzim 
hud  ki  diruz  in  kdr  rd  karda  bdshid  (you 
ought,  should  have,  done  this  yesterday). 


Our,  Ours,  mM-i  ma  ;  az  ma  ast  ;  az  dn-i  md 

'St. 

Ourselves,  khud-i  mRn. 

Ourang-outangji  nasnds  (or  gorilla?;  also  a 

demoniacal  creature  inhabiting  deserts). 
Out,  birun;   khdrij ;  hi-dar :   dghd-m  khdna 

nist  (the  master  is  out). 
Outbreak,    Outburst,   hudus   (of   epidemic) ; 

buruz.     Vide  Disturbance ;  hayajdn-i  ghayz 

(of  anger). 
Outcast,  rdnda-yi  qawm  ;  bi-khdn  u  man ;  [ay 

mardud  is  abuse,  or  a  curse]. 
Outcry,  ghfiiwghd ;  hangdma ;  farydd;  dad  u 

bi-ddd ;  valvala. 
Outdone,    sabqat   burdan  az — ;    az   Shaytdn 

ham  guzashta  ast. 
Outer  side,  of  a  garment,  abra. 
Outfit,  puli  shalvdr  chakma  (outfit  money  to 

servants    before     a     journey) ;     lavdzim-i 

safar ;  sdmMn. 
Outlaw,  khun-ash  hadar  ast  (i.e.  it  is  lawful 

for  any  one  to  shed  his  blood). 
Outlet,  manfaz;  mahhraj ;  dar-raw:  mawqa' 

u  mahaU-i  bard-yi  ibrdz-i  jawhar-i  zdti-yi 

khud  na-ddrad  =  mayddn  na-ddrad  (he  has 

no  outlet  for  his  talents). 
Outline,  angdra  zadan  (by  pen  or  pencil) ; 

garda  zadan  (to  make  an  outline  sketch 

by  a  perforated  tracing  and  a  bag  of  dust 

charcoal) ;  khdka  rikhtan  or  kashidan  (by 

pencil)  ;  khuldsa-yi  taqrir  (of  a  speech). 
Outlook,  dsdr;  havd-yi  kdr. 
Outpost,  qardvul;  tildya.    [woman) ;  ta'addi. 
Outrage,   hatk-i   'irz  =  bi-ndmus  kardan  (on 
Outrider,  savdr-i  jilo. 

Outrunner,  shdtir  (foot-runner,  with  or  with- 
out a  wand,  who  precedes  the  Shah  when 

he  drives). 
Outside,  biruni  and  khdriji  adj. ;  dam-i  dar 

(either  just  inside  or  just  outside  of  the 

door);    abra   (outside  of   a    garment    as 

opposed  to  the  dstar  or  "  lining  "). 
Outskirts,   dbddl-yi   havali-yi  shahr  kam-a^ 

(there  is  little  cultivation  round  the  city) ; 

atrdf. 
Outstare,  az  u  khira-tar  nigarlstam. 
Outwardly,  zdUr"'' ;   sural"'',   or  dar  sural; 

dar  birun. 
Outwear,  bishtar  davdm  dashlan. 
Outwit,  to,  ru  dast  zadan  (met. ;  lit.  to  throw 

in  wrestling). 


1  Sindbad's  old  mem  of  the  sea  is  supposed  to  have  been  an  oiirang-outang.  According  to  the 
Arab  notion  a  naanas  is  the  product  of  a  shiqq  (i.e.  a  demon  that  is  half  a  human  being  split  from  head 
to  fork),  and  of  a  human  being. 

2  A,  vulgar  for  ast. 


Ova 


229 


Ove 


Oval,  hayzavl;  hawz-i  lukhni-muri^l  (artifi- 
cial oval  pool) ;  surat-i  kashida  (oval  face'). 

Ovarious,  tukhm-nih. 

Oven,  tanur;  [in  Ar.  tannur,  pi.  tandnir]. 

Over,  bald;  bar;  bar  sar-i —  prep.:  baqi; 
zlydda  (exceeding) ;  bi-*Id  du  mdh  uchiz-i 
mdnda  (a  little  over  two  months  to  '7rf — ); 
■panjdh  rupiya  u  chiz-i ;  ba^d  az  si  nbdh  u 
kasr-l ;  dah  ml  u  and-l :  mdndan ;  and 
ziydd  dmadan  (to  be  over) ;  az  aar  td  pd 
maqruz  (over  head  and  ears  in  debt) ;  dn 
taraf-i  rah  (over  the  way) ;  raft,  or  tamdm 
shud,  or  hdld  dlgar  guzasht,  or  simply 
guzasht,  (  =  that's  over). 

Overcast,  havd  girifta;  dsmdn  siydh  shvd,  or 
abrhd-yi  slydh  bdld  dmad  (the  sky  grew 
overcast) ;  ddija  duMUan  ( to  overcast ;  in 
sewing). 

Overcoat,  kulija  (a  warm  overcoat  with  half 
sleeves);  labdda;  or  bdld- push  (an  over- 
coat ;  also  a  quilt  or  any  sleeping  cover- 
ing) ;  bdrdni  (waterproof) :  pdltu  (Fr.) ; 
'ahd  (loose  Arab  over-garment) ;  khirqa  (of 
darvishes).     Vide  Goak. 

Overcome,  to,  bar—gifllib  dmadan;  magh- 
lub  k. ;  (bar)  gkalaba  k. ;  bar — dastydftan; 
'  vide '  Conquer  and  Defeat ;  daf'-i  sayyi^a 
bi-hasana  k.  (to  overcome  evil  with  good). 

Over-confident,  az  khyd  rdzl ;  bar  khud 
ndzdn  ;  ziydd  bar  khud  mutma^inn. 

Over-cooked,  vd-rafta  (gone  to  pieces;  gen. 
term) ;  ziydd  tabkh  shuda. 

Overdo,  to,  az  hadd  ziydd  raj  tan,  or  tajdvuz 
kardan. 

Overdue,  cfidjjdr  dir  shuda,  or  'mtV  bi-ta^khir 
uftdda,  the  mail,  the  post,  is  overdue)  ; 
maiv'  id-i  pul  du  ruz  sar  dmada  (the  money 
is  overdue  by  two  days). 

Over-eat,  td  hulqum  khurdan  ;  pur  khurdan. 

Overflow,  bi-tughydn  dinadan,  or  sayldb  shu- 
(ian  (of  a  river) ;  jnir  shuda  mi-rizad  (of  a 
cistern). 

Overflowing,  lab-riz  (full  to  the  brim) ;  lab-d- 
lab  (ditto). 

Over-gorge,  pur-chapdndan  (to  overstuff  of 
food  ;  to  over-pack,  or  cram  anything). 

Overhanging,  bar-dmada  or  bar-jasta. 

Overhead,  ru-yi  sar ;  bdld-yi  sar :  fawq-i  sar; 
mu'allaq  or  dmzdn  (hanying,  suspended). 

Overhear,  Overhearing,  shunidan,  etc.  (by 
accident ;  vide  Hear) ;  ta,sammu^  kardan  or 


istirdq-i  sam'  kardan  =  gush  kashidan  (to 
eavesdrop ;  on  purpose) ;  divdr  muah 
ddrad,  mush  gush  ddrad  (  =  walls  have 
ears). 

Overland,  az  hhushki  (opp.  to  az  tart) ;  barri, 
adj.  (opp.  to  bahrl). 

Overload,  to,  pur  bdr  k. ;  bdr-i  ziydd  k. 

Overlook,  to.  Overlooking,  vd-rasi  (k.)  bi  — 
( —  servants,  etc.) :  mushraf  bar  rudrldidnd 
(overlooking  the  river) ;  faru  didan  (to  see 
below  one  ;  of  persons) ;  mde  To  Neglect ; 
chashm-pusht  k.  or  ig^mdz  k.  (to  overlook 
a  fault;  also  to  connive  at).  Ftde  For- 
give. 

Overnight,  shai>-i  qahl  az  vdqi'a;  shab-i 
pish.'^ 

Overplus,  md,  baqi.^ 

Overpower,  mu^stawU  shudan ;  vide  To  Con- 
quer; kasrat  bar  shajd'at  ghalba  karda 
( — overpowered  by  numbers  the  heroes 
— ) ;  kasrat  bar  qillat  dast  ydfta  (over- 
powered by  numbers). 

Overrate,  ziydd  shimurdan. 

Override,  bi-zur  pish  burdan  (met.) :  zir-i 
sum-i  asp  pd-mdl  k.  (lit.) ;  mansukh  k. 
(annul) ;  hukm-i  mujtahid  bar  farmdn-i 
Shdh  ndfiz  ast. 

Over-ripe,  ziydd-rasida ;  [opp.  to  nd-ras,  not 
quite  ripe*]. 

Overseer,  sar-kdr ;  mubdshir. 

Over-set.      Vide  Overturn. 

Overshadow,  sdya-anddkhtdn. 

Oversight,  sahv ,  vide  Mistake. 

Oversleep,  ziydd  (or  td  dlr)  khrpdhidan. 

Overstep,  az  hadd  tajdvuz  k.  or  — dar  guzash- 
tan. 

Overtake,  jard  randan ;  az  *aqab  raddan ;  az 
'aqab  mulhaq  shudan. 

Overthrow,  vdzhgun  kardan  (to  overturn) ; 
shikast  dddan ;  or  Jiazimat  d.  (to  defeat) ; 
az  pd  anddkhtdn  (to  throw  down  a  man, 
to  demolish  a  building).  Vide  Conquer 
and  Ruin. 

Overtures,  (to  make) ,  iqddm  k.  bi —  .•  taJirtk-i 
sulh  k.  (—of  peace). 

Overturn,  vdruna  k. ;  or  vdzfigun —  or  sar- 
nigun  k. ;  or  barx  garddnidan ;  bi-yak 
bdragi  latma-yi  bdd-i  kishti  rd  sar-vigun 
kard.     Vide  Demolish. 

Overturned,  ma'kus;  vdruna. 

Overvalue.     Vide  Overrate. 


1  Kitabl  oval,  of  face,  is  India. 

2  S/wfc  i  piah  cannot  mean  the  •  cominK  night.' 
♦  But  Uiam  "  very  unripe,  quite  green,"  etc. 


For  ma  baqq. 


Ove 


230 


Pae 


Overwhelm,  gharq  kardan ;  fard  giriftan. 

Oviperous,  iukhm-nih;  tuJchm-guzdr :  giayr-i 
valud  (i.e.  not  produced  by  direct  birth). 

Owe,  bidih  ddshtan;  qarz  ddshtan;  madyun 
hudan;  man  hi-shumd  dah  tumdn  maqruz- 
am,  or  bi-dih-kdr-am,  or  hi-dihl  ddram  (I 
owe  you  10  tumans). 

Owl,  bum;  buf  or  blj ;  shdh-buf  P.  and 
fahd^'l-layl  At.  (Eagle  Owl) ;  ydpldgh-i 
sdhrd^l  (probably  the  Short-eared  Owl) ; 
ydpldq-i  bdg]vi  (probably  the  Tawny  Owl) ; 
'arus-i  chdh  (a  *  yellowish -white  owl  with- 
out horns  that  preys  chiefly  on  pigeons ' )  ; 
bdya-qush  or  chughd  (a  species  of  little 
owl) ;  mur^-i  shab-dhang  or  murgh-i  haqq 
(probably  the  Madge  Owlet) ;  misl-i  bum 
ast  (he  is  ill-omened ;  carries  ill-luck  with 
him) ;  jugAd  murgh-i  shum-Vst. 

Owl-eyed,  bum-chashm  (with  big  round  eyes : 
not  a  beauty). 

Own,  khud ;  az  khud-i  man  or  mdl-i  khud-am 
(it  is  my  own) :  chiz-l  az  khud  nxi-ddram 
(I  have  nothing  of  my  own). 

Own,  to,  mdlik  budan;  ddshtan  rt.  ddr ;  bi- 
Khudd,  }tasl  u  mst-am  hamln  as^(this  is  all 
I  own  in  the  world) ;  muqirr-am ;  or  qabul 
ddram  (I  own  it;  admit  it);  mu'tarif-i 
qusur-i  khud  shudan  (to  own  one's  fault). 

Owner,  mdlik ;  pidar-sag  sdhib  (whose  owner 
is  a  pidar-sag ;  abuse  to  an  animal) : 
hamchu  khaydl-ash  girifta  ast  ki  bd  in  Mia 
va  tadbir  mi-tavdnad  bi-dawlat-i  u  sdhib 
shavad  (an  idea  has  taken  hold  of  her  that 
by  this  artifice  she  will  get  hold  of  his 
property) . 

Ox,  Oxen,  gdv  {gen.  term) ;  m  gdv-hd  az  dn-i 
kist'i 

Ox-eyed,  gdv-chashm. 

Ox-goad,  mil-i  gdv-rdni.     Vide  Goad. 

Ox-tongue,  gdv-zabdn  (the  herb  ox-tongue 
or  bugloss). 

Oxygen,  m,uvallid" ' l-hum,uz. 

Oxus,  (river),  Jayhun. 

Oxymel,  sikanjabin  (a  sherbet  made  of 
vinegar  and  sugar  with  a  little  mint 
added). 

Oyster,  sadaf  (mo(her-of-pearl  shell). 


Pace,  qadam,   pi.   aqddm ;  or  gam  (a  pace, 
step) ;    raftdr  (gait) ;    shiling  (z.)  (stride) ; 


khush-qddam    or    khush-gdm    (well-paced, 
comfortable,  of  donkeys,  etc.). 

Pace,  to,  qadam  z.  (to  walk  ;  of  persons  only) ; 
qadum  anddkhtan  (to  step  showily;  of  a 
horse) ;  qadam  raftan  (to  walk  slowly ;  of 
horse) ;  gdm  z.  (to  walk,  to  measure  by 
paces ;  of  persons  only) ;  gdm  shimurda 
raftan  (to  pace  in  a  stately  manner,  like 
a  cat  at  certain  times).     Vide  To  Amble. 

Pacific,  sulh- dust :  drdm  ;  mard-i  drdm-V st. 

Pacification,  m,usdlaka  (between  parties) ; 
drdm  kardan;  or  isldk-i  umurdt  (of  a  dis- 
trict, etc.). 

Pacify,  to,  sulh  dddan  (gen.) ;  dshti  dddan 
(between  parties) ;  drdm  k. ;  taskin  d.  (of 
appetites) . 

Pack,  dasta  (of  cards) ;  dasta  or  galla  (of 
dogs) ;  musht-i  durugh  (a  pack  of  lies). 

Pack,  to,  basian,  rt.  band;  bast  u  band  k. : 
bar  chidan  (to  gather  up,  remove  ;  at  a 
picnic,  etc.) :  pichidan  (to  roll  up). 

Package,  Packet,'  basta  or  amdnat  (any 
parcel,  small  or  large) ;  az  Isfahdn  basta-yi 
kdghaz-i  bi-tavassut-i  (or  bi-musdhabai'i) 
pust  bard-yat  rasida  ast.     Vide  Package. 

Packer,  basta-band. 

Pack-horse,  mdl  (gen. ;  for  pack-animals) ; 
ydbu-yi  bdr  or  ydbu-yi  bdri;  [ydbu  a 
coarse-bred  pony ;  a  term  also  applied  to 
a  horse  when  it  has  become  worthless]. 

Packing-needle,  suzan-i  javdl-duz. 

Pack-saddle,  pdldn  (of  donkeys,  mules) ; 
jahdz  (of  camels). 

Packthread,  sar-duz  (coarse  black  woollen 
thread) ;  qdtima  T.  (hair-rope,  gen.  of  black 
goat-hair) . 

Pad,  takaltu  (gen.  for  horse) ;  sifdl  iu-yi 
pdldn  kardan  (to  stuff  a  pack-saddle  with 
straw,  and  metaphorically  =  tamalluq  guf- 
tan). 

Padded,  hashv-karda  or  muhashsha  (of  sad- 
dle). 

Padding,  hashv  (gen.) ;  (pi.  hashviyydt  (in 
literature  only,  tautologies). 

Paddle.     Vide  Oar. 

Paddle-wheel,  charkh;  parra  (one  board  or 
blade  of  the  paddle-wheel,  or  of  the 
screw) . 

Padlock,  qufl  {k.)  (also  applied  to  an  English 
lock) . 

Paean,  fath-ndma  (in  prose  or  poetry ;  an- 
nounces victory). 


J  Pakat  Eur.  means  "  envelope." 


Pae 


231 


Pal 


Paederast,'  hachcha-hdz;  bl-rish-baz;  fa' it 
(only  of  the  agent) ;  pusht ;  or  lcu7U ;  or 
bi-rish;  or  maj'ul  (only  of  the  pathic); 
maraz-i  ubna  ddrad  (of  pathic). 

Paederasty,'  livdta:  bachcha-bazi  (al80  = 
"  child- play  ") ;  jmshti ;  or  nd-khushl-yi 
ubna  (of  the  pathic).     Vide  Sodomy. 

Pagan,  but-'parast  (idolator). 

Paganism,  but-parasti. 

Page,  safha,  pi.  safhajdi;  varaq  (leaf  or  two 
pages) ;  j^uldtn-bachcha  (negro  page) ; 
Ichdna-shdgird  (a  small  boy  who  acts  as  a 
messenger  between  the  men's  and  wo- 
men's apartments ;  he  is  usually  spoilt 
and  objectionable). 

Pagoda,  pagoda  (Eur.) ;  [the  English  word 
' '  pagoda ' '  is  derived  from  but-kada  which 
means  any  idol- temple]. 

Pai],  dalv  (of  copper) ;  sail  (has  two  handles). 
Vide  Bucket. 

Pain,  dard  (gen.) ;  ranj ;  and  alam  (of  mind) ; 
dard-i  zih  (of  child-birth) ;  pahlu-yam  dard 
girifta  ast  (I  have  just'^  got  a  pain  in  my 
side) ;  zakhm  tir  mi-kashad  (of  a  stabbing 
pain).     Vide  Pang. 

Pains,  mashaqqat  (didan) ;  or  zahmat —  or 
ranj  {kashidan) ;  sa'y  (k.)  (to  take  pains; 
ijide  Try,  Endeavour) ;  mardrat  (kashidan) 
(m.c.  pains,  trouble ;  lit.  bitterness) ;  bi- 
diqqat  kdr  k. 

Pain,  to,  alam  (of  mind)  or  sadma  (of  body 
or  mind)  rasdnidan;  bi-dard  dvardan 
(gen.) ;  dard  dddan  or  — rasdndan  (of 
wound,  etc.). 

Painful,  dard-ndk ;  or  pur-dard  (of  mind  or 
body) ;  ranj-dih  (to  mind). 

Painstaking,  ranj  {burddn  or  kashidan) ;  jidd 
u  jahd  {k.)  (striving). 

Paint,  rang  (2.)  (of  wood,  the  face;  gen.); 
(jjidza  (2.)  ;  or  surkh-db  (2.)  (rouge;  for  the 
face) ;  safid-db  (2.)  (white  powder  for 
face);  vasma  (kashidan)  (black;  for  eye- 
brows) ;  dn  zdn  surat-ash  rd  surkhdb  u 
safid-db  zada  sar  u  mu-yash  rd  durust 
kard,  pishtar  haffa  karda  bud  (she  painted 
her  face  and  tied  her  hair  having  previ- 


ously removed  the  fluff}'  hairs  from  her 
face^) ;  khdl  nihddan  (to  paint  a  mole). 

Paint,  to,  rang  k.  (of  carpenter) ;  rang  u 
ru^an  z.  (of  picture)  ;  naqqdshi  k.  (to 
draw  and  paint) ;  [naqsh  k.  and  tasvir 
kashidan  "to  draw  "J;  rangin  k.  (to 
colour);  abru  bd  vasma  payvasta  k.  ("to 
join  the  two  eye-brows  by  vasma ' ' ;  joined 
eye- brows  are  a  beauty). 

Painted,  munaqqash  (with  coloured  drawings, 
etc.). 

Painter,  musawir  (artist) ;  dar  zamariri  salaf 
dar  vildyat-i  Chin  naqqdsh-i  mash-hur-i 
buda  ast  mawsum  bi-Mani*  (in  ancient 
times  there  was  a  very  famou.s  painter  in 
China,  called  ManI) ;  naqqdsh  (gen. ;  house 
painter,  or  artist). 

Painting,  naqqdshi ;  or  tasvir  kashi  (drawing) ; 
miLsawiri  (art  of — ) ;  par  da  (anj'  large 
painting ;  as  parda-yi  ashkdl  (an  oil-paint- 
ing with  figures  ;  human  or  animal) . 

Pair,  juft ;  zawj  * ;  "  there  was  a  pair  of  each 
sort  (of  bird)"  az  har  jins-i  yak  juft  nar 
u  mdda  bud :  dn  du  td  ukht-i  ham  and 
(those  two  men  are  a  pair) ;  in  du  mard 
juft-and  ( =  these  two  are  always  together); 
kahar  az  kabud  kam  nist  (=  they  are  a 
pair,  as  bad  as  each  other).     Vide  Odd. 

Pair,  to,  juft  giriftan  or  shudan  intr.  (of 
animals) ;  juft  k.  tr. ;  juft  juft  raftan  (to 
pair  off ;  in  a  garden  party) ;  Tuan  dar  rah 
bd  u  juft  shuddm  ( =  I  joined  him  on  the 
road). 

Palace,  qasr  (of  Shah) ;  arg  (of  Governor) ; 
kushk  (any  summer  residence,  a  villa). 

Palacious,  qa»r-mdnand. 

Palanquin,  takht-i  ravdn. 

Palatable,  guvdra;  khush-gavdr ;  bd  maza: 
laziz  (delicious). 

Palate,  kdm. ;  saqf-i  dahan ;  saqq. 

Pale,  kam-rang  (of  colours) ;  az  tars  rang-ash 
zard  shud  =  rang  ash  parid^  az  tars:  az 
na-khushi  rang  u  ru*i  na-ddrad:  pd  az 
dd^ira-yi  zdhir-i  shari'at  biriin  na-nihdd 
(he  still  kept  within  the  pale  of  religion). 
Vide  PaUid. 


1  Hiz  and  hizl  k.  are  now  used  as  abuse  and  signify  acting  in  any  low  or  disgraceful  manner. 

'i  Note  force  of  Perfect  here,  girifta  oat. 

'^  Also  band  andahJktan.  Some  Persian  Muslim  women  remove  the  fluff  off  the  face  by  means  of  a 
string :  the  professional  woman  who  does  this  is  called  hand-anduz.  Zan-i  rna'qul  va  najib  na  aurtliab  va 
aafid-ab  ml-zanad  va  na  haffa  ml-kunad — Kirman  saying. 

♦  Said  to  have  been  a  Persian  who  went  to  China,  leeu-nt  painting,  returned  to  his  country  as  a  pro- 
phet, and  founded  the  Manchean  sect.     Miniatures  in  ancient  Persian  AISS.  are  very  Chinese  in  character. 

f>  Juft  is  sometimes  incorrectly  used  for  "  two,"  like  the  English  word  "  couple  "  ;  but  of  shoes  ifc 
must  mean  a  pair,  a  right  and  left. 

(>  Rangaah  yaritl  also  "  faded  or  weuhed  out ' '  (of  the  colours  in  clothes,  etc.). 


Pal 


232 


Pap 


Palindrome,'  maqlub-i  mutasam. 

Paling,  hisar-i  takhta;  az  tahhta  hisdr  k.  or 
bastan  (to  surround  by  palings). 

Palisade,  dlvar-i  takhta;  mitras,  pi.  matarls'^ 
(also  a  barricade  for  a  door). 

Pall,  chddar-i  tdhut  (in  Persia  it  is  a  white 
sheet  or  a  costly  shawl) ;  jandza-push 
(ditto). 

Palliate,  to,  tajchjif  dadan  {to  lessen) ;  ighmdz 
k.  (to  overlook  a  fault). 

Palliation,  talchjif-i  taqslr  dddan. 

Pallid,  zard  (from  sickness);  rang-ash  bdkhta 
(from  fear).     Vide  Pale. 

Pall-mall,  darham  barham  (gen.  adj.);  bar 
yak  digar  rikhta  (of  people  or  animals) ; 
ru-yi  ham  uftdda. 

Pallor,  zardi. 

Palm,  nahhl ,  or  darakht-i  khurmd  (date- 
palm)  ;  lif-i  khurmd  (fibre) ;  kaf-i  dast 
(palm  of  the  hand) ;  \kaj-i  pd  sole  of  the 
foot] ;  nakhlistdn  or  nakhl-zdr  (palm- 
grove). 

Palm  off,  to.  In  qirdn  rd  chunin  qalam  (or 
jilva)  ddd  ki  guyd  asl  (or  sahih)  ast  ^  ?  (he 
palmed  this  qirdn  off  as  genuine). 

Palmister,  kaf-bln;  kaf-shinds. 

Palmistry,  'ilm-i  kaf-bini. 

Palpitate,  tapldan  or  tapidan  Vide  Bate 
and  Flutter. 

Palpitation,  tapish-i  qalb  (—of  the  heart; 
heart-disease) ;  khafaqdn  (sudden  and  of 
short  duration). 

Palsied,  ra'sha  paydd  karda. 

Palsy,  dast- ash  ra'sha  paydd  karda  ast. 

Paltry,  yak  par-i  kdh  nami-arzad;  yak-pull 
or  yak-ghdzi  (value  one  mite ;  of  persons). 

Pampered,  ndz-ddna:  ndz-parvarda ;  [sdya- 
parvarda  (Class,  and  Indian;  in  m.c. 
applied  to  flowers  grown  in  the  shade).] 

Pamphlet,  risdla. 

Pamphleteer,  risdla-nams. 

Pan,  dlzi  and  dlzu  (gen.  deep  and  of  earthen- 
ware ;  used  for  stewing  soup) ;  tdba  or 
mdhi-tdba  (frying  pan) ;  sdj  (a  griddle  for 
bread);  chdla ;  or  gushak;  or  dtash-Jchdna 
(of  gun). 

Pander,  dallal  (gen.  term ;  any  broker) :  jd- 
ka,sh;  lihdf-kash;  qaltabdn ;  qurumsdq: 
dayyus  (to  his  own  wife). 


Pander,  to,  dalldli  k. ;  jd-kashi  k. :  lihdf 
kashi  k. 

Panderess,  dalldla. 

Pane,  jdm  (gen.) ;  kitdbl  (pane  of  coloured 
glass) ;  dar  In  panjra  dah  jdm-i  sh'isha  ast; 
[jdm  also  =  a  metal  drinking  cupj. 

Panegyric,  qasida-yi  madh  Ichipdndan  (to  re- 
cite a — ). 

Panegyrical,  madh-dmtz. 

Panegyrist,  madh-gu ;  madddh. 

Panel,  lawha. 

Pang,  vide  Pain;  danddn-am  slkh  kashid  or 
tlr  kasMd  (I  had  a  sudden  pang  in  my 
tooth) ;  sakardt-i  mawt  chashtdan  (the 
pangs  of  death ;  =  dar  hdlal-i  jdn-kandan 
buddn) ;  az  shiddat-i  m'  (from  the  pangs  of 
hunger) . 

Panic-struck,  vahshat-zada.      Vide  Fear. 

Panniers,  chdk  (for  fruit;  local?);  lawda  {a 
pointed  mule-pannier  for  fruit) ;  sabad 
(any  small  basket) ;  zambll  (any  small 
basket  of  date-leaves) ;  kajdva  (wooden, 
for  riding  in). 

Panorama,  dur-numd  (?)  (a  word  used  in  the 
Shah's  Diary). 

Pant,  to,  halhal  zadan  (of  animals) ;  tiafas 
zadan  (of  human  beings) ;  hmga  zadan 
(to  grunt  as  porters  and  Indian  palki- 
bearers) . 

Pantheism,  vahdat"'l-vujud. 

Pantheist,  qdHl-i  vahdat-i  vujud. 

Panther,  palang.      Vide  Cheeta. 

Pantry,  sharbat-khdna  (where  all  sorts  of 
provisions  are  stored,  as  well  as  cups  and 
saucers,  etc.). 

Papa,  bdbd  (also  •'  baby"). 

Paper,  kdghdz-i  navishtani  (writing) ;  kdghaz-i 
muhra  kashida  (glazed) ;  kdghaz-i  kh^iishk 
-kun  (blotting) ;  kdghaz-i  ndshir  (absor- 
bent, i.e.  on  which  the  ink  spreads); 
dafdtir-i  divdnl  (state  papers) ;  kdghazl 
(adj . ;  made  of  paper) . 

Paper,  to,  az  kdghaz  pushdndan. 

Paper  knife,  kdghaz-bur. 

Paper  weight,  sang-i  ru-jarsh  (prop,  weights 
pub  on  the  corners  of  carpets) ;  sang-i  ru 
kdghaz. 

Papyrus,  hafd  (the  name  of  the  leaf  when 
green). 


1  Palindrome  ;  a  word  or  sentence  that  can  be  read  indifferently  backwards  and  forwards  as  j>j^, 
or  in  English  "  Madam,  I'm  Adam  "  (Adam's  self-introduction  to  Eve).  Anagram  is  a  general  term  for 
any  transcription  of  letters  as  evil  and  live. 

'I  The  Pers.  ma-tara  "  don't  fear,"  from  which  an  Arabic  verb  has  been  coined. 

s  Notftwd. 


Par 


233 


Par 


Parable,  masai,  pi.  amadl. 

Parade,  mashq  k.  intr. ,  and  mashq  d.  tr. ; 
sand,  (review  or  muster);  'ilmi  khud  rd 
hi-kharj  mi-dikad  (he  makes  a  parade  of 
his  learning). 

Parade-ground,  mayddn-i  mashq. 

Paradise,  bihisht :  or  jannat;  or  khuld:    fir 
daws-i  barin  (the  highest  heaven) ;    A*rdf 
(the    boundary    between     Paradise    and 
Hell) ;  Bdg.hri  Firdaws  (Garden  of  Eden) . 

Paradox,  lu^z  (a  riddle). 

Paragraph,  fasl,  pi.  fusul.  Vide  Chapter 
and  Section. 

Parallel,  mu/auazi;  ham-bardbar  {ra.c;  prop, 
of  the  same  size) ;  ta^tq  {k.)  (to  draw  a 
parallel). 

Paralyzed,  mafluj ;  mashlul  (in  any  limb). 
Vide  Paralytic. 

Paralysis,  jdlij :  laqva  (of  the  face). 

Paralytic,  ifltj  ;  mafluj.     Vide  Paralyzed. 

Paramour,  jdsiq^  (man;  only  in  a  had  sense); 
rajiq;  sift-zan  (vulgar  word). 

Parapet,  divdr-i  past  (wall) ;  kungura,  m.c. 
for  kangura  (anything  castellated) ;  bdra 
or  bdrii  (outer  low  wall  round  a  fort). 

Paraphernalia,  sdman  (gen.) ;  yardq  T.  (of 
horses,  soldiers).     Vide  Odds. 

Paraphrase,  bi-in  'ibdrat  dn  rd  tafsir  (or 
tawzih,  or  shark)  kard. 

Parasang,  farsakh  or  farsang  ; about  3f 
miles). 

Parasite,  iufayll^ ;  tufayli  u  qufayli ;  muft- 
khur :  kdsa-lls  (also  toady,  flatterer,  q.v.). 

Parasol,  djidb-garddn  (also  a  shade  for  the 
eyes ;  a  small  tent) ;  shamsiyya  (also  um- 
brella, q.v.). 

Parboiled,  mm-pukhta. 

Parcel,  basta.      Vide  Package. 

Parch,  bu  dddan  (of  any  grain ;  to  roast 
coffee  berries,  etc.) ;  birishtan  (rare) ;  az 
tars  db  dar  dahan-am  khushkid  (my  mouth 
became  parched  from  fear  '*) . 

Parchment,  pust ;  pust-i  dhu  *. 

Pardon,  'afv  (k.) ;  bakhshdyish  {k.);  dmurzish 
{k.)  (of  God  or  man). 

Pardon,  to,  bakhshxdan ;  mu'df  k. :  tasadduq- 
at  gardam  (said  by  a  person  when  being 
beaten) ;  a^^io  'afv  bi-farmdyid  (pardon 
my  fault,  sir);  'uzr  mi-khivdham  (I  ask 
pardon) ;  az  khatd  dar  guzaahtan. 


Pardoner,  dmurzanda  and  tf&affdr  (of  God) ; 

bd  guzasht,  adj.  (of  men). 
Pare ,  ndkhun  giriftan  or  — chidan  (of  nails) ; 

stem  tardshidan  (of  hoof). 
Parents,  vnlidayn  (Ar.  dual) ;  pidar  u  mddar. 
Parentage,  chigunagi-yi  pidar  u  mddar-ash; 

hasab   u  nasab  (lineage) ;    asl  u  bunydd; 

nizhdd:  nutja-ash  kharab  {=hardmrzada). 

Vide  Family. 
Parentheses,    Paranthetical,    qawsayn     (Ar. 

dual  =  brackets) :    jumla-yi   mu'tariza  (a 

parenthetical  sentence). 
Paring,  iardsha  (a  pairing  of  wood,   etc.); 

iardsh  (the  act). 
Paris,  Pdris. 

Park,  bd^-i  dawlati  (public  park). 
Parley,  muzdkara  (k.) ;  mukalama  {k.)  ;  tablri 

mukdlama  (the  drum  beaten  for  a  parley); 

[kd)l-i  amdn,  drum  of  truce]. 
Parliament,  Pdrlirrvdn,  or  Majlis-i  PdrlimJan; 

ajzd-yi  Pdrlirmn  (members  of — ) ;  Majlis-i 

Shurd-yi    MilR    (House    of    Commons) ; 

Majlis-i  Shurd-yi   Dawlati  (the  House  of 

Lords).     Vide  Assembly. 
Parody,  iaqlid;  javdb. 

Parole,  qawl  (promise) ;  ism-i  shab  (counter- 
sign). 
Paronomasia,  tajnls. 
Paroxysm,  twjAydn-i  dard  (sudden  increase 

of  pain) ;  jush-i  jfAazab  (of  anger) ;  nawbai 

(of  .a  remittent  disease). 
Parquetry,  khdtamrbandi  {k.). 
Parrot,  tuli ;  Bibi-yi  Mutu  or  MaXu  (in  story 

books) ;  ka^  u  kit  (local  ?). 
Parrot-like,  tutl-vdr. 
Parry,  daf  kardan;  radd  kardan. 
Parse,  in  jumla  rd   tarlcib  kun    (parse    this 

sentence). 
Parsee,  Zardiishti ;    Pdrsi  or  Fat  si;    Gabr,^ 

vulg.  Gaivr ;  Majus.^     Vide  Zardushti  and 

Fire- worshipper. 
Parsimonious,  khasis  (mean) ;  bakhil  (miser- 
ly) ;  mumsik  (stingy)  ;  tnde  Miserly ;  \mu- 

qattir  not  colloquial]. 
Parsimony,  taqlir  (correct  but  not  colloquial). 
Parsley,  ;a7or» ;  [but  gul-i  j a' fori,  the  mari- 
gold]. 
Parsnip,  gazr-i  sajid. 
Part,  juzv;  or  para  (portion);   khurda;    or 

tiklM ;  or  pdrcha  (a  small  piece ;  last  also 


1  Faaiq-i  tu  host  also  =  fa'ilri  tti  haat. 

i   Originally  the  name  of  a  man. 

3  Amongst  orientals  and  perhaps  other  folk,  a  well-known  sign  of  fear. 

♦  Charms  are  preferably  written  on  gazelle-skin. 

*  The  modem  Parsis  of  Persia  object  to  the  terms  Qabr  or  Qatar  and  MajSs. 

30 


Par 


234 


Pas 


=  cloth) ;  or  hissa  Ar.  (share);  bahra  P. 
(share;  rare  in  the  sense  of  portion); 
hahra-yi  avval  or  juzv-i  avval  (Part  I) ; 
(fhdlib'^''  or  bishtar  (for  the  most  part) ;  az 
janib-i  u  (on  his  part).     Vide  Share. 

Part,  to,  judd  k.  or  tafnq  k.  tr. ;  savd  kardan 
tr.  (also  to  select,  separate) ;  shank  budan 
(to  take  part  in) ;  hdyil  budan  (intervene); 
vide  Divide ;  judd  sh.  and  vida'  guflan  (of 
lovers) ;  kimdyat  k. ;  or  taraf-ddn  k.  (to 
take  one's  part) ;  az  man  hirmyat  kard  or 
himdyat-i  mard  kard. 

Partake,  man  qadr-i  mtva  bi-u  said  zadam  ' 
vail  7ia-khurd  (I  asked  him  to  partake  of 
fruit  with  me  but  he  declined) :  shum^ 
bism*  'illdh  bi-kunid  man  ham  shank  mt- 
shavam :  har  chand  u  bard-yi  ham-yiydla  va 
hamrnavdla  shudan  isrdr  mi- kard  bdz  qabul 
nami-kardam — Prof.  S.  T.  (in  spite  of  his 
frequent  *  and  pressing  invitations  that  I 
should  partake  of  his  repast,  I  continued^ 
to  decline).     Vide  Share  and  Offer. 

Parterre,  kurt;  gul-kdr  (with  flowers); 
chaman  (flower-beds  divided  by  grass  or 
by  grav el- walks ;  also  a  lawn). 

Partial,  taraf-gir  or  jdnib-gir ;  [in  India  tarai- 
ddr,  iDut  in  Persia,  the  latter  =  hdmi] ; 
juz^i  adj.  and  adv.  (not  wholly). 

Partiality,  jdnib-ddrl;  md  na-bdyad  ki  dar 
mahakama  taraf-i  kas-i  rd  bi-ginm. 

Participating,  adj .  sharik ;  bahra-mand. 

Participation,  shirdkat  (k.) ;  mushdrakat  {k.) : 
muddkhalat  {k.)  (interference). 

Participle,  ism-i  fd'il  (act.) ;  ism-i  maj'ul 
(pass.). 

Particle,  Mwr^Za ;  zarra,  pi.  ^armf  (minute) ; 
harj  (gram.) ;  yak  shusha'"'  az  in  bi-shumd 
nami-diham. 

Particular,  ma'lum  shuda  dar  in  nukta  (or 
khusus)  ishtibdh  kardam  [but  nuqta 
' '  dot ' ' j ;  matta  dar  kun-i  khashkhdsh  mi- 
guzdrad  (he  is  over-particular;  matta  = 
gimlet);  u  khayli  daqiq  ast  (he  is  very 
critical) ;  u  pur  dar  qayd-i  (or  bandri) 
libds-i  khud-ash  ast:  faqara  (for  fiqra  or 
faqra)  pi.  faqardi;  or  amr,  pi.  umurdt;  or 
mas^ala,  pi.  masdHl;  or  tajsil,  pi.  tafsildt 
and  tafdsll;  or  kayfiyyat,  pi.  kayfiyydt 
(particulars,  circumstances);  'umum'^"  va 
khuaiis'^" ;  (in  general  and  in  particular) ; 


vide  Anger ;  dar  in  bdb  (or  dar  in  khusus) 
(in  this  particular). 

Parting,  rajtanl  adj.  etc.  (about  to  depart): 
ravdnagi ;  khudd-hdfizi  (departure);  mxif- 
raq  or  farq  (of  hair) ;  tafriq-i  tarafayn 
(parting  the  two  parties) ;  judd  shudan 
(of  lovers) ;  tafriq  (of  ways) ;  vidd'  guftan 
or  k.  (bidding  adieu). 

Partisan,  havd-ddr ,  havd-khivdh  ;  taraf-ddr. 
Vide  Well-wisher. 

Partitioning,  iaqsim  (division) ;  parda  (in  a 
room). 

Partly,  nima-i — nima-i ;  ovaz  yah  iaraf — az 
taraf-i  dignr  (partly — partly—);  pdra-i — 
pdra-i. 

Partner,  u  sharik-i  tijdrat-khdna-yi  Hdji 
Hasan  ast :  rafiq-i  abadi  (partner  for  ever, 
i.e.  a  wife). 

Partnership,  mushdrakat;  shirdkat;  shirkat. 

Partridge,  kabk,  vulg.  kawk  (the  Chukor) ; 
durrdj  (the  Black  Partridge  or  Francolin) ; 
jirujti  and  chil  (the  Grey  Partridge  of 
India) ;  tihu  (the  See-see) ;  du  ddna  kabk 
shikdr  kardam;  galla-yi  kabk-i  or  galla^-i 
az  kabk  (a  covey  of  Chukor) ;  Jabbdr 
murdd-am  bi-dih  (  =  the  cry  of  the  Black 
Partridge  in  Kirman) ;  but  Vdy  Husayn 
kushta  shud  (its  cry  in  Kerbela).  Vide 
Ostrich. 

Parturition,  zd^ldan  (gen.) ;  bachcha  nihddan 
(of  animals) ;  pdbi-zih  guzdshta  ast  =  sar-i 
zih  ast  (she  is  in  the  act  of  giving  birth 
to).      F?'fl?e  Bring  forth. 

Party,  dasta;  jamd'at:  zumra;  guruh;  vide 
Colours;  majlis,  pi.  majdlis  (social); 
bi-mihmdni  raftan  (to  go  to  a  party) ; 
mc?e  Banquet,  etc.;  shab-nishini  (evening- 
party). 

*  Party,'  taraf-i  mutdlaha-yi  'aba  haqir  haslam 
(I  am  the  '  party '  against  whom  the 
claim  for  the  'abd  should  bo  preferred) ; 
taraf-i  mukhdtab  (the  party  addressed) ; 
ashhhds-l  ki  taraf-i  tahvil  dddan-i  sanduq 
buda-and  (the  parties  who  delivered  the 
chest). 

Parvenu,  naw-kisa ;  tdza  bi-navd  rasida. 

Pass,  (subs.),  az  bard-yi  in  tankhivdh  khatt-i 
rdh-ddri  ddrid? ;  tazkara  (pass-port);  suk 
(a  thrust  in  fencing) :  kutal  bisydr  past 
u   buland  ast  (the  pass  over   the  moun- 


1  Sala-i  ruata^l  a  civil  invitation  that  is  not  intended  to  be  accepted.     Sola  z.  is  to  invite  by  saying 
Bi-am  illah,  hi-farmayld,  etc.,  etc.,  but  to  offer  by  hand  is  taqdlm  k. 

2  Note  the  force  of  the  Imperfect. 

s  Shiisha  is  the  intermedial  form  of  contracted  letters  but  without  the  dots. 


Pas 


285 


Pat 


tains  is  difficult);  darra  (a  defile  between 
mountains) ;  tang-rdh  (any  narrow  way) ; 
gaduk  (used  by  Shah);  guddra,  vulg.  for 
guzdra  (prop,  any  passage). 

Pass,  to,  guzashtan,  rt.  guzar ;  az  tu  g.  (to 
pass  through  a  place) ;  dar  guzashtan  (to 
pass  away) ;  in  sikka  dar  Iran  ravdj  (or 
rd'^^ij)  nist,  or  ravdj  na-ddrad :  az  u  guzasht 
or  radd  shud  (he  passed  by  liim)  ;  [lit. 
radd  kardan  =  "  to  reject"]:  az  dn  rdh 
guzar  kardam  or  'ubur  kardam  (1  travelled 
by  that  road) ;  *umr  hi-sar  burdan  (to  pass 
one's  life) ;  dast-garddn  k.  (to  pass  from 
hand  to  hand ,  to  pass  round) ;  in  sikka 
rd  hikh-i  gulu-yash  bastam  (  =  I  passed 
the  bad  coin  off  on  him) ;  vide  Pardon : 
mil  z.  (of  catheter) :  jam  rd  dawr  dddan 
(to  pass  the  cup) :  baytuta  k.  (to  pass  a 
night  with) ;  shab  rd  bi-ruz  dvardan  (to 
pass  a  night  till  dawn  in—) :  jalvq  d. 
(a  decision;  of  anj'  judge  but  properly 
of  mufti) ;  az  imiifidn  durust  birun  dmadan 
or  dar  imtihdn  kdrrirydb  sh.  (to  pass  an 
examination). 

Passage,  'ubur  (of  river,  etc.):  rah  raw ;  or 
bdrika  (in  a  house) ;  vide  Defile,  etc. ;  rud- 
khdna-yi  buzurg-%  mdni'-i  rdli-i  shdn  shud, 
or  — sadd-i  rdh  shud,  or  —rdh-i  ishdn  rd 
masdud  kard  (a  large  river  blocked  their 
passage) ;  insdn  bay  ad  ta'ammul  kunad  ki 
iftikhdr  bi-chi  daraja  Id^iq-i  kas-Vst  ki  du 
martaba  az  mamarr-i  bawl  dar  dmada  (let 
man  reflect  how  far  pride  befits  a  being 
that  has  twice  passed  through  the  uri- 
nary passage);  safar  (voyage);  'ibdrat  or 
mazmun  (in  book). 

Passed,  guzashta  or  sd^iq  (of  time);  m?o 
ydftu  (of  bill). 

Pass^.     Vide  Youth. 

Passenger,  jahdz  rnusdfirdn-i  ziydd  (or  musd- 
fir-i  ziydd-i)  dvard:  'ibri  (by  boat  only); 
musdfir  (by  train) ;  '  pdsinjar '  (gen. ;  by 
Persians  in  India  and  of  the  Gulf). 

Passion, gAazab  (wrath) ;  na-bdyad  dar  gJiazab 
shud  (one  should  not  give  way  to  wrath) ; 
khashm  P.  (anger) ;  taysh  (foolish  passion ; 
as   of  children);    i^Aoys    Ar.    (rage,   with 

■  its  expression) ;  khivdhishdl-i  nafsdni  (the 
passions).     Vide  Lust. 

Passionate,  (jAazab-ndk  (wrathful) ;  dtasfi- 
mizdj  (of  grown  people;  always  getting 
angry) ;  khashmndk :  shahvati  (lustful) ;  or 
havd-parasl. 

Passionately,  bd  gi^azab ;  bd  khashm ;  bd 
jfAay?.- 


Passive,   maf'ul  (object  in  gram,  and  the 

Pass.  Part. ;  also  in  a  bad  sense) ;  majhUl 

(Passive  voice);  sdkit  (unresisting). 
Passover,  Fish. 
Passport,    pds-purt  (Eur.);    or   tazkara   (for 

person) ;    rdh-ddri  (pass  for  goods) ;  javd%- 

ndma  (licence). 
Past,  guzashta;  munqazi;  rrvdzi:  sdbiq  (for 

mer) ;  fawq-i  or  khdrij  az —  (beyond). 
Paste,  shulla  (prop,  gruel  for  eating) ;  dhdr 

(for  sticking). 
Pasteboard,  muqawq. 
Pastern,  bukhavlu  ;  bakhav. 
Pastime,  mashghuliyydt ,  pi.  (gen.);  tafarruj : 

or  tamJdsha  (sight-seeing ;  strolling  about) ; 

bdzicha  (a  toy).     Vide  Sight-seeing. 
Pastry-cook,  kulucha-paz. 
Pasturage   or   Pasture,   margA-zdr :    chaman 

(any  green  spot ;  vide  Parterre) ;  chard-gdh 

(grazing  place) ;  'alufa  (cut  forage). 
Pasture,  to,  chardnidan.     Vide  Meadow. 
Pat,  yak  lup  az  kara  (vulg.)  (of  butter). 
Pat,  to,  dost  z.  (to  pat  a  dog;  also  of  cats, 

tigers,  etc.  in  play). 
Patch,  pina  (zadan)  (separate,  unsewn) ;  vasla 

{k.    or    anddkhtan)     (when    sewn;    vulg. 

vasla) ;  in  rd  vasla   va  dn  rd  rafu  kun 

(patch  this  and  darn  that). 
Patched,   vasla    shuda;    vasla    vasla    ('all 

patched").  "      ["cobbler"]. 

Patcher,   vasla-gar  or    vasla-zan;    [pinorduz 
Patent,    imtiydz-i    dawkUi    (Royal    patent; 

also  a  concession). 
Paternal,  pidari;  mirdsi  (inherited  and  also 

ancestral) ;  jaddi  (ancestral). 
Path,   rdh  (gen.);    ma,' bar  (across  grass;   a 

ferry,  etc.);  kura-rah  (by-path);  chap-rdh 

(by-path) ;    in  rdh   bi-dih  mi-ravad  (does 

this  path   lead   to   the    village?);    tariqa 

(fig-). 

Pathetic,  suz-7idk;  or  dil-suz:  hadn  (sad); 
diUfiydr  (heart-rending) ;  dard-ndk  (pain- 
ful). 

Pathless,  rdh  na  ddrad ;  pd  na-khurda. 

Patience,  sahr  (also  resignation) ;  sahr-i  Ayyub 
(the  patience  of  Job) ;  tahammvl  (resigna- 
tion, aiso  endurance) ;  mJdbdyaddar  hdlat-i 
musibat  (or  mashaqqat)  sabr  kunim:  haw- 
sola  bi-kun  (have  patience) ;  shikibd^i ; 
sabr  az  ddst-am  rafta  ast  =  digar  iaqat-% 
sahr  na-ddram  =  hawsala-am  db  shud  or 
sar  raft. 

Patient,  sdbir  or  60  sabr :  muiahammil {hc&Ta 
patiently) ;  mariz  (sick  person) ;  sabur 
(very  patient). 


Pat 


236 


Pea 


Patois,   Farsi-yash    dihB,tVst   (he    speaks    a 

patois  of  Persian). 
Patriarch,  rish-safid  (grey-beard). 
Patriot,  millat-parast ;  vatan-dust. 
Patriotism,    hubb''H-vatan   or   hubb-i    vatan ; 

ghayrat-i  milli. 
Patrol,  tildya  or  qardvul  (mil.) :    shab-gard; 

ov  gazma;  or  'asas  (night  police-patrols). 
Patron,  murabbi;   or  sar-parast:  muskavviq 

(encourager) . 
Patronage,  himayat  (k.) ;  or  sar-parastl  (k.) 

(the  help  of  a  patron). 
Patronize,    har  amr-i   ki   mujib-i    taraqqi-yi 

mulk-ash  mi-shavad  dar  an  bi-nihdyat  sa'  y  ' 

mi-kunad. 
Patronymic,  ism-i  khdnddni. 
Pattern,  bdyad  namuna-l  bi-dihld  k^az  ru-yi 

an  kar  bi-kunam :  tarh  or  tarah ;  or  naqsh 

(design) :  qudva  (in  Pers.  in  a  relig.  sense). 
Paucity,  kamt ;  qillat. 
Paul,  Bulus. 
Paunch,  shikam  P.  (the  whole  belly)  =  batn 

A.  (rare);    kum  {vulg.) ;  mi' da  (stomach)  : 

ruda  (gut,  q.v.). 
Pauper,  miskin,  pi     mash  Jan;    'djiz.     Vide 

Poor,  etc. 
Pause,  vaqt-i   khwdndan   bdyad  muldhaza-yi 

vaqf  rd  bi  kunid. 
Pave,  Pavement,  tamdmri  kucha-ha-yi  dnjd 

farsh-i  sang  ast  *  ;  sang-farsh  or  jarsh-i  sang 

ik.). 
Pavilion,  sard-parda  or  khargdh  (big  tent). 
Paw,  panja  (also  hand  or  foot  of  men)  (z.)  .• 

chang{z.)  (claws  of  birds  or  beasts) ;  [ching 

"beak"j. 
Pawn,  piydda;  or  bayzaq  (at  chess). 
Pawn,  to,  giraw  nihddan ;  rahn  kardan  -  (gen. 

to  mortgage  a  house  or  land). 
Pawn-broker,  giraw-glr. 
Pawned,  marhun;  giraw-shuda. 
Pay,  (wages),  mdhiydna  or  m^hdna;   mMvd- 

jib  ;  mavdjib-i  yak  mJdh  plshaki  girifta  am. : 

nisf-i  mavdjib-ash  id  shash  mdli  qaV  shud 

or  burida  shud  (he  was  cut  half  his  pay 

for  six  months).     Fide  Wages  and  Hire. 
Pay,  to,  kdr-sdzi  k.  (to  meet  a  demand) ;  adB, 

k.  (a  debt) ;  ddam-i  bisydr  amin-Vst  quruzi- 

khud  rd  add  mi-kunad  ;  mavdjib  d.  (monthly 

pay, etc.) ;  haqqd.  (pay  dues) ;  shumd  bdyad 

kharj-i  mard  bi-kashid  or —  mutahammil  bi- 


shamd  (you  must  pay  for  me) :  man  ham  td 
taldfi  bi-u  na-kunam  dil-am  dsuda  naml- 
shavad  (I  won't  rest  till  I  pay  him  out) : 
zir-i  kharch  ki  mi-ravad?  (who  pays  the 
piper  ?). 

Payable.     Vide  Sight. 

Payee,  giranda. 

Payer,  dihanda. 

Paymaster,  Mazm  ;  khazdn-chi ,  T . ;  khazdnor 
(for  khizdna — )  -  ddr.     Vide  Cashier. 

Payment  arfa;  pul;  w/rai  (wages,  hire,  q.v.). 

Pea,  nukhud  (chick-pea  'gram');  nukhud- 
cJil  (parched  peas) ;  nukhud-i  Farangi 
(English  green-peas);  mdsh  (the  "  ddf 
of  India) ;  sib-i  buda  and  du  nisf  (or  du  jd) 
shuda  (  =  they  are  as  like  as  two  peas); 
[misl-i  du  magJiz  dar  yak  pust  =  du  tan  dar 
yak  pirahan  ( =  fast  friends)] . 

Peace,  asA^i  P.  or  sulh  A.  (after  fight) ;  dram, 
or  dsudagi,  or  rdhat  (quiet) ;  ama?i  (state  of 
security) ;  dar  sadad-i  musdlaha  dar  dma- 
dan  (to  make  overtures  of  peace) ;  dil-am 
bi-jd  dmad  (I  got  peace  of  mind;  vide 
Rest) ;  na  ruz  dram  ddr  am  va  na  shab 
qardr  (no  peace  day  or  night) :  amdn-am 
nami-dihand)  (they  give  me  no  rest)  ;  kdr-i 
ki  az  sulh  bar  na-ydyad  .".  divdnagi  dar  u 
mi-bdyad  (saying) :  in'^  igdd-i  sulh  (the 
conclusion  of  peace);  saldm"^Udh  'alq — 
(the  Peace  of  God  on — );  RahmaVlldh 
'alayh. 

Peaceable,  sulh-ju ;  bd  sulh  va  sajd. 

Peacefulness,  drdmi ;  or  khdmushi  (of 
places). 

Peacemaker,  muslih ;  dshti-dih. 

Peach,  hulu;  shajtdlu  (a  larger  variety) 

Peach-coloured,  rang-i  shaftdlU'i. 

Peacock,  td^us. 

Pea-hen,  ta^us-i  mdda.  [tain). 

Peak,  qulla,  or  nuk  (vulg.).  or  sar  (of  moun- 

Peal,  firang-d-jirang-i  jaras  (the  sound  of 
many  bells). 

Pear,  guldbi  (ripens  on  tree) ;  amrud  (plucked 
and  buried  in  barley  to  ripen) :  natanz 
or  latanz  (a  large  winter  pear)  ;  'abba si  (a 
kind  of  guldbi). 

Pearl,  marvdrid;  durr;  lu^lu^,  pi.  la^dli. 

Peasant,  dihqdn  (villager) ;  zdri'  ;  za'hn 
(vulg.;  prop,  a  small  land  tenant).  Vide 
Cultivator,  Tiller,  and  Villager. 


I  Sa^y-i  har  chi  tamamtar  is  not  a  common  colloquial  idiom. 

■i  Irregular  stones  are  said  to  have  been  laid  down  by  hand  in  some  of  the  streets  of  Tehran.  Per- 
sian streets  are  as  a  rule  unpaved,  more  unmetalled. 

8  Differs  from  bay^^'ehrshart  (vide  Sale),  under  which  the  property  does  not  pass  from  the  posses- 
sor's hands. 


Pea 


237 


Pen 


Pea-shooter,  pufak. 

Pebbles,  sang-riza  (also  called  rig  or  sand); 
shin.     Vide  Sand. 

Peck,  chitig  zadan:  chidan  (to  pick  up  from 
the  ground). 

Peculation,  mablar^-%  az  mdl-i  divan  rd  mdl-i 
khud  ddnista  (some  peculation  of  public 
money).     Vide  Embezzlement. 

Peculiar,  makhsus ;  mu^tass  bi —  (especial 
to — );  jfharib  (rare);  *ajib  (strange): 
munhasir  bi —  (confined  to — ). 

Peculiarity,  ikhtisds. 

Pecuniary,  faqat  ziydn-i  naqdi  bi-u  rasida 
na-jinsi ;  [mdli  is  opposed  to  jdni] :  man- 
fa' at-i  puli  (pecuniary  advantage) 

Pedant,  mulld-yi  maktabi;  fazllat-farus?i. 

Pederast.     Vide  Poederast 

Pedantically,  mulldydna;  dkhunddna;  u 
lafz-i  qaiam  harf  mt-zanad.     Vide  Stilted. 

Pedestrian,  piydda-raw;  rdh-raw. 

Pedigree,  kursi-ndma  (for  dervishes) ;  nasab- 
ndma  (gen.) ;  shajara-ndma  (the  document 
for  Sayyids  and  Nobles) ;  silsila ;  or  nasab 
(race).     Vide  Tree  and  Genealogy. 

Pedlar,  dast-farush  (i.e.  one  whose  stock 
consists  of  a  few  small  articles  carried  in 
the  hand) ;  pila-var  (who  goes  to  villages ; 
also  a  quack,  q.v.).     Vide  Articles. 

Peel,  pust  kandan:  muqashshar  k.  (med.). 

Peeled,  pust  kanda  or  dar  dvarda;  muqashr 
shar. 

Peep,  to,  duzdakt  nigaristan  (to  peep  secret- 
ly) ;  panjara  dn  qadar  tang  ast  ki  bi- 
mushkil-l  mi-tavdn  sar  kashid:  yak  nazar 
didan.     Vide  Glance. 

Peevish,  niqniqu  (of  children,  sick  people). 

Peg,  mikh  (also  nail) ;  parchin  (vulg.). 

Pegged  out,  mikh-kub. 

Pelican,  kavdsil  (prop,  pi.) ;  murgl^i  saqqd 
(a  name  also  incorrectly  applied  to  the 
water  wagtail). 

Pellet,  giUula. 

Pellicle,  parda. 

Pellitory,  dqarqarkd. 

Pell-mell,  darham  barham. 

Pelli''"  ,  shaffdf  (transparent ;  of  water  or 
K.      cal);  sdf  (of  air). 

Pellucidness,  shaffdfi. 

Pen,  qaJam ,  pi.  aqldm  ;  khdrna  ;  kilk :  qalam-i 
par  (quill-pen) ;  qalam-tardsh  (pen-knife) ; 
qaU-zan;  or  qadd-zan  (a  bit  of  horn  on 
which  the  pen  is  nibbed) ;  qalam-ddn  case 
containing  knife,  scissors,  ink,  pens) ;  sar-i 


qalam  (nib) ;  dasta-yi  qalam  (pen-holder) : 
dgAul  (a  night  pen  for  sheep). 

Penal,  jurm-i  qdnuni  (penal  offence). 

Penalty,  jarima  (fine)  ;  mukdfdt  (in  Per.  used 
as  a  reward  for  good  or  ill);  muzdri 
gundh  mawt  ast  (the  wages,  penalty,  of 
sin  is  death) ;  fd^ida-yi  ziydd  khurdan-i 
shardb  dard-i  sar '  ast ;  bi-sazd-yi  hamdqat-i 
Umd  rasid  (he  paid  the  penalty  of  his 
folly) ;  zdlim  bud,  jaior-ash  rd  bi-kashad  (he 
was  a  tyrant,  let  him  suffer  the  penalty). 

Penance,  bi-jazd-yi  %n  hdyad — ;  dar  muka- 
fdUi  in  guridh. 

Pencil,  middd;  qalam-i  middd  (also  a  foun- 
tain-pen) ;  qalamri  mu  (of  hair). 

Pendant,  dviza  (subs.). 

Pendulous,  dvizan ;  pdyin  uftdda :  lab-i 
shuturi {with  coarse  pendulous  lips).  Vide 
Lip. 

Pendulum,  langar-i  sd'at. 

Penetrable,  nufttz-pazir. 

Penetrate,  to,  tuy  raftan;  nujuz  kardan; 
sirdyat  k.  (of  odours;  also  of  diseases,  to 
spread,  infect);  pichidan  (of  odours): 
tah-i  matlab-ash  rasidam  (I  penetrated  his 
meaning) ;  dark  k.  (of  a  person's  design, 
etc.);  'umda-yi  matlab-ash  rd  rasidam  (I 
have  penetrated  his  real  object). 

Penetrating,  mudrik  (discerning) ;  rvdfiz  (of 
a  bullet,  etc.). 

Penetration,  idmA;  {k.);  ta'ammtiq  (k.)  (going 
deep  into  a  matter) ;  ^raso/ (discernment); 
sur'at-i  fahm  (quickness,  sagacity). 

Peninsular,  shibh-i  jazira;  paninsuld  (a 
word  used  in  modern  geographies) ;  janra- 
numd.     Vide  Island. 

Penis,  zakar ;  dlat-i  rujuliyyat ;  qazib  (rare); 
hashafa  (the  acorn) ;  na/s  (vulg.) ;  kir  (a 
very  crude  word) ;  angusht-i  shikam  (face- 
tious) ;  gushl-i  bi-ustukhwdn  (vulg,  and 
facetious) ;  khar-nafs  or  khar-kir  (adj. ; 
vulg. ;  with  abnormally  large  penis) ;  bid 
or  bidbuli  (of  little  boys;  biyd  bul-at  rd 
bi-busam  is  a  common  expression  of  affec- 
tion to  a  Uttle  son).  Vide  Membrane 
Virile. 

Penitence,  bdz-gasht ;  or  taioba  ;  or  indba ; 
[pashxmJdni  (k.)  and  tanaddum  k.  regret  for 
commission  or  omission] ;  ta^assuf  (M.) 
(sorrow,  regret). 

Penitent,  tauba-kdr  ;  or  munib  (rare) ;  musta- 
ghfir  (asking  pardon);  nddim  and  pashi- 
mdn  (regretting,  etc.). 


1  ^umar  the  ill  effects  of  drinking  experienced  the  next  day. 


Pen 


238 


Per 


Pen- knife,  qalam-tarash. 

Penman,  khush-navis  (a  caligraphist) :  sahih-i 
chand  qalam  (a  master  of  several  styles  of 
penmanship). 

Penmanship,  khush-navlsi  (caligraphy) . 

Pension,  vazlfa,  pi.  vazaHf ;  mustamirrl. 

Pensioner,  vazifa-Jchwar. 

Pensive,  dil-ash  mutafakkir  ast  (of  anxious 
thought) ;  sar  hi-zanu  nishasta  ast  (he  is 
seated  buried  in  thought;  also  he  is  in 
grief);  hazin  (sad). 

Pentagon,  panj-gusha ;  mukhammas. 

Pentangular,  panj-gusha^i . 

Pentateuch,  Tawrat. 

Pentecost,  ^Id^H-Ansura. 

Pent-house,  shddarvan  (a  wooden  shade  over 
a  wmdow ;  also  over  a  door) . 

Penurious,  dar  kharj  kardan  har  pul-i  ra  mi- 
hinad.  Vide  Miser,  Niggard,  Parsimoni- 
ous. 

People,  mardum;  khalq,  pi.  hhalaHq;  jahd- 
niydn  pi. ;  makhluq.  Vide  Follower,  Faith , 
Nation ;  'avdmm"'^  n-nds  (common  people) ; 
buzurgdn  and  akdhir  (pi.  of  akbar)  (great 
people). 

People,  to,  dbdd  k. 

Peopled,  dbdd  (k.) ;  mamur  {k.) ;  dbddani 
(an  inhabited  place ;  opposed  to  virdni) . 

Pepper,  filfil-i  siydh  (pepper  corns);  filfll-i 
hindi  (chillies) ;  filfil-i  kufta  (ground  pep- 
per); filfil-nimaki  (pepper  and  salt  col- 
oured; also  grizzled,  q.v.). 

Peppermint,  na'nd  T. 

Perambulation,  tavdf  (k.)  (of  graves  and 
sacred  places) ;  dawr  {gashtan)  (gen. ;  going 
round  any  place). 

Perceive,  to,  bi-firdsat  darydjtki — ;  faJimtdan : 
muUaflt  shudan  (by  the  inward  senses) ; 
ihsds  k.  (to  feel  cold,  heat,  etc.). 

Per  cent,  /^  sad :  sad  yak  (one  per  cent) ;  sad 
ddh  or  sad-l  (^a/i=  10%.     Vide  Cent. 

Perceptible,  mahsus ;  In  'ayb  nd-ma*lum  (or 
nd-padid)  ast. 

Perceptibly,  Hydw^^ ;  bi-taior-i  zdhir.  Vide 
Evident. 

Perception,  idrdk  (k.)  (penetration) ;  tashkhis 
(k.)  (discrimination) :  shu'ur{inna,te,  intui- 
tive). 

Perch,  chub  (in  cage) ;  pdya  P.  and  vaqar  At. 
(for  hawks) ;  chakas  (for  hawks ;  old) ; 
nishlman  (gen.). 

Perch,  to,  nishastan. 

Perchance,  balki  or  guyd  (m.c.  in  this  sense) ; 
shdyad;  bdshad  ki — ;  magar  (gen.  expects 
the  answer  no). 


Percolate,  tiJu-yi  chiz-i  nufuz  k. ;  sirdyat  k. 

Perdition,  haldkat ;  tabdhi  ;  haldk  shudan. 

Peregrine.     Vide  Falcon. 

Peremptory,  qdti'  or  sarih  (of  orders) ;  mu^- 
akkad. 

Perennial,  duvdzda-mdhl ;  hamlsha-pd. 

Perfect,  kdmil ;  bd  kamdl ;  tdmm ;  tamdm ; 
bi-kamdl  rasida;  [bi-itmdm  rasida  =  bi- 
anjdm  rasida  =  completed,  finished] ; 
mdzi-yi  qarlb  (the  Perfect  Tense)  ;  sar  td 
pa  ahmaq  ast  =  khar-i  bd  tashdid  ast  (he's 
a  perfect  fool). 

Perfected,  mukammal;  mwtommam {finished). 

Perfecting,  takmil. 

Perfection,  kamdl;  vide  Completion;  u 
mujassama-yi  husn  ast  (she  is  the  perfec- 
tion or  personification  of  beauty). 

Perfectly,  sar-d-sar ;  tamdm ;  bi-kulU ;  bi- 
tawr-i  kdmil. 

Perfidious,  ghadddr  (treacherous ,  mutinous) ; 
]chd%n;  or  khiydnat-kdr  (cheating,  em- 
bezzling) :  'ahd-shika,n ;  or  sust-paymjdn 
(breaking  promises) ;  bl-vajd  (faithless  in 
love). 

Perfidy,  glyxdr ;  khiydnat ;  etc. 

Perforate,  surdkh  kardan;  suftan,  rt.  sumb 
(gen.  of  pearls). 

Perforated,  surdkh- dar ;  surdhh-shuda. 

Perforce,  zuraki ;  jabr"" ;  bi-'unf. 

Perform,  anjdm  d.  (work) ;  bi-jd  dvardan 
(fulfil) ;  ifd-yi  va'  da  or  bi-va'  da  vafd  k.  (to 
fulfil  a  promise) ;  murtakib  sh.  (commit) ; 
aksar  awqdt  va'da  mi-kunad  likin  sar-i 
va'da  nami-istad;  nami-tavdnam  az  'uhda- 
ash  bar  ay  am,  (I  cannot  perform  it) :  bdzi 
k.  (in  theatre). 

Performance,  kdr ;  or  'amal  (work) ;  */a -i 
va'da  =  bi  va'da  vafd  kardan  (of  promise) ; 
itmdm  (completion) ;  bdzi  or  tamdsha  (in  a 
show) . 

Performer,  bdzi-gar  (in  theatre). 

Perfume,  khushbu  {k.) ;  'itr  (2.) ;  rd%ha  {k.) 
(rare) ;  bakhur  (d.)  (incense,  etc.). 

Perfumed,  mu' attar  (k.) ;  tamdm-i  utdq  az 
bu-yi  khush  pur  shud;  bivdsita-yi  'itr-i  in 
gulhd  khdna  khush-bu^ st. 

Perfumer,  'attdr  (prop,  seller  of  perfumes; 
in  m.c.  a  druggist);  'itr-jarush  (seller  of 
perfumes)  ;    'itr-kash   or   'itr-sdz    (distiller 

Perfunctorily,  kdr  ra  bi-tawr-i  sarsari  mi- 
kunad. 

Perfunctory,  bi-mubdldt ;  la  ubdli ;  sarsari ; 
bd  tahdvun. 

Perhaps,  shdyad ;  bdshad  ki — ;    guyd  (m.c. 


Per 


239 


Per 


in  this  sense);  bcUJci  (m.c.  in  this  sense); 
bcUki  in  Jchabar  mat  bdshad:  magar  (often 
merely  asks  a  question,  and  sometimes, 
signifying  doubt,  expects  the  answer  no; 
magar  divdna-t  ?  =  perhaps  you  are  mad  or 
are  you  mad  ?). 

Peri,  yan.     Vide  Fairy. 

Peril,  Peril,  to,  bak :  him ;  tars  (fear) ;  khaiar 
(danger) :  jdn  bi-haldkat  andakhia  (at 
peril  of  one's  life) ;  dar  in  kdr  bisydr  bak 
ast. 

Ptrilous,  pur-khatar  ;  kkatar-ndk;  pur-bim. 

Period,  *arsa  (any  space  of  time  or  place); 
muddal  (longer  time  than  'araa) :  hin  (of 
short  periods,  day,  hours,  only);  dawra 
(a  cycle  of  time). 

Periodical,  risdla-yi  mJdhvdri  (subs. ;  monthly 
periodical);  mawsimi  Sid]. 

Periodically,  dar  awqdi-i  mu'ayyana. 

Peripatetic,  mashsha';  pi.  mashshJd^in  (the 
philosophers). 

Perish,  to,  nisi  shudan ;  nist  u  nd-bud 
shudan ;  haldk  shudan ;  fand  shudan ; 
talaf  shudan  (sp.  of  property) ;  bi-jahan- 
nam  raftan  (slang  ;  of  persons  as  dah  kdfir 
bi-jahannam  raft). 

Perishable,  jdni ;  fand-pazir  (of  this  world) ; 
bi-davdm ;  or  zud-khardb-shaw ;  or  nd-pdya- 
ddr  (not  lasting  long). 

Periwig,'  mu-yi  'amali  ;  gis-i  masnu'i.  Vide 
Wig. 

Perjury,*  qasam-i  (or  sawgand-i)  darugh  {ydd 
k.  or  kh.) ;  darugirhalji  {k.) ;  qasam-i  zur 
(kh.)  (vulg.). 

Permanence,  baqd^  (lasting  for  ever;  opp. 
to  fand^) ;  davdm  (lasting  long) ;  sa^t 
(firmness). 

Permanent,  in  chand  ruza  nist,  bara-yi  hami- 
shagi'st:  dyd  in  qdnun  bar  qardr  khivdhad 
rrvdnd? ;  mu^'muriyyat-i  u  mustaqili  ast,  na 
muvaqqati  (his  appointment  is  permanent, 
not  temporary).     Vide  Lasting. 

Permanently,  mustamirr'^^  (opp.  to  Hjdlaf^^) ; 
bi-taun-'i  davdm  dnjd  pd  girift  (he  settled 
there  permanently). 

Permeate,  to,  sirdyat  kardan;  pichidan; 
nujuz  k.     Vide  Penetrate. 

Permission,  murakhkhqsi  [in  India  rukhsat, 
' '  privilege' ' — or  other  leave] ;  td  panj  mdh 
ma^zun-am  dnjd  bi-ravam  (I  have  permis- 
sion lasting  for  five  months  to  go  there) ; 


izn  or  ijdza  (khwdstan  and  giriftan)  (to  ask 
and  to  obtain  leave  to — ). 

Permit,  javdz-ndma  (a  licence  or  written 
permit  for  goods).     Vide  Certificate. 

Permit,  to,  guzdshtan  rt.  guzdr ;  ijdza —  or 
izn  dddan. 

Permitted,  ma^zun;  haldl  or  jdHz  or  ravd 
(lawful,  of  rehgious  law).  [life). 

Pernicious,  muzirr:    muhlik  (destructive  to 

Peroration,  khdtima-yi  kaldm. 

Perpendicular,  'amudi;  'amud-vdr;  rdst; 
istdda.     Vide  Upright  and  Horizontal. 

Perpetration,  irtikab. 

Perpetrator,  murtakib. 

Perpetual,  dd^imi.  Vide  Eternal  and  Perma- 
nent. 

Perpetuate,  to,  mustaddm  k. ;  bdc^  ddshtan ; 
ddm"  ^umr^-h^  (may  his  days  be  long!); 
addm'^  Alldh"  ^umr'-h*  (may  God  perpetu- 
ate his  days) ;  bard-yi  qavdmri  ustuMiwdn 
u  davdm-i  ndm  (to  perpetuate  his  name) ; 
baqd  yi  nasi  k.  (to  perpetuate  one's 
species). 

Perpetuation,  baqd'^ ;  istiddmat. 

Perpetuity,  davdm;  istimrdr ;  td  ddman-i 
qiydmat  (for  all  time). 

Perplex,  to,  hayrdn  k. ;  parisJidn  k.  ;  aar-gum 
— or  dast-pdcha  sdkhian.     Vide  Bewilder. 

Perplexed,  hayrdn;  muztarib ;  mushawash 
(in  a  state  of  anxiety). 

Perplexity,  hayrdni,  sargarddni ,  etc. :  iztirdb 
(nervousness,  anxiety) ;  dar  in  hays  u  bays 
(in  the  midst  of  this  perplexity). 

Perquisite,  khurda-dakhl ;  maddkhiUi  bald 
bald;  agar  puUam  rd  nadihid,  farrdsh  az 
shumd  bd  qulluq  mi-girad  (if  you  don't 
pay,  the  Government  farrash  will  take  it 
by  force  plus  the  bailiff's  fees). 

Persecute,  to,  in  qadar  'aqab-am  uftdd  ki 
khdk-nishin  shudam. 

Persecution,  sitam  (k.) ;  jawr  {k.) ;  jabr  k. ; 
jafd  {k.) ;  ijhdf  {k.) ;  zulm  (k.) ;  dzurdan 
rt.  dzdr ;  pd-pay  k.  (m.c.)  (lit.  ^o  follow). 

Persecutor,  sitam-gar ;  jafd- kdr :  dzdr-rasdn. 

Persepolis,  Istakhr ;  Takht-i  Jamshid. 

Persevere,  sabdt-i  qadam  ddshtan ;  bdyad  dar 
in  kdr  istimrdr'"'  mashghul  bdshid  or  him- 
mat  bi-kunid  (you  must  persevere). 

Perseverance,  muddvamat  (k.)  (sticking  to  a 
work) ;  hawsala  {k.)  (sticking  to  a  thing  in 
face  of  repeated  failure). 


1  Now  worn  by  some  Persian  women  though  considered  fcfiiia/-*  shart'cU,  as  the  hair  is  supposed  to 
be  gathered  from  deetd  people. 

«  There  is  no  penalty  for  perjury,  which  is  merely  a  sin  against  God 


Per 


240 


Pet 


Persevering,  muvazib  (assiduous)  :,  muMvim 
(rare).  Vide  Strive. 

Persia,  Iran;  Mulk-i  'Ajam.^ 

Persian,  Irani;  'Ajamt:  Fdrsi  (the  lan- 
guage) ;  zaban-i  pahlavi  and  zaban-i  dart 
(ancient  languages  of  Persia) ;  furs-i  qadim 
(old  Persian ;  the  language). 

Persian  Gulf,  Khalij-i  Fdrs. 

Persist,  to,  Persistence,  isrdr  {k.) :  chira  in 
qadar  pila  mi-hunl?  (to  persist;  gen.). 
Vide  Persevere. 

Persistent,  isrdr-kun;  isrdr-mand.  Vide  In- 
sistent. 

Person,  shakhs,  p\.  ashkhds ;  nafar ;  ddaml; 
kas  ;  man  hargiz  dhl-i  In  kdr  nistam  (I'm 
not  the  sort  of  person  to  do  this) ;  surat ; 
shaM  (external  but  sp.  of  the  face) ;  qavdra; 
or  rlkht  (the  frame) ;  bashara  (expression ; 
appearance  of  the  face ;  in  Ar.  skin) ;  si^ha 
(of  verb  or  pronoun;  the  first  person  is 
mutakallim ;  the  second  person  mukhdtah  ; 
the  third  gkdf'ih) ;  shakhs'^"  or  bi-nafsih^ 
(in  person). 

Personage,  mard-i  rujuhi:  yasdvul-i  hakim 
ya'ni  khayli  ddam  ast?  (what!  is  a  man 
of  the  Governor's  guard  a  great  person- 
age ?) ;  shakhs-i  buzurg-l  (a  great  person) ; 
vujud-i  muhtaram  (ditto). 

Personal,  shajchsi;  Irdd-i  shakksl  and  ta'rlf-i 
shakhsi  (personal  remarks  before  or  behind 
a  person's  back). 

Personally,  sTmkhs"'" ,'  bi-nafsih} 

Personate,  to,  hhud  rd  fuldn  shdzda  qalam 
dad  or  — namud;  and  bi-libds-i  shdzda  dar 
dmada  mardum  rd  gul  zad:  taqlid  dar 
dvardan  (on  the  stage). 

Personification,^  dsmdn  rd  insdn  tasavvur 
karda  bi-takallum  dar  dvard.  Vide  Perfec- 
tion. 

Perspective,  dur-numd  adj.;  qavd'id-i  dur- 
numd^i  (rules  of — ). 

Perspicacious,  tlz-hush;  tiz-fahm;  zaki. 

Perspicacity,  firdsat. 

Perspicuous,  vdzih;  sdf ;  rushan. 

Perspiration,  Perspire,  'araq  (k  or  rikhtan) ; 
gharq-i  'araq  shudan  (to  perspire  profusely); 
bi-'araq  dvardan  (cans.). 


Persuade,  rdzi  k. ;  tahrik  k.  and  iarghlb  k. 
(to  incite) ;  rdy-i  urd  zadand  (they  per- 
suaded him  to  change  his  mind) ;  urd  bar 
dn  ddshtam  ki  bi-ravad  (I  persuaded  him 
to  go) ;  angusht-ash  kardam  td  In  kdr  rd 
kard,  vulg.     Vide  Induce. 

Persuasion,  tashviq;  targMb ;  tahrik. 

Pert,  shukh. 

Pertinacious,  musirr. 

Pertinacity,  isrdr;  pila;  sakht-giri. 

Pertinent,  muta'alliq  bi — ;  munusib  bi — . 

Pertness,  shukhi. 

Perturbation,  tashmsh-i  khdtir ;  dshuftagi; 
iztirdb. 

Peruke.     Vide  Periwig. 

Perusal,  mutdla' a  (k.) ;  muldhaza. 

Pervade,  Pervading,  sdri  shudan ;  nujuz  k. ; 
nashr  ydftan. 

Pervasion,  sirdyat ;  nujuz;  intishdr.      [vish. 

Perverse,  lajuj ;  khud-sar.     Vide  Cross,  Pee- 

Perversion,  inhirdf  k.  (turning  aside) ;  irtiddd 
(k.)  (abandoning  or  taming  from  one's 
Faith). 

Pervert,  Perverted,  gum-rdh;  az  din-i  khud 
munharif  shuda  or  bar-gashta;  murtadd 
(relig.). 

Pessimist,  kaj-bln;  bad-bin. 

Pest,  bald,  vabdl  (nuisance);  td'un  (the 
Plague);  vabd  (gen.  cholera). 

Pestiferous,  mukharrib-i  afchldq  or  akhldq- 
khardb-kun  (to  morals). 

Pestilence,  vabd  (sp.  cholera) ;  td'un  (plague). 

Pestle,  dasta-yi  hdvan.     Vide  Mortar. 

Pet,  nuz  k.* ;  navdzish  k.:  dast-i  ndz  kashi- 
dan  (a  cat,  etc.).  Vide  Stroke,  Caress, 
and  Coax. 

Petal  (of  flower),  par  (lit.  feather);  barg-i 
gul;  [barg  alone  means  "leaf"];  pur-par 
or  sad-par  ('  double,'  as  opposed  to 
'  single '  of  a  flower) ;  chdr-par,  panj-par 
or  kam-par  (  =  single). 

Peter,  Pitr  or  Polar ;  Patar-i  Kabir  (Peter 
the  Great). 

Petition,  'arz  {k.)  (oral) ;  'ariza  {k.  or  navish- 
tan)  (written) ;  du  ruz  qabl  'ariza-i  bi- 
khidmat  'arz  kardam  (  =  1  wrote  you  a 
letter  two  days  ago). 


^slp—J-sls]  Ar.  foreigners,  sp.  Persians;  sing.   j_j*slc. 


^  Bi-najaih  incorrectly  used  in  Persian  for  all  three  persons. 

*  In  modem  Arabic  the  Figure  is  called  lltifat,  a  term  in  classical  Arabic  and  Persian  confined  to  a 
change  of  person. 

4  Naz  hbLaridan  "  to  put  up  with  the  whims  of." 


Pet 


241 


Phy 


Petitioner,  'driz  (who  complains  in  a  court); 
'ariza-nigdr  (professional  writer,  of  written 
petitions). 

Petitioning,  ^arz-raadnt  (k.). 

Petrifaction ,  hajariyyat. 

Petrified,  mutahajjir ;  man  az  tars  hut  shudam, 
or  naq'^h-i  dlvdr  shudam  (  =  1  was  petrified 
through  fright). 

Petroleum,  naft  P.  for  naft  Ar. 

Petticoat,  fistdn  (of  women). 

Pettiness,  khissat-i  raftdr;  darid^at-i  kirddr ; 
siflacjl  (meanness,  of  actions). 

Petty,  khurdorkharj  (petty  expenses). 

Petulance,  niqniqi  (of  children  or  old  people). 

Petulant,  niqniqu  (of  children  or  old  people); 
kaj'khulq. 

Petunia,  gul-i  atlasi. 

Pewter,  ruh  (mixture  of  brass  and  lead  ?). 

Phantom,  surat-i  khaydli ;  [in  Ar.  tayf]. 

Pharisee,  zuhd-farush. 

Pharaoh,  Fir' awn  (pron.  Fir'un). 

Pharmacy,  '  ilm-i  dam-sdzl. 

Pheasant,'  qarqdvul  or  qirgAol;  karkdvul  or 
charchdvul  T.  (Phas.  Colchicus) ;  tadarv  P., 
or  tadarj  (Arabicized) ;  turanj  (in  Gilan) ; 
bur. 

Philanthropic,  khayr-khivdh-i  nds ;  mardum- 
dust ;  bihi-khwdh-i  khalq. 

Philopena,  bd  u  jandgh^  shikastam  sar-i  dil 
bi-khwdh  (I  had  a  philopena  with  her 
over  a  merry- thought,  the  forfeit  to  be 
what  the  winner  chose) ;  mlkhwdstam  ki 
janidgh  rd  az  shawhar  hi-baram  ki "  In  makr 
rd  kardam — Prof.  S.  T.  (I  wanted  to  win 
the  philopena  from  my  husband  and  hence 
originated  this  trick). 

Philosopher,  hakim,  pi.  hukdmd'' ;  faylasuf, 
pi.  faldsij'a  Gr. :  iksir ;  or  kibrtt-i  ahmar 
(Philosopher's  stone). 

Philosophize,  jaylsujdna  istidldl  k. 

Philosophy,  jalsaja  Gr. ;  hikmat;  hikmat-i 
nazari  (speculative  philosophy) ;  hikmat-i 
'amall  (practical  philosophy;  also  policy). 
Vide  Theology  and  Metaphysics. 

Philter  (for  love-philtre,  virfe  Chysalis) ;  dydt-i 
mahabbat  {ceriaAn  verses  of  tlieQoran  that, 
written   on  a   bit  of    deer-skin  together 


with  the  name  of  the  beloved  and  the 
beloved's  parents  and  bound  on  to  the 
arm,  are  supposed  to  compel  love);  du'd-yi 
or  tiliam-i  mahabbat.  Vide  Charm,  Spell, 
Magic. 

Phlebotomist,  khun-gtr ;  rag-zan;  fassdd; 
(often  a  dalldk). 

Phlebotomy,  fasd  (g.  or  k.) ;  rag-zani  {k.). 
Vide  Bleed. 

Phlegm,  balgham. 

Phlegmatic,  balf^ami  or  pur-balgham  (lazy, 
indifferent);  bi-'dr  (also  shameless);  bi- 
dard. 

Phoenix,  'anqd"^ ;  'anqa-yi  mujfhrib  (the  far- 
flying  phoenix) ;  Simurgh  mur^-%  bud 
'azim"l-ju8sa  ki  dar  kuh-i  Qdf  mvqim  bud 
va  ml-guyand  Zdl  pidar-i  Rustam*  rd  u 
parvardnda  (the  Simurgh  was  a  monster 
bird  that  dwelt  in  the  Caucasus  and  reared 
Zal  the  Father  of  Rustam). 

Phonetically,  mutdbiq-i  sawt. 

Phonograph,  dla-yi  hifz-i  (or  habs-i)  sawt 
(in  newspapers). 

Phosphorous,  fusfun  adj. 

Phosphorus,  furfur  subs. 

Photograph,  'aks ;  garda-paykar  ^  (a  word 
being  introduced  by  Zardushtis  in  Kir- 
man). 

Photograph,  si  shisha  'aks  anddkhtam  (I 
took  three  photos). 

Photographer,  'akkds. 

Photography,  'akkdsi;  'Umri  'aks-kashi. 

Phrase,  isitldh ;  'ibdrat. 

Phthisis,  sill;  m^raz-i  shtLsh  (vulg.). 

Phylactery.     Vide  Amulet. 

Physic.     Vide  Medicine. 

Physics,  hikmat-i  tabi't ;  'ilm-i  '  fiak.^ 

Physical,  jismdni;  badani. 

Physically,  jism'^". 

Physician,  tahib  (as  opposed  to  jarrdh  (sur- 
geon) ;  hakim  (also  philosopher) ;  agar 
murda-i  pish-i  an  tqbib  bi-bari  bi-fazUi 
Ildhi  urd  zinda  mi-kunad — Prof.  S.  T. 

Physiognomist,  qiydfa-sfiinds . 

Physiognomy,  qiydfa-shindsi :  az  qiydfa-yi  u 
ddnish  zdhir  ast — Prof.  S.  T.  (his  physiog- 
nomy showed  he  was  wise). 


I   Poets  compare  the  walk  of  a  mistress  to  that  of  a  pheasant  and  often  refer  to  the  pheasant's  love 
of  the  cypress. 

*  Janagb  "the  merry- thought  of  a  bird."      Vide  "Current  Persian  Tales,"  Memoirs  As,  Soc.  Beng., 
Vol.  I,  No.  18,  St.  I. 

''   Ki  "  and  so. ' ' 

*  Rustam  the  Persian  Hercules. 

^  Qarda  is  a  drawing  outlined  in  pinholes ;  this  is  placed  on  white  paper  emd  a  copy  taken  by  means 
of  charcoal  powder. 

31 


Phy 


242 


Pil 


Physiology /  ilm-i  mdhiyyat-i  nabatdt  u  hayva- 

ndt 
Pianist,  Piano,  piydnu  (Eur.) ;    piyanu-zan 

(pianist). 
Pick,  tu-chln  kardan;    or  bar  chidan  (pick 

out) ;  savd  kardan  (separate ,  select) ;   nd- 

khunak  zadan  (to  pick  at  confectionary  in 

a  shop;  of  boys,  etc.). 
Pick,  Pickaxe,  kulang,  vulg.  kuland. 
Pickle,   to,    dar  dh-i   namak    khwdhdnidan; 

[db-namak  brine] . 
Pickles,   tursJn  or  iurushl,  pi.  turushl  dldt; 

dchdr. 
Pickpocket,  klsa-hur  ;  jib-bur. 
Picquet,    tildya    (picquet    or    an   advanced 

guard). 
Picture,  iasvir,  pi.  imdmr  (or  drawing)  {kashl- 

dan);  naqsh  {k.) ;  sural ^  {kashidan). 
Pie,  sarnbusa  (cooked  without  a  dish) ;  sarn- 

busa-jarush  (pie-man). 
Piebald,  ablaq  (also  shewbald) ;    siyah-safid 

(vulg.);   pisa  (pied;  gen.  of  birds,  dogs, 

and  of  men  with  white  leprosy). 
Piece, para;  pdrcha;  tikka:  Zwg-ma (of  food) ; 

fdra  pdra  (in  pieces,  torn) ;  az  ham  pdshl- 

dan  (to  fall  to  pieces). 
Pied,    lakka-ddr ;    or    gul-ddr;    or    hhdl-d^r 

(spotted) ;    pisa    (pied,    of     an     animal ; 

blotched  with  any  two  colours). 
Pie-man.     Vide  Pie. 
Pier,  sakku   (prop,    wharf   or  dock) ;    furza 

(pier) ;  askala  (pier  or  jetty ;  from  the  Fr. 

word  for  steps  ;  in  Turkish  also  ' '  a  port "). 
Pierce,  surdkh  kardan;  faru  kardan;  tir  td 

par  nishast  (the  arrow  buried  itself  up  to 

the  feather);   sujtan,  rt.  surnb  (of  beads, 

etc.).     Vide  Bore. 
Piercing,  bdng-i  tlz  (piercing  cry). 
Piety,  taqvq ;  dln-ddri  ;  pdrsd^  ;  Khudd-tarsi. 
Pig,   kkuk  P. ;    gurdz  P.    (gen.   wild   boar) ; 

khinzir  At.,   pi.    khandzir:    gurdz-chashm 

(pig-eyed)^ 
Pigeon,  kabutar  (from  kabud  "blue");  kaj- 

tar   vulg. ;    kaftar-i   mu'allaqi    (tumbler) ; 

kajtar-i  chatri  (fan-tail). 
Pigeon-breasted,  sina-murgki  (adj.). 
Pig-eyed.     Vide  Pig. 

Pigeon-fancier,  kabutar-bdz.     Vide  Fancier. 
Pile,  purz  or  burz  (of  velvet).     Vide  Heap. 


Piles,  bavdslr  (pi. ;  sing,  not  used) ;  havdsir-i 
khunl  (hemorrhoids). 

Pilferer,  ganda-duzd. 

Pilfering,  ganda  duzdi  (k.). 

Pilgrim,  Jidji  (to  Mecca,  i.e.  after  the  hajj 
is  completed) ;  zdHr,  pi.  zuvvdr,  (pilgrim 
to  other  places  than  Mecca;  rarely  used 
in  singular;  but  zuvvdr-i  /ia/;  =  pilgrims 
while  on  the  journey  to  or  from  Mecca) ; 
Mash-hadi  (who  has  been  to  Meshed) ; 
Karbald'i  (to  Kerbela) ;  chdvush'^  (a  der- 
vish who  acts  as  guide  to  pilgrims,  and 
often  rides  ahead  with  a  flag  in  his  hand) ; 
i^wy'/a^' pilgrims  [the  sing,  hdjj  Ar.  {  =  hdjt 
P.)  is  rare  in  m.c.]. 

Pilgrimage,'^  hajj  {k.)  (to  Mecca) ;  ziydrat  {k.) 
(to  any  other  shrine) ;  ziydrat-gdh  (a  place 
of — ) ;  rawza  (the  tomb  of  an  Imam  or  a 
lesser  saint). 

Pill,  habb  (also  a  grain,  berry,  a  pill) ;  [the  pi. 
hubub  in  m.c.  gen.  means  grains ;  hububdt-i 
arba'a  the  four  kinds  of  grain,  i.e.  wheat, 
barley,  millet  and  chick-pea] ;  qutt-yi  habb 
(pill-box). 

Pillage.     Vide  Booty. 

Pillage,  to,  tdrdj  kardan;  ghdrat  kardan; 
chdpidan  or  chapaw  k. ;  and  tdkht  k.  (to 
make  a  raid,  q.v.). 

Pillager,  ghdrat-gar;  idrdj-kun;  chapaw-kun. 

Pillar,  sutun:  pd-fU*  (vulg.,  a  buttress  to 
support  a  falling  wall,  etc.);  rukn  (rare; 
the  pi.  arkon  is  used  only  met.) ;  ['arnud 
Ar.  prop,  pillar,  in  m.c.  =  the  tent-pole]. 

Pillared,  sutun-ddr. 

Pillory,  pdldhang  or  pdlhang  P.  (of  wood) ; 
ghull-i  jdmia  (of  iron) ;  tawq  (any  collar; 
a  heavy  iron  ring  round  the  neck) ;  g[hull 
u  zanjir  (a  chain  connecting  the  neck, 
hands,  and  feet)._ 

Pillow,  bdlln;  ndz-balish  (a,  very  small  pillow 
for  the  neck,  etc.) ;  muttakd  (large,  for  the 
back) ;  man  hich  nami-dunam  sar-am  bi- 
kuddm  bdlln  ast  (I  don't  know  where  I 
am;  I'm  in  such  suspense). 

Pillow,  to.     Vide  To  lean. 

Pillow-case,  jild-i  mutakkd:  ru-push  (of  net- 
ting ;  also  a  light  sheet  for  the  body  in  hot 
weather) ;  ghildf  gen. 

Pillowed ,  takya-zada  or  — karda. 


of  it. 


1  Pictures,  images,  or  statues  of  living  things  are  forbidden  by  Muslim  law. 

^  C7/iai;Ms/i  in  Turkish  "  a  sergeant. "  r     t  j     •+ 

3  The  hajj  should  be  made  at  least  once  in  a  lifetime,  if  the  means  of  the  Muslim  or  Muahma  admit 

*  In  India  and  perhaps  in  Persia  too  fil-paya  a  large  column  supporting  a  bridge,  etc. 


Pil 


243 


Pit 


Pilot,  harakati,  vulg.  arkdtV  (of  river).  Vide 
Guide. 

Pilotage,  harakatx-gari  gen. 

Pimp,  jd-kash  (male);  Idj-kash  (corruption  of 
lihdf-kash ;  male  or  female) ;  qurumsdq  T. 
(a  pimp  to  his  own  wife;  a  common  term 
of  abuse);  dayyus  (same  as  previous); 
[qaltabdn  has  the  same  meaning  but  is 
seldom  used] ;  daUdl-i  zan ;  kus-kash  (in 
abuse  only) ;  shirin-bdr  ("  producing  sweet 
fruit "  ;  a  polite  term).     Vide  Pander. 

Pimping,  jd-kaski  {k.). 

Pimple,  ddna  (or  very  small  boil) ;  jush  (near 
the  lips). 

Pin,  Pins  and  Needles,  sanjdq  (2.) ;  iH-zulfl  (a 
skewer  for  the  hair) ;  bi-chashm-i  man  bi- 
qadar-i  yak  pasha  nami-arzad  (I  don't 
care  a  pin  for  him,  or  I  don't  value  it  in 
the  least) ;  bi-qadr-i  sar-i  suzan  ham  az  u 
hisdb  namlbaram  (I  don't  care  a  pin  for 
him);  vide  Wool  and  Hair;  pd-yam  mur 
mar  ml-kunad'^  or  bi-khwdb  rafta  oat  (my 
foot  is  asleep);  bdlishtak  (pin-cushion). 

Pincers,  mikh-kash  (for  extracting  nails) ; 
gul-gir  (snuffers  for  lamp) ;  ambur  (fire- 
tongs).     Vide  Tweezers. 

Pinch,  yak  pinjar  namak  (a  pinch  of  salt). 

Pinch,  to,  pinjar  girijtan  or  nishkunj  kardan 
(of  people) ;  ursi-yam  pdyam  rd  zada  ast 
(my  shoe  has  pinclied  and  blistered  me) ; 
angusht-am  gir  kard  (my  finger  got  pinched 
or  caught).      Vide  Nip. 

Pin-cushion,  bdlishtak. 

Pine,  kdj ;  vide  Poplar;  chalghuza  (seed  of 
nut-pine). 

Pine,  to,  kdhidan. 

Pine-apple,  'ayn"^n-nds  (corrup.  of  the 
Indian  word  ananas  and  anndnds,  which 
again  is  a  corruption  of  the  Portuguese). 

Pinion,  to,  bdzu —  or  kitf —  (vulg.  kat)  or 
shdna  lastan  (of  people) ;  sar-i  bdl  zadan 
(to  cut  the  wings) ;  bdl  chldan  (ditto). 

Pink,  mlkhak  (the  flower :  also  a  clove; 
there  is  a  resemblance  in  the  odour;  also 
the  liard  root  of  a  corn) ;  rang-i  pusht-i 
barg-i  gut  (colour). 

Pink-eyed,  chashm-bulbuli  (gen.  red-eyed  as 
cocks). 


Pinnacle,  sar ;  qulla  (of  hills) ;  bi-awj-i  mufd- 
kharat  ra^d  (he  reached  the  pinnacle  of 
honour);  kungura  (in  archit. ;  also  the 
castellation  of  a  wall). 

Pint,  nim-rhdrak;  nhn-vaqiyya  (in  Shiraz  and 
Arabistan). 

Pioneer,  rdh-sdf-kun  (mil.) ;  aar-jilav-i  tamad- 
dun  (pioneer  of  civilization). 

Pious,  pdrsd  P. ;  sdlih  At.,  pi.  sulahd*^  (leadx 
a  righteous  life);  muttaqi;  or  khuda-tars 
(fearing  God) ;  'dbid  (careful  of  religious 
observances) ;  parhiz-gdr  (abstaining  from 
sin) ;  din-ddr  (upright  in  his  life). 

Pip,  iukhm  (seed);  khdl  (on  cards);  sikh 
(giriftan)  (a  disease  in  pigeons  and  poul- 
try). 

Pipe,  qalydn  (kashidan)  (water-pipe);  qal- 
ydn-%  bd  sallqa^  chdq  kun  (prepare  a  nice 
pipe  for  me);  chupuq  (pipe  of  Eur.  pat- 
tern) ;  sar  and  vulg.  sari  (the  head  of  a 
qalydn,  containing  the  tobacco) :  yak  rdh-i 
lula-l  sdkhtaand  ki  db  i  rud-khdna  az 
miydn-i  dn  ddkhiUi  shahr  bi-shavad^  (pipes 
have  been  laid  down  to  supply  the  city 
with  water) ;  surnd  (mus.) ;  nay-ambdn 
(bag-pipes,  q.v.). 

Pipe,  to,  nay  va  surnd  zadan.  Vide  Flute 
and  Trumpet). 

Pipe-clay,  gil-i  said  or  gil-i  giva  ^  (for  clean- 
ing) ;  jass  (from  which  pipes  are  made) . 

Piper,  nay-zan. 

Piping,  sijdf  (broad) ;  ma^zt  or  maghza 
(narrow,  on  uniform).     Vide  Braid. 

Pipkin,  kuluk  (small;  of  earthenware). 

Pirate,  duzd-i  bahri. 

Pisces,  HUt. 

Pish!  fish.' 

Piss,  to,  bawl  k. ;  shdshidan  or  shdsh  k. 
(vulg.) ;  zahrdb  k.  (used  by  the  vulgar 
with  the  idea  that  it  is  a  polite  term) ; 
idrdr  k.  (med.). 

Pistachio,  pisla ;  fristuq  (local ;  used  in  Ker- 
bela,  etc.). 

Pistol,  tapdncha  l^li  k.  (for  pistols  not 
anddkhtan) ;  [tapdncha  zadan  "  to  slap  "] ; 
ptshtu  (Eur.). 

Pit,  tal-i  khdk-riz  (an  ash-pit  or  heap,  gen.  in 
a  street;  the  refuse  is  removed  by  culti- 


*  In  Calcutta  arj-a/.i  fj^^j)- 

2  i.e   feels  '  anty.*     The  Arabs  have  a  similar  idiom. 

!*  Saliqa  is  properly  "  good  taste  "  ;  chaq  k.  only  used  in  this  sense  for  a  pipe. 

*  Bi-ah'jvad  merely  indicates  the  object  of  the  pipes ;  it  is  not  clear  whether  the  water  is  yet  laid 
on  or  not.     Mi-shavad  would  signify  that  the  object  was  accomplished. 

*  Gtwo  ••  white  rag- shoes." 


Pit 


244 


Pla 


vators  who  mix  it  with  human  ordure 
that  has  been  heaped  in  the  sun  for  a 
year) :  gawda  (small) ;  gawdal  (large) ; 
chah  (prop,  a  well). 

Pitch,  qir ;  shah  misl-i  qir  siyah  bud  (a 
pitch-dark  night) ;  hamsaya  rd  yd  Jchuy  yd 
buy  (  — j^'ou  oannot  touch  pitch  and  not 
be  defiled;  evil  communications,  etc.). 

Pitched,  qlr-andud;  or  — dlud. 

Pitcher,  sabu  (an  earthen  porous  bottle  with 
handle);  kuza  {ditto  but  without  handle). 
Vide  Flask. 

Pitching,  kishil  misl-i  mdhl  mi-raft  [ioi  pitch- 
ing) ;  [murammd  {k.)  (in  the  Gulf)  and 
gAaliidan  (rolling)]. 

Piteous,  dil-suz  (also  =  looking  after  the 
interests  of  a  master) ;  or  suz-ndk ;  or 
jigar-suz;  or  dard-ndk  (of  story,  appear- 
ance, condition).     Vide  Pitiful. 

Pitfall,  chdh;  gawdal. 

Pith,  maghz-i  chub;  lubb  (the  best  of  any- 
thing) ;  khuldsa-yi  kaldm,  or  lubb-i  matlab 
(the  pith  of  the  matter). 

Pithy,  kalam-ash  mughz-ddr  ast. 

Pitiful,  dil-rahm ;  rahm-dil:  Rdhim  (of  God 
only) ;  qissa-yi  huzn-anglz {a,  pitiful  story). 
Vide  Piteous. 

Pitiless,  bi-rahm ;  sang-dil. 

Pitted,  (of  small-pox),  dhla-ru ;  mujaddar 
(rare). 

Pity,  rahm  {k.) :  tarahhum  {k.) ;  narm-dili 
{k.) ;  dil-suzl  (k.) :  hayf  ki  shikast,  hayj 
sad  hayj  (a  thousand  pities  that  it's 
broken);  dakhil,  dakhil!  m^rd  bi-bakhshf 
(pity  me,  spare  me!);  az  bard-yi  Khudd 
(  =  for  pity's  sake). 

Pivot,  mihvar.     Vide  Hinge. 

Placard;  i'ldn-ndma  {ba7'  divdr  chas'pdnidan) . 

Place,  jd :  makdn  (gen. ;  the  pi.  amdkin  is  in 
Persian  only  used  of  towns,  as  amdkin-i 
musharrafa  the  sacred  cities  of  Kerbela, 
Najaf,  etc.);  mahall ;  mawzi' ;  naql-i 
makdn  k.  (to  change  one's  house) ;  sha^n-i 
u  arfa'  az  maqdm-ash  ast  (he's  too  big  a 
man  for  the  place,  i.e.  his  appointment  is 
less  than  his  deserts) ;  jd-yash  rd  girijt 
("  it  has  taken  its  place";  also  "he  has 
taken  his  seat "), 

Place,  to,  guzdshtan  rt-  guzdr ;  nihddan,  rt. 
nih ;  nasb  k.  (erect,  to  plant) ;  jd  dddan 
(to  give  a  place  to,  for  living  in) ;  dar  jd 
anddkhtan  (to  get  a  place  for,  an  appoint- 
ment for). 

Placid,  dram,;  salim  (also  guileless);  zud  az 
jd  dar  nami-ravad. 


Placidly,  bd-drdmi. 

Plagiarism,  Hbdrat-duzdi,  sarqat  for  sariqah 
(any  theft). 

Plagiarist,  ' ibdrat-duzd :  sdriq  (any  thief). 

Plague,  td'un  (the  Plague) ;  vabd  (epidemic, 
esp.  of  cholera). 

Plain  (ground),  mayddn  (open  ground); 
dasht  dar  dasht  (a  vast  pladn);  jam  (an 
open  expanse) ;  sahrd  (also  country  as 
opposed  to  town);  mayddn  ki  na  dukhul-i 
insdn  mi-shavad  va  na  paranda  bdl  mi- 
zanad — Prof.  S.  T.  (a  vast  and  lonely 
plain) ;  hamvdr  (smooth,  level) :  sdda,  adj. 
(unornamented).     Vide  Evident. 

Plainly,  vdzHf-^  gujt,  na  bi-kindya;  bihiar 
ast  sukhan  dshkdra  bi-guyam  (I  had  better 
tell  you  plainly) ;  bi-dun-i  ru-dar-vdsi. 

Plaint,  ndla  {k.);  (of  people;  doves,  etc.); 
shikdyat  (k.)  (complaint;  of  people,  sick- 
ness). 

Plaintiff,  mudda'i ;  'driz. 

Plait,  to,  bdftan. 

Plaited,  bdfta.     Vide  Pleated. 

Plaits,  shdkha  (of  hair).     Vide  Ringlet. 

Plan,  naqsha  {kasMdan)  (map);  tarh  (rikhtan) 
(of  building) ;  tadbir —  or  tajviz  (k.)  (pro- 
ject). 

Plan,  to,  shdluda  rikhtan,  or  locally  and 
vulgarly  rang  u  rishia  rikhtan  (to  make  a 
plan  of  operations) ;  tarah  rikhtan  (to 
make  a  plan  beforehand);  muqaddama 
chidan ;  tamhid  k. 

Plane,  chindr  (tree);  randa  (carpenter's); 
sath  (geo.). 

Plane,  to,  randa  kardan;  in  takhta  rd  bd 
randa  sdf  kun. 

Planed,  randa-zada  (or  — karda  or  — shuda; 
of  wood). 

Planet,  sayydra ;  iqtirdn  {ydftan)  (conjunc- 
tion of  two  planets). 

Plank,  in  takhta-hd  jarukhtanVst?,  or  rml-i 
farush  ast?  (are  these  planks  for  sale?). 

Plank,  to,  az  talchta  majrush  k.  (to  plank  a 
floor). 

Plant,  to,  nishdndan  gen. ;  ghars  kardan  (of 
plants  only);  ajrdhhtan  (raise  up;  a  flag, 
etc.) ;  nasb  k.  (erect,  set  up). 

Plant,  nihdl  (sapling  or  seedling) ;  rustani 
(anything  that  grows) ;  nabdtdt,  pi.  (the 
vegetable  kingdom) ;  dastydh  (machinery, 
etc.). 

Plantain,  miiz  or  mawz;  banana  (Shah's 
Diary).      Vide  Banana. 

Plantation,  nihalistdn  (of  trees,  flowers, 
etc.) ;  darakht-zdr  (a  patch  of  trees). 


Pla 


246 


Pie 


Plaster,  vide  Cement ;  gach  indltdan  (to  plas- 
ter the  insides  of  the  rooms  with  white 
cement  or  gypsum ;  Persian  fashion)  ; 
kdh-gil  (m.)  (mud-plaster,  of  chopped 
straw,  etc.) ;  divdr  az  dBJchil  bd  dhak 
aafid  shuJa  ast  (whitewash);  sdruj  (k.) 
(cement  of  lime  and  ashes  ;  for  floors;  also 
Portland  cement) :  marham  (2.)  (for 
wound) ;  zamdd  (k.  or  guzdshian  (poul- 
tice) ;  plastara  (2.)  (Eyr. ;  a  blister) ; 
andudan  (to  smear);  safld-kdri  k.  (of  a 
wall) ;  mdst'tndli  k.  and  'ayb  jMshi  k.  (to 
conceal  the  defects  of) ;  sarham  band^  k. 
(joined,   patched   up;    h&nce=-' ayb- pushi 

Plate,  dawn  or  bushqdb  (small) ;  qdb  (dish) ; 
takhta  (of  metal) :  nuqra  dldt  (silver-plate). 

Plate,  andudan  (gen.);  mutalld  k.  (with 
gold) ;  az  nuqra,  etc.  andudan;  dbi  tild  z. 
Fide  Gilt. 

Plated,  mufazzaz  {k.)  (silver-plated) ;  muzah- 
hob  (gold-plated). 

Platform,  pushia  (of  brick) ;  ialimdr  (and 
ialvdra?)  (a  low  platform  on  which  silk- 
worms are  reared) ;  vasat-i  mayddn  sakku-x 
'5<,'  az  atrdf  piUa-ddr.  -  Shah's  Diary  (in 
the  centre  of  the  square  there  uxis '  a 
raised  platform  with  steps  round  it). 

Plato,  ' '  Plato  was  a  Greek  philosopher ' ' 
Afldtun  yak-l  az  faylasufdn-i  Yundn  bud; 
bd  man  Afldtuni  na-kun  (don't  use  force) ; 
Afldtuni  bi-kharj  dddan  (to  show  off  one's 
knowledge).     Vide  Show. 

Platonism,  mazhah-i  Afldtun. 

Platter,  .(a6a^.     Fide  Tray. 

Plausible,  khush-zdhir  (of  people) ;  zJdhiri  (of 
arguments). 

Play,  bdzi  {k.) ;  In  kdr-i  bdzl  ntst ;  lahv  u 
la'b  {k.)  (also  enjoyment) ;  qimdrbdzi  (k.); 
and  burd  u  bdkht  {k.)  (gambling) ;  tamdshd 
(in  theatre);  hdld  hich  vaqt  bardyi  bdzl 
na  ddrim,  for  hich  jursat-i  bdzi  na-ddnm; 
in  kdr  pish-i  pd-yi  man  ujtdda  ast  or — 
bachcha-bdzV st^  (this  is  child's  play  to 
me);  sar-i  chi  bdzi  bi-kunim  (for  what 
stake  shall  we  play?);  shukhi  (fun,  q.v.); 
mashghuliyyat  (pastime,  q.v.). 

Play,  to,  jastan  rt.  jih  (of  fountain) ;  hdzl 
dar  dvardan  (of  an  actor) ;  himdqat  na-kun 
or  khari  na-kun  {don't  play  the  fool,  q.v.). 

Player,    bdzi-kun    (any    player) ;    qimdr-bdz 


(gamester);  muqaUid  (on  stage);  adzanda 
gen.  (of  music) ;  navdzania  or  zannnia  (of 
stringed  instrument). 

Play-fellow,  ham-bdzi  or  ham-bdzi-kun.  Vide 
Companion. 

Playful,  bdzi-guah  (of  children);  bdzi-kun  (of 
cats,  etc.,  etc.);  shukh  u  ahang  (amour- 
ously  playful). 

Playfully,  bdzi-kundn;  bi-tawr-i  shukhi;  az 
maVanat  (mischief;  in  India  ahardrat). 

Playfulness,  bdzi:  shangi  (amourous  playful- 
ness). 

Play-house ,  tamdahd-khdna ;  liydtur  ("thea- 
tre"). 

Plaything,  bdzicha. 

Plea,  'uzr ;  daat-dviz  (lit.  bond;  title-deed). 

Plead,  zdri  kardan;  or  tazarru'  kardan  (to 
entreat) :  muhdjja  k.  (of  a  pleader,  before 
a  court). 

Pleader,  vakil-i  murdfa'a  (law). 

Pleasant,  khush ;  khuslirdyand ;  farak-ndk  : 
khush-dil  (of  people) ;  zabdn-bdz  (free 
and  pleasant  spoken) ;  dil-dviz  (of  words) ; 
khanda-ru;  or  bashshdah  (of  smiling 
countenance) ;  khaliq  (easy-going  and 
sociable).     Vide  Pleasure. 

Pleasantry,  bazla  (joke);  laiifa  (anecdotes, 
smart  sayings,  etc.) ;  hazl,  pi.  hazliyydt 
(good  but  improper  jokes  and  stories). 

Please,  to,  khush  k. ;  rdzi  k. :  pasand  dmn- 
dan :  "Please  God  to-morrow ' '  inshd^Alldh 

fardd  ^ :  zahmat  kasJtida  (please ) ;  iltifdt 

karda  (ditto)  ;  jkhliydr  bd  shumd  (as  you 
please);  bard-yi  (or  sar-i)  dil  bi-khwdh  (for 
what  stake,  etc.  you  please;  the  forfeit  to 
be  decided  by  the  winner). 

Pleased,  khushnud;  or  rdzi:  masrur  (glad). 

Pleasurable,  farah-bakhsh ;  khush;  masarrai- 
bakhsh. 

Pleasure,  khushi  (k.) ;  'aysh  u  'ishrat  (k.); 
hazz  {k.)  (delight) ;  shab  bi-md  khush 
guzasht  (we  had  a  pleasant  evening) ; 
masarrai:  bi-chashm  (with  pleasure,  cer- 
tainly) ;  tafarruj  mi-kunand  ( =  a  pleasure 
party) ;  raftdr-ash  tamdm-i  ^aysh-am  rd 
bur\d  (his  behaviour  took  away  all  my 
pleasure);  Idkud  rd  vaqfi  *aysh  karda  ast 
(he  has  entirely  given  himself  up  to 
pleasure) ;  bakht-am  ydri  na-kard  ki  sJiaraf- 
ydb'i  khidmat  bi-shavam  (I  had  not  the 
pleasure  of   seeing   or   meeting   you ;    at 


1  Or  bud  "  was." 

^  As  bachchorbazi  has  a  secondary  meaning,  it  is  better  avoided. 

S  The  phrase  oftenest  on  a  Persian's  tongue. 


Pie 


246 


Poc 


your  house  or  at  the  party,  etc.;  also  it 
might  indicate  that  '  you  were  there  but 
I  couldn't  come). 

Pleated,  kamar-chln  (pleated  at  the  waist; 
of  Persian  frock-coat)  ;  chin  chin.  Vide 
Plaited. 

Plectrum,  mizrab  {z.). 

Pledge,  rahn  (guzdsktan) ;  giraw  (g.)  (a 
thing) ;  zdmin  {shudun  and  dadan) ;  and 
kafU  {sh.  and  d.)  (a  person). 

Pledge,  to,  'ahd  mi-kunam  ki  In  kar  rd  khwd- 
ham  kard^ ;  qdHm-tar  'ahd-i  ki  ildt  mi- 
dihand  hi-taldqi  zan  ast  (the  deepest 
pledge  the  tent-folk  can  give  is — ) ;  zabdn 
or  qawl  dddan  (to  pledge  one's  word). 
Vide  Pawn. 

Pledgee,  rahn-glranda ;  giraw-gir. 

Pledger,  rdliin ;  rahndih. 

Pledged,  marhun ;  giraw  rajta. 

Pleiades,  Parvin;  Surayyd. 

Plenipotentiary,  vazir-i  mukhtdr. 

Plenitude,  puri ;  or  mamluvl  (being  full,  of 
vessels);  imtild^  (being  full,  of  vessels;  also 
eating  to  surfeit) ;  vufur ;  or  ziyddati 
(abundance). 

Plenteous,  Plentiful,  fardvdn;  vdfir;  juzun; 
ziydd;  mawfur ;  pur. 

Plenty,  kasrat;  or  t;w/Mr( abundance)  ;  =  /am- 
vdm :  ajzuni  (increase  and  plenty) ;  ifrdt 
prop,  excess) ;  bi-sabab-i  afzuni-yi  ghalla 
hdzdr  uftdd. 

Plethoric,  khuni ;  damavi  (med.). 

Pleurisy,  zaf't-jarnh. 

Pliable,  narm  (of  things,  or  of  the  disposi- 
tion of  a  child) ;  sang  i  ru-yi  yakh  (of  a 
weak  person).      Vide  Weak. 

Pliability,  narmi ;  muldyamat. 

Pliant,  Jdiam  u  chambar  mi-ddrad;  in  May- 
zardn  chub-i  narm  ast. 

Pliers,  gdz  ambur  (blacksmith's) ;  rndsJia  (any 
kind).     Vide  Tongs  and  Pincers. 

Pliny,  Bulinas. 

Plot,  sdzish  {k.) ;  qit'a  or  parch"'  or  tikka  (of 
ground). 

Plot,  to,  bd-ham  sdkhtan  (intrigue  togetlier ; 
also  to  make  up  a  quarrel) ;  or  sdzish 
kar  dan ;  bar  khildf-i  kas-%  ham-dast  (or 
yak-dasi)  shudan  (to  plot  against). 

Plough,  to,  kfynsh  k. ;  shukhm  k. ;  shiydr  k.; 
qulba  bd  yak  (H^nd  (or  juft)-i  gdv  mi-rdnad  ; 
juc^  {yoke). 

Ploughed,  khivlsh  sJi^a ;  shiyar  shuda. 


Ploughshare,  sar-i  khwish;  labak. 

Plover.     Vide  Stone- plover. 

Pluck,  chidan  (flowers) ;  kandan  (pluck  out ; 

the  eye,  feathers,  etc.).     Vide  Snatch. 
Plug,  surdhhf-gir  (any  plug). 
Plug,  to,  sar  giriftan  (to  plug  the  mouth) ; 

giriftan  (gen). 
Plum,  dlu  (gen.) ;  dlucha  (sp.  applied  to  the 

small  kind) ;  guja  or  gurji  or  gawja  (large 

and  best  kind'^) ;  dlu  bdraqdni  (black). 
Plumage,  par  u  bdl,  or  par-hd. 
Plumb,     (adj.).     yak     rdst;    mustaqimdna : 

shdhul ;   and  surb   (vulg.)   (mason's  line). 

Vide  Infra. 
Plumb-line,  shdhul  or  shdqul;  surb  (vulg.). 
Plume,   iurra    (a  plume   of   feathers) ;    jiqa 

(the  Royal  plume  in  the  hat) ;    kdkul  or 

t^j    (on   bird's   head ;    the   latter   also    a 

cock's  comb).     Vide  Feather. 
Plume,  to,  par  kandan  (of  hawks) ;  iftikhdr 

k.   (to  pride  oneself   on) ;    turd  bi-Khudd 

bi-'aql-at  ma-ndz  or  gharra  ma-shaw  (now 

don't  please   plume  yourself  so  on  your 

brains). 
Plumiped,  pd-par. 
Plump,   chdq;    gal   u    gunda    (of    children, 

etc.). 
Plunder,  asbdb-i  chapavi  or  asbdb-i  ghdrati 

or  asbdb-i  yaghmd^i  (all  gen.).     Vide    to 

Pillage. 
Plunderer,  ghdrai-kun ;  chapaw-chi  (raider) ; 

qazzdq  (prop.  Cossack). 
Plunge,  to,  gJiuta  z   (to  dive) ;  zir-i  db  raj  Ian 

(when  standing    in   the   water) ;    zir-i  ab 

burdan  tr. ;  Jchud  rd  dar  db  zad. 
Pluperfect,  mdzi  ba'id  (gram.). 
Plural,  jam' . 
Plus,  si  va  chahdr  haft  mi-shavad  (three  plus 

four  is  seven) ;    'aldmai-i  jam'    (the  sign 

Ply,  to ,  vide  to  Bend ;  bi-jihat-i  ujrat  gashtan 
(to  ply  for  hire) ;  mashghuli  mdhi-farushl 
shudan  (to  ply  one's  trade  as  a  fish-ven- 
dor). 

Pneumatic,  pur  az  havd. 

Pneumonia,  zdV'r-ri^ah. 

Poach,  to,  shikdr  duzdidan  (game). 

Poached  egg,  tukhm-i  nim-ru  (i.e.  fried  in 
butter). 

Pock,  dbila. 

Pock-marked,  dbila-ru  ;  mujaddar. 

Pocket,  jib  (for  jayb)  ;  klsa  (vulg.) ;  jib-kharj 


Khicaham  kard  ;  to  avoid  a  repetition  of  the  mi-kunam. 

A  fruit-seller  cries  "  gurji  gurji  "  even  if  he  has  onlv  aluchaa. 


'\ 


\ 


Poc 


247 


Pol 


(pocket-money) ;  ari  muft-i  chang-i  tu 
(that's  for  your  own  pocket,  for  youreelf ; 
master  to  servant). 

Pocket-handkerchief,  dast-mal-i  jib  or  dost- 
mdl  j'lh  (any  handkerchief  or  kerchief). 

Pocket-money,  jib-kharj. 

Pod,  tanza  (of  cotton,  peas). 

Poem,  "  Jiazm  (poetry);  shi'r  (poem  or 
poetry) ;  qasida  (a  long  poem  in  praise) ; 
ghazal  (love  ode) ;  fard  (two  lines  that 
rhyme) ;  misrd'  (half  a  line,  a  hemistich) ; 
rw6a'i  (quatrain);  bayt  (a  verse,  i.e.  two 
misrd  which  may  or  may  not  rh3'^me ; 
a  distch). 

Poet,  shi^ir,  pi.  shu'ard  :  shd'ira  (poetess); 
takhalais  (nom-de  plume). 

Poetaste*,  qdfiya-gu. 

Poetic,  Ub'-i  shi'r  didrad  (he  has  an  aptitude 
for  pojtry). 

Poetry,  shi'r;  and  nai^m  (vide  Poem); 
sukhuv-vart  va  shd'in  rd  tdli-yi  nubuwat 
ddruztd  (they  consider  the  art  of  poetry 
second  only  to  prophesy). 

Point,  scr;  nuh:  paykdn  {oi  a,vrow) ;  nukdti 
iaqrir  (points  of  a  speech) ;  In  suzan  sar 
na-dd.ad  (this  needle  has  no  point) ; 
[surd^  or  tah  "  eye"] ;  kdr  bi-jd^-%  kashxd 
ki — (natters  reached  a  point  when — ) ; 
nuqta  'dot) ;  dar  sadad-i  (or  dar  shurf-i  for 
sharafi)  harakat  budam  ki — (I  was  on  the 
pointof  starting  when— ) ;  in  mas^ala  du 
ahaqq  ddrad  (two  points  of  view) ;  agar 
nafs'd  bi-dimdgh,  bi-ra^ad  man  nami-dihani 
(wereyou  to  be  on  the  point  of  dying  I 
would  not  give  it  to  you);  agar  az  man 
ui-pirsidid  rah  u  chdh-ash  '  mi-guftant 
(had  you  consulted  me,  I  would  have 
hfojmed  you  on  all  the  points ;  would 
lave  explained  all  the  tricks  or  difficul- 
ties) ;  nulq-ash  az  matjab  khdrij  bud  (his 
speech  was  not  to  the  point). 
Pint,   to,  tiz  k.   (to   sharpen) ;    bd  angusht 

namudan  (with  finger). 
Binted,   sar-tiz:    pur-kindya   (full   of   innu- 
endo) ;  angusht-numd  (pointed  out,  noto- 
rious, q.v.). 
bison,  zahr  (d.  and  kh.) ;  samm  {d.  or  kh.) ; 

samm-i  qdlH  (deadly  poison), 
'oison,  qahvn-yi  Qdjnr  ^  bi-u  dddand  (  =  he 


was  poisoned  by  order  of  the  Shah) ; 
khaydl-ash  rd  niabat  bi-man  faaid  karda 
ast  (he  has  poiAoned  his  mind  against  me). 

Poisoned,  masmum. 

Poisonous,  zahr-dar. 

Poke,  to,  8uk  (2). 

Poker,  sljch  (for  fire). 

Pole,  qutb  (of  star,  etc.);  quih-i  shimdlt 
(North- pole) ;  tir  or  mil  (telegraph) ;  'amud 
(tent) ;  chub  (long  stick) ;  inardi  (2 ) 
(boat- pole);  chub-i  /ang^ar (balancing- pole). 
Vide  Beam. 

Pole-axe,  lobar. 

Polecat,  musura  (polecat?). 

Pole-star,  Jady ;  Judayy  (in  Pers.) ;  Najm^'l- 
Qutb. 

Police,  gazma  or  shdgird;  shdgird-chubald 
(corrup.  of  — chubddr  "  armed  with  a 
stick");  yasdvul  a  guard,  q.v.  [in  old 
Persian  a  parade-servant  with  a  silver 
mace,  now  generally  called  qdb-chi,  lit. 
*  door-keeper '  1 ;  shab-gard :  shahna  or 
ddrujAa  (chief  of  gazma  ^) ;  mustahfizan-i 
shahr :  qardsurdn*  (mounted  police  or 
guards  despatched  to  a  village  or  a  coun- 
try district) ;  'puLls  or  pulis  (Eur.).  Vide 
Patrol. 

Policy,  tanqa  (method) ;  maslak  (past  or 
future) :  maslahat  (expediency) ;  td  kar  bi- 
tadblr  guzarad  bi-shamshir  na-yand^'izad 
(he  trusts  more  to  policy  than  to  arms)  ; 
'ilm-isiyd  sal  {science  of  governing);  pulltik 
(gen.  =  selfish-diplomacy  ;  mard-i  pul'iliki 
a8l  =  he  is  a  selfish  man);  varaqayi  bima 
(of  insurance). 

Polish,  sayqal  zadan  (of  steel) ;  rujftan  z. 
(varnish  wood). 

Polished,  sayqal  shuda  (of  steel) ;  muhazzab 
(in  manners). 

Polisher,  sayqal  (the  iron  for  pohshing); 
sayqalrzan  or  sayqalgar  (the  man).^ 

Polite,  mu^addab  (well  mannered) ;  khayR 
ta'druf  darad;  khush-ta'druj ;  bd  ta'druf 
(of  outward  politeness) ;  6a  insdniyyal  (of 
true  politeness). 

Politely,  ta'druf  ana. 

Politeness,  lahvib-i  akhldq  (refinement  of 
manners) ;  Uirish-Miulqx  (with  natural  civil- 
ity) ;  bd  ta'druf -i  ziydd  ma  rd  istiqbdl  kard 


1  Rah  u  chah  the  way  to  go  and  the  pitfalls  to  avoid  ;  what  to  do  and  what  not  to  do. 

5  But  written  Qajar  j^\3. 

8  The  word  ktitval  not  used  in  m.c. 

♦  Corrup.  of  tj'j'^-^  (1^-^. 

*  In  India  eiqli-gar. 


Pol 


248 


Pop 


or  bd  ihtirdm-i  tamdm  mdrd  pazlrd^l  kard; 
tark-i  adab  karda  (want  of — ). 

Politic,  mufid ;  maslahat-dmiz ;  maslahatl. 

Politician,  mudabbir ;  bd  siydsai ;  '  pullttk- 
ddn.' 

Politics,  umur-i  puUtlk ;  umur-i  siydsat. 
Vide  Policy. 

Poll,  sar-shumdn  (k.) ;  sar-shumdn-ndma 
(register). 

Pollen,  zar-i  gul. 

Poll-tax,  jizya  (duty  levied  on  non-Muslims) ; 
sar-shumdr. 

Pollute,  to,  jpalid  kardan  (gen.) ;  najis  kardan 
(in  a  relig.  sense) ;  mulawas  kardan 
(stain,  soil)  (rare) ;  chirk  k.  (to  soil). 

Polluted,  najis  shuda;  dluda;  junub  (cere- 
monially unclean)  ;  muhtalim  (nocturnally). 

Polluter,  najis-kun;  mukharrib-i  akhldq  (of 
morals). 

Pollution,  janabat  subs.;  (a  state  of  cere- 
monial impurity) ;  shaytdni  shudan,  m.c. 
for  ihtildm  med.  term  (nocturnal  pollu- 
tion) ;  najis  shudan  or  — kardan). 

Poltroon,  nd-mard;  buz-dil;  kam-dil;  tarsu 
(vulg.) ;  ay  jabun^  ay  tarsu  (Oh  polt- 
roon ! ) .     Vide  Coward . 

Polygamist,  muta'  addid'* '  l-azvdj. 

Polygamy,  zan-i  ziydd  giriftan. 

Polytheism,  shirk. 

Polytheist,  mushrik,  pi.  mushrikin. 

Pomade,  rawghan-i  mu  {z.). 

Pomander,  dastarnbu  (a  small  melon  for 
smelling). 

Pomegranate,  andr  (gen.  the  fruit);  rummdn 
(a  special  kind,  red  inside);  aridr-i  bl- 
ddna  (a  pink  kind) ;  darakht-i  andr  (the 
tree) ;  gul-i  andr  or  kUndru  (the  blossom) ; 
[but  gul-andr  a  flowering  shrub;  the 
blossoms  resemble  pomegranate  blos- 
soms] ;  In  chiz  gul-andr  ast  ' '  this  is  red 
like  the  flower  gul-andr]. 

Pommel,  (saddle),  qdsh  or  qarbus,  or  kdsh-i 
zin  (the  bow  or  front  peak  of  a  Persian 
saddle). 

Pommel,  to,  khurd  u  khamir  k. 

Pomp,  tumtardq  (ostentation,  properly  by  one 
not  entitled  to  it  =  karr  u  farr) ;  dabdaba 
va  tantana  (proper  pomp) ;  ihtishdm 
(ditto);  u  bi-in  sha^n  u  shawkat  nazdik-i 


man  dmad  ki — Prof.  S.  T.  (he  approached 
with  the  pomp  and  splendour  of  retinue 
so  that — ) ;  farr  u  shukuh  (proper  pomp). 

Pompous,  khud-numd;  or  buzurgl-numd ; 
khar-i  mutashakhkhis  (a  pompous  ass). 
Vide  Ostentation,  etc. 

Pompously,  bisydr  bd  tuzuk  rdh  ml-raf^ad  (he 
walks  pompously). 

Ponce.     Vide  Bully. 

Pond,  birka  (small);  tdldb  (larger),  istakhr 
(an  artificial  pond  or  reservoir  fed  by  a 
stream) ;  hawz  (artificial).     Vide  Pool. 

Ponder,  dndishidan ;  fikr  kardan  ;  muvdzana 
kardan  (to  weigh  in  one's  mind);  ghaior 
k.  (think  deeply  on).  \ 

Ponderous.      Vide  Heavy. 

Pony,  har  subh  bard-yi  '^  gardish  tdtulyi  khud- 
ash  rd  savdr  mi-shavad;  ydbu  {%  coarse 
bred  pony).      Vide  Pack-horse. 

Pool,  vide  Pond ;  gawddl-i  ah  (puddfe  in  the 
road). 

Poor,  muftis  (penniless');  miskln  (vith  just 
enough  to  live  on);  jaqir  (paupff;  with 
nothing  at  all);  tuhldast;  tang-mdya 
(badly  off) :  muhtdj  (needy) ;  maflik  (quite 
destitute  and  starving) ;  u  dar  halal-i 
bt-chizl  uftdda:  bi-chdra  (poor  felltw). 

Pope,  Pdp  (Eur.).  ' 

Poplar,  sajlddr  and  sanawbar* ;  (rightly  or 
wrongly  these  two  words  are  ap|)lied  in- 
differently to  species  or  varieties  lof  pop- 
lar). 

Poppy,  Idla  (common  red  poppy  ^ ;  gul-i 
khashkhdsh  or  gul-i  kukndr  (^ower) ; 
gurz-i  khashkhdsh  (poppy  head)  j  khash- 
khdsh or  tukhm  i  khashkhdsh  (th&  seed ; 
in  India  used  in  curry) ;  shaqd^iq  (jerhips 
incorrectly  applied  to  a  poppy).      '       \ 

Populace,  'avdmm;  'avdmm-i  hf^tan'lm 
(the  populace  who  are  like  sheet) ; 
'avdmm"''n-nas. 

Popular,  khariddr-i  bisydr  ddrad  (of  wom|ii 
in  a  bad  sense) ;  shamdma-yi  mardum  a 
or  manzur-i  nazar-hd  (of  people) ;  kushi 
kard  td  In  kdr  rd  dar  nazarhd  jalva  dih 
(he  strove  to  make  the  measure  popular^ 
(jhalat-i  'dmm  (or  —mash-hur)  (a  popul 
error) . 

Populated,  dbdd  (k.).      Vide  Populous. 


'  Prop,  jaban. 

2  Tatu  for  the  Hindi  tattu  va.  and  tattu,anl  fem. 

5  In  the  Pan  jab  muflia  also  means  a  ''  bachelor." 
*  Not  a  '  fir  '  as  in  dictionaries. 

6  Lala,  both  in  Afghanistan  and.  Persia  is  the  common  poppy, 
'tulip.' 


This  word  is  always  translate! 


Pop 


249 


Pos 


Population,  jam' iyyat  dah  karHr^  va  kasr-Vsl 
(its  population  is  something  over  ten 
crores) ;  'adad-i  nufus. 

Populous,  jarrv  iyyat-i  ziydd  ddrad;  ma'mur. 

Porcelain,  chini;  faghjuri  (old  Chinese  pop- 
oelain  bowls) ;  har  fitan  (coloured  opaque 
glass,  such  as  lamp-shades  are  made  of). 

Porch,  rivaq.      Vide  Portico. 

Porcupine,  sikhur ;  [jujak  hedge-hog  q.v.]; 
chula  (vulg.);  khura;  tir-pusht;  kkar- 
pusht. 

Porpoise,  khuk-i  darya. 

Pores,  (skin),  masdmm,  pi.  nmsdmmat. 

Pork,  gusht-i  khuk;  (/ushti  bulbul  (a  face- 
tious term  invented  by  a  telegraph  clerk 
for  a  ham). 

Porous,  az  ash  ah  tarava  ml-kunad;  [opposed 
to  kdshi^  or  kashl-dar  "glazed"];  pur 
manfaz  or  pur-mammm  (not  colloquial). 

Port,  bandar,  pi.  handdir ;  bandar-gdh  (har- 
bour). 

Portable,  <7o6iV-i  haml  (or  — naql) ;  bdb-i  haml. 

Portal,  bdb  pi.  abvdh. 

Porter,  hammdl  (carrier) ;  dar-bdn  or  qdpu- 
chl  or  qdb-chi  (of  a  door) ;  ddldn-ddr  or 
karvdn-sard-ddr  (of  a  caravanserai). 

Porterage,  hammdll. 

Portfolio,  juzv-ddn  (for  juzddn)  or  juzv-kash ; 
muraqqa'  (a  scrap-book).     Vide  Wallet. 

Portico,  rivdq  (rare  in  this  sense) ;  jnshgdh 
(the  roof  portion) ;  safacha  (open  space  in 
front  of  portico) ;  dgdsi ;  kharuji. 

Portion,  qismat;  haJira;  hissa;  tikka  and 
qit'a  (a  small  piece).     Vide  Piece,  Share. 

Portmanteau,  yakhddn^  (a  Persian  wooden 
box  covered  with  leather);  sandiiq-i* 
charmi  (European  pattern) ;  jdma-ddn ; 
khurjtn  (saddle  bags). 

Portrait,  iasvir  (any  painting  or  drawing); 
shamd^ll  (esp.  of  Saints'");  'aks  (photo- 
graph); timsdl  (of  Shah);  parda  (oil- 
painting). 

Portugal,  Portugal ;  [but  purtujfAdl  a  kind  of 
good  orange,  perhaps  the  Malta  orange]. 

Portulaca,  guli  ndz. 


Position,  vaz'  [pi.  awza*=i"  state,  position  of 
atfairs ' '  and  also  ' '  disturbance ' *] ;  aitratri 
kdl  in  ast  (the  position  of  affairs  is  this); 
sdhib-i  taahaldMua  (a  man  of  positioD) ; 
Vide  Rank :  tarlqa-yi  (or  vaz'-i)  mukhala/tU 
]nf>h  girift  (he  went  against  me,  a«Kumed 
antagonistic  attitude.     Vide  State. 

Positive,  mUjaba  (in  logic ;  opp.  to  manfiyya) ; 
hi-ijdb  (opp.  to  bi-na(i). 

Positiveiy,  hukm'" ;  aahih*'' ;  bi-tawr'i  yaqin: 
bl-hama  chiz  (positively  without  joking; 
without  flattery). 

Possess,  dashtan,  rt.  ddr ;  malik  bddan ; 
lidhib  budan;  dard  budan;  butamrruf 
dvardan  (to  bring  into  one's  possession) ; 
bi-dast  a  (ditto).     Vide  Acquire. 

Possessed,  jinn-girijta  (by  a  devil). 

Possession,  tasarruf  (it.);  [pi.  ttuarrufdt; 
with  kardan  =  io  criticise, find  fault  with]; 
qabza ;  millnyat.     Vide  Property. 

Possessor,  sahib  (possessor) ;  mdlik  (master) ; 
dard  (holder  of). 

Possibility,  imkan;  majdl  (power):  istita'at 
(money  means). 

Possible,  shudant  (possible  to  happen) ; 
mumkin  ast  (or  muhdl  ast)  imruz  dnjd 
bi-rasim:  mumkin  ast  iird  bi-binam  = 
either  mi-tavdnam  bi-binam-ash  or  khtca- 
ham  did:  har-chi  zud-tar  ast  bi-raw  (go  as 
quickly  as  possible) ;  vide  Probable ; 
yumkin  (rare);  Ehuddyd.'  dar  l^izdna-yi 
jfiayb-at^  hama  chiz  mawjud  ast.  yak  far- 
zand-i  niku  bi-man  'afa  6t-/armo  *— Prof . 
S.  T.  (Oh  God!  all  things  are  possible  to 
Thee;  bestow  on  me  a  son);  hatta  7  maq- 
diir  or  hatta  'l-imkdn  (as  far  as  possible,  to 
the  best  of  one's  ability) ;  agar  az  dast-at 
bar-dyad  (if  you  can).     Vide  Quickly. 

Possibly,  bi  khalt-i  harchi  bihtar"^  natnshtam 
=  hatta  'l-maqdur  khub  navishlam  (I  wrote 
it  as  well  as  I  possibly  could) ;  bi-qadr-i 
quvva  (to  the  best  of  my  ability). 

Post,  chd  pari  dawlali  (the  mail);  in  kd^jiaz 
rd  bidun-i  mu'aUali  bi-pust-khdna  bi- 
firistid;  dn  rd  bi-sahdbat-i  chdpdr  ftrista- 


1  Crore  (kanlr)  is  an  Indian  term  signifying  100  lakh  or  10  million.  In  Persia,  however,  tL  lak  n 
taken  as  100  thousand  and  a  karvr  as  5  lak  or  half  a  million.  As  Persians  confuse  these  terms,  it  is 
better  to  avoid  their  use, 

^  Kashl  also  subs.  "  a  title." 

?■  In  India  a  basket  covered  with  leather. 

♦  In  India  aandiiq  is  usually  applied  to  a  large  wooden  box. 

*  Representations  of  living  things  are  forbidden  by  Tradition ;  therefore  Persians  say  '  features  of  • 
saint  '  and  never  '  picture.' 

*>  Note  the  Deity  is  addressed  in  the  singular. 

T  But  classically  bi-Jtk^'tbi-yi  harchi  tamam-tar  naviahtam  (class.). 

32 


Pos 


250 


Pow 


dam  (T  sent  it  by  post) ;  chapar  or  chdpdr 
(a  man  who  rides  with  the  post  bags, 
and  shagird  chdpdr  his  assistant ) ;  chdpdr- 
chi  (a  man  who  keeps  the  stable  of  post 
horses) ;  ndHb  chdpdr  (owner  of  the 
horses);  sanduq-i  pusta  (post-box)  chub; 
ddr  (stake) ;  mil-i  chirdjk  (lamp  post) ; 
sutun-i  taligrdfi  (telegraph-post).  Vide 
Rank ;  khidmai  (situation)  •  qardr-gdh-i 
'askarl  (mil.  post). 

Post,  to,  hi-pusta  anddkhian. 

Postage,  kirdya-yi  In  basia  chand  mi-shavad  ?  ; 
but  In  kdghaz  chand  tambr '  mi-barad  ?  = 
chi  qadr  pusta  ml-girad? 

Post-house,  khurdk  dar  chdpdr-khdna  mum- 
kin  mi  shavad?  (can  food  be  obtained  at 
the  post-houses  ?). 

Postman,  farrdsh-i  pust-khdna.  Vide  also 
Post. 

Post-master,  ra%s-i  pust-khdna. 

Post  office,  pustkhdna. 

Posteriors,  kajal  ('  quarters,'  generally  of 
humans) ;  surin  (of  men  or  animals). 

Posterity,  awldd ;  a'qdb;  a'qdb  u  bdz  pas- 
dyandagdn. 

Postern,  dar-bachcha  and  darbcha. 

Posting,  chapari  raftan  (travelling) :  hi-pusta 
anddkhian  (of  letters). 

Post-mortem,  tashrih-i  mayyit  ( — examina- 
tion). 

Postpone,  ta'viq  anddkhian ;  ia^khir  anddkh- 
ian ;  mawquj  k  (also  to  adjourn  or  abolish); 
iqrdr-i  in  za'ifa,  rd  pusht-i  sar-i  shdhid-hd 
midnddzim  (we'll  postpone  this  woman's 
statement  till  we  have  heard  the  other 
witnesses) . 

Postponement,  ta'viq  or  ta^khlr ;  [bi — andakh- 
tan  and  uftddan,  tr.  and  intr.]. 

Postscript,  zayl"'"  navisht  ki — (  =  later  on  he 
wrote) ;  mukarrar  'arz  in-kl — (  =  P.S.). 

Posture,  vaz'  (for  pi.  vide  Position) ;  hdlat. 

Posturing,  vaz'hd  blrun  dvardan. 

Pot,  kuza  (earthen  pitcher,  without  handle) ; 
sabu  (with  handle) ;  pdtU  or  dig  (large,  of 
metal);  digcha  (small,  of  metal);  gulddn 
(a  flower-pot ;  also  a  flower  vase) ;  kuza-yi 
gul  (flower-pot) ;  dulcha,  vulg.  for  dalvcha 
(small  pot  of  wood,  copper,  or  skin) ;  dizi 
(of  baked  clay,  for  cooking  meat);  kumdj- 
ddn  (copper  cooking-pot) ;  kuluk  (glazed, 
for  preserves ;  the  martabdn  of  India) ; 
dig-bar  (very  large,  of  metal;  for  feasts); 


davdt  or  murakkab-ddn  (ink-pot) ;  ibrlq  or 
dftdba  (a  portable  ewer  like  a  coffee  pot). 
Vide  Pipkin,  Pitcher,  Bottle,  Flask,  Ewer 
Basin. 

Potage,  dsh  (a  thick  soup). 

Potash,  potds  (Eur.) ,  qiliyd. 

Potato,  sih-zamini  or  sib-i  zamtni ;  batata 
(Eur.). 

Pot-bellied,  shikam-gunda. 

Potent,  mu^'assir  ;  ta^sir-i  ziydd  ddrad  ;  qa  vi 
(for  qaviyy) 

Potentate,  Sultan  (in  Ar.  power,  authority). 

Pot-hook,  kilinjdr  (scrawled  bad  writing). 

Potions,  mashrubdt  (in  m.c.  only  used  in 
pi.). 

Potiphar,  '"Potiphar  was  the  Treasurer  of 
Egypt  and  his  wife's  name  wasZulaykha" 
Qitfir  khizdna-ddr-i  Misr  ^  va  ism-i  zan-ash 
Zulaykhd  bud. 

Potsherd,  khurda-sifdl ;  kupal  shikista. 

Potter,  kuzagar  (maker) ;  kuza-paz  (baker) ; 
gil-i  kuza-gari  (potter's  clay). 

Pouch,  kif  (of  leather) ;  dabba  (pouch  or 
flask  for  powder ;  also  a  copper  vessel  for 
clarified  butter);  kisa-yi  tambdk  (for  to- 
bacco). 

Poulterer,  juja-jarush. 

Poultice,  pukhtani ;  zamdd  (nihddan). 

Pound,  lira  yi  I nglisi  {pound  sterhng) ;  lira-yi 
'  Usmdni  Turkish  pound) ;  rati  (half  a 
seer,  weight). 

Pound,  to,  kubldan  (coarsely).  Vide  Beat 
and  Grind. 

Pounded,  kubida ;  kufid  (also  tired) ;  jaw-kub 
(roughly  pounded). 

Pour,  riMhian,  tr.  and  intr.,  rt.  riz:  bdrdn 
jaru  rikht  or  — bdrid  (of  rain). 

Poverty,  bi-navd^l ;  ifids ;  faqr ;  tang-dasti ; 
maskanat:  bi-puli ;  bd  dnki  dar  faldkat 
ast  bdz  khush-dil  ast.     Vide  Poor. 

Powder,  bdrut  (gunpowder) ;  gard  (dust  or 
fine  powder) ;  safuf  (med.) ;  bdrut-ddn  or 
dabba-yi  bdrut  (powder  flask) ;  ambdr-i 
bdrut  or  bdrut-khdna  (powder  magazine) ; 
sajiddb  (2.)  (for  face). 

Powder,  hdrik  k. ;  safuf  k. ;  drd  k.  (vulg.). 
Vide  Grind. 

Power,  idqat  (sp.  bodily) ;  zur  (bodily) ; 
qudrat  (sp.  bodily) ;  quvva  (bodily  or  men- 
tal) ;  majdl  (ability,  room);  7nan  quvva-yi 
fahmidan-i  an  rd  na-ddram;  taldq  dast-i 
mard  ast  na  dast-i  zan  (divorce  lies  with 


1   Tambr  Fr.  "stamp." 

i  Generally  'Azlz-i  Misr  "  Prime  Minister  of  Egypt,"  a  position  afterwards  held  by  Joseph. 


Pow 


251 


Pra 


the  man,  not  with  the  woman) ;  ikhtiyar 
(choice  and  power) ;  iqtidar  (power  of 
doing);  hukumat  (authority);  maqdarat 
{=  quwa  and  a\so  —  istita' at) ;  istitd'at 
(money  means);  iqiiddr-i  kulli ;  or  ikhtiydr-i 
mutlaq  (absolute — ) ;  quwa-yi  muharrika 
(motive — ) ;  quwa-yi  ddfi'a  (repulsive — ) ; 
quwa-yi  ndtiqa  (of  speech) ;  shiddat '  (of 
sun);  hattq  U-imkan  (to  the  best  of  one's 
power;  vide  Possible,  etc.);  btrun  az 
ikhtiyar  (beyond  one's  authority) ;  btrun 
az  hawsala  (beyond  endurance) ;  dd%ra-yi 
ikhtiydr-i  kas-i  rd  vus'at  dddan  (to  extend 
the  powers  of  any  one).     Vide  Powers. 

Powerful,  tavdnd;  or  tanumand;  or  zurmand 
(in  body) ;  dur-bln-i  pvr  quvvat  (a  power- 
ful telescope) ;  kaldm-i  mu'assir  (a  power- 
ful speech) ;  shadid  (of  sun  ;  effect,  etc.) ; 
qavi  (in  body  or  mind) ;  qddir  (powerful  or 
able  to);  muqtadir ;  sdlnb-iqtiddr ,  etc. 
(with  authority) ;  rusukji  or  iasallut  ddrad 
(has  influence). 

Powerless,  kam-zur ;  nd-lavdn ;  nd-chdr ;  Id- 
chdr ;  *djiz ;  bi-tdqat:  nahif  (feeble  after 
disease) ;  dar-mdnda  (become  helpless) ; 
az  ijrd-yi  %n  amr  'djiz  ast. 

Powers,  ikhtiydrdt  (of  a  ruler,  etc.) ;  quvq 
(functions,  bodily  or  mental).  Vide 
Power. 

Pox,  dbila  (small- pox) ;  kuft  =  nd-khu^hi-yi 
mash-hur  (syphilis). 

Practicability,  surat-paziri ;  mumkiniyyat. 

Practicable,  surat-pazir ;  shudani ;  mumkin; 
bi-jihat-i  hall-i  in  mushkil  maslakat-i  ki 
pish  mi-dvarid  ma' qui  ast;  Imsulpanr 
(possible  to  be  attained). 

Practical,  'arnali  (opp.  to  'ilrni  theoretical); 
mujarrab  (proved  by  experience). 

Practice,  tnashq  (k.) ;  istvmdl  {k.)  (use); 
kasrat-i  istVmdl;  "  kdr-i  mku  kardan  az 
pur  kardan  ast  "  (practice  makes  perfect) ; 
In  rasm  az  kujd  bar  khipdst  (or  pay  da 
shud)? ;  'ddat  (custom);  id  kdr  nakuni 
ustdd  namt-shavi  (  =  practice  makes  per- 
fect) ;  az  kam-kdri.  or  az  qillat-i  isti'mdl 
(for  want  of  practice) ;  az  kdr  uftdda  am 
(I  am  out  of  practice) ;  ganda-kdn  {k.) 
(evil  practices). 

Practise,  mashq  k. ;  kdr-i  (or  'amal-i)  tabdbat 
mi-kunad  (he  practises  medicine) ;  mi-guyif 


vali  bi-'am/d  nami-dri  (you  talk,  yea 
don't  practise);  dar  naviahtan  khub  rabi 
ddrad  (he  is  well  practised  in — ). 

Praise,^  sitdyish  (k.);  ta'nf  (k.  or  guftan) 
(also  specification  =  vasf) ;  tawsxf  (k.)  ; 
tahsin  k. ;  na-bdyad  nd-ld^iqdn  rd  tamjid 
kunim;  mudh  (k.)  (eulogy  of  great  per- 
sons); hamd;  and  sand:  and  tahltl;  and 
taabth  ik.)  (of  God  only) ;  tamjid  (k.)  (of 
God  or  man) ;  khud-sitdH  (self-praise). 

Praise,  to,  situdan,  rt.  aitdy. 

Praiser,  madddh ;  or  vassdf ;  or  vdaif  (rare) 
(one  who  praises;  eulogiser). 

Praiseworthy,  mustahsan;  Id^iq-i  sitdyish, 
etc. 

Prance,  to,  jast  u  khiz  k. ;  raqs  k.  (coll.) ; 
gumbak  zadan  (of  a  fretful  horse  that 
won't  walk).     Vide  Frisk. 

Prate,  to,  vide  Preach;  bi-gush  khivdndan; 
va'z  k. :  jajang  guftan ;  or  vir  vir  k.  (to  talk 
rubbish) ;  harza-gu^i  k.  (to  talk  rubbish  or 
to  talk  indecently) . 

Prattle,  jafang  or  jajang-gu*i  (of  the  pretty 
prattle  of  children). 

Prawn,  maygu  (brought  salted  from  the 
coast). 

Pray,  namdz  khivdndan  or  guzdrdan  (of  tiie 
fixed  prayers) ;  du'd  k.  (in  the  Christian 
sense) ;  qazd-yi  namdz  rd  add  kardam  (I 
made  up  for  an  omission  of  prayer  by 
saying  the  missing  prayers) ;  but  nam^z 
qazd  shud  m.c.  =  namdz  jawt  shud  (I  omit- 
ted my  prayer).     Vide  Entreat. 

Prayer,  namdz;  saldt  pi.  salaudt  (sp  the 
announcement  from  the  roof  by  a  mulld 
of  the  death  of  an  inmate) ;  salaivdt  ~  or 
darud  fjristddan  (sp  prayers  for  the  Pro- 
phet) ;  du'd  (in  Christian  sense) ;  azdn 
(the  call  to  prayer  by  the  mu'azzin) ; 
mihrdb  ^the  arch  or  niche  showing  the 
direction  of  the  qibla) ;  musallq  (a  place 
of  prayer;  used  for  praying  over  the 
dead ;  also  for  rain,  etc.) ;  sajjdda  and 
jd-namdz^  (prayer-carpet);  imdm  (leader 
of  prayer  in  mosque) ;  pisfi-namdz  (leader 
in  prayer  outside  the  mosque) ;  muJir  (the 
block  of  sacred  earth  used  by  Shi' as) ; 
namdz-i  furddq  (solitary  prayer) ;  namdz-i 
jamJdat  (congregational  prayer)  ;  du'd-ash 
mustajdb    shud  (his  prayer  was  heard) ; 


1  But  aaivrat  (or  shiddat)  severity  of  heat  or  cold;  aawrat^  garma. 

4  Before  praising  a  child,  horse,  or  any  article  before  its  owner,  the  speaker  fihould  say  ma  »ha* 
Allah,  so  that  the  owner  may  have  no  ie&r  of  the  Evil  Eye. 

i  In  India  ja-namaz,  but  in  Persia  this  generally  means  the  cloth  containing  the  sacred  earth  of 
Kerbela,  etc.  touched  by  the  forehead  by  ShI'as  when  making  a  aijda. 


Pra 


252 


Pre 


namaz-i  dydt  (at  the  time  of  earthquake 

or  eclipses). 
Prayerful,  namdzi. 
Preach,  to,  va'z  k  ;  maw'aza  k. ;  ifdda  na- 

kun  =  has  kun,  pur  va'  z-i  man  ma-kun  (shut 

up  and  don't  preach) ;  pand  or  nasihat  k. 

(to  admonish). 
Preacher,    vd'iz  (gen.);    khatlb   (in   mosque 

after  prayers,  and  sp.  on  Fridays) ;  nasi- 

hat-gu  or  ndslh  (admonisher). 
Preamble,    muqaddama;     and    dibdcha     (of 

books) ;  'mmn  (beginning  of  a  document). 
Precarious  mashkuk;  bl-i'iibdr ;  c/^ayr-i  mu- 

'ayyan;   guzardn-i  u  hi-dast-i  havd  ast  = 

avir-i  ma'lshat-i  u  sabdt  na-darad. 
Precaution,  dur-andiski ;  pish-bhii;  ihtiydt. 
Precede,  jilo —  or  pish  raftan  or  dmadan; 

pish  vdqi'  shudan  (to  happen  first). 
Precedence,  sadr  giriftan  or  — nishastan  (in 

an  assembly)  ;  zddi'd^-i  buzurgi  ddshtan  (to 

claim    precedence) ;    avval    ki    ml-bdshad 

(who  will  take  precedence  ?). 
Precedent,    naql  (i.e.    what   is   related) :    In 

amr  hich  nazir  na-ddrad;  mi-tavdnid  nazir- 

ash  rd  bi-ydrld? 
Preceding,  sdbiq,  "pl.  savdbiq ;   pish;   muqad- 

dam  az,  or  qabl  az  (of  time). 
Precept,  nasihat;  pand. 
Preceptor,  ustdd;  mu'allim;  dkhund  {a,  snisM 

mulla) ;  adib  (teacher,  gen.  a  literary  man) ; 

murshid ;  or  pir ;  or  hddl  (spiritual) ;  7iasi- 

hat-gu  or  pand-gu  (admonisher). 
Precinct,  hadd,  pi.  hudud. 
Precious,  nujls,  pi.  nafd^is  (precious  things) ; 

qimati ;     girdn-bahd     (costly);     'azlz     (of 

people  or  things) ;  Layldj-i  vaqt  ast  ( =  he's 

a  precious  gambler,  q.v.). 
Precipice,  parl-gdh ;  baghalA  muhlb. 
Precipitate,  vide  Hasten  ;  tah  anddkhtan  tr. 

(chem.);  sar-d-zir  shudan  {to  fall  headlong). 
Precipitated,  to  be,  tah  nishastan. 
Precipitous,  'ajul  (rare) ;  dast-pdcha  (hurried 

and  confused);   sar-hdld  (of    a  cliff,   etc., 

viewed  from  below) ;  sar-d-shib  (prop,  when 

viewed  trom  above). 
Precipitation,    ta'iil;   *ajala;   shitdb-zadagl ; 

dast-pdchagi   (confusion) ;   tahavvur   (rash- 
ness in  fight) :  tah-nishinl  (of  chemicals). 
Precise,    mudaqqiq:    vdzih    (clear,    opp.   to 

mushtabih) ,  bisydr  muvdzib-i  libds-i  khud- 

ash  ast  (lie  is  precise  in  his  dress).      Vide 

Particular. 


Precision,  bdrik-bini ;  taqayyud;  tadqiq. 
Preclude,  to,  bdz  ddshtan ;  mdni'  az — . 
Precocious,    pir-manish ;     in    chi-qadr    tifl-i 

pir-i  'st  vulg.  (what  a  precocious  child!). 
Preconcerted,    pish    dida; — ki    hdham    pish 

qardr  ddda  budand. 
Predecessors, — i  saldf ;  mutaqaddimin ;  asldf 

pi.  (gen.). 
Predestination,    qadar '     or    taqdir ;    qaza  '  ; 

jabri,  pi.  jabariyya  (one    who   denies   the 

freedom  of  the  human  will ;  a  fatalist  as 

opposed  to  garfan,  pi   qadariyya). 
Predestined,  muqaddar. 
Predicament,     kash-ma-kash ;     khar-khasha; 

maziq. 
Predicate,  khabar  (in  grammar) ;  viahmul  (in 

logic) ;  [the  subject  in  logic  is  fnawzu']. 
Predict,   az  pish  nami-tavdnim  bi-guyim   ki 

fardd   clii    ruy   khwdhad   dad  or   — ki   az 

parda-yi  ghayb  chi  birun  mi-dyad;   gkayb 

gWi  k. 
Prediction,  pishin-gu*i  (k.) ;  ghayb-gu^'i  (k.). 
Predictive,  mukhhir-i  ghayb. 
Predilection,    mayl-i   sdbiq ;    az   sdbiq   mayl 

ddsht. 
Predominance,  istild'' ;  gJialaha. 
Predominant,  muslawli;  ghdlib 
Pre-eminence,  barfari ;  sibqat  m.c.  for  sabqat 

{k.,   giriftan,    justan) ;    taqaddum    (k.    or 

justan) ;  imtiydz  [ddshtan)  (distinction). 
Pre-eminent,    bartar  az — ;    mumtdz;   jdzil-i 

fuzald^;  or  a'lam'^  H-'ulamd^  (in  learning). 
Pre-emption,    haqq-i  taqaddum-i  bay'    fright 

of — )  ;  shuf'a. 
Preen,   to,    khadang  k.   or  par  khun  k.   (to 

'reform'    the  feathers,  i.e.  to  pull  them 

through   the   beak    to    straighten    them; 

falconer's   term) ;    rughan-kashi —   or   ru- 

(fhan-giri  k.  (to  oil  the  feathers). 
Preface,  muqaddama  (the  reason  for  writing 

the   book   or   an  introduction) ;    dibdcha"^ 

(praise    of    God,   the   Prophet,    Reigning 

Sovereign) ;  'arz-i  makhsus  (modem). 
Preiatory,  iamhidi;  ibtiddH ;  ba'd  az  iamhid-i 

in  muldhazdt. 
Prefer,  to,  tarjifi  or  tafzil  dddan ;  rujhdn  d. 

muqaddam  ddnistan. 
Preferable,  az  in  du  td  kuddm  yak  pasandida- 

tarast?;  bih-tar ;  afzal-tar. 
Preference,  bartari  [dddan) ;  tarjih  [d.) ;  dn 

rd  bar  in  tarjih  mi-diham. 
Preferred,  mutarajjih ;  tarjih  ddda  shuda. 


1  Qaza  anything  that  may  be  fated  now  or  hereafter,  but  Qadar  what  is  predestined  before  birth. 

2  The  dlbacha  is  sometimes  also  c»lled  muqaddama. 


Pre 


263 


Pw 


Prefix,  harf-i  vaal  (also  a  suffix). 
Pregnancy,  abistanl ;  haml;  bar-dart  (vulg.). 
Pregnant,   shikarn-ddr ;   or  dhiatan;  or  dbisi 
(of   women   or  animals) ;   an  zan  shikam 
ddrad;  hainl  ddrad  (of  animals  or  women); 
hdmila  '  (of  women  only). 
Prejudice, 6ayad  ta'assub  rd  kindr  bi-guzdrtm 
(we  must  lay  aside  all  prejudice ;  relig.  or 
otherwise). 
Prejudicial,   muzirr-i  hal;    bard-yi  favd^id-i 

man  nuqsdn  ddrad. 
Prelude,  jnsh-khivdnl  (k.)  (in  music,  acting). 
Preluder,  pish-khipdn  (sp.  a  minor  reciter  in 

the  rawza-kJiwdni). 
Premature,  qabl  az  vaqt;  javdn-marg  shud  or 
javdn-marg  az   dunyd  raft  (of  premature 
death). 
Premeditate,  az  joish  sanjidan  or  — khaydl  k. ; 

az  pish  tamhld  k.  (plan  beforehand). 
Premeditated,  az  awal  qasd  shud. 
Premeditation,    tamhid    u    ta'ammud;    qasd 
^intention) ;  bild  ta'ammnl  (without  pre- 
meditation). 
Premised,  avval  bar  sabU-i  tamhid  namuda 
■  mx-shavad  ki —  (it  must  first  be  premised 

that- ). 
Premises,  rnvqaddamat  (in  logic) ;  muqadda- 
7natayn  =  the  muqaddama-yi  kvbrq  and  the 
rnuqaddama-yi     sughra     the     Major    and 
Minor  premises) ;  towAtdaf  (gen.) ;  'imdrat 
va  muta'alliqdt  (property). 
Premium,  vajh-i  bima  (insurance). 
Premonition,  agdhi-yi  dil. 
Preparation,    iaddruk   (didan) ;   tahiyya   (for 
iuiiyi^a)  [chidan) ;  muqaddamdt-%  chldam  (I 
made    preparations):     tarkib ;    murakkab 
(( ompound). 
Prepare,  to,  dmdda  k. ;  muhayyd —  or  hdzir 
k. ;  tartlb  dddan :  taddruk-i  raftan-i  Inglis- 
tdn  ml-binand:    u  nutq-i  khud  rd  az  pish 
muhayyd  kard :  dast  u  pd-yi  khud  rd  jam' 
karda  am  (I  have  prepared  everything  for 
my  journey,  or  move) ;  hama  chiz-i  safar 
sdz  shud  (everything  was  prepared  for  the 
journey). 
Prepared,  musta'  idd  shudan  bi —  (to  be  pre- 
pared for). 


Preponderance,  (jAdlibiyyat;  ziyddali. 

Preposition,  harf-i  jarr. 

Preposterous,  az  hadd  tajdvuz  karda;  bi- 
ma'ni. 

Pre4>uce,  ghulfa  (med.) ;  pusi-i  aar-i  kasha  fa 
(colloq.). 

Prerogative,  haqq-i  mdkhsus. 

Bresage,  to,  dgdhi  dddan;  mukhbir  bUdan. 
Vide  Omen  and  Predict. 

Presager,  khabar-dih ,  dgdhi-dih  khaJbar- 
kunanda. 

Prescription,  halnm  bidast-i  fchud-ash  in 
nuskha  rd  navisht:  haqq-i  tasarruf ;  or 
rasm-i  qadim  (claim  or  right). 

Presence,  huzur ;  hay*at  (personal  appear- 
ance) ;  ru  bi-ru-yam  (or  huplr^')  chunin 
guft;  bd  ru'b  (with  a  presence). 

Presence  of  mind.     Vide  Mind. 

Present  (subs.),  pishkash'^  {k.)  (from  an  in- 
ferior) ;  hadya  (for  hadiyya),  pi.  haddyd  {k. 
or  dddan)  (between  equals) ;  ta'druf  (k.  or 
d )  (between  equals  or  from  a  superior) ; 
sawghdt  or  armayhdn  (dvardan)  (a  present 
brought  from  a  journey);  tukfa  {d.)  (any 
curiosity  or  uncommon  thing,  small  or 
big) ;  Amir-i  Samarqand  bi-taivr-i  tuhfa  in 
fil  rd  bi-Hazrat-i  Ajall  firistdd  or  in  fil  ra 
hadya  kard;  lid-anddz''  (a  present  from 
the  bridegroom  to  the  bride  on  her  enter- 
ing the  house  of  the  former);  -at/rfi  (rf.)  (a 
present  on  hohdays  to  an  inferior;  m.c. 
for  'idi);  'atiyya  (donation):  si^a-yi  hal 
(gram.;  Present  Tense). 

Present  (adj.),  hdzir,  pi.  hdzirin  or  huzzdr ; 
huzur  ddshtaii  (to  be  present) ;  mamjud 
(gen.  of  things) ;  ast ;  fuldn  injd  ast  ya 
rafta? ;  Sadr-i  A'zam  bud  (the  Prime 
Minister  was  present ;  w  as  there) ;  naqd"" 
na-ddram  (I  have  not  one  at  present,  i.e. 
by  me) ;  hdl  (of  time) ;  bi-naqd-i  vaqt ;  or 
i^aZ"";  or  al-hdl:  or  al-dn;  or  aknun  {now, 
at  present). 

Present,  to,  pish  k.  ;  musharraf  sdkhtan  (a 
person);  vide  Introduce,  Give,  Bestow, 
etc. 

Presentiment,  dil-am  dgdhi  mi-dihad  ki — . 

Presenting,  taqdim  {k.). 


I   Not  in  Persian  hamil. 

•  It  must  be  recollected  that  a  Persian  wishing  to  sell  anything  will  offer  it  as  a  pvihkaah.  To  re- 
fuse the  offer  the  reply  might  be  khayr.  marhamat  eiyai.  If,  aft«r  tlie  query  qimat-ash  chand  aatf.  a 
seller  fixes  too  liigh  a  price,  the  reply  might  be  pas  pu<hkash  mal-i  khttd-at  bashad.  Should  one  admire 
anything  belonging  to  a  Persian  he  will  say  plshkaah  without  any  intention  of  really  offering  it ;  the  reply 
to  this  is  iltifatri  shuma  ziyad. 

s  Pa-andaz  also  =  carpets  or  shawls  spread  for  the  Shah  to  walk  on  when  he  visits  a  subject ;  these 
are  a  perquisite  of  the  sovereign.  When  a  Governor  formally  visits  a  gentleman's  house,  a  shawl  is 
spread  on  the  sofa  and  this  afterwards  finds  its  way  to  the  Governor's  house. 


Pre 


254 


Pre 


Presently,  al-an ;  bi-zudl ;  hala  nii-rasam. 

Preservation,  muhafazat  {k.). 

Preservative,  ddfi'-i  bald  etc.  (of  a  charm); 
hdfiz-i  jdn  (ditto). 

Preserve,  khusk-bdr  (dried  fruits  and  nuts) ; 
murabbd  (jam);  ma'jun^  (electuary,  con- 
fection). 

Preserve,  to,  nigdh  ddshtan ;  hifz  n. ;  muha- 
fazat n. :  murabbd  sdkhtan  (of  jam). 

Preserved,  az  marhamat-i  shumd  jdn-ammah- 
fuz  mdnd;  jdn-i  tdza-i  bi-man  bakhshid. 

Preserver,  khalds-kun ;  najdt-dihanda  (from 
death).     Vide  Save,  Free. 

Preside,  to,  raSs-i  majlis  shudan  (at  a  com- 
mittee) ;  hama  kdr-hd  bi-istihzdr-i  it  mi- 
guzarad  (Ht.  all  business  is  done  with  his 
information) ;  sadr-i  majlis  shudan. 

President,  ra^is-i  majlis:  ra%s-i  anjuman 
(gen.  for  business). 

Press,  shikanja  (bookbinders) ;  matba' 
(printing) ;  kasrat-i  mashghala  (press  of 
work). 

Press,  to,  fishdrdan  or  fishurdan,  rt.  fishar 
(to  squeeze) ;  sakht  girijtan  or  'pila  k.  (to 
press  a  person  to  do) ;  u  khayll  pd-pay 
shud  ki  chlz-%  bi-hhuram  (he  pressed  me  to 
eat  something) ;  vide  Persist  and  Insist ; 
chapdnidan  (to  press  down) ;  ru-yi  in  zur 
bi-ydvarid  (press  this  down). 

Presser,  'assdr  (sp.  of  oil). 

Prestige,  waqdr ;  shuhrat. 

Presumed,  mazanna  idza  ddfchil-i  vildyat 
shuda  Id  ?  (I  presume  you  are  newly 
arrived  0  ;  ihtimjdl-i  kulli  mi-ravad  ki~  (it 
is  presumed  that — ). 

Presumption,  bar  mahabbat-i  man  takya  mi- 
kuni  (you  presume  on  my  affection) : 
ihtimdl  (assumption).  Vide  Arrogance, 
etc. 

Pretence,  bahdna  (k.) ;  iazvir  (hypocrisy); 
dast-dviz  (means) ;  'uzr  {k.)  (excuse). 

Pretend,  to,  taqaddus  farukhtan  (to  pretend 
to  piety) ;  tarmruz  k.  (to  pretend  sick- 
ness; rare  in  m.c.) ;  Jchud  rd  bi-divdnagi 
zad  or  anddkht  (he  feigned  madness) ; 
iddi'd  k.  (to  lay  claim  to)  ;  qalam  dddan 
(to  give  oneself  out  as) ;  khdnum  mard 
shindkhta  tajdhul  ^  kard  va  pursid  ' '  Kis- 
?»".?— Prof.  S.  T.  (the  lady  pretended  not 
to   recognize   me   and   asked   me   who    I 


was) ;  mard  na-dida  angdsht  or  girift  (she 
pretended  not  to  see  me).  Vide  Feign, 
Malinger. 

Pretender,  Idf-zan  (boaster);  mudda'i  [ciKixxx- 
ant).     Vide  Quack. 

Pretension,  iddrd^ ;  Idf-zani  (boasting). 

Pretentious,  pur-ldf ;  ijdda-yi  junub  mi- 
kunad  (vulg. ;  derived  from  an  impotent 
man  pretending  to  be  junub). 

Preterite,  Mdzi-yi  Mutlaq  (gram.). 

Pretext,  dast-dviz  {k.) ;  hila  (sleight,  trick); 
bi-bahdna-yi  in  ki  chird  shifd'at  na-kar- 
dand — (on  the  pretext  that  they  had  not 
interceded — ).     Vide  Pretence. 

Pretty,  khushgil  (gen.  of  people) ;  maqbul  (of 
people  or  small  animals)  ;  vajih  (hand- 
some, of  people);  fem.  vajiha;  hasin  (of 
beautiful  face  =  vajih  and  vajiha) ;  jamil 
(fine  in  appearance) ;  qashang  (people  or 
things) ;  khush-surat ;  shangul  mangul  (of 
little  things  or  animals) ;  tawr-i  adv.  ( = 
pretty  well). 

Prevail,  naml-tavdnam  urd  bar  dn  bi-ddram 
ki  bishtar  injd  tavaqquf  kunad,  or  na-tavd- 
nistam  urd  bishtar  nigdh  bi-ddram  (m.c). 
Vide  Conquer,  Prevalent. 

Prevalent,  in  maraz  hold  dar  dnjd  istild 
ddrad  or  zur  ddrad ;  mutaddvil  (shudan)  ; 
shuyu'  ddrad;  'umum  ddrad. 

Prevalence,  'umumiyyat;  ghalaba;  shuyu' 
(being  common). 

Prevaricate,  to,  chachul-bdzi  k.  ;  layl  u  la' all 
kardan^  and  ta'allul  k.  (putting  off  in 
promising). 

Prevarication,  zabdn-bdzi  (k.)  (all  words) ; 
hila  hawdla  k. ;  tafra-zani  (shuffling).  Vide 
Procrastination. 

Prevent,  Prevention,  bdz-ddshfan ;  vd-ddshtan 
(also  to  force,  to  prevail  on);  nmni',  pi. 
mavdni' :  muzdhim,  pi.  muzdhimdt;  'd*iq 
pi.  'avd^iq  (in  m.c.  plural  generally  used) ; 
jilaw-giri ;  gumdn  ddshtam  shumd  ishdn 
rd  az  bar  gashtan  mi-tavdniHid  mdni'  bi- 
shavid;  inshd^  Alldh  fardd  sharaf-ydb  mi- 
shavam  agar  mdni'-i  paydd  na-shavad  (I 
hope  to  call  on  you  to-morrow  if  nothing 
happens  to  prevent  me). 

Preventive,  mdni' ;  jilaw-gir ;  muzdhim. 

Previous,  sdbiq;  pish  (adj.);  qabl  az  vurud- 
am  ravdna  shudid. 


1  A  Persian  hakim  sometimes  prescribes  a  ma'-jun  of  pearls.     The  pearls  are  not  of  course  dissolved 
in  the  patient's  presence.     In  pilaw  nlst,  ma'jun  aat="  this  pilaw  is  very  nice  and  rich." 

2  Tajahul  '  feigning  ignorance, 
8  LayiP'  Ar. 


from  root  jahl. 
would  tiiat  "  and  La'all"'  Ar.  "  it  may  be." 


Pre 


256 


Pri 


Prey,  sayd;  or  ahikilr  (game,  quarry): 
yagiAmd;  ^arat;  taraj  (booty,  etc.,  q.v.)- 

Price,  qtmat  (cost) ;  bahd  (value) ;  nirkh-i 
bazar  (price  current.) ;  qtmat-i  ndzil  (small 
price,  small  rate) ;  qxmat-i  dkhir-ash  (its 
lowest  price) ;  u  awal  khayli  tup  zad  (he 
firiit  asked  an  enormous  price) ;  qimat-i 
gizdf  (enormous  price) :  diya ;  or  khin- 
bahd  ( — of  blood).  Vide  Bargain  and 
Cheap. 

Priceless,  bi-bahd  (but  bahd*^t  norddrad  it  is 
worthless) . 

Prick,  to,  suzan  zadan  (with  needle) ;  surdkh 
k.  (make  a  hole) ;  vide  Goad ;  khalish  k. 
(of  the  mind) ;  asp  gush-hd-yash  rd  muhr- 
kard  or  bar-giriit  (the  horse  pricked  up  its 
ears) ;  [giish  khwdbdnidan  to  lay  back  the 
ears] ;  shir  gush-ash  rd  qalam  va  dum-aah 
ra  'alam  kard — Prof.  S.  T. :  cwp  mlkh 
khurda  ast  (the  horse  has  been  pricked  in 
shoeing) ;  khaydl-i  dn  ft' I  bar  qalb-am 
khalish  ■  rm-kunad  (my  conscience  pricks 
me  about  that). 

Prickly,  pur-khdr  ;  khdr-ddr. 

Prickly- heat,  'araq-suz. 

Pride,  c^urur  (pride  of  possession,  haughti- 
ness; an  inherent  quality):  kibr ;  takab- 
bur  (assumption  of  pride) ;  nakhvat  (in 
Persian  =  cpiurur) ;  kibriyd*^  Ar. ,  or  kibriyd''% 
Per.  (of  God  only) ;  bdyad  az  gJi,urur 
bi-parhxzlm  or  ijtindb  kunim  (we  must 
beware  of  pride) ;  ^urdbi  (vulg.).  Vide 
Puff. 

Priests,  mujtahid  (a  high  divine  amongst 
Shl'as);  kashish  (Christian — ):  dastitr 
(the  head-priest  of  Zardushtis:  there  is 
one  in  each  city) ;  mubid  (assistant  of 
daalur);  raHs-i  ruhdnl  (any  spiritual  leader ; 
a  newspaper  word);  pir ;  or  murshid 
(spiritual  guide ;  Muslim). 

Prime,  'umda  adj.;  lubb  (the  best  part  of 
anything,  prim,  meaning  in  Ar.  is  kernel) ; 
zid)da  (extract) ;  nukhba  (chosen  part) ; 
'unfuvdn-i  javdni  (prime  of  life;  30  in  a 
man  and  20  in  a  woman) ;  zubda-yi  (or  in 
ra.c.  lubb-i)  mallab  (the  gist  of  what  I 
have  to  say,  the  pith) ;  nukhba-yi  'askar 
(the  chosen,  or  flower,  of  the  army). 

Prime,  to,  az  avval  talqin^  (or  ta'lim)  k.  :  (in- 
struct beforehand)  dar  tufang  bdrutrikhtan. 

Prime  Minister,  Sadr-i  'jVzam. 


Primitive,  jdmid  (gram,  term) ;  jHshin : 
qadhn  (ancient). 

Primogeniture,  haqq-i  taqaddum  (-»'  vilddal 
understood  ;  the  right  of  primogeni- 
ture). 

Prince,  ahdhzdda,  gen.  pronounced  shazda, 
niirzd  or  rnirzd  (after  the  name;  but 
mtrza  before  a  name  means  that  the 
mother  was  a  Sayyida,'^  while  mirzd  before 
the  name  means  "  clerk  ") ;  naiwdb-i  vald 
(in  address ;  of  certain  princes  only) ; 
prins  (Eur.);  vaR  'ahd  (heir-apparent). 

Princely,  amirdna;  misl-i  shdzda. 

Princess,  shdhzdda  khdnutn. 

Principal,  shakhs-i  awal;  ra^is:  sar-mdya; 
or  ra**"'^ma/  (capital);  juzv-i  a'zam  (the 
chief  ingredient).     Vide  Interest. 

Principle, ««/ ,  mddda:  'o^irfa  (belief) ;  qdida 
(habit). 

Print,  chit  (English  washing  print) ;  qalam- 
kdr  (Persian;  chiefly  made  in  Isfahan); 
vide  Calico ;  asar  or  niahnn-i  pd  (of  foot) ; 
radd-i  pa  (ditto).     Vide  Trail,  Traek. 

Print,  to,  chdp —  or  tab'  k. ;  az  chap  uftdda 
(out  of  print). 

Printed,  to  be,  tab'  shudan;  chdp  ah. ;  rrujibu' 
sh. 

Printer,  chdp-chi;  tabbd'  (rare);  chdp-zan 
(also  in  m.c.  a  cheat). 

Printing-press,  matba'  ;  or  cliap-khdna  (print- 
ing-house) 

Priority,  sabqat ;  taqaddum. 

Prism,  shisfia-yi  ai-guaha  or  — ai-pahlu ; 
qalam  (drops  of  a  chandeUer). 

Prison,  dustdq-khdna :  malibas  ;  zinddn;  qayd- 
khdna:  ambdr  (solitary  cell). 

Prison,  to,  habs —  or  mahbus  k. ;  bi-qayd 
anddkhtan. 

Prisoner,  tinddni ;  mahbua ;  muqayyad; 
qaydi:  asir  (of  war).     Vide  Captive. 

Privacy,  khaJvat;  tanJidsi. 

Private,  dustdna  (personal,  not  official) ; 
khdss;  or  makhsus  (special);  puahida  (se- 
cret); islidn  sulibat-i  maliramdna-i  ddshtand- 
dar  khilvat  auhbat  kardand.  Vtde  Privities, 
and  Whisper. 

Privately,  dar  khufya ;  dar  pinhdni ;  dar 
khalvat:  waAmmo;io  (confidentially). 

Privation,  mahrumiyyat:  bad-guzardni :  fdqa 
(starvation). 

Privative,  ndjiya  (of  words). 


I  Talqln  Mkwandan  to  instruct  a  corpse  how  to  answer  Munkcir  and  Nakir. 
^  But  in  India  Mirzu  before  a  name  indicates  a  Sayyid. 


Pri 


256 


Pro 


Privilege,  haqq,  pi.  huquq :  piri  u  kuri  urd 
vdjih^r-ri'dya  karda  hud  (  =  whom  age 
and  blindness  had  privileged  to  speak 
freely).      Vide  Concession  and  Permission. 

Privities,  sharm-gdh;  'awrat  (male  or  female 
pudenda);  'awraiayn  dual,  (before  and 
behind);  ndmus  (sp.  female);  'ismat 
(ditto). 

Privy,  mabraz;  hhald^;  kinar-i  ah;  dh-rlz: 
mutavazzq  ^  raftan  or  sar-i  ah  rajtan  or 
kindr-i  ah  rajtan  or  hi-qazd-yi  hdjat  raftan 
(to  go  to  the  privy) ;  mazbala  (refuse,  heap) ; 
mabdl  (prop,  urinal)      Vide  Water-closet. 

Prize,  in'dm  (giriftan) ;  =  gu-yi  sabqat  ruhu- 
dan  (to  carry  off  the  prize). 

Prize,  to,  'aziz  ddshtan ;  qadr  k.;  girdmi 
ddshtan;  ghanimat  shimurdan  (to  deem  a 
boon). 

Probability,  ihtimdl. 

Probable,  ihtimdl  mi-ravad;  or  muhtamal 
ast:  or  yahtamil^  ki  (it  is  probable) ;  agMah 
ast ;  zann-i  yjidlib  bar  in  ast  ki — . 

Probably,  dur  nist  ki  chunin  bdshad;  ihtimal 
ddrad  ki — ;  ghdlib"^"  gufia  bdshad  (he  pro- 
bably said  so). 

Probation,  ayydm-i  imtihdn ;  hdld  taht-i  imti- 
hdn  ast  (he  is  now  on  probation). 

Probationer,  zir-i  imtihdn  ast:  taht-i  dzmd- 
yish. 

Probe,  mil  {z.) ;  sikh  (guzashtan)  (vulg.). 

Probity,  diydnat ;  hisdb-durusti ;  pdk-tinati. 
Vide  Honesty. 

Problem,  mas^ala,  pi.  masd^il;  hall-i  mush- 
kildt  (solving  of  difficult  problems). 

Proboscis,  khartum  (of  elephant). 

Procedure,  tariqa ;  ravish. 

Proceed,  pish  raft  kardan  (to  advance, 
metap.) ;  n^shi  shudan  az  (to  arise  from) ; 
amrrM  ba' d"--hd  for  ammd  ba'd'*  (  =  but  to 
proceed — ).     Vide  To  Begin,  etc. 

Proceedings,  surat-i  majlis  (minutes  of  a 
meeting) ;  ruy-dad-i  majlis  (ditto). 

Process,  vaz' ;  qd'ida;  tariqa  (method);  dar 
'arsa-yi  zamdn-i  (in  the  process  of  time). 

Procession,  dasta  (of  a  ta'ziya,  etc.) ;  ha 
jam'iyyat-i  tamdm  dawr  mi-garddnand. 

Proclaim,  dftdhi  namudan  (make  public) ; 
iHdn  k.  (written) ;  jdr  kashidan  (by  crier) ; 
bar  mald^  sdkhtdn  (to  reveal) ;  ishtihdr  k. 
(written  or  oral  advertisement). 


Proclaimed,  i'ldn  namuda. 

Proclaiming,  shuhrat  dddan. 

Proclamation,  ishtihdr ;  i'ldn;  jdr. 

Proclivity,  mayl. 

Procrastinate,  imrUz  u  fardd  mi-kunad.    Vide 

Prevaricate,  Delay. 
Procrastination,  layt  u  la' II ;  imruz  u  fardd  k. 
Procreate,  to,  tawlld-i  nasi  k. ;  nasi  bar  qardr 

ddshtan. 
Procurable,  ydftani;  muyassar  {k.) ;   hi-dast 

dvardani. 
Procurable,  to  be,  ydft  shudan ;  gir  dmadan  ; 

bi-ham  rasidan. 
Procure,  yd f tan;  bi-ham  rasdnidan;  hdsil  k.; 

kishli^  az  kujd  gir-i  man  mi-dyad?     Vide 

Procurable. 
Procurer,  jd-kash;   dalldl.     Vide  Pimp  and 

Bawd. 
Procuress,    lihdf-kash:    dalldla     (a     female 

broker  or  go-between ;  also  a  woman  who 

arranges  marriages). 
Prodigal,  isrdf-kdr  ox — kun  ;  musrif*;  talaf- 

kdr  or  — kun;   (very  wasteful);   vil-kharj 

(wasteful). 
Prodigality,  isrdf.*     Vide  Extravagance. 
Prodigy,  u'jiiba;  u  u'juba-yi  ddnish  ast  (he 

is  a  prodigy  of  wisdom). 
Produce,  to,  bi-'amal  dvardan  (and  dmadan); 

in  ashyd^  (or  ajnds)  dar  In  rnulk  paydd  mi- 

shavad? ;  gunEh  bad-bakhti  mi-drad;  dvar- 
dan or  za^idan  (to  give  birth  to ;  vide  Bear 

and  Bring  forth) ;  iqdmat-i  shuhud  k.   (to 

produce  witnesses,  q.v.). 
Producer,  paydd-kun. 
Product,     Products,     hdsildt ;     hdsil-i     zarb 

(arithmetic). 
Production,  to*^i/,  pi. /a*/i/a^ ;  tasnif,  pi.  tasni- 

fat  (Uter.).      Vide  Composition. 
Productive,  hdsil-khiz  (of  ground) ;   musmir 

(fruitful  of  trees  and  met.  of  plans) ;  bach- 

cha-dvar  (of  women  or  animals). 
Profane,  ishdn   sukhanhd-yi    kufr-dmiz    mi- 

guy  and;  masjid  rd  najis  (or  palid)  kard  : 

bi-Qur^dn  bi-hurmati  ma-kun  (by  deeds  or 

words). 
Profess,  izhdr  kardan;  i'tirdf  kardan  or  iqrdr 

k.  (to  acknowledge);  iddi'd  k.  (to  claim). 
Profession,   pUsha;    or    kdr ;    or  shughl ;    or 

san'at  (trade) :  tashahhud  (of  Muslim  faith 

=  kalima-yi  shahddat). 


1  Mutavazzq  a  place  for  ablution  before  prayers. 
4  Ar.  3rd  person  sing,  masculine  of  the  Aorist. 
s  Also  in  m.c.  kishtl^-l. 

*  Muarif  0;-~^  one  who  spends nioney  but  not  extravagantly, 
sense  of  i-Jj^-'fi* 


Some  wrongly  use  this  word  in  the 


Pro 


267 


Pro 


Professor,  profisor  (Eur.).     Vide  Teacher. 

Proffer,  taqdim —  or  ta*aruf  kardan;  'ar:}a 
dashtan. 

Proficiency,  maJiarat;  isti'dad. 

Proficient,  mdhir  dar  (gen.) ;  hdvi  bi — ,  or  dar 
— hdvl;  (master  of,  q.v. :  stronger  than 
mdhir) ;  kirm-i  kdr  or  kdr-kttshta  (for  arts 
or  handicrafts). 

Profile,  yak-chashm  adj.;  [du-cJiashm  adj. 
full-face] ;  nim-ru. 

Profit,  manfa^at,  pi.  mandfi' ;  jdHda;  sud; 
naf'  (gen.);  sarfa ;  madBml  (money); 
nap  u  nuqsdn  (profit  and  loss). 

Profit,  to,  manfa'at,  etc.  rasdndan;  or  sud 
bakhshidan,  tr. ;  sarja  (with  burdan  reflex., 
and  with  rasdndan,  tr.) ;  in  kdr  sarfa  na- 
ddrad  (there  is  no  profit  in  this). 

Profitable,  sudmand;  fdHda-mand;  ndfi\- 
mufid  [budan)  (beneficial).  Vide  Flourish- 
ing. 

Profligacy,  luti-gari;  harzagt;  fisq  u  fujur 
karda  muflis  shud:  mash^ul-i  lahv  u  la'b 
shud. 

Profligate,  luti  ( =  low  profligate) ;   fdsiq  u 
.  fdjir ;  aiobdsh  (prop.  pi. ;  also  =  one  of  the 
mob)  ;  vil  (vulg.). 

Profound,  vide  Deep;  'dlim-i  mutabahhir 
(profoundly  learned). 

Progeny,  tukhm;  nasi;  zurriyya,  pi.  zardri. 
Vide  Offspring. 

Programme,  'program  (Eur.). 

Progress,  taraqqi  {k.) ;  raftdr;  ravish  or  pish- 
dmadri  kdr  khub  ast  (it's  progressing,  pros- 
pering well) ;  kdr-ash  khayli  pish  raft  (his 
business  has  made  great  progress).  Vide 
Prosper. 

Prohibit,  man'  kardan ;  nahi  (for  nahy)  k. : 
qadagjian  k.  (also  to  give  strict  injunc- 
tions) . 

Prohibited,  man' ;  mamnu* :  hardm  (unlaw- 
ful). 

Prohibition,  mani'  ;  qadaghan;  mumdna'at; 
nahi  (for  nahy). 

Project,  tadbir,  pi.  taddbir ;  khiydl  (for 
khaydl). 

Projector,  mujid,  orhdni-yi  tadbir;  mudabbir-% 
in  tadbir  u  bud.     Vide  Inventor. 

Prolapsus,  khuruj-i  mxiq'ad  (prolapsus  ani). 

Prolific,  bisydr  bachcha-dih  or  — bachiha- 
dvar :  [valud  in  writing]. 

Prolix.     Vidp  Wordy. 

Prolixity,  tulri  kaldm;  or  laivil ;  or  tul-i  tavil 
or  tatvil-i  Id  idiil  (a  fault) ;  itndb  (circum- 
locution; not  always  a  fault). 

Prologue,  muqaddama. 

33 


Prolongation,  imiiddd  (dadan) ;  tatvil  (d.). 

Prolonged ,  mamdud  (of  a  line) ;  mtUamadi 
(of  time;  protracted). 

Promenade,  sayr  (k.) ;  gardish  (k.) ;  lafarruj 
(k.)  (sight-seeing,  not  necessarily  on  foot); 
qadam  zadan  (to  walk  leisurely) ;  tamdsha 
k.     Vide  Stroll  and  Sight-seeing). 

Promise,  to,  qawl  dddan;  va'da  k. ;  'ahd  k.  ; 
paymJdn  d. ;  zabdn  d. ;  qawl  dddam  ki 
imruz  didan-i  u  bi-ravam  (I  promised  to 
go  and  see  him  to-day) ;  qawl-ash  baid  oat 
(vulg. ;  his  promises  are  worth  nothing). 

Promised,  maw'ud;  m/i'hud ;  va'da  karda 
shuda. 

Promising,  saJil*^Uqawl  (full  of  promises) : 
u  javdn-i  ummid-bakhsh  ast  =  dsdr-i  taraqqi 
az  u  numdydn  ast  (he  is  a  promising 
youth) ;  sdl-i  ki  niku'st  az  bahJdr-ash  payda 
ast  (common  saying). 

Promontory,  ra'^s ;  dimdgj^a. 

Promote,  to,  taraqqi  dadan;  man  pdya-ash 
rd  bvland  karda  am  (I  have  promoted 
him). 

Promotion,  taraqqi ;  or  bartari  (of  people)  ; 
pish-raft  (advancement,  in  business). 

Prompt,  musta'idd  (of  persons) ;  f atari  adj. 

Promptitude,  musta'iddi. 

Promptly,  fatvr^" :  bi-tawr-i  dmddagi. 

Promulgated,  sJidyi'  {k.).     Vide  Publish,  etc. 

Prone,  insdyi  md*^il  bi-gundh  ast  =  insdn  rdcf^ib 
bi-khaid^st:  dam-i  ru  uftddan,  or  danv-i  ruy 
shindvar  uftddan  (to  fall  prone,  on  the 
face) ;  man  bar  pd-yi  u  bi-ruy  dar  uftddam 
(I  fell  at  his  feet);  u  chapaki  uftdd  (he 
fell  on  his  side;  chupaki  in  m.c.  =  upside 
down).     Vide  Fall. 

Prong,  Pronged,  shdkh;  du-shaJAa  (two 
pronged);  afshan,  vulg.  awshin  (a  fork 
with  two  or  more  prongs ;  for  tossing 
straw);  shJdkha-ddr  (pronged). 

Pronoun,  ism-i  :famir  (personal) ;  ism-i  ishdra 
(demonstrative). 

Pronounce,  to,  add  k. ;  bi-binam  in  kalima 
rd  chi-tawr  talaffuz  mi-kunid. 

Pronimciation,  talaffuz-i  man  sahih  ast?; 
lahja  (accent,  dialect,  etc.). 

Proof,  isl^it;  svbut;  dalil,  pi.  dald^l:  chi 
doRl  mi-tavdnid  bi-ydnd? ;  dzmun;  or 
imtihdn;  or  azmdyish  (trial);  tajriba 
(experience);  bi-tajriba  dar  dvardan  or 
rasdnidan  (to  put  to  the  proof);  dalil 
tardshidan  (to  fashion  proofs) ;  daRUi  '  aqli 
(proof  according  to  reason;  opposed  to 
dalil-i  naqli  "  proof  according  to  tradi- 
tion ") ;  prS/ (Eur.  ;  printer's). 


Pro 


258 


Pro 


Prop,  Prop  to,  situn;  or'amud  (a  pillar); 
agar  m  takya  rd  bar-ddrid  saqf  'pdyln  mt- 
dyad? ;  yak  chuh-i  zir-ash  bi-zan;  'pushti. 
Propagate,  intishdr  {dddan) ;  In  ma^ala  dar 
hama  jd  shdyi'  ast  or  shuyu'  ddrad;  vide 
Publish :  tawUd-i  nasi  h.  or  nxisl  bar  qardr 
ddshtan  (to  procreate,  q.v.).  Vide  Genera- 
tion. 

Propagated,  muntashir.    Vide  Published,  etc. 

Propel,  pish  rafian  and  burdan;  harakat  k. 
and  d.  (of  ships,  trains). 

Propensity,  mayl;  ragM)at;  in'ifxlf-i  hhdtir 
(rare). 

Proper,  mundsib ;  sazdvdr:  savdb  ddnistam, 
or  dar  in  savab  dldam  (to  think  proper 
to);  agar  saldh  bi-ddnid  sazd-ash  kunid. 
Vide  Becoming,  Suitable,  Fit. 

Property,  khdssiyat  or  ta^sir  (quality):  rml, 
amvdl  (possessions) ;  mdl  u  matd'  (house- 
hold furniture  and  clothes) ;  in  milk 
khdlisayi  man  ast  (this  land  is  my  per- 
sonal property) ;  ashyd-yi  manqula  (mov- 
able property) ;  mdl-i  masruqa  (stolen 
property) ;  sdhib-muknat  ast  (he  is  a  person 
of  property,  wealth).     Vide  Land,  Estate. 

Prophecy,  khabar  (d.)  (of  prophets) ;  ghayb- 
guH  (k.) ;  and  pishin-gu^i  (of  ordinary 
men);  nubuvvat  or  risdlat  (mission;  of  a 
prophet). 

Prophesy,  az  pish  Jchabar  dddan  (of  prophet 
only);  az  ghayb  gujtan;  or  pishin-gW'i  k. 
(of  men). 

Prophet,  payghfimbar ;  or  rasul  (messenger 
of  God) ;  wait  (prophet).     Vide  Tongue. 

Prophylactic,  davd-yi  bdz  ddshtan-i  maraz. 

Propinquity, gwrft;  hamrnishini, etc.;  nazdiki 
(but  if  used  in  a  context  referring  to 
women,  this  word  means  *'  cohabiting"). 

Propitiate,  to,  taskin-i  giazab  k.  (propitiate 
anger) ;  rdzi  k. ;  bar  sar-i  iltifdt  dvardan 
(gen. ;  to  make  kind). 

Propitiation,  istirzd:  ka§dra  (relig.  atone- 
ment) ;  istighfdr  (asking  forgiveness,  from 
God  only) ;  vasila-yi  najdt {meaxis  of  salva- 
tion). 

Propitious,  k^ujasta;  farkhunda;  mubdrak; 
sa'd;  humayun;  muvdfiq. 

Propitiousness,  musd'adat;  muvdfaqat; 
khujastagi;  farkhundagi. 

Troportion,  nisbat ;  qismat-i  mundfi'-i  shunm 
mi-rasad;  har  qadar  buzurg-tar  mi-shavad 
bd  quwat-tar  mi-shavad  (the  larger  it  grows 
the  stronger  it  gets);  panja-ash  bi-dn 
jussa  kuchahk  ast  (its  claws  are  small  in 
proportion  to  its  body). 


Proportionate,  bi^n-nisba  bi — ;  muVabiq; 
bi-miqddr-i  zahmat  fd^ida  hdsil  karda  and 
(their  success  has  been  proportionate  to 
their  labours) ;  bi-qadr-i  mdst  dugh  mi- 
zanam  (I'll  work  proportionate  to  my  pay). 

Proportioned,  bd  tandsub-i  anddm  (well- 
proportioned). 

Proposal,  mas^ala;  vide  Request,  Petition; 
matlab-i  ki  pish  (or  tahrik)  kardid  nami- 
tavdnam  qabul  bi-kunam  :  khwdstgdn  {k.) 
(for  marriage ;  by  a  parent  to  parent). 

Propose,  mi-guyam  har-chi  zarar  vdrid  dyad 
bi'l-musdvdt  darmiydn-i  mJd  qismat  shavad; 
man  tahrik  mi-kunam  ki — (I  move  or 
propose  that — ) ;  matlab  pish  k. 

Proposer,  tahrik-kun-i  in  mas^ala  man  bu- 
dam;  [to*2/»(i-fcttw  "  seconder"]. 

Proposition,  mas^ala:  qaziyya,  and  vulg. 
shakl  (of  Euclid) ;  qaziyya  (Logic) ;  qaziyya- 
yi  ijdbiyya  (or  mujiba)  (affirmative)  ; 
qaziyya-yi  salbiyya  (or  sdliba)  (negative) ; 
masd^il-i  hisdbiyya  (mathematical  proposi- 
tions) . 

Proprietary,  adj.,  mdliki;  sdhibi. 

Proprietorship,  mdlikiyyat. 

Proprietress,  the  masc.  mdlik  is  used. 

Propriety,  shdyistagi;  bardzandagi;  [in  libds 
bi-shumd  mi-bardzad  this  dress  suits  you] ; 
mundsabat.     Vide  Shame. 

Prosaic,  bi-maza;  sard;  bisydr  yakh  ast 
(dull). 

Proscribed,  khun-ash  hadar  ast.  Vide  For- 
bidden. 

Prose,  nasr;  musajja'  (rhymed  prose). 

Prosecute,  pish-i  hdkim  bar  u  idda'd^  mi- 
kunid? ;  'driz  shudan  bar  kas-i  (law): 
muddvamat  k.  (to  continue,  carry  on). 

Prosecution,  'aqab  {k.)  (gen.) :  du'vq  {k.) 
(law) ;  javdb-da'vq  (d.)  (defence). 

Prosecutor,  sdhib-i  da'vq  (gen.,  private  or 
public);  mudda'i  (gen.). 

Proselyte,  mu^min-i  jadid  or  jadid'^'l-lsldm 
(for  Muslim) ;  ddkhil-i  tariqa  (any  sect  or 
religion). 

Proselytize,  to,  bi-din  dvardan;  dakhil-i 
tariqat  sdkhtan. 

Prosody,  'ilm-i  'aruz. 

Prospect,  manzar ;  or  chashm-and^z  (view) ; 
ummid,  etc.  (hope). 

Prospect,  to,  taftish  kardan  ;  tajassus  kardan  ; 
kdvidan  (of  mine). 

Prosper,  dar  pish-raft  budan;  ru  bi-ravmaq 
budan;  har  kdr  mi-kunad  rawnaq  mi- 
girad;  kdsh  kdr-i  shumd  bi-khubi  bi-guz- 
arad  (may  your  business,  errand,  prosper; 


Pro 


269 


Pro 


vide  Infra) ;  Khudd  kunad  kdr-i  ahuma  atoj 
bi-girad.     Vide  Successful  and  Progress. 

Prospering,  kdm-rdn  (of  persons) ;  kdr  u  bar- 
ash  chuq  u  chilla  ast  (his  business  is  pros- 
perous.    Vide  Supra. 

Prosperity,  kdmydbi ;  iqbdl  (of  people) ;  iU)ddi 
or  ravmaq  (of  a  town) ;  h^ld  bahht-ash 
bvland  shuda  or  biddr  ast:  [bakht-ash 
khipdbida  ast  his  ill-luck  is  in  the  ascen- 
dant] ;  in  qadar  mamlakat  amn  bud  ki  mish 
va  gurg  bi-ham  db  mi-khurdand — Prof.  S.  T. 
(such  peace  and  prosperity  were  in  his 
reign  that  wolf  and  the  lamb  drank  side 
by  side);  vide  Success,  and  Fortunate; 
dar  ayydm-i  bi-raw  bi-raw-i  u  (or  shahr)  (in 
the  days  of  his  (or  the  city's)  prosperity). 

Prosperous,  kdr  u  bdr-ash  khub  ast ; — ru  bi- 
taraqqi  ast  (on  the  rise) ;  ayydm-i  ma'muri 
(prosperous  days,  of  places) ;  dar  ayydm-i 
iqtiddr-i  %n  tdjir.     Vide  Well-to-do. 

Prostitute,  jinda  (vulg.)  ;  jinda-yi  hazdr  'ayb- 
ddr  (a  regular  low  prostitute;  a  term  of 
abuse  only) ;  fdhisha ;  qahba.    Vide  Whore. 

Prostitution,  jindagi;  qahbagi;  fdhishagt ; 
qahba-gari  (of  women) ;  tazyi'-i  isti'ddd 
(prostitution  of  ability) ;  jinda-bdzi  (fre- 
quentmg  prostitutes;  of  men). 

Prostrate,  uftdda  (from  sickness) ;  dardz 
kashida  {lying  extended).  Vide  Prone  and 
Supine. 

Prostrate,  " — and  all  the  angels  prostrated 
themselves  before  Adam  except  Iblis  the 
father  of  the  Jinn  ' '  {va  hama-yi  firishta- 
gdn,  juz  IbUs  pidar-i  Jinn,  Addm  rd 
sijda  kardand) ;  bi-pd  uftddan;  khud  rd 
bar-'pd  anddkhtan.     Vide  Fall. 

Prostration,  sijda  {k.)  (relig.) ;  or  sujud  {k.). 

Protean,  khud  rd  bi-hazdr  shakl  dar  dvard. 

Protect,  to,  hifdzat  k.;  himdyat  dddan  (to 
take  the  part  of). 

Protected,  mahfu^;  mahrus. 

Protection,  hifdzat ;  himdyat  (taking  the  part 
of);  ra' iyyat-parvari  fakhr-i  Shah  ast;  bi- 
Shdh  pandh  avardand;  dar  tavila-yi  Shdh 
bast '  nishastan. 

Protection,  to  seek,  pandhidan  vulg. ;  pandh 
jvstan. 

Protector,  muhdjiz,;  hdmi;  nigdh-bdn  or 
nigdh-ddr  ;  pusht  u  pandh. 

Protegd,  dast-parvarda  (from  youth) ;   taht-i 


himdyat ;  tdbi'  (follower) ;  manpir-i  nayir-i 
fuldn  (favourite). 

Protest,  to,  bi-tawr-i  tashaddud  baydn  (or 
idirdz)  kardan; — va  bar  bi-gundhi-yi  Uiud 
istidXdl  mi-kard  (protested  his  innocence). 

Protestation,  isbdt  (proof) ;  iltimds  (en- 
treaty) ;  iT^hdr  (statement  and  abo  display 
of).     Vide  Objection. 

Protocol,  8urat-i  mu'dhada  (of  treaty).  Ftdc 
Proceedings. 

Protract,  to,  imtiddd  {dddan  and  ydftan) ; 
tul  {dddan  and  kashidan).     Vide  Delay. 

Protracted,  mamdud;  mumtadd;  mulawal: 
dur  az  ahbdb  bd  pich  u  tab  bi-haldk-i  muta- 
mddid  rasid  (he  languished  out  a  pro- 
tracted existence  far  from  his  home). 
Vide  Prolonged. 

Protraction,  tatvil;  imtiddd. 

Proud,  maghrur;  mutakahbir  (also  of  God); 
mudammacjh  (also  in  a  bad  sense,  vide 
Pride) ;  j[iayrat-mand  or  ^ayur{m  a  good 
sense,  with  esprit  de  corps  and  sense  of 
honour) ;  kalla-ash  pur  az  bdd  ast  (he's 
got  wind  in  the  head);  fisu  and  bddu 
(ostentatious,  boastful) ;  Idf-zan  (boast- 
ing); bi-khud-ash  magArur  bud  (he  was 
proud  of  himself;  in  a  good  sense); 
dirridgh  farukhtan  (to  be  proud) :  bd  Shah 
ham  jdluda  namx-khurad  (  =  too  proud  to 
mix  with  any  one) ;  for  '  proud  of  '  vide 
Well-done. 

Prove,  sdbit  kardan  or  isbdt  k.  (by  words 
or  deeds) ;  dzmudan,  etc.  (to  test,  q.v.) ; 
daUl  dvardan  (prove  by  words) :  ch\z-% 
ki  asl  norddrad  kujd^sh  rd  isbdt  khwdhid 
kard?  'abas  zahmat  na-kashid  (don't 
waste  time  in  trying  to  prove  a  thing 
that  has  no  existence) ;  agar  td  yak  sdl 
sukhan-ash  kursi-nishin  na-shavad  urd  az 
dil  u  jdn  mi-kusham — Prof.  S.  T.  (if 
within  one  year  his  words  be  not  proved 
true  I'll  slay  him  outright) ;  darugA-gu  rd 
td  dam-i  khdna  bdyad  rasdnd  ( — we  must 
prove  his  falsehood  up  to  the  hilt). 

Provender,  'aJlq  (grass  and  grain  ration  for 
horses,  etc.) ;  'alufa  (any  fodder).  Vide 
Provisions,  Food. 

Proverb,  masal,  pi.  amsdl;  %n  masal-Vst 
mash-hur. 

Proverbial,  zarb'^Irmasal. 


1  Btut  '*  sanctuary,  q.v."  Many  places  are  sanctuaries.  The  stable  of  a  private  gentleman  is  a 
sanctuary  for  his  own  servants  or  those  of  his  friends.  {TavUa  "  stable"  from  Ar.  tpwil  "long"; 
originally  the  long  rope,  pegged  on  the  ground,  to  which,  on  the  march,  horses  are  picketed  in  a  line  by 
short  ropes). 


Pro 


260 


Pue 


Ptovide,  muhayyd  k. ;  amdda  k. ;  rizq  d.  (of 
God  ;  of  food) ;  dar  in  muddat  ki  khidmat 
kardid  bdz  ham  chiz-i  hi-jihat-i  aJiL  u  'iydl-i 
khud  jam'  na-karda  %d? 

Provided,  mashrut  bar  in  ki —  or  bi-shart-i 
in  ki  (provided  that).     Vide  Condition. 

Providence,  hukm-i  Bdrl  Ta'dlq  bar  ham^ 
chiz  jdri'st  =  tadbir-i  Khuda  dar  hama  chiz 
ast:  basirat ;  or  plsh-binl ;  or  'dqibat-binl 
(foresight). 

Provident.     Vide  Prudent. 

Province,  m  nd-khushi  dar  tamdm-i  bulukdt-i 
Kirmdn  muntashir  ast ;  suba  (a  Presidency 
of  India) ;  in  az  ihdta-yi  tasarruf-am  khdrij 
ast  (this  is  beyond  my  province). 

Provision,  Provisions,  dzuqa  (for  journey) ; 
tusha-yi  rah  bi-jihat-i  safar  amdda  kun; 
zahhira  (store) ;  vide  Fodder  and  Proven- 
der. Vide  Preparation,  Stipulation  and 
Condition. 

Provocation,  tahrik;  zarar;  sabab  (cause); 
hidun-i  zarar  bi-u  yd  tahrik  az  man  mard 
hamla  kard. 

Provocative,  in  davd  muhayyij-i  (or  muhar- 
rik-i)  ishtihd  ast. 

Provoke,  to,  bar  angikhtan  (gen.  by  words  or 
deeds);  ranjdnidan  (gen.);  shurdnidan 
(gen.) ;  kalla  k.  (gen.) ;  har  chi  mi-tavdnad 
mi-kunad  ki  mard  bi-ghayz  bi-ydvarad  = 
kushish-i  kulli  mi-kunad  ki  mard  bi-jirr 
bi-anddzad;  u  mard  fur  kard  ki  urd  zadam 
{Y\x\g.)  —  mard  sar-i  khashm  dvard  ki — (he 
provoked  me  to  strike  him) ;  kuk-ash 
kardam  (or  tu-yi  kuk-i  u  raftam)  va  bi- 
dsmdn  raft  (I  chaffed  him  and  got  a  '  rise  ' 
out  of  him,  provoked  him). 

Prow,  ra^s-i  kishti ;  jilav-i  kishti;  sadr-i 
safina. 

Prowess,  marddnagi ;  himmat;  jur^at  u  hu- 
nar  dar  jang.     Vide  Bravery. 

Proximity,  nazdiki;  taqarrub;  qurbat.  Vide 
Propinquity. 

Proxy,  vakil,  pi.  vukald'';  ndyib-mandb ; 
va1<nlat°-^  (adv.  by  proxy;  opp.  to  shakh- 

Proxyship,  vakdlat:  niydbat. 

Prude,  'iffat  khO'n-dih.^ 

Prudence,  basirat;  ihtiydt;   hazm;   tadabbur 

(good  managing). 
Prudent,  'dqibat-bin;  dkhir-bin;  dur-andish; 

ma^dl-andish ;  bd  hazm  (looking    ahead) ; 

dn  zan  ^dqil  ,va  ahl-i  tadhir  ast  (she  is  a 


good  manager) ;  bd  tadhir  (managing,  in  a 

good  and  bad  sense). 
Prudential,  hikmat-dmiz;  ihtiydtdna. 
Prune,  dlu-bukhdrd  (dried  yellow  plums). 
Prune,  to,  shukh  chidan;  isldh  k. 
Prurient,    mdyil  bi-shahvat:    havd-angiz   (of 

lit.). 
Prussia,  Prus. 
Prying,  kunj-kdm  {k.) ;  fuzuli  {k.) ;  bi-hama 

kdr  kdr  ddrad;  dn  shajchs  sunju  u  bunju 

vd  mi-rasad  (puts  his  finger  in  every  pie; 

local   in  Kirman) ;    dn  shakhs  bi-zira   va 

zardrchfiba  vd  mi-rasad   (of  a  master  or 

mistress;  petty — ). 
Psalms,    Mazdmir    pi.     (Christian     term) ; 

Zabur  (the  Qoranic  name  of  the  Book  of 

Psalms). 
Psychology,  'ilm"'W-ruh. 
Puberty,  bulUgh  ;  bulu(jhiyyat ;   hadd-i  taklif 

(age  of — ) ;  sinn-i  shu'ur  (in  law). 
Pubes,  zuhdr  (the  hair  of — ) ;  =  pashm  (vulg.). 

Vide  Fig. 
Pubescent,  bdligh  (sh.). 
Public,  'dmm;  'vide'  Notorious;  mardum; 

makhluq   (the  public) ;    abniya-yi  dawlati 

(public  buildings) ;  bar  zidd-i  jamhur  na- 

tavdn  harakat-i  kard  (one  cannot  go  against 

public  opinion) ;  tafarruj-gdh-i  khaWiq  (a 

place  of  public  resort). 
Publication,  ishtihdr  (k.) ;    i'ldn  (k.) ;  ifshd'- 

(k.);   ibrdz  {k.)  (to  make  public);  tasnif, 

pi.  tasnif  at  lit. ;  wcZe  Composition) ;  jarida, 

pi.  jardHd  (journal). 
Publicly,   'aVdniya;  dshkara ;    'alq  ru%s'^^l- 

ash-hdd;  sar-i  bdzdr. 
Public   Works,   vazir-i   favd^d   (Minister  of 

P.  W.). 
Publish,  to,  shuyu'    diddan;  shdyi'  kardan; 

muntashir  k.  (to  make  known) ;  tab^  k.  (of 

books.     Vide  Print). 
Publisher,  nashir  (rare).     Vide  Printer. 
Pudding,  firni  (rice  pudding) ;  shirini  (any 

sweet;  wet  or  dry). 
Pudendum,  sharm-gdh  ;  {vide  Privities) ;  kus 

(female;    a  crude  word);    farj   (femalej 

vulgar);    'amat-i:   zan:    zakar ;   and   kir 

(male,  vulgar);  dlat;  nafs ;  qazib;  awrat-i 

mard    (male) ;    fuldn    (in    abuse).       Vide 

Penis. 
Puerile,  tifl-mdnand;  bachcha-mdnand^ 
Puerility",  bachchagi  (of  actions);  Mhdmi  (of 

writings). 


1  Prude,  Hffat-faruah  aot  idiom;  zuhd-farueh  however  is  correct. 


Puff 


261 


Pup 


Puff,  yak  pufi-i  bad  (of  wind  or  smoke) ; 
gardak-zan  (powder-puff). 

Puff,  to,  khud  ra  bad  k.  (to  puff  or  blow 
oneself  out) ;  puff  k.  (to  blow  with  the 
mouth;  also  to  puff) ;  [pu^  karda  nishasta 
bud  =  he  was  sulky] ;  vide  To  Pant ;  khayll 
bad  M  fi8  ddrad  (he  is  puffed  up  with 
pride).     Vide  To  Swell. 

Pugilist,  mVfShUzan  (boxer). 

Pugnacious,  jang-ju  ;  da'  vq-kun ;  aar-ash 
dumbdl-i  fitna  mi-gardard. 

Pug-nosed,  pahn-bini  (of  Burmese,  etc.). 

Pull,  kasKidan:  kandan  (uproot);  bar  dvar- 
dan ;  and  kashidan  (pull  out) ;  bdyad  bd 
tandb  kishti  ra  bi-kaskim ;  azbunydd  kan- 
dan ;  or  munhadim  k. ;  or  bd  khdk  bardbar 
k.  (pull  down  a  building). 

Pulled  down,  az  in  maraz  khayli  shikasta 
shuda  id  (you  are  much  pulled  down  by 
your  illness). 

Pullet,  juja. 

Pulley,  gharghara  (also  gargling). 

Pulp,  misl-i  khamir :  gusht  (flesh  of  fruit). 

Pulpit,  mirnbar,  pi.  mandbir. 

Pulsation,  harakat-i  nabz  or  — qalb  etc. 

Pulse,  kabubdt  (leguminous  plants  in  gener- 
al) ;  n/xbz-at  ra  bi-binam,  khayU  tund  mi- 
zanad. 

Pumice  stone,  sarvg-i  pa  (used  in  the  ham- 
mdm). 

Pump,  tulumba  (the  whole  pump) ;  bambu 
(gen.  the  outside  pipe). 

Pump,  to,  db  kashidan. 

Pumpkin,  kadu  (white) ;  kadu-yi  zard  (yellow 
and  very  inferior ;  the  seeds  however  are 
eaten).     Vide  Button. 

Pun,  tajnis  (a  Figure  in  rhetoric;  it  is  a 
play  upon  two  or  more  words  resembling 
each  other  more  or  less  either  in  sound  or 
in  appearance  when  written). 

Punch,  Pahlavdn-i  Kachal  (a  kind  of  Punch 
and  Judy). 

Punchy,  kup  (vulg.)  ;  kupvl  (very  short  and 
thick-set ;  of  men  or  animals). 

Punctual,  sar-i  vaqt :  muvaqqat  (local) ;  [but 
muvaqqaf^"  ' '  temporarily  "] ;  paband-i 
vaqt. 

Punctuality,  pdbandi-yi  vaqt;  sar-i  vaqt 
rasidan. 

Punctured,  manfaz  paydd  kard ;  surdUi  shud. 
Vide  Hole. 


Pungent,  tund  ast  misUi  adviya  (of  taste  or 
smell). 

Pungency,  tizi:  tundi. 

Punish,  bi-jazd  rasdnidan;  'vqubat  k.; 
tambih —  or  siydsat  k.  (any  punishment) ; 
ta*'dib  k.  (to  correct  children  or  slaves) ; 
kutak  z.  or  kutak-kdrx  k.  (to  beat  with 
stick) ;  falak  k.  (to  bastinado) ,  hadd  zadan 
(according  to  what  is  laid  down  in  the 
Shar'):  nasaq  k.  (by  mutilation,  etc.,  but 
not  killing  or  bastinadoing) ;  shaqqa  k.  (to 
tear  in  pieces  and  hang  the  pieces  in  the 
gates) ;  mahdr  k.  (to  put  a  string  in  the 
nose  and  lead  through  the  bazaar).  V%de 
Execute. 

Punished,  bi-sazd  rasida ;  muntazir-i  siydsat-i 
in  amr  bdshid  (you  will  be  punished  for 
this  one  day). 

Punisher,  siydsat-kun;  tambih •  kun ;  sazd- 
dih. 

Punishment,  tambih  (k.)  (prop,  to  warn); 
siydsat  (k.) :  or  'uqubat  (k.)  (torment, 
gen.) ;  ta^dib  (k.)  (correction) ;  sar-zanish 
(k.)  (rebuke);  'a^b  {d)  (torment  of  hell ; 
torture) ;  gush-mdli  (k.) :  qisds  (giriftan) 
(blood-retaliation) ;  hadd  {jdri  k.)  (as  pres- 
cribed and  fixed  by  Qoran). 

Punkah,  bdd-kash;  [bdd-zan  or  bdd-bi-zan 
"fan"]. 

Puny,  yak-vajabi  (of  one  span) ;  nim-gazi  (of 
half  a  yard) ;  du-pishkili  (of  the  size  of 
two  pellets  of  goat's  dung) ;  'djiz  (feeble, 
q.v.). 

Pup,  tula  (also  a  hound,  q.v.) ;  bachcha-sag. 
Vide.  Puppy. 

Pupil,  shJdgird  (gen.);  talaba  (prop,  a  pi.  of 
tdlib;  in  science  or  relig.) ;  murid  (a  dis- 
ciple of  saints,  dervishes);  man  suvdl  u 
javab-i '  (or  mukdlama-yi'^)  mid  bayn-i  nstdd 
u  shdgird  rd  mi-lchwdnam  (I  am  reading  a 
dialogue  between  a  master  and  a  pupil); 
vide  Naval :  mardumak-i  chashm  (of  eye) ; 
=  bubu,  and  bibi  (vulg.). 

Puppet,  'arusak;  and  lufat  (local);  lu'bat 
(prop,  plaything) ;  sliJdh-hdzi  (name  of  a 
game  played  with  rag-dolls) ;  Pahlavdn 
Kachal  (Punch  and  Judy) ;  angushtar-i 
dast-i  Fuldn  ast  (he  is  a  mere  puppet ;  can 
be  turned  any  way  So-and-so  likes ;  vide 
Tool).     Vide  Show. 

Puppy,  tula-sag;  [tiila  alone  gen.  means  a 


'  In  India  8utv5l  o  jaioab  also  means  ' '  matching  * '  (of  pictures  or  paintings  opposite  each  other  ;  in 
Persia  jujt-i  ham). 

4  Mukalama  prop.  "  conversation,"  but  also  '•  dialogue  "  ;  but  mahavara  "  conversation  "  only. 


Pur 


262 


Put 


spaniel,  or  a  pointer,  i.e.  any  sporting  dog 
other  than  the  greyhound].     Vide  Pup. 

Purblind,  za'lf-chas'hm ;  tira-bm;  nazdtk-bln 
(short-sighted). 

Purchase,  kharid;  ihtiya'. 

Purchase,  to,  agar  pul-i  kafi  ddshtam  mt- 
kharidam-ash. 

Purchaser,  mushtari  (also  customer) ;  Tchan- 
ddr. 

Pure,  pdk  (gen.)  ;  tdhir  (relig.,  of  people 
or  things) ;  hhdlis  (unadulterated) ;  rwh 
(of  wine) ;  zuJM  (of  water) ;  pdrsa  (who 
does  not  sin) ;  pdk-ddman  (ditto) ;  'afif 
(chaste) ;  sdf  (clean  also  ' '  level  " ) ;  %  Fdr- 
si-yi  khdlis  miguyad ;  mahz  (mere) ;  asll 
(of  breed). 

Purgation,  tanqiya  {d.)  (an  enema  and  also  a 
purgative) ;  tathir  (making  pure). 

Purgative,  davd-yi  kdr-kun :  mus,hil,  pi. 
musjiildt:  m^wzi;  (gentle  purgative) :  mu- 
saffi;  mutahhir ;  tathir-kun  (part.). 

Purgatory,  Barzakh  (time  and  place  between 
death  and  resurrection) ;  A'rdf  (for  small 
sinners ;  the  partition  between  heaven 
and  hell) ;  Mathar  (Christian). 

Purging,  ijdhat-i  ziydd. 

Purification,  tathir  [k.)  (gen.) ;  tazkiya  (of 
the  soul) ;  wuzu^  (k.) ;  or  dast-namdz  (g.)  ; 
or  ab-dast  {g.)  (ablutions  before  prayer) ; 
gjiusl  ^  (relig.  washing  of  the  whole  body) ; 
tdhdrat  (after  a  call  of  nature) ;  ghusl-i 
mass-i  mayyit  (after  touching  a  corpse) ; 
gkusl-i  jandbat  (after  copulation) ;  ghusl-i 
hayz  (after  menstruation) ;  nifds  (40  days 
after  child-birth).     Vide  Ablution. 

Purified,  mutahhar  (relig.) ;  musaffq  (clari- 
fied, strained);  sdf  karda  (cleaned);  bi- 
jihat-i  in-ki  sxg-l  ddkhil-i  masjid  shud 
bdyad  masjid  rd  tathir  *  kunid. 

Purifier,  mutahhir. 

Purify,  pdk  k.  (fco  clean) ;  tahdrat  d. ;  or 
tathir  k.  (relig.);  khdlis  k.  (of  sugar,  etc., 
etc.). 

Purity,  sdfi;  or  pdki  (cleanness);  hhdlis 
budan  (being  unadulterated;  of  eatables 
etc.);  hhulus  (of  intentions,  the  heart) 
pdk-ddmani  (from  sinning) ;  vide  Chastity 
tahdrat  (rehg.  ceremonial  or  of  heart) 
pdki-yi  nasi;  or  asdlat  (of  breed). 

purple,  arghavdni  (i.e.  the  colour  of  the 
flower  of  the  Argkavdn  or  Judas  Tree). 


Purport,  matlab,  etc.,  vide  Object;  mazmun 
(gen.  of  writings) :  fahvd  (gen.  of  speech). 

Purpose,  niyyat ;  irdda  (intention) ;  qasd ; 
'azm;  murdd;  maqsud  (object);  gharaz 
(also  selfish  object) ;  qasd  ddram  ki  anjd 
bi-ravam;  in  matlab  rd  mi-khivdham  bi- 
sanjam;  bi-khaydl  na-ydmada  am  (I  have 
not  come  without  a  purpose).  Vide  Ob- 
ject. 

Purposely,  qasd'^^ ;  ^amd'^^;  d^da  u  ddnista; 
dasti-guftam  (I  said  it  on  purpose)  ;  jidd"^" 
(not  in  joke,  opp.  to  shukhiyyaf^"). 

Purr,  to,  gurba  khur-khur  mi-kunad:  Qur^dn 
mi-hhivdnad  (by  Zardushtis  only). 

Purring,  khur-khur  (k.)  (also  snoring).  Vide 
Cat. 

Purse,  surra  (sp.  a  full  purse  sealed  and 
given  as  a  present) ;  klf  (any  leather  bag) ; 
kisa-i  bd  panj  ashrafi  pay  da  kard  (lighted 
on  a  purse  containing  five  gold  coins) ;  kisa 
tah  kashid  (my  purse  is  empty) ;  kisa-bur 
cut-purse) ;  .*.  Qurbdn-i  band-i  kif-at-am 
.•.  Td  put  ddri  raflq-at-am  .'.  — (saying  ;  = 
I'm  devoted  to  your  purse ;  as  long  as  you 
have  money,  I'm  your  friend). 

Purse-proud,  naw-kisa  {nouveau  riche). 

Pursuance,  ta'dqub  (k.). 

Pursue,  to,  ta'dqub  k. ;  dar  pay  raftan  (gen.); 
payravi  k.  (of  an  object) ;  pd-pay  shudan 
(press,  pursue  an  object) ;  sarbdz-i^  md  td 
shast  mil  dushman  rd  ta^dqub  kard. 

Pursuit,  ta'dqub:  pay-i  dawlat  raftan  (the 
pursuit  of  wealth) ;  vide  Occupation ; 
rdhat-talabi-yi  shuma  bi-fdHda  ast  (your 
pursuit  of  ease  is  useless). 

Pus,  fasdd  {k.) ;  chirk  or  jardhat  {dvardan) 
(of  open  sore) ;  mddda  (a.)  (inside  a  swell- 
ing). 

Push,  hul  d.  (with  hand);  yak-khurda  dur- 
ash  anddkhtam  (I  pushed  him  away  a 
little) ;  takdn  d.  (shaking ;  shoving)  ;  towa 
z.  (shoving  with  the  shoulder). 

P\xt,  guzdshtan,  rt.  guzdr ;  nihddan:  bi-pahlu 
nihddan  (to  set  aside) ;  hama-yi  pas- 
anddz-i  khud  rd  dar  bdnk  guzdsht  va  bdnk 
var-shikast  (he  put  all  his  savings  in  a 
bank,  which  broke) ;  pushidan  (gen.)  (to 
put  on) ;  bar  k.  (on  the  body) ;  sar  k.  (of 
hat) ;  pd  k.  (of  shoes) ;  dast  k.  (of  gloves) ; 
vide  Extinguish ;  birun  k. ;  or  bi-dar  k. ; 
or  rdndan  (put  out,  eject) :  sdkhtan,  rt.  sdz 


'  In  India  ' '  bathing  ' '  generally. 

2  Tathir  in  Baghdad  also  means  "  circumcision  " 

•"^  Or  aarhaZ'ha. 


Put 


263 


Que 


or  bi-sar  hurdan  (to  put  up  with) ;  daf***l- 
vaqt  k.  (to  put  off). 

Putrefaction,  gandidagi  (with  foul  odour) ; 
pusidagi  (when  the  flesh  has  disappeared ; 
of  crumbled  bone,  dead  leaves,  etc. ;  not 
with  foul  odour);  ta'affun;  or  'ufunat 
(prop,  having  a  foul,  rotten  odour). 

Putrefy,  pusidan  (of  dry,  rot,  etc.)  ;  gandi- 
dan ;  or  ta'affun  kardan  (to  emit  a  bad 
odour) ;  muta'a/jln  shudan. 

Putrid,  gandida  ;  pusida :  bad-bU  ;  or  miUa*- 
affln  (having  a  stinking  odour). 

Putties.     Vide  Gaiters. 

Puzzle,  ramz  (game ;  on  paper)  ;  halqa 
ahaytdnak  (a  wire  puzzle). 

Puzzle,  to,  hayrdn  k. ;  mutahayyir  k. ;  mard 
gich  na-kun  (don't  puzzle  me) ;  muddat-% 
'aqab-ash  hayrdn  mdnd  dkhir  hall  kard. 

Pyramid,  haram ,  pi.  ahrdm  (of  Egypt) ; 
gumbad-i  haramdn  (the  two  great  pyra- 
mids). 

Pyramidic,  shakl-i  ah  ami  ddrad. 

Pythagoras,  FIsdgMlrus. 

Python,  azhdahd  (also  a  dragon). 


Qoran,'  Qur^-dn 

Quack,  (subs.),  pufyuz  (a  pretender);  rmid- 
da'i-yi  bi-mdya  u  ma'ni;  fila-var  (of  a 
hakim  or  druggist;  lit.  peddler). 

Quack,  to,  vdq  vdq  k.  (of  duck). 

Quadrangular,  chahdr-gusha ;  zu  arba'at  Vl 
azlq'  (in  geo.). 

Quadrilateral,  chahdr-harfi ;  rvbd'%. 

Quadruped,  ch^r-pd  or  chdr-vd;  [but  char- 
pdya  a  table ;  also  an  Indian  bedstead]. 

Quadruple,  chakdr-bardbar ;  chahdr-muqd- 
bala. 

Quaff,  to,  jam  paymudan;  piydla  zadan 
(vulg.). 

Quail,  baldarchin ;  budina ;  sumanq  At.  ; 
' '  the  quail  cries  *  Evil  ever  remains ' ' ' 
baldarchin  mi-guyad  ' '  Bad  bad-a} ' ' 

Quake,  to,  ra^sha  {k.) ;  larzidan. 

Quaking,  tazalzul  (earthquake ;  quaking  of 
the  •    irt). 

Qua'  tion,  qdbiliyyat;  isti'ddd:  istihqdq 
(aiou  lu  Persian  "  claims  ") ;  qayd;  in  harf 
isldh  Idzim  ddrad  (this  statement  needs 
qualification) ;  imiiydz  bard-yi  fiddn  jd  na- 


ddrad  (he  has  not  the  necessary  qualifica 
tions  for  the  post) ;  qayd  bard-yi  fulan 
'uhda  in  aat  (these  are  the  qualifications 
required  for  the  post). 

Qualified,  qdbil ;  ld*iq  (fit). 

Qualify,  khud  rd  bard-yi  kdr-i  mtihayyd  sdkh- 
tan;  in  va'da  rd  mahdUd  kard  (be  quali- 
fied his  promise). 

Quality,  aifat,  pi.  sifdt;  aifdt-i  hasana  (good 
qualities) ;  u  awsdf-i  (or  khasd*il-i)  hamida 
ddrad  (he  has  many  good  quahties) ;  in 
pdrcha  chi  mumra^  aat?  (of  what  quality 
is  this  cloth  ?) ;  khdaaiyyat  (speciality;  pe- 
culiar quality) ;  qurndah-aah  khub  nist  (the 
texture,  quality,  is  not  good) ; — ki  zanuma- 
ash  bi-hamida  badcd  shavad  ( — so  that  his 
depraved  qualities  should  be  changed  into 
higher  attributes) ;  in  jins-i  a' la,  aat  (this 
is  the  best  quality). 

Qualm,  hdlat-i  qay  or  — taJiawu'  (dost  do- 
dan). 

Quantity,  anddza;  miqddr ;  qadr  or  qadar. 
Vide  Excess,  Much,  etc. 

Quarantine,  qarantin. 

Quarrel,  jang  {k.)  (gen.,  words  or  deeds); 
nizd'  (k.)  (in  words  only) ;  da'vq  (k.) 
(gen.);  aitiza  {k.)  (in  deeds);  qil  u  qdl  (k.) 
(in  words  only) ;  'arbada  (k.)  (disturbance 
by  a  drunkard).  Vide  Fight  and  Sham 
and  Unfair. 

Quarrelsome,  kdfir-majara  (argumentative); 
da'vd^i;  hangdma-ju;  nizd'-duat. 

Quarry,  ma' dan  (mine) ;  sayd  (game;  prey). 

Quarry,  to,  ma' dan  kardan. 

QuaiTrym3in,ma'dan-kdn;  hajjdr  ;  sangitaraah 
(stone-cutter). 

Quarter,  chahdr-yak  and  chdrak  P. ;  or  rub' 
Ar. ;  sih-rub'  (three-quarters) ;  mahcUla,  pi. 
mahalldt  (of  a  city) ;  vide  District ;  Amdn 
amdn !  and  Dakhil  (spare  me !) ;  zinhar 
dddan  (to  give  quarter). 

Quarter,  to,  char  para  or  tikka  k.  Vide  Exe- 
cute. 

Quatrain,  rvbd'i,  pi.  ruhd*iyydt. 

Quaver,  dvdz-aah  murta'iah  aat  (his  voice  is 
quavering ;  of  an  old  person :  from  weak- 
ness) ;  ghaliri  dvdz  (in  singing). 

Quay,  bdr-anddz. 

Quean,  saliia;  lavand. 

Queen,  malika ;  haram-i  ahdh  (of  Shah  only) ; 
Qayaara  (empress);  farzin;  or  vazir  (chess); 


I  The  Qur*-an  has  abrogated  and  surpassed  all  previoiis  revelations,  the  Gospels,  the  Psalms  of 
David,  and  the  Pentateuch;  these  latter  are  held  to  be  greatly  corrupted, 
s  Bitd-a  =  hadast.  8  French. 


Que 


264 


Quo 


Ya'sub  (the  King  of  the  bees) :  "  The  floor 
of  the  palace  was  of  clear  transparent 
glass,  and  beneath  it  was  running  water 
in  which  were  fish ;  the  Queen  of  Sheba 
uncovered  her  legs  that  she  might  wade 
through,  and  Solomon  saw  that  her  legs 
and  feet  were  beautiful  and  not  as  report- 
ed, hairy  like  those  of  an  ass  "  {zamln-i 
qasr  az  hulur-i  shaffdf  va  zir-i  an  ab-i  ravan 
bud  va  mdhiydn-i  gun-d-gun  dar  an  db  bu- 
dand;  Bilqls  pdcha-yi  Tchud  rd  barahna 
karda  khwdst  hi  'ubur  kunad;  Sulaymdn 
did  hi  pdcha-ash  khushtarhlb  va  hhush-rang 
ast,  na  chundn  hi  gujta  budand  pur-mu  va 
mislri  pd-yi  uldgh). 

Quell,  faru  nishdndan;  sdkit  hardan;  drdm 
kardan  (of  tumult). 

Quench,  tashln  dddan;  qadr-i  db  bi-jihat-i 
raf'-i  'atash  (or  daf'-i  tashnagi)  mi-lchwd' 
ham:  faru  nishdndan;  khdmush  h.  (of 
fire). 

Question,  su^dl  (h.) ;  pursish  (h.):  mas^ala, 
■pi.  masdHl  (a  problem,  point);  hdr ;  amr, 
pi.  umur;  mu'dmala  (a  matter) ;  in  mas^la 
du  shiqq  ddrad  (there  are  two  sides  to  this 
question);  bale  bi-shart-i  hi  pd-yi hushtan-i 
u  dar  miydn  na-bdshad:  in  su^dl-hd  bi-tu 
nami-rasad ;  taklif-i  hhnd-at  rd  bijd  bi- 
ydvar  (you  should  not  ask  this  sort  of 
questions;  mind  your  own  business). 

Questionable,  qdbil-i  i'tirdz.  Vide  Suspi- 
cious. 

Quibble,  tafra-zani  {k.)  (shuffling);  'uzr-i 
shar'%  or  bahdna-yi  shar'i  (a  legal  quibble ; 
in  religious  law). 

Quick,  bi-sur' at-i  tavmm  dmadam ;  zud;  vide 
Active ;  mdUi  firzi'st  (it  is  a  quick  animal) ; 
in  tifl  Tchayll  firz  ast  (smart,  quick  in  ac- 
tions) ;  firz  bdsh  (look  sharp) ;  bdd-rajidr 
(quick  as  the  wind;  of  a  horse);  az  bdd 
und-tar  mi-ravad  (of  man  or  horse) : 
gushi-i  zinda  ( — flesh) ;  hayy  u  mayyit  or 
zindn  u  murda  (the  quick  and  the  dead) ; 
hay  hay  bi-ravim  (quick!  let  us  go). 

Quicken,  zinda  h. ;  ihyd  n. 

Quicklime,  dhah-i  Midm  or  dhah-i  zinda 
(before  being  slaked) ;  dhah  i  kushta  or 
dhah-i  murda  (slaked). 

Quickly,  zud;  bi-zudi;  bi-ta'jil;  zud  zud 
(very  quickly);  bi-sur'at-i  tamdm;  har  chi 
zud-tar  (as  quickly  as  possible).  Vide 
Fresh. 


Quickness,  tundi  (of  motion;  also  being  hot, 
of  spices) ;  zudi;  sur'at  (of  motion) ;  shi' 
tab  (haste) ;  zlchdql  (quickness,  in  doing) ; 
hiddat-i  zihn;  sur'at-i  fahm;  zahdvat;  tiz- 
fahmi;  (quick- wittedness) ;  ziringi  (sharp- 
ness ;  in  action  or  intellect). 

Quicksand,  rig-i  ravdn. 

Quick-sighted,  tlz-chashm;  tiz-bln;  iiz-nigdh. 

Quicksilver,  jiva;  zibaq. 

Quick-witted,  bd  hiddat-i  zihn;  hdzir-javdb 
(quick  in  repartee). 

Quiescence,  suhun  (gram. ;  of  a  letter). 

Quiescent  nd-mutaharrih ;  or  sdhin  (gram. ; 
of  a  letter) :  drdm. 

Quiet,  drdml  (subs.);  drdm  (subs,  and  adj.); 
rdhat,  subs,  and  adj  ;  rdm  or  drdm  (of 
horses,  boys,  etc.) ;  khdmush  or  sdkit  bdsh 
(be  quiet!);  uskut  Ar.  (ditto);  muldyim 
(horse) ;  in  asp  khayli  rdm '  or  jaqir  or 
mazlUm  ast ;  misl-i  mahalla-yi  khdmushdn 
( =  quiet  as  the  grave) ;  ddam-i  hi-sadid  u 
nidd  (quiet  and  taciturn).     Vide  Silent. 

Quill,  shah-par  (a  quill  or  flight-feather  of  a 
bird) ;  qalam-i  par  (pen) ;  ttr'^  (of  porcu- 
pine; but  sikh  when  used  as  a  knitting 
needle) ;  bun-i  par  (the  quill  part  of  a 
feather). 

Quilt,  lihdf  Ar. ;  davdj  P.  (rare) ;  zir-anddz 
(anything  to  lie  upon;  often  a  quilt). 

Quilting,  djidan  (also  any  kind  of  sewing). 

Quince,  bih;  bihi. 

Quinine,  gina  gina  chlz-l  khayli  talkh  ast, 
vulg.  for  — chiz-i  talMh-V st. 

Quinsy,  khundq. 

Quintessence,  panj-dtasha  (adj.);  jawhar 
(essence). 

Quire,  dasta  ( =  24  sheets ;  20  dasta  =  one 
band) . 

Quit,  guzdshtan,  rt.  guzdr ;  vil  k. ;  kay  ml- 
khivdhid  in  khdna  rd  tark  kunid  (better 
vil  kunid)  ? :  ddd-i  marddnagi  bi-dihid  (quit 
yourselves  like  men). 

Quite,  bi-kulU;  tamdm''";  bi'l-marra  (adv.); 
hisdbi,  adj.  (regular  as;  divdna-yi  hisdbl 
"  a  regular  madman  "). 

Quittance,  navishta-yi  bard^at-i  zimma;  mu- 
sdfdt-i  hisdb. 

Quiver,  tar-kash;  ja'ba-yi  tir. 

Qum,  "  Qum  bihtar  ast  ya  Kdshdn?  La'nat 
bar  har  du  td-shdn/"^  (a  saying).  Vide 
Kashan. 

Quorum,  Koram  (Eur.). 


i?am  "tame."  2  In  India  always  siM- 

3  Ta-ahan  corrup.  for  ta-yi  shan. 


Quo 


265 


Rai 


Quotation,  iqtibaa  {k.)  (sp.  for  relig.  books) ; 

vide  Light ;    in  az  Sa*d%  girifta  ast,  or  az 

kcUam-i  Sa'dVat. 
Quote,  imd  (k.)  (in  m.c.  also  "  to  object  to  "). 
Quoted,  muqtahaa  (from  Qur*an,  or  a  relig. 

book)  ;    girifta    (of     secular   books) ;     az 

Qur'^dn  (or  az  Hdfiz)  ast  (gen.). 
Quotient,  hdsil;  [maqsum  "dividend"  and 

qdsim  "divisor  "], 

R 

Rabbi,  hibr,  pi.  ahbdr;  mvlUi-yi  Yahud. 

Rabble,  awbdsh,  At.  pi.  used  as  a  sing,  in 
Pers. ;  awbdsh-hd-yl  shahr. 

Rabid,  zhiydn  (of  lions)  ;  mast  (of  elephants) ; 
hdr  (mad,  of  dog).     Vide  Rapacious. 

Race,  na^l  (progeny) ;  nasab  (lineage) ;  vide 
Family;  qawm  (tribe,  family;  commu- 
nity) ;  rasan  (of  horses  only ;  dealer's 
term) ;  az  aqvdm-i  man  ast  (he  is  a  connec- 
tion of  mine).     Vide  Breed. 

Race,  to,  in  du  tifl  shart  basta  mi-davand; 
davdnidan,  tr.  [shart-i  asp. 

Race-course,  mayddn-i  asp-davdni  ;  m/iyddn-i 

Races,  diruz  bi-shart-i  asp  (or  bi-asp-davdni) 
raftam  (I  went  to  the  races  yesterday). 

Race-horse,  asp-i  shart;  asp-i  davdndanl 
(vulg.  and  local). 

Racing,  asp-davdni  (k.)  (horse — ) ;  musd- 
baqat  {k  )  (trying  to  get  first ;  gen.). 

Rack,  shikanja '  k.  (now  to  torture  by  any 
instrument). 

Radiance,  wSr ;  ^antia^?  (shining) ;  sha'sha'a 
(gen.) ;  talaHu^  (of  gems).     Vide  Halo. 

Radiant,  tabdn  (of  sun,  etc.) ;  surat-ash  muna- 
war  bud;  darakhshdn  (of  sun. etc.,  metal, 
jewels). 

Radical,  a^U;  karf-i  asll  (radical  letter); 
mdddi  (Philological) ;  zdti  (personal ;  in- 
nate) ;  farq-i  mdddi  (a  radical  difference). 

Radish,  turb  (the  turnip-radish);  turbcha; 
turbuza. 

Radius,  nim-qutr ;  niaf-i  qtUr. 

Raffle,  'Idtari*  zadan  or  anddkhtan,  tr. ;  ya 
nasib  {mdgr). 

Raft,  kalak. 

Rafter,  tir  (or  beam). 

Rag,  latta;  or  juUkuhna ;  or  zhinda;  or 
kapanak  (ragged  clothing).     Vide  Tom. 


Rag-man,  kuhna-khar  (buys  rags  for  torches). 

Rag-picker,  kuhna-chin. 

Rage,  khashm  (anger);  ghayz  (rage)^  gbfibzab 
(wrath) ;  qahr  (anger  and  wrath  and  sulks) ; 
qahr-i  Khvdd  or  ghd^^ab-i  Khudd  (the  wrath 
of  God).     Vide  Anger  and  Wrath. 

Ragged,  para  para  (of  things) ;  jtUam-bur ; 
or  zhanda-push  (of  people) ;  lut  u  'ur* 
(m.c. ;  very  ragged;  lit.  naked). 

Raggedness,  zfiandagi  (of  cloth) ;  julum-buri 
(of  people). 

Rai,  vide  Rhagis. 

Raid,  ilj^r  {k.)  (a  Turkoman  raid;  or  a 
forced  march) ;  alarmn  (Turko.  raid) ; 
cJiapaw  (any  sudden  looting).  Vide  Ra- 
vage. 

Rail  against,  takzib  u  tashni'  k. ;  ta'n  u 
tamos khur  kardan.     Vide  Railing. 

Rail,  khatt-i  rdh-i  dhan:  sikh  (of  wood  or 
iron) ;  tir  (ditto).     Vide  Infra. 

Railing,  ma' jar  ^  (round  a  grave  or  round  a 
small  garden  in  an  interior  courtyard) ; 
dast-anddz-i  urusi*  (a  low  railing  in  a 
window) ;  chub-bast  or  ddr-bast  (for  train- 
ing vines);  dast-anddz  (on  staircase;  or 
round  a  roof,  etc.  and  just  high  enough  to 
rest  the  elbow  on  when  reclining  or  sit- 
ting on  the  floor). 

Raillery,  istihzd^  {k.).  Vide  Chaff,  Ridicule, 
and  Raid. 

Railroad,  rdh^i  dhan. 

Raiment,  libds,  pi.  albisa;  rakht,  pi.  rukhut. 

Rain,  khayli  tund  (or  ziydd)  mi-bdrad  (it  is 
raining  hard) ;  bdrdn^  mutlasil  mi-barid, 
gdh-i  shadid  gdh-%  khafif  (it  rained  inces- 
santly, sometimes  heavily,  sometimes 
lightly) ;  bdrdn  istdda  ast  (it  has  stopped 
raining) ;  az  kasrat-i  bdrandagi  *  rah  pur 
gil  va  bdtldq  bud;  bim-i  Idran  bud  (it 
threatened  to  rain) ;  tarashshuJi  (slight 
shower) ;  nam  nam-i  bdrdn  (a  drizzle) ; 
sharaq  sharaq  (noise  of  rain);  imsdk-i 
mutamMdi  dar  bardn  (the  long  absence  of 
rain ;  draught). 

Rains,  mawsim-i —  or  ayydm-i  bdrdn;  or 
ayydm-i  bdrandagi  ^ ;  birishkdl  (Hin.). 

Rainbow,  tir  u  kamdn,  or  kaman-i  Rustam 
(amongst  Zardushtis) ;  qaws-i  quzah  haft 
rang  ddrad. 


1  Shikanja  is  a  bookbinder's  press;  in  m.c.  called  qayd. 

'  Liit  u  't7r-t  madar  zad  "  naked  as  he  was  bom;  destitute." 

3  Ma*  jar  is  also  a  woman's  chadar. 

*  The  board  in  a  shop  door  over  which  the  visitor  has  to  step  is  also  called  das-andaz.  Unuil,  a 
Persian  window  with  sliding  panel,  generally  with  coloured  glass.  In  shops  the  urual  is  merely  a  sash 
that  slides  up  and  down,  6uid  closes  the  door.  &  Baran  "  rain,"  but  harandagi  "raining." 

34 


Rai 


266 


Rat 


Rain-guage,  mtzdn-i  haran. 

Rainy,  haranl  (of  day) ;  hardn-bar  (of  coun- 
try) ;  nam-ndk  (of  damp  day) ;  ru^-i  ma- 
bddd  (=  a  rainy  day,  i.e.,  time  of  neces- 
sity). 

Raise,  bar-ddshtan ;  or  buland  k.  (lift  up  from 
the  ground) ;  mlva  bi-'amal  dvardan  (to 
raise  fruit;  in  hot-houses,  etc.);  bald  k. 
(of  flag) ;  khud  rd  buland  k.  (to  raise  one- 
self ;  lit.  or  met.) ;  jam'  dvari  k.  (of  army). 

Raisins,  kishmish  {BvaaXl) ;  maviz  (black,  with 
stones);  gh,ura  kishmish  (from  unripe 
grapes) ;  kishmish-i  sahz  (sultanas) ;  mun- 
aqqq  (large  black  raisins). 

Rake,  khdk-kash:  awsl  {k.)  (of  wood) ;  khdr- 
kash  (of  iron). 

Rake,  to,  65  khdk-kash^  etc.  jam'  k. 

Rally,  to,  vide  Collect. 

Ram,  ghuch  or  quch  ;  shlshak  (about  6  months 
old) ;  hamal  (Zodiac). 

Ram,  to,  sumba  zadan  (powder) ;  kubldan 
(gen.). 

Rambling,  gar  dish  [k.)  (wandering) ;  shdhh 
bi-shdkh  raftan  dar  guft  u  gu  (in  speech). 
Vide  Cram. 

Rampart,  hhdk-nza ;  badana-yi  shahr  (rare) ; 
bdra  or  bdru  (the  outer  wall  of  a  city  or 
fort) ;  divdr-i  shahr. 

Ramrod,  surnba. 

Rancid,  turush  (of  butter) :  talkh  (of  oil) ; 
In  kara  bu  karda  ast  (this  butter  is  rancid). 

Rancour,  kin;  or  kina;  or  kina-yi  shutur ; 
or  shuiur-kinagi . 

Random,  vilakl  (vulg.) ;  havd^i  or  havakl ; 
tlr  bi-tdrikl  anddkhtan,  or  tir  tu-yi  buta 
zadan  (fire  aimlessly;  make  a  shot  or 
speech  at  random):  'alq  '/-'am?/a^  (blind- 
ly) ;  khaydli  harf  zad  (he  said  that  at  ran- 
dom). 

Rank,  mansab,  pi.  mandsib ;  'uhda;  rutba; 
manzilat  (dignity,  position) ;  saff,  pi.  sufuf 
(of  soldiery,  etc.) ;  qitdr  (any  row,  straight 
or  otherwise);  jd^-sanglnl  —  buzurg  marta- 
bagi. 

Rank,  to,  saffdrdH  k.,  tr.,  and  saff  bastan, 
intr.  (to  form  in  ranks ;  of  persons) ;  bi- 
tartib  chidan  (of  things). 

Ransom,  sar-bahE  (money  paid);  fidd  (per- 
son).    Vide  Alms. 

Rap,  tiq  tiq  z  (on  table  with  knuckles). 

Rapacious,  daranda;  zhiydn  or  sharz  (gen. 
of  hons) ;  tammd' ;  or  haris  (of  people) ; 
ahhi  piilis  dahan-i  shun  bisydr  gushdd  ast. 


Rapacity,  darandagi;  tama'-kdri ;  Mrs. 

Rape,  zinu  bi  H-jabr  (k.) ;  vide  Plunder; 
tukhm-i  shalghdm  (rape  seed).  Vide  Vio- 
late. 

Rap  tores,  tuyur-i  sabu't. 

Rapture,  vajd  (gen.) ;  hdl  (of  Sufis) ;  bi- 
hhudl. 

Rare, kam-ydb ;  nddir:  6?- waztr (unequalled); 
kibrit-i  ahmar  (met. ;  red  sulphur  was 
used  in  alchemy) ;  'anqd  shuda  (it  has 
become  very  rare) .    . 

Rarefied,  latif  (of  atmosphere) ;  khafif. 

Rarely,  nudrat"^"  ;  shdzz  u  nadir  ;  bi-nudrat. 

Rarity,  nudrat:  lata  jot  (of  air);  tuhfa,  pi. 
tukaf  and  tuhfajdt  (a  curiosity) ;  sawg^t 
(a  small  present  brought  from  a  journey) : 
najd%s  (pi.  of  najisa).     Vide  Present. 

Rascal,  pidar-sukhia ;  alvdl  (prop.  pi.  of  lut; 
from  Lot  of  Sodom) ;  awbdsh ;  qalldsh 
(cheat) ;  qulldbi  (prop,  adulterator) ;  jvM- 
ghi  or  juwalaql  (a  merry  humbug;  a 
joker) ;  Jchazz-'push {Silovf  fellow  who  sleeps 
in  the  bazaar) ;  duzd  u  dila-yi  shahr  (the 
thieves  and  rascals  of  the  city) ;  ay  lutl ! 
or  ay  pisar-i  dila !  (0  rascal !).  Vide 
Rabble. 

Rash,  u  dar  rajtdr-i  khud  bi  bi-muldhazagl 
kdr  mi-kunad;  bi-tadbir  ast;  mutahavvir 
(in  danger) ;  vide  Hasty :  lakka-yi  surkh 
(med.). 

Rashness,  tahawur  (in  danger) ;  bl-parvd*i. 

Rasp,  suhdn  (k.  or  z.)  (to  rasp  or  file). 

Raspberry,  glha  (blackberry,  etc.,  etc.). 

Rat,  mush  (rat  or  mouse) ;  mush-i  biydbdnl 
(field  rat);  mush-i  du-pd,  or  jarbu'  for 
yarbu'  (jerboa,  etc.) ;  mush-i  sulaymdniyya 
(a  marmot) ;  m,ush-i  khdnagl  (mouse) ; 
[house  rats,  etc.  are  found  only  in  the 
ports  of  Persia). 

Rate,  nirhh  (bazaar  price) ;  bi-qimat-i  dah 
rupiya  fi — (at  the  rate  of  ten  rupees  each 
— ).     Vide  Price  and  Exchange. 

Rather,  bishtar ;  balki ;  bal:  mun  in  ra  bar 
dn  tarjih  mi-diham  (I  would  rather  have 
this  than  that);  mun  khudram  rd  bi- 
kusham  ki  in  kdr  rd  bi-kunam  (I  would 
rather  die  than  do  this).     Vide  More. 

Ratification,  tasdiq  va  imzdt 

Ratified,  imzd^  ydfta  (but  imzd  shuda 
"  signed  "). 

Ratio,  nisbat;  nisbat-i  ma'kusa  (inverse 
ratio). 

Rational,  natiq  (of  human  beings,  opp.  to 


1  Ja  for  fah  ? 


Rat 


267 


Rea 


ghayr-%  natiq  or  animals) ;  ma'gul  (of  rea- 
sons, eto.). 

Rationally,  'aqildna:  az  rfl-yi  hujjat;  bd 
dalil;  bi-taipr-i  ina'qUl. 

Rations,  dzuqa  (food  stuffs,  food  supply); 
jira  va  'cdiq  (the  former  is  the  bread  ra- 
tion given  to  soldiers  and  sometimes  its 
money  equivalent;  also  a  camp  allowance 
to  servants  on  a  march ;  the  latter  is 
barley  and  kdh) ;  rdtih  or  rdtiba  (a  fixed 
allowance  of  food ;  for  men  or  animals). 

Ratsbane,  marg-i  mushy  P.  (i.e.  arsenic) ;  or 
samm'^H-jdr ,  Ar. 

Rattle,  jaljala  (child's) :  khur-khur  (in  the 
throat  at  death;  also  snoring  in  sleep). 

Raucous,  girijta-dvdz  (nat.  or  from  a  cold). 

Ravage,  to,  tdrdj  k. ;  ghnrat  k. ;  chapaw 
k. ;  and  chupidan  (to  raid,  loot);  khardb 
k. ;  and  virdn  k. ;  na-khusht-yi  dbila 
(jhdrat-gar-i  jdn-hd  asl  or  — qiydmat  kard 
(the  ravages  of  small-pox) ;  mulk  rd  tar  u 
mdr  k. ;  dast-i  zulm-i  zamdn  hanuz  bi-surat- 
ash  na-rasida.     Vide  Raid . 

Rave,  to,  hazaydn  gujtan  (of  madness  or 
delirium). 

Raven,  cfkurdb ;  quzqun  T. ;  kald^-i  quzqun. 

Ravenous,  sayd-ju  ;  gurg-i  qahr-dlud  (a  fierce 
wolf);  baVanda  (swallowing  whole;  of 
sharks,  dragons). 

Ravine,  tanga;  darra. 

Raving,  hazaydn-gu^ ;  divdnorgu^i. 

Ravish,  Hsmat  girt f tan;  bakdrat  burdan  (of 
virgin).     Vide  Violate. 

Ravished,  bl-surat  karda  (vulg.)  :  bi-vajd 
dmadan  (to  be  enraptured). 

Ravisher,  rubdyanda ;  tdrdj  kunanda. 

Raw,  khdm;  and  nd-pukhta.  Vide  Unripe 
and  Green. 

Rawness,  khdmi ;  na-pukhtagi. 

Ray,  partav ;  shu'd'. 

Raze,  munhadim  k. ;  khdna-ash  rd  bd  zamin 
yak-sdn  kardand  or  — hamsdn-i  khdk  kar- 
(land  (they  razed  his  liouse  to  the  ground) ; 
dn  shahr  rd  bd  zamxn  yak-sdn  karda  jaw 
kdshtand—Froi.  S.  T. 

Razor,  tigh-dalldJa  or  tigh-i  dalldki. 

Reach,  in  qadar  buland  (or  b^)  ki  dast-am 
bi-dnjd  nami-rasad.     Vide  Arrive. 

Read,  mutdla'a  k.  (to  peruse) ;  u  har  ruz  haft 
hasht  dah  '  sd'at  dars  vfii-khipdnad  (he  reads 
for  eight  or   nine   hours  daily) ;    buland 


khipdndan*  (to  read  aloud);  qira'at  k. 
(to  read  aloud)  ;  tildvat  k.  (of  Qur'an 
only). 

Reader,  khwdnanda  (gen.) ;  qari  (of  Qar'&n 
only) ;  musahhih  (proof-reader). 

Readiness,  dmddagi ;  tahiyya  for  tahyi'a  (pre- 
paration). 

Reading,  qird^at,  kildbat,  va  Hlm-i  hisab  (read- 
ing, writing,  and  arithmetic). 

Reading-room,  qird*at-l^na. 

Ready,  hdzir  (present,  of  person  or  things) ; 
hdzir-javdb  (ready  in  answer  or  in  repar- 
tee) ;  dmdda  (ready) :  mawjud  (present) ; 
mu^ta'idd  (of  persons  only,  also  compe- 
tent): puUi  naqd  (ready-money). 

Ready-made,  vide  Made. 

Ready-witted,  musta'idd-i  khitdb  va  hdifir- 
javdb  (ready  wilted,  of  ready  repartee). 

Real,  in  hama  haqiqi  ast  na  majdn  =  in  hama 
ma'navVst  na  suvari  (this  is  real  not  ima- 
ginary) ;  in  marvdrid  asl  ast  na  badal  (or 
na-ki  badal) ,  or  haqic^^st  na  masnu'  i.  Vide 
Affected. 

Reality,  haqiqat:  vdqi"^'  or  haqiqat^'  (in 
reality) ;  bdyad  muvdfiq-i  vdqi'  bd  masal 
bi-shumd  hdli  kunam  ki  zarar-i  tarydk 
kashidan  chist  (I  will  just  show  you  by 
example.s  what  the  evils  of  opium-smoking 
really  are). 

Realm,  qalam-raw ;  inamlakat. 

Reap,  to,  diravidan;  and  diraw  k. :  buridan 
(of  gra.ss). 

Reaper,  diraw-gar  (the  man). 

Reaping-hook,  mangdl  (local  ?) ;  dds  (gar- 
dener's small  hook,  with  teeth). 

Rear,  durnbdl  or  'aqahi  Ioshkar  or  paa-raw 
(of  an  army) ;  az  *aqab  (in  the  rear  of). 

Rear,  to,  parvardan  or  parvarish  dddan  (of 
child,  etc.) ;  bdld  dvardan  (m.c.)  or  tarbiyat 
k.  (bring  up,  educate);  «tM  shudan  or 
chirdghrpd  shudan  (rear  up,  of  a  horse); 
bar  du  pd^  istddan  (vulg.). 

Reason,  sabab,  pi.  asbdb ;  jihat;  bd'is;  mu- 
jib;  'illat  (cause);  vasila ;  vdsita  (means); 
vide  Proof ; — va  jdham  ddrad  ( — and  he  has 
reason  to  be) ;  bi-chandAn  jihat  (for  several 
reasons) :  'aql  vulg. ;  quwa-yi  mudrika  or 
— idrdk  (power  of  reasoning). 

Reasonable,  bdvar-kardani ;  ma' qui  (in  m.c. 
often  "good  and  well-behaved,"  of  a 
schoolboy) ;  masmu'  (m.c. ;  lit.  "  heard  *'); 


1  Nuh  <*nine  "  always  omitted;  the  three  words  are  spoken  rapidly,  the  last  eMoentuated. 

^  Shinavanidan  (Afghan). 

^  Pa  the  hind-legs  of  an  animal  as  opposed  to  da«t  the  fore-legs. 


Re  a 


268 


Rec 


anchi  mi-guyad   'aql    mi-pasandad  or  — 

bi-'aql  durust  mi-ayad. 
Reasoning,   dalil;    u   chunan  guft    u  gu-yi 

mufid-l  kard  ki  mard  Id-javab  sd/cht. 
Rebate,  tanzil  (discount  for  immediate  pay- 
ment) ;  takhfif  (in  price). 
Rebeck,  rahab. 
Rebel,  ydghi  u  tidc0  (sh.) ;   sar-kash   (sh.); 

bdgJil  (sh.). 
Rebel ,  to,  gardan  kashidan  (gen. ;  even  of  a 

servant  against  a   master) ;    tughydn    k, 

(gen.) ;  sar-kashi  k.  (gen.) ;  shundan  (gen.). 
Rebellion,  sar-kashi  {k.) ;    or  ydgM-garl  or 

^ghi-garl  (k.)  (gen.) ;  haghdvat  {k.)  (against 

state). 
Rebellious,  hdgtiydna  (against  state) :  ydghi- 

ydna  (gen.). 
Rebound,  bar  jastan. 
Rebuilt,  an  khdna  du-bdra  bind  shuda  ast  = 

az  sar-i  nnw  sdkhia  shuda. 
Rebuke,  to,  sar-zanish   k.    (severe,  to   face 

only) ;    maldmat  k.  (to  blame  before  the 

face   or    behind   the   back) ;    tawbikh    k. 

(severe) . 
Recall,   bdz  talahidan;    bi-Tihrdn  talabldan 

(  =  poHte  for  "  to  dismiss  "). 
Recant,  to,  sar-i  bdzdr  rafz  kard  (he  publicly 

recanted). 
Receipt,  rasid;  al-vdsil  (rare);  gaftz"  'l-vusUl; 

qabz-i  ^  rasld  bard-yi  pul  bi-dih. 
Receipt,   nuskha-i  bard-yi  sdkhtan-i   turushi 

va  sakanjabin^  (a  recipe  for  pickles  and 

vinegar-sherbat) . 
Receive,  giriftan,  rt.  gir;  akhz  k. :  paziruftan 

(guests) ;    jilaw  dmadan   (to   advance  to 

receive  a  guest  in  the  house) :  pishvdz  and 

istiqbdl  kardan  (to  go  outside  the  city  to 

meet) :  ydftan.     Vide  Accept. 
Received,   kaghaz-i  muvarrahha-yi  ghurra-yl 

mdh-i  nmrch-i  shumd  bi-man  rasid  (I  have 

received  your  letter  dated  1st  March). 
Receiver,  giranda;  ydbanda. 
Recent,  tdza;  jadid  (opp.  to  qadim  or  'atiq). 
Recently,    tdza;    dar    in    tdzaglhd;     hamln 

ruzhd;  hdld-hd  (vulg.). 
Reception,   pazird^i   (k.)    (of  guests) ;    shab- 

nishlnl  {k.)  (evening  reception;  a  party). 
Recess,  tfl,q  (in  wall). 


Reciprocal,  az  har  du  taraf :  or  az  jdnibayn 
(from  both  sides). 

Recital,  taqrir  [k.)  (in  speech) ;  inshdd  (k.) 
(of  any  poetry  except  a  qasida) ;  qasida 
hhwdndan;  tildvat  (k.)  (of  Quran). 

Recite,  buland  hhwdndan  (to  read  or  recite 
aloud)  bi-dvdz  khipdndan. 

Reciter,  qissa-gu;  or  qissa-khwdn  (of  stories). 
Vide  Story-teller. 

Reckless,  bi-parvd;  Id-ubdli  zlstan  (to  lead 
a  reckless,  careless  life). 

Recklessness,  Id-ubdU-gari.^ 

Reclaim,  ahli  k. ;  or  rdm  k. ;  or  ma^nus  k.  (to 
tame  hawks,  etc.) ; — td  hangdm-i  taqdza-yi 
dn  dar  rasad  ( — till  the  time  to  reclaim  it 
arrive). 

Reckon,  to,  shimurdan,  rt.  shimdr ;  hisdb 
karda  id,  jam'-i  inhd  chand  mi-shavad? ; 
sdl-i  'Isam  az  ru-yi  shamsi  hisdb  mi-shavad 
va  sdl-i  Isldml  az  ru-yi  qaman ;  dnhd  az 
valddat-i  Maslh  hisdb  mi-kunand  va  Inhd 
az  hijrat-i  Muhammad:  Zardushtihd  sdl-i 
Yazdgardi  rd  bi-qdnun-i  shamsi  nigdh  mi- 
ddrand. 

Reckoning,  shumdr ;  hisdb. 

Recline,  takyazadan,  intr. ;  pusht-dddan,  intr. ; 
va  lamidan,  intr.  (m.c. ;  loll  at  ease). 

Reclining,  muttaki  (part.). 

Ktclus^y  gusha-nishln  ;  ahl-iinzivd:  dn'dbid 
ki  urd  Afldtun-i  zamdna  bdyad  guft  bind 
kard  bi-didan-i  nabz  va  qdrura-yi  *har  kas, 
va  Khudd  chunin  dast-i  shifd  bi-u  ddda  bud 
ki  Uiurdan-i  davd  hamdn  va  asar  kardan 
hamdn  bud — Prof.  S.  T.     Vide  Hermit. 

Recognise,  bi-jd  dvardan  (also  to  perform) ; 
shinuhhtan,  rt.  shinds;  tashkhis  dddan; 
chun-ki  rish-am  rd  tardshlda  budam  mard 
durust  bi-jd  na-ydvurd  (he  did  not  recog- 
nize me  as  I  had  shaved  off  my  beard) ; 
'ajab-tar  dn-ki  hangdm-i  ki  bd-ham  du  char 
shudlm  na  u  mard  ml-shindkht  va  na  man 
urd  bi-jd  mi-avurdam — Prof  S.  T. :  iHirdf 
k. ;  iqrdr  k.  (avow).  Vide  Recollect ;  and 
Mistook. 

Recognition,  qadr ;  khidmat-i  mard  qadr  nor 
kardand. 

Recollect,  to,  bi-khdtir  dmadan ;  hold  ydd-am 
dmad  (' '  now  I  recollect ' ' ;  not  mi-dyad  : 


J  Qabz  alone  means  tamassuk. 

*  Sakanjahln,  a  sharbat  like  white  raspberry  vinegar  made  of  white  vinegar  and  sugar  and  flavoured 
with  mint :  it  is  mixed  with  water  and  ice  and  is  delicious. 

8  Negative  of  1st  person  of  singular  Aor.  Ar.,  ^^Uj  -  /Jb. 

♦  Qarura,  "  a  flagon  "  ;  hence  a  glass  containing  the  urine  of  a  sick  person,  and  hence   the  urine 
itself ;  used  in  the  last  sense  by  doctors  or  by  polish^  people. 


Rec 


260 


Ree 


but  kam  kam  ydd-am  mi-dyad) :  ydd-am 
nami-dyad  ki  in  rd  hi-man  guft  ("I  don't 
recollect  his  saying  this  to  me  "  ;  if,  how- 
ever, stress  be  laid  on  ifc»,  =  "Idon't  re- 
collect who  told  me  this");  banda  rd  hi- 
jd  nami-avarid?  (you  do  not  recognize,  or 
recollect  me). 

Recollection,  kick  khdtir-am  nist  (I  have  no 
recollection  of  it  =  bi-zihriram  nist). 

Recommend,  sifdrish  k. 

Recommendation,  dghd,  iltifdt  farmuda  sifd- 
risk-i  hi-jihat-i  dn  Khdn  navishta  bi-dihtd 
(Sir,  kindly  write  a  letter  of  recommenda- 
tion to  that  Khan  on  my  behalf). 

Recompense,  ajr  (good ;  sp.  from  God) ; 
pdddsh  (good  or  evil) ;  sila  (sp.  for  poetry); 
ujrat  (wages,  hire) ;  az  jihat-i  khidmat-i 
khud  hick  nami-khwdham ;  Hvaz;  muzd. 

Reconcile,  sulh  dddan ;  dshti  d. ;  dn  du  td 
hold  sulh  karda  and  =  md  bayn-i  khud  sulh 
u  safd  karda  and;  hold  bi-qismat-i  khud 
rdzi  shuda  ast  (he's  now  reconciled  to  his 
lot) ;  chi  tawr  in  taqrir  rd  bd  dn  yak-i  rabt 
midihid  (how  can  you  reconcile  the  two 
statements  ?) :  in  du  karf  zidd-i  ham  ast  = 
in  du  taqrir  bd  yak  digar  mundqiz  (or 
mundfi)  ast  (these  two  statements  are 
contradictory) . 

Reconciliation,  musdlaha. 

Reconnaissance,  taftish  {k.). 

Record,  to,  ddkhil-i  dajtar  k.;  sabtk.;  darj 
k.     Vide  to  Write. 

Records,  kdghfizdt;  dafdtir. 

Recourse  to,  to  have,  rdji'  shudan  bi — ; 
ruju'  kardan  bi — ;  mutavassil  shudan  bi — ; 
tavassvl  justan  bi — . 

Recover,  to,  bdz  yd f tan  (to  get  again)  -^  bdz 
pushidan  (to  cover  again) ;  shifd  ydftan 
and  chdq  shudan  (to  get  well) ;  jdn  bi-dar 
burdan  (to  recover  from  deadly  illness,  or 
to  escape) ;  hich  ummid  ddrid  mdl-ijna^- 
ruqa-yi  khud  rd  bdz  bi-ydbid?  Khayr  Ajf&d, 
hdkim  bd  duzdhd  sharik  ast,  vaz'-i  Irdn 
hamin-a ' ;  bi-hush  dmadan  (from  a  trance, 
etc.). 

Recovery,  ifdqat  (convalescence) ;  shifd  (re- 
covery from  illness) ;  bdz-ydftan  (to  find 
again;  getting  back). 

Recreation,  tafarruj  (sight-seeing) ;  mash- 
yhuliyyat  (gen.) ;  farmshd  (of  sights) ;  jd-yi 
ta'ayyu^h  or  tafarruj-gdh  (place  of — ). 
Vide  Recreation. 


Recrimination,   tvJimat  etc.  bar  yak   4lgar 

zadan. 
Recrudescence,  bd-shiddat    'aiod    (k.)     (of 

disease  only). 
Recruit,  jadid. 
Recruit,  to,  jam'-dvari  k. 
Rectifier,  islah-kun ;  muslih. 
Rectify,   agar   ishtibdh-i    (or  sahv-i)  dar  in 

safha  bdshad  isldh  bi-jarmayid. 
Rectifying,  isldh  (k.).  Testy. 

Rectitude .  rdsti ;  saldh  ;  diydnal.    Vide  Hod- 
Recumbent,     mujassama-yi     mardl-i     nar-i 

khwdbida. — Shah's  Diary  (the  statue  of  a 

recumbent  stag). 
Recurrence,  takrdr.     Vide  Happening. 
Recurrent,  nawba  ddrad. 
Recusant,   dsi. 
Red,  surkh;  qirmiz;  guli  (pink  q.v.).     Vide 

Crimson. 
Redeem,   pas  giriftan;   vd  kharidan:    najdt 

dddan  (relig.) ;  ifd  k.  or  vafd  k.  (a  promise); 

az  giraw  birun  dvardan  ( — a  pledge  from 

pawn). 
Redeemer,  munji;  nijdt  dihanda. 
Redemption,  najdt. 
Red-lead,  shanjarf,  Ar. ;  shangarf,  P. 
Redness,  surkhi;  qirmizi. 
Redolent,  'itr-bakhsh. 
Redoubtable,  bd-haybat ;  ru'b-angiz. 
Redress,  rasidagi  or  farydd-rasi  kardan  (to 

look  into  and  redress) ;  isldh  (k.) ;  jabr-i 

zulm  k. 
Redresser   (of   grievances),  haqq  bi-hagq-ddr 

rasdn;  farydd-ras. 
Red  Sea,  Daryd-yi  Ahmar. 
Reduce,    kam    kardan;    takhfif    dddan    (to 

lessen) ;  dar  makhdrij-i  khud  khayli  takhfif 

ddda  am ;  az  mansab  anddkhtan  (of  rank). 
Redundancy,    hashv    (in    language).      Vide 

Tautology. 
Redundant,  zd*^id. 
Reed,   nay;    nay-zjdr  or  nayistdn   (a    place 

where    many    reeds    grow) ;    [nay-shakar 

(sugar-cane)]:    mdsura    (a  weaver's  reed 

or  shuttle) ;  qalam  (for  pen). 
Reedy,  nayi;  pur-nay. 
Reef,  to,  Id  giriftan  (of  sail). 
Reel,  nakh-pich  (for  thread) ;  jfAarjfhara  (of 

thread;  properly  a  pulley). 
Reel,  to,  (in  walk),  yala  ra/ton  (reel  slightlj') ; 

kaj  u  kiij  rdh  raftan  (stagger  about) ;  bi-dar 

u  divdr  mi-Uiurd  (of  a  drunken  man). 


1  Hakim  $harth-i  duzd  ast  va  rafiq-i  qatil,  a  common  and  not  wholly  untrue  saying. 


Ref 


270 


Reg 


Refer,  In  harf  hi-ki  ta'alluq  (or  nisbat)  ddrad; 
nazar  bi-akhbdr-%  ki  imruz  rasid — (with 
reference  to  to-day's  newspaper) ;  bi-kas-t 
ruju'  k.  or  dashtan  (to  refer  a  matter  to  a 
person) ;  in  harf  ishara  (or  kinaya)  bi- 
hakim  bud  or  — maqsud  az  hakim  bud. 

Reference,  hick  kas  rd  surdgh  ddrid  ki  bd- 
shumd  ma'rijat  ddshta  bdshad  ?  ("  can  you 
give  me  a  reference  ?  "  ;  to  an  applicant). 

Refine,  sdf  or  sdfl  kardan;  Tchdlis  or  takhllq 
kardan;  taltlj-i  ihsds  k.  (refine  the  emo- 
tions). 

Refined,  musaffq ;  and  muTchallas  (clarified, 
etc.);  muhazzab  (of  people;  also  well- 
mannered).     Vide  Polite. 

Refinement,  adab  u  saliqa;  tah^b ;  tahpb-i 
akhldq  ddrad. 

Refiner,  khdlis-kun  ;  sdf-kun. 

Reflect,  in'ikds  k.  tr. ;  or  partav  anddkhtan 
(to  cast  light) :  har  chand '  dar  In  muqad- 
dama  fikr  mi-kunam  ghussoram  bishtar  mi- 
shavad. 

Reflected,  mun'akis. 

Reflection,  ta^ammul  {k.) ;  tafakkur  (k.) ; 
takhayyul  {k.) ;  u  bd  skutur-hd  sawdd  mi- 
pukht  (he  was  chewing  the  cud  of  reflec- 
tion in  the  company  of  his  camels). 

Reflet.     Vide  Tiles. 

Reform,  islah  (k.) ;  or  tashih  (k.);  taghayyur 
{k.)  (change) ;  uss-i  asds-i  hukumat-i  man 
islah  u  tajdid  huda  ast  (the  key-note  of  my 
administration  has  been  reform). 

Reformer,  muslih ;  islah  kunanda. 

Refraction,  in'ikds;  inhirdf. 

Refractory,  sar-kash ;  kaj-nihdd  (by  nature). 
Vide  Disobedient,  Recusant,  etc. 

Refrain,  tarji'-band  (of  a  poem) ;  band-garddn 
(of  a  song). 

Refrain,  to,  vd —  or  bdz  istddan  az — ;  khud 
rd  bdz  dashtan  az  (from  acts  committed) ; 
parhiz  k.  az — (from  acts  not  yet  commit- 
ted) ;  kindra  giriftan  az — ;  or  dast  kashi- 
dan  az  (from  acts  committed). 

Refresh,  to,  i^za  k. ;  bi-hdl  dmadan ;  khas- 
tagi  dar  anddkhtan  or —  dur  k.  (to  refresh 
oneself) . 

Refreshed,  qahva  khurda  khastagi  anddkht 
(he  refreshed  himself  by  a  cup  of  coffee) ; 
az  in  havd  tdza  shuda  am  (  =  this  air  re- 
freshes one). 

Refreshing,  tdzagi-bakhsh  ;  mufarrih. 


Refreshment,  chiz-i  ndshtd  mi-kunid  ? 

Refrigerant,  mubarrid  (any  medicine  or  food 
that  cools  the  system;  as  lemons,  etc. 
Ice  is  considered  heating). 

Refuge,  panuh  (giriftan  or  dvardan) ;  malja^ 
[justan) ;  ma^mun  (j.) ;  bast  (nishastan) 
(sanctuary,  q.v.) ;  na'uz^b^illdh  intr.  (we 
seek  refuge  in  God !) ;  muliaji  shudan  (to 
seek  refuge). 

Refugee,  muhdjir  (settler) ;  pandh-ju  (one 
that  seeks  shelter) ;  bast-nishasta  (in  sanc- 
tury  q.v.). 

Refund,  baz  or  vdpas  dddan;  radd  kardan; 
majbur^"  in  pul  rd  pas  khwdhad  ddd  or 
mustaradd  mi-dihad  (he  will  be  forced  to 
refund  this  money). 

Refusal,  inkdr  (k.) ;  ibd  (Jc.) ;  javdb-i  Tchushk 
u  khdli  yaftam  (  =  1  got  a  flat  refusal). 

Refuse,  fazla  (of  food ;  also  excrement) ; 
mazbala  (refuse-heap;  also  W.C.) ;  a^hghdl 
(refuse  of  a  butcher's  shop;  also  small 
bits  of  paper,  etc.,  lying  about  a  room; 
rubbish  q.v.). 

Refuse,  to,  radd  kardan  (not  to  accept;  also 
to  return) ;  qabul  na — k. ;  az  nasihat-am 
sar  bdz  zad. 

Refusing,  munkir  (part.). 

Refute,  puch  namudan ;  radd  k. ;  tard/id  k. ; 
bdtil  k.     Vide  Disprove,  Annul. 

Refutation,  takzib  [k.) ;  ovradd-i  tuhmat  (k) ; 
or  radd-i  nisbat  (k.) ;  radd-i  kaldm  (k.) ; 
iddi'd  rd  bdtil  {k.}. 

Regal,  shdhi;  shdhvdr;  shdhdna. 

Regard,  hurmat;  man  urd  muhtaram  mi- 
ddram:  mi-bdyist  nasihat-i  mard  qabul 
karda  bdshid  (you  should  have  had  a 
regard  for  my  advice) ;  min  bdb-i  ta'liqa-yi 
diruz-i  shumd — (with  regard  to  your  letter 
of  yesterday) ;  nisbat  bi-khud-am,  or  amma 
man  (as  regards  myself) ;  bi-guftdr-ash 
hich  mahall  (or  i'tinM)  nami-duram. 

Regardless,  ghdfil  az — ;  nazar  bar  kharj  na- 
karda —  or  bi-dun-i  muldhaza-yi  hharj  (re- 
gardless of  expense — ). 

Regency,  hukumat-i  'ivazi  (vulg.) ;  hukumat-i 
niydbiyya. 

Regent,  ridHb^'' s-saltana  (also  a  title). 

Regiment,  faioj,  pi.  afvdj  (a  vague  term); 
fawj  (800  sarbdz  under  1  Sartip,  1  Sarh- 
ang,  2  Ydvar,  8  Sultan,^  18  Ndyib,  40 
Vakil  and  32  Sarjuqa  or  Dah-bdshi;  there 


1  Or  har  qadr. 

2  These  ranks  do  not  correspond  with  English  military  rtmks.     '  Captain '   for  instance  cannot  be 
translated  by  Sultjdn,  for  the  latter  gets  the  pay  of  a  domestic  servant  and  is  not  a  commissioned  officer. 


Reg 


271 


Rel 


are  8  companies  or  daata,  in  each  of  which 
there  are  in  addition  three  tabbdl  and 
three  ahayfur-chi ;  the  band  daata-yi 
muzigan-ch%  is  not  included  in  the  regi- 
ment) ;  fatoj-ash  bi-Hilla  (or  Babil)  rafta 
ast  (his  regiment  has  gone  to  Babylon). 

Region,  iqHin,  pi.  aqaUm. 

Register,  daftar,  pi.  dafatir ;  kitdbcha. 

Register,  to,  sifdrishi  kardan  (a  letter  by 
post) :  sabt  k. ;  darj  k.  (to  enter  in  a  regis- 
ter). 

Registered,  sifdrishi  (of  letter). 

Regret,  to,  nddim  sh.  (repent  of  deeds  or 
sins) ;  afsus  khurdan ;  and  ia^assuf  khur- 
dan  (also  to  feel  pity) ;  hasrat  hurdan  (for 
deeds,  or  things  lost,  etc.) ;  pashimdn-am 
ki  nasihat-i  shumd  rd  qahul  na-kardam; 
or  pashimdn-am  ki  *  chird  nasihat-i  shurnd 
rd  qahul  na-kardam  ? ';  dastri  ta^assuf  bi-sar 
zadan. 

Regret,  dil-nigardni  or  dil-vdpasi  (regret, 
looking  back) ;  naddmat  (repentance) ; 
hasrat  (stronger  than  afsus);  in  *uqda 
dkhir  dar  dil-am  mdnd  (this  regret  re- 
mained in  my  mind). 

Regretting,  hayf-kundn;  muta^assif. 

Regular,  munazzam  va  murattab ;  'asdkir-i 
nizdmiyya  (regular  troops) ;  Turk-i  hisdbi 
ahudam  (I  became  in  appearance  a  regular 
Turk) ;  ahaytdnak-i  tamdm  ast  (he's  a 
regular  little  devil);  adlim;  or  qiydai 
(gram.).  [kunad. 

Regularity,   in  kdr  bi-inti^idm  piah-raft  mi- 

Regularly,  iatimrdr^*,  or  bar  aabil-i  istimrdr 
(every  day ;  regularly) ;  bd  qd'  ida  (accord- 
ing to  rule;  also  of  the  working  of  the 
bowels). 

Regulated,  in  amur  intizfl,m  Idzim  ddrad: 
munazzam;  murattab. 

Regulation,  qdnun,  pi.  qavdnin  (law) :  qd'ida 
pi.  qavd'id  (custom);  dyin;  nizJdm-ndma 
(army  regulations) ;  kitdb-i  qdnun-i  tiligrdj 
(telegraphic  regulations). 

Regulator,  auzan-i  tund  u  kund  (of  watch). 

Rehearsal,  maahq  {k,)  (practice) ;  takrdr  (k.) 
(repetition  of  words  or  deeds). 

Reign,  pddiahdhi  (k.) ;  aaltariat  {k.) ;  dar 
*ahd  (or  ayydm)-i  aaltanat-i  Fuldn  (during 
the  reign  of  So-and-so) ;  jahl  (fkalaba  ddrad 
(ignorance  reigns  supreme). 


Rein,dflM^»  ;iio(valg.);  'indn;  zimdm;  jUo; 
jilav-i  khaydl  rd  vil  kardan  (to  give  rein 
to  one's  fancy);  bi-nafa-i  ammdra  'indn 
dad  (he  gave  the  rein  to  his  passions) ; 
flwp  rd  jilo  kaahid  (he  reined  up  his  hone). 

Reinforcements,  kumak;  imddd:  quahikn-i 
tdza  ;  hazdr  nafar  kumaki  raeidand. 

Reiterate,  Reiteration,  bi-takrdr  guftan; 
takrdr  kardan;  i'dda  kardan. 

Reject,  to,  radd  kardan;  puahl-i  pd  zadan; 
inkar  k.  (deny). 

Rejected,  bind  bi-qawUi  'tUamd-yi  ma  ahl-i 
^lama  mardud-i  Khudd  haatand  (accord- 
ing to  our  learned  men,  officials  are  re- 
jected of  God). 

Rejoice,  to,  Rejoicing,  khuah-hdl  ah.  and 
khuah-hdR  k.;  az  didan-  (or  cRddr)-i  u 
khu^hnud  mi-shavam;  chundn  maah'uf 
ahud  ki  magu  (or  morpura)  (she  was  re- 
joiced beyond  expression) ; — va  dar  ahahr 
dn  qadr  khv^hi  bud  ki  dar  khdna-yi  har  kas 
ruz  ruz-i  'Id '  bud  va  ahab  ahab-i  Bardt}— 
Prof.  S.  T.  (such  was  the  rejoicing  in  the 
city  that  every  day  was  hke  the  'Id  and 
every  night  like  the  Night  of  Respite). 
Vide  Festival,  Celebration,  Jollification. 

Rejoin,  bdz  payvaatan;  javdb—  or  pdsn^ 
dddan  (to  answer) :  ahumd  jilo  bi-yuftid 
man  mi-rasam  (go  on  ahead,  I'll  rejoin 
you  in  a  minute). 

Rejoinder,  radd-i  javdb  (rehg.  or  leg.).  Vide 
Repartee. 

Re-juvenescence,  tajdidri  ahahdb. 

Relapse,  maraz  'awd  karda  (med. ;  vide  Re- 
crudescence) ;  maraz-ash  bdz-gaaht  kard ; 
bi-tariq-i  avval-ash  bar  gaahta  (he's  gone 
back  to  his  old  ways) 

Relate,  auraUi  hdl  rd  taqrir  kard  (he  related 
what  happened) ;  dvardan ;  naql  k. ; 
baydn  k. ;  guftan:  rdji'  bi-ahumd  aat  = 
ta'alluq  bi-shumd  ddrad.     Vide  Refer. 

Related,  manaub  (gen.  by  marriage ;  distantly 
related  or  connected) ;  bd  man  khwiah  oat 
(he  is  a  relation) ;  mard  bdyad  payvasta  az 
khamr  u  zamr  va  dnchi  muahdbih-i^  dn 
bdahad  mujtanib  vamtJhtarizbdahad. — Prof. 
S.  T.  (one  ought  ever  to  shun  wine,  music 
and  its  kindred^  things). 

Relation,  rivdyat  (k.)  (often  in  a  religous 
sense) ;  baydn  (k.) ;  qiaaa  guftan,  or  hi^yai 


1  i.e.,  the  'id»'i  fifj-  or  the  Festival  of  Breaking  the  Fast  (called  also  the  •  Elinor  Festival  '  and  tho 
*  Feast  of  Alms  ');  it  commences  on  the  termination  of  Ramazfin,  the  month  of  fasting. 

2  Shab-i  Bar  at  is  on  the  14th  night  of  the  month  of  Sha'l^n  ;  on  it  are  recorded  the  names  of  those 
who  are  to  die  and  be  bom  in  the  coming  year.     This  night  is  often  confused  with  Shab-i  Qadr. 

8  Wine,  music,  and  dancing.     In  classical  Persian  tnuriaaib  could  be  substituted  for  mtiahabih. 


Rel 


272 


Rem 


k.  (of  story,  tale) ;  sar  u  Mr  dashtan  and 
murdvada  (or  rdbita)  dashtan  bd — (to  have 
relations  with) ;  mundsdbdt-i  diplumdiik 
(diplomatic  relations) ;  qat'-i  murdvada 
(suspension  oi:  relations):  khwlshdvand ; 
qardbat-ddr  (kindred) ;  sila-yi  rahim  rd 
qaV  kard  (he  has  cut  himself  off  from  his 
relations) ;  bi-kas  ast  khmsh  u  qawm-i  na- 
ddrad  (she  has  no  relations) ;  hich  kas  rd 
na-ddsht  (he  had  no  kindred  or  friends) ; 
nazdikdn  (relations) ;  mansub  (sp.  by 
marriage.     Vide  Relation,  Connection). 

Relationship,  qardbat;  and  hhwishi;  nisbat 
(sp.  by  marriage;  but  bd  u  nisbat-i  bard- 
dari  (^ram  =  either  "  he  is  my  brother," 
or  "  he  is  my  brother-in-law  "). 

Relax,  Unat  dddan;  or  mi' da  rd  narm  k.  (of 
the  bowels) ;  sust  k. ;  shul  k.  (of  rope ; 
the  muscles,  etc.). 

Relator,  rdm  ;  hdkt 

Relay,  chdpdr  guzdshtan  (to  lay  relays  of 
horses). 

Release,  to,  rihn^i  dddan ;  khalds  k,  or  khaldsi 
dddan ;  rihdnidan  (caus.) ;  najdt  d.  (to 
save  the  life  of — ) ;  dzdd  k.  (a  slave,  pri- 
soner, etc.) ;  bari'*^ z-zimma  k.  (from  res- 
ponsibility) ;  az  da'va  (or  haqq)  dast  kasM- 
dan  (to  give  up  claim  to). 

Relent,  to,  bar  sar-i  rakm  dmadan ;  narm 
shudan. 

Reliable,  mu'tamad;  muvassaq;  qdbil-i  i'ti- 
mad. 

Reliance,  i'tibdr  {k.) ;  i'timdd  (k.) ;  vusuq 
[ddshtan] ;  tavakkul  {k.  or  d.)  (on  Provi- 
dence); bdvar  {k.)  (on  a  person's  word). 
Vide  Relying. 

Relic,  tarikdt  u  mulabarrakdt  (relics;  also 
sacred  heirlooms  such  as  Qur*ans,  etc.) ; 
tarikdt-i  ambiyd^  u  awliyd^:  yddgdr  (any- 
thing in  remembrance). 

Relied  (upon),  mu'tabar;  mu'tamad;  maw- 
suq;  urd  mahram  naml-dRnam  (I  don't 
rely  on  him  to  keep  a  secret) ;  bind  bar 
qawl-i  shuma  in  kdr  rd  kardam  (relying  on 
your  word  I  acted  thus).     Vide  Relying. 

Relief,  fardghat  (from  duty) ;  takhjif  or 
tasllm  or  drdml  (from  pain) ;  bar-jasta  or 
bar-dmada  az — (in  high  relief);  tuy  khdli 
shuda  or  faru  rafta  (low  relief) ;  kdr-i 
isti'dnali-yi  qaht  (famine  rehef  works); 
i'dna-yi  rd%gdn  (gratuitous  relief).  Vide 
Help. 

Relieve,  fdrigji  kardan  (from  duty) ;  m  davd 


takhfif-i  dard  rd  mi-dihad,  or  dard  rd  sdkit 
mi-kunad.     Vide  To  aid,  etc. 

Religion,  d/in,  pi.  adydn  (of  any  religion) ; 
mxizhab,  pi.  mazdhib  (sect);  muqaddama-yi 
ikhtildf-i  dim  sadd-i  rdh-i  man  dar  an  mulk 
bud  (owing  to  a  difference  of  religion  I  was 
unable  to  travel  in  that  country;  or — 
prevented  me  from  carrying  out  my  pur- 
pose) ;  irmn  (Faith) ;  Islam  (the  Muslim 
religion) ;  millat,  pi.  milal  (as  millat-i  Isldm 
millat-i  Nasdrq,  millat-i  Yahud,  etc.) :  ^ 
ummat  (after  this  word  the  prophet's 
name  must  be  mentioned  as  ummat-i 
Musq) ;  d^n-i  mubln  (the  true  religion , 
i.e.,  Islam) ;  din  qahul  k.  (to  embrace  a 
religion).     Vide  Faith. 

Religious,  d^nl  (vulg.  in  sense  of  pious) ; 
namdzi  (always  praying) ;  dtn-ddr  (ob- 
serves his  religion);  pdband-i  shari'at  (of 
Muslims) ;  bd  imdn  (with  Faith) ;  Khudd- 
tars  (God-fearing) ;  pdrsd  (refraining  from 
sin).     Vide  Pious. 

Relinquish,  vd  guzdr  kardan  (give  up  a 
claim) ;  tark  gujtan  or  — kardan  {vide 
Abandon) :  az  dast  dddan  (ht.  or  met.) ; 
dast  kashidan  az — (met.). 

Relinquishment,  vd-guzdr ;  tark;  dasl-kashi. 

Relish,  khurish  P.,  or  qatuq  T.  (anything 
eaten  with  bread) ;  maza,  or  maza-yi  'araq 
(any  small  things  taken  with  wine,  such 
as  cucumber,  pista,  nuts,  etc.);  zdHqa ; 
or  ta'm;  or  maza  (taste). 

Relish,  to,  maza  burdan  az  -;  lazzat  bar 
dashtan  az  — {to  enjoy;  derive  pleasure 
from) ;  dnchi  guftam  bi-chdk-i  qabd-yash 
na-khurd  (he  did  not  at  all  relish  what  I 
told  him). 

Reluctance,  bi-mayll ;  kardhat  (aversion,  re- 
pugnance). 

Reluctantly,  ibd  kundn  ;  bi-mayldna ;  kashdn 
kashdn;  ikrdh'^^. 

Relying  (upon),  bi-gujta-yi  shumd  takya 
karda,  or  mu'  tamid  bar  qawl-i  shumd  (rely- 
ing on  your  word).     Vide  Relied. 

Remain,  budan;  mdndan;  bdql —  or  pas 
mdndan  (to  remain  over) ;  pas  ujtddan  (to 
lag  behind,  fall  behind) ;  hlch  pul-i  naqd 
bdql  nist;  mutavaqqif  sh.  (to  tarry  in  a 
place) ;  iqdmat  k.  (to  stay  in  a  place  for  a 
short  or  long  time,  for  a  day  or  two  or 
more);  pdyaddr  budan;  or  davdm  ddsh- 
tan; or  pdyidan  (to  last). 

Remainder,  pas  mdnda  (of  food) ;   baqiyya 


1  Millat  has  also  come  to  mean  nation  (q.v.)  as  millafri  Irani,  etc. 


Rem 


273 


Ren 


(the  pi.  baqdyd  is  used  of  money  only); 
ma  baqi ;  or  bdqi :  tatimma  (of  an  ac- 
count):  }idsil-i  tafrlq  (arith. ;  in  subtrac- 
tion). 

Remains,  pas  manda;  or  nim-khipdr  (of 
food) ;  fazia  (gen.  =  excrement) ;  jandza  ; 
or  na'sh  (corpse) ;  dsdr-i  qadima  (old  ruins, 
etc.). 

Remand,  bard-yi  Islintdq  mawquf  ddshtan 
(for  trial). 

Remark,  guftdr ;  suhhun;  nukta;  matlab,  pi. 
maialib ;  mulahaza,  pi.  muldhazdt. 

Remark,  to,  multafit —  or  mutavajjih  shudan 
(notice).     Vide  to  Say. 

Remarkable,  qdbil-i  ta'ammul  or  — j/Aaun- ; 
qdbil-i  tavajjuh  (of  sayings) ;  qdbil-i  didan : 
*ajib.     Fiie  Celebrated,  etc. ;  and  Cow. 

Remedy,  chdra;  and  'ildj  (gen.);  vide  Medi- 
cine; islMh  (correction,  improvement); 
hdld  kdr  az  kdr  guzashta  a^t,  or  db  az  sar 
guzashta  ast  (the  matter  is  now  beyond 
remedy) ;  hlch  tadblr-i  in  bi-nazar-am  na- 
ydmad  (1  could  think  of  no  remedy). 

Remember,  ydd  ddshtan  or  k  ;  bi-ydd  dvar- 
dan ;  tnutazakkir  shudan ;  bi  khdtir  budan. 
Vide  Recollect,  Recognize. 

Remembrance,  yddrdvarl;  yddgdr  or  yddgdrt 
(souvenir). 

Remind,  to,  ydd-dvan  kardan  :  {ydd  dddan 
"to  teach"];  fardd  bi-khdtir-am  bi-ydr 
ki —  (remind  me  to-morrow  to — );  bi-raw 
suk-ash  bi-zan  (go  and  jog  his  memory). 

Remiss,  mtisdmaha  k.  (to  be  — ) ;  sustl  k. 

Remission,  dmurzish  (of  sin  only);  'afv;  or 
mu'dfi  (gen.;  pardon,  q.v.);  bakhshidan 
(of  debt,  sins,  etc.):  'afv  (of  taxas,  etc. 
by  sovereign) ;  yjmfrdn ;  or  maghfarat  (of 
sins,  by  God). 

Remissness, '  adam-i  tavajjuh ;  tasdhul ;  saM- 
angdri. 

Remit,  dmurzidan  (of  sins) ;  'afv  k.  (gen. 
pardon);  bakhshidan  (gen.);  bakhshidan 
(of  taxes,  etc.).     Vide  To  send. 

Remittance,  amdnat  (of  money ;  also  a  par- 
cel) ;  sad  rupiya  amdnat  bi-u  firistddam. 

Remnant,  baqiyyati  (vulg. ,  of  cloth  only); 
baqiyya  (gen.;  remainder,  q.v.). 

Remonstrance,  mu  draza —  or  ta'arruz  (k.) 
(opposition,   in  words) ;    muqdvamat   {k.) 
(opposition,  gen.). 
Remorse,   tjAttssa ;    naddmat    (also    regret) ; 

nais-ash  bisydr  urd  tawbikh  kard. 
Remorselessly,  bi-rahtndnu;  bi-muhdbd. 


Remote,  dUr ;  ba'id;  dar  aqsq  bilddri  Chin 
(in  the  remote  parts  of  China). 

Removable,  qdbil-i  harakat ;  intiqdl-pazir  ; 
biriin  dvardani:  bar-ddshtani. 

Removal,  'azl;  or  khal'  (from  office);  naql. 

Remove,  to,  u  naqUi  maledn  karda  ast  (to  a 
short  distance  outside  the  gate '  previous 
to  the  actual  <>tart  on  a  journey ;  made  at 
a  lucky  moment  fixed  by  the  astrologers; 
also  changing  house);  raftan;  az  dnjd  jay- 
kan  shuda  (he  has  removed  from  there)  ; 
dap  k. ;  or  dur  k. ;  or  bar-ddshtan :  tab'id 
k.  (to  remove,  or  to  transfer  an  official  to 
a  distant  station  as  a  punishment). 

Remuneration,  pdddsh  (dddan  it.,  and  k. 
intr.)  (sen.);  ujrat  (d.)  (in  money); 
haqq'*' z-zahm/it  and  haqq*^8sa'i  (d.)  (fees, 
q.v.) ;  haqq'*' l-qadam  (d.)  (for  carrying  a 
message;  a  doctor's  fees  for  his  coming, 
etc.);  haqq*^l-qalam{d.)  (for  a  mirzd,  etc.) ; 
haqq^H-kaidm  (d.)  (for  lawyer,  pleader, 
etc.);  haqq'*^ s-sukut  (d.)  (hush  money). 
Vide  Fee,  Money,  Wage. 

Remunerative,  mitzd-dvar ;  mufid;  ndfi\ 

Rend,  to,  pdra  k.  (tear  of  cloth) ;  shihdftan 
(to  cleave);  pdra  pdra  k.  (rend  in  pieces; 
of  a  lion,  etc.);  chdk  k.  (of  cloth;  also  to 
slit  open). 

Render,  taslim  kardan  (gen.) ;  hisdb  dddan 
(render  an  account). 

Rendezvous,  miqdt  (of  time) ;  mi'dd  (either 
place  of  or  time  of — ) ;  mi'dd-gdh.  Vide 
Assignation. 

Renegade,  mwr/add  (relig.  only).  Vide  Deser- 
ter. 

Renew,  to,  tdza  k. ;  az  sar-i  naw  k.  ;  kd^az-i 
kirdya-yi  In  khana  rd  mi-khwdham  tajdid 
kunam;  naw  kuhna  k.  (i.e.  to  give  a  new 
one  and  take  back  the  old  one;  also  to 
engage  new  and  dismiss  old  servants). 

Renewal,  tajdid. 

Renewed,  mujaddad. 

Renewer,  tajdid-kunanda. 

Rennet,  mdst-mdya  (for  making  mast  or 
curds) ;  panir-mdya  (for  making  cheese). 

Renounce,  inkdr  k. ;  radd  k.  (reject) ;  irtiddd 
az— kardan  (of  a  religion) ;  tark  k.  or 
guftan  az  (to  abandon,  q.v.);  qat'-i  'ildqa 
namudan;  dast  kashidan  az — ;  qat'-i  rahim 
k  (to  break  off  all  connection  with  one's 
relations). 
Renown,  7idm ;  or  nik-ndmi  (good  renown) ; 
dvdza ;  or  shuhrat  (spec,  good) ;  dvdza-yi 


35 


1  This  gives  servants  cm  opportunity  to  return  (or  many  a  forgotten  article. 


Ren 


274 


Rep 


u  dar  luti-gari  imruzhd  hisyar  ast.      Vide 
Notorious. 

Renowned,  mosA-Mr;  shuhrat-yafta ;  ma'ruf 
(gen. ;  but  spec,  for  good) ;  nam-var  (good 
only) ;  angusht-numd  (spec,  for  bad). 

Rent,  chdk  (a  tear);  kiraya  (rent  of  house, 
hii'e  of  carriage,  etc.) ;  ijara  (rent  of  land) ; 
ijara  dddan  (to  lease  or  farm  out,  land  or 
anything) ;  in  khdna  mdh-%  chand  kiraya 
ddrad? 

Rent,  to,  chdk  shudan  (to  be  torn  vide 
Rend) ;  bi-kirdya  dddan  (and  giriftan) ; 
ajir  k.  (to  hire  labourers,  etc.).  Vide 
Hire. 

Rented,  bi-kirdya  ddda  shuda  (and  — girifta 
shvda) . 

Renter,  kirdya-gir. 

Renunciation,  vide  Renounce;  qaV-i  'ildqa 
(k.) ;  tark  {k.) 

Repair,  to,  durust  k.  or  tarmim  k.  (gen.). 
Vide  Dam  and  Patch. 

Repairing,  marammat  (k.)  (rare;  common  in 
India);  ta'mir  (k.) ;  isldh  {k.)  (of  clothes 
or  of  small  articles;  also  correction  of 
writings,  etc.,  and  in  m.c.  to  cook  or  pre- 
pare meat  well):  vasla  (patch);  tarmim 
(k.)  (of  small  articles). 

Repairs,  ta'mirdt  (of  buildings) :  isldhdt  (of 
clothes,  etc.). 

Reparation,  taldfi  (of  loss  ;  conduct) ;  jabr-i 
nuqsdn;  and  taddruk-i  nuqsdn  (of  loss). 

Repartee,  hdzir-javdbi  (k.).  Vide  Ready, 
Ready-witted. 

Repay,  to,  davist  rupiya  du-ruza  biqarz-i 
man  mi-dihid?  yaqin*^"  ba'd  az  du  ruz  bi- 
shumu  pas  mi-diham  or  bar  mi-garddnam. 

Repayable,  add  shudani  (capable  of  being 
paid) ;  bd  qist  add  shvdam  ast  ( — by  in- 
stalments). 

Repeal,  nasMi  k.     Vide  Cancel,  Annul. 

Repealed,  munsiikh  (k.). 

Repeat,  mukarrar  k.  (of  deed  or  speech) ; 
takrdr  k.  (of  speech  or  deed) ;  dnchi  pish 
az  in  guftam  hdld  mukarrar  mi-kunam ;  in 
kalimdt  rd  az  'aqab-i  man  bi-gu  (repeat 
these  words  after  me) ;  dars-i  khud  rd 
i^dda  bi-kun,  or  vulg. — pas  bi-dih. 

Repeatedly,  bar  bar;   kardr'^^ ;  mukarrar^"; 
pay  dar  pay  (one  after  another  in  quick 
succession).     Vide  Often. 
Repel,  daf —  or  muddfa'a  k. ;  dur  k. 
Repelling,  ddfi'. 
Repent,  to,  pashimdn  sh.  (of  an  act);    guh 


khurdan  ('  to  eat  dirt,'   and  met.,  as  an 
exclamation,  '  to  repent ').     Vide  Regret. 

Repentance,  pashimdni  (k.)  (for  an  act) ; 
tawba  {k.)  (from  sin) ;  'dqibat  tawba-yi  md 
bi-jdHda  khwdhad  shud  (or  khwdhad  bud) ; 
naddmat  (from  sin;  also  regret  for  an 
action). 

Repentant,  td^ib ;  or  tawba-kdr  (of  sins) ; 
pashimdn  (be  sorry,  regret) ;  nddim  u 
pashimdn  (ditto) ;  agar  bar  hasab-i  nasihat-i 
ishdn  'amal  mi-kardam  pashimdn  rni- 
shudam. 

Repetition,  dnchi  qabl  az  in  gufta  shuda  bud 
in  i'dda-yi '  dn  ast.     Vide  Repeat. 

Replace.     Vide  Compensate. 

Replete,  sir ;  id  bi-gulu  pur ;  sir  id  bi-hvlqum 
(with  food);  mamluv  (full). 

Repletion,  puri ;  and  siri  (satiety) ;  imtild 
(repletion) ;  imtild-yi  dam  or  ziyddati-yi 
khun  (repletion  of  blood). 

Reply,  suvalri  mard  chi  javdb  mi-dihid  ? 

Report,  rdport  (Eur.) ;  rdport-i  rasmi  (official 
report) ;  hdldt  (account) ;  afvdh ;  or  khabar 
(rumour,  q.v.) :  sadd  (of  a  gun). 

Report,  to,  vdqi'dt  rd  ma' ruz  ddshtan;  ittild' 
dudan  (inform) ;  man  bi-fuldn  dcjhd  az  in 
amr  akhbdr  dddam ;  sadd-yi  tujang  (report 
of  fire-arms) ;  vd-rasi  bi-'ardHz  {k.)  (hear- 
ing reports).     Vide  Rumour. 

Reported,  chunin  dar  afvdh  uftdda  ast,  or 
hamchu  mi-guyand  ki  (it  is  reported  that) ; 
zir-db-i  urd  zadand  (he  was  secretly 
reported) ;  dnchi  dar  afvdh  ddsht  in  ast  ki — 
(rumour  says  that — ) . 

Reporter,  ittild' -dih  (informant) ;  vaqdi'- 
nigdr ;  or  mukhbir  or  khabar-nigdr  (of 
newspaper). 

Repose,  rdhat;  istirdhat;  dsdyish  (of  mind) ; 
dram  (of  movement  or  of  mind). 

Reprehensible,  sazdvdr-i  wMdmat;  Idyiq-i 
sarzanish  or  tawbikh. 

Represent,  to, izhdr  k. ;  or  'arz  k.  (by  words); 
man  surat-i  hdl  rd  bi-u  bdz  Mwdham  namud 
(orally  or  in  writing) ;  zan  gurikht  va  ahvdl-i 
khud-ash  rd  pish-i  Qdzi  va  namud — Prof. 
S.T. ;  vakil  sh.  (as  an  attorney,  legally, 
etc.) ;  taqdim  k. ;  or  pish  k.  (put  forward 
a  case). 
Representation,  'arz  {k.)  (oral) ;  'ariza  (writ- 
ten ;  vide  Petition) ;  shabih  or  taqlid  (dar 
dvardan)  (dram.) ;  vakdlatovniydbati^BxWar- 
mentary,  etc.).  Vide  Assembly. 
Representative,     vide    Authority;     Numdy- 


^  ic>^\i  but  »^Lc  'iyada  "visiting  the  sick." 


Rep 


27ft 


Res 


anda-yi  Dawlat-i  IngUa  (the  English  Repre- 
sentative). 

Reprieve,  vaqt —  oi  inuhlat  dadan. 

Reprimand,  aarzanish  (k.) ;  tawhikh  (k.) ; 
gush-mnlx  {k.  or  d. ;  in  words  or  deeds) ; 
mu^akhaza  (k.)  (prop,  to  call  to  account). 

Reprint,  to6*-i  sdn%. 

Reprisal,  qisda;  akhz-i  intiqam. 

Reproach,  ta'na  zadan  (to  taunt) ;  bas-i 
kasdn  bar  kirddr-i  u  maldmat  kardand; 
pidar  pisar  rd  az  'adam-i  mahabbat  shikd- 
yat  kard  (the  father  reproached  his  son 
for  want  of  affection). 

Reprobate,  mardud;  mal'un. 

Reprobate,  to,  radd-i  bd  ikrdh  k. 

Reproduce,  to,  baqd-yi  nasi  k.  (one's  species). 
Vide  To  copy. 

Reproof,  mu'djchaza  (caUing  to  account); 
maldmat;  harakat-i  shdn  mustawjib-i  sar- 
zanish  ast. 

Reproved,  u  bar  tshdn  bang  zad  (he  shouted 
out  in  anger  to  them). 

Reprover,  sarzanish-kun ;  muldm/U-gu. 

Reptile,  khazanda;  hasharat  (sing,  not  used), 
pi.  hasharat  (any  crawling  things). 

Republic,  jumhur;  dawlat-i  jurnhuri.  Vide 
Public. 

Repudiate,  radd  k. ;  inkdr  k. 

Repugnance,  nafrat;  and  tanaffur;  kardhat 
(dislike  to  do  a  thing;  not  so  strong  as 
najrai). 

Repugnant,  mukhdlif-i  iabi'at ;  mundqiz  (op- 
posed to) ;  mundfi  (ditto ;  at  variance 
with). 

Repulse,  dur  k. ;  daf  k. 

Repulsed,  mundafi'.     Vide  Defeat. 

Repulsion,  daf.     Vide  Repugnance,  etc. 

Repulsive,  moArM^  ;  nafrat-angtz ;  'ajabsurat-i 
munkar-%  ddrad. 

Reputable,  mu'tabar;  muhtaram. 

Reputation,  nam ;  dbru ;  ndmus ;  iuim-% 
ntkii  ddrad;  yd  iam-i  khvd-am  rd  gum 
ml-kunam  yd  an  kdr  rd  mi-kunam  (I'll  do 
it  or  lose  my  good  name ;  vide  Name) ; 
hatk-i  dbru  k.  (to  injure  a  person's  reputa- 
tion). 

Repute,  %'tibdr,  q.v.;  vide  Reputation;  nik- 
ndm  adj.  (of  good  repute);  badndm,  adj. 
(of  ill  repute) ;  Khiidd  na-khwdsta  bad- 
ndmi  h^l  mi-shavad^ — Prof.  S.T.  (God 
forbid  that  we  should  fall  into  ill  repute 
over  this). 

Request,  kkwdhish  {k.);  istid'a  (k.);  chi  dar- 


khwaaPi  hardand?;  man  faqat  talib-i  In 
yak  '  indyat-i  ahumd  haatam ;  in  k^iffananda 
khayli  matlub  oat  (this  singer'  is  in  great 
request) ;  'arz-i  mukhtaaar-i  ddram  (I  have 
a  small  request). 

Require,  to,  khwdatan,  rt.  khipdh;  Idiim 
ddshtan  (to  need). 

Required,  maUub  (desired) ;  bi-qadt-i  luzum 
(as  much  as  required). 

Requisite,  Idzim;  dar-kdr  (adj  );  Idzima  pi. 
lavdzim  suha.  (—things);  'umda-yi  mat  fab 
(the  first  requisite). 

Requital,  jazd  (d.) ;  mukdfdt  (k.  or  d.) : 
mujdzdt  (k.)  (gen.) ;  kayfar  (raaanidan) 
(for  faults  and  crimes  only) . 

Rescue,  az  khatar  rihdnldan  or  -"Txha^-l 
dddan;  najdt  d.  (from  danger);  I^alda  k. 
(from  captivity). 

Rescuer,  khalds-kunanda  ;  najdudihanda. 

Research,  ta'ammitq  (k.);  tadqlq  (k.);  tahqiq 
(k). 

Resemblance,  muahdkalat ;  muahabahat ; 
shabdhat;  mumdaalat. 

Resemble,  to,  mdndan;  mial  budan;  m,iil-i 
ham  budan ;  In  du  td  bi-yak  digar  ahabih- 
and  or  mushdbahat  ddrand. 

Resent,  to,  bad  ddnistan;  dnchi  guftam  az- 
an  bad-aah  dmad;  aioqdt  tcdkhi  kard  (get 
annoyed). 

Resentment,  vide  Anger,  Malice,  etc. 

Reserve,  ikhfd;  bl-aar-i  hisdb  or  b%  hama 
chtz  (without  any  reserve,  openly) :  radif 
(mil.) ;  aarmdya-yi  ihtiydtl  (reserve  fund). 

Reserve,  to,  az  piah  giriftan  (a  railway 
carriage;  seats  at  a  theatre,  etc.);  qurvq 
k.  (lit.  to  forbid ;  to  reserve  a  garden  for 
Iskdies ;  to  reserve  the  hammdm  for  private 
use) ;  si  nuskha  az  taHifdti  MiM^t  tan 
bard-yi  man  nigdh  ddrid;  dar  daat^i  khud 
nigdh  ddshtan  (to  keep  in  reserve). 

Reserved,  mukhtass  (kept  specially  for); 
mayisus  (ditto) ;  sard  (one  who  does  not 
mix  with  people,  aloof) ;  mard-i  ^idmuah-i 
ast. 

Reservoir,  db-ambdr ;  birka  and  tdldb  (due 
in  ground);  hawz  (made  of  masonry  I . 
Vide  Tank,  Pool.  ' 

Resht,  Rasht. 

Reside,  mdndan;  suknq  ddshtan;  sdkin 
budan;  sukunat  ddshtan  (in  town,  country, 
quarter,  house) ;  hdld  si-adl  ast  dar  in 
shahr  mujavir-am  (or  Jiaatam) ;  niahastaii 
(for  residing  in  a  house  or  quarter;  not 


1  Or  norkunad — hasil  hi-ahaxjod. 


*  Generally  professionaL 


Res 


276 


Res 


a  city) ;  kuja  iqamat  dart  (where  are  you 
putting  up  or  staying?) — Vide  Remain, 
Tarry. 

Residence,  vide  House;  dyd  in  manzil-i 
shumd  ast  ? 

Resident,  sdkin,  pi.  sakana  and  sdkinin 
(gen.) ;  hdshinda  (of  a  country'  or  town, 
but  not  of  a  quarter) . 

Residuary,  vdrisdn-i  bdqt-khivdr  (residuary 
legatees). 

Residue,  pas-mdnda ;  md  baqi ;  bdqi ;  baqiyya. 

Resignation,  rizd;  or  sabr ;  or  tdhammul 
(under  misfortune) :  u  az  mansah-i  sdbiq-i 
khud  isti'fd^  karda  ast  or  — dast  bar  dashta 
ast  (Ijut  ma'zul  shuda  ast  =  he  has  been 
dismissed) ;  agar  ^am-%  hddis  shavad  ki 
'ildj-ash  blrun  az  tadbir  bdshad  pas  mund- 
sib  ast  ki  taslim  bdskim^ — Prof.  S.T.  (if  a 
grief  without  remedy  come  on  one,  it  is 
fitting  to  endure  it  with  resignation) ,  rizd 
bi-qazd-yi  Ildhi 

Resist,  to,  muqdvamat  k. ;  istddagi  kardan 
dar  bardbar-i — ;  iddi'n^-i  urd  radd  narm- 
tavdnid  kard  {vide  Reject) ;  hamla-yi  urd 
naml-tavdnam  tab  bi-ydram ;  jilaw  giriftan 
(to  oppose). 

Resistance,  dushman  bidun-i  muqdbala  gu- 
rlkht. 

Resolute,  musammim  ;  {vide  Effort) ;  ishdn 
bar  irdda-yi  khud  bdql  (or  mustaqim  or 
sdbit)  and. 

Resolution,  qardr  (of  meeting) ;  tasmim-i 
'■azm  {k.)  and  'azm-i  musammam  (k.)  (fixed 
purpose) ;  bard-yi  in  kdr  himmat-i  buland 
Idzim  ast;  sabdt-i  qadam;  tajziya  (cliemi- 
cal). 

Resolve,  to,  tasmim  k. ;  'azm-i  jazm  n. ; 
qasdi  qat'i  k. 

Resolved,  musammam ;  muqarrar  shuda  dnki 
(resolved  that — ) ;  ra^y-i  majlis  bar  In 
qardr  yd  ft  ki — . 

Resort,  tafarruj-gdh  (for  pleasure;  vide 
Public) ;  ziydrat-gdh  (of  pilgrims ;  also 
apphed  to  visiting  Tihran  or  the  Shah) ; 
mahall-i  ruju' ;  or  marja' ;  or  mahall-i 
majma' ;  sar-i  dam ;  or  sar-i  dakka  (a 
secret  place  of  meeting:  of  blackguards, 
etc.) ;  Hldj-i  dkhiri  (a  last  resort).  Vide 
Recreation. 

Pesource,  tadbir;  'ildj ;  chdra ;  zari'a. 

Resources,  quvvat;  istitd'at  (pecuniary 
means). 


Respect,  ihtirdm  k. ;  muhtaram  ddshtan ; 
ikrdm  k. ,  girdmi  ddshtan ;  dnchi  mi-guyad 
bar  dn  khayli  i'  tibdr  mi-kunam. 

Respectable,  mu'tabar  (trustworthy) ;  zdhir- 
drdsta  (of  respectable  appearance) ;  najib 
(of  servants,  etc.);  \bi-sar  u  pa,  or  vulg. 
dala  (not  respectable)] 

Respected,  har  jd  mi-ravad  'izzat  va  hurmat 
mi-binad;  kuza-ash  khayli  db  mi-girad^ 
(he  is  thought  a  lot  of ;  =  pish-i  mardum 
sh^dn  ddrad) ;  'urza  na-ddrad  (he  is  not 
respected  =  kuldh-ash  pashm  na-ddrad) . 

Respectful,  mu^addab  (of  servants,  children); 
ihtirdm-kun  (vulg.) ;  muti'  (obedient) ;  bd 
tavdzu'  (polite  and  civil). 

Respecting,  dar  bdra-yi — ;  dar  bdb-i — ;  min 
hdb-i — ;  dar  khusus-i — . 

Respects,  to  pay,  saldm —  or  ikhlds  {rasdni' 
dan) ;  [du'd  for  subordinates  or  children]. 

Respiration,  tanaffus  {k.) ;  dldt-i  tanaffus^ 
(organs  of — ). 

Respiratory,  tanaffusi. 

Respite,  muhlat  (dddan). 

Resplendence,  nurdniyyat  (of  sun,  the  Shah 
and  saints) ;  tdbish  (of  sun  only) ;  tala*lu^ 
(of  jewels);  darakhshandagi  (of  jewels, 
sun,  stars,  or  metals). 

Resplendent,  darakhshdn  u  nur-pdshan; 
barrdq. 

Resplendently,  bd  nur ;  bd  kamdl-i  rakhshan- 
dagi. 

Respond,  vide  Answer. 

Response,  javdb  {d.)  (answer;  also  responses 
of  Sunnis  in  mosques  at  the  Mawiiid,  and 
of  Shi'ahs  during  the  Nawha-khwdni) . 

Responsibility,  mas^uliyyat;  iltizdm;  kafalat 
u  iddra-yi  umur  bd  ust  (he  is  responsible 
for  the  internal  government). 

Responsible  for,  mas^ul;  zimma-ddr;  bi- 
zimnia-yi  ust  (he  is  responsible  for  this) ; 
javdb-i  in  mailab  bd  man  (I'll  be  res- 
ponsible) ;  mula'ahhid  (sh.) ;  'uhda  bard 
shudan. 

Rest,  sd^ir  (also  the  whole) ;  vide  Remain- 
der: sukun;  drdm  (also  adj.;  opp.  to 
movement);  drdm  [k.) ,  drdmi  {k.) ;  rdhat 
(k.) ;  dsdyish  {k.) ;  dsudagi  (k.) :  takya 
(support) ;  du  shdkha  (fork  or  rest  for  a 
gun). 

Rest,  to,  rahat  shudan;  bd  istirdhat  ast  (he's 
at  rest);  di-shab  chashm-am  bi-ham  na- 
rasid    {vu\g.)=hich     hhwdb-am     na-burd; 


1  Vulgar  for  tasRm  ahavim. 

2  In  nma'ala  khayli  ah  ml-girad  "  this  is  a  matter  requiring  much  thought,  deliberation. 


Res 


277 


Ret 


aram  k. ,  intr. ,  and  — dddan ,  tr. ;  khwabanx- 
dan {to  lull  to  sleep;  to  make  to  lie  down, 
etc.);  takj/a dadan ,  tr.  (to  lean  on;  — zadan 
intr.  (to  lean  against) ;  qardr  giriftan  (to 
stay  still ;  stay  in  one  place) ;  khdmush  ah. 
(of  volcano) ;  ikhiiyar  ha  shumd  (it  rests 
with  you). 

Restaurant,  dukdn-i  ash-pan:  qahva-khdna 
(coffee-shop) . 

Resting-place,  dram-gdh  (in  house) ;  takya- 
gdh  (place  of  resting  a  thing;  fulcrum); 
manzd  (house)  but  pi.  mandzil  (stages) ; 
nishiman  (lodging). 

Restitution,  radd-i  mazdlim  (d.)  (equivalent 
for  loss,  or  injury) ;  taldfi  (k.  or  d.)  (com- 
pensation) ;  istirddd  {k.)  (giving  back). 

Restive,  sar-kash  (headstrong) ;  hi-drdm 
(restless)  (rare),  (refusing  to  move) ;  6»- 
tdqati  k.  (to  he  restive;  of  horses  or 
people) . 

Restless,  bi-drdm ;  hi-tdb  :  bl-qardr ;  muztarih 
(of  mind) ;  asp  b%-tdbi  ml-kard,  jawldn 
mi-zad  (the  horse  was  restless  and  began 
to  plunge) :  zan  az  gham  b%-tfiqat  asi;  na'l 
dar  dtash  anddkhtan '  (to  make  restless) ; 
bd  iztirdb  khwdbidan  (to  pass  a  restless 
night) ;  bl-khwdbi  kashidan. 

Restlessness,  tac[halld  {k.). 

Restoration,  ia'mlr  (k)  (of  buildings) ;  istir- 
ddd {k. )  (of  property) ;  shifd  {ydftan)  (of 
health) :  ifdqa  {ydftan)  (convalescence) : 
ihyd  (k.)  (to  life) ;  in  faqir  rd  ihyd  bi-kunid 
(m.c.  ="  give  this  poor  man  something"); 
man  ihyd  shuda  am  (you  have  given  me 
new  life  by  your  gift). 

Restorative,  shifd-bakhsh  (to  health;  of 
medicine) ;  muqavm  (a  tonic ;  also  an 
aphrodisiac) ;  ddru-yi  bi-hush-dvar  (for 
fainting;  for  which  the  preparation  lakh- 
lakha  is  presented  to  the  nose). 

Restore,  bdz  (or  pas  or  vdpas)  dddan;  musta- 
radd  sdkhtan ;  har  qadar  ki  giriftam  ziydda 
az  dn  pas  ddda  am.     Vide  Restoration. 

Restrain,  vd —  oi  bdz  ddshtan; — rd  mdni' 
shudan;  jilo  giriftan;  khud-ddn  kardan 
(of  feelings) ;  tdqat  dvardan  (ditto) ; 
khashiriri  khud  rd  zabt  kard.     Vide  Self. 

Restrict,  hadd  qardr  dddan ;  mahdud  sd^tan. 

Restriction,  tahdid  (rare) ;  qayd ;  shart. 


Restricted,  munhasir  {k.) ;  mahdfid  (k.). 

Result,  natija,  pi.  natdHj;  anjdm;  ma^nl ; 
chi  sarnar  bakhshxd  ? ;  az  in  tadbir  mandfi'-i 
ziydd  hdsil  khwdhad  shud ;  natija- yi  mash- 
varat  i  shumd  chi  bud  ("what  was  the 
result  of  your  consultation  ?  "  but  mash- 
iHzrat-i  shumd  chi  natija  bakhshid  "what 
happened  after  carrying  your  decision  into 
effect  ?) ;  har  chi  pdyin  u  bald  gardidam 
hich  na-shud  (with  all  my  endeavours  the 
result  was  nil). 

Result  in,  to,  munjarr  hi — ,  munlaj  hi-  . 

Resume,  az  sar-i  naw  giriftan ;  digar —  or 
'aldva  (="to  resume";  a,\i^  =  hi-ramm 
sar-i  mailab).     Vide  Take  back,  etc. 

Resurrection,  rastakhiz;  qiydmat;  hashr; 
mahshar ;  ruz-i  hisdb ;  riiz-i  jazd.  Vide 
Judgment- Day. 

Resuscitation,  ihyd  {k.). 

Resuscitative,  haydt-bakhsh. 

Retail,  to,  khurda-farushi  k.      Vide  Articles. 

Retain,  nigdh  ddshtan ;  bdz  ddshtan. 

Retaliate,  to,  az  u  kin-i  f^ud  rd  mi-kasJiam. 
Vide  Revenge. 

Retaliation,  gisds  (g.)  (prop,  by  blood;  but 
in  m.c.  often  merely  "  to  take  revenge  ")  ; 
'ivaz  {giriftan).     Vide  Revenge. 

Retention,  nigdh  ddshtan:  zabt  (forcible): 
hahs"^' l-bawl  or  qahz'^^ Ubawl  (of  urine) ; 
imsdk  (of  semen ;  a  peculiar  signification 
in  common  use);  habs-i  dam  k.  (holding 
one's  breath). 

Retentive,  mumsik  (of  money,  etc.) ;  bd 
hdfiza  (of  memory). 

Retinue,  khadam  u  hasham ;  or  muitazimin-i 
rihab ;  or  dast-gdh  (retinue,  baggage  and 
all  belongings) ;  mawkab  (of  Shah  only). 

Retire,  'aqab  nishastan  (of  an  army);  'aqab 
—  or  pas  raftan  (to  draw  back) ;  mihmdr^ 
M  sd'at-i  dah'^  bind  kardand  yak-i  hi-yxk-i 
raftan  =  dar  sd'at-i  dah  majlis  bar-ham 
khurd  u  shikast ;  az  majlis  birun  raftan; 
Shah  bi-khalvat  raft :  az  dunyd  kindr  girifla 
ast ;  az  khidmat  dost  kashidan  or  — biriin 
raftan  ( — from  service).     Vide  Retreat. 

Retirement,  gusha-nishini ;  or  inzivn  guzi- 
dan) ;  'uzlat:  or  khalvat  {guzidan  or  ikhti- 
ydr  k.). 

Retiring,  mahjub  (shy) ;  kinara-kash. 


1  A  tilism  is  written  on  a  horse-shoe  which,  cast  into  the  fire,  makes  a  coy  mistress  long  to  meet 
her  lover. 

•'  The  Persians  count  from  sunset,  which  is  12  o'clock  (at  which  time  the  watch  is  usually  wound), 
till  12  oVlock  in  the  morning.  The  counting  then  is  dah  dnqxqa  az  dasia  guzaahta  (12.  10) :  yak  i>a*(U  az 
doMta  guza8hta=l  o'clock;  but  ya^  au'ati-yi  ruz  (vulg.)  or  az  ruz  guioahta  is  "  one  hour  after  sunrise." 
Daata  is  12  o'clock  (Persian  time)  when  both  hands  point  to  the  handle. 


Ret 


278 


Rev 


Retract,  pas  girijtan  ;  az  va'da  baz-gasht  k. 

Retort,  Jmzir-javabl ;  javab-i  nd-tarasMda  (a 
rude  retort) :  arnbiq  (chem.). 

Retouch,  qalam  zadan. 

Retreat,  khalvat  or  M.alvat-gah ;  hunj-i  'uzlat ; 
gusha-yi  'a  fly  at. 

Retreat,  to,  qahqarq  raftan  ("  to  walk  back- 
wards ,  back  out  of  the  Presence ' ' ;  also 
of  an  army) ;  or  'aqah  nishastan  or  pas 
kashidan  (of  an  army) ;  pusht-i  saraki  or 
pas-pasaki  raftan,  or  qahqarq  bar  gashtan 
(to  leave  the  presence  without  turning 
the  back). 

Retrench,  to,  kharj  takhfif  k. 

Retribution,  baz-khivdst  (k.) ;  jazd  (gen.,  good 
or  evil);  mujdzdt  (gen.);  mukdfdt  (gen.); 
kayfar  (of  sins,  etc.j.  Vide  Return  and 
Retribution. 

Retrievable,  darnmn-pazir. 

Retrograde,  to,  vd  taraqqldan  (vulg.  to  '  pro- 
gress backwards '  ;  vide  Progress) ;  taraq- 
qt-yi  ma'kus  k. :  az  dast-busi  mayl  bi  pd- 
husi  kardan. 

Retrospection,  az  guzashta  ydd  kardan ;  muld- 
haza-yi  umur-i  mdziya  {k.). 

Return,  murdja'at  (k.);  baz-gasht  {k.) ;  bar 
gashtan;  jazd;  or  mukdfdt  {d.  and  y.) 
(requital).      Vide  Retribution,  etc. 

Return,  bdz  gardJdnldan '  (to  send  back) ; 
bdz —  or  pas  dddan  (give  back) ;  bdz  dma- 
dan;  or  bar  gashtan  (to  come  back); 
dabba  dvardan  (m.c. ;  to  return  to  a  shop 
goods  purchased,  in  order  to  lower  the 
price;  shop-men  call  people  who  practise 
this  trick  dabba-chl) ;  mustaradd  k.  (give 
back) . 

Reveal,  to,  buruz  dddan;  fdsh —  or  ifshd 
kardan  (of  a  secret);  vakl  k.  (to  prophets 
only) ;  ilhdm  k.  (relig.) ;  kashf-  or  mak- 
shuf  namudan  (gen.) ;  parda  az  ru-yi  kdr-i 
kas-i  bar  ddshtan  (reveal  a  person's  faults, 
etc.);  zdhirk.;  or  huvaydn  k.:  tajalll  k. 
(Sufi  term  for  Revealing  of  God). 

Revealed,  makshuf. 

Revealer,  parda  bar-ddr ;  kdshif ;  ilhdm-kun. 
Vide  Blab. 

Revel,  jashn  k. :  ddd-i  'aysh  u  'ishrat  dddan. 
Vide  Feast. 

Revelation,  vaht  (to  prophets)  and  ilhdm 
(gen.  from  God) ;  mukdshafdt-i  Yuhannd 
( — of  John);  tanzU  (k.)  (sending  down 
from  heaven  of  relig.  books  to  prophets) ; 


'ishq-iKhudd  dar  dil-am  tajalU  Jfcard  (God's 
love  was  revealed  to  me). 

Reveller,  'aysh-kun. 

Revelry,  vide  Revel;  sadd-yi  'aysh  u  'ishrat 
va  tdr  u  tumbak  (sounds  of — ). 

Revenge,  iniiqdm  (giriftan) ;  kina  (kashidan) ; 
'ivaz  {g.):  qisds  {g.)  (prop,  of  blood  re- 
taliation only). 

Revenge,  to,  tashdid-i  intiqdm  k.  (rare;  to 
gratify  one's  revenge) ;  mi-khwdst  ki  az 
hamdn  zahr-i  ki  dn  tu^ifa  har-sdla  bi-ahdli-yi 
sar-hadddt  chashdnida  and  bi-tshdn  chashd- 
nad  (he  wished  to  avenge  and  make  them 
suffer  the  same — ).     Vide  Avenge. 

Revengeful,  pur-kina;  kina-var ;  intiqdm- 
kash;  shutur-kina.  Vide  Malice,  Spite, 
etc. 

Revenue,  mdliyydt;  khirdj :  'dmil,  pi.  'ummdl 
(collector  of — ). 

Reverberate,  sadd  pas  dddan. 

Revered,  muhtaram ;  in  mulld  rd  mardum 
parastish  mi-kunand. 

Reverence,  to,  hurmat  ddshtan;  mubdrak 
pinddshtan  (as  the  hoopoe,  certain  pigeons,* 
etc.) ;  bi-nigdh-i  'izzat  dldan. 

Reverie,  gharq-i  kfiaydl  (in  a — ) :  hdlat-i 
gjianudagi :  khalsa  (Sufi  term). 

Reverse,  hazimat  (defeat  q.v.);  nakbat  (dis- 
aster) ;  chi-hd  bar  sar-i  man  guzasht  (what 
reverses  of  fortune  I  have  experienced !) ; 
pas  'aks-i  in  (or  vdruna-yi  in)  rd  bi-kun 
(then  do  the  reverse);  taraf-i  vdruna  or 
pusht  (of  a  medal);  [ru  opp.  to  pusht  of 
medal];  sar-i  sikka  and  tah-i  sikka  (in 
tossing  only). 

Review,  taqriz  (review  of  a  book;  lit. 
"  to  praise  "). 

Review,  sdn  didan,  tr.,  and  dddan,  intr.  (to 
muster  or  count) ;  mashq  k.  and  d. 
(parade) .     Vide  Inspect. 

Reviewer,  taqriz  kun  or  — navis. 

Revile,  zisht  guftan ;  shatm  k. ;  fuhsh  d. 
Vide  Abuse  and  Deserve. 

Reviler,  zisht-gu :  [6acZ-{7M  =  backbiter]. 

Revise, wazar-i 5am  kardan  or  murur  kardan; 
[murur  k.  is  also  used  for  reconning  les- 
sons ;  man  dar  In  tadbir  murur  mi-kunam 
I  will  turn  over  this  plan  in  my  mind] ; 
dnchi  navishta  budam  hakk  u  isldh  karda 
am  (revised  and  corrected). 

Reviser,  isldh-kun  (correcter). 

Revision,  tashih  (to  correct).     Vide  Supra. 


1  Vapas  kunan'dan  Afghan. 

2  Kabutar-i  Ya  Karim.  kabutar-i  Ya  Hv,  and  Kabutar-i  Ya  'Alt. 


Rev 


279 


Rid 


Revive,  zinda  shudan  and  — kardan;  hal  ra 
tdza  k.,ii.\  vide  Resuscitate;  tijarat  hdld 
shuru'-i  bi-taraqqi  karda  a8t  =  hdzdr-i  tijarat 
garm '  shuda  oat  or  rawnaq  girifta  ast ;  »n 
chdhl  ruh-i  taza-i  dada  aat  (the  tea  has 
revived  me  =  quvvat  ydfta  am). 

Reviver,  muhyi-yi  rusum-i  qadim  aat  (reviver 
of  ancient  customs) ;  mufarrih  (reviving ; 
of  sherbets,  scents,  etc.). 

Revocation,  nukul  (ra.o.  breaking  one's 
word).     Vide  Cancellation. 

Revolt,  ydgt^-gan  (k.) ;  shurish  (k.) ;  baghd- 
vat  (k.) ;  gardan-kashi  (k.) ;  fitna  {k.)  ; 
fasd'l  (k.)  (to  be  mischievous,  to  cause  a 
disturbance). 

Revolution,  gardish ;  or  daior  (of  planets) ; 
inqildb,  pi.  inqildbdt  (vicissitudes).  Vide 
Revolt  and  Mutiny. 

Revolutionary,  bdg3 ;  and  ydgtA*;  tdgA*- 
Vide  Revolt. 

Revolve,  gardidan,  intr. ;  and  gardish  k.,  intr. 
(but  with  dddan,  tr.) ;  dawr  z. ;  and  char- 
Midan ;  and  pirr  khurdan,  intr.  (vulg.). 

Revolver,  shash-lul;  ct  sJuish-mU ;  or  varvara 
and  rivalvar^  (Eur.)  (the  pistol). 

Revolving,  davvdr. 

Reward  (subs.),  jazd-yi  'amal  u  kayfar-i 
gundh  khwdhand  kashld  (they  will  be  re- 
warded according  to  their  deserts) ;  jazd; 
or  savdb  (in  the  next  world).  Vide  Retri- 
bution, etc. 

Reward,  to,  ajr ;  haqq"^  1-' anud  (remunera- 
tion); in' dm;  haqq"' s-na^i-yi  urd  dddam 
or  az  khijdlat-i  zahmat-i  u  btrun  dtnadam; 
muzdri  dost  or  muzd-i  shast  (reward,  tip). 
Vide  Fee,  Tip,  Wages. 

Reynard.     Vide  Fox. 

Rhagis,  Ray  (the  ancient  Rhagis). 

Rhetoric,  Hlm-i  ma'dnl  u  baydn  (gen.) ;  't7m-i 
badl'  (deals  with  figures  only);  'ilm-i 
baydn  (how  to  express  the  same  idea  in 
different  ways ;  includes  exposition) ;  '  ilm-i 
ma'dni  (deals  with  the  order  of  words  in 
rhetoric). 

Rheum,  nazla  (from  eyes  and  nose) ;  zukdm 
(ditto);  chirk  ivnlg.). 

Rheumatism,  ustukhwdn-dard ;  bdd-i  mafd- 
sil;  vaja'-i  (or  dard-i)  mafdsil. 

Rhinoceros,  kargadan  or  karg. 


Rhubarb,  rivand^i  Chint  (mad.);  rivas  (wild 
rhubarb  for  the  table). 

Rhyme,  qdfiya,  pi.  qavafi;  aaj**  (rhymed 
prose). 

Rhyme,  to,  muqaffa  garddnidan  (of  poetry) ; 
musajja'  g.  (of  prose). 

Rhymer,  — ki  ml-tavdnad  yak  du  qdfiya  radHf 
kunad  (  =  the  merest  rhymster). 

Rhyming,  qdfiya-ddr,  adj. 

Rhythm,  mawzUniyyat.     Vide  Alliteration 

Rhythmical,  mawzun. 

Rib,  danda;  ustukhwdn-i  pahlU. 

Ribaldry,  harzagi.     Vide  Indecency. 

Riband,  pahnak  (of  any  material) ;  navar 
(tape);  also  ''nawar");  in  kofjAaz-hd  rd 
bd  navdr-i  bi-band. 

Rice,  birinj  (without  husk);  ahaltHk  (in 
husk) ;  chilo  (boiled) ;  fisinjdn  (a  Persiaa 
dish  made  of  rice,  almonds,  pistas,  pome- 
granate juice  and  meat) ;  katta  chilo  (boiled 
without  butter);  /?rm  (rice  pudding);  ahvJUa 
(rice  and  water  boiled ;  a  gruel  for  siok 
people) . 

Rich,  yhfini,  pi.  acfAniyd  (rich);  mutamawU 
(wealthy);  mdl-ddr* ;  dawlat-mand  (very 
wealthy) ;  sdhib-i  garvat  (rich) :  puUddr 
(monied) :  cliarb  (in  cookery) :  twwi'  (of  a 
language) :  sanjnf-i  qabd-yash  pahn  aai 
(  =  he  has  all  the  good  things  of  this 
world) ;  naw-kxsa  (nouveau  riche). 

Riches,  dawlat  (great  wealth  ;  also  fortune) ; 
sarvat  (riches) ;  tamuwul  (being  wealthy ; 
in  Pers.  wealth). 

Richness,  charbi  (of  food) :  vus'at  (of  lan- 
guage). 

Rickety,  laq  (of  chair ;  of  teeth). 

Rid,  dast  bi-sar  zadan  (local  ?)  (to  get  rid  of 
a  person) :  Urd  bdyad-farigh  kard  (get  rid 
of  him;  gen.  of  killing). 

Rid  of,  har-chi  ki  bi-duzdi,  db  kardan-ash* 
j)d-yi  man  ast  (I'll  undertake  to  get  rid  of 
all  you  steal). 

Riddle,  hall-i  in  mu'ammd  rd  mi-tavdnid  bi- 
kunid  or  'uqda-yi  in  mu'ammd  rd  mi-tava- 
nid  bi-gushdytd  ? 

Ride,  savdri  k.;  u  har  ruz  sitbh  savdr-i  asp 
mi-shavad  or  — savdr-i  asp  shuda  bi-tafarruj 
ml-ravad:  tark  nishastan  (to  ride  pillion). 
Vide  Oblique. 


1  Opp.  to  bazar  kaaad  shuda  aat. 

%   Rivalvar  vised  in  newspapers  in  Teliran. 

5  Also  a  sort  of  monoj^rain  on  a  seal ;   thus,  one  named  'All  might  engrave  aa  his  aaj'  :  ffttw*  'I- 
*Altif*  ^t-A'lq  =  virat  buland-i  bulan(i-tarin. 

*  Malrdar  also  applies  to  an  owner  of  horses  or  donkeys,  etc. 

6  i,it,  "dissolve." 


Rid 


280 


Ris 


Rider,  savar :  rdh'b  (or  "riding";  pres. 
part.) :  dast-i  satiari-yi  khuh  darad  (he  is  a 
good  rider). 

Ridge,  tiffha  (also  height) ;  bar-amadagi : 
marz  (between  two  fields  ;  used  as  a  path). 

Ridicule,  to,  rish-khand  k.  (with  laughter; 
also  to  chaff,  coax,  make  a  fool  of) : 
istihzd^  k.  (deride,  scoff  at;  not  friendly): 
tamaskhur  k. ;  or  maskhara  k.  (friendly  or 
otherwise) :  hi-nasihat-i  man  tamaskhur  (or 
istihza)  mi-kunad.  Vide  Deride,  Taunt, 
Chaff. 

'Ridicnlous ,  m,uzhik ;  khanda-dvar. 

Ridiculously,  bi-qadr-i  ki  khnnda  mi-drad. 

Riding,  savdrl  {k.) ;  ham  'indn,  adj.  (riding 
side  by  side):  savdra,  adv.  (on  horse- 
back; also  subs.  =  "  cavalry  "). 

Rife,  mustawli ;  shuyu'  ddrad;  gkalaha  ddrad 
(of  a  disease):  In  afvdh  shuyu'  {or 'umu- 
miyyat)  ddrad. 

Rifle,  tufang  (any  rifle  or  gun) :  iufanq-i 
fallla^'i  (match-lock) :  shamkhdl  (a  jazdHl)  : 
mdsha  (trigger) :  chaqmdq  (cock) :  tasma 
(sling) :  bast  (band) :  nazar  (sight  q.v.) : 
•  qunMq  (butt) :  lula  (barrel) ;  sumba  (clean- 
ing rod):  sar-nayza  (bayonet). 

Rifle,  to,  khdna-ddr  sdkhtan  (of  a  gun) : 
tdrdj  k.  (plunder). 

Rifled,  khdna-ddr. 

Rifleman,  lufang-chi  (any  one  with  gun  or 
rifle) :  shamkhdl-chi,  etc. 

Rig,  yak-khdya  (adj.  with  one  testicle). 

Rigging,  maftul  (of  a  ship ;  also  twisted  wire 
and  a  beam). 

Right,  Rights,  rdst,  adj.  (right  hand;  opp. 
to  chap  "  left") :  dast-i  rdst  (on  the  right 
hand) :  [chap  u  rdst  is  also  applied  to  the 
links  of  a  curb  chain,  i.e.  when  flat  and 
smooth  they  are  rdst;  when  twisted  chap'\ : 
kih  az  mih  namiddnad  or  in  qadr  khar  ast 
ki  hir  td  pir  sar-ash  nami-shavad  ( =  he 
does  not  know  his  right  hand  from  his 
left) :  agar  bd  md  bi-safar  bi-ydyid  fa-huvf' 
H-murdd  va-illd  turd  ikhrdj  mi-kunam  (if 
you'll  come  with  me  on  the  march  all 
right;  if  not,  I'll  dismiss  you):  bi-chdra 
dad-ash  bi-jd-i  na-rasid  (the  poor  thing  did 
nob  get  her  rights) :  agar  haqq-i  man  ham 
az  bikh  sukhi  bi-shavad  qasam-i  darugh 
na-khwdham  khurd  (if  I  lose  my  rishts 
even,  I  won't  foreswear  myself) :  in  harf 
hisdbi  'st  (this  is  all  right) :  In  qabd  bard- 
yi  shumd  dukhta  shuda  ast  (you  are  the 
right  man  in  the  right  place) :  haqq-i 
murur  (right  of  way) :  khayll  khub,  or  bi- 


chashm  (all  right  I) :  savdb  donistan  (to deem 
right) ;  yd  ghalat  yd  savdb  in  rd  mi-kunatn 
(right  or  wrong  I'll  do  it).  Vide  Serve, 
Proper  and  Hand. 

Right  angle,  zdviya-yi  qd'ima. 

Righteous,  sdlih ;  and  pdrsd  (good,  upright) ; 
durust-kdr;  rdst-kdr:  'ddil  (just). 

Rigid,  sakht ;  or  muhkam ;  or  qdHm  (immov- 
able):  durusht;  or  sakht  {severe) . 

Rigour,  shiddat  (of  season,  etc.) :  saMit  pd- 
bandJi  {k.).  ^ 

Rill,  rishta-db  (nat.  or  art.). 

Rim,  lab  (of  cups,  of  streams) :  {kindr,  brink 
of  stream]. 

Rime,  zhdla  (hoar  frost) ;  sarmd-rizak  (ditto). 

Rind,  pust. 

Ring,  halqa  (any  large  ring  or  circle) :  an- 
gushtar  (for  finger) :  khdtam  (a  signet 
ring) :  giishvdra  (earring) :  khalkhdl ;  or 
pd-baranjan  (ankle-ring) :  sadd-yi  zang  (of 
bell) :  jiring  or  tiring  (of  metal).  Vide 
Vibration. 

Ring,  to,  zang  z.  (of  bell) :  — kubidan  (to 
strike,  a  gong,  etc.) :  halqa  z.  (form  a 
circle) :  bi-dawr  ujtddan  (to  *  ring  up  '  ;  of 
falcon  and  heron,  etc.,  also  to  '  soar  '). 

Ring-leader,  sar-i  juqa ;  'alam-ddr ;  sar- 
halqa:  umm^H-jasdd. 

Ringlet,  ja'd  (tight  short  curl)  :  turra  or 
kaldla  (hanging,  like  dervish's) :  7nu-yi 
bdftani  or  mu-yi  musalsal  (a  plait) :  zulf 
(sp.  short  Persian  curls  round  the  head 
in  a  man;  or  in  a  woman  the  side  curls  at 
the  ear).     Vide  Curl  and  Hair. 

Riot,  shurish  (k);  shuluq  [k.) ;  balvd  {k.) : 
'arbada  {k.)  (disturbance,  of  drunkards) : 
luti-bdzdr  [k.) 

Rioter,  balvd-kun ;  fasdd  bar-pd  kun. 

Rip,  bar  daridan  (of  cloth) :  shikdftan  (to  rip 
open) :  chdk  k.  (ditto) :  khdnum  yak  harf-i 
pardnid  (the  lady  ripped  out  a  bad  word). 

Ripe,  rast(Za  .•  nim-ras  (half- ripe) :  for  ripe  in 
age  vide  Age. 

Ripen,  in  miva  nazdik  bi-rasidan  ast. 

Ripeness,  rasidagi. 

Ripple,  mawj  (vulg.) :  vaqt-i  ki  hava  mi-vazad 
ru-yi  db  zanjira  mi-uftad :  mu-yash  mawj 
ddrad.     Vide  Wavy. 

Rise,  dghnz;  or  bind  (beginning) :  har-dmada- 
gi;  or  iV/i/a*  (of  ground). 

Rise,  to,  bar  khdstan :  bdyad  subh-i_  zud  bar 
khizlm :  buland  shudan  or  pd  shudan 
(stand  up) :  qimat-i  nil  taraqqi  karda  ast ; 
[tanazzul  k.  to  go  down]:  tuW  k.  (of  sun 
or   moon  or  stars) ;    bar  dmadan  (ditto) : 


Ris 


281 


Rol 


bald  raftan  (of  ground,  or  of  prices) :  ziyad 
«A.  (of  river;  vide  Flood):  buland  shudan 
(of  birds). 

Risk,  khatar ;  or  muhhaUira  (danger):  jan 
dar  khatar  nihdda  — (at  tlie  risk  of  my 
life) ;  iark-i  sar  gufta;  or  jdn  bi-dast  girifta 
(ditto). 

Risk,  dar  hhaiar  afgandan:  bd  jdn-i  khud 
bdzi  karda  ki  murtukib-i  in  amr  shuda  am 
—  Prof.  S.  T.  (I  have  risked  my  life  in 
doing  this) :  agar  jur^at  inl-ku7ii  bi-kun 
(  =  if  you  care  to  risk  it,  do  it). 

Rissole,  kufta  (large);  kufta-riza  (small). 

Rite,  rasm,  pi.  rusum  and  rusumnt. 

Rival,  ra^ib  (in  love,  in  trade) :  harlf  (op- 
ponent in  a  game ;  and  rival  in  trade) : 
ham-kdr ;  ham  pisha  (of  the  same  profes- 
sion): huy  and  hu  (rival  wife).  Vide  Ad- 
versary, Opponent. 

Rival,  to,  ham-chashmi  k. ;  hamrsan  k. ; 
dam-i  bardbari,  etc.  z. ;  muqdbala  k. :  dam-i 
musdvdt  zadan :  Idf-i  bardbari  z. 

Rivalry,  raqdbat  (in  enmity) :  bardbari  (k). 

River,  rud;  rud-khdna  (prop,  bed  of  river); 
nahr,  pi.  anhdr  (small  river,  but  sp.  canal)  : 
dar  in  mawsim  rud-khdna  pur  zur  ast  (the 
river  is  high  now) :  daryd  (large  river  and 
also  sea) :  ju  or  vulg.  jub  (brook). 

Rivet,  ba.9t  (z.) ;  band  (z.) ;  gingu  (k.):  an 
bushqdb  rd  bast  bi-zan. 

Rivulet,  ju  vulg.  jub. 

Roached-back,  mdhi-pusht ;  kliar-pu^ht. 

Road,  rdh:  turuq  (roads,  pi.  of  tanq;  in 
the  sing,  used  for  "manner"  or  met.): 
rdh-i  sdkhta  (a  made  road) :  shdh-rah  or 
shdri*-i  'dmm  (high- way) :  rdhi  shusa 
(Fr. ;  a  metalled  road) :  mard-raw  (pave- 
ment, etc.,  by  the  side  of  a  street) :  khiyd- 
bdn  (a  path  in  a  garden ;  also  an  avenue 
with  trees);  Uiriqa;  or  maslak  (met.  and 
relig.). 

Roadstead,  lawjar-gdh. 

Roar,  to,  na'ra  k.;  ghurridan  or  ghurra  kashi- 
dan  (of  animals,  big  guns) :  sadd-yi  ghur- 
rish-i  daryd  rd  mi-shinavam  az  in-jd: 
gvlula  bi'Sar-ash  khurd  ki  jf/iurridan  az 
yddrosh  raft  (the  bullet  struck  its  head 
and  stopped  its  roaring). 

Roaring,  gAvl'jKv^a  (of  a  crowd) :  khurunh  (of 
wind). 

Roast,'  birydn  k.  or  surMi  k.  (to  fry  in  butter) ; 


kaftdb  k.  (to  grill  on  a  skewer,  or  to  liroilj ; 
"  buy  a  roast  for  four,  with  iced  lemon- 
sherbet  as  well  "  kabdb-i  chahar  nalarl  ba 
yakh  u  afshura  *  bi-gir. 

Rob,  to,  duzdidan  (gen.) :  lukht  kardan  (lit. 
to  strip  naked):  sariqat  k.  (petty  theft): 
hama-yi  asbnb-i  nuqra-yi  sufra-ash  rd  duzd 
burda  (all  his  silver  plate  was  robbed) : 
rdh-zani  k. :  and  rhdpidan ;  and  gAdrat  k. 
(prop,  highway) :  qat-i  tariq  k.  (highway 
only). 

Robber,  rdh-zan  ;  aar-i  rdh-gir ;  qdti"  't-y^^riq  ; 
duzd :  pdehna-bunda  (local) :  sdriq  (petty 
thief). 

Robbery,  duzdi  (gen.) :  rdh^zani ;  qat'i  tariq; 
^ara/-gran  (highway^ :  sariqat  (petty  theft). 

Robe,  libds,  pi.  albifta  (dress,  vestments)  ; 
J^irqa  (of  dervishes) :  kisvat  (gen.  of  der- 
vishes):  khil'at  (robe  of  honour);  UiU'at- 
jmshdn  (a  special  place  outside  a  city  ;  to 
it  a  Governor  advances  to  receive  a  robe 
sent  him  by  the  Shah) :  jubba  (a  cloak  to 
the  heels) :  db-dast  (ditto  with  tight,  for- 
merly loose,  sleeves)  ;  'abd.     Vide  Cloak. 

Robust,  bd  bunya  or  sdhib-bunya ;  qaii  : 
sihhat-ash  kdmil  ast  (he  is  in  robust 
health). 

Roc,  rukh  (the  myth.  bird). 

Rock  (subs.)  sakhra  :  kuh  (in  the  sea) :  jahdz 
bi-kuh  khurda  gkurq  shud  or  shikast  (the 
ship  struck  a  rock  and  was  wrecked). 

Rock,  to,  jurnbidan,  intr. ;  jumbdnidan  tr. ;  [a 
Persian  cradle  is  a  hammock  or  swing. 
Vide  Swing.] 

Rocket,  fishfijihak ;  or  shihdb-i-havd ;  or  iir- 
havd  or  tir-i-havd  (the  common  kind)  ; 
gvluloryi  qunfuz  (that  scatters  different 
coloured  balls  ?) 

Rocky,  sangi  ;  pur-sang. 

Rod,  surnba  (ram-rod  or  cleaning  rod)  :  thub- 
tarka  (pliant  rod  or  switch). 

Roe.  nhu-yi  mdda  (female  of  the  gazelle) ; 
mdda-gavazn,  etc. :  ushpul  or  tuUtm-i-mnhi 
(of  fish)  ;  jigar-i-mnhx  (soft  roe;  smelt). 

Rogue,  pidar-sHkhta  (scoundrel) :  janqula- 
bdz  ; '  gurg-i  bdrdn  dida  or gurg-i-kuhna  (old 
soldier,  old  rogue)  ;  juvalajhi  (m.c.  a 
funny  rogue) ;  daH-kaj  (not  straight  in 
money  matters):  nd-quld  (gen.);  qalldsh 
(trickster) :  dum-burida.      Vide  Cheat,  etc. 

Roll,    tumdr*   (of    paper  onlj^)  ;    lula^    (of 


'   The  Persians  (\o  not  roftHt  before  a  fire.  *   Afahura  is  the  juice  of  lemons  or  of  naranj. 

;•   Corruption  frnm  za  qii>al  uz,  a  low  class  of  people  who  play  tunes  by  tying    bells  to   their  waists, 
arms  and  legs,  and  dancing. 

*   JTitnar  also  means  a  written  scroll,  and  Inia  any  pipe  or  piping. 

30 


Rol 


282 


Ros 


anything);  \lula-had  =  gird-bad,  a  'dev^il,' 
a  small  whirlwind]. 

Roll,  to,  lula  kardan  (roll  up)  ;  in  ha  ra  tu-yi 
kdghaz  bi-pich  (wrap  these  up  in  paper)  ; 
bar  zadan,  tr.  (roll  up)  :  ghaltidan,  intr,  ; 
takan  khurdan  or  murammd  k.  (of  ship  ; 
but  vide  Pitch)  :  pahn  k.  (roll  out ;  spread 
out).     Vide  Waddle. 

Rolling,  c^altdn  (P.  part.) ;  mutazalzil  (Ar. 
part.)  :  for  subs,  vide  Drum. 

Rolling-pin,  ttr-i  ndn-pazi  (for  pastry)  : 
chucha  (for  sweets  ;  it  is  thicker  in  the 
centre). 

Roman  Catholic,  kdtollk. 

Romance,  Fr.  rumdn  (novel). 

Romancer,  afsdna-gu  (polite  for  liar) ; 
rumdti-navis  (novelist) . 

Rome,  Rum-i  Itdliyd.  ' 

Roof,  bam  or  vusht-i-bdm  (outside)  ;  saqf 
(roof  or  ceiling) :  saqf-i  khdna  pdyin  dmad 
(the  roof  came  down  ;  not  bdm  which  is 
the  outside  of  the  roof  )  :  bdmhd  va  bdld- 
khdnaha  mamluv  az  zan  u  mard  u  bacJicha 
bud — Shah's  diary  (the  roofs  of  the  houses 
and  the  balconies  were  full  of  men, 
women,  and  children)  :  saqf-i-kamdm  or 
hildli  (arched  roof) :  mahidbl  (a  flat  roof, 
a  terrace) :  shirvdm  or  saqf-i  khar-pushti 
(gabled  or  lean-to  roof).     Vide  Palate. 

Rook,  kalngh-i  kaldl-gusht. 

Room,  u^q :  hujra  (sp.  in  caravansara  or  in 
shop) :  pastu  (a  small  back  or  private  room 
opening  into  a  large  room) ;  sidari  (a 
small  room  with  three  doors)  ;  pdnj-darl 
(with  five  doors)  :  shikam-darida  '^  (a  room 
with  broken  walls,  i.e.  there  is  a  large 
recess  with  doors) :  tdldr  (large  verandah) : 
sanduq- khdna  (for  money,  jewels,  clothes) : 
matabb  (consulting  room  of  a  physician)  : 
jd  na-bud  (there  was  no  room)  :  gushvdra 
(a  small  projecting  room  on  the  flank  of  a 
house).     Vide  Back-room,  Closet. 

Root,  btkh  (the  foot  of  a  tree  or  of  anything)  : 
iisha  (under-ground  roots)  :  darakht  rd  az 
bikh  buridand  (they  cut  down  the  tree 
near  its  root,  i.e.  close  to  the  ground;  but 
darakht  az  risha  kanda  shuda  ast  uprooted)  : 
khar-i  man  az  bikh  dum  na-djdrad  (my  ass  is 
quite  tailless)  :  masdar  or  mddda  (gram.)  : 
asl  u  jar'  (root  and  branch  ;  also  principal 


and  interest)  ;  pul  mdya-yi  Tiar  fasddri-st. 
Vide  Foundation. 

Root  out,  to,  bar  kandan ;  az  risha  bar 
kandan  ;  az  risha  kashidan  :  risha  rd  id  ab 
rasdndan  (fig.;  to  root  out  utterly,  i.e.  to 
track  the  roots  up  to  the  water  whence 
they  draw  sustenance)  :  nasl-i-urd  az 
risha  kand,  or — istisdl  kard,  or — musta^sal 
sdkht  (he  utterly  destroyed  his  race). 

Rope,  tarMb  or  rismdn  ^ ;  tandb  (for  tents)  : 
dvang  (a  stretched  rope  for  drying  clothes, 
etc.)  :  qdtima  (of  goat-hair)  :  nardbdn-i 
rismdnl  (rope  ladder  on  ships)  :  kamand 
(rope-ladder  of  thieves;  a  knotted  rope 
with  a  hook  at  the  end)  :  for  ' '  picketing 
rope ' '  vide  Chain. 

Rope-dancer,  band-bdz. 

Rope-maker,  rismdn-sdz ;  rasan-tdb. 

Rosary,  subha;  tasbih  ma'-i  shaylchi  sad  u 
yak  ddna  ddrad  (the  shaylchi  is  the  large 
bead  that  indicates  that  one  round  has  been 
told) :  guJrzdr  (rose-bed) ;  gulistdn  (any 
flower  garden). 

Rose,*  gul  (also  any  flower) ;  gul-i  guldb 
(rose  only) ;  vard,  Ar.  (in  med.) :  gul-i 
surkh  (pink  and  scented ;  blooms  in  spring): 
gul-i  dtashi  (dark  red) :  gul-i  muhammad* 
(pink ;  blooms  from  spring  to  autumn)  : 
gul-i  zardri  panj-par  (a  single  yellow  rose 
like  a  butter-cup) ;  gul-i  zard-i  sad-par 
(double  ditto) :  gul-i  du-ruya  (single;  deep 
red  inside  and  yellow  outside) :  nastaran 
(single,  white;  like  a  dog-rose) :  gul-i  sag 
(wild ,  dog-rose) :  gul-i  Rashtl  (pink  without 
scent):  gul-i  mishkiza^  (small,  white, 
double) :  gul-i  chdhi  (tea-rose) :  gul-i  ru- 
Ljhani  (from  which  a  med.  oil  is  extract- 
ed) :  gul-i  payvandi  (grafted  rose) :  bulbul 
'dshiq-i  gul  ast :  jd-yi  gul  gul  bdsh  va  ja-yi 
khdr  khdr  (at  Rome  do  as  Rome  does) : 
for  '  under  the  rose  '  vide  '  Secretly ' :  gul- 
qand  (conserve  of  roses  used  in  medicine) : 
gul-gun  (rose-coloured) :  gul-i  safid  khusha 
basta  bud  (the  white  roses  were  in  bloom). 

Rosette,  gul. 

Rose-water,  guldb ;  guldb  bi-ru-yi  khwanand- 
agdn  (a  phrase  used  by  an  author  when 
about  to  narrate  something  nasty) :  vaqt-i 
ki  ism-i  Muhammad  ra  bi-girl  bayad  dor- 
hdn-at  rd  az  guldb  bi-shu^i  (a  saying). 


1  Rum,  Turkey. 

•2  In  ordering  felts  for  the  floor  it  is  almost  siiflficient  merely  to  mention  the  name  of  the  room 
without  giving  dimensions. 

s   Risrnan,  also  string.  *  It  is  a  vulgar  saying  that  the  rose  has  the  scent  of  the  Prophet. 

*  Apparently  from  the  diminutive  of  mushk,  vulg.  mishk  "musk.' ' 


Ros 


S88 


Rug 


Rosiness,  surkhi. 

Rosy,  gul-gun :  puaht-i  gtUi  (light  pink) :  gtU- 

rukh  (rosy-cheeked). 
Rot,  pusidagi  (dry) :  gandagi  (putri  fact  ion) : 
jafang  na-gu,  or  la^Av  ma-gU  (don't  prattle 
rot);  pa  dar  havd  harf  m%-zanad  =  chana- 
ash  laqq  ast  (he's  talking  a  lot ;  and  hence 
rot). 

Rot,  to,  pusidan  (dry):  gandidan',  or  fasid 
shudan  (putrify) :  hirm  z.  (to  be  worm- 
eaten  ;  of  wood,  flesh,  etc.). 

Rotten,  pusida,  vulg.  />m<  (perished ;  of  wood, 
leather,  cloth) :  gandtda  (putrified). 

Rotter,  ma-fingi  (useless  or  'rotter,'  of 
men ;  from  fing  =  snot  q.v.). 

Rouge,  surkhdb  (a  powder) ;  (^aza. 

Rough,  dumsht;  or  khashin  (of  cloth,  tem- 
per) :  zibr  (of  cloth  only) :  mutaldiim  (of 
sea) :  nd-parddkhta  (unpolished  ;  of  things) : 
dibsh  (astringent  to  taste) :  nahamvdr 
(uneven ;  of  ground) :  sakhti-ha-yi  kar  rd 
u  kard  or —  muiahammil  shud  (he  did  the 
rough  part  of  the  work) :  nd-tardsktda  or 
norhhardshida    (unpolished ;     of    people) : 

.  pdcha-var-iiml%da  (uncouth,  of  low  people 
only ;  lit.  *  with  trousers  tucked  up  at  the 
bottom'):  aldang  (rough  in  behaviour, 
boorish) :  lu^,  pi.  alvdt;  dwbdsh  (the  sing. 
vabsh  not  used)  (roughs  of  the  town). 

Roughness,  durushti;  khuslmnat  ;  zibn. 

Rough-rider,  chdbuk-savdr 

Roumania,  Rumdniya. 

Round,  gird;  mudawar ;  kuravi  (adj.):  gird- 
ii-gird;  or  dawr-d-dawr  (adv.  all  round): 
har  taraf-i  — ;  atrdf-i  sfiahr  (around  the 
city  ;  the  suburbs) :  chahdr  dawr-i  Kirmdn 
kuh  ast  (all  round  Kerman  there  are  hills) : 
daior  subs.  ;  dawr-i  shardb :  bi-dawra-yi 
miUdqdt  raftan  (a  round  of  calls) :  for  round- 
about vide  Confusedly. 

Rounded,  mudawar. 

Round-faced,  gird-rukhsdr. 

Rouse,  to,  biddr  k.  (awaken) :  shurdnidan 
( — to  tumult) :  bar-angxkhtan  (animals ; 
people  to  tumult):  bar-dshujlan  (of  people): 
khud-ash  rd  takan  dddan  and  par-pHk 
kardan  ('to  rouse,'  intr. ;  of  falcons  or 
little  birds).-  8uk  k.  (stir  a  person  up, 
poke  him).     Vide  Tease,  Stir. 

Rout,  to,  inhizdm  ddda  pardganda  k. 

Route,  rdh;  ru  bi —  (en  route  to — ). 

Routine,  umur-i  juziyya  u  ruz-mnrra  (routine 
matters) :  tartib-i  muqarrara. 


Row,  qitdr  (gen.):  «a/7  (rank),  pi.  9ufuf : 
radlf  (one  behind  the  other) :  jinjdl  or 
dahilb  ma-kun  (don't  make  a  row,  or  don'k 
quarrel) :  gAawfjhd  (any  noise) :  chima'raka 
ast?  (what's  the  row?) ;  khayH  awzd'  har 
pa  kardam  (I  kicked  up  a  row). 

Row,  to,  pdru  zadan. 

Rowdiness,  kawB-gari ;  shiUuqkdri. 

Royal,  ahdhdna;  mulukdna;  ahdhvar ;  khua- 
ravdna. 

Rub,  mdHdan  (with  the  hand) :  audan,  rt.  m, 
tr. :  jarsudan,  tr.  (to  grind,  wear  away, 
rub,  gall) :  ad^idan  or  adbidan  (for  grind- 
ing) :  dost  Sudan  (to  rub  the  hands  in 
grief) :  shdl  mdRdan  (a  horse ;  with  gloves 
or  a  coarse  piece  of  cloth) :  kaf-mdl  kardan 
(to  rub  in  the  hand,  as  ears  of  com,  etc.) : 
zadudan  tr.  (to  remove  rust,  polish) : 
mahv  k.  (efface  q.v.):  kiaa  kashidan  (of 
the  body  in  a  bath ;  with  a  glove). 

Rubber,  kisa-mdl  (shampooer  in  Turkish 
bath) :  jir  (India  rubber) :  kaah  (elastic) : 
gir  u  kaah,  vulg.  (rubber). 

Rubbed  out,  ad^ida ;  mahv  ahuda  (effaced 
q.v.). 

Rubbing,  mdlish  {k.)  (of  horse,  etc.) :  musht 
u  mdl  (k.)  (friction;  shampooing). 

Rubbish,  khas  u  Jchdahdk  (sweepings):  Uidk- 
rvhd  (heap  of  sweepings) :  ashgbfU  or 
a^hkhdl,  or  dl  u  ashkhdl  (m.c. ;  bits  of 
paper,  chips,  etc.  lying  about  a  room; 
vide  Refuse) :  rasht  (the  refuse  of  a  house; 
rasht-ddn,  dust-bin,  dust-hole).     Vide  Rot. 

Ruby,  ydqut :  la' I  (rare) :  ydqiUt  or  ydqiU' 
rang,  adj. ;  la'l-gun  (rare). 

Ruck,  chin ;  shikanj  (in  carpet).  Vide  Car- 
pet. 

Rudder,  jahdz  bi-tall-i  rigi  khurda  aukkanraah 
shikaat.^ 

Ruddiness,  surkhi. 

Rude,  gu^idkh ;  bi-adab  ;  bad-tahztb  (in  man- 
ner):  khashin  (rough,  rude):  aidq-i  nd- 
moAu'  (iiide  truth).     Vide  Rougli. 

Rue,  ispand :  harmal  (wild). 

Rueful.     Fide"  Doleful. 

Rufhan,  az  awbdsh ;  ardzil  (pi.  for  sing,  razil, 
which  means  low  in  birth  or  actions) :  qtd- 
chumJdq  (a  sturdy  ruffian) :  bi-zan  bahddur 
(a  ruffian).     Vide  Rogue,  Canaille. 

Rug,  qdlicha  (small  carpet) :  Idiiraak  (a 
coarse  rug) :  giUm  (a  carpet  without  pile). 

Rugged,  nd-hamvdr :  khashin  (of  features) ; 
nd-muJd*im. 


i  Disoonneoted  participle. 


Rui 


284 


Sac 


Ruin,  inhiddm  (of  buildings) :  kharabl ;  vtran 
sh.  (of  places). 

Ruin,  to,  hharab  k. :  pdymdl  k.  {lit.  tread 
under  foot) :  munhadim  sdkhtan  (to  raze 
to  the  ground) :  dimdr  az  ruzagdr-i  kas-i 
bar  dvardan  (of  people) :  zd^r  k.  (of  people 
of  things) :  virdn  k.  (of  places) . 

Ruined,  khardb  ;  or  makhrub  (gen.) :  munha- 
dim (demolished  ;  of  buildings)  :  pd-mdl : 
ma'dum  (gen.  non-existent)  :  muflis  (penni- 
less). 

Ruined,  to  be,  khdk-nishhi  or  tabdh  shudan 
(of  people)  :  dawlat-ash  talaj  shuda  ast  or 
pakhsh  shuda  ast :  dkhir'*  ''l-amraz  Inkdrhd 
ruzagdr-ash  siydli  mi-shavad  :  ujdq-i  shdn 
khdmush  (or  kur)  shud  (the  fortunes  of 
that  family  were  ruined)  :  qaVa-yi  khardba 
(a  ruined  fort). 

Ruiner,  virdn-kun;  mukharrib  ;  bar-bdd-dih. 

Ruining,  iakhrtb. 

Ruins,  khardba:  dvdr  (m.c. ,  ruins  of  a  build- 
ing) :  man  bi-sabab-i  u  bar  bad  shuda  am : 
baqdyd-yi  shahr-hd  u  qurq  dar  hama-yi 
atrdf  numdydn  ast  (covered  with  the  re- 
mains of  the  ruined  cities  and  villages). 

Rule,  hukumat,  etc. ;  vide  Government : 
qdnun,  pi.  qavdnin,  etc.  ;  vide.  Regulation 
and  Custom  :  tartib-i  dars-i  khud  rd  chi 
tawr  ddda  id  ? :  bdyad  shumd  bi-amr  u 
nahy-i  buzurg-i  khud-i  tan  muty  bdshld 
(you  ought  to  be  obedient  to  the  rules  of 
your  superior)  :  rusum,  and  double  pi. 
rusumdt  (customs,  etc.):  sunan  (relig., 
pi.  of  sunnat). 

Rule,  to,  jchatt  kashidan ;  or  mistar  namu- 
dan  (of  lines).     Vide  Govern. 

Ruler,  vide  Governor  :  mistar  (the  Eastern 
paper-pad  with  cross-lines  of  silk  ;  placed 
under  the  writing  paper  it  makes  straight 
lines  by  ridges). 

Rumbling,  qardqur-i  shikam  (of  stomach). 

Rumelia,  Rumali. 

Ruminant,  hayvdndt-i  nushkhivdr-kun. 

Rumination,  nushkhivdr  (k). 

Rumour,  afvdh  ;  or  hamJiama  ;  or  shuhrat : 
aqvdl-i  ardjlf  (false  rumours)  :  dar  afvdh 
uftdda  ki  or  sar-i  zabdn-i  mardum  uftdda 
ki —  or  zamzama  dar  miydn-i  mardum 
uftdda  ki —  (there  is  a  rumour  that  — ;  it 
is  rumoured  that — , . 

Rump,  surln;  kafal  (of  living  things):  rdn 
(butcher's  word  for  rump). 

Run,  davidan,  rt.  daw;  videYlee,  and  Meet  : 
'aqabash  davida  urd  bar  garddn  (run 
after  liim  and  call  him  back)  :  jdri  shudan 


(flow) :  nashf  k.  (to  spread ;  of  ink  on 
blotting  paper ;  of  colours  of  cloth  in 
washing)  :  bi-durnbdl  raftan  (to  follow ; 
run  after  a  person)  :  uftddan  (to  run  over, 
spiJl)  :  tak  u  daw  k.  (to  run  about,  labour) : 
kdliska-am  az  ru-yi  sag-l  radd  shud. 

Runaway,  gurizdn ;  firdri  (deserter,  fugitive) ; 
guriz-pd  (truant  q.  v.). 

Runner,  davanda :  qdsid  (messenger,  post- 
runner)  :  shdtir  (before  a  carriage) . 

Running,  davdn  adj.  :  db-i  ravdn  (running 
water) :  u  az  mayddn  raft  (he  is  out  of  the 
T\inning=ddkhil-i  mayddn  nist)  :  az  may- 
ddn dar  kardan  (to  put  out  of  the  run- 
ning) :  ddkhil-i  mayddn  or  ddkhil-i  daw  nist 
(to  be  out  of  the  running). 

Rupee,  rupiya  or  rupiya. 

Rupture,  gAuri  (m.c.)  ;  and  fatq.  (med.) : 
shikast;  or  rakhna ;  or  khalal  (in  friend- 
ship) :  ishtiqdq :  bi-varda  dsdr-i  'addvat 
zdhir  gasht  (open  rupture)  :  faskh  (viola- 
tion) :  para  sh.  (of  liver)  :  tarakidan 
(of  gall-bladder). 

Ruptured,  ghuri  P. :  or  maftuq  or  fatiq  (?) 
At.  ;  or  fatq  bi-ham  rasdmda  (the  accident). 

Rural,  dihdtl  (of  places  or  persons). 

Ruse,  rubdh-bdzl  {k.).     Vide  Trick. 

Rush,  hujum-i  hamla  (in  a  body)  :  jast  k.  (of 
a  single  person). 

Rusk.      Vide  Bread. 

Russian,  Rusi. 

Rust,  zang  (z.). 

Rustam.     Vide  Bravery. 

Rustic,  rustd-zdda ;  dihati  {also  ignorant). 

Rustling,  khish  khish  (of  clothes,  or  snake  in 
the  grass). 

Rusty,  zang-zada  or  zang-girifta  or  zang-aludaj 
'drl  (out  of  practice;  lit.  naked)  ;  Farsl- 
am  zang  khurda  ast  (my  Persian  is  rather 
rusty). 

S 

Sabbath,  sabt ;  yaivm^'s-sabt. 

Sable,  samur,  for  samrnur ;  qara  khaz  T.  (the 

black  marten). 
Sabre,  shamshir ;  sayf,  pi.  suyHf. 
Sacer,  F.     Vide  Falcon. 
Sachel,  juzv-ddn. 
Sack,   javdl;    in    ports,    guni    (gunny-bag); 

ghdrat  (k.)  (of  a  town). 
Sack-cloth,  jMlds. 
Sackful,  pul  khidmat-i  shuina  javal  javdl  mi- 

dvarim  (we'll    bring  you    money    by   the 

sackful). 
Sacrament,  'asha^-i  Rahbani. 


Sac 


285 


Sal 


Sacred,  muquddas  ;  uindkin-i  mubdraka 
(sacred  places). 

Sacred,  khdlc-i  KarbcUd  rd  labanuk  kjiaydl 
karda  bar  mi-ddrand  (they  consider  the 
dust  of  Karbala  a  sacred  relic  to  be  col- 
lected and  taken  away). 

Sacrifice,  qurbdn  or  qurbdnl  {k.)  (an  animal); 
fidd  (k.)  (met.)  :  yak  shutur  %  nahr  kard  (he 
sacrificed  a  camel);  nami-khwdM  jamV-i 
ikhtiydr-i  hukumat-ash  rd  niydz-i  mihrdb-i 
sharVat  kunad  (lie  was  indisposed  to  sacri- 
fice all  his  temporal  powers). 

Sacrificed,  qurbdnl  shitda;  mazbuh  (slaught- 
ered). 

Sacrificer,  qurbdnt-kun;  zdbik  (prop,  the 
man  who  cuts  the  throat);  nahr-kun  {^en. 
of  camels). 

Sacrilege,  intihdk'*  'Umahdrim. 

Sacrilegious,  kufr-dmiz  (of  speech). 

Sad,  malul  (of  a  person) ;  (^am-dmtz ;  or  ranj- 
dmiz  ;  or  pur-huzn ;  or  gbprnqln  (of  a  tale) ; 
bi-juz  ghamtn  va  ajsUs  rafiq-i  digar  na- 
ddshtam — Prof.  S.  T.  (I  was  sad  and 
alone) ;  lunj-ash  dvil^ta  ast  (he  looks  down 
in  the  mouth). 

Saddle,  z%n  (for  riding  horse) ;  iark  (the  back 
part  of  a  saddle  or  of  the  horse) ;  jahdz 
(of  camel) ;  pdldn  (pack-saddle  for  horse, 
mule,  or  donkey) :  shdl  (vulg.  pack-saddle 
for  donkey) ;  qarbua  (saddle-bow) ;  qalidq 
saddJe-tree) ;  takaltu  (the  stuffing  of  a 
pad  of  a  saddle) 

Saddle,  to,  zln  k. 

Saddle-bag,  khurjhi  (made  of  carpet  or 
giltm). 

Saddle-cloth,  'araq-gir  (a  felt  under  a  sad- 
dle) ;  ifhflshiya  (rare) ;  zln-push  (over  the 
saddle). 

Saddled,  zhi-karda. 

Saddler,  zin-sdz  (maker  of  the  tree). 

Saddle-tree.     Vide  Saddle. 

Sa'di,  we  are  going  to  visit  the  tomb  of 
Sa'di,  mi-ravim  ziydrat-i  rnazdr-i  Shaykh 
Sa'di  bi-kunim ;  ;in  Shiraz  it  is  now  known 
as  mttsalld,  "a  place  of  prayer";  it  is 
close  to  the  tomb  of  Hafiz) :  Sa'diyya, 
tomb  of  Sa'di  (and  Fldfi^iyya,  of  Hafiz). 

Sadness,  dilgiri ;  maldl. 

Safe,  iman  for  Ar.  dmin ;  bi-saldmat ;  bi- 
khaUir ;  shanidam  ki  bi-saldmati  vdrid-i 
Landan  shud:  sanduq-i  dhan  (for  jewels) : 
shir-dviz  (meat-safe,  etc.).  Vide  Cup- 
board. 


Safe-keeping,  nigdh  ddrl ;  hifa?;at. 

Safety,   aman  ;    amn  ;    aaldmat ;    saldrtKUi ; 

hijd  bi-arnniyyat  mi-tavanhn  bisar  barim. 
Safety-valve,  aurdkh-i  dar-raw  (lit.  and  met.). 
Saffron,  za'fardn:   muza'/ar  (p.p.  saffroned; 

coloured  or  flavoured  with  saffron). 
Sagacious,  zaki  (of  humans) :  'aql  ddrad  (of 

men  or  animals):    ddna  (wise,  of  humans; 

and  sometimes  of  animals) 
Sagacity,  firdaat  ;8hu'  ur  (of  men  or  animals). 
Sage, /laHm,  pi.  kukamd*^.    Vide  Philosopher. 
Sago,  sdgu  (Eur). 
Said,   Tnazkur    (mentioned  previously) ;    sa- 

biq** z-zikr :  mi-guyand  or  manqul  ast  (it  is 

said). 
Sail,  in  kishlt  na  tir  ddrad  na  bddbdn  (this 

ship  has  neither  mast  nor  .sail);    parda: 

dah  jarvand  kishti  (  =  ten  ships). 
Sail,  to,  jahdz  kay  rdh  mx-ufiad  (when  will 

the  ship   sail?):    shird'    kashidan    (to  set 

sail) :  ml-khwdham  qadr-i  ru-yi  daryd  aayr 

kunam,   dil-am  bdz  bi-shavad  (I  want  to 

refresh  myself  by  a  sail).     Vide  Walkiug. 
Sail-maker,  shird'-sdz. 
Sailor,  jdshu  (P.  Gulf  word) ;  khaldsl  (gen.) ; 

malldhdn  aayr-i  mamdlik-i  mutafarriqa  m%- 

kunand 
Saint,  fir  (at  a  shrine) ;   vaU ;  muqaddas  (a 

holy  man). 
St.  John,   Yahyq-i  ta'mxd  dihanda  (St.  John 

the  Baptist) :    Yuhannd-i  Injili  (St.  John 

the  Evangelist) . 
Saintly,  muqaddas  ahi'dr ;  ixill-aifat 
St.  Petersburgh,  Pitr :  San  Patarburijh. 
Sake  oi/bardy-i;  bardy-i  khdUr-i — ;  bardy-% 

pds-i  khdtir-i —  ;  az  bahr-i — . 
Salad,  aaldt  (Eur.) :  airka  ahira  (dressing  of 

vinegar  and    grajie    juice,    in    which    the 

leaves  are  dipped  before  being  put  in  the 

mouth). 
Salamander,  aamandar    (according   to  some 

Persians  a  bird) ;    [the   Afghans  use   the 

Hindi  word  samandar  for   ' '  the  sea  "  '] : 

aamandar  murgh-i  dtaahi-at. 
Sal-ammoniac,  nuahddur. 
Salary,   mahdna    (monthly) ;    muahdhara   or 

ahaJniyya   (monthly) ;    mavdjib-aah   mdh-i 

pun  sad^  rupiya  oat. 
Sale,  in  farukhtani  niat  (this  is  not  for  sale) ; 

in  ashyd  bardy-i  faruah  chida  ahuda  ast; 

hard)  for  Ar.  harrdj  (auction).  u 

Sale,  bay^-i   ahart   or   bay**-^ ah  ahart   (condi- 
tional sale). 


1  Samundar  "a. ,  "  the  sea." 


f  Vulgarly  for  p3n-fad. 


Sal 


286 


Sat 


Saleable,  zn  jur  ajnas  dar  Kirman  bi-farUsh 
nami-rasad  or  tdlih  na-ddrad:  qdbil-i-fa- 
rukht. 

Salep,  khusyaV-'' s-sa'lab  (lit.  fox's  testicles). 

Saline,  shur  (of  water  or  ground) ;  namakln. 

Saliva,  ab-i  dahan  (anddkhtan) :  hizl  (m.c. 
and  local  ?) ;  tufv  or  tuj  [anddkhtan)  spittle 
(a  crude  word) ;  lu'db  {anddkhtan) ,  but  in 
pdkat  rd  db-i  dahan  bi-zan  (not  bi-yanddz). 

Saljuk,  saljuq. 

Sallow,  zard. 

Sallying,  daf  ai^"  khuruj  kardan. 

Salmon,  dzdd-mdhl  (Salmon  trout  ?). 

Salol,  sdlol. 

Salt,  namak;  namak-i  tabar-zad  (rock  salt): 
namak-i  siydh  (used  medicinally) :  namak- 
ddn  (salt  cellar). 

Salt,  to,  namak  zadan  or  mushtan. 

Salt-cellar,  namak- dan. 

Salted,  namuk-zada ;  khush-namak  (rightly 
salted,  well-savoured ;  good-looking,  of 
persons) . 

Saltpetre,  shur  a. 

Salubrious,  sihhat-bakhsh  ;  sdlim ;  ndfi'  ;  sdz- 
gdr  (of  climate,  air) ;  guvdra  (of  water). 

Salubrity,  sihhat;  sdzgdri. 

Salutary,  mufld;  ndjV . 

Salutation,  ta'druf  (gen.). 

Salute  to,  javdb-i  saldm  guftam  (or  dddam) 
(I  returned  his  salutation)  ;  ^  man  bi-hama 
ta'druf^  kardam  (I  saluted  all,  with  bows, 
compliments,  etc.) :  nizdml  dddan  (of  a 
soldier) :  u  mustahiqq-i  shallk-i  ^  hist  tir-i 
tup  ast. 

Salvation,  "najat ;  rastagdri  (relig.)  :  rihd^i ; 
khaldsi  (saving,  release). 

Salve,  marham  :  rugkan  (m.c). 

Salver,  qahva-stnl  (small,  for  coJBfee). 

Samarkand,  Samarqand. 

Same,  hamln  ;  haman  :  yaksdn  (alike)  ;  midl-i 
man  va  mdl-i  shumd  yakVst :  in  hamdn 
ast  ki  diruz  bi-shumd  dadam  :  ris  savdr  u 
piydda  na-bdyad  bdshad  (the  wool  for  weav- 
ing should  all  be  of  the  same  thickness)  : 
Na  har  zan,  zan  ast  u  na  har  mard,  mard, 
Khudu  panj  angusht  yak  sdn  na-kard :  kuldh 
td  kuldh  tafdmit  ddrad  (all  kuldhs  are  not 
the  same). 

Sample,  namuna-yi  birinj  *  rd  bi-mdn  nishdn 


dihid ;      musht-i       namunoryi-lcharvdr-V  at 

(a  handful  is  a  sample  of  a  load). 
Sanctified,  mvqaddas  (k.)  :  pdk  karda  shuda. 
Sanctifying,  taqdis  (k.). 
Sanctimonious,      mard-i       taqaddus-farush ; 

khushk-i  muqaddas  (austere  and  gloomy). 
Sanction,  izn  ;  ijdza  or  ijdzat  (permission) ; 

riza  ;  tasmb  (approving). 
Sanction,    to,    imzd  kardan   (also  to  sign); 

sihha  guzdshtan. 
Sanctity,  pdki ;  tahdrat. 
Sanctuary,  bast  (asylum)  ;   dar  qunsul-khdna 

bast  nishast    (he  took   sanctuary   in  the 

Consulate). 
Sanctum,  harlm  (also  haram). 
Sand,  mdsa  (or  nmssa  ?)   (fine  sand)  :  shin 

(sand  or  gravel):    in  drd  pur-i  rig   ast; 

rig-i  ravdn  (shifting  sand). 
Sandal,  chdruq  ;  kadrak  (with  wooden  soles ; 

used  by  mountain  shepherds). 
Sandal-wood,  chub-i  sandal. 
Sand-bank,  tall-i  rig. 
Sand-grouse,  vide  Grouse. 
Sand-paper,  vide  Emery  paper. 
Sane,  sdhib-i  hush. 
Sanguinary,  khun-khwdr : 
Sanguine,  damam  (with  too  much  blood). 
Sanity,  sihhat-i  'aql. 
Sap,  shira  ;  rutubat  (inside  the  bark). 
Sapling,   nihdl     (also    seedling) :    naw-nihal 

(seedling). 
Sapper,  [naqb-zan  (gen.) :  vide  Engineer   and 

Miner:    maqqdb   u    haffdr    (sappers    and 

miners) : 
Sapphire,  ydqut-i  kabud. 
Sapphism,  tabaqa  zadan. 
Saracen,  sharqi,  pi.  sharqiyyin. 
Sarcasm,  ta'na ;  ta'na-yi   lughavi   (hidden): 

istihzd^  (ridicule). 
Sarcastic,  pur  ta'n  ;  ta'n-dmiz. 
Sarcophagus,  tdbut-i  sangi. 
Sardine,  mdhi-yi  sdrdin. 
Sardonic,   zisht ;    khanda-yi    zisht  (sardonic 

laugh) . 
Sassanian,  Sdsdni. 
Satan,  Iblis :   Shaytdn  (pi.  shaydtln,  minor 

devils). 
Satiated,  sir  (k.)  ;   shikam-am  pur  ast  (I'm 

full). 


A  To  reply  to  a  "  salam  "  is  a  farz. 

2  Ta'aruf  (kardan  or  dadan)  "  a  present ;  compliments  ;  offering  fruit,  etc." 
8  Shallk  however  is  properly  a  "  volley." 

*  Biring  is  raw  rice  cleared  from  the  husk  (also  brass)  ;    shaltuk  in  the  husk  ;    chilaw  boiled  with 
little  butter  added. 


Sat 


287 


Sea 


Satiety,  airi :  az  ziyad  didan-i  tu  air  ahudam 
(I'm  tired  of  seeing  you)  :  .vir  khurd  (he 
ate  to  repletion). 

Satin,  ailaa. 

Satire,  hajv  {k.  or  guftan.) 

Satirical,  pur-hajv :  hajv-dmtz. 

Satirize,  vide  Lampoon. 

Satirist,  hajv  gu. 

Satisfaction,  rizd-rnandi ;  jazd  or  mukdfdt ' 
(reparation)  ;  Hioaz  u  hadal :  kaffdra 
(atonement)  :  bi-kdm-i  dil  bar  u  ^dlib 
ahudam  (I  had  the  satisfaction  of  defeat- 
ing him) :  haab-i  dil-khivdh-i  dghd-yi  khudr 
am  'amal  namudam  (I  gave  my  master 
satisfaction)  :  iujiahn  (a  Zardushtl  term, 
money  or  its  equivalent  in  wheat  for  the 
poor,  or  else  a  fixed  quantity  of  wood  for 
the  sacred  fire.  If  the  offender  confesses 
to  him,  the  amount  is  fixed  by  the  chief 
priest :  if  the  offender  is  discovered  in 
guilt,  the  Anjuman  tries  him  and  fixes 
the  amount). 

Satisfactorily,  ahdyad  %n  kdr  bi-taivr-i  dil- 
khwdh  an  jam  bi-girad. 

Satisfied,  rdzi  (k.)  qdni'  (k.) :  khitd-paaand 
(self-satisfied)  :  u  khayli  az  khud-aah 
khuah  mi-dyad  (m.c.)  =  oz  Mud  rdzi  aat. 
Vide  Satiated. 

Saturation,  iahbd'  (scientific). 

Saturday,  shamba. 

Saturn,  Zuhal. 

Sauce,  cJidshni  (prop,  flavouring ;  also  gun 
caps.) 

Saucepan,  dig  (large) ;  digchu  (small) :  pdtil 
(of  a  different  pattern  from  dig). 

Saucer,  ndlbaki  or  na'Waki :  taahtari  (by 
Persians  in  India). 

Saunter,  qadam  zadJan :  tafarruj  k. 

Savage,  vahahi  (wild):  daranda  ("fierce," 
of  animals). 

Savageness,  Savagery,  vahahi-gari  :  darandagi 
(of  animals). 

Save,  to,  rihdnidan  ;  rihdk. ;  rihd'i  d. ;  khalda 
k. ;  najdt  d. ;  dzdd  k.  (deliver) :  nigdh  ddshtan 
(keep)  :  zakhira  k.  (hoard) :  in  rd  bardy-i 
farda  paa-anddzkun  :  duat-amrdaz  khatar-i 
muhlik-i  rihdnidam:  raatan,  rt.  rih;  jdn 
hindar  burdan  (to  save  one's  life) :  jdr^aah 
rd  kharidam  (I  saved  his  life). 

Saving,   bd  kifdyat ;    aar/a-ju  (economical) ; 


biaydr  bd  anddza  rah  mi-ravad.  Vide 
Preservation. 

Savings,  andukhta-yi  *umr  (savings  of  a  life- 
time). 

Saviour,  nnjdl-diJianda :  munji  ((rare). 

Savouriness,  Savour,  khv^h-mazagi ;  khuah- 
ta'mi. 

Saw,  daat-arra  (hand-saw) :  daUdl  miaUi  arra 
aat,  dw-aar  mi-burad  (a  saying)  :  bi-najjdr 
bigu  ki  in  takhta  rd  bd  arra  du  td  (or  du  jd) 
kunad. 

Saw-dust,  burdda  ;  l^dka-yi  arra. 

Say,  to,  guftan,  rt.  gu ;  farmudan  (respectful) : 
gufii  (you,  or  one,  would  say) :  giiyd  (as 
though  ;  one  would  say) ;  aukhan-i  man 
bi-tu  hamin  bUd  va  baa  (this  was  what  I 
had  to  say  to  you):  id'  arz  na^  kunam 
nami-ravam — Prof.  S.  T.  (till  I  have  said 
my  say  I  won't  depart) ;  guft  chi?  (what 
did  he  sayl);  ya'ni  (that  is  to  say) :  bi- 
gufta-yi  man  (as  I  say)  :  diUi  tan  khdR 
kunid  (say  on) :  taqrir  bi-kun  (say  on ; 
speak):  ii^hdr  k.  (to  say,  represent):  chi 
harf-i  ddsht  (what  had  he  to  say  ?  alao 
what  objection  did  he  make  ?) :  chi  harf-i 
'at  mi-zani  (what  are  you  sajnng  ?). 

Saying,  guftdr :  qawl  ;  qdl  (rare) :  aukhan  : 
maaal  (proverb) ;  in  harf-i  qadim  Vat. 

Sayyid,^  Sayyid,  m.  pi.  Sdddt,  Sayyida  f. ; 
dt-i-RaaUl  pi.  [Sajryids  are  always 
addressed  as  3.qa]. 

Scab,  puat-i  zakhm :  kayvala  or  kivla  (also 
dandruff) :  jarab  (itch) :  kachali  (of  head) : 
gari  (disease  in  sheep). 

Scabbard,  ifAH^f  (k.) ;  niydm*  (rare). 

Scabby,  gar ;  gargin  (of  sheep) ;  jarab-ddr. 

Scaffold,  manjaniq  (when  building  a  house) ; 
chub-baat  (platform). 

Scald,  chnhi  ru-yi  daaiam  rikht,  daatam  aukht. 

Scale,  fulak  (of  a  fish,  or  a  falcon's  leg, 
etc. ;  also  European  buttons  of  bone  or 
metal) ;  [a  fish's  fin  is  jHir] ;  fila  (of  fish) : 
pilla  or  kaffa  (a  pan  of  a  weighing 
machine)  :  miqyda  (on  maps) :  daraja 
(graduated  scale). 

Scales,  qappdn  (a  large  steel-yard) :  mizdn  or 
tardzu  (scales) :  ahdhin  (beam  of  scales) : 
pilla  or  kaffa  (pan). 

Scalloped,  &a  muah-danddn :  band-i  rum* 
(scalloped  Unes). 


1  ^uda  ura  jazoryi  Jshayr  dihad  **God  recompense  him  welll "    but  ^tMiS  jaza-yi  ur5  bi-dihad 
**  God  repay  him  for  this  ill !  " 

*  Note  the  negative. 

8  It  is  not  considered  lawful  to  beat  or  abuse  a  Sayyid  except  for  a  great  crime. 

*  In  India  miyan. 


Sea 


288 


Scr 


Scalp,  pust-i  kalla  {kandan). 

Scalpel,  kdrdcha-yi  jarrahi. 

Scan,  to,  in  hayt  rd  tagir  kun  (scan  this 
couplet,  i.e.  two  hemistitches). 

Scandalize,  to,  tafzih  k. 

Scandalous,  nang-dvar ;  shikast-dvar ;  rusvd- 
kun. 

Scanning  (verse),  taqti' :  [rukn  a  foot]. 

Scape-goat,  hhar-i  hammdlat"'H-hatah  (fig.). 

Scar,  asar-i  zakhmJ 

Scarce,  kam-ydb  ;  nddir. 

Scarcely,  hanuz-na ;  hanuz  sukhan  dar  dahan-i 
u  bud  ki  an  rd  dvardand — Prof.  S.  T.  (he 
had  scarcely  spoken  when  the  article  was 
produced). 

Scare-crow,  tna-tars ;  dawl  (the  tiling;  for 
dahul?):  dasht-bdn  (the  boy). 

Scared,  khawj-i  bi-jd  khurda. 

Scarcity,  yhald ;  girdni  (dearness  of  provi- 
sions) :  qahtt  (famine) ;  tang-sdll. 

Scarlet,  qirmiz  (from  the  cochineal) . 

Scarlet-fever,  tab-i  makhmalak. 

Scatter,  pdshldan  or  rikhtan  or  afshdndan 
(as  seed)  :  pardganda  k.  (to  disperse, 
scatter) :  m  tukhm-Jm  rd  ru-yi  zamin  bi- 
pdsh :  chird  shaba-hd  rd  ru-yi  zamin  pakhsh 
(or  pahn)  kardtd  or  rlkhtld  (why  have  you 
scattered  the  beads  (purposely)  on  the 
floor?) :  dnhd  tarsida  har  yak-l'^  bi-tara(-l 
nii-pdshand. 

Scavenger,  kucka-pdk-kun ;  khdk-ruba-kash 
(men). 

Scene,  parda  or  majlis  (the  act  of  a  theatre) : 
manzar  (the  actual  scene)  :  khush  'dlam-% 
dasht  (it  was  a  delightful  scene,  or  sight). 

Scenery,  manzar. 

Scent,  bit  (any  odour)  :  'atr,  m.c.  for  'itr 
(perfume) :  bi-asar-i  bu  rajtan  (to  follow- 
up  a  scent) :  vide  Trail :  bad-bu  (bad 
smell). 

Scented,  khush-bu  (k.) ;  mu' attar  (k.). 

Sceptic,  shakkdk ;  shakkl. 

Sceptre,  'a^d. 

Scheme.     Vide  System,  Plan,  Plot,  Artifice. 

Schemer,  mudabbir  (in  good  or  bad  sense). 

Schism,  shiqdq  (split) :  bid' at  (heresy). 

Schismatics,  ahl-i  shiqdq ;  rdfizi. 

Scholar,  talmiz,  pi.  taldmiza,  taldmiz  and  tald- 
miz ;  shdgird  m.c.  (learner) :  fdzil  (man  of 
letters) :  fazl  u  kamM-i  mulWi  (his  attain- 
ments as  a  scholar) :  tdlib'^'l-'ilm,  or  talaba 
(student). 

School,  makiab,  pi.  makdtib    (for   children): 


madrasa,  pi.  maddris   (for  older  pupils) : 

kuttu   vulg.    (for   children) ;   dabisidn   (for 

children). 
Schoolboy,  ti/l-i  maktabi. 
School-fellow,  ham- dar s ;  ham-maktab. 
Schoolmaster,   dlchund;     ustdd ;     mu'allim; 

mulld-yi  maktabi  (also  =  pedant). 
Sciatica,  'irg'^'n-nisd. 
Science,    hikmat :     hikmat-i    tabi'i    (natural 

science) :  'ilm-i  jang  (science  of  war). 
Scientific,  hikmatt. 
Scimitar,  shamshir ;  sayf,  pi.  suyuf. 
Scissors,  qaychi,  T. ;  miqrdz,  Ar. 
Scoff,  istihzd^  kardan   (for  men   or   things) : 

ta'na  zadan  (to  taunt,  sneer  at). 
Scold,  zan-i  sallta  (woman) :  mard-i  ghaug[kd''i 

(man). 
Scold,  nikuhidan ;  zisht  guftan ;  sarzanish  k.  ; 

'•  itdb  k. 
Score,    hist   (subs. ,   twenty) ;    yak   bistd^i-yi 

gusfand   (vulg.)  ;    chughak    or   chukhak  (a 

stick  kept  by  the  customers  of  bakers  and 

butchers  ;  the  seller  makes  a  notch  on  the 

stick  each   time    the    buyer  takes    away 

goods). 
Scorn,  khwdr  shimurdan;  zalil  sh. :  nasihat-i 

mard  haqir  shimurd. 
Scorpion,  ga;t,hdum,V. ;  'aqrab,  A. :  'aqrab-i 

shayydla    (that   carries    its   tail    over   its 

back) :  'aqrab-i  jarrdra  (that  drags  its  tail 

on  the  ground). 
Scotch,  Akusi  (Fr.). 
Scoundrel,  bad-nafs  ;  khabis. 
Scourge,    to,    tdziydna    zadan ;    shalldq    z. : 

djat-i  mulk  ast  (he  is  the  scourge  of  the 

country). 
Scout,    jdsus    (spy)  :    charkh-chi    (advanced 

scout). 
Scouting,  taldya-ddri. 
Scowl,  ru  tursh  k. 
Scrap,  riza ;  khurda ;  tikka  (small  bit) :  dukh- 

tar-hd-yi  in  zamdn,  zarra-i  sharm  u  hay  a 

dar  ruy-i  shdn  na-mdnda  ast  (girls  now-a- 

days  haven't  a  scrap  of  modesty). 
Scrape,  to,  tardshidan  (pare,  etc.,  with  knife) : 

khardshidan    (with    nails) ;    hakk    kardan 

(erase,  scratch  out). 
Scratch,  rakidan  (local ;  of  living  things  with 

claws) :    angusht-i    khudam  rd  bd  mikh-i 

khardshida-am  [ndkhun  ' '  finger-nail "  is  in 

m.c.  often  used  for  finger]. 
Scrawl,  kilinjdr :  chird  bar  kdghaz-am  panja- 

kaldgh  ^  mi-kashid  ? 


1  In  India  dagh. 


2  Note  concord  after  har  yak-l. 


Lit.  crows'  feet. 


Scr 


289 


Sec 


Scream,  to,  in  bachcha-hd  hama-yi '  riiz  farydd 

mi-zanand  (these  children  scream  all  day) : 

jig    u    jdq    mi-zanand:    jiq^    (scream    of 

children  or  women). 
Screen ,  purda  ;  parda-ash  fash  ahud  =  rdz-ash 

barmaid  uftdd  (his  secret  became  public). 
Screen,  to,  parda-pushi  k.  (fig.)- 
Screw,  dar-i  in  sanduq  bd  pick  basta  shuda 

ast:   u  Idkvl  ast,   or  dangi  ast   (he's   got 

a  screw   loose) :    charkh   {also  paddle,  of 

steamer). 
Screw-driver,  pUch-kash. 
Scribe,  kdtib. 
Scriptures,  kulub-i  muqaddasa  (or —  samdvi) 

(any  holy  book) ;  Injil  (New  Test.)  :  Taw- 

rdt  (Pentateuch) :  Qur*dn  (Muslim). 
Scrofula,  dd^^l-miduk  (King's  Evil). 
Scroll,  lumdr ;  lulayi  kdghaz. 
Scrotum,  pust-i  khdya  {yu\g.) ',  futa;  kisa-yi 

khdya. 
Scruple,    taraddud:    ta^ammul  (relig.,  etc.): 

bi-daghda^a    (without  scruples) :    vasvds 

(hesitation) . 
Scrupulous,  muhidt;  bd-diqqat  (exact). 
Scrutinizing,  bi-diqqat  nazar  kardan. 
Scrutiny,  nazar-i  tadqiq  (k.) 
Scuffle,  gir  u  ddr   (of   police   and  crowd) : 

kashmakash    {k.) ;    husht    u    musht    (k.) ; 

dlishma    dulishma   {k.) ;    dasl   bi-yakha-yi 

yak  digur  {shudan). 
Scull,  kalla  (head) :  kdsa-yi  sar  (skull). 
Sculptor,   mujassama-sdz :    musavvir  (gen.  a 

painter). 
Scum,  leaf :  gav-db  (green  scum  on  stagnant 

water) :    fuzla-yi    bdzdr    (of    the    people, 

streets). 
Scurf,  kapurcha  (local);  IdMkak ;  kivla  (latter 

also  means  'scab'). 
Scurvy,  guahUi   pd-yi  danddn-am  liz  ahuda 

aat. 
Scythe,  das  (sickle). 
Scythia,  Khatd  (Scythia  ?) 
Sea,  bakr   (any  extensive  piece  of   water) ; 

daryd  mvlamuvvij  ast  or  mawj  mikhurad 

(restless,    wavy),    but   talatwn   ddrad    (is 

stormy) :  kindr-i  daryd  (sea-shore).      Vide 

Salainandar. 
Sea-green,  misUi  db-i  daryd  aabz. 
Sea-sick,  az  jumbisfi-i  kashtV  hdlat-am  bi-ham 

mi-kfiurd   (the  motion  of  the  ship   upset 

me). 
Seal,  aag-mdhi  (the  common  seal  of  North 


Europe;  found  in  the  Caspian):  baray-i 
dn  muhr  chand  (or  chi  chi)  dddid? :  hak- 
kdki-yi  in  mvAr  bad  aat  (the  cutting  on 
this  seal  is  bad). 

Seal,  to,  muhr  k.  or  z. 

Sealed,  muhr-zada. 

Seal-engraver,  hakkdk;  muhr-kan. 

Sealing-wax,  Idk. 

Seam,  bakhya :  in  libds  darz  na-ddrad. 

Search,  justan,  rt.  ju  ;  khayli  vaqt  juat  u  ju 
kardam;  bisydr  pay-ash  gashtam,  na-ydf- 
iam. 

Searching,  tajassus  (k.)  ;  tu  khivdhina-Utivdhi 
dar  pay-i-nukari  bar  dmadi  (you  insisted 
on  searching  for  service). 

Season,  fasl,  pi.  fuaul ;  mawsim  farah-ndk 
bud  (the  season  was  delightful) :  bd  jd  u 
bijd,  or  gdh  u  bi-gdh  (in  season  and  out  of 
season) :  mddiydn  fahl  ast  or  fahl  dmad 
(the  mare  is  in  season :  also  of  any 
animal) ;  garm  shudan  (vulg.). 

Seat,  nishiman :  saku  (a  seat  out  of  doors) : 
tajcht  (bench) :  markaz-i  or  maqdmri  huku- 
mat  (seat  of  Government). 

Secede,  az  jam'iyyat  kindra  giriftan  or  khdrij 
ahudan. 

Seceder,  kindra-ju. 

Seclude,  'uzlat  guzidan  (to  seclude  oneself) ; 
gusha-nashin  sh. 

Seclusion,  gusha-kashi;  inzivd^. 

Second,  duyum  or  duwum;  adni;  adniya 
(subs.,  of  time):  muld^dtqb  (2nd  Pera., 
gram.) ;  hdmi  (backer).     Vide  Poetry. 

Second,  to,  ta^'yid  k.  (a  proposition). 

Second-hand,  musta'mal;  kuhna. 

Secondly,  santy"". 

Second-sight,  dida-yi  ^ayb-bin. 

Secrecy,  panhdni  ;  khufya. 

Secret,  rdz;  airr,  pi.  aardr  (subs.):  nihdn; 
makhfi;  pushida;  dar  parda{&dj.) :  Tu  airr 
haati  '  Na-khayr  zabdn-shul-am  (Can  you 
keep  a  secret  ?  No,  I'm  a  blabber) :  kasori 
ziri  nim-kdsaast  (there's  something  under 
this,  some  secret  in  this). 

Secretaire,  pish-takhta  ('  desk'  of  Mirzds). 

Secretary,  munshi  (of  such  and  such  office) : 
mirzd  *  (of  such  and  such  a  won) ;  [mirzd 
after  a  name  signifies  "prince"]:  katib-i 
sirr  (private  secretary). 

Secretion,  chirk;  mddda. 

Secretly,  sirr^'  ;  khufyaff*'  ;  dar  khifd ;  bdtin'** 


1  But  hama  ruz  •*  every  day." 
S  In  India  Iciahti. 

37 


'  Jig  jiq — "  twittering  of  birds." 

*  But  mlrza  (long  •)  one  whose  mother  is  a  Sayyid. 


Sec 


290 


Sel 


(opposite  to  zdhir^") :  zlr-i  julaki '  kar 
kardam  (I  worked  it  secretly,  under  the 
rose) :  dar  khilvat  va  jilvat  (secretly  and 
openly). 

Sect,  firqa,  pi.  firaq;  tdHfa,  pi.  tavd^if. 

Section,  qaV ;  para  (piece) :  fasl  (of  a  chap- 
ter). 

Secular,  dunyavi  (opp.  to  dim). 

Secure,  xman;  khdtir-jam'  (confident)  ;  mut- 
ma%nn  shudan  (to  feel  secure) :  mahfuz 
(protected). 

Secure,  to,  vide  Acquire:  muhkam  k.  (make 
fast). 

Security,  armn  or  amn  (freedom  from  dan- 
ger) :  vide  Carelessness :  itmtndn  (of  mind) : 
zamdnat  (bail ;  the  thing) :  zdmin  (the 
person) :  kijdlat  (personal  security) :  sadd-i 
rah  (security  against ;  opposition). 

Sedate,  bd  vaqdr ;  bd  tamkin;  sangln. 

Sedateness,  vaqdr  ;  tamkin. 

Sedative,  musakkin. 

Sedentary,  kdr-i  rdhati  (sedentary  occupa- 
tion) :  rdhat-talab  (of  person). 

Sediment,  iah-nishin:  durd  (dregs). 

Sedition,  fitna;  fasdd;  dshub. 

Seditious,  fitna-angiz;  mufsid;  dshubl. 

Seduce,  bdkira-%  rd  farljta  bi-surat  kar  dan  (of 
a  virgin) ;  gum-rdh  kardan  or  sar  plchdnidun 
az — (to  lead  astray) :  i^vd  k.  (to  incite  to 
evil) :  var-ghaldnidan  (lead  astray) . 

Seducer,  faribanda;  varghaMn-kun. 

Seduction,  ighvd :  qasd-i  ndmus  kardan  (to 
attempt  seduction  of  a  woman). 

Seductive,  dil-farib  (of  persons) :  diUkash  (of 
things) :  rusuhh-ash  faribanda  ast  (seduc- 
tive influence). 

Sedulous,  jdhid;  mujahid;  sd'i;  sar-garm. 

See,  didan,  rt.  bin;  nazar  k. :  nigdh  k.;  pd^- 
dan  (m.c.  catch  a  glimpse  of ;  also  to 
watch) :  mi-ddnam  zahmat-i  ki  dar  taHim-i 
shurm  mi-kasham  'abas  ast  (I  see  the 
trouble  I  take  in  your  education  is  wast- 
ed) :  man  mi-ddnam  ki  kujd  khirs  tuhhm 
mi-guzdrad  (  =  1  can  see  into  a  brick  wall 
better  than  my  neighbours) :  man  urd 
ijdzat  mi-diham,  (I'll  see  him,  interview 
him) :  td  chashm  kdr  mi-kunad  (as  far  as 
the  eye  can  see) :  bi-binim  chi  mi-shavad 
(let  us  see  what  will  happen).  Vide  Ob- 
serve. 


Seed,  in  tuhhm-hd  rd  dar  kurt-%  *  bi-kdr :  pisar 
va  dukhtar  ziydd  bi-bini  (may  you  have 
many  children) ;  awldd;  nasi;  zurriyya  (off- 
spring).    Vide  Semen. 

Seedling.     Vide  Sapling. 

Seek,  to,  justan,  rt.  ju ;  just  u  ju  k. ;  tafah- 
hus  k. ;  pay-i  chiz-i  gashtan ;  agar  talab-i 
'ilm  bi-kunim  yaqin'^"  hdsil  khivdhad  shud. 
Vide  Endeavour. 

Seeker,  juyanda ;  tdlib :  kdm-ju  (adj.)  (after 
pleasure) ;  juyanda  ydbanda  ast. 

Seel,  chashm  dukhtan  (of  hawk's  eyes). 

Seem,  namudan,  rt.  namd ;  bi-nazar  dmadan  ; 
ma'lum  shudan. 

Seemingly.     Vide  Apparently. 

Seemly,  shdyista. 

Seer,  ghayb-ddn. 

See-Saw,  awrak ;  urjuha. 

Sefavian,  Safavi,  pi.  Safaviyya. 

Segment,  qiVa-yi  ddHra. 

Segregate,  judu  k. 

Seidlitz,  sidlis  (S.  powder). 

Seistan,  Sistdn. 

Seize,  giriftan,  rt.  gtr :  ghasb'k.  (usurp,  seize 
property  by  force) :  fur  sat  rd  ghanimat 
shimurdan  (to  seize  the  opportunity). 
Vide  Work. 

Seized,  ddrugha^  girif tar-ash  kard. 

Seizer,  qdbiz:  ghasib. 

Seizing,  ahh^ »'  ittikhdz. 

Seldom,  kam;  nudraf^" ;  nJadir'*";  kamtar ; 
shdzz  u  nddir. 

Select,  mumidz;  bar-guzida. 

Select,  to,  intikhdb  k.;  chidan,  rt.  chin; 
muntakhab  k. :  savd  k.  (separate). 

Selection,  intikhdb,  pi.  intihhdbdt :  munta- 
fchab,  pi.  muntakhabdt. 

Self,  khud ;  man  khud-am  (I  myself) ;  bi- 
khudi-yi  khud  (of  his,  etc.,  own  accord) : 
u  hhaili  '  *  man-man ' '  mi-kunad  (he  is 
very  egotistical) :  khud-ddri  (self-restraint): 
khud-i  mdn  (we  ourselves). 

Self-abuse,  jalq  zadan;  mushtz.  (vulg.). 

Self-defence,  hifz-i  nafs. 

Self-denial,  nafs-kushl  {k.). 

Selfish,  hhud-khwdh;  hhud-gharaz  (self-inter- 
ested) :  su-yi  khud  tisha  mi-zanad  (he's 
striving  after  his  own  gain) :  aghrdz-i 
nafsdni  (selfish  feelings). 

Sell,*    farukhtan,    rt.   farush    tr. ;    bi-farush 


1  Julak  dim.  of  jul;  a  body  cloth,  generally  of  cotton,  for  a  horse,  or  any  animal. 

*  Kurt  is  a  parterre,  or  a  division  in  a  field  for  irrigation  purposes. 
3  The  darugha  is  the  head  of  the  gazma  or  city  night-police. 

*  On  completion  of  a  sale  to  a  merchant  of  goods  that  are  to  be  resold  by  hira,  a  usual  compliment 
is  Mkayr-aah  ra  bi-blnld. 


Sel 


291 


Ser 


raj  tan  intr. ;  u  giran  tm-farushad  (he's 
very  dear). 

Seller,  farushanda;  ba*i'  (rare) :  'alldf  (one 
who  sells  barley  and  fodder) :  u  girdn- 
farush  ast  va  arzdri'khar  (hard  dealer). 
Vide  Money. 

Semblance,  sural  (in  m.e.  face) ;  ahibh;  misdl. 

Semen,  nutfa;  db-i  mani;  db-i  inzdl;  ah. 

Semi-circle,  nisf-ddHra. 

Semi-circular,  nim-dd^ira-l  ;  qawA  (bent, 
bow-shaped) ;  kavM.nl ;  hildU. 

Send,  talahidan  (summon)  ;  firistddan,  rt. 
firist:  hafta-i  yak  daf'a  nawkar-i  khud  rd 
bi-Rafsinjdn  mi-firistam.  Shdh  farmud  ki 
mlr-ghazab  rd  hdzir  kunid  (or  better  hdzir 
kunand^) :  irsdl  ddshtan;  infdz  k.  (used  in 
letters  only) :  mah'us  k.  (of  apostles  only) : 
ihzdr  k.  (to  make  present). 

Sender,  irsdl-kunanda ;  farisanda  (vulg.). 

Senile,  az  plri. 

Senility,  khariftagi;  pirl. 

Senior,  muqaddam-tar ;  or  jilaw-tar  (in  rank 
or  service) :  musinn-iar ;  or  buzurg-tar  (in 
^•ge). 

Senna,  sarw,. 

Sensation,  hiss;  ihsds. 

Sense,  qurbdn-i  ddam-i  chiz-fahm  !  (commend 
me  to  a  man  of  sense ;  or  save  me  from  a 
fool!):  dn  zan  ziydd  'aql  ddrad  va  ra^y-' 
durust:  bi-raw  'aql-at  rd  'ivaz  kun  (go  and 
leam  sense).     Fide  Meaning. 

Senses,  panj  havdss  or  havdss-i  hhamsa  (the 
five  senses) :  bdyad  havdss-i  man  rd  jam^ 
kunim:  'aqUi  kas-i  kdr  nami-kard — Prof. 
S.  T.  (they  all  lost  their  senses).  The 
five  senses  are  bdsira  (seeing) ;  sdmva 
(hearing) ;  skdmma  (smelling) ;  mHqa 
(tasting) ;  Idmisa  (touching). 

Senseless,  bl-hush;  b%-khud  (in  swoon) :  bi- 
khud;  bi-masraf ;  or  bi-ma'ni  (useless, 
meaningless). 

Sensible,  6a-Aw«^;  'dqil  (judicious):  mahsus 
(to  the  senses). 

Sensitive,  2M'Z-/iauas«  (not  inanimate) :  sori"'^ 
ihsds  (in  emotions). 

Sensitive-plant,  gul-i  (or  bUta-yi)  qahr  u 
dshtl. 

Sensual,  nafs-parvar ;  shahvat-parast:  musta- 
ghriq  dar  lazzdt-i  jismdni  (opp.  to — dar 
lazzdt-i  ruhdnl). 

Sensualist,  shahvai-rdn;  musta^riq  dar  laz- 
zdt-i shahvatiyya. 


Sensuality,  shahvat-parasli. 

Sentence,  jumla  (in  writing) :  fatvq  (d.)  (by  a 
mufti):  hukm  (d.  or  k.),  pi.  ahkam  (by  a 
governor). 

Sentient,  mudrik ;  hiss  ddrad. 

Sentiment,  pur-maghz  (also  "  full  of  mean- 
ings ") :  dar  in  khusus  ra*y-i  man  bd  ra'p-i 
shurnd  muttafiq  ast  or  mutta-fiq^W-r^y 
hasttm:  shi'r-ash  bi-magAz  ast  (his  verse 
is  silly) . 

Sentinel,  Sentry,  qardval :  pdsbdn  (any  watch- 
er; not  necessarily  military):  kishik-chi. 

Separate,  'alqhida;  ishdn  dar  khdna-yi  judd 
manzil  ddrand  na  dar  yak-i  =  lshdn  judd 
judd  manzil  ddrand. 

Separate,  to,  sivq  kardan  tr. :  az  ham  savd 
shudan ,  intr.  (to  disperse) :  vaz'  k. ;  judd  k. 

Separated,  savd  karda ;  judd  ;  m/ifruq  ;  muta- 
farriq:  ammd  KhudJdvand-i  ^dlam-i  qddir 
tavd^if  va  mamalik  rd  chiguna  az  ham  savd 
karda  ast — Shah's  D.  (whatadiflference  has 
the  wise  and  powerful  God  made  between 
the  (two)  countries  and  people). 

Separately,  jiidd  judd;  'cdqhida  'alqhida. 

Separating  (partic),  tafriqa-anddz ;  mufarriq. 

Separation,  tafriqa;  mufdraqat:  juddl  dar 
miydn-i  Ishdn  ufldda  ast:  tajziya  (chem.). 

Separator,  judd-sdz :  mufarriq. 

Septennial,  haft-sdla. 

Sepulchre.     Vide  Grave. 

Sepulture,  tadfxn;  dafn. 

Sequel,  tatimma-yi  (sar-guzasht). 

Sequence,  in  numra^hJd  bi-radif  (or  tarttb) 
nistand. 

Seraglio,  andarun;  haram;  haram-sard. 

Serene,  dsmdn  hdld  sdf  ast. 

Sergeant,  vakil  (mil.)  :  valnl-bashi  (Serg. 
Maj.). 

Seriatim,  bi-tartib ;  muna^^m'^'. 

Series,  tasalsul  (being  in  a  series) ;  tartib  ; 
nazm ;  dar  in  bdb  murattab'^"  chand  '  drti- 
kal '  navisht  (he  wrote  a  series  of  articles 
on  this  subject) . 

Serious,  vide  Grave,  Important,  Thoughtful ; 
dnchi  mi-guy\d  jiddi^st  yd  shukhi  (are  you 
serious  or  joking  ?). 

Sermon,  va'  z ;  maw'  i^a :  Jdiviba  (special ;  on 
Fridays). 

Serpent,  mdr ;  af'i  (rare) ;  azhdaha  (python ; 
also  dragon). 

Servant,  pish-ldiidmat ;  kkddim  (pi.  Uivdddm; 
generally  in  plural  of  servants  of  a  shrine)  ; 


1  This  Pres.  Subj.  does  not  show  whether  the  order  was,  or  was  not,  carried  out. 
language  the  Pi-eterite  could  be  used  to  signify  that  the  order  was  given  effect  to. 


In  clekssical 


Ser 


292 


Sex 


az  nukar-habhd  ast  (he's  a  servant  in 
livery) :  hhwaja-yi  dih-rasan^ ,  adj.  (a  joking 
term  applied  to  a  certain  class  of  servant 
that  takes  service  with  a  new  arrival^ 
only) :  tabin  (vulg.  for  soldier) :  kas-l  rd 
nawJcar  giriftan  (to  engage  a  servant). 

Serve,  to,  hhidmat  h. ;  nawkarl  k. :  vide  Re- 
quite :  bi-kdr-am  mi-hhurad  or  kifdyat  m%- 
kunad  ("this  will  serve  my  purpose"; 
the  first  may  also  mean,  "this  will  be  use- 
ful to  me");  Hbddat  k.  (to  serve  God); 
danddn-i  fit  bardy-i  kdrhd-yi  muhhtalif 
mufld  ast  (ivory  serves  various  useful 
purposes) :  khub  kardand  va  kam  kardand 
(  =  you  deserved  this  and  more;  serve  you 
right) ;  bi-kash,  ki  sazd-'t  ast,  td-chashm-at 
kur  sJiavad  (ditto). 

Servia,  Sarbistdn. 

Service,  dah  sal  mt-shavad  ki  dar  khidmat-i 
u  mashgiM-am;  dar  fay-i  (or  dar  just  u 
ju-yi)  muldzamat  dmada  ast  (he  has  come 
in  search  of  service) :  bi-sukhra  giriftan 
(old;  compulsory  service  of  any  kind): 
pish-kash  ast  (it  is  at  your  service,  lit.  it's 
a  present) ;  khidmat-i  shumd  hdzir-am 
(I  am  at  your  service). 

Servile,  past;  dun:  bisydr  uftdda  ast  (too 
civil). 

Servility,  bisydr  uftddagi  (civility) :  pasti. 

Servitude,  bandagi. 

Sesame,  darahht-i  kunjad  (not  the  same  as 
linseed  q.v.)  ;  also  kunjid. 

Sessions,  ijlas;  vaqt-i  ijlds. 

Set,  dast,  subs,  (of  articles) ;  murassa'  or 
mukallal  (k.)  (studded;  of  jewels). 

Set,  to,  shikasta-bandi  k.  (setting  broken 
bones) :  murassa'  or  mukallal  k.  (of  jewels); 
tdj-i  mukallal  bi-almds  (a  crown  set  with 
diamonds) ;  khipdbdnidan  (hen  on  eggs) ; 
ghurub  k. ,  intr.  (of  planets) ;  bar  taraf  k. 
(set  aside) ;  pish  or  jilaw  nihddan  (set 
before) ;  ii  ravdna-yi  safar  shud  (he  set 
out  on  a  journey) ;  mashgkul  k.  caus.  (to 
set  to  work). 

Seth,  Shis. 

Setting,  tasrih  {k.)  (setting  forth  clearly); 
ifAurub  (k.)  (of  sun,  etc.)  ;  zavdl  {k.) 
(decline) :  tarsi'  (k.)  (of  jewels ;  vulg. 
nishasf). 

Settle,  to,  muqarrar  k.  ;  qardr  d. ;  mu'ayyan 
k.y  tr.  (fix  on,  decide) ;    qardr  giriftan  and 


nishastan,  intr.,  vulg.  (in  a  place):  man 
bd  jilo-ddr  kirdya-yi  qdtir  rd  dar  rafttm^ 
(I  and  the  driver  settled  together  about 
the  hire  of  the  mule) :  hdld  hisdb-i  hhudam- 
rd  sdf  mi-kunam:  dil-am  bi-jd-yi  khud 
naml-dyad  (I  can't  settle  down  to  any- 
thing) :  qaf  k. ;  faysal  k.  or  d.  (a  dispute) : 
adJd  k.  (a  debt) :  hisdb  rd  durust  or  sdf  k. 
(an  account) :  musdlaha  k.  (make  peace) ; 
nishastan,  rt.  nishin  (of  birds;  of  dregs). 

Settled,  muqarrar:  mu'ayyan :  dahana-yi 
bdzdr  urd  dldam  va  mu'dmala  rd  bi-panj 
hazdr  guzardndam  (I  met  her  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  bazaar  and  settled  the  matter 
for  five  qirans) ;  harchi  kam  dmad  dar 
murdja'at-i  bi-tnjd  kdr-sdzi  mi-shavad 
(whatever  is  short  in  the  money  I  now 
give  you,  will  be  settled  on  your  return; 
I  will  pay  you  any  balance  on  your  re- 
turn). 

Settlement,  qardr-dad :  intizdm  (good  manage- 
ment) :  qist-bandi  (by  instalments) :  jam'- 
bandl  (revenue  settlement) :  ta'yin  (fixing) : 
mahr  (by  husband  on  wife). 

Settler,  muhdjir. 

Settling,  tay-i  muzd  (settling  the  price) :  tak 
nishastan  (subsidence  of  land,  etc.). 

Seven,  haft;  haft-sad^  (seven  hundred). 

Seventh,  haftum. 

Seventeen,  hafdah. 

Seventeenth,  hafdahum. 

Seventieth,  haftddum. 

Seventy,  haftdd. 

Sever,  buridan ;  qat'  k. :  du  nim  k.  (cut  in 
halves):  jvdd  sdkhtan:  qaV-i  Hldqa  k, 
(sever  one's  connection). 

Several,  chand ;  chandtd;  ba'zi. 

Several  times,  chand  daf'a:  bdr-i  chand; 
chandinbdr:  mukarrar  (reipeatedly ;  again). 

Severe,  durusht  (of  temperament) :  shadld ; 
sakht. 

Severed,  maqtu'  ;  judd  karda  shuda. 

Severely,  u  tambih-i  sakht  shud  (he  was 
severely  reprimanded). 

Severity,  shiddat;  durushtl ;  sakhtl. 

Sew,  dukhtan,  rt.  duz:  Ichayydtl  k. 

Sewage,  qdzurdt. 

Sewer,  zlr-db  (drain) :  duzanda  (stitcher  of 
clothes). 

Sewing,  khiydtat  (rare) ;  khayydti  (art  of — ). 

Sex,  jins:    tdHfa-yi  unds    raqiq"'l-qalb  and 


1  i.e.,  he  merely  sees  his  new  master  as  far  as  the  village  of  his  destination  and  'makes'  what  he 
can — like  the  servants  that  meet  ships  in  Bombay. 

2  Note  concord :  correct  in  Persian.  S  Pronounced  haf-pod. 


Sex 


293 


Sha 


(the  female  sex  is  easily  moved,  emo- 
tional). 

Sexual  intercourse,  muqarabat;  mujama'at: 
juft  shudan  (vulg.,  except  for  animals). 

Shackle,  pd-band  (for  men  or  for  animals) : 
bukhav  (hobbles  for  animals). 

Shaddock,  batdm  (i.e.  of  Batavia) :  mahtdb%. 

Shade,  sciya  ;  khdna-yi  md  bi-vdsita-yi  darakhl- 
fid  sdya  ddrad  or  pursdya  ast  (our  house  is 
shady,  shaded  by  trees).      Vide  Sun. 

Shade  (glass),  mirdangi  Hind,  (glass  shade  with 
open  top  placed  over  the  entire  candle- 
stick to  guard  the  flame  from  draughts) : 
sdya-bdn  and  dftdbgnrddn  (an  eye-shade, 
etc.  from  sun).      Vide  Awning. 

Shade,  to,  sdya  anddkhtan. 

Shadow,  Shadowy,  sdya;  zill:  [!^ill'*Hldh  or 
Hazrat'i  Zill*  lloh  is  a  title  of  the  Shah] : 
man  dar  zir-i  zill-i  marhamat-i  shumd 
hastam:  shibh ;  or  '  aks-i  siydh-i  (a.  shadowy 
form). 

Shaft,  tir ;  chub-i  kdliska  (of  carriage)  : 
khait-i  nur  (of  light) :  qabza  (of  tools) : 
chub-i  nayza  (of  spear). 

Shagreen,  sdtfhari. 

Shake  off,  juinbdmdan ;  ajshdndan  (for  dust)  : 
shJdhhhd-yi  darakht  rd  bi-takdn,  tut  bi- 
rizad :  gardhd-yi  libds-i  khudat  rd  bi-takdn 
(shake  the  dust  off  your  clothes) :  biyd, 
musdfaha  kuntm '  (come  let  us  shake  hands) : 
larzidan  (quake). 

Shaker,  takdnda. 

Shaking,  jumbish:  mwsa/afea  (shaking  hands, 
i.e.  touching  with  both  hands  which  are 
then  conveyed  to  the  chin  and  next  to 
the  forehead).' 

Shallow,  kam  'amiq ;  safxh  (of  persons). 

Sham,  durugh:  vide  Lie,  Pretence,  Impos- 
ture :  jang-i  sdkhtagx  (sham  fight) :  jang-i 
zargart  (a  sham  dispute  between  two 
trades-people  before  a  purchaser ;  one  says, 
"  You  must  sell  this  to  the  Frank,"  and 
the  other  replies,  "I  really  can't,  etc., 
etc.";  also  a  sham  quarrel  between  a 
master  and  a  servant  to  induce  a  visitor 
to  depart). 

Sham,  to,  u  khud  rd  bi-murdagl  zada  (he  is 
shamming  dead).     Vide  Pretend. 

Shambles,  qassdb-khdna. 

Shame,  sharm;  hayd;  khijdlat:  qabdhat  (m.c. 
in  sense  of  shame ;  prop,  ugliness,  villainy) : 


htch  khijdlat  naml-kashl?  (are'nt  you 
ashamed  ?) ;  qabdhat  bi-fahm  (for  shame  I) ; 
khijdlat  bi-kash!  khijdlat  bi-kash  (shame! 
shame) ;  man  chunin  khijdlat  kaahidam 
ki  agar  an  vaqt  zamin  dahan  bdz  mi-kard 
faru  mi-raftam — Prof.  S.  T.  (I  could  have 
sunk  into  the  earth  for  shame) ;  qabdhat 
ham  khub  chxz-i  hast  dar  dunyd  (it  is  good 
to  have  some  sense  of  propriety).  Vide 
Disgrace. 

Shame,  to,  sharm-sdr  k. ;  khijdlat  dddan. 
Vide  Disgrace. 

Shame-faced,  zud  sharm-ru  mi-shavad.  Vide 
Shy. 

Shameless,  hl-sharm  u  hayd ;  hi-chashm  u 
ruy ;  pur-rii ;  chashm-safid  ;  chashm- 
darida  ;  bi-'dr  ;  bi-nang  u  dr. 

Shampoo  to,  musht  u  mdl  k. 

Shank,  qalam;  saq  (shank  of  animals; 
tarsus  of  birds). 

Shape,  shakl ;  tarkib ;  Jiay^at :  qavdra  (of 
frame,  of  men):  bad-tarkib  (ill-shaped); 
Idiush-tarkib  (gen.  well-shaped) ;  Qiush- 
anddyn  (of  living  things  only). 

Shape  to,  tashkxl  n.  or  tarkib  dddan,  tr. ;  with 
ydjtan,  intr. 

Share,  qismat;  hissa ;  saJim,  pi.  as,hdm  (in 
stocks) ;  Kumpdni  du  hazdr  *  •  shxr  ' '  zir-i 
dast  u  pd-yi  m^rdum  anddkhta  ast  (the 
Company  has  placed  2000  of  its  shares 
in  the  open  market). 

Share,  to,  sar-shikan-i  har  yak  najar  bj-jihat-i 
ziydfat-i  "  hdV  dah  rupiya  ujtdd  (the 
share  or  subscription  of  each  pereon  to  the 
dance  was  ten  rupees) ;  ikhrdjdt-i  raftan-i 
shikar  sar-shikan  m%-kunxm  (we'U  share 
the  expenses  of  the  shooting  expedition) ; 
shank  sh.  bd — . 

Shareholder,  saJiim  (in  a  company). 

Sharer,  sAari^;  shirkat-ddr. 

Shark,  nihang ;  gawsang. 

Sharp,  txz;  buranda;  burrdn:  tund  (also  to 
the  taste) :  ddam^x  nd-durust*-V st  (he  is  a 
sharp  chap;  jokingly  used  in  either  a 
good  or  bad  sense) ;  dukhtar-i  nd-durust-V st 
(she  is  a  smart  girl  that) ;  u  khailx 
naql  ddrad. 

Sharper,  in  chaqu  rd  bi-sang-i  sdn^  bi-zan. 

Sharp  set,  harts  (eager,  hungry). 

Shaitter,  khwdakhurda;  rxzrlz;  pdrapdra{k.). 

Shave,  tardshidan  (the  beard ;  a  wood  pencil) ; 


1  The  European  custom  of  shaking  hands  is  coming  in. 

^  Na-pak  is  used  in  a  somewhat  sunilar  sense. 

8  Sang-i  8an  for  eang-i  aab  "  a  hone  "  or  "  a  leather  strop  "  ;  but  suhan  "  a  file." 


Sha 


294 


Shi 


ml-hhwaham  rish-am-rd  (or  sar-am  ra)  hi- 
tardsham;  [hajdmat  in  Persia  means 
cupping] :  qulula  mu-yi  sar-am  rd  khard- 
shida  (or  mass  karda)  raft  (the  bullet  just 
shaved  the  top  of  my  head). 

Shavings,  tardsha  (of  wood). 

Shawl,  shdl;  tirma  (a  "Kashmir  shawl" 
made  either  in  Kashmir  or  in  Kirman) : 
' '  Kashmir  and  Kirman  shawls  are  made  of 
goat's  hair"  shdl-i  Kashmiri  va  Kirmdni 
rd  az  kurk  mi-sdzand ;  [kurk  is  the  fine 
under-hair  of  a  special  breed  of  goat ; 
the  coarse  long  hair  is  called  huz-mu 
and  is  used  for  making  ropes  and  sacks]. 

She,  dn  zan;  u. 

Sheaf,  bdfa  (of  corn). 

Shear  to,  pashm  buridan ;  qaychi  k. ;  tniqrdz 
k. 

Shears,  gdz  (for  cutting  tin  and  copper). 

Sheath,  ghildf  k.  (of  anything) :  niydm  k. 
(of  sword). 

Sheathe,  jahdz  rd  mis-push  k.  (cover  a  ship 
with  sheets  of  copper). 

Sheba,  Sdbd ;  Bilqls  (name  of  the  Queen  of 
Sheba). 

Sht^,rikhlan,rt.rtz. :  ashk  hdrdndan  (to  shed 
tears).     Vide  Moult. 

Shedder  saffdk  (of  blood,  of  many  persons). 

Shedding,  khun-rizi  and  safk-i  dimd^  ( — of 
blood) :  ashk-rizi  and  ashk-bdri  ( — of  tears) . 

Sheen,  darakhshandagi. 

Sheep,  giisf  and:  mlsh  (ewe):  ghuch  (ram): 
argali  (wild  sheep) :  gusfand-i  durnha-ddr 
(fat-tailed  sheep;  in  m.c.  dumba  or  lumba 
is  the  tail  of  the  fat- tailed  sheep,  but  in 
India  this  sheep  itself  is  so  called)  :  misl-i 
gusfand  (a  sheepish,  shy  fellow) :  nazar-i 
gurba  andukhtan  (to  cast  greedy  eyes  at). 

Sheep-fold,  dgtkil  (gen.  for  cattle). 
->Sheepish,  vide  Sheep 

^>»^et,  chddar^  (a  woman's  head  sheet;  also 
•  ^  tent) :  chddar-i-shab  (for  bed) :  ru-pUsh 
(abed-sheet;  or  any  cover,  etc.) ;  qadlfa 
(bat,hing-sheet,  towel)  :  maldja  (gen.  a 
sheet  spread  on  a  mattress) :  shamad 
(a  thin  bed-sheet  for  hot  weather) :  lawha 
(small,  of  metal  or  wood) ;  tanuka  or 
takhta  (smal],  of  metal) :  vide  Pillow-case: 
safha  (of  water). 
Shelf,  idqcha  (a  i-^iche  in  the  wall,  gen. 
arched)  :   raff  (thg  ledge  round  a  Persian 


room,  out  of  reach) :  mdchdn  (in  huts ;  of 
bamboo). 

Shell,  sadaf  (any  shell,  but  sp.  oyster-shelh  : 
gitsh-mdhi  (small  shell) :  pust  (of  nuts, 
etc.) :  ndranjak  (explosive :  also  bomb  ; 
hand-grenade). 

Shell,  to,  pust  kandan  or  giriftan  or  anddkh- 
tan  (to  peel,  etc.):  tup  bastan  hi — ;  galula 
anddzl  k. ;  tup  anddzl  k.  (to  bombard). 

Shelter,  hdrdn  hi-shiddat  ml  barad,hiydpandh 
bi-ravlm:  maZ;a*  (rare) ;  gusha-i  hi-jihati 
mdndan  na-ddd  (he  didn't  give  me  a  cor- 
ner to  shelter  in). 

Shelter  to,  pandh  burdan  or  justan  (to  seek) 
and  pandh  dddan  (to  give  shelter). 

Sheltered,  mahfuz. 

Shelve,  to,  bar  tdq  nihddan. 

Shem,  Sdm. 

Shepherd,  chupdn ;  shabdn;  galla-bdn;  gus- 
fand-chardn:  rd'l  (rare). 

Sherbet,  '^  sharbat-i  sib  (of  apple) :  bih-Umu 
(of  quince  and  lemon) :  sakanjabin  u  yahh 
raf'-i  'atash  mi-kunad  (syrup  of  vinegar 
quenches  thirst) ;  pdluda  (made  of  starch- 
water,  rose-water,  syrup,  ice,  etc.): 
afshura  (lemon-juice,  sugar,  and  water)  : 
sharbat-i  bahdr  (made  of  boiled  juice  of 
shaddock-flower,  and  sugar) :  sharbat-ddr 
(a  servant   that  looks  after  drinks,  etc.). 

Shibboleth,  in  lafz  rd  mihakk  guzdshtand. 

Shield,  sipar :  sipar-ddr  (the  page  who  bears 
the  shield). 

Shieldrake,  vide  "  Duck." 

Shier,  ramu  adj.  (of  horse,  etc. ;  also  shy, 
wild) . 

Shift,  chdra-i  bdyad  namud  (you  must  do  the 
best  you  can). 

Shikari,  vide  '  Game-keeper.' 

Shikarpur,  Shikdrpur. 

Shimmer,  rawshand^i-yi  mahtdb  bar  safha-yi 
ab  larzdn  bud. 

Shin,  qalam-i  pa ;  [qalam-i  dast  bone  of  fore- 
arm] . 

Shine,  darajchshldan  (gen.)  ;  tdbldan  (of 
lights). 

Shining,  adj.  darakhshanda :  munxr  (rare). 

Shiny,  barrdq;  masqul  (polished,  of  metal). 

Ship,  jahdz;  kashti ;  safina.  pi.  safd^in 
(small) :  jahdz-i  jangl  or  jahdz-i  zirih-push 
(man  of  war,  iron-clad)  :  kashti-yi  hddi^ 
(sailing-ship) :  Qhurdb  (with  2  or  3  masts) : 


1  In  India  any  sheet. 

2  The  Persians  have  very  ^any  kinds  of  aharbat  or  fruit-syrups. 
^  Afghans  and  Indians  say  kishti-yi  badbani. 


Shi 


205 


Sho 


baifAla  (with  one  mast) :  vapur  Fr.  (steam- 
lx)at).     Vide  Steamer. 

Ship,  to,  bar  k. ;  haml  k. 

Ship-boy,  pa-davak-i  jahaz. 

Ship-wrecked,  kashix-shikasta. 

Shiraz,  Shirdz. 

Shirk,  u  az  taklij-i  khud  shdna  khali  mt- 
kunad  (he  shirks  his  work) :  az  zu-i  kdr 
dar  mi-ravad  or  az  kdr  iafra '  ml-zanad  :  az 
hall-i  in  mushkil  pahlu-tuhl  karda  asl  (he 
has  shirked,  or  slurred  over,  this  diffi- 
culty). _ 

Shirker,  kdr-duzd.     Vide  Skulker. 

Shirt,  ptrdhan  ;  qamts  (English  pattern) . 

Shirwan,  shirvdn. 

Shiver,  to,  larzidan;  ra'sha  k.  (to  tremble). 

Shock,  sadma  {khurdan) :  takdn  {kh.) ;  hul 
{dddan)  (shove). 

Shock,  to,  in  khabar  urd  chundn  iakdn  ddd 
(or  hul  ddd)  ki — . 

Shoe,  kafsh  (gen.) :  muza  (socks  of  leather) : 
urusl  (European  slippers)  :  na^l,  dual 
na'layn  (worn  by  mullas  and  supposed  to 
be  of  camel  hide ;  without  heels) :  giva 
(common  white  rag-shoes)  :  malaki  (a 
superior  kind  of  giva;  gen.  from  Shiraz): 
kafsh-i  sdyAari  (green  and  with  curved 
and  pointed  toe,  and  with  heel) :  pd-afrdz  ; 
chdruq  (any  shoe  down  at  heels) :  chamush 
(a  rustic  leather-covering  for  the  foot)  : 
na'l  {k.)  (horse-shoe). 

Shoe-horn,  jjdshna-kash  (shoe-lift). 

Shoe-maker,  kafsh-duz ;  urusi-sdz. 

Shoe-string,  band-i  kafsh  (shoe-lace). 

Shoot  (of  plant),  tinja:  nihdl  (sapling). 

Shoot,  to,  tir-anddzi '  mi-ddnid  ?  (can  you 
shoot  with  a  gun  or  rifle  ?) :  anddkhtan 
bar  or  khdli  kardan  bar — (to  shoot  at,  dis- 
charge gun  at) :  zadan  (to  shoot  and  kill) : 
tinja  zadan  (of  a  plant) :  tir  kashidan  (of 
pain) ;  qayqdjz.  off  galloping  horse).  Vide 
Oblique. 

Shooting,  tir-anddzi  (m.c,  with  gun;  also 
archery). 

Shop,  dukdn;  ior  dukkdn,p\.dakdkin  ;  magh.- 
dza  (big  stores) :  hujra  (in  advertisements) : 
hama-yi  dakdkin  rd  bar  chida  and  or  basta 
and  (all  the  shops  are  closed ;  bar  chida 
used  for  stalls,  etc.). 

Shop,  to,  khariddri  k. 


Shop-keeper,  dukdnddr. 

Shore,  kindr  (also  bank  of  river) :  aShU  (of 
sea  only) :  jmshti-bdn  (z.)  (against  a  sag- 
ging wall) :  zirzan  (z.)  under  a  beam). 

Short,  kutdh;  qaair :  fi  ^Ujumla  or  al-gJiaraz, 
adv.  (in  short) :  hukumal-ash  hanuz  ahuru' 
na  -ahuda  khatm  shud  (his  rule  was  short) : 
kutdh-qadd ;  or  past  (in  stature) :  turd  (of 
pastry,  lit.  brittle). 

Shorten,  kutdh  k  (for  anything) ;  mukhtasar 
k.  (of  speech,  writing). 

Shorthand,  khatt-i  ramz. 

Short-lived,  aari"*^ z-zavdl  (met.,  of  things). 

Shortly,  zud ;  'an-qarib. 

Shortness,  kutdhi:  nafa-tangi  (of  breath): 
turdi  (of  pastry).  [dent). 

Short-sighted,    kam-au :  "*   kutdh-bin    (impru- 

Shot,  gulula  (bullet  or  cannon-ball) :  sdchma 
(small) :  chdr-pdra  (slugs) :  tir-anddz  (the 
pereon) :  partdb  (range) :  tir-i  khub-i  zadam 
(this  was  a  good  shot,  guess). 

Should,  shumd  nami-bdyiat  chunin  kdr-i  bi- 
kunid  (you  should  not  have  done  so) : 
shurm,  nami-bdyad  (or  na-bdyad  or  Jia- 
bdyist)  in  kdr  rd  bi-kunid  (you  should  not 
do  this) :  [as  in  m.c.  the  Past  Tense — here 
mi-bdyist — of  bdyistan  as  well  as  of  other 
verbs  is  often  used  for  the  Present,  the 
first  sentence  might  also  mean,  "  You 
should  not  do  this ' ' ;  the  context  alone 
decides.  In  classical  Persian  mi-bdy^iat  is 
past  only] :  chird  bdyad  digar  dar  dunyd 
zinda  bi-mdnam  (why  should  I  now  live 
longer.^). 

Shoulder  (subs.),  shdna ;  duah :  sinapahn 
(broad-shouldered) ;  sar-dushi  (shoulder- 
cord  for  uniform)  :  mashti  'abd  rd  yak 
bar-i  ahdna-aah  anddkhta  bud,  bi-tafannun* 
rdh  mi-raft  (the  swell  was  strolling  along 
with  his  cloak  cast  over  one  shoulder). 

Shoulder,  to,  tana  zadan  (to  shoulder  off  in  a 
crowd) :  bar  duah  giriftan  (as  a  gun). 

Shoulder-cord,  sar-duah  (also  epaulettes  and 
shoulder-chains) . 

Shout,  aadd-yi  buland  (z.  or  k.) ;  bdng  (z.) ; 
na'ra  (2.)  (shriek  or  cry  of  humans  or 
elephant  or  tiger):  farydd  (z.)  (general): 
kil  (women's  applause  when  the  bride- 
groom has  come)  :  halhala  (of  soldiers  in  a 
charge). 


i   Tairah  Ar.  '*  to  skip  "  :  tflfra  zadan  **  to  evade,  prevaricate.' ' 
2  Tir-anduz\,  prop,  "archery"  in  m.c.  means  shooting  with  a  gun,  etc. 
S  Nazd'ik-hln,  adj.  for  spectacles. 

*  Ta./onnun  "  amusement "  ;    dara  Jihwandan-i  ma  tafannunV st  vie  study  for  pleasure.    The  Anglo- 
liidian  word  '  tifiSn '  ia  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  this  word. 


Sho 


296 


Sid 


Shove,  to,  hul  zadan  or  dadan.  Vide  To 
Shoulder. 

Shovel,  bll;  paru  (of  wood;  used  in  stables). 

Show,  tamashd  (spectacle) ;  vide  Pomp  and 
Importance :  hhima-yi  shab-hdzi  (puppet 
shows) . 

Show,  to,  namudan,  rt.  numd,  tr.  and  intr. ; 
nishdn  dddan,  tr.  (exhibit ,  etc.) ;  jilvabi- 
kharj  dddan  (to  show  off).  Vide  Demon- 
strate. 

Shower,  yak  'pdya  bdrdn  (heavy  shower  of 
rain) :  tir-bdrdn  ( — of  arrows) :  tarashshuh 
(the  splashing  of  rain  on  the  ground ;  any 
splashing  or  sprinkling ;  a  light  shower). 

Shower,  to,  bdndan  (of  rain) :  rihhtan  (gen.). 

Showery,  bdrdni  (rainy). 

Shred,  rlsha  (of  meat) :  tarisha  (of  cloth). 

Shred,  to,  risha  rlsha  k.,  etc. 

Shrew,  bd  dar  u  divdr  jang  mi-kunad  (  =  a 
shrew) :   patydra :  kawli  (brawling ;   lit.  a 

gypsy)-  .. 

Shrewish,  jirjiru  (also  irritable). 

Shriek,  jiq  (z.)  (sp.  of  women  and  children) : 

vide  Chirp ;   sayha   (Jcashidan)   (any  cry) : 

ghariv    (2.)    (noise    of    a    crowd).      Vide 

Shout. 
Shrill,  tiz. 

Shrimp,  maygu  (also  a  prawn). 
Shrine,^  ziydrat-gdh ;  mazdr:    qadam-gdh   (a 

place   with    the    foot-print    of    a    saint; 

generally  in  stone). 
Shrink,  to,   darham  kashidan ;   pas  raftan: 

khud-ash  rd  jam'  kard. 
Shrink,  from,  dur-kashi  kardan  az — ;  ihiirdz 

n.  az  (to  avoid) ;    jam'    shudan  or  kiitdh 

sh.  (in  the  wash). 
Shrike,  bdzHn ;  dla-kargana  ;  a,nd  dla-guzina 

(T.). 
Shrivel,  pust  chin  chin  sh.  (of  the  skin). 
Shroud,*  kafan. 
Shroud,  to,  tahjln  k. ;  kafn  u  dafn  kardan  (to 

shroud  and  huvy  =  tajhiz  u  takfin  k.). 
Shrub,  bitta  (pron.  butta:  the  fish-like,  Kash- 
mir-pattern in  a  shawl  or  carpet  is   also 

so  called). 
Shrug,  to,  shdna  bald  kashidan;  shdna-i  bar 

afrdkht  (gave  a  slight  shrug). 
Shudder,  vide  Tremble  and  Fear. 


Shuffle,  to,  vi£?e  Evade :  shdkh  bi-shdkh  raftan, 
or  paridan. 

Shunning,  kindra  giriftan:  ijtindb  k. ;  ihtirdz 
k.:  duri  justan  az — ;  umarddld,  bi-kucha- 
yi  'All  (or  Hasan)  chap  zad  (he  avoided 
me). 

Shuster,  Shustar ;  or  Shustar. 

Shut,  to,  bastan,  rt.  band;  masdud  sdkhtan; 
ruy-ham  guzdshtan  (a  book) :  pish  k.  (the 
door) :  barham  nihddan  (the  eyes) :  dukdn- 
ash  takhta  ast  (his  shop  is  shut,  i.e.  has 
the  shutters  up) :  pdyin  k.  (the  sash  of  a 
window) ;  but  bastan  (of  a  da'richa) : 
dahan-ash  rd  bastam,  or  urd  al-gat'  'kardam 
(I  shut  him  up). 

Shutter,  dar-bachcha  (shutter  ?). 

Shuttle,  muku. 

Shy,  (adj.)  kam-ru  ;  or  sharm-ru  (of  people) ; 
ramu  (of  animals). 

Shy,  to,  ram  k.  or  khurdan  (of  horse) ; 
ramidan  ;  vide  Shier. 

Siberia,  Sabir. 

Sibyl,  zan-i  ghayb-gu. 

Sick,  nd-khush  ^ ;  mariz :  bi-hdl  (much  upset) : 
ranjur  iov  ranj-var  (rare);  'alii  (ailing  or 
out  of  sorts) ;  ahvdl-ash  nd-sdz  (or  nd-sdz- 
gdr)  ast,  or  dar  mizdjash  niqdhat-%  pay  da 
shuda  (he's  out  of  sorts) ;  az  rifdqat-i  u  bi- 
jdn  dmada-am  (I'm  sick  of  his  company). 
Vide  Sea-sick  and  Vomit. 

Sicken,  bizidr  k.  (to  disgust). 

Sickle,  manual :  dds  (small  and  with  teeth) : 
dahra. 

Sickness,  nd-khushi ;  bimmi;  maraz,  pi. 
amrdz :  takassur-i  mizdj  (indisposition) : 
su^-i  mizdj. 

Side,  pahlu;  jdnib,  pi.  javdnib ;  dubr  (back- 
side) :  kamar  *-kash-i  kuh  (hill-side) : 
bagkal  or  divdr  (of  a  ship) :  ru-yi  rdst  (the 
right  side  of  cloth) ;  and  rii-yi  chap  (the 
wrong  side)  :  az  har  taraf  (on  all  sides) ; 
jarnb:  taraf,  dual  taraf  ay  n,  and  ^\.  atrdf 
(direction,  faction,  party,  side) :  s%*;  samt 
(direction) :  ru  (of  medal  or  coin ;  taraf-i 
chap  =  either  "  the  wrong  side" — which- 
ever that  may  be — or  ' '  the  left  side  ' ') : 
yd  Zangi-yi  Zang  yd  Rum-yi  Rum  ( =  take 
one  side  or  the  other). 


1  Visitors  to  a  shrine  or  to  a  qadam-gah  often  touch  the  earth  with  the  right  hand  and  then  rub  the 
hand  on  the  eye-lids.     The  earth  of  Karbala  is  an  article  of  commerce. 

2  Old-fashioned  Muslims  going  on  a  long  journey  carry  their  grave  clothes  with  them :  these  gener- 
ally have  texts  written  on  them. 

8  In  India  na-khuah  "  displeased."     On  going  to  see  a  sick  person  it  is  usual  to  say,  Bad  na-bashad 
or  Inaha*  Allah  bala  dur  ast,  or  both. 

*  Kamar  is  half-way  up  a  hill-side,  and  hamar-kaah  is  near  the  top. 


Sid 


297 


Sim 


Sideling,  (adj.)  yak-han. 

Side-saddle,  zxn-i  yak-bari  ;  qayqdj  nishaslan 
(to  ride  side-saddle). 

Side-walk,  kindra-rah  ;  piyada-raw. 

Sideways,  yak-hara. 

Siege,  muhdsara  k. ;  dam-%  qal'a  chdtma 
zadan. ' 

Siesta,  qaylula. 

Sieve,  ghfdhir  or  tjhirbdl  (of  gut)  :  alak  or 
mu-btz  (fine  sieve  of  hair,  wire  or  cloth). 

Sift,  bxkhian,  rt.  biz:  az  pdrcha  sdf  k.  or 
az  pdrcha  dar  k.  (through  cloth) :  mu-biz 
k.  (through  a  hair  sieve) :  ghirbdl  k. 

Sigh,  to,  dh^  kashidan:  dh-i  sard  (deep  sigh) ; 
dh-i  sard  az  dil-i  pur  dard  bar  dvurd. 
Prof.  S.  T. 

Sight,  nazar;  nigah ;  su-ask  khardb  ast  (his 
sight  is  bad) :  bind*i  (power  of  sight) : 
khdrij  az  nazar  (out  of  sight) ;  ttz-ckashm 
adj.  (sharp-sighted) :  tamdshd  (spectacle) : 
va'da  (or  jurja)  na-ddrad  (payable  at 
sight) :  islmn  rd  shakl'^"  mt-shindkhtam* 
Prof.  S.  T.  (1  knew  him  by  sight  =  rM^t/ai"" 
urd  mt-shindsam) ;  did  (foresight,  of  gun) ; 
mizdn  (back-sight). 

Sign,  nishdn;  in  'aldmat-i  bdrdn  ast;  ishdra 
{k.)  (beck,  signal) :  asar,  pi.  dsdr  (trace) : 
surdjfi  (clue) :  ramz  (a  secret  mark). 

Sign,  to,  t'wza*  k.;  muzayyan  k.  (polite): 
muhr  k.  (to  affix  one's  name  by  seal). 

Signal,  ishdra  (subs.) ;  numdydn  (remarkable). 

Signalize,  mumtdz  k. 

Signature,  imm\ 

Signet,  muhr-i  ism;  khdtim  (pi.,  rare,  khawd- 
tim). 

Signification,  ma'nq;  jahvq:  mazmun  (con- 
tents, or  subject  of,  a  letter) :  ma'nd-yi 
vasVddrad  (it  has  a  wide  signification). 

Signified,  mushdr*^  ilayh  (mentioned  or  im- 
phed) . 

Signifiy,  to,  khabar  dddan  (inform):  ma'nq 
ddshtan ;  daldlat  k.  bar — ;  khwdh  bi-ydyad 
khwdh  na-ydyad  chi  farq  mi-kunad?:  chi 
tu'sh  ast?  (what  does  it  really  mean). 

Signifying,  mutazammin  bar — ;  rmish'ir  bar — 
(informing  about). 

Silence,  khdmushi  {Je.) ;  or  sukut  (k.)  (to  keep 
— );  sukut  mujib-i*  rizd  ast. — JProv. 


Silence,  to,  khdmush  or  sdktt  k.  (a  person  or 
a  battery). 

Silenced,  mujdb  (k.)  (in  argument,  etc.); 
also  dahan-ash  rd  bastam. 

Silent,  khdmush  ;  ndkit  u  sdmit :  kam-svJchan ; 
or  bi-sadd  (of  few  words ;  inoffensive) : 
injd  khdmush  ast,  hich  shuluq  nist,  hick 
sada  nist  (it's  quite  quiet  here;  no  noise). 
Vide  Speak. 

Silently,  dhista;  drdm  ;  bi-sadd. 

Silk,^  abrlsham ;  harir :  kirm-i  abrisham  (silk- 
worm): qazz  (raw  silk):  abrishamri  zari 
(gold  brocaded) ;  mashru'  (silk  and  cotton 
mixed) :  purz  or  tigia  (raw  silk  cut  up 
and  put  in  inkstand)  :  tdfta  (tafetta) :  pila 
(cocoon) :  tilambdr  (a  machan  for  silk- 
worms). 

Silken,  abrishami ;  hariri. 

Silliness,  safdhat ;  baldhat :  sabuk-m/ij(izi. 

Silly,  bi-ma'ni  (of  persons  or  things):  sdda- 
lawh  (simple,  of  persons) ;  sabuk-maghz. 

Silver,  nvqra:  sim  u  zar  (silver  and  gold, 
but  the  word  stm''  alone,  in  m.c,  means 
"wire"):  pul-i  saftd  (silver  money) ;  az 
nuqra ;  or  slmln  (of  silver) :  varshu  (Ger- 
man silver). 

Silvery,  nuqra-rang ;  simin. 

Similar,  yaksdn;  misl-i  ham:  musdvi  (also 
equal  in  quantity) ;  shablh  (resembling). 

Similarity,  ham  chunxn  az  tatbiq-i  md-bayn-% 
mazhab'i  in  tdHfa  va  tavd'if-i  Hunud 
sarf-i  nazar  kardam  (nor  too  have  I  re- 
marked on  the  similarity  between  their 
tenets  and  those  of  the  Hindus). 

Simile,  tashbih  (the  Figure). 

Similitude,  mushabahat;  mutdbaqat :  'dlam-i 
misdl  (the  World  of  Similitudes;  a  Sufi 
phrase). 

Simmering,  samdvar  hdld  tah-jush  shuda  ast 
(the  samavar  is  simmering). 

Simoom,  bdd-i  samum. 

Simple,  sdda-lawh  (of  people);  agar  bi- 
guyand-ash  mast  siydh  ast  bdvar  mi-kunad : 
sdda  (plain):  mufrad  (=not  murakkab, 
not  compound).     Vide  Infra. 

Simpleton,  sdda-dil  or  sdda-lawh  (in  a  good 
or  bad  sense)  tu  khayli  sdf  u  sdda-i,  ki  bar 
u  i'  timdd  kardi  (you  were  a  simpleton  to 


i  Chatma  tadan  T.  "to  pile  arms. ' ' 

•  Aspirate  the  h. 

8  The  expression  ashna  aurat  not  used  in  m.o. 

♦  Mujib  misused  for  'alUmat. 

fi  By  Muslim  law,  silken  attire  is  forbidden  to  men. 
wool.     Vide  Wool. 

0  Sim  in  citissical  Persian  '*  silver  "  ;  vide  note  to  ' 

38 


Some  kinds  of  'aba  are  partly  silk  and  partly 
Gold.' 


Sim 


298 


Sit 


trust  him) ;    huzd   Akhjash  ' ;   pakht,   and 
pakh  (vulg.). 
Simplicity,  sada-lawhl;  sadagl.     Vide  Simple. 

Simulation,  vd-numa^l  (k.)  and  vd-namud 
(k.) :  tajdhul  (k.)  (feigning  ignorance) : 
taqlld  (k.)  (imitating,  mimicry) :  tanidsul 
(assuming  the  appearance  of).  Vide  Pie- 
tence  and  Hypocrisy. 

Simultaneity,  ham-vaqti;  muqdranat. 

Simultaneous,  muqdrin;  yak-vaqt;  guftan-i 
man  va  nishastan-i  u  muqdrin  vdqi'  shud 
(my  speaking  and  his  sitting  down  were 
simultaneous). 

Sin,  iaqsir;  gundh;  'isydn^  (vulg.  'usydn)  : 
gundh-i  sagMra  (pi.  saghdHr)  (a  venial 
sin  ;  opposed  to  kabira,  sing,  only  used). 

Sinai,  Tur ;  Jabal-i  Mum. 

Since,  ztrd  ki  and  chun  ki  (because) ;  az 
vaqt-i  ki  and  bad  az  an  ki  (temporal) : 
Jahdn-Afann  id  Jahdn  dfarid  (poet., 
"  since  the  Creator  created  this  world — ) : 
na  qabl  na  ba'd  (neither  before  nor  since). 

Sincere,  sddiq;  ikhlds-mand ;  mukhlis ;  bi- 
gharaz;  bi-riyd^:  mahabbat-iunisbatbi-man 
khdhsast:  qawl-i  u  qalb'^"  ast  (vulg.,  =  he 
means  what  he  says) :  sukhan-ash  az  ru-yi 
sidq  bud  (his  sentiments  were  sincere) . 

Sincerely,  az  samim-i  qalb ;  az  tah-idil;  bi- 
ikhlds-i  tamdm. 

Sincerity,  saddqat;  ikhlds. 

Sinecurist,  jira-hhwdr  (one  who  gets  pension 
from  the  State  without  doing  any  service 
in  return,  as  poets,  etc.). 

Sine  qua  non,  shart-i  Idzim;  Id-budd"  minh. 

Sinew,  pay;  'asab,  pi.  a' sab. 

S'miul,  gundh-kdr ;  'dsl;  pur-gundh. 

Siniulness,  gundh-kdri ;  ma'siyat. 

Sing,  surud  k. ;  dvdza  khivdndan  [dvdz  = 
tune] :  tarannum  k.  (humming) :  an  zan 
dmz-i  shirin  ddrad:  u  dost  bar  gush  guz- 
dshta^  dvdz  khivdnd  (he  sang  out). 

Singe,  singed,  palzdndan  or  chalzdndan,  tr. 
(of  hair,  etc.) ;  palzldan  or  chalzidan,  intr. 

Singer,  dvdza-khwdn  (profess.,  but  in  khdnum 
ahl-i  dvdz  ast  would  be  said  for  an 
amateur) :  mughanni  ( prof. ,  plays  and 
sings  =  mutrib) :  kh  ivdnanda  or  chahchaha- 
zan  (birds). 

Singing,  dvdza-khwdn  (part.) ;  mutarannim 
(part.,  humming)  :  khivdndan;  or  c^ind^ 
(subs.) :  jiz  jiz  (k.)  (of  kettle). 


Single,  fard;  yaktd;  vdhid;  farid;  yagdna; 
vahid:  mujarrad;  ovbi-zan;  ox  bi-shawhar 
(unmarried) ;  [shawhar-murda,  "  widow  "] ; 
'azab  (bachelor;  also  in  m.c.  'lustful'). 

Singleness,  khulus-i  niyyat  ( — of  purpose). 

Singly,  yagdn  yagdn;  yak  yak;  fard"'^  jard"^^ 
(one  by  one) ;  munfarid'^"  (alone) . 

Singular,  vide  Strange:  usul-i  mazhab-i  shdn 
ta'ajjub  ddrad  or  ghar%b  ast  :  vdhid  (the 
singular  number). 

Singularity,  gAardbat. 

Singularly,  bi-taior-i  mahhsus. 

Sinister,  shum  or  mashum ;  nd-mubdrak ;  nd- 
maymun;  nd-mas'ud;  bad-ughur. 

Sink,  db-riz;  dbshi. 

Sink,  to,  gharq  shudan  or  kardan;  dar  db 
faru  raftan;  zir-i  db  raftan  kashti  gharq 
ml-shavad  {'  this  ship  is  sinking '  ;  but  dar 
db  faru  mi-ravad  might  signify  '  is  getting 
lower  in  the  water  by  being  loaded  ' ) :  kan- 
dan  (of  mine,  shaft) :  zavdl  k.  (of  sun) : 
dar  dil  faru  raftan  (in  the  mind).  Vide 
Sunk. 

Sinless,  bi-gundh ;  ma' sum:  Khudd  bt-'ayb 
ast  u  bas :  mazlum  (oppressed  without 
cause;  innocent). 

Sinner,  gundh-kdr ;  'dsl;  khatd-kdr. 

Sip,  mik  zadan ;  kuft  kuft  khurdan  (vulg.  and 
perhaps  local) :  chdhi  rd  bi-tafannun  mi- 
khurad  (to  sip  tea) :  yak  mik  chdhi  bi-dih 
(just  give  me  a  sip  of  tea,  or  as  an 
American  would  say,  '  just  a  swallow  of 
tea'). 

Sir,  dg(hd  (for  Persians,  and  sometimes  for 
Franks) :  sahib  (Franks  only ;  perhaps  in- 
troduced from  India). 

Sire,  qibla-gdh;  qibla-yi  'dlam  (to  Shah). 

Sire,  to,  pas  anddkhtan  (vulg.). 

Sirius,  Al-Kalb  (Dog-star) ;  also  Shi'rq. 

Sirloin,  gusht-i  mdza. 

Sirup,  shira  (cooked  or  fresh  juice  of  fruit). 

Sister,  bdji  T. ;  dgthd  bdji  (any  elder  sisjier)  : 
khivdhar-khwdnda    (adopted — ) ;    baradar- 
zan  (brother's  wife) :    khwdhar-zan  (wife's 
sister) . 
Sisterhood,  ukhtiyyat. 

Sit,  nishastan,  rt.  nishin;  bism^'lldh,  bi-far- 
mdyid  (please  sit  down)  or  tashrif  bi-darid 
(ditto) :  du-zdnu  nishastan  (to  sit  Persian 
fashion,  i.e.  kneeling  and  sitting  on  the 
heels) :  *  sar-i  pa  nishastan  or  chumbdtma 


1  A  well-known  grammarian  who  discussed  his  subject  with  a  he-goat  as  audience. 
4  It  is  an  affectation  of  Persian  singers  to  place  the  tip  of   the  right  forefinger  (or  each  fore-finger) 
in  the  ear.     The  singer  gazes  into  a  corner  of  the  ceiling.    When  seated,  these  attitudes  are  not  adopted. 
8  A  respectful  or  formal  position ;  uncomfortable  even  for  Persians. 


Sit 


299 


Sla 


2.  (to  squat  Indian  fashion,  to  "  baitho'') : 
khwdbidan  (of  fowls  on  eggs). 

Site,  mawzi* :  inahall. 

Sitting,  nishasta:  qd'id  and  jdlis  (pres.  p.) : 
ham-sufra  (adj.,  sitting  at  the  same  table; 
mess  mates) :  nishist  or  nishast,  subs. 

Situated,  vdqi\-  gardr  ydfta.     Vide  Lagoon. 

Situation,  wom;?*'  (site);  naio^-l  nisbaUi  mar- 
kazi  ddrad  (it  has  a  central  situation) : 
Ml;  Aa/a<  (state,  condition) :  ;a  (domestic 
service). 

Six,shish(m.c  ior  shash) :  shish-sad,  or  vu\g. 
shi-sad  (six  hundred). 

Six-fold,  shuh-td  (in  six  folds) :  shiah-chand 
(six  times  the  quantity). 

Sixteen,  shdnzdah. 

Sixth,  shashum  P. ;  sddis  A. 

Sixtieth,  shastum. 

Sixty,  shast  [but  shast,  "thumb  "j. 

Size,  qadd  (for  length  of  a  carpet) :  anddza 
(for  a  table,  room) ;  tul  u  'arz  (for  a 
carpet,  a  room)  :  kitdb  chi-qadar  kajm 
ddrad:  bi-qavdra-yi  kachkul  sdkhtam  (I 
made  it  the  shape  and  size  of  a  beggar's 
bowl) :  bi-qadr-i  yak  girdu  (of  the  size  of  a 
walnut). 

Skate,  yakh-surl  k.  (to  skate) :  kafsh-i  yakh- 
surl  (skates). 

Skein,  yak  kildja  nakh  or  ris  (general) :  jyang 
(gen.  of  wool,  for  carpet-weaving). 

Skeleton,  tashrlh-i  mayyit  (or  murda) :  tash- 
rih-i  insdn  (human — ). 

Sketch,  musavvada  {k.)  (rough  draft,  etc.) : 
tarah-rizi  (k.)  (gen.  plan  of  a  house) : 
khdka  (r.)  (outline) :  kdr-ash  nd-tamdm  ast 
(he's  a  sketchy  person). 

Skewer,  sikkcha 

Skiff,  zaurraqcha;  qdHq;  lutka  (for  pleasure): 
mdshuva  (any  small  boat). 

Skilful,  hunar-mand;  hdziq  (gen.  for  physi- 
cian) :  ustdd :  mdhir :  faqih  (skilled  in  fiqh) ; 
vide  Lawyer). 

Skill,  hunar,  chxra-dastl ;  mahdrat ;  yad-i  tula. 
Vide  Filled. 

Skilled,  o^aA ;  mdhir:  faqih  (skilled  in  law, 
a  lawyer). 

Skim,  sar-i  in  shir  rd  bi-gir  (skim  this  milk) : 
kaf  giriftan  (of  broth,  sherbet,  etc.) 

Skimmer,  kaf-gir  (an  instrument  for  skim- 
ming). 

Skim-milk,  shir-i  sar-girifta. 

Skin,  piist ;  jild;  charm,  vide  Leather;  tnashk 
(water   skin) :    khlka    (larger)    and    khiku 


(smaller) :  tnashk  (of  goat  or  sheep-ski  n» 
specially  used  for  curds,  milk,  rawghan, 
grape  or  date-juice) :  rdviya  (water  skin 
carried  on  a  camel) :  takht-i  piist  (a  flat 
skin). 

Skin,  to,  prist  kandan ;  khiki  kandan  (of 
birds,  i.e.  without  slitting  along  the  whole 
stomach  ;  also  of  sheep  skins,  etc.  intend- 
ed for  mashks) 

Skinflint,  u  na'l  az  khar-i  murda  mi-kanad 
(he  is  a  skinflint).     Vide  Miser. 

Skinny,  pust  u  ustukhipdn  ast,  or  hlch  gusht 
na-ddrad. 

Skip,  to,  ja^t  k.  (with  rope) ;  jasl  u  khiz  k. 
(of  lambs,  monkeys) ;  du  safha  jastam  (l 
skipped  two  pages). 

Skirmish,  jang  u  guriz  bi-tariq-i  sitiz  u  dviz; 
zad  u  khurd-i  ba  dushman. 

Skirt,  az  dnjd  rah  bi-ddmana-yi  kuh  mi-uftad 
(thence  the  road  skirts  the  foot  of  the 
hill) :  ddman  (of  dress). 

Skulker,  kdr-duzd  (a  shirker  of  work,  a 
skrimshanker).     Vide  Shirk. 

Skulk,  kindr  kindr  raftan  (not  to  come  in  the 
open) :  dum  rd  dar-miydn-i  du  pa  nihddan. 

Skull,  kdsa-yi  sar. 

Skull-cap,  'araq-chin. 

Sky,  dsman  abr  u  tdrik  asl :  jaw  (the  vault 
of  the  sky). 

Skylark,  vide  Lark. 

Skylight,  rawshan :  rawzan  (any  light  hole). 
Vide  Ventilation. 

Slab,  takhta-sang  (of  stone). 

Slack,  sust :  shut ;  kam'tnaylx  mt-kunad  (of 
persons) . 

Slain,  kushta ;  maglul:  sliahld  (martyred): 
mazbuh  (with  the  throat  cut;  man  or 
animal). 

Slake,  faru  nishdndan  (of  fire) ;  Jdhamir  k. 
(for  lime  only) .  tashnagi-yash  rd  taskin 
dad  :  sust  k.  (of  quicklime  ;  or  mud). 

Slander,  to,  mutlahim  k. ;  tuhmat  bastan ; 
iftird^  b  ;  buhtdn  z.  or  g. 

Slanderer,  buhtdn-zan ;  iftird-band. 

Slant-ways,  A;a;;  urib.     Ftrfe  Writing. 

Slap,  tajtdncha  (2.) ;  pusht-gardani  (z.)  (slap 
»m  the  back  of  the  neck) 

Slap,  to,  chundn  5«/»*-i  zad  ki  jd-yi  chahdr 
ndkhun^  tu-yi  surat-i  u  rmrid  (she  gave 
him  a  sound  slap) :  inan  urd  yak  kashida-i 
zadam  (I  gave  him  a  slap) ;  yak  kashida-i 
dam-i  gush-ash  khwdhdnidam  (I  planted 
such  a  slap  on  the  side  of  his  head). 


•  Nakhun,  "  finger-nail,"  is  in  m,c.  ••  finger." 


Sla 


300 


Sli 


Slapping,  shapdshap  (noise  of  slapping  or  of 
the  cane). 

Slap-dash,  kurdna  yak-bara. 

Slate  (school),  lawh  (of  wood  or  tin),  and 
lawh-i-sangi  (slate). 

Slattern,  zan-i  pilisht ;  zan-ipichil;  khdtun-i 
shirvir.     Vide  Slut. 

Slaughter,^  qatl.  ;  maqtal  (place  of  slaughter; 
also  a  vital  spot)  :  kushtdr ;  khun-rizi ; 
qassabi  (butchery). 

Slaughtered,  kushta;  maqtul;  mazbuh  (ac- 
cording to  Muslim  law ;  also  said  of  men, 
with  the  throat  cut). 

Slaughterer,  vide  Flayer. 

Slaughter-house,  qassdb-khdna :  maslakh 
(where  they  slaughter  and  skin). 

Slave,  ^  banda  ;  zar-kharid ;  ghuldm ;  kdkd 
(negro-slave) ;  kaniz  {negress,  vide  Negro) : 
ay  banda-yi  hhudd  (often  used  in  address- 
ing persons  ;  sometimes  in  pity). 

Slave-merchant,  banda-farush  ;  barda-farush. 

Slavery,  bandagi ;  giuldnii ;  bardagi  ;  banda 
farusM  (k.)  (slave- trading). 

Slay,  to,  kusMan;  zabh  n.  (sp.  for  food)  ;^ 
qatl  k. ;  bi-qatl  rasdnidan :  nahr  k.  (for 
camels,  either  for  eating  or  for  sacrifice). 

Slayer,  qdtil ;  zabh  kunanda. 

Sleek,  barraq  (of  hair). 

Sleep,  khufian ;  khwdbidan,  etc.  khwdb  ; 
bi-khwdb  raftan  (to  sleep)  ;  bi.khwdb-i 
ghaflat  uftddan,  or  gharq-i  khwdb  shudan 
(to  fall  into  a  deep  sleep) ;  or  bl-khabar 
khwdbidan  (sleep  soundly) :  di-shab  hich 
khwdb-am  na-burd  (I  got  no  sleep  last 
night) :  chashm-am  garm  na-shud  ki — (my 
eyes  had  barely  closed  when — :  sirkhipdb 
shud — Prof.  S.  T.  (he  slept  his  fill) :  pd-yam 
khwdb  rafta  ast  or  mur  mur*  mi-kunad 
(my  foot  has  gone  to  sleep) :  qaylula 
(midday  sleep) :  khwdb-i  sangln  (heavy 
sleep)  :  churt  (z.)  (nod)  :  bl-khwdbi  (want 
of  sleep) ;  khwdb-am  dar  rabud  (sleep 
overpowered  me). 

Sleeper  (great),  pur-khwdb  (a  great  sleeper) ; 
fuldn  shakhs  khivdb-ash  sangin  ast. 

Sleepless,  asld  bi-khwdb  na-parddkht  (he 
could  not  settle  to  sleep  at  all). 


Sleeplessness,  bi-khwdbl ;  kam-khwdbi ;  di- 
shab  khwdb  az  sar-am  raft  (I  could  not 
sleep  last  night). 

Sleepy,  khivdb-dlud :  khumdr-dlHd  (sleepy 
looking,  of  eyes;  a  beauty)  ;  plnaki  zada 
(drowsy,  sp.  after  opium)  :  mayl-i  khwdb 
ddshtan  or  chashm-am  pur  khwdb  ast  (to 
feel  sleepy). 

Sleeve,  dstin  bald  k.  or  z.,  or  var.  mdlidan  (to 
roll  up  the  sleeves) :  u  pdcha  bar  mdlida 
as  (  =  he  is  a  lu^ ;  because  lutis  wear  short 
loose  Persian  trousers). 

Sleight  of  hand,  tar-dastl  (dexterity) :  shu'- 
bada-bdzl  (conjuring). 

Slender,  ndzuk ;  bdrik :  bdrik-anddm ;  or 
iunuk-anddm  (slight,  of  people). 

Slice,  tardsha  (paring;  slice  of  onion,  etc.): 
para  (buridan)  (of  bread) :  qdsh  (k.)  (of 
fruit). 

Slice,  to,  tardshtdan 

Slide  (subs.),  yakh-suri  (on  ice) :  sur-surak  * 
(also  a  children's  sledge  drawn  by  men). 

Slide,  to,  yakh-suri  k.  or  bar  yakh  suridan 
(also  to  skate). 

Slight,  vide  Slender :  gMzd''-i  mukhtasar-i  (a 
slight  meal). 

Slight,  to,  mi-khwahi  mard  khiffat  bi-dihi  (do 
you  want  to  put  a  slight  on  rae  ?). 

Slightingly,  bd-khiffat;  bd-sabuki. 

Slime,  lajan  (black  mud) :  liz  (of  reptiles). 

Slimy,  lajani  (of  water) :  lizi  (of  fish) :  lazij 
(of  mud). 

Sling,  faldkhun ;  kahni  (m.c.  only;  for  cast- 
ing) :  gardanband  (for  an  arm). 

Sling,  to,  az  faldkhun  anddkhtan  or  pardni- 
dan;  dawr-i  gar  dan  haykal-vdr  andakhtan 
(for  the  neck). 

Slinger,  sang-anddz;  kulUkh-anddz  rd  paddsh 
sang  ast  (Prov.). 

Slink,  kindr  kindr  pushlda  az  nazar  raftan: 
dum  miydn-i  pd  girifta  dar  raftan  (slink 
away). 

Slip,  to,  lacjhzidan;  khazldan  (local.?);  suri- 
dan; pd-yash  surid  (she  made  a  slip,  i.e. 
lost  her  virtue) :  az  dastam  khatd  kard, 
uftdd  (it  shpped  out  of  my  hand) :  kashi- 
dan  (to  slip  a  greyhound). 


1  When  slaughtering  for  food,  the  words  Bismillah  are  pronounced,  but  for  obvious  reasons  the  words 
Ar-Rahman  Ar-Rahim  are  not  added — except  by  the  ignorant. 

2  Muhammad  enjoined  kindness  to   slaves.     A   concubine  slave    that   bears  a  child  to  her  master 
becomes  free  at  his  death. 

3  Before   going  to   bed   for  sleep,    or   on   waking  up   from  a  bad  dream,  it  is  a  custom  to  say  Bar 
t^haytjan  la-nat 

*  '  Feels  as  though  ants  were  crawling  over  it  '  :  the  Arabs  have  a  similar  expression  from  the  root 
naml. 

6  In  Kirman  hhiz-kbizu,  "  a  glissoire;  a  smooth  hill-slide  for  tobogganing. 


Sli 


301 


Smo 


Slip,  Slipping,  lacfAzish. 

Slippers,  kajsh-i  sar-pd'i  pa  mt-kunam  (I 
wear  slippers) :  pashndkhwdb  (slippers 
made  down-at-heel;  sp.  worn  by  women 
and  merchants) :  kafah-kan  (place  near 
the  door  where  slippers  are  deposited). 

Slippery,  laghfizanda  (also  applied  to  the 
Tempter) : '  khaju  or  khizQ.  (local ;  of 
places  only) :  az  yakh  sur-tar  chiz-%  nist 
(nothing  is  more  slippery  than  ice). 

Slip-shod,  kafshri  pdshna  na-kashida  (of 
people). 

Slit,  chdk  (also  used  in  a  vulgar  sense) : 
shaqq.     Vide  Nib. 

Slope,  sar-d-shlh  (steep);  aar-d-zn  (any 
slope) :  khdna  bar  zamin-i  mayldn-i  vdqi' 
shuda. 

Sloping,  in  zamin  mayl  ddrad  (this  ground 
is  sloping) :  nishib-ddr  and  mdlida  (of 
ground). 

Slouching,  kurida  (slack,  slouching). 

Slovenly,  shalakhia  (adj.  slovenly,  gen.  of 
men ;  also  a  kick  on  the  backside) :  pilishta 
(of  women) :  kdr  ash  sajdl  na-ddrad. 

Slow,  kund  (in  movement ;  also  slow  of  a 
watch) :  dir-ghflzab  (slow  to  anger).  Vide 
Lethargic. 

Slowly,  yavdsh ;  or  dhisia  (also  low  in  sound) ; 
drdm :  shimurda  bi-khwdn  (read  slowly). 

Slugs,  chdr-pdra. 

Slumber,  churt  zadan  (to  nod) ;  pinaln  zadan 
(nod,  sp.  of  opium-eaters) :  man  chashm-i 
zadam  (I  just  dozed). 

Slur,  vide  Shirk :  sarham  bandl  k.  (over  a 
fault) :  jdvida  harf  z.  (to  pronounce  indis- 
tinctly). 

Slut,  shalita  (term  of  abuse) :  pilishta.  Vide 
Slattern. 

Sluttish,  kaslf ;  pilisht:  zhulida-mu  (with 
tangled  hair). 

Sly,  rubdh-bdz. 

Smack,  chap-chap  (sound  of  kissing  or  of 
eating);  sharq  sharq  (of  slapping). 

Smack,  to,  shap  shap  z. ;  In  bu-yi  kasdlat 
mi-dihad  (this  smacks  of  idleness) ;  mdch-l 
pur  sadd  zadan  (kiss),  or  mdch-i  buland-i 
giriftan. 

Smacking,  mdch-i  sadd-ddr  (smacking  kiss). 

Small,  kuchak ;  khurd:  sagifir  iol  children): 
yak-vajabi  (of  one  span;  puny,  of  men): 
dupishkili  (puny,  vulg.  of  men):  kuchulu 
or  kutulu  (dwarf) :  riza  ;  kih  va  mih  =  khurd 


u  buzurg  =  amir  u  faqir  (great  and  small) ; 
pir  u  barnd  (old  and  young):  qalil;  or 
miqddr-i  qalil-i  (a  small  quantity). 

Small  Change,  khurda ;  pul-i  khurda. 

Smaller  or  smallest,  asghfir :  [also  a  name 
for  the  youngest  son  of  Husayn]. 

Smallness,  khurdi ;  kuchaki ;  sigAr  {oi  age): 
sagkdr at  {of  size) :  kami  ;  or  andaki;  or  qUlat 
(of  quantity) :  pasti  (of  thoughts,  actions). 

Small-pox,  dbla  ;  awla  (vulg.) :  dbla-ruy  (pit- 
ted with  small-pox) :  mujaddar  (ditto). 

Smart,  vide  Sharp ;  khayli  rind  ha^ti  (you're 
very  smart ;  in  a  good  or  bad  sense)  :  flrz 
bash,  va  dtash  rushan  kun  (be  smart  and 
light  the  fire). 

Smart,  to,  suzish  k. 

Smash,  khurd  khurd  k. :  riz  riz  k. 

Smashed,  riz  riz  (in  bits) :  shikasta  (broken). 

Smear,  andudan  (m  m.c.  gen.  applied  to  the 
yearly  smearing  of  the  roof  with  mud) : 
mushtan;  mdlidan  (gen.  and  more  com- 
mon). 

Smell,  in  gul-hd  hich  'atr  na-ddrand  (these 
flowers  have  no  scent ;  *atr  m.c.  for  itr)  : 
quvvat-i  shdmma  (power  of — ). 

Smell,  to,  bu^idan,  tr. ;  bH  giriftan,  tr  ;  bu 
dddan,  intr.  (also  tr.  to  parch) ;  but  'ufunat 
ddshtan  (of  evil  smell) :  bi-guzarid  dn  guL 
rd  bu  kunam  or  bu-yi  dn  gul  rd  bishnavam. 

Smelt,  to,  guddkhtan,  rt.  guddz;  db  k. 

Smile,  to,  tabassum  k. ;  zir-i  lab  khandidan 
(to  smile  slightly,  in  a  good  or  bad  sense). 

Smiling,  pust-khanda  mi-kunad  (he  is  smiling 
without  parting  the  lips).  *^ 

Smilingly,  tabassum  kundn.  r 

Smith,  dhangar ;  hadddd ,  kura-yi  haddddi 
(—forge). 

Smithy,  dukdn-i  ahangar. 

Smoke,  dud,  vulg.  du ;  dukhdniyydt  (things 
smoked,  as  opium,  tobacco,  etc  ) :  dukhdni 
adj. ;  kdliska-yi  dukhdni  (a  locomotive). 

Smoke,  to,  kashidan  (pipe,  etc  ) :  dnd  dndan 
(cheese,  etc.) :  bukhur  d  (disinfect  or  fumi- 
gate with  incense). 

Smoker,  lamhdku-kash :  tarydln  (of  opium) ; 
vdfuri  (ditto).  -^ 

Smooth,  ham  vdr ;  or  musatiah  (of  flat  things) : 
narm  (of  velvet  or  satin  or  fur) :  in  kdg]yiz 
muhra'-  kashida  ast;  masqiil  (polished,  of 
metal) :  sar-ash  misUi  kun-i  ids  ast  (smooth, 
bald  head). 

Smooth-faced,  pust-i  makhmali  ddrad :  amrad 


1  The  causal  form  not  in  use. 

3  Muhra  kashtda,  "smooth,"  of  paper  only. 


Sbashin  or  zibr,  "rough." 


Smo 


302 


Soc 


(no  hair  on  the  face) :  bi-mu  (vulg.).  Vide 
Beardless. 

Smother,  khaja  kardan  and  shudan. 

Smuggle,  to,  wM  ra  az  gumruk  gurlzdndan. 

Smuggler,  qachaq-chi  T.  (rare). 

Smut,  duda-%  (a  smut). 

Snack,  chdshnl  (also  vulg.  to  mix  liquids; 
also  gun-caps) :  ghiza-yi  mukhtasar-i  (a 
light  meal). 

Snaffle,  ab-Tchun. 

Snail,  khdna  bi-dush:  llza  (also  caterpillar). 

Snake,  mar;  apl  (in  Pers.  a  python;  also 
vulg.  for  azhdaha,  a  dragon) :  zahr-i  mar 
(snake  poison;  a  term  of  abuse  which 
may  possibly  mean  "may  a  snake  bite 
you!"):  db-i  zlr-i  kah,  at  'aqrab-i  zlr-i 
hasir,  or  mdr-i  zir-i  kdh  (snake  in  the 
grass) :  mdr-i  kafcha-ddr  (cobra)  ;  mdr-i 
dtashi  (a  poisonous  snake  said  to  be  red) ; 
wMr-i  nakh-pich  (said  to  be  poisonous  and 
to  roll  itself  up  like  a  ball  of  thread) ;  tir- 
mjdr  ("a  poisonous  snake  that  flies  like  an 
arrow  and  is  able  to  shoot  right  through 
a  mule' ' ) .     Yide.  Viper. 

Snap,  az  ham  gusilchtan,  intr.  and  tr.  (snap 
asunder) :  bi-shikan  zadan  ^  (to  snap  the 
fingers  to  music) ;  tiling  zadan  (to  snap 
the  fingers  to  music,  etc.,  with  one  hand 
or  the  hands  apart) ;  pillingak  z.  (with 
both  hands ;  is  a  peculiar  Pers.  fashion). 

Snap-dragon,  gul-i  maymun  (flower). 

Snare,  ddm  (gen.) :  tur  (prop.  "  net  ") :  talla 
(trap);  kamand^  (a  lasso;  a  thief's  rope- 
ladder)  ;  khift-i  kamand  (slip-knot,  noose) : 
khift  (a  slip  noose) . 

Snarl,  In  sag-hd  ghurra^  bi-ham  mi-kashand 
(these  dogs  snarl  at  each  other). 

Snatch,  qapidan  (m.c.) ;  az  dast  rubudan:  az 
gulu  burdah  (to  snatch  from  the  lips). 

Sneeze, ' atsa  zadam  Itkin  hich  kas  na-guft  ki 
hhayr  bdshad* 

Snipe,  nuk-dardz  (a  name  given  to  other  long- 
billed  birds) ;  pdshdlik. 


Snore,  to,  khur  Tchur  k.  (also  to  purr  q.v.); 

hhurrish  kashidan  ;  khurriRz  kashidan. 
Snot,  muf-i  dimjdgh;  puz  (local  ?). 
Snout,   puz   (gen.   of  animals ;    also   means 

"  snot ' ') ;  puza  (of  men). 
Snow,  barf  {bdridan). 
Snow-cock,    kabk-i    darl^    (and    incorrectly 

kabk-i  darra) :  ur-kaklik  T. 
Snow-storm,  burdn. 

Snuff,   anf^ya   (giriftan) :    anflya-ddn   (snuff- 
box) :  nashuq  (prop,  a  medicine  snuffed  up). 
Snuff,  to,  gul  giriftan  (a  candle). 
Snuffers,  gul-gir. 
Snuffle,  ay  bachcha  in  qadr  dirmgh-at  rd  bald 

na-kash,  bi-raw  fin-ash  kun  ("child  don't 

snuffle ;    blow  your  noose ' '  :    vide  Blow) : 

az  dirmgh  harf  zadun  (to  talk  through  the 

nose). 
So,  ham-chunin :  hamchu  (pron.  hamchi) :  td 

or  td-ki   (so  that):    in-qadr ;  dn-qadr   (so 

many,  so  much) ;  chanddn,  chandin  (ditto) : 

7)m-ddm{-i)  ki  (so  long  as) :  ham  chunln  (so 

on)  'ala  hdzq  (and  so  forth). 
So-and-so,  fuldn;  fuldni;  fuldn  u  bahmdn. 
Soak,  to,  khtsdndan  (tr.  and  causal) ;  or  MJs 

k. :  khlsidan,  intr. 
Soaked,  to  be,  hhlsida  shudan  or   Ichls  bar 

ddshtan. 
Soap,  sdbun  (z.) ;  gil-i  safid  (a  clay  used  in 

washing  clothes) ;   qdlab-i  sdbun  (cake  of 

soap) ;  kaf-i  sdbun  (soap  suds). 
Sob,  bachcha  khayli  sakhi  nirku  mi-kard  (the 

child  was  sobbing) ;   girya  dar  gulu  girih 

shudan  (to  choke  with  sobs). 
Sobbing,  suksuka;  fuvdq  {k.)  (lit.  hiccough); 

dn  qadr  zdr  zdr  girist  ki  fuvdq  paydd  shud. 
Sober,  hushydr  (not  drunk). 
Sobriety,  parhizgdrl  az  muskirdt. 
Social,  'ald%q-i  mahabbat  (social  ties) ;  'oldHq-i 

mu'  dsharat. 
Society,   mu' dsharat :     shirkat    (a    body    of 

persons) ;  musdhabat  (companionship) :  dar 

mujdlis  u  mahdfil  (when  in  society). 


1  Corruption  of  bi-shugun  "  for  good  omen." 

*  Yak  kamand  qatir='' one  mule"  :  man  aar-i  kamand-i  ^akim  nishastam  (m.c.)  "I  went  and  took 
sanctuary  in  the  governor's  stable." 

5  Also  ' '  to  roar. ' ' 

*  Amongst  educated  Muslims,  this  custom  is  dying  out,  but  the  Zardushtis  and  the  uneducated 
preserve  it.  One  sneeze,  or  any  odd  number,  is  unlvicky.  A  Muslim  sneezing,  says  :  Al-hamdHi-Uah. 
The  Persian  belief  is  that  when  the  soul  returns  to  the  body  in  the  grave,  previous  to  the  examination  of 
the  two  angels,  the  re- animated  body  gives  a  sneeze  and  it  is  therefore  well  to  acquire  in  life  the  habit  of 
saying  "  Al-hamdHi-llah  "  immediately  on  sneezing.  On  making  the  exclamation  after  a  sneeze,  at  least 
one  of  those  present  should  say,  "  Yarham,'"^-k  Allah,"  ("  God  have  mercy  on  thee  !  ").  There  is  a  tradi- 
tion that  the  Prophet  said,   "  Verily  God  loves  sneezing  and  hates  yawning." 

6  Darl  "of  the  gate,  court;  noble."  The  Pers.  Diet.  Burhan-i  Qatj,'  says  it  is  so  called  from  its 
voice. 


Soc 


303 


Som 


Sock, jurah. 

Socket,  knun-tji  chashm  (of  eye) ;  [kasa-yi 
zdnu  or  aSnayi  zanu,  knee-cap]. 

Socotra,  Suqutara. 

Socrates,  Suqraf.. 

Soda,  8uda  (Eur.)  ;  also  namak  (prop., 
"  salt") ;  ncUrun. 

Soda-water,  db-i  juah;  db-i  batri  (Shah's  D,), 

Sodden,  in  nan  tasma  ast  (this  bread  is 
leathery,  sodden).     Vide  Bread. 

Sodom,  Sadum ;  MU^aflkdt  {' '  the  overturned 
cities,"  i.e.  Sodom  and  Gomorrah). 

Sodomite,  bachcha-bdz  or  bi-rish-bdz  (agent ; 
also  fd'il):  burish  or  kuni  or  hun-dih; 
maf'ul;  or  ubna-ddr  ;  or  ptishti;  or  ma*bun 
(rare)  (pathic). 

Sodomy,  bachcha-bdzi ;  limtat  (derived  from 
Lot) :  hizi ' :  dard  i  ubna  (a  peculiar  disease 
connected  with  sexual  perversion). 

Sofa,  nxm-takht;  nim-kat. 

Soft,  mulayyim;  narm. 

Softener,  mulayyin  (slightly  laxative). 

Softly,  narm  narm  ;  ahista ;  yavdsh. 

Softness,  narml;  muldyamat:  ndzuki  (fine- 
ness of  texture). 

Soi-disant,  khud-khivdnda. 

Soil,  khdk;  zamin. 

Soil,  to,  chirk  k. ;  kasif  k.  (to  make  dirty). 

Soiled,  dast  palanchu  (m.c.) ;  dast  var  dmada; 
dast-pilaku  (m.c. ;  applied  to  goods  that 
have  been  handled ;  also  to  a  girl  that  has 
had  a  lover,  not  necessarily  in  a  bad 
sense) :  kinift. 

Sojourn,  to,  mutavattin  shudan  (for  some- 
time) ;  iqdmat  k.  (any  period). 

Sojourner,  bdshinda-yi  muvaqatti. 

Solace,  rafiq-i  ranj ;  rdhat;  tasliyat. 

Solace,  to,  ta^salli  dddan;  dram  d.  (in  grief). 

Solar,  shamst ;  nizdm-%  shamsi  (solar  system). 

Sold,  farukhta;  bi-farush  rafta. 

Solder,  jush  k. ;  In  quii-yi  halaJbi  rd  lahtm 
kun. 

Soldier,  sarbdz  (Inf.);  sdlddt  (Eur.  Inf.): 
savdr  {CsLV .) :  'askari  (gen.):  la^rij^^Ufaivj 
(civil  officers  with  military  rank) :  u  sar- 
bdz-i  jang-dlda  ast  (veteran)  :  tdHfa-yi 
sarbdz  naw'-i  az  firqa-yi  gadd-hd  mi-bdshand 
(•'soldiers  are  a  kind  of  beggars" — since 
they  are  so  poor) :  sarbdz-i  piydda  u 
sarbdz-i  savdra  (Cav.  and  Inf.);  lup-chi 
(Artillery  man) ;  sarbdzri  ni^mi  (regular) : 


sarbdz-i  ghayr-i  ni?idmi  (irregular) :  si-pdh 

(collec.) :  shutur-i  naqqdra-khana  or  gurg-i 

bdrdn  dida  (  =  regular  old  soldier).     Vide 

Row  and  Spoils. 
Sole,  takhta-yi  urusi  (of  boot) :   kaf-i  pa  (sole 

of  foot) ;  kaj  (inner  sole  of  boot) ;  [rUva-yi 

urusi  "  uppers"]. 
Solecism,  lahn  (in  grammar). 
Solemn,     sangin ;      bd-vof/dr ;      mutavaqqir; 

tukhsh  (of  children  or  women) :   nasxhaUi 

sakht  (or  shadid)  dar  Qurtdn  karda:   tah- 

did-i  shadid  (solemn  warning). 
Solemnity,  vaqdr ;  tamkin. 
Solemnize,  add-yi  rusum  k. ;   ijrd-yi  mardsim 

kardan. 
Solicit,  iltimds  k. ;   iliijd  k. :  pila  k-  (press ; 

also  solicit,  of  prostitute):  dgj^d  mustad'i- 

yi  in  yak  iltifat  hastam. 
Solicitation,  iltimds;  ilhah. 
Solicitous,  mushtdq.     Vide  Anxious. 
Solicitude,  andisha;  tashvish. 
Solid,  salb :   tu-pur  or  miydn-pur:*  ^ayr-i 

ajvaf    (not    hollow)  :    jdmid    (as   opp.  to 

liquid ;  also  =  inorganic). 
Soliloquize,  bd  khud  harf  zadan;  J^itidb  bi' 

khud  kardan. 
Solitary ,  munfarid  {oi  people);  tanhd-nishin ; 

khilvaUguzin :  yak  urdak-i  yaka  (one  soli- 
tary duck). 
Solitariness,  tanhd*i ;  infirdd  ;  yaka  bUdan. 
Solitude,  vide  Supra. 
Solomon,  SulaymJdn. 
Solstice,  ra''s'^-''8-saraidn^  (summer):   ra^*^U 

jadi^  (winter). 
Solubility,  hall-pa^ri. 
Soluble,  hall-pazir. 
Solution,  hall  (k.)  (of  question,  or  of  a  liquid): 

mahlul  (for  chemicals). 
Solve,  to,  mushkil-am  rd  hall  kunid  (solve 

my  difficulty). 
Solvent,   halUkun ;  guddzanda;  db-kunanda; 

muhalltl. 
Some,  chand  id  or  ba'zi  (of  number) ;  qadr-i 

(of  quantity) :   u  misUi  pdra-yi  bachchaJid 

nist  ki —  (he's  not  like  some  who — ). 
Somebody,  shakhs-i;  yak-i ;  kas-i. 
Somehow,  bi-tawr-i ;  bi-vajh-i;  bi-qism-i. 
Somersault,  raqqds  kalla  mu'allaq  mi-zanad  ; 

mu'allaq-i  vdruna  z.,  or  pushlak  z.  (a  back 

somersault) .  muallaq  zadan  (to  turn  a — ; 

also  to  tumble,  of  a  pigeon). 


1  Often  used  for  "  low  behaviour  "  generally. 

2  Miyan-pur  is  cdso  the  name  of  a  sweet. 


8  Commencing  at  the  "  chilla-yi  bttzurg.^' 


Som 


304 


Sou 


Something,  chlz-i ;  chizak-l ;  mi-khwdstam 
chiz-l  hi  shumd  hi-guyam  llkin  faramush 
karda-am. 

Some  time,  vaqt-i,  or  vaqt-%  az  awqdt  {also 
once  upon  a  time ;  refers  to  time  past  or 
future) :  zamdn-i  pish. 

Sometimes,  gdh  gdh-i ;  gdh-vagt-l ;  ba'zl 
awqdt. 

Somewhat,  qadr-i ;  juzv-i  ;  kam-i ;  andak-t. 

Somewhere,  jd^l:  hi-samt-l  (for  motion). 

Somnath,  Sumndt. 

Somnolent,  mdyil  hi-hhwdh ;  khipdh-dluda. 

Son,  pisar-i  arshad  (eldest  son) ;  pisar-i 
kuchak  (youngest) ;  pisar-i  vasat  (middle 
son ;  prop,  second  of  three) :  pisar-i  pidar- 
ash  ast  (he  is  the  son  of  his  father) : 
jarzand  or  tifl  (also  offspring) ;  pisar-i  nd- 
khalaf  (undutiful  son);  pisar-i  yagdna;  or 
tifi-i  jfarld  (only  son) ;  pisar-lchipdnda  adop- 
(ted  son). 

Son-in-law,  ddmdd ;  mard  hi-gjiuldml  qabul 
farmdyid  (  =  accept  me  as  your  son-in- 
law). 

Song,dvdza;  surud:  tasnif ,  ^\.  tasnifdi  {io^i- 
cal  song,  gen.  by  a  luU). 

Songster,  dvdza-khwdn  (of  birds  or  humans). 

Sonnet,  ghazal  (love-ode). 

Sonneteer,  ghazal-gu. 

Sonorous,  sadd-yi  sdf-i  buland. 

Soon,  zud;  hi-zudi;  jald;  'an-qarib;  chi  zUd 
chi  dlr  (sooner  or  later) :  bi-mahz-i  rasldan- 
am  tup  khdll  kardand  (as  soon  as  I  arrived 
they  fired  the  gun) ;  also  bi-vurud-i  inan, 
or  bi-mujarrud-i  vurud-am,  or  td  hamln  ki 
rastdam — :  chird  bi-ln  zudi  (why  so 
soon  ?) :  nazdlk  ast  ki — . 

Sooner,  natija  'djil  yd  djil  khivdhad  bud''- 
(the  result  will  be  produced  sooner  or 
later). 

Soot,  duda  [ink  is  made  from  soot  or  lamp 
black]. 

Soothe,  to,  taskin  dddan;  rdhap  dddan  or 
bakhsMdan. 

Soothing,  musakkin ;  taskin-dih ;  rdhat- 
bakhsh. 

Soothsayer,  fdl-gir  or  fdl-gu  (by  omens) : 
ghayb-gu :  rammdl  (geomancer) . 

Soothsaying,  fdl-giri  or  fdl-gu^i. 

Sop,  luqma-yi  dahan-band-kun. 


Sophist,  sufastd'i,  pi.  sufastd^iyya. 

Sophistic,  safsati. 

Sophistry,  safsata. 

Soporific,  khwdb-dvar. 

Sorcerer,  sdhir ;  afsuvrgar  ;  jddu-gar. 

Sorceress,  sdhira. 

Sorcery,  jddu ;  sihr ;  afsun. 

Sore,  zakhm;  jardhat-i  munkar-l  (a  fou! 
sore) ;  imsur  (sinus,  fistula) :  pur-dard  adj. 

Sorrow,  gham{m) ;  alam;  anduh ;  in  bardy-i 
man  asbdb-i  gAamm  u  ghussa  mi-shavad. 

Sorrowful,  ghamgin;  anduh-ndk :  mahzun; 
maghmum ;  dvdz-i  ^^azm (a  sorrowful  voice). 

Sorry,  to  be,  ta^assuf  khurdan :  tawba  kardan 
(to  repent  and  be  sorry) ;  pashiman  sh. ; 
nddim  sh. ;  ajsus  ddshtan:  guh  kh,  vulg. 
{  =  tawba  k.). 

Sort,  qism,  pi.  aqsdm;  jur ;  naw' ,  pi.  anvd'  ; 
qabil;  jins,  pi.  ajnds  ;  sinf,  pi.  aswa/ (class) ; 
zanaka-yi'^  khub-i  'st  (she's  a  good  sort  of 
woman) ;  u  khdna  tawr-i  ddrad  (he  has  a 
sort  of  a  house) ;  asndf-i  khalq  (various 
ranks  and  conditions  of  people). 

Sort,  to,  bi-tartib  (or  bi-nazm)  chidan  (or 
dddan) ;  savd  savd  k. 

Sortie,  az  qaVa  khurHj  karda  hamla  dvardan. 

Soudan,  Sudan. 

Soul,  ruh,  pi.  arvdh;  ravdn;  mutanaffis-i^ 
bdql  na-mdnd  (not  a  soul  was  left  alive) ; 
ruh-i  insdn  ba'd  az  marg  agar  gu7idh-kdr^ 
bdshaddar  aziyyat,  va  agarsavdh  kdr  bdshad 
dar  rdhat,  ast:  nafar :  kas  (individual). 

Sound,  sadd;  dvdz;  qll  u  qdl  (of  chattering ; 
loud  talking);  ghawghd  (noise  of  people); 
sadd-yi  muzik  (or  sdz  u  dvdz)  mi-shinavam ; 
muzik  (of  a  band ;  but  sdz  u  dvdz  ' '  sing- 
ing and  music"). 
Sound,  to,  navdkhian  rt.  navdz  (a  drum) ; 
zadan  (bell,  gong) ;  damldan  (horn) :  'umq 
rd  anddza  k.  (of  water) :  rdy  didan  (of 
(persons) ;  bl-raw  havd-ash  rd  bi-hin  or 
dast-%  tu-yi  dil-ash  bi-bar  (go  and  sound 
him  on  the  matter). 
Soup,  ab-gusht  or  '  sup  ' ;  \dsh,  broth] ;  shurbd 
(greesy  soup)  :  kdsa-yi  db-gusht  (soup 
tureen). 
Sour,  tursh  or  turush  (sour  or  acid) ;  [turushx 
"pickles"];  shir  tursh  (or  var  burlda) 
ast;  sirka  shlr^  rd  ml-burad  (vinegar  turns 


1  Bachcha  here  might  signify  any  age  or  any  sex. 

*  A  pompous  sentence,  if  spoken. 

8  A  woman  should  not  be   addressed   "Ay  zanaka  /  "    If  so  addressed  she  will  probably  reply 
' '  Zanaka  madar-at. ' ' 

*  Mutanaffis,  probably  anything  that  draws  breath. 

6  In  India  "  gunah-gar."  6  Note  ra  though  the  object  is  indefinite. 


Sou 


306 


Spe 


milk  sour) ;  sirka-ru ;  or  turah-ru  (sour- 
faced;  of  people). 

Source,  tnarr^a'-i  fawara  rd  bd  aabdb-i  bukhdr 
ta'biya  karda  and — Shah's  D.  (the  foun- 
tain is  worked  by  steam-power) ;  mdya-yi 
iftikhdr  (a  source  of  pride). 

South,  junub  (subs  ) ;  junubl  (adj.). 

South-East,  junub  u  sharq  (sute.) ;  junub-i 
sharqi. 

Southern,  junubl. 

Souvenir,  yadgdr  or  yddgdrl ;  aawgJiflt. 

Sovereign,  mulk-rdn ;  hukm-rdn-i  mamlakat; 
tdj-ddr :  lira  (of  money) ;  bisydr  mujarrab 
(of  remedy).     Vide  King,  Queen. 

Sovereignty,  mvlk-rdni;  tdj-ddrl;  saltanat; 
pddishdhi ;  hukm-rdnt. 

Sow,  mdda-khuk :  [khuk,  the  hog  kind ;  gurdz, 
a  boar]. 

Sow,  to,  kdshtan  rt.  kdr  (to  plant) :  tukhm 
pdshidan  (scatter  seed) ;  kishtan,  rt.  kdr 
(to  cultivate ;  used  in  past  tenses  only ; 
for  other  tenses  kisht  k.). 

Sower,  tukhm-pdsh. 

Sown,  kishta;  tukhm-pdsKida. 

Spa,  chashma-yi  ma' dam. 

Space,  dar  'arz-i  si-mdh  (less  common  'arm) ; 
muddat-i  si-mdh:  dar  miydn-i  khattrhd  (or 
svMr) '  fdsila-yi  ziydd  bi-guzdr  (leave 
plenty  of  space  between  the  lines) :  vus'at 
(wide  space) ;  fam  (open  space,  plain) ; 
zamidn  u  makan  (space  and  time) ;  digar  jd 
norddrad  ki  ziydda  bar  in  bi-navisam  (there 
is  no  space  to  write  more). 

Spacious,  vasi' ;  bd  vus'at:  bd-fazd  (open  and 
charming). 

Spade,  bil  (large) ;  bilcha  (small). 

Spain,  Ispaniyd. 

Span,  vajab :  ahibr:  'arz-i  chashma  (of  an 
arch  in  a  bridge) :  'umr  yak  nafas  bish  nist 
(life  is  but  a  span). 

Spangle,  pulak  (z.) 

Spare,  to,  darigh  k. ;  faru  guzdr  k. ;  u  az 
duzd-hd  illimds  kard  ki  jdn-ash  rd  bi-bakh- 
shand i  bar  hich  kas  ibqa*" nakardand {none 
was  spared).     Vide  Withhold. 

Spare,  adj.,  yadaki  (from  yadak  a  spare  led 
horse) :  in  du-charkha  asbdb-i  yadaki  darad 
(this  bicycle  has  spare  fittings). 

Sparingly,  mumsikdna  (in  a  miserly  manner). 

Spark,  dtash-pdra ;  shardra  ;  yak  charaqqa-yi 
dtash  shahr-i  rd  mushta'il  mi-sdzad.^ 

Sparkle,  barq  barq  zadan ;  balahhsh  balakhsh 


z.  (m.c.  and  perhaps  local) ;  darakhshidan 
(of  jewels,  stars,  lightning). 

Sparrow,  gunjishk. 

Sparrow-hawk,  qirriAi  T.,  and  bdsha  P.  (the 
English  Sparrow-hawk)  ;  pttjAu  T.  (the 
' '  Shikra ' '  or  Indian  sparrow-hawk). 

Sparse,  pakhsh  (of  grass ;  of  population ;  of 
a  man's  beard). 

Spasm,  tashannuj  (contortion,  cramp);  ikhti- 
Idj  (of  the  heart) ;  hamchi  tir-i  zad  ki  az  jd 
bar-jaslam  (of  a  sudden  short  spasm). 

Spatter,  to,  puf  db  zadan  (blow  water  out  of 
the  mouth).     Fide  Spout.  [leg). 

Spavin,  qara-qush  (also  a  splint  in  a  horse's 

Spawn,  jul-i  vazagh  (the  green  stuff  in  ponds, 
called  in  Hindustani  kd*i) ;  mi-ddni  ki  in 
az  niUfa-yi  ^  ki  bi-'amal  dmada  asl  (do  you 
know  whose  spawn  he  is  ?). 

Speak,  guftan,  rt.  gu ;  sulthan  guftan ;  harj 
zadan ;  dzdddna  harj  z.  (speak  freely) ; 
'[mr  yavdsh  harf  z.  (to  speak  very  slowly) ; 
ma'lum  shud  ki  mardumdn-i  Kirman  rd 
mi-guyad  (it  appeared  that  he  was  speak- 
ing of  the  people  of  Kirman) :  nvi^  k.  or 
taqrir  k.  (deliver  speech) .  6a  shumd  no- 
budam  (I  was  not  addressing  you) :  sadd-i 
az  kas-i  birun  na-ydmad  (none  spoke). 

Speaker,  guyanda ;  mutakallim  (also  in  Gram, 
the  1st  pers.  of  the  verb) ;  nviq  kunanda 
speech-maker) ;  sukhan-rdn-i  khub-Vst  (he 
is  a  good  speaker). 

Spear,  nayza  (z  ) ;  sindn  (2.)  (gen.  the  head); 
ka  b  or  tah  (butt  of  spear) ;  chub  (shaft). 

Spearman,  nayza-ddr. 

Special,  Jchdss ;  makhsus ;  mukhtass  (peculiar 
to — ) ;  akhass  (more  or  most — ). 

Specially,  bi-khusus ;  majchsu^'* ;  'alq  ^l-l^u^ 
sus;  khusus^" ;  bi-takhsis. 

Speciality,  'amal-i  makhsus  ;  ikhtisda. 

Species,  naw'  (pi.  anvd'). 

Specific,  iarydq-i  khdss. 

Specific  gravity,  vide  Gravity. 

Specification,  ta'rif  (description). 

Specifying,  ta'yin  (k.). 

Specimen,  namuna  (sample). 

Specious,  khv^h-zdhir;  bad-bdtin. 

Speck,  zarra,  pi.  zarrdl  (of  dust). 

Speckled,  lakka-ddr  (spotted) ;  khdl-ddr 
(speckled  with  smaller  spots  than  the  pre- 
ceding). 

Spectacle,  tamashd  (for  diversion) :  m/inzar 
(a  thing  to  be  viewed;  a  building,  etc.). 


1  But  autur,  "  a  mule." 

*  Note  the  signification  here  of  the  Pres.  Tense, 

39 


s  Nutfa,  lit.  "semen." 


Spe 


306 


Spi 


Spectacles,   u    'dynak    ml-zanad    (he    wears 

spectacles). 
Spectacular,  manzar  ddrad,  or  manzar-i  khub 

darad. 
Spectator,  tamdsha-cht ;  nRzir,  pi.  ndzirln. 
Spectre,     sdya    ^shade) ;     surat-i    mawhum ; 

shakl  (of  a  human  being) ;  shaytan  (devil). 
Speculation,  mu' dmala-yi   havd^    (on   stock 

exchange,  etc.). 
Speech,   mutq    (faculty    of    speech;    also   a 

harangue)  :     zabdn     (tongue,     language)  ; 

juz^-i    kalima    (gram.,    part    of    speech); 

"  Solomon  knew  the  speech  of  beasts  and 

birds ' '  Sulaymdnazzabdn-ituyur  u  bahdHm 

vdqif  bud:  nutq-%  hdzirkardabud — Shah's D. 

(he  had  prepared  a  speech).   Vide  Animal. 
Speechless,  gung  ;  zabdn  basta  {shudan)  (from 

emotion). 
Speed,  sur'at:  [shitdb;  ta'jil,  haste]. 
Speed,  to,  du'd-yi  khayr  guftan  bard-yi  mih- 

midn-l  ki  mi-khivdhad  bi-ravad. 
Spell,   afsun:    zabdn-band   (spell-bound,   i.e. 

unable  to  utter) ;  mat  sh.  (unable  to  move, 
.  or   speak    from   wonder   or   fear).      Vide 

Charm. 
Spelling,  hiji  or  hijd'^  k.  (to  name  the  letters 

in  a  word):   imld  kardan  (to  use  proper 

letters  in  writing). 
Spend,  hharj  k. ;  sarf  k. ;  mdya  guzdshtan 

(lit.  spend  out  of  one's  capital) ;   td  pul 

paydd  mi-kunad  Miarj  mi-kunad  (he  spends 

money  as  soon  as  he  gets  it) ;  vaqt  guzar- 

dndan  (to  spend  the  time) ;   fardd  tamdm 

ruz  khidmat-i  shumd  hastam  (I  will  spend 

all  to-morrow  with  you). 
Spender,    pul-kharj-kun     (one    who    spends 

freely) ;  pul-sarf-kun. 
Spendthrift,  musrif  ;  isrdj-kun;  pul-zdH' -kun. 
Spent,  hharj  shuda  (of  money) :    masruf  (of 

money  or  time). 
Sperm,  db-i  mani ;  nutfa;  db-i  inzdl  (vulg.). 
Spermatorrhoea,    ihllldm   (the  disease;    also 

nocturnal  pollution). 
Spew,  qay  k. ;  istijrdgh  k. 
Sphere,  kura,  pi.  kurdt;    gar  dun   or   charkh 

(celestial  sphere) ;  dar  dd^ira-yi  khud-ash, 

or  dar  hawza-yi  ikhtiydr-i  khud-ash  (in  his 

own  sphere  =  dar  jd-yi  khud-ash). 
Spherical,  kuravi. 
Sphinx,  abu'l-hawl:  misl-i  but  or  misli  mu- 

jassama  (sphinx-like,  with  no  expression). 


Spice,  Spices,  adviya,  pi.  vulg.  adviyajdt ; 
[adwiyah  Arabic  pi.  of  dawd  "medicine," 
but  in  Persian  dawdjdt  is  medicines]. 
Spicy,  mu^  attar  (of  breeze) :  'pur  adviya. 
Spider,  'ankabut;  kdr-bdfu  (m.c.) :  parda  (or 
khdna)-yi  'ankabut  (spider's  web) :  rutayl 
(a poisonous  spider,  vulgarly  "  tarantula"). 

Spike,  s»M;  mikh;  5?Hc^a  (dimin.). 

Spike,  to,  mikh-kub  k.  (guns). 

Spikenard,  sumbul"-' t-tlb. 

Spiky,  khdr-ddr  (of  small  things) :  dkh-dar 
(of  big  things). 

Spill,  to,  rtkhtan,  rt.  rtz ;  mutavajjlh  bash 
murakkab  rd  na-rizi  (take  care  not  to  spill 
the  ink). 

Spilt,  rtkhta ;  vulg.  uftdda. 

Spin,  to,  rishtan  or  risidan,  rt.  ns ;  charkha 
ristan :  charkh  dddan  gen.  (to  whirl) :  till 
dddan  (spin  out) ;  garddnidan  gen.  (of  any- 
thing);  pir  dddan,  tr.  (of  top),  and  M%r- 
dan,  intr. 

Spinach,  Spinage,  ispinuj. 

Spinal,  sulbl. 

Spindle,  duk ;  dukcha  (dimin.). 

Spindle-shanks,  in  shalchs-i  qdz  u  kulang  rd 
tamdshd  kun  ("just  look  at  that  goose 
and  crane  man"  ,  i.e.  spindle-shanks). 

Spine,  tir-i  pusht:  muhra-yi  pusht  (one  bone 
of  the  spine) ;  si-band  (the  os  sacrum  or 
tail-bone) 

Spinner,  risanda:  charkha-ris  (woman  spin- 
ner). 

Spinning  wheel,  charhha. 

Spiral,  pich-ddr ;  pich  pich ;  pilla-yi  pich 
( — stair-ease). 

Spirally,  kabutar  pich  zandn  (or  pir  kundn) 
bdld  raft. 

Spire,  miZ  (of  church);  mandr  (of  mosque). 
Vtde  Church. 

Spirit,  riih,  pi.  arvdh :  RuJV^'l-Amin  (Gabriel) ; 
ruh-i  nabdti  and  ruh-i  hay  vara  (vegetable 
and  animal  life) :  Jinn-i  bar  jan-i  u  musal- 
lat  shuda  ast  (she  is  possessed  by  an  evil 
spirit) ;  kitdb  rd  bdz  karda  did  ism-i  a'zam 
va  muldqdt-i  arvdh  va  taskhir-i  div  va  jinn 
dar  dn  navishta  bud^ — Prof.  S.  T.  (he 
opened  the  book  and  unexpectedly  dis- 
covered that  it  treated  of  the  Great  Name 
of  God,  communion  with  the  departed, 
and  how  to  subjugate  devils  and  jinn) ;  di- 
mdgh-i  ahdli  rd  bi-khdk  na-mdlida   (this 


•  Or  ast.  Ism-i  a'zam  :  this  mysterious  name  which  can  compel  all  beings,  was  engraved  on  the 
ring  of  Solomon.  It  is  known  to  none  but  God  and  his  prophets.  By  some  it  is  supposed  to  be  identi- 
cal with  Jehovah  (and  consequently  with  the  Muslim  dervish  cry  Ya  Hu),  a  name  for  which  the  Jews 
have  such  a  mysterious  reverence. 


Spi 


307 


Spo 


has  not  subdued  the  spirit  of  the  people) : 
ruh  dar  badan  na-darad  (he  has  no  spirit 
left) ;  sard  ;  or  bi-hamiyyat,  vulg,  pakhma 
(spiritless) :  'araq  (spirit  made  from  grapes, 
dates,  etc.) :  jawhar  (essence) ;  'araq-i  si- 
dtasha  (or  chahdr  atasha,  etc.)  (extra 
distilled) :  bidand-himmat  (high  spirited, 
courageous ;  of  a  man) :  pur-i  ruh  (of  a 
horse) :  sust  (out  of  spirits). 

Spirits,  'araq-i  dudtaslia  (spirit  twice  dis- 
tilled).    Vide  Spirit. 

Spirited,  jari  (bold  of  people) ;  diUrdna  (of 
an  answer,  etc.) :  rjarm  (of  conversation). 
Vide  Spirit. 

Spiritless,  sard;  khunulc.     Fide  Spirit. 

Spiritual,  ruhdni:  murshid,  or  Mdi,  or  pir-i 
ianqat  (spiritual  guide). 

Spit,  subs.,  sikh  (of  iron,  etc.):  db-i  ddhan; 
or  tuf  (saliva,  q.v.).     Vide  also  Spittle. 

Spit,  to,  tuj  k.  or  anddkhian  (with  zadan  =  to 
apply  spittle) ;  db-i  dahan  anddkhian :  stkh 
zadan  or  bi-slkh  kashidan :  narm  narm 
bdridan  (of  rain). 

Spite,  bugiz ;  in  kdr  rd  faqat  az  ru-yi  klna 
karda  and  (out  of  malice)  bi-raghm-i  u 
(to  spite  him) :  ma'a  hazd  or  ma'a  zalik,  or 
bd-vujudri  aw,  or  bd  in  hama,  or  bd-vasf-i  dn 
(notwithstanding,  in  spite  of  that) :  shutur 
kinagi  (rancour). 

Spittle,  db-i  dahan;  Tchlzi  (m.c).  Vide  Saliva 
and  Spit. 

Spitton,  tuf-ddn. 

Splash,  tarashshuh  bi-man  morkun  (don't 
splash  me). 

Splashing,  shildb  shildb  k.  (to  make  a  splash- 
ing noise  in  water) :  tarashahuh-i  gil  (splash- 
ing in  small  splashes,  of  mud). 

Splay-footed,  pd-pahn. 

Spleen,  sipurz;  tihdl. 

Splendid,  bd  jalva  [jalva-gar,  =  showing  ofif] : 
'dli  (of  building) ;  qdsida-yi  gAarrd  (splen- 
did poem). 

Splendour,  jalva;  ratvnaq ;  ihtishdm  (of  per- 
sonages, pomp,  and  retinue) ;  karr  u  farr 
(pomp,  display  in  word  or  deed).  Vide 
Pomp. 

Splice,  nar  u  mdda  k.  (prop,  to  dove-tail) : 
jujt  dddan:  vasl  k  (to  join). 

Splint,  qara-qush  (on  bone;  lit.  "eagle"). 

Split,  a,  dar  miydn-i  shdn  nifdq-i  uftdda  ast 
(between  people) :  shakar-db-i  (a  coolness 
between  ttoo  people). 


Split,  to,  narjil  rd  shikdft  va  ahira-ash  (or  56- 
ash)  rd  khurd  :  RaaUl  ahaqq'^^l-qamar  kard  ; 
ahaqq  ah.,  intr.     Vide  Burst. 

Split,  (p.p.),  du  jd  ahuda,  vulg.  for  dtiid 
shuda ;  munshaqq ;  ahikdfta :  tarktda 
(burst). 

Spoil,  khardb  k. ;  tazyi'.k. ;  fdaid  k. ;  dar  kdr 
rakhna  a. :  zd'^i'  k.  (destroy) ;  bad  bi-bdr 
dvardan  (to  spoil  a  child ;  bring  it  up  ill). 
Vide  Pillage,  Raid. 

Spoiled,  Nddir  Shdh  mi-ddniat  aag-i  sir 
bi-shikdr  va  'askar-i  mustaghni  bi-kdr-zdr 
nami-ravad  (Nadir  Shah  knew  his  soldiers 
would  be  spoiled  by  wealth). 

Spoilt,  zd^i' :  ndzuk-mizdj  (of  a  child).  Vide 
Bring  up  and  Spoil. 

Spoke,  parra  (of  a  wheel)  =  tir  or  tira ;  dr-i 
puz-ash^  zadam  (I  put  a  spoke  in  his 
wheel);  zir-i  puz-ash  khurd  (a  spoke  was 
put  in  his  wheel) :  bi-kdr-i  man  shusha 
zad  (he  put  a  spoke  in  my  wheel). 

Spokesman,  fuldn  az  taraj-i  hama  ndtiq  bud. 

Sponge,  abr  (supposed  to  be  a  piece  of  cloud 
that  has  fallen  into  the  sea);  isjanj 
(Eur.);  gulu-shur  (for  washing  bottles, 
pipes ;  or  for  sponging  out  a  gun) :  az 
may  dan  dar  raft,  or  aipar  anddmt  (  =  he 
threw  up  the  sponge). 

Sponger,  kdsalls.     Vide  Parasite. 

Sponsor,  zdmin;  kaftl. 

Spontaneous,  az  khvd ;  khud  bi-khud;  in 
kirm  tavalludi  ast  na  tavalvdiy  ya'ni  az 
khud  paydd  ahuda. 

Spoon,  qdshuq  T. ;  db-garddn  (large,  kit- 
chen— ) ;  mildqa  (corrup.  of  Ar,  miVaqa 
(wooden) ;  qdahuq-i  aharbat-khuri  (large 
wooden  spoon  for  sherbet) ;  gawdi-yi 
qdshuq  (bowl  of  spoon). 

Spoonful,  bi-qadr-i  yak  qdahuq. 

Sport,  bdzi:  Idgh,  or  ahukhi,  or  khushmazagi 
(joke) :  shikar  or  sayd  (hunting,  etc.). 

Sportsman,  shikdrchi;  mir-shikdr^ ;  shikdr- 
dust  adj. 

Spot,  lakka;  (in  India  da^,  which  in  Persia 
means  ' '  a  brand ' '  and  *  a  branding 
iron ') :  sar-i  mavyqi' ,  or  bi-zan-gdh  (spot 
where  anything  happened  ;  kalaf  (on  a 
planet;  also  a  freckle).     Vide  Blemish. 

Spotted,  lakka  lakka ;  pur  lakka ;  lakka-ddr  ^ ; 
pur  khatt  u  khdl  (with  spots  and  markings)  ; 
^dl-dar. 

Spouse,  zawj. 


I  Poa,  lit.  "snout." 
,  4  Mir-shikar  in  Persia  a  sort  of  head  game-keeper :  in  India  any  bird  catcher,  assistant  falconer,  etc. 
S  Lakka-ddr  might  signify  that  the  eirticle  he^l  only  one  spot. 


Spo 


308 


Squ 


Spouseless,  juft  na-darad. 

Spout,  dahan  (of  a  tea-pot) ;  dahan-shir, 
shortened  into  shir  (a  tap  of  an  um,  etc.) : 
ndvdan  (of  roof).     Vide  Tap. 

Spout,  to,  favvara  anddkhtan  (of  a  whale, 
etc.) :  dahan  puf  k.  (to  blow  a  spray  of 
water  out  of  the  mouth).     Vide  Spatter. 

Sprain  (subs.),  pd-pichl  (of  ankle) :  much-i 
dast-am  pick  khurd. 

Sprained,  pUch  hhurdan,  intr. ;  rag  hi-rag 
shudan ;  pa-yam  dar  rafta. 

Sprawling,  bi-chahdr  dast  u  pa. 

Spray,  shahha-yi  ndzuk ;  nawcha :  jiqa  ( worn 
by  Shah  in  head-dress);  tlta  (worn  by 
women  in  the  head ;  of  jewels). 

Spread,  intishar-i  'ilm  (spread  of  know- 
ledge) ;  sirdyat  (of  disease). 

Spread,  to,  farsh  k.  (of  carpet,  etc.) ;  sari 
gashtan  (of  news  only) ;  in  haslr  rd  ru-yi 
zamin  pahn  kun:  shah  tur-i  anddkhta  pa- 
randahd-yi  bisydr  girift :  khabar  shdyi'  shud 
or  muntashir  shud  (the  news  spread  or 
bu-yi  an  buland  mi-shavad) ;  sirdyat  A;,  (of 
disease).     Vide  Scatter. 

Spring,  hahdr ;  or  rabV  (rare)  (the  season) : 
fanar  (any  steel  spring,  spiral  or  other- 
wise ;  also  springs  of  a  carriage) :  jast ; 
khiz  (leap) :  masdar  (source) :  chashma  (of 
water). 

Spring,  to,  sabz  shudan  (of  seeds) :  jastan,  rt. 
jih  (of  animals;  fountains);  jushidan  (of 
spring  of  water). 

Spring  upon,  jastan  bar- :  khiz  giriftan  bar — . 

Springy,  fanarl. 

Sprinkle,  hanut  k.  (to  sprinkle  the  dead  with 
sweet  herbs):  pdshidan  (with  anything). 
Vide  Water. 

Sprinkling,  db-pdshi  (k.);  or  tarashshuh  (k.) 
(of  water). 

Sprout,  shdkha  ;  nawcha. 

Sprout,  to,  tinja  zadan ;  sar  bar  dvardan. 

Spur,  mihmiz  zadan ;  nish-i  rikdb  zadan ; 
rikdb  zadan  [the  Persian  spur  is  the  sharp 
corner  of  the  broad  flat  stirrup-iron] : 
baddhat"^"  guftam  ki  shir-i  mdda  bay  ad 
bdshad  (on  the  spur  of  the  moment  I 
exclaimed  that  it  must  be  a  lioness): 
garm  tdkhtan  (travel  expeditiously).  Vide 
Extempore. 

Spurious,  qalb ;  nd-sara  (of  money  only ; 
ndbahra  not  used  in  m.c.) :  ja'li  (forged) : 
dagkal  (also  a  cheat).     Vide  Bastard. 


Spurt,  fish  (of  water). 

Spurt,  db  tirak  zadan  (local  ?  of  water) ;  bd 
ab-duzdak  z.  (with  squirt) ;  jastan  (of  a 
vein ;  a  fountain) . 

Sputtering.     Vide  Frying. 

Spy,  jdsHs :  dlda-bdn  (a  look-out  man) : 
mukhbirdn  khabar  dddand  ki  td  imruz 
chunin  tdjir-i  buzurg-l  dar  shahr  vdrid  na- 
shuda  ast — Prof.  S.  T.  (the  informers  in- 
formed me  that  no  such  great  merchant 
had  ever  previously  appeared  in  the 
city). 

Spy,  to,  jdsusi  k. ;  bi-kamin-i  kas-%  budan  or 
nishastan  (to  spy  on;  also  to  be  in  ambush 
for). 

Squabble,  to,  qarqasha  or  kharWiasha  k.; 
shuluq  k.  (lit.  to  make  a  noise). 

Squadron,  dasta  (about  100  men). 

Squalid,  past  (low ;  of  people,  a  quarter  of  a 
town) ;  kasif  (dirty). 

Squalor,  kasafat. 

Squander,  bar  bdd  dddan ;  talaf  k. ;  bi-db  u 
dtash  kashldan ;  isrdf  k. 

Squanderer,  musrif ;  vil-kharj:  kharrdj  (ex- 
travagant).    Vide  Money. 

Square,  murabba'  ;  chahdr-gusha  (vulg.)  ; 
davdzdah  mil  dar  mil  (12  sq.  miles) ;  qal'a 
{bastan)  (on  parade;  of  soldiers). 

Square,  to,  dast-ash  rd  charb  k.  (with  money) ; 
dah  tumdn  zir-i  farshl  dddam  (I  slipped 
ten  tumans  into  his  hands) ;  sar-i  rdh 
dvardan  (in  a.  better  sense). 

Squash,  to,  yak  kulamb  k.  (to  squash  into  a 
ball) ;  lih  k. 

Squashed,  to  be,  pach  shudan  (of  fruit,  etc.) ; 
chapida  shudan ;  lih  sh. 

Squat,  sar-i  chingu  (or  chun)  nishastan  (to 
squat  on  the  heels,  Indian  fashion) :  du- 
zdnu  nishastan  (Persian  fashion);  char 
zdnu  n.  (tailor  fashion). 

Squatting,  uftdda ;  or  khwdbida  (of  animals). 

Squeak,  zig  (k.)  (of  mouse). 

Squeamish,  ndzuk-tab'. 

Squeeze,  to,  chaldndan  vulg. ;  fishurdan,  rt. 
fishdr ;  pul  kashidan  (squeeze  money  out 
of). 

Squib,  taraqa  (also  cracker). 

Squint-eyed,  lUch ; '  chashm-ash  kaj  or  kdj 
ast;'-  chashmi  u  chap  ast;  ahval. 

Squinting,  ahvaliyyat;  kaj-chashmi. 

Squirm,  to,  pichidan,  intr.  (on  the  ground; 
of  a  dog,  etc). 


1  But  lukht  u  luch,  "  stark  naked." 

2  A  bazar  joke  on  seeing  a  squint-eyed  man  is  to  repeat  "  Inja  darakht-i  kaj  cut — rldam  bar  harchi 
kaj  ast*':  kaj  is  a  species  of  large  fir-tree. 


Squ 


309 


Sta 


Squirrel,  samur  (a  grey  squirrel,  prob.  the 
Sib.  squirrel  or  Miniver ;  also  its  fur) ; 
mush-i  parrdn  (a  squirrel) :  shudrung. 

Squirt,  db-duzdak. 

Squirt,  to,  56  fishdndan. 

Stab,  to,  kdrd  z  ;  khanjar  z.  [istihkdm. 

Stability,  usiuvdn ;  davdm  u  sabdt ;  pdyaddri ; 

Stable,  istqhl:  az  tavila  asp  rd  btrun  bi-kash 
(bring  the  horse  out):  pdyaddr;  uslavdr ; 
musiahkam  (adj.). 

Stable-boy,  dkhur-chi. 

Stack,  tuda  (of  corn  or  any  heap) ;  also  khir- 
man:  chdtnia  T.  (of  arms  when  "  piled  "). 

Stack,  to,  tuda  k. ;  khirman  sdkhtan. 

Staff,  chub-dasti  ;  'asa  ;  chumdq  (cudgel) ; 
daganak  (ditto). 

Stag,  gavazn;  gdv-i  kuhl  P.  and  mardl  T. 
(Cervus  Maral).     Vide  Recumbent. 

Stage,  manzil,  pi.  mandzil;  hasht  farsakh-i 
sangin  ast  td  bi-manzil  (it's  eight  long 
farsakh  to  the  stage) :  takhta-bandi  (plat- 
form). 

Stagger,  to,  mutazalzil  shudan ;  chub-l  bi-sar- 
dsh  khurd  va  glch  raft. 

Stagnant,  db-i  murda;  db-i  istdda;  nd-ravdn. 

Stagnation,  kasddi-yi  bdzdr,  etc.  (of  trade). 

Stain,  lakka  shudan :  rang  zadan  (to  stain 
wood),  [but  rang  k.  to  dye] :  chirk  k.  or 
dludu  k.  (to  dirty,  defile) :  khazlb  sh.  and 
khizdb  k.  (of  the  hair,  with  henna). 

Stairs,  nardbdn  (ladder)  :  u  ru-yi  pilla-hd 
n,isha8Ui  bud  (he  was  sitting  on  the  stairs) ; 
[m%-niahast  would  signify  '  it  was  his  habit 
to  sit  'or  'he  was  about  to  sit '] ;  pilla-yi 
pitch  pich  (spiral). 

Stake,  giraw  (at  play) :  ddr  (execution) : 
chub  (stick).     Vide  Martyrdom  and  Play. 

Stale,  ghizd-yi  shab  mdnda  (stale  food) ; 
baydt  (hung  till  tender ;  only  of  meat ; 
vide  Tender) ;  ndn  mdnda  a-st  (the  bread  is 
stale):  magas-rida  (fly-spotted,  vulg.). 

Stalk,  sdqalid-yi  gandum  (stalks  of  wheat). 

Stalk,  to,  sxba  kardan  or  burdan  (to  stalk 
game) ;  gurg-shikdr  k. ;  bt-kamin  raftan  or 
kamin  burdan  ;  bi-duzda  (vulg.  for  bi-duzdi 
or  duzddna)  raftan  :  salldna '  rdh  raftan ; 
bd  tabakhtur  rdh  raftan  (walk  proudly). 

Stall,  dkhur  (prop,  manger) :  chub-push  (a 
fruit-seller's  stall,  thatched  with  palm 
leaves,  etc.). 


Stall-fed,  parvarda. 

Stallion,  nariydn;  nariydn-i  tvkhml  (for  stud 
purposes). 

Stammer,  luknat-i  zabdn  ddshtan  (natural 
defect  or  result  of  confusion) ;  zabdn-dsh 
band  mi-raft  or  gir  khurd  (to  stammer 
from  confusion) ;  ahdyad  zabdn-ash  lukruU 
mi-khurd:  guyd  sar-i  zabdn-ash  mt-girift 
(to  lisp  like  a  Jew)  * 

Stamp,  tambr  Fr.     Vide  Postage. 

Stamp,  to,  pd  bi-zan  ru-yash  (stamp  on  it); 
lagad-mdli-ash  kun  (crush  it  under  foot) : 
pd  kubidan  (in  anger ;  also  to  dance) : 
muhr  2.  (with  a  die). 

Stanch,  to,  band  k. ;  vd  ddshtan,  vulg.  (of 
blood) :   bast  raftan  vulg.  (to  be  stanched). 

Stand,  pdya  (for  lamp,  etc.). 

Stand,  to,  istddan,  rt.  ist;  pd  sh.  (to  get  up) ; 
bachcha,  sar-i  pd  bi-xst  ("stand  up";  a 
school  punisliment) :  vide  Endure :  sar- 
kalla  zadan  (stand  up  against;  also  to 
dispute). 

Standard,  nislidn;  'alam;  bayraq  (flag): 
mi'ydr  or  'iydr  (of  weight). 

Standard-bearer,  bayraq- ddr ;  'alam-ddr. 

Standing,  qddm  pres.  part,  (also  in  m.c. 
"hiding");  bar  pd ;  mahsul-i  bar  pd 
(standing  crop) . 

Standpoint,  az  naT^ar-i — . 

Stand-still,  kdr-i  dukdn  lang  mdnd  (the  busi- 
ness of  the  shop  was  at  a  stand-still). 

Stanza,  no  word.     Vide  Quatrain,  Verse,  etc. 

Staple,  'umda ;  chiz-i  'umda  (the  staple 
manufacture). 

Star,  sitdra;  kawkab,  pi.  kavdkib  ;  najm,  pi. 
anjum  (rare)  ;  tir-i  shihdb  (shooting — ) 
sayydra  (moving — ) :  savdbit  (pi.  fixed 
stars) :  ' '  the  Jinns  ascend  to  the  confines 
of  the  lowest  heavens  and  listen  to  the 
secrets  of  the  Angels  who  then  hurl  shoot- 
ing stars  at  them  to  drive  them  away^ 
(tm/e  Genius)  "  mx-guyand  J  inn  bi-hudud-i 
dsmdn-i  avvalin  su'ud  mx-kunand  td  az 
asrdr-i  mald^ika  vdqif  shavand  va  mald*^ika 
bi-vdsita-yi  anddkhtan-i  tlr-i  shihdb  dnhd 
rd  dur  mx-kunand:  sa'd  (fortunate  aspect 
of — );  and  nahs  (unfortunate  aspect — ): 
qirdn  (conjunction  of  two  stars):  sitdra 
(on  horse's  forehead  if  sufl&ciently  small 
to  be  covered  by  the  thumb ;   if  larger  it 


1  Sallana  for  aahlana. 

i  Pharoah  wishing  to  test  whether  the  infant  Mosee  was  a  cliild  in  intelligence  or  not,  offered  him  a 
live  coal  and  a  ruby.  Inspired  by  Ood,  Mosea  put  the  Bre  in  his  mouth  (thereby  deceiving  Pharoah)  ; 
hence  his  descendants  also  lisp  in  their  speech. 

<>  Many  of  the  jinn  are  killed  by  shooting  stars. 


Sta 


310 


Ste 


is   a  ghurra  or  ' '  blaze ' ' ;    sitara-pisham 

adj.). 

Starch,  nishasta  (z.) ;  ahdr  {z.). 

Starched,  nishasta-zada. 

Stare,  ba  chashm-i  khlra  nigah  k.  or  hkira 
nigah  k.  (with  open  eyes) ;  hama  hi-man 
chashm  dukhtand. 

Staring,  dida-yi  khira  bar  man  dukht  (he 
fixed  a  staring  eye  on  me). 

Stark.     Vide  Naked. 

Starling,  sdr  (probably  applied  to  other 
small  birds;  sometimes  incorrectly  used 
for  the  T.  sd,  some  species  of  buzzard  or 
eagle):  tut-kush  (the  Rosy  Starling  or 
Rose  Pastor). 

Start,  to,  ravdna  sh. ;  bi-rdh  uftddan,  intr. 
and  bi-rdh  anddkhtan,  tr.  (on  a  journey) : 
dukdn  bi-rdh  anddkhtan  (to  start  a  shop) ; 
vil  k.  (in  a  race) :  vaqt-i  harakat  ast  (it  is  a 
time  to  start) :  vide  Remove :  ydru  ^  az 
khwdb  bar  jast,  bd  yak-td-yi  pirahan  birun 
dmad  (he  started  out  of  sleep  and  came 
out  with  only  a  shirt  on).     Vide  Startled. 

Starting,  naql-i-makdn  k.  (starting  on  a 
journey,  i.e.,  changing  residence  at  a 
lucky  moment  ^) :  ravdnagi. 

Startled,  takdn  khurdan,  intr.  (to  be  startled ; 
also  to  be  shaken) :  diriz  khurdan,  intr. 
(in  sleep):  tarsdndan,  tr.  (frighten). 

Starve,  az  gurisnagi  (or  bi-khurdki)  murdan: 
fdqa-kashi  k.  gen. :  bi-jdqa  murd.  Vide 
Fast. 

Starvation,  u  dar  faqr  ufdqa  ast  (he  is  starv- 
ing, in  great  distress). 

Starveling,  qakt-zada  (of  people  or  districts) : 
az  gurisnagi  murda  (of  anything). 

State,  hdl,  pi.  ahvdl;  hdlat,  pi.  lidldt;  kay- 
fiyyat;  vaz',  pi.  awzd' :  dawlat  (Govern- 
ment) :  khiydbdn-i  dawlatt^  (a  State  road; 
gen.  with  trees) :  sha^n  u  shawkat ;  or  dab- 
daba ;  or  ihtishdm  (pomp) :  surat-i  hdl 
(state  of  afifairs) ;  umur-i  mamlakat  or 
dawlat  (affairs  of  state). 

State,  to,  izhdr  k  ;  baydn  k. 

Stated  time,  vaqt-i  ma'hud  (or  mu'ayyan  or 
muqarrar). 

St&tely,  bd  shawkat;  bdjaldlat:  bd-hashamat 
(of    people,   stately  in   appearance) :    In 


durna  chi  qadr  bd  shawkat  rah  mi-ravad 
(look  at  the  stately  gait  of  that  crane). 

Statement,  bar-ddsht  (local);  izhdr,  pi.  izhd- 
rdt;  baydn;  taqrirdt-i  muqassir*  (state- 
ments of  the  accused).     Vide  Deposition. 

Statesman,  mudabbir  (a  great  statesman) : 
az  ahl-i  siydsi  (official) :  bisydr  mard-i 
puliiik  ast 

Statesmanship,  siydsat-dani ;  'ilm-i  pullttk; 
'ilm-i  mulk-ddri. 

Station,  istgdh  (newspaper  word  for  railway 
station) ;  istesan  or  istdsiyun  and  mahall-i 
tavaqquf  (railway  station) ;  gdr  Fr. :  u  sdhib 
rutba  ast  (he  has  a  high  station) :  vide 
Rank  :  mu'askar  (mil.) :  qardvul-khdna 
(police — ). 

Station,  to,  guzdshtan,  rt.  guzdr  ;  and  vd  ddsh- 
tan  (of  sentry ;  troops). 

Stationed,  muqim-i — ast. 

Stationary,  bi-harakat;  sdkin;  istdda:  bi- 
hamdnhdlat  (or  bi-hdlat-i)  sdbiq  (i.e.,  neither 
better  nor  worse). 

Statistics,  istdsllk,  Eur. 

Statuary,  but-tardsh;  mujassama-sdz. 

Statue,  mujassama;  du  mujassama  yi  asp  az 
chudan  rikhta  awcZ— Shah's  D.  (two  bronze 
statues  have  been  cast).  Vide  Imagina- 
tion. 

Stature,  qdmat ;  qadd-ash  misl-i  sarv  ast 
(his  stature  is  like  the  cypress) ;  bald  (in 
comp.) :  kalla  (a  measure  of  depth  =  5|  ft., 
about)       Vide  Height. 

Statute,  qdnun,  pi.  qavdnin  (also  any  rule  or 
regulation):  [a*m,  regulation]. 

Stay,  pushti ;  'amud  (prop):  iqdrriat ;  ayydm-i 
tavaqquf  (sojourn).     Vide  Beam. 

Stay,  to,  budan;  tavaqquf  k. ;  iqdmat  k. ; 
sukunat  k.  (sojourn) ;  qasd  ddrad  ki  mud- 
dat-i  ziydd-i  dnjd  bi-mdnad. 

Stays,  pistdn-band  (a  kind  of  breast- coat  for 
women ;  the  sina-band  is  worn  by  old  men, 
women,  and  children,  over  the  former). 

Steady,  hanuz  bar  'azm-i  khud  bdql-st  (or 
musammim  or  sdbit) :  mazbut ;  qdHm  ; 
muhkam  (not  shaky) :  drdm  (of  a  ship) : 
yak  qardr  (uniform). 

Steal,  duzcR  k. ;  shaghdl  har  chi  paydd  ml- 
kunad    duzdida    va^    mi-ravad:    pinhdnl 


1  Yaru  is  a  m.c.  term  that  corresponds  to  the  slang  '  sportsman  '  or  to  the  Irish  '  boy.'  Yarii  has 
usually  a  younger  signification  than  '  Baba, '  which  latter  prefixed  to  a  name  or  a  trade  has  somewhat 
the  signification  of  '  gaffer  ' ;  as  Baba  Htisayn  and  Baba-yi  nanbaH. 

2  The  traveller  may  delay  a  month  after  this  change,  making  up  his  mind. 
S  There  are  no  macadamized  roads  in  Persia. 

*  Muqasair  in  m.c.  means  "accused"  simply,  and  not  "guilty":  m  muqaaair  bl-gunah  ast  (m.c). 
^   Va  is  correct,  but  duzdida  mi-ravad   might   also    mean    "to   go    off   secretly";    the   intonation 
distinguishes  the  meaning. 


Ste 


311 


Sti 


bur  dan  (bear  off  stealthily) :   pinham  rah 
raj  tan  (to  steal  awa^). 

Stealthily,  duzddna ;  duzd^da. 

Steam,  buhhdr,  subs,  (bukhdri,  adj.).  Vide 
Source. 

Steam,  to,  tabkhlr  k.,  tr.  (foment  an  injury) : 
kashtl  rah  uftad  (the  boat  steamed  out  of 
the  harbour). 

Steamer,  kashtl-yi  dudi  ;  kashti-yi  bukhdr  : 
vdpur  (Eur.) :  qd^iq-i  bukhdri  (steam- 
launch)  :  ghurdb  (prop,  ship  with  one 
mast). 

Steel,  juldd  or  puldd  (subs.);  fulddi  (adj.): 
burdda-yi  dhan  (steel-filings) :  chaqmdq  (for 
striking  a  light  on  the  flint,  or  the  sang-i 
chaqmdq) . 

Steep,  sardshtb  and  sardzir,  vulg.  sardshiva; 
rdst;  kindra-yi  In  rud-khdna  khayli  nashib 
ast. 

Steeple,  mil  (church).     Vide  Minaret. 

Steer,  gusdla-yi  akhta  (young  castrated  bull). 

Steer,  to,  kashii  rdndan. 

Steersman,  sukkdni  [a  "sea-cunny,"  Anglo- 
Ind.J. 

Stem,  sdqa  (of  flower):  chub-i  chupvq  (of 
ordinary  pipe) ;  nay-i  qcdydn  (the  long 
mouth-piece  of  a  water-pipe) ;  miydna-yi 
qalydn  (the  upright  stem  that  supports 
the  bowl) :  pichvdn  (flexible  mouth-piece 
of  the  water-pipe) :  chub-i  sigdr  (or  jigara) 
or  sar  sigdr  (cigarette-holder). 

Stench,  bu-yi  bad ;  ta'affun:  'ajunai. 

Step,  gdm;  qadam;  qadam-i  tund  (quick 
step) ;  qadam-i  stist  (slow  step) ;  pilla  (of 
stairs  or  ladder) ;  dah  pilla  mi-khurad  bi- 
bdld  (there  are  10  steps  in  the  flight) ; 
ru  dvardan  (to  direct  one's  steps  towards) : 
bardy-i  jabr-i  nuqsdndt  iqddm  mi-numdyam 
(I  will  take  steps  to  recover  the  cost) : 
daraja  (promotion).     Vide  Stairs. 

Step,  to,  gdm  or  qadam  z.  (to  measure  by 
stepping ;  to  pace ;  also  to  walk  up  and 
down) :  qadr-i  in  taraf  ham  qadam  ranja 
bi-fanndyid  (kindly  step  this  way). 

Step-brother,  nd-barddar. 

Step-child,  pir-zdda  (local  ?)  (any  step-son  or 
daughter). 

Step-daughter,  nd-dukhtar ;  rabiba  tech. 
(wife's  daughter). 

Step-father,  nd-pidar :  pidar-andar  {rskte) . 

Step-mother,  nd-mddar  (vulg.) ;  zani  pidar. 
Step-son,  nd-pisar;  rabib  tech.  (wife's  son). 


Sterile,  nd-za  and  'dqir  or  'aqlm  (of  females) 
bdHr  or  bdyir  (uncultivated  land) ;  ahura 
(salt  land) :  bi-aamar  (of  tree  not  yielding 
fruit). 

Sterling,  ra*ijf ;  kdmil"  'U'iydr. 

Stern,  dumbdl  (of  ships) ;  mutu'abbis  (lit. 
frowning);  'abus;  chashm  u  ru-yash  ha- 
misha  bi-ham  kashida  ast ;  khira-nigdh  (of 
stern  aspect;  also  staring). 

Sternness ,  durushti ;  'abusi. 

Sternly,  bi-durushli;  bi-sakhtl  (harshly). 

Sternum.     Vide  Breast-bone. 

Stevedore,  bambuti  (Eng.  ?). 

Stew,  khurish  (meat  and  vegetables) ;  qurma 
(without  vegetables). 

Stew,  to,  narm  jushdndan  (to  cook  slowly 
over  a  small  fire) ;  dam  dddan  (after  cook- 
ing to  keep  at  a  slight  heat  to  allow  the 
ingredients  to  digest). 

Steward,  rvdzir  (head  servant) ;  nawkar-bdshi. 

Stick,  bd  'asq  rdh  mi-ravad  (he  walks  with 
the  aid  of  a  stick);  bd  chub-dasti  gardish 
mi-kunad  (he  walks  with  a  stick  in  his 
hand):  bd  ta'limi  tafarruj  mi-kunad  (he 
strolls  about  with  a  'swagger  cane'); 
m^ntashd  (a  short  crutch  carried  by 
dervishes) ; '  chumdq  (club). 

Stick,  chaspdnidan,  tr. ;  cha^pidan,  intr^; 
vide  Join  :  muhkam  shudan ;  sakht  sh.  ;  gir 
dmadan  (to  catch) ;  hargiz  harf-ash  du  ta 
nami-shavad  (he  sticks  to  what  he  says) ; 
u  dar  vaqt-i  savdr  shudan-i  bi-sajina''-  pd- 
yash  bi-gil  faru  mdnd. 

Sticky,  lazij ;  chasp-ndk ;  chaspu  (vulg.) ; 
chaspanda  (adhesive). 

Stiff,  sift;  sakht:  sina-pahlu  (walking  stiffly 
with  chest  puffed  out,  of  a  fop»;  pish- 
sina-yi  plrahan-am  sakht  nist,  niahdsta 
kam  ddrad  (my  shirt  front  is  not  stiff ; 
there  is  too  little  starch) :  az  davidan-i 
diruz  man  kuftagi  ddram  (I'm  quite  stiff 
from  running  yesterday):  dast-am  sikh 
shud  (my  arm  is  quite  stiff ;  from  the  exer- 
cise). 

Stiff-necked,  gardan-kash  ;  gardan-sha}^ 
(proud,  perverse). 

Stifle,  khafa  kardan  tr.,  and  l^fa  shudan- 
intr. 

Stifling,  havd  khafa  bud  (the  air  was  stifling). 
Vide  Suffocate. 

Stigma,  nang ;  nang  u  *dr ;  qabdhat ;  in 
lakka-yibad-Tidmi  bardy-i  u  khipdhad  mdnd. 


1  They  place  it  under  the  arm  when  seated  on  the  ground  and  generally  sleep  in  this  position. 
*  Or  savar  ahudan-i  kcuhti. 


Sti 


312 


Sto 


Still,  qaram-biq  (for  distillation). 

Still,  yak  daqiqa  sdkit  ^  (or  aram)  bash  (stay 

still    for    one    minute) :     htch  vaqt  rdhat 

nistidl    (are  you  never  still?):  hdz;  vail 

etc.  (adv). 
Stilts,  laglaga  (in  Gilan). 
Stilted,  lafz-i  'qalam  harf  z. :  sdhhtagi  (vulg. 

and    gen.) :    takallufi     (of    style).      Vide 

Pedantic. 
Stimulant,  muhayyij- 
Stimulation,  tor^?6  [d.) ;    iashviq  (d.) ;    dil- 

garml  {d.) 
Stimulate,  tahris  dddan  ;  bar-angikhtan. 
Stimulative,  muharrik.     Vide  Actions. 
Sting,  nish  (2.) ;  zahr  (m.c). 
Sting,  to,  gazidan  (vulg.  bite  of  any  animal) : 

nlsh  zadan. 
Stingy,  kinis ;  k^asis. 
Stinky  bu-yi  bad ;  'ufunat;  ta'affun. 
Stink,  to,  gandidan ;  bukardan;  ta'affunsh. 
Stinking,  gandtda ;  muta'affin. 
Stint,    bi-darigh     (without) ;       dar    dddan-i 

"viski^'    khissat    (or   buhhdlat)    na-kardi 

(you  haven't  stinted  the  whisky). 
Stipulated,  basta  bar  (or  mashrut)  bar  in  ki; 

bi-sliart-i-ki  (on  the  condition  that). 
Stipulation,  shart,  pi.  shurut:  qardr:  qayd. 
Stir,  to  ;  Stir  up,  to,  harakat  k  (intr.) :  bi-ham 

zadan  (stir  up  liquids) :   zir  u  ru  kardan 

(of  papers,  etc.):  angusht  k. ;  or  shurdni- 

dan    (stir  up  animals) :    chahi  rd  bi-ham 

bi-zan  (stir  up  the  tea). 
Stirrer  up,  shurdnanda  (by  stick) :   muharrik 

or  mufattin  (inciter). 
Stirrup,  rikdb  (iron) ;   tasma-yi  rikdb  (strap) ; 

rikdb  rd  yak  khdnd  kutdh  kun  (shorten  the 

stirrups  one  hole). 
Stitch,   to,   dukhtan,    tr.,    rt.   duz :     bakhya 

kardan  (or  zadan);  knk  zadan  (to  baste). 
Stitch,  yak  dukht  (2.)  (a  stitch).  Vide  Sew. 
Stock,    dast-mdya   (in   trade) :    shab-bu    (the 

flower) ;  qunddgh  (butt  or  stock  of  gun). 
Stockings,      pd-kash ;      jurdb-i      gal-buland 

(vulg.):   a/a-pac/ta  (of  a  horse ;   =all   four 

white) ;    chap  *   (off   fore   and   both   hind 

white ;    unlucky) ;    chdqchur    (socks    and 

trousers,   garment  all  in   one ;    worn  by 

women). 
Stocks,    kunda    (for    legs) ;     pdlahang    (for 

neck).      Vide  Pillory. 


Stoker,  tun-tdb  or  tun-suz  (of  a  bath) :  kura- 
chi. 

Stolen,  duzdlda ;  masruq ;  mEl-i  masruqa 
(stolen  goods) ;  balga  (local  ?)  (a  stolen 
article  that  is  a  clue). 

Stomach,  shikam ;  mi' da;  dil  {m.c);  dil-am 
dard  mi-kunad  (I  have  a  pain  in  my 
belly) ;  dil-at  dard  bi-ydyad  (an  impreca- 
tion). 

Stone,  sang ;  dsiya-sang  (mill-stone) :  nigln 
(in  a  ring) :  sang-i  mihakk  (touch-stone) : 
sang-i  masdna  (in  bladder) ;  hajar^  H-aswad 
(the  Black  Stone  of  Mecca,  once  white 
but  now  black  from  the  impure  touch  of 
sinful  man) ;  ikslr-i  azam  (the"  Philoso- 
pher's^ stone);  hassa  or  hasta  or  dindil 
(of  fruit)  [the  kernel  of  the  stone  is 
m,agAz];  ddna  (of  grapes,  etc.) :  pdd-zahr 
(bezoar  stone):  kdr-i  na-bud  ki  na-kard 
(he  left  no  stone  unturned) :  sang-farsh 
(paved  with  stone) :  fisdn  (whet- stone) : 
ddna-yi  tagarg  (hail-stone)  :  sang-bast 
(stone-built). 

Stone,  to.     Vide  Stoning. 

Stone-cutter,  sang-tardsh;  hajjdr. 

Stone-plover,  chdkhruq  T. ;  bachcha  hubara 
P. 

Stone  ware,  zuruf-i  sangt. 

Stoniness,  sangldkhi ;  pur-sangi:  qasdvat-i 
qalb  (of  heart). 

Stoning,  sang-sdr  kardan ;  or  sang  bdrdn  k. 
(the  punishment) ;  (the  law  term  is  rajm : 
rajim  is  a  term  applied  to  Satan) :  Mna 
blrun  dvurdan  (raisins). 

Stony,  pur-sang ;  rah  khayli  sang-ldkh  ast  (the 
road  is  very  stony). 

Stool,  si-pdya  (a  stool  or  low  table  even  with 
four  legs) ;  pd-anddz. 

Stool,  to,  ridan  (a  crude  word  corresponding 
to  the  English  word  of  four  letters) ; 
ijdbat  raftan  (polite);  sar-i  db  raftan; 
mabdl  raftan;  dil-at  kdr  ml-kunad?  (are 
your  bowels  regular  ?). 

Stoop,  to,  kham  shuda  sang-l  bar  dasht  (be 
stooped  and  picked  up  a  stone) ;  sar  zadan 
or  lagad  zadan  (at  quarry ;  of  a  falcon) ; 
uftddan  (to  drop  from  a  height ;  of  a 
bird)^ 

Stop,  va  ist,  interj. 

Stop,  to,  jilo-girl  k.  (check,  stop)  =  sar-i  rah 


1  «S5if«,  properly  "silent"   but  here  "still 

2  But  in  India  chap  is  generally  with  the  near-fore  white  and  by  some  with  the  off-fore  white, 


In   minute 


8  The  Great  Elixir  or  Philosopher's  Stone  transmuted   the  baser    metals  into   gold, 
doses  it  restored  youth,  prolonged  life,  and  was  then  called  the  Elixir  Vitae. 

The  lesser  Elixir  had  these  qualities  in  a  lesser  degree  :  it  transmuted  the  base  metals  into  silver. 


Sto 


313 


Str 


girijtan;  mardum  jalo-ash  ra  giriftand  (the 
men  stopped  him  ;  barred  his  way) :  sd'at- 
am  khtvdbida  (my  watch  has  stopped) :  bdz 
ddshtan;  or  muzdhim  shudan  (to  hinder): 
giriftan ;  or  bastan  (stop  up,  close) ;  pur  k. 
(a  tooth) ;  maivquf  k.  (put  an  end  to) ; 
xstddan  (of  a  train  ;  carriage) ;  mard  nigdh 
na-ddr  kdr-i  Idzim-i  ddram  (don't  stop  me, 
I'm  in  a  hurry).  Vide  Stay,  Remain, 
Sojourn. 

Stoppage,  sadd. 

Stopper.     Vide  Cork. 

Stopping,  bi-yak  nafas  bdld  raftam  (I  mount- 
'ed  without  stopping  to  take  breath). 

Store,  ambdr ;  ambdr-khdna  :  db-ambdr  (a 
reservoir  of  drinking  water) :  ambdr-i 
buzurg-l  az  gtcdla  ddrad:  zal^ira,  pi. 
zaJchdHr  (of  treasure). 

Store,  to,  ambdr  k.  or  zakhtra  k. 

Storied,  martaba-dnr ;  tabaqa-ddr  (of  a  house). 

Stork,  laq-laq ;  hdji  laq-laq  (a  title  given  to 
the  storks  of  Qum)  ■ 

Storm,  tufdn  (gen  ) :  burdn  (snow-storm) :  an 
vaqt  bdd-i  tund-%  mi-vaz%d  balki  an  rd  tufdn 
bdyad  ndmid — Prof.  S.  T.  (a  stormy  wind 
was  then  blowing,— nay  one  should  say  a 
gale). 

Storming,  hujum ;  or  hamla ;  or  yurish  (of 
any  assault  or  attack) :  ddd  u  bi-ddd  k.  (in 
a  rage). 

Storm-beaten,  tufnni  (caught  in  a  storm)  : 
tufdn-khurda  (damaged  by  storm). 

Stormy,  havd-yi  tufdni  (stormy  weather). 

Story,  hikdyat,  pi.  hikdydt ;  qissa,  pi-  qisas; 
ddstdn:  afsdna  (fiction,  fabulous)  :  marlaba 
(of  house) :  man  nxz  yak  du  td  naql  ya 
latifa  baydn  kardam — Prof.  S.  T.  (I  also 
told  a  few  anecdotes  and  bon-mots) : 
khdna-hd  hama  si-yd  c?iafidr-tabaqa^  va 
kuchak  va  tang  ast — Shah's  D.  (the  houses 
are  all  three  or  four  stories  high,  and 
small  and  narrow). 

Story-book,  kitdb-i  qissa;  kitdb-i  afsdna. 

Story-teller,  qissa-gu  and  qissa-l^ipdn  (pro- 
fess.). 

Stout,  gunda ;  gat  u  gunda  (vulg.)  (too 
stout);  kuluft:  jasim  (bulky,  of  people; 
of  elephants) :  chub-i  qutur  (a  stout  stick  ; 
5t^r=  diameter,  thickness);  asp-i  qutur 
(rare)  (a  stout  horse) ;  chaq  (also  in  good 
health). 


Stoutly,  dilirdna. 

Stoutness,  kulufti ;  gundagi  (vulg.);  chdqi 
(also  being  in  good  health,  fat). 

Stove,  bukhdn-yi  farangl  or  -dhanl  (stove) 
[bukhdri,  fire-placej :  ujdq  (kitchen  fire- 
place). 

Straddle,  to,  gushdda  pa  raftan  (in  walk). 

Straddle-legged,  pa  kusMda  {savdr  shudan). 

Straggle,  to,  pardganda  raftan. 

Straggler,  pas  uftada. 

Straight,  mustaqim :  ra^s^"  adv.  (direct, 
straight) :  in  khatt-kash  rdst  ast  (is  this  ruler 
straight?):  pdldn-ash  kaj  ast  (she  is  not 
all  right;  only  of  women);  yak-rdsl  bi- 
khdna-yi  khud  raftam  (I  went  straight 
home). 

Straightforward,  rdst-raw  (gen.)  ;  khush 
mu'dmala  (in  business). 

Strain,  Strained,  bikhtan,  rt.  b%z  (to  sift) : 
ckikdnidan  or  fishurdan  (of  liquids) :  az 
pdrcha  dar  k.  (through  cloth;  gen.):  in 
shir  rd  bd  jul-i  sdf  kun  (vulg.)  or  in  shir  rd 
sdfi  kun;  'ald''iq-i  shdn  nazdik-i  barham 
khurdan  ast  (their  relations  are  strained). 

Strainer,  sdfi  (a  cloth  strainer) ;  chilo-sdfi, 
also  called  turush-bdld^  (a  large  copper 
rice  strainer). 

Strait,  Straits,  bughfiiz  (geo.) :  dar  tangi-hd  (or 
da,r  maziq  uftddan)  and  gir  dmadan  (to  fall 
into  straits). 

Strand,  pich  ;  or  tab  (one  twist  of  rope) ;  rw^ 
(a  single  fibre  or  thread  in  a  twist). 

Strand,  to,  zamin-gir  sdkhtan  (lit.  and  met.). 

Strange,  'ajib;  ^anb ;  nadir  (strange  and 
rare):  tdzagi  ddrad  (novel):  va  'ajib-tar 
inki —  ( — and  strange  to  say — ). 

Strangely,  ciAarib  khasta-am  (or  shudcHim) 
(I'm  strangely  tired). 

Strangeness,  khdriq-i  'ddali  (rare) ;  ghflrdbat ; 
tazagi. 

Stranger,  ghanb  or  ajnahi  (of  foreign  coun- 
try) ;  khdriji  (foreigner) ;  nd-dshnd  (not 
known) ;  bigdna  (an  outsider  ;  not  belong- 
ing to  the  house);  nd-mahram  (one  not 
permitted  to  see  the  women) :  taza-vdrid 
(new-comer);  ba'id"  ' I- 'aJidshuda-i {you're 
quite  a  stranger;  I  haven't  seen  you  for 
ages;  ht.  "you're  late  in  fulfilling  your 
promise");  mihmdn-i  naw  dar  rah  ast 
(a  '  little  stranger '  is  expected ;  also 
mihmdn-i  bi-danddn) :   'ammu  ("  O  stran- 


1  At.  laqla^  "  to  clap  with  the  beak." 
♦•Bruin." 

2  Or  8i-ttibaqa  va  chahar-Uibaqa. 
8  Perhaps  for  turtish  palan. 


Compare  Shaykh  BGbah      Reynard  ' '  and  Hazrat-i  S^f 


Str 


314 


Str 


ger!";  vulg.)  •"  hava  ahr  ast  (  =  strangers 
present,  be  careful). 

Strangle,  vide  Suffocate :  dast-am  hlkh-i  gulu- 
yi-u  guzdshtam  khwdstam  pidar-sukhta  rd 
khafa  hi-kunam  (I  caught  the  brute  by  the 
throat  and  tried  to  strangle  him) ;  tandh- 
anddkhtan  (by  a  shawl;  a  punishment). 

Strangler,  tandb-anddz. 

Strangles,  kataw  (any  bad  cold ;  of  animals 
only). 

Strangulation,  khafagi  (in  India  khafagi, 
anger,  annoyance). 

Strangury,  hubs'*  'l-bawl;  nd-khushi-yi  shdsh- 
hand  (vulg.). 

Strap,  tosma;  qdyishT.:  fitrdk  (on  saddle): 
band  (any  tie). 

Strap,  bastan,  rt.  band;  tasma  zadan. 

Stratagem,  makr ;  Jnla  (gen.) :  kayd,  pi. 
makd^id  (deceit  of  man). 

Stratum,_Za  (geo.). 

Straw,  kdh  (chopped) :  pizur  {also  a  term  of 
contempt  for  a  feeble  timid  man) :  pushdl 
(horse-bedding) ;  rang-i  kdh  (straw-colour- 
ed). 

Strawberry,  tut-i  farangl  (lit.  English  mul- 
berry). 

Stray,  gum  shudan  (of  animals). 

Straying,  gum-rdh  shud  ("he  strayed  from 
the  path  of  religion ' ' ;  but  rdh  rd  gum 
hard  =  rah  rdbi-sar  na-burd,  "he  lost  the 
way    ). 

Strayed  away,  bi-sdhib  (of  animals) :  shutur-i 
bi-mahdr. 

Streak,  khatt. 

Streaked,  mukhattat. 

Stream,  jub;  ju  :  nahr  (larger  than  former), 
pi.  anlmr:  sayldb-i  sukhan  (a  stream  of 
words). 

Street,  kucha :  pas-kucha  (back  street) :  chdr- 
su  bdzdr  (cross-street) :  sMn'  (broad  road) , 
also  ma'bar-i  'dmm. 

Street- walker,  kucha-gard  (a  loose  character, 
male  or  female). 

Strength,  quvvat ;  zur:  quwat-i  qalb  (strength 
of  mind) :  kam  quvvat-am  (I  am  weak, 
but  tdqat  na-ddram^  "I  can't  wait,  I'm 
impatient  " ) :  istihkdm  ;  or  mxitanat  (of  a 
building;  of  opinion). 

Strengthened,  mustahkam  (of  things;  also 
true,  to  be  relied  on,  of  saying,  etc.). 

Strengthening,  ta^yld  {k.  or  d.) ;  istihkdm 
ijc.) ;  taqviyai  {d.). 


Strenuous,  bi-shiddat;  baligi,. 
Stress,  zur.     Vide  Emphasis. 

Stretch,  si  mil  rd  bi-yak  nafas  raftam  (I 
walked  30  miles  at  a  stretch) :  dardz 
kashidan  (to  lie  down  at  full  length) : 
dast-at  rd  dardz  kun :  u  hamisha  qadd  mi- 
kashad  (he  is  always  stretching  himself) ; 
dast  u  pdS  vd  kard  (he  stretched  his 
limbs) :  hash  ddrad  (of  rubber). 

Strew,  pdshidan ;  pardkanda  kardan ;  pakhsh 
k.;  rikhtan,  rt.  rlz:  nisar  k.  (of  money 
scattered  over  the  head  of  a  sick  person; 
a  bridegroom,  etc.,  and  scrambled  for  by 
beggars). 

Stricken,  mubtald. 

Stricken  in  years,  sdl-khurda ;  kuhan-sdl; 
musinn. 

Strict,  durust-i' tiqdd  or  rdsikh-' aqidat  (a  strict 
Muslim) :  sakht  (severe). 

Stricture,  majrd-yi  bawl-ash  khardb  shuda  ast 
(med.).     Vide  Strangury. 

Stride,  shilang  or  shilling  {zadan) :  shilang- 
anddz — Prof.  S.  T.  (a  great  walker). 

Strident,  sadd-yash  bd  dar  u  divdr  mi-jangad 
(of  strident  voice). 

Strife,  nizd' ;  mundqasha ;  jang. 

Strike,  kubidan  (at  a  door;  to  drive  in  a 
peg) :  kandan  (tent) :  bi-sar-ash  khurd  (it 
struck  him  on  the  head) ;  bi-mujarrad-i 
zadan-i  sd'at  mi-ravad  =  td  sd'at  mizanad 
mi-ravad;  du  td  chub  bi-u  zad  (he  struck 
him  twice  with  a  stick) :  risha  giriftan, 
intr.  ("to  strike";  of  a  cutting;  but 
risha  davdndan  ' '  to  spread  out  the  roots '  * 
after  striking).     Vide  Root. 

Striker,  zananda;  zdrib  (rare) ;  kistkubanda-yi 
darl 

String,  risman:  tar  (of  musical  instrument) ; 
zih  (of  bow,  q.v.);  izdrband  (of  trousers) ; 
silsila  (series). 

String,  to,  bi-rishta  dvardan ;  rishta  k.  : 
chilla  or  zih  k.  (a  bow).     Vide  Bowstring. 

Stringy,  pur-risha  (of  meat). 

Strip,  tarisha  (of  cloth,  etc.). 

Strip,  to,  lukht  k. ;  barahna  kardan. 

Stripe,  khO'it.- 

Striped,  khatt  khatt  ast ;  mukhattat. 

Stripped,  lukht ;  or  barahna  (gen.) ;  'urydn  (of 
people  only). 

Strive,  jadd  u  jahd  kardan ;  mujdhada  k. ; 
dast  u  pd  zadan ;  sa'i  n. 

Striver,  sd'i  ;  mujdhid. 


1  Asp  bi-taqati  (or  bi-tabl)  kard  (m.o.)    '*  the  horse  was  restive  "  :   blah  az   in  tjaqat  na-daram 
can't  wait  any  longer  "  :  bl-0qatl  also  means  to  groan  and  make  a  fuss  when  ill ;  a  Persian  habit. 


Str 


316 


Sub 


Stroke,  zarb :  latma  (a  buffet,  slap). 

Stroke,  to,  dast-rmll  k. :  dast-kashi  k. 

Stroll,  to,  qadam  zadan ;  tafarruj  k. ;  chihil- 
qadami  k. 

Strong,  qavi ;  zur-dvar ;  pur-zur :  shaded 
(severe) :  inard-i  qavi-haykal  va  ha  bunya, 
or  qam-ydl  u  bdl  (a  strong-limbed  man) : 
govt  va  tan-durust,  or  qavi  jussa  va  tavdrid 
(strong  and  well) ;  ghulchumdq  (a  knock- 
me-down  fellow,  a  bully,  q.v.) :  dar  kamdl-i 
bunya  va  quwat  ast  (he  is  strong  and 
vigorous) ;  shardb-i  talkh  (strong  wine) ; 
lambdku-yi  talkh  (strong  tobacco  leaf). 
Vide  Bore. 

Structure,  bind^ ;  or  'imdrat  (building) : 
tarkib  (make). 

Struggle,  kashmakasli  {k) ;  gir  u  ddr  (k.) : 
kushti  giriftan  (wrestling) :  zad  u  khurd 
(k.) :  dost  bi-ginbdn  shudan. 

Struggle,  to,  da^t  u  pd*i  zadam  td  javdb-i 
bi-diham  (I  struggled  to  answer  some- 
how). 

Strumpet,  fdhisha;  jinda  (vulg.) ;  qahba. 

Strut,  to.  bi-puf  u  bad  rdh  rafian. 

Strychnine,  jawhar-i  kuchula.  Vide.  Nux 
Vomica, 

Stubble,  kdh-bun. 

Stubborn,  harf  na-shinaw ;  mutamarrid ;  sar- 
kash  (self-willed) :  lajuj  (cussed). 

Struck  up.      Vide  Conceited. 

Stucco,  gacJi-kdri  (k.)  ;  safid-kdn  {k.)  (white 
stucco;  also  a  polite  term  for  nura  kashi- 
dan,  '  to  use  the  depilatory'). 

Stud,  gul  (ornament) :  ilkhi  (for  breeding 
horses).     Vide  Breed,  etc. 

Studded,  murassa'  (with  jewels) ;  mukallal 
bi —  (of  jewels  =  jawdhir-nishdn) .  bar 
kamar-i  kuh  khdna-hd  tak  tak  bud.  Vide 
Set. 

Student,  tdlib-i  'ilm  (gen.),  pi.  tulldb  or 
talaba  (without  'ilm) ;  shdgird  (not  reli- 
gious); bachcha-maktab  {schoolboy). 

Stud-horse,  asp-i  tukhmi. 

Studious,  kiidb'dust. 

Study,  to,  dars  khivdndan;  'ilm-i — tahstl  k. 

Stuff,  qumdsh,  pi.  aqmisha  (cloth) ;  Ardrnina 
'urza-yi  dn  na-ddrand  ki  saltanat-t  bardy-i 
hhud  ihdds  kunand  (the  Armenians  have 
not  the  stuff  in  them  to  found  a  king- 
dom) ;  u  'urza  na-ddrad  (he  is  not  held  in 
awe).     Vide  Nonsense. 

Stuff,  to,  pur  k. ;  dgandan  :  cfiapdnidan  (to 
stuff  into;  press  down). 


Stuffing,  hashv  (anything  for  filling  up ; 
hence  also  tautology). 

Stumble,  Hkandari  khurdan  (of  a  horse  or  of 
an  intoxicated  man) ;  aar-i  sum  raftan  (of 
horses);  rxiqt-i  ki  az  rdh  ^ubur  mi-kardam 
pa-yam  rd  bar  kuflam :  pd-yi  khud  rd  bar 
kiift,  zamin  M^urd  (he  stumbled  and  fell) ; 
pd-yash  surid  or  la^zid  (his  foot  slipped) ; 
ujtdn  u  khizdn  (limping  and  stumbling 
along) :  bi-dar  u  divdr  khurdan  (as  a 
drunken  man).     Vide  Err. 

Stump,  kunda  (cut  log,  also  stump) :  tana 
(trunk) ;  buna. 

Stunned,  bi-sakta  uftdda  (in  a  trance) :  gich 
shuda  (giddy,  stunned) :  dang  shuda  (from 
a  blow,  or  astonishment). 

Stupefaction,  baht  (gen.) ;  sakla.  Vide  Stu- 
por. 

Stupefied,  to  be,  mdt  shudan  (from  fear  or 
astonishment) :  mabhut  {sh.) :  mat-ash 
burd ;  dang  shud.     Vide  Stupor. 

Stupid,  kawdan ;  kund ;  paUit ;  khar :  ay 
dil-i  ghdfil !  blrun  az  ihahr  rafta,  nami- 
tavdnam  bi-binam-ash  (how  stupid  of  me 
to  forget  that  he's  left  town  and  I  can't 
see  him) ;  u  bdqla  khurda  ast  =  ahmaq 
shuda  (beans  are  supposed  to  dull  the 
intelligence).     Vide  Turk  and  Void. 

Stupidity,  khariyyat ' ;  kundi ;  pakhti ;  hamd- 
qat. 

Stupor,  mabhuti  (gen.) ;  midtl  (through  fear 
or  astonishment). 

Sturgeon,  sag-7ndhi  (sturgeon  ?)  [this  word 
appears  to  be  also  applied  to  the  dog- 
fish]. 

Stutter.     Vide  Stammer. 

Stutterer,  luknat-ddr;  alkan  (rare). 

Stye,  gisdlu  (in  eye)  (2.) ;  sinda-saldm  (k.)  ; 
mi-guyand  ki  dar  vaqt-i  ki  chashm-i  insdn 
gisdlu  mi-zanad,  bdyad  bi-ravad  tuy-i  mabdl 
va  sinda^  ya'ni  najdsat  rd  saldm  bi-kunad 
td  chdq  bi-shavad. 

Style,  'ibdrat-i  rangln  (ornate  style) ;  'ibdraUi 
mughJLaq  (abstruse) :  sibk-i  inshd^:  tarz-i 
'ibdrat-ash  bd  db  u  tab  ast  (his  style  is 
brilliant).     Vide  Manner. 

Styptic,  khun-band-kun ;  mdni"^  'd-dam. 

Suavity,  muldyaniat-i  harakdt  (of  manner). 

Subdue,  to,  majfAlub  k.  (gen.) ;  taskhlr  k.  (of 
city  or  fort) ;  tdbi'-i  farmdn  k. :  md  bdyad 
nafs-i  ammdra  rd  maghlub-i  khud  sdzim. 
Vide  Spirit. 

Subject,  ra'iyyat,  pi.  ra'ayd  (subjects  of  a 


1  SJ^riyyat ;  Perg.  word  with  Ar.  termination. 


>  Sinda,  a  crude  word  =:  •  turd.' 


Sub 


316 


Sue 


king) :  mawzu'  (of  speech,  discussion,  etc.) : 
az  chi  maqula  suhbat  kardand  (what  was 
the  subject  of  conversation  ? ) ;  miibladd 
(gram.) :  dar  khusus-i — (on  the  subject 
of-). 

Subject,  to,  Subjected,  to  be,  dar  ma'raz-i 
aziyyat  dar  dmadan  or  uftddan  (to  be  sub- 
jected to  annoyance). 

Subjection,  inqiydd;  ita'at  (of  people,  coun- 
try)- 

Sublimation,  tas'id. 

Sublime,  Dawlat-i  Saniyya-yi  Inglis  (the  sub- 
lime English  Government) ;  'dli  (of  style) ; 
Bdb-i  'All  (Sublime  Porte). 

Sublimity,  'uluvv-i  khaydlat. 

Submission.     Vide  Subjection. 

Submissive,  muti' ;  munqdd  (rare). 

Submit,  mutl'  shudan :  chdra  dar  taslim 
didand:  surat-i  mas^ala  rd  bi-vay  'arza 
ddshtand  (the  case  was  submitted  to  him). 

Suborn,  shdhid-i  zur  durust  k.  (a  witness) ; 
tahris  k.  (incite  to).     Vide  Bribe. 

Subordinate,  zir-t/asf;  zlr-hukm:  abvdb-jam'% 
(those  under  any  officer's  immediate  com- 
mand ;  a  '  command '). 

Subscribe,  i'dna  n. 

Subscription,  daftar-i  i'dna-i  bard-yi  u  bdz 
mt-kunand  (they  are  getting  up  a  subscrip- 
tion for  him) ;  sanduq-i  i'dna  (subscription 
box);  vajh-i  sdldna  (yearly  subscription) ; 
abuna,  Fr.  (to  a  magazine) ;  i'dnat-i  baray-i 
mariz-khdna  mi-kunid  (will  you  subscribe 
towards  the  hospital  ?),     Vide  Share. 

Subsequently,  ba'da-Jid;   dar  sani;  min  ba'd. 

Subserviency,  farmdn-barddri ;  faru-tani  ; 
khuzu'  ;  Ichushu'-. 

Subservient,  tdbi'  ;  zir-i  hukm  ;  faru-tan  ; 
uftdda. 

Subside,  faru  rajtan  or  nishastan  (of  land  or 
water) ;  nishast  k. 

Subsidize,  i'dnat  k. 

Subsidy,  vajh-i  i'dnat. 

Subsist,  to,  zist  k.  ;  zindagl  k. ;  ma'ishat  k. 

Subsistence,  vajh-i  guzrdn;  ma'ishat;  u  qut-i 
Id  yamut  (or  bi-qadr-i  sadd-i  ramaq)  ddrad 
(he  has  a  bare  subsistence) :  kifdf-i  ruz- 
marra. 

Substance,  qumdsh  (cloth  stuff) :  kunh-i  (or 
asl-i)  matlab :  mddda  (material) :  in  pdrcha 
jismiyyat  na- ddrad  (this  cloth  has  no  sub- 
stance). 

Substantial,  bd  jism  u  jdn  (of  living  things) ; 
hd  jdn  (of  small  things) :  ma' qui  (of  re- 
ward).    Vide,  Strong. 


Substantialness,  jismiyyat  (of  human) ;  nmd- 
diyyat  (of  things). 

Substantiate,  isbdt  k. ;  qdyim  k. ;  nami-tavdni 
pds-i  da'vq  bi-kunl  (can't  you  substan- 
tiate your  claim  ?) 

Substantive,  ism;  ism-i  zdt. 

Substitute,  'ivazi;  agar  murakhkhasi  WA- 
khwdhid  bdyad  kas-l  rd  "ivaz-l  bi-guzdrld 
(if  you  want  leave  you  must  provide  a 
substitute) ;  sdbiq"'"  qalam-shdna  ^  {-yi  kitf) 
'ivaz-i  bud  bardy-i  kdg^az  (they  used  to 
write  on  shoulder-blades,  etc.,  formerly). 

Substitute,  to,  bi-jd-yi — dddan  (to  put  in  the 
place  of) ;  'ivaz  k.     Vide  Change. 

Substitution,  tabdil;  istibddl  (rare). 

Subterfuge,  Mia. 

Subterraneous,  zir-zamini. 

Subtract  to.  Subtraction,  min-hd  kardan; 
tafriq  kardan ;  vaz'  k. ;  jam'  u  tafnq 
(addition  and  subtraction);  fdzil  bdqi 
kardan. 

Suburbs.     Vide  Environs. 

Succeed,  kdmydb  sh. ;  bi-mailab  rasidan  intv., 
and  bi-jd  rasdndan  tr. ;  hamchi  kdr-i 
darugJiri  fd  ham  mi-tavdn  pish  burd?  (can 
one  succeed  in  such  a  crooked  business  ?) ; 
jd-nishin  sh.  (to  succeed  a  person).  Vide 
Inherit. 

Success,  kdmydbi ;  firuzi ;  ba'd  az  ghdlibiyyat 
u  maghlubiyyat-i  tarafayn  (after  some  fight- 
ing with  varying  success  =  tardzu-yi  fath 
gdh-i  mayaldn  bi-in  taraf  va  gdh-i  bi-dn 
taraf  ddsht  =  bi-ikhtildf-i  fath  u  zafar). 

Successful,  kdm-ydb ;  jiruzmand  (rare);  na,ti- 
ja-yi  khub-l  az  an  hdsil  shud  (the  result 
was  successful). 

Succession,  silsila  (of  things);  radif  and 
tavdtur  (in  succession) ;  bdz,  jam  chunin 
pay  ham  dawr  shud  ki  kas-i  nami-tavdnist 
ki  bi-shumdrad—FroL  S.  T.  (the  cup  was 
circulated  more  rapidly  than  one  could 
count) ;  virdsat  bi-du  munhasir  mi-shavad 
(every  thing  goes  to  him  on  the  death 
of-). 

Successive,  pay-dar-pay ;  mutavatir ;  pusht-i 
ham;  pay-i  ham  (in  quick  succession). 

Successively,  yak-i  ba'd-i  d^gar-i;  pay-i  ham- 
dig  ar. 

Successor,  akhloif,  pi-  (gen.;  also  descen- 
dants) :  jd-nishin-iu  ki  mi-shavad? ;  qdyim 
maqdm ;  [there  is  no  equivalent  for  succes- 
sor ;  both  the  preceding  words  signify 
"  acting  for"]. 

Succour,   imddd    {k.) ;    pushti   {k.   and  g.) ; 


1  Qalam  is  properly  the  "  shank  "  and  also  "  the  bone  of  the  upper  arm. 


Sue 


317 


Sum 


yati  (k.) ;   himayat  (k.  and  g.) ;   nuarat  {d. 

and  k.) ;   kumak  {d.) ;    ta^yid  {k.).     Vide 

Help. 
Succulent,  sliad-ah  or  pur-db  (of  fruit). 
Succumb,  dil  (or  tan)  dar  dddan  ;  himmat-ash 

rd  bdkkt. 
Such,    hamchu     (pron.    hamchi) ;      chunin ; 

Fuldn,   or    FvJan  u  Bisdr,   or   Fuldn   u 

Bahmdn  (So-and-so ;  Snooks) ;  amsdl-i  md 

ashkhds  (people  such  as  we) ;   misUl  man 

ddam-l  (such  a  one  as  I). 
Suck,  bachcha   pistdn  rd  mx-makad  or  mak 

mx-zanad:  jazb  k.  (suck  up,  absorb). 
Suckle,' «Atr  dddan;    irzd'  namudan  (rare): 

ddyagi  kardan  (of  a  wet-nurse). 
Suckling,  tifl-i  shir-khivdra ;  iifi-i  razV. 
Sudden,     nd-gahdn     (of     calamity).       Vide 

Suddenly. 
Sudden  death,  marg-i  mujdjdt. 
Suddenly,  ndgdh  or  ndgahdn  (of  calamity) ; 

bagihtaf^"  (gen.) ;  nd-gAdfil  (m.c.  and  vulg.) ; 

dafaf^"  (gen.);    yak-bdra  vulg.;   giaflat'"' 

(geii-). 

Suddenness,  ndgahdni ;  mufdjat  (gen.  of 
death ;  and  only  applied  to  calamities). 

Suet,  gurda-pih. 

Suez,  Savis. 

Suffer,  to,  sadma  (or  dard,  etc.)  kashidan; 
bar-ddshtan ;  khurdan;  tahammul  k. ;  agar 
ham-dasthd-yi  khud  rd  nishdn  nadihl 
majbur-am  ki  bad-bakht-at  kunam  or  ruz-at 
rd  aiydh  kunam  (if  you  don't  point  out 
your  accomplices,  I  shall  be  obliged  to 
make  you  suffer  severely) ;  man  in  zin  rd 
tuy  burdam  (I  suffered  like  this). 

Sufferer,  musibat-zada. 

Suffering,  'azdb-kashi ;  ta''allum. 

Sufficiency,  kifdyat  (k.) ;  iktijd^  {k  ). 

Sufficient,  kd^i ;  bas. 

Sufficiently,  bi-qadr-i  kifdyat. 

Suffocate,  khafa  k.  or  sh.  (to  strangle). 
Vide  Stifle. 

Suffocation,  khafagi ;  habs-i  nafas. 

Suffocating,  nafas-gir  (adj.). 

Sugar,  qand  (loaf);  kalla-qand^  (in  cone); 
ahakar"'  (white  crystallized);  shakar-i 
aurhh  (brown  sugar) ;  nabdt  (sugar-candy) ; 
nay-ahakar  (sugar-cane). 


Sugar-basin,  afiakar-ddn. 

Suggest,  man  hamchi  aaldh  ml  danam  ki — 

(1  suggest  that — ). 
Suggestion,  iahdra  ;  iz^hdr:  vaavaaa  (from  the 

Devil) :   bi-harf-i  man  (at  my  suggestion  = 

bi-iahdra-yi  man). 
Suicide,  khud-kuahi  (k.). 
Suit,  yak  daat  libda  (of  clothes). 
Suit,  to,  "/to  qiam  bdb-i  ahumd  oat  (or  bi- 

kdr-i  ahumd  mt-khurad)  "  .?   "  Khayr  bdb-i 

Landun  aat" :     in    jur   kuldh    bi-tu   mi- 

bardzad  or  khuah  mi-numdyad  (this  kind  of 

hat  suits  you) .  [aabat. 

Suitability,  s?idyiatagi ;   bardzandagi ;   mund- 
Suitable,   in  kdr    Idyiq-i    riah-i    man  oat?* 

(would  sucli  an  action  become  me?  i.e., 

I  couldn't  possibly  have  done  it) ;  mund- 

aib;  ahayiata:  Idyiq ;  bardzanda;  ahdydn . 

zlbanda. 
Suitably,  an  ahal^a  ahdyiata-yi  in  kdr  niat: 

bi-tawr-i  mundaib:   haab-i  aha'^n  (suitable 

to  his  position). 
Suite,  multazimin,  Ar.  pi. ;  khadam  u  haaham. 
Suitor,  khivdat-gdr   (in  marriage);    nivdda'i ; 

'driz  (petitioner  in  a  law-suit) ;  yak  taraf  u 

aat  (a  party  in  a  law-suit). 
Sulk,  to,  qahr  k. 
Sulky,  puj  karda  (of  a  child). 
Sullen,  'abua.     Vide  Stern. 
Sully,  to,  dluda  k. ;  mulavvaa  k. ;  chirk  k. 
Sulphur,  gugird. 
Sulphuric  acid,  '  araq-i  gugird. 
Sultan,  aultdn,  pi.  saldtin. 
Sultriness,    Sultry,   girifiagi ;    havd-yi   imruz 

haJbs  aat:  hardrat  (heat). 
Sum,  mabla^ ;    or  vajh  (of  money) :    jumla 

(total) ;  jumla-yi  kull,  or  jam'-i  kull  (grand 

total). 
Sum  up,  khuldaa  k. 
Sumach,  aumdq. 
Summarily,   mukhtaaar*" ;    ijmdl'*'' :    daf*at** 

(at  once). 
Summary,  ijmdl ;  khuldaa. 
Summer,    tabistan;    aayf :    chilla-yi  buzurg^ 

(the  40  days  of  greatest  heat ,  commencing 

about  23rd  June;    it  is  preceded  bj'  the 

chilla-yi  kuchak  or  20  days  of  lesser  heat) : 

tamuz  (dog-days). 


•  A  Mualima  suckles  her  child  for  one  and  a  half  years. 
2  Kalla-gand  ;  in  India  the  name  of  a  cream  toSee. 

s  Persians  say  this  gives  the  tea  an  iinpleasing  odour.     Persians  should  not  be  offered  anything  but 
loaf  sugar. 

♦  The  speaker  would  probably  grasp  his  beard  when  making  this  remark. 

'^  In  winter  there  is  also  a  chilla-yi  buzurg  and  a  chilla-yi  kuchak,  the  former  commencing  about  23rd 
December. 


Sum 


318 


Sup 


Summer-house,  char-fasl  (i.e.,  open  on  four 
sides  to  the  four  seasons) ;  yildq  (summer- 
quarters;  hill  stations) ;  kushk  {a,  conntTy 
villa). 

Summer-pastures,  yildq  (the  summer  quar- 
ters or  pastures  of  the  tribe-folk ;  opp.  to 
qishlaq,  the  winter  quarters) ;  shimrdn, 
Arabicised  pi.  shimranat  (any  village  or 
villages  on  the  slopes  of  Mt.  Damavand, 
a  few  miles  north  of  Tehran;  here  are 
the  summer  quarters  of  the  Persian  court, 
the  Ambassadors,  etc.);  'imdrat-i  yildq 
(summer  residence  of  a  private  individual). 

Summersault.     Vide  Somersault. 

Summit,  qulla  (of  a  hill) ;  iicfha  (also  blade 
of  a  sword) :  awj  (zenith) . 

Summon,  talahidan  (to  call) ;  ihzdr  k.  (to 
king's  court). 

Summons,  ihzdr-ndma  (written). 

Sumptuously  (to  live),  ta.'ayyush  k. 

Sun,  dfidh ;  khurshid;  shams;  ruz  (m.c.) ; 
qurs-i — (disc  of — ) ;  u  tarmm-i  ruz  dftdb 
khurd  (he  was  out  in  the  sun  all  day) ; 
chun  subh  shud  va  dftdb  du  nayza  (or  du 
nay)  buland  shud — Prof.  S.  T.  (on  the 
following  morning  when  the  sun  was  two 
spears'  height  in  the  sky — ) ;  dftdb-sdya  (a 
spot  that  gets  both  sun  and  shade ;  suit- 
able for  young  plants). 

Sun,  to,  dftdb  dddan,  tr. 

Sunbeam,  parfav  (in  a  room,  or  reflected): 
shu'd'i  dftdb  (ray;  gen.):  sutun-i  shu'd' 
(a  column  of  light  shining  into  a  darkened 
room). 

Sunday,  yak-shamba. 

Sundown,  ghurub-i  dftdb :  maghrib  (for  about 
half-an-hour  after  the  sun  has  disappeared 
below  the  horizon).     Vide  Sunset. 

Sun-dried,  dftub  khurda  (of  fish,  etc.) ;  dftdb- 
'puhhta  (of  bricks);  [khisht  "sun-dried 
bricks,"  opposed  to  djur,  "kiln- burnt 
bricks."] 

Sundry,  mutafarriqa ;  mukhtalifa :  mutafar- 
riqdt  (sundries). 

Sunflower,  gul-i  dftdb;  dftdb-garddn.  Vide 
Sun- worsh  ipper. 

Sunk,  in,  mustaghriq  dar — (met.). 

Sunnite,  Sunni;  Ahl-i  Sunnat:  Dumbaki 
"tailed"  and  Kaj  (used  in  contempt  by 
Shi'as. 

Sunrise,  tulu'-i  dftdb ;  tulu'"'  'sh-shams  ;  sar-i 
dftdb ;  dam-i  tlgh-i  dftdb. 

Sunset,  ghurub-i  dftdb  or  dftdb- gj^urub.  Vide 
Sundown.  [a  shade). 

Sunshade,  dftdb-garddn  (also  a  screen  to  cast 


Sunstroke,  dd^'** s-sakta  (prop,  epilepsy) ; 
nuqta  (also  colloq.  Arabic). 

Sun-worshipper,  dftdbparast ;  (also  the 
"  sun-flower"). 

Superabundance,  ifrdt ;  ziyddati. 

Superabundant,  mufrit;  bi-glmyat  rrvawfur. 

Superb,  jaUl ;  jalil'*H-qadr ;  a' la. 

Supercilious,  pur  fis. 

Supererogate,  md  fawq-i  taklif  kdr  k. 

Supererogatory,  namdz-i  ndfila  ( — prayers 
said  after  the  magArib  prayer) ;  mustahabb 
( — prayer  at  any  time). 

Super-excellence,  afzaliyyat ;  ashrafiyyat. 

Super-excellent,  afzal;  ashraf. 

Superficial,  zdhiri ;  khush-zdhir  (external); 
musattah  (of  the  surface) :  'ilm-ash  sar- 
sari  or  zdhiri  ast. 

Superfine,  bisydr  a' la  (coll.). 

Superfluity.     Vide  Superabundance. 

Superfluous,  zd^id,  pi.  zavd^id ;  ghayr-i  Idzim; 
fuzul. 

Superintendence,  nazdrat  (k.) ;  vd-rasi  {k.) ; 
ihtimdm  {k.). 

Superintendent,  ndzim ;  shahna  or  ddrugha  (of 
police) ;  kat-khudd-bdshl  (of  city) ;  \muhta- 
sib,  not  now  used]  ;  muhtamim :  ndzir 
(house-steward) . 

Superior,  bardzanda-tar ;  bar-tar;  In  bar  an 
tafavvuq  (or  tarjih)  ddrad  (this  is  superior 
to  that) ;  sar  u  ham-sar  (superiors,  and 
equals  in  age). 

Superiority,  bartarl ;  fazllat;  tafavvuq. 

Superlative,  a/iaZ ;  a'la:  af'al'^^t-tafztl{gva.m..). 

Superlatively,  bi-daraja-yi  a' la;  bi-pilla-yi 
buland-tarm. 

Supersession.     Vide  Abolition,  etc. 

Superstition,  tmdn-i  bdtil ;  vasvds ;  vahm,p\. 
awham.     Vide  Prejudice. 

Superstitious,  vasvdsl ;  parishdn-hhaydl ; 
vahnii. 

Supervene,  'driz  shudan.     Vide  Happen. 

Supervise.     Vide  Superintendence. 

Supine,  bi-qasd-i  pusht  uftdd  or  khwdbid 
(local) ;  ru-bi-dsmdn :  pizl-shul  (a  supine 
creature).     Vide  Prone. 

Supineness,  pizi-shuli. 

Supper,  shdm  (or  dinner ;  eaten  by  the  com- 
mon people  one  to  two  hours  after  sun- 
set ;  by  the  better  classes  four  hours  after). 

Supplant,  pd  dar  kafsh-ash  guzdrd  ("he 
supplanted  him ' ' ;  not  ' '  he  stepped  into 
his  shoes"). 

Supple,  narm  ;  ustukhivdn  az  ham  bdz  kardan 
(to  supple  the  joints  in  the  bath  or  gym- 
nasium). 


Sup 


319 


Sur 


Supplement,    tatimnia;    zamima:    mulhaqal 

(always  used  ia  pi.). 
Suppliant,  'driz;  hdjat-khwdh ;  niydz-kun. 
Supplicate,  to,  iltiinds  k. ;  niydz  k. ;  an  vaqt 

tazarru'  kardan  satnar-i  na-ddrad.^ 
Supplication,      niydz     (k.) ;     iltimda     {k.) ; 

mustad'i  {sh.) ;  Idba  {k.). 
Supplies,  suyursdl  (mil.;  of  food  only). 
Supply,  jins  bish  az  farush  ast,  or  tankhwdh 

bish  az  khartddr  aat  (the  supply  is  greater 

than  the  demand). 
Support,   madadri  ma' ash   {d.) ;  najaqa  (d.) 

(maintenance) ;  iakya ;  or  pushti   (prop.) ; 

vide  Pillar,  etc. ;    vide  Help,    Patronage : 

iVdm  (w.)  (with  food  only). 
Support,  to,  pdya  zadan  (prop,  up  a  wall) ; 

aabdb-i  ma^ishat  na-ddrad,  chi  jur   mvia- 

hammil-i   khdnavdda-yi   khud    mi-shavad; 

mutahammil-i    ma'ishat-i    yak    zan    ham 

nami-tavdnam ,  td  chi  rasad  bi-panj?     (I 

cannot  even  afford  to  support  one  wife 

how  much  less  five) ;  az  pusht-i  man  mi- 

shavid  (will  you  back   me  up  ?) ;   pahlu- 

bandl  bi-mxin  ml-dihid  (will  you  give  me 

help?);  vide  Endure;  ta^yid  or  iaqviyai-i 

kalam  k.  (an  argument). 
Supporter,  takya-dih  (by  propping);    vajh-i 

guzrdn-dih,  or  ndn-dih  (of  food,  etc.)     Vide 

Helper. 
Supporting,  mutakammil. 
Suppose,  to,  qiyds  k. ;  farz  k. ;  tasawur  k. ; 

khaydl  mi-kunam  ishtibdh  karda  id  (I  think 

you  made  a  mistake):  agar  chundnchi; 

farz"' ;    farz    kun    (supposing,    suppose) ; 

birfarz-i  muhdl    (to    take    an    impossible 

supposition). 
Supposition,  qiyds;  farz;  T^ann. 
Supposititius,  farzl ;  mafru^. 
Suppression,  taskin  (k.) :  kitmdn  (gen.)  (con- 
cealing) and  taqiyya'-  (in  rehgiou). 
Suppress,  zir  k. ;   mawquf  k. ;  faru  nishdn- 

dan ;    khxvdbdnldan     (of    riot ;     flames) ; 

giriftan  (of  tears,  or  smiles,  etc).     Vide  To 

Hide. 
Suppuration,  jardhat ;  chirk  ;  rim  (avurdan) . 
Supremacy,  iafavvuq;  bartari. 
Supreme,  a' la;  Qddir-i  Muta'dl  (the  Supreme 

Bemg). 
Surcingle,  bdld-kash  or  bdr-band  (gen.   used 

over  loads) ;  zahar-tang  (rare — m.c.) ;  lang.^ 
Sure,  yaqin:  muhaqqaq;  mv^aUam:  durust 


yaqin    na-daram    (I'm    not    quite    aure). 
Vide  Safe,  Secure. 
Surety,  ^dmin;    or  kafxl  (person);  ^mdnat 

(thing) ;  ^amdruU-i  u  bi-zimma-yi  man  aat : 

tayaqqun  (certainty). 
Suretyship,   takaf/ul;   mutakaffU  ah.;   mutor 

zammin  sh. 
Surf,  kaf-i  mawj ;  mawj,  pi.  amvdj  (waves). 
Surface,  salh;  safha;  ru;   Idsh^i*    ru-yi  db 

didam;  satfi-i  muhaddab  {convex — );  sath-i 

mujaovaf  (concave  — ) ;  I'adaai  =  both  sides 

convex]. 
Surfeit,  ziydd-Miurl;  pur-khurdan. 
Surgeless,  bi-maivj ;  sdkin;  drdm. 
Surging,  mawj-zan. 
Surgeon,  jarrdh. 
Surgery  or  Surgical,  jarrdhi  subs,  and  adj.; 

'amalri  yadi  subs. 
Surgy,  pur-maivj. 
Surmise,    hods    (z,);    ma^anna    {k.).      Vide 

Guess,  Think. 
Surmount,  to,  fd%q  ah.;  aar  dmadan;  chtra 

gashtan  bar  (to  conquer ;  of  living  things) ; 

in  zan  bar  shawhar-ash  chira  aat. 
Surname,  laqab,  pi.  alqdb  (also  title) ;  takhal- 

lus  (nom  de  plume) ;  kunya  (a  patronymic). 
Surname,  to,  mulaqqah  k. 
Surnamed,  mulaqqab  bi — . 
Surpass,   bar — sabqai    (vulg.   sibqat)   burdan 

(in  anything) ;  fazilat  ddshtan  (in  learning) ; 

fa^iq  budan  (in  learning,   art,  war);  dar 

tir-anddzi  6ar(or  az)  u  bartar  bud;  dar — az 

aqran  imtiydz  ddaht :  tajdvuz  n.  (to  exceed 

bounds) ;  dar  dara  az  hama  piahi  just. 
Surplice,  'aba-yi  safid;  ridd-yi  safid. 
Surplus,  tatimma;  baqiyya  (of  revenue). 
Surprise,  hay  rat;  ta'ajjtib. 
Surprise,  to,  bi-kayrat  (or  ta'ajjnb)  anddkh- 

tan;  ^aftal""  yunsh  burdan   (m.c);   bar 

sar-i  dushman  rihhtan;    shabikhun   (vulg. 

for  shab-khun)  zadan  (night  attack). 
Surprised,  muta'ajjib  ;  mutahayyir  {k.). 
Surprising,  hayrat-angiz  ;  ta' ajjub-khiz. 
Surrender,   laslim  sh.    or    aipar    anddkhtan 

(intr.);  taaiim  k.  (to  hand  over);  bdkhtam 

(I've  lost;  1  surrender);  khar-i  md  dum 

na-ddrad  =     i-valldh    dvurdam     ("1    give 

in  "  ;  in  dispute  only). 
Surround,  ihdia  k. ;  fard  or  dawr  giriftan; 

mv^hkildt  duwram  rd  girifta  aat ;  dawr  or 

halqa  z. :  muhdaara  k.  (to  beseige). 


1  Or  khwahad  daaht ;  note  the  future  sense  of  darad  (prop,  aa  Aor. ). 

*  A  Shi'a,  not  a  Sunni  tenet.  ^  In  India  tang  is  a  "  girth." 

*  Lath  of  animals  and  lasha  of  men. 


Sur 


320 


Swe 


Surrounded,  mahsur  (sh.)  (beseiged  or  sur- 
rounded, of  forts,  people,  etc.) ;  muhdt  (of 
things  only). 

Surveillance,  an  shakhs  habs-i  nazar  ast  (he 
is  under  surveillance  or  open  arrest). 

Survey,  to,  naqsha  bar  ddshtan  (to  map) ; 
jarlb-kashi  k. ;  masdhat  k.  (to  survey  land) ; 
nazar-i  ijmdli  k.  (to  make  a  brief  view  of). 

Surveyor,  masdhat-kun  ;  jarlh-kash. 

Susceptible,  nasnds  zud  az  sarmd  muta^ssir 
mi-shavad  or  zud  sarmd  mi-khurad  (orang- 
outangs are  susceptible  to  cold). 

Suspect,  gumdn-i  bad  burdan ;  bar  kas-l  bad 
gumdn  sh. ;  shubha  namudan. 

Suspected,  muttahim  bi — (lit.  accused  of) ; 
mushtabih  bi — . 

Suspend,  az — dvikhtan  or  dvizdn  k. ;  mu'- 
allaq  k. ;  az — bar  kashidan :  hamdyil  k.  (to 
suspend  from  the  neck,  as  field  glasses) ; 
tawqlf  k.  (from  office) ;  rdy  nigdh  ddshtan 
suspend  one's  judgment). 

Suspended,  dvizdn;  or  mu'allaq  (hanging); 
mu'avvaq  (temporarily  stopped). 

Suspense,  fikr ;  taraddud  (coming  and  going 
of  a  thought);  tashvish  (anxiety).  Vide 
Pillow. 

Suspension,  dvizish ;  tawqif. 

Suspicion,  shubha;  gumdn;  shakk;  bad- 
gumdni;  man  hich  gumdn-i  in  kdr  rd  bar 
u  na-ddram  =  man  dar  faqara-yi  in  kdr  az 
u  bad-gumdn  nistam  =  gumdn  na-ddram  in 
kdr  rd  karda  bdshad. 

Suspicious,  shubha-dvar;  mutavahhim;  bad- 
gumdn  (of  men) ;  shubha-angiz  (of  a 
matter) . 

Suspiciously,  binazar-i  shakk  (didan) ;  az 
ru-yi  su^-i  zann;  shakk  kundn. 

Suspiciousness,  badrkhaydli ;  kaj-gumdni. 

Sustain,  nigdh  ddshtan;  mulahammil  sh. 
(support);  tab  u  tdqat  dvurdan;  bar  ddsh- 
tan; kashidan;  vide  Endure:  zinda  ddsh- 
tan (of  hope).     Vide  Pure, 

Sustenance,  qHt  or  ta'dm  (food);  madad-i 
ma'ash:  guzardn  (getting  along) 

Swaddle,  to,  qunddq  or  qunddqa  k. ;  qimdt  k. 

Swaddling  clothes,  yak  bachcha-i  tu-yi  qun- 
ddqa pichida  baghal-ash  didlm  (we  saw  an 
infant  in  swaddling  clothes  in  her  arms). 

Swagger,  bdd  zir-i  baghal-ash  anddkhta  mi- 


raft  (he  went  swaggering  along) ;  khayli 
khvd  rd  kashida  rah  mi-ravad;  pur  bdd 
raftan;  luti  ajldji  k.  Vide  Wind,  Sway, 
Swell,  and  Stiff. 

Swaggerer,  u  khaili  luti,  ajldf  ast.  Vide 
Wind,  Sway,  Swell,  and  Stiff. 

Swallow,  parastu  or  parastuk;  abdbil;  bdd- 
qupak;  bdd-khurak^ :  "  the  swallow's  song 
is  supposed  to  be  the  chapter  'Have  we 
not  expanded/^  ?  ' '  'avdmm  mi-guyand 
parastu  sura-yi  ' '  A-lam  nashrah ' '  rd  mi- 
khwdnad. 

Swallow,  to,  baVidan  (swallow  without  chew- 
ing) ;  faru  burdan  (to  swallow  ordinarily) ; 
navdla  k.  (to  eat  by  morsels) ;  qurt  dJddan, 
tr.  and  intr.  (of  liquids,  pillsj. 

Swamp,  mashila;  murddb.  Vide  Marsh, 
Lagoon. 

Swan,  gAu  or  qu  (the  feathers  are  brought 
from  Sistan). 

Swarm,  yak  izdihdm-i  magas-hu-yi  'asal  : 
{izdihdm  does  not  mean  the  annual  swarm- 
ing, but  merely  a  lot  of  bees  making  a 
fuss) ;  Shdh  '^  bachcha-yi  khud  rd  mi-pardnad 
( =  the  bees  are  swarming) ;  mash  k.  (of 
bees) ;  gadd,  injd  pur  ast  (beggars  swarm 
here). 

Swarthy,  sabza-rang ;  gandum-gun:  siydh 
(very  dark,  as  the  Bushiris). 

Sway,  to,  qirr  ddshtan  (to  sway  the  body, 
especially  the  behind;  to  swagger  to 
attract  attention) ;  jurnbldan  or  takdn  kh. 
(to  rock  the  body  when  reading).  Vide 
Biased. 

Sway,  tasallut  (ddshtan).  Vide  Govern,  and 
Swing. 

Swear,  sawgand  ydd  kardan ;  qasam  khurdan 
ot  half  k.  (to  take  an  oath);  qasam,  etc., 
dddan  (to  administer  an  oath) :  qasam 
bi-sar-i  shumd ;  bi- sabil- at  qasam ;  bi-jdn-at 
qasam;  tu  bi-miri ;  turd  bi-Khudd :  bi  'Ali 
qasam;  bi-marg-i  tu;  bi-marg-i  awldd-am; 
va'Udh  darui^k  nami-guyam;  bi-marg-i 
khudam ;  bi-marg-i  khud-at,  etc.,  etc.  ( =  "  I 
swear  to  you  that — ");  bi-tdq-i  abruyat 
(oath  of  lover) ;  bi-jadd-am  qasam  (or  bi- 
jaddaam Fdtima)  qasam  (by  Sayyids  only) ; 
bi-khun-i  Imam  Husayn  (by  Shi'as). 

Sweat,    'araq(k.);   khway    {k.);    az    garmd 


1  By  the  Indians  and  Persians  supposed  to  feed  on  air.  Amongst  Pathan  falconers  bad-Mkurak  is  a 
name  of  the  Kestril  or  Wind  hover. 

2  Siira  xciv ;  "  Have  we  not  expanded  thy  breast  (for  the  reception  of  the  Truth)  ?  ' '  According 
to  a  legend,  the  angel  Gabriel  came  to  the  boy  Muhammad,  cut  open  his  breast,  and  cleansed  his  heart 
from  one  black  drop  of  original  sin. 

S  The  king  (i.e.  the  queen)  of  the  bees  is  called  Ya'sub. 


Sw« 


321 


syi 


*araq-i  ziyad-x  karda  budam  zukam  kardam 
(I  sweated  a  good  deal  from  the  heat  and 
have  caught  cold) . 

Sweating  (part.)  'araq-rtzdn. 

Sweep,  to,  jdru  zadan  (to  dust  books ;  sweep 
walls,  etc.);  m  khdshdk  rd  jdrub  kun. 

Sweeper,  khdk-rub ;  kannds. 

Sweepings,  khdk-ruba ;  or  rasht  (after  being 
swept  up) ;  ashqdl;  or  khas  u  khdshdk  (rub- 
bish before  being  swept  up). 

Sweet,  shirin  (lit.  and  met.) ;  maykhush 
(acid- sweet). 

Sweeten,  shtrin  k. ,  Jialdvat  bakhshidan. 

Sweet-briar,  nastaran;  nasrin. 

Sweetheart,  diUbar ;  dil-drdm;  ma'shuqa; 
sugli  (vulg.). 

Sweetmeats,  halviyydt  (pi.  of  halvd''  or  halva, 
soft  and  sweet  things) ;  shlrlnl,  pi.  shirini- 
dldt  (sweets ;  also  puddings) ;  nuql  (a  white 
sweet  offered  to  visitors ;  vide  Notorious) ; 
pashmak  (a  fine  white  sweetmeat  like 
hair) . 

Sweetness,  shirlnl ;  haldvat. 

Sweet-shop,  dukdn-i  qannddi ,  dukdn-i  halvd- 
farush. 

Swell,  Swelling,  ddsh-mashti  or  mashtl  (a 
vulgar  'masher');  qashang  (fashionable, 
pretty ,  etc. ;  in  a  good  sense) ;  vide  Fop : 
harakat-i  db  and  mawj-murda  in  Pers. 
Gulf  (swell  of  sea  from  a  distant  storm) ; 
luk  (vulg.)  (a  bump  or  swelling). 

Swell,  to,  burrdq  sh.  (to  swell  or  puff 
itself  out  like  an  angry  cat  or  a  turkey) ; 
bdd  k.,  and  varam  k.  or  dvardan; 
dmds  k.  (of  contusion,  etc.);  vaqi-i  cJiarkh 
sar  mi-zanad  hubara  bdd  mi-kunad  (when 
the  saker  stoops,  the  hubara  puffs  itself 
up). 

Sweltering,  jdn-kdh  (of  heat). 

Swerve,  to,  Inhirdf  k.  (intr.) ;  pichidan,  tr. 
and  intr. ;  az  rdh-i  rdst  blrun  raftan : 
gumrdh  sh.  (relig.);  rdh  kaj  karda  raj  fan 
(lit.). 

Swerved,  munharif :  bi-zaldlat  rafta  (relig.). 

Swift,  tund;  tiz-raw:  bdd-pd  (of  horse;  swift 
as  the  wind) ;  pur-daw  (of  animals) ; 
'addlat-i  sari'a  (swift  justice).  Vide  Swal- 
low. 

Swiftness , /MncZt ;  sur'at;  tlzl. 

Swim,  shirid  k. ;  shindvari  k.  (of  men,  fish, 
etc) ;  shirui  dddan  (to  set  afloat) ;  ru-yi 
db  raftan  (to  float  on  the  surface) ;  vildyat 


sayldb-i  khun  shud  (the  country  was  flooded 
with  blood). 

Swimmer,  shindvar. 

Swimming,  shindvari  and  shind-bdzi  (k.) ; 
davardn-i  sar  (of  the  head). 

Swindle,  tagj^allvi}  k. ;  vide  Cheat,  etc. ;  bar 
sar  shir  a  mdlidan  (gen.). 

Swindler,  muta;/Aallib ,  gen. ;  gush-bur  (of 
merchants);  jib-bur  (a  cut-purse;  also  a 
petty  cheat).  [(boar). 

Swine,   khuk;  khinzir,   pi.   khand^^r:  gurdz 

Swing,'  abarak  or  atorak ;  bdd,  gdz:  gdchu 
(local);  mar;M/ia  (Bushire  and  Baghdad); 
pul-i  ru-yi  havd  or  pul-i  mu'allaq  (swing- 
bridge)  ;  ' '  Thirteen  days  after  the  Persian 
New  Year,  the  people  put  up  swings  ruz-i 
stzdah  mardum  bdd  ml-bandand. 

Swing,  to,  abarak  (or  bdd  or  gdz)  khurdan 
intr. ;  bdd  (or  biz)  dddan  tr. 

Swinging,  jumbdnidan,  tr.  (children,  in  a 
swing-cradle) ;  dvizdn  part,  (hanging  loose) ; 
bdd-khuri  {k.)  (the  amusement). 

Swiss,  ahUi  Sams. 

Switch,  tarka  (z)  (thin,  for  beating;  ap.  of 
pomegranate  tree). 

Switch,  to,  chub-kdn  k. 

Switzerland,  Savis ;  Jumhuri-yi  Savis  (Swiss 
Republic). 

Swivel,  midvar  At.,  vulg.  mudbar. 

Sv/oUen,  dmdsida ;  varam  {or  bdd)  karda;  luk 
(vulg.) :  puf  karda  (with  air). 

Swoon,  gbflsh  {k.) ;  bl-hushl;  za'f  (k.)  (to 
feel  faint). 

Swoon,  to,  bi-hush  shudan. 

Swoop,  to,  qapidan,  vulg.  (to  snatch  away); 
dar  rvbudan  (snatch  and  carry  off). 

Sword,  ticfh  ,'  sayf  and  shamshir  (curved) ;  qad- 
ddra  (long  knife,  double-edged)  ;  shamshir 
az  (jAitdf  kashid:  tigiff,  (blade);  jawhar 
(temper) ;  dam  (edge) ;  sar  or  nawk  or  nuk 
(point);  qabza  (hilt);  bi-zarb-i  shamshir 
giriftan  (to  take  by  the  sword) ;  hdmil-i 
sayf  (armed  with  a  sword).     Vide  ObUque. 

Sword-belt,  band-i  shamshir;  or  duvdl  (round 
the  waist) ;  hamdyil  (bandolier). 

Swordsman,  shamshir-bdz  or  shamshir-zan. 

Sycophant,  chdplus;  tamalluq-gH :  kdsa-lis 
(plate-licker) ;  tufayli  (parasite) ;  hdshiya- 
nishxn.     Vide  Flattery,  etc. 

Syllable,  harakat ;  juz^i  kalima. 

Syllogism,  qaziyya  (consisting  of  the  sugh^qt 
hxbrq,  and  natlja). 


1  Persian  ladies  are  fond  of  swinging. 


41 


Sym 


322 


Tak 


Symbol,  'aldmat;  ramz. 

Symmetrical,  bd-tandsub. 

Symmetry,  iandsub ;  tasdvi-yi  a  zd*  (of  the 
body). 

Sympathetic,  ham-dard. 

Sympathize,  Sympathizing,  izhdr-i  ham-dardi 
k. ;  ghamm-khipdri  k. ;  dar  ghamm-i  shumd 
shank-am  (I  sympathize  with  you;  an 
expression  introduced  by  Europeans ') ; 
riqqat  {soh-hea,Ttedn.ess) ;  riqqat-i  qalbdarad 
(he  is  easily  moved) ;  man  bd  u  ham-rdhi 
ddram. 

Sympathy,  ham-dardi;  ham-ghami  (local). 

Symposium,  majlis-i  shurb. 

Synagogue,  kanisa  (also  a  church) ;  {kalisd 
only  "church"];  kanisht  (also  a  fire- 
temple). 

Synonym,  radlf ;  mutarddif  ;  murddif ;  ham- 
ma'  ni ;  mushtarik"  H-ma'nq. 

Syntax,  nahv. 

Syphilis,  dtishak  (first  signs) ;  kuft ;  nd- 
khushi-yi  mash-hur  or  simply  nd-lchushi 
(a  polite  term) ;  kujt  bi-khurl  (an  impreca- 
tion). 

Syphlitic,  kuftt. 

Syria,  Shdm. 

Syrian,  zabdn-i  Surydnl :  Shdmi  (adj.). 

Syringe,  db-duzdak  (small) ;  dastur  or  imdla 
(enema  q.v.).     Vide  Spurt  and  Squirt. 

Syrup,  shira  (juice ;  fresh  or  cooked) ;  shar- 
bat  (fruit-syrup  for  drinking;  vide  Sher- 
bet) ;  rubb  (cooked). 

System,  qdnun;  tariqa ;  ishEn  bi-qdHda  ta'lim 
mi-dihand;  sabk-i  ta'lim  (system  of  in- 
struction).    Vide  Body. 

Systematic,  murattab ;  munazzam. 


Tabasheer,  tabdshir  or  tabdshlr. 

Table,    miz:    sufra    (the    spread    and    laid 

cloth) ;    sufra    chidan    (lay     the     table) ; 

md*ida  (gen.  the  food  on  the  table) ;  sufra- 

ash  rangln  ast  (he  keeps  a  good  table) ; 

varaq  bar  garddndan  (to  turn  the  tables 

on;  also  to  turn  over  a  new  leaf). 
Tablecloth,   mlz-push:   sufra   (when   spread 

and  laid). 
Tablet,  lawh;  iakhta:  qurs  (med.). 
Tabor,  Tabur,  tambur  or  tambur  (a  stringed 

instrument) ;  tamburak  (dim.).    Vide  Drum. 


Tabriz,  ' '  Zi  Tabrizi  bi-juz  hizl  na-binl ; 
Hamdn  bihtar  ki  Tabrizi  na-bini'''  "(Ex- 
cept rascality  you'll  get  naught  from  a 
Tabrizi.  Better  avoid  the  Tabrizi  alto- 
gether)."* 

Taciturn,  sukut-pisha. 

Taciturnity,  sukut-fHshagi. 

Tack,  avval  kuk  bi-zan  ba'd  bi-duz  (first  tack 
and  then  sew  it).      Vide  Baste. 

Tact,  muddrdt  (k.);  bd — pish  dmadan. 

Taffeta,  tdfia. 

Tahmasp,  Tahmdsb. 

Tail,  dum :  durnba  (of  fat-tailed  sheep) : 
dum-ddr  (tailed) ;  zu  zanab  (of  comet) ; 
parcham  P.  or  tugk  T.  (an  ox-  or  horse-tail, 
used  by  the  Turks  as  a  badge  of  rank ; 
vide  Tassel).  Vide  Reverse  (for  tail  of 
coin). 

Tailor,  khayydt 

Tailoring,  khayydii  (k.). 

Tainted,  bu-glrifta:  hanuz  bu-yi  kufr  az  an 
Hindu  mi-dyad;  bu-yi  Nasrdniyyat  az  u 
mi-dyad.     Vide  Affect. 

Take;  Take  place,  etc.,  giriftan,  rt.  gir ; 
sitdndan,  rt.  sitdn:  burdan,  rt.  bar  (con- 
vey) ;  bar  ddshtan  (take  up) ;  kiimr  kashi- 
dan  (take  aside) ;  kafsh  kandan  or  dar 
dvardan  (take  off  shoes) ;  biyd  labdda-af 
rd  bar  kan  (take  off — ) ;  kuldh  bar  ddshtan 
or  pdyin  dvardan:  mdh-i  yak  da  fa  davd 
mi-khurad:  taskhir  k.  (subdue  a  fort)  : 
dast  g.  (take  by  the  hand) :  asir  k.  (take 
captive) :  mutavajjih  sh.  (take  care  of) : 
shumd  rd  bi-barddar-at  ishtibdh  kardam  (I 
took,  mistook,  you  for  your  brother) ; 
taraf-ddri  k.  (to  take  the  part  of);  vaqt 
mi-ichwdhad  (it  will  take  time):  chird 
zimma-yi — bar  Tchud  giriftld  (why  did  you 
take  upon  yourself  to — ?);  tdj-guzdri 
dar  mdh-i  jun  sar  ml-glrad  (the  corona- 
tion will  take  place  in  June) ;  vide  Occur : 
in  bi-pidar  i  khud  mi-ravad  (he  takes  after 
his  father) ;  ilchtiydr  k.  (to  take  up  a  sub- 
ject) ;  bi-ta'ianni  bi-kun  (take  your  time). 

Take  care,  khabar  dar!;  hushydr ! ;  sar-i 
hisdbf;  rah  bi-dihl:  bdjl,  pish  bi-raw! 
(to  a  lady) :  bi-raw  bdld!  (look  out). 

Taken,  qaVa  rd  tasarruf  karda  ddkhil-i  shahr 
shudand;  durust  hdlt-at  shud  chi  guftam 
(have  you  quite  taken  in  what  I  said  ?). 

Taking,    giriftan    (gen.);    taskhir    (of    fort, 


1  To  express  sympathy  for  a  death,  a  Muslim  would  say  Shudavana  tfil-i  'umr  hirshuma  hi-dihad,  or 
Khudavand  sabr-i  bi-ahuma  bi-dihad,  or  baqa-yi  'umr-i  baz-'nandagan  baahad,  or  some  such  innuendo. 

2  A  libel  on  the  Turks  who  are  men.     The  word  hlzi  "  rascality  "  has  a  primary  and   objectionable 
meaning ;  its  use  should  therefore  be  avoidbd. 


Tal 


323 


Tap 


city;  also  for  subduing  a  Jinn);  ba'd  az 
akhz-i  pUl  in  qabz  rd  bi-u  bi-dih  ;  [ma'ahuga 
marn  taskhir  karda  a8t="  my  mistress  has 
captivated  my  heart"].  Vide  Subdue, 
Capture]. 

Talc,  abraq:  talq  (med.).     Vide  Mica. 

Tale,  qissa,  pi.  qisas;  hikayat,  pi.  hikaydt: 
afsdna  (fable,  romance) ;  ddstan  (sp.  of 
war  or  adventure);  nammdmi  (tale-bear- 
mg).     Vide  Calumny. 

Tale-bearer,  nammdm  ;  sukhan-chin :  ^Ibal- 
kun  (prop,  backbiter). 

Talent,  zihn;  jazl:  fazilal;  dar  tahsil  u 
takmxl-i  xn  fann  ran}  mx-barad  (he  culti- 
vates this  talent) ;  zan  kkarxddr-i  shajd'at 
u  hunar  u  maziyyat-i  zdtx-'st  (the  admira- 
tion of  women  is  given  to  bravery  and 
talent). 

Talisman,  tilism,  pi.  tilismdt  and  taldsim  (of 
figures,  etc.,  with  numerical  value;  of 
white  and  black  magic) ;  sihr-band  (black 
magic);  ta'mz  (usually  not  in  figures;  of 
white  magic).     Vide  Charm,  Amulet. 

Talismanic,  tilismi. 

Talk,  gujtdr;  sukhan  {guftan) ;  qawl;  kaldm 
{k.) ;  suhbat  {k.)  (chat);  ckarand  (guftan), 
or  jafang  guftan  (foolish  talk) ;  xshdn  az  harf 
zadan  drdm  namx-girand  (or  vulg.  vd  gxr 
namx-kunand) ;  hama  harf  ast  (it's  mere 
talk) ;  u  khaylx  buland-parvdzx  mx-kunad 
(tall  talk) ;  guzasht,  dxgar  harf  zadan  chi 
fd^ida  ddrad  (it's  done,  so  what's  the 
good  of  talking?);  6»-Aar/ (without further 
talk). 

Talk,  to,  guftan,  rt.  gU ;  harf  z. :  takallum  k.  ; 
suhbat  ddshtan  (to  talk  with,  to  converse) ; 
bahs  k.  (argue);  mashvara  k.;  (to  talk 
over,  consult,  argue) ;  bi-khud  harf  zadan 
(to  talk  to  oneself) ;  ddam  sar-i  zabdn-ash 
khaylx  harf  mx-zanad,  valx  guftan  td  kardan 
khaylx  farq  ddrad  (oh!  people  talk  but 
there's  a  deal  of  difference  between  talk- 
ing and  doing);  dxgar  khalds-am  kun 
(don't  let  us  talk  about  it  any  more;  also 
leave  me  alone). 

Talked,  sar-i  zabdn-hd  uftdda  ast  (he's  much 
talked  of).  Vide  Notorious  and  Sweet- 
meat. 

Talkative,  pur-gu  ;  pur-harf ;  bisydr  sukhan- 
gu.     Vide  Babble,  Voluble. 

Talker, Aar/-zow ;  suhbat-kun:  na/t^ (speaker); 
khush-suhbat  (good  talker). 

Tall,  biUand;   qadd-buland ;  tavxl;  landdhur 


(m.o.,  very  tall,  a 'lamp-post ');  kashxda- 
qdmat;  dardz  vulg.;  buland-bdla:  *Uj-i 
bin  'UnaqJ  (Vide  Og  and  Bashan).  Vide 
Long  and  Lamp-post. 

Tallow,  pxh. 

Tallow-chandler,  shammd' :  pxh-farush  (seller 
of  fat). 

Tally,  chUb-khaU  (k.) :  tatbxq  namudan  (agree 
with  q.v.) ;  mutdbiq  sh. 

Talmud,   Talmud  (Eur.). 

Talons,  cJuing  [but  ching  "beak"];  panja 
(gen.);  changul  (of  birds  only);  dast  (of 
hawks,  parrots). 

Tameable,  rdm-shaw. 

Tamarind,  tamr-i  hindx 

Tamarisk-tree,  gaz:  [in  the  Pan  jab  also 
farrdsh]-  gazangabin  (tamarisk  manna). 

Tambourine,  da'^im  (lit.  "circle");  durnbak 
(an  instrument  of  earthen-ware  or  wood 
like  a  large  flower-pot,  with  skin  over  one 
end ;  it  is  beaten  by  the  hands). 

Tame,  to,  rdm  k.  and  shudan ;  dmuMita  k. ; 
ma^nus  k. 

Tame,  (adj.),  yuz-i  mdda-yi  ahlx  (a  tame 
cheetah) ;  nhlx  (as  opposed  to  ivahshx) . 

Tameness,  ahl  budan;  rdm  budan. 

Tamer,  rdm-kun. 

Tamerlane,  Taymur-lang. 

Tamper,  dast  z.  (to  touch);  tahrxf  k.  (alter 
or  garble  a  document). 

Tan,  to,  dahbdghx  k.     Vide  Tanning,  etc. 

Tandem,  pusht-i  ham;  radxf-i  ham. 

Tangent,  khatt-i  muld<fi ;  khatt-i  mumdas. 

Tangle,  pxch  u  vdpxch  {uflddan  or  shudan) ; 
gxr  uftddan  or  kardan. 

Tangle,  to,  bi-girih  or  bi-pxch  anddkhtan,  tr. ; 
pich  raftan  or  khurdan,  intr. ;  dar  harf  gxr 
dvardan;  or  bi-mucihalaia  anddkhtan  (to 
entangle  in  talk  or  in  cross-examination). 
Vide  Contradict. 

Tank,  hawz-i  khdna-yi  md  hasht  pahlu^  ast 
na  tukhm-i  murt^x  (our  tank  is  octagonal, 
not  oval) ;  hawz-i  favvdra-ddr  (a  tank  with 
fountains  in  it) ;  darydcha  (big  tank,  or  a 
lake) ;  tdldb  H. 

Tanned,  dabhd<jh,x  shuda:  sumrat  ydfta  (by 
the  sun). 

Tanner,  dabbdgA- 

Tanning,  dabbaghx  {k^.  _ 

Tan-pit,  hawz-i  dahbdrfAx. 

Tantalize,  to,  tashna-am  na-kun  (don't  tanta- 
lize me) ;  chilishta  k.  (local  ? ) . 

Tap,  pxch-i  shxr-i  samdvar  gum  shuda  (the 


1  Incorrect  for  'Anaq. 


*  Hawt-i  char  gvsha  "  oblong  or  square." 


Tap 


324 


Tax 


handle  of  the  tap  of  the  tea-urn  is  lost) ; 

dahan-shir  or  shir  [the  tap  of  old  samamrs 

was    a   lion's  head;    dahan-i  shir,    with 

izafat,  a  lion's  mouth].     Vide  Spout. 
Tape,  navdr  (in  India  a  broad  cotton  band 

for  bedsteads) ;  pahnak  (braid) . 
Taper,  sham'  (candle). 
Tapering,  qalaml;  gav-dum. 
Tapestry,  parda-yi  munaqqash. 
Tape-worm,  kirtn-i  tukhm-i  kadu  or  tuhhm-i 

kadu.     Vide  Worm. 
Tar,  qir  (pitch);  qitrdn  (ditto). 
Tarantula,   rutayl    (Galeodes ;    a    poisonous 

animal  resembling  a  large  spider;   not  a 

real  tarantula). 
Tardy,  dir-harakaU     Vide  Lazy,  Late. 
Tares,    Mwr     (local?);    gandum-i    divana; 

kakulak. 
Target,  nishdn;  hadaf. 
Tariff,  nirkh  (of  goods ;   the  current  rate) ; 

si'r,  pi.  as'dr  (gen.) ;  ta'rifa  (Eur.) ;  tas'ir 

(gen.;  also  rate  of  exchange  of  money). 
Tarlatan,  tarlatan  (a  fine  cotton  cloth). 
Tarnish,  tlra  or  tdrik  k.  and  sh. ;  mukaddar 

k.  and  sh. :  lakka  bar  '  izzat-ash  dmada  (his 

honour  is  tarnished).     Vide  Stain. 
Tarragon,  tarkhun  or  tarkhun. 
Tarry,  (adj.)  qiri. 
Tarry,  to,  bardy-i  chand  ruz  iqdmat  k.     Vide 

Delay  and  Wait  for. 
Tarsus,  vide  Shank. 
Tart  (adj.)  may-hhush  (acid-sweet);  taljch  (of 

an  answer). 
Tartar,  Tdtdr ;  tdtdrl,  adj.:   bd  u  dar  javdl 

raftan  kdr-i  Hazrat-i  Khirs  ast  (  =  he's  a 

Tartar). 
Tartarian,  Tdtdrl. 

Tartary,  Turdn:  Khutan  (Chinese  Tartary). 
Task,  sabaq  (of  books) ;  makhta  (m.c.  and 

vulg.  for  makdah  for  maqta' ;   of  carpet- 
weaving;  also  'contract') ;  taklif  (duty). 
Tashkend,  Tdshkand. 
Tassel,  mangula;  parcham  (a  tassel  on  the 

neck  of   a  spear ;   also  a   lance-pennon) ; 

gurnbul, vulg. ;  rishma  (ivinge) .     VideTa.i\. 
Taste,  maza;  or  ta'm  (of  the  palate) ;   mazdq 

(good  or  bad  taste). 
Tasting,  u  mard-i  bd  sallqa-i^^st;    hhdna-yi 

u  bd  saliqa  ast  (his  house  is  furnished  in 

good  taste);  quvva-i  zdHqa  (sense  of — ). 
Taste,  to,  chdshni  k.;   maza  giriftan;  [but 

maza  ddrad (it's  worth  seeing;  of  sights)] ; 


ta'mdidan  ;  zdHqa  k.,  tr. ;  sar-i  zabdn  bi-zan 
bi-bin  khub  ast  yd  bad;  faqat  maza-yi  dnrd 
chashid  (he  merely  tasted  it) ;  ta'm-am  bad 
ast  (I  have  a  bad  taste  in  my  mouth) ; 
in  ta'm-i  sharah  mi-dihad  (this  tastes  of 
wine.     Vide  Smack). 

Tasteful,  bd- saliqa  (of  persons  or  things) ; 
bd-mazdq  (of  people  only). 

Tasteless,  6i-ma2a ;  bi-ta'm:  zd^iqa  na- ddrad. 
Vide  Insipid. 

Taster,  chdshni-gir  (a  cook,  etc.,  who  tastes 
and  sees  that  the  food  is  tasty) ;  pish- 
khur  (to  see  the  food  is  not  poisoned). 

Tastily,  az  ru-yi  saliqa. 

Tasty,  khush-maza  [khush-mazagi  subs.] ; 
laziz  (delicious) ;  khush-ta'm. 

Tattered,  pdra  pdra;  vasla-ddr  or  pur-vasla 
(patched) ;  latta  (rag) ;  julurnbur  (tatter- 
demalion) ;  zhinda-push  (ditto) 

Tattle,  gap  (z.)  H.  [bearer. 

Tattler,  vir-zan.  Vide  Bubble,  Gossip,  Tale- 
Tattooing,  khdl  kubidan  (or  — kandan  or 
— kujtan). 

Taunt,  tir  u  ta'na  zadan :  minnat  nihddan  (to 
taunt  with  favours  received).  Vide  De- 
ride. 

Taunter,  ta'na-zan. 

Tauntingly,  ta'na  zandn. 

Taurus,  Sawr. 

Taut,  kashida;  sift. 

Tautology,  hashv;  takrdr-i  ma'nq. 

Tavern,  shira-khdna;  khardbdt'^  (in  poetry)  ; 
[shira-chi  "wine-seller"];  khardbdii  (a 
haunter  of  taverns ;  an  evil  liver ;  also  a 
term  applied  to  a  mystic  poet).  Vide 
Wine-shop. 

Tawdry,  bd  zarq  u  barq  (used  in  good  and 
bad  sense). 

Tawny,  gandum-gun  (wheat- coloured,  of 
persons);  asmar  (gen.). 

Tax,  khirdj  (on  land) ;  bdj  (tribute) ;  jizya 
( — capitation  tax  formerly  paid  by  non- 
Muslims)  ;  hdld  dar  Irdn  az  Zardushtihd 
jizya  nami-girand;  jizya  pul-i  sar-i  ^  st  ki 
Muslim  az  khdrij-i  mazhab  mi-girad^  ; 
mdliyydt  (gen.  revenue)  =  mdl-i  divdn  : 
'ushur  (customs) ;  mahsul  (of  land) ;  rusu- 
mdt  (local  dues;  also  fodder  levied  on  a 
governor's  visit;  also  religious  or  social 
customs) ;  gumruk  (customs) ;  'awdriz. 

Tax-gatherer,  mdliyydt  jam'-kun;  'dmil; 
gumruk-chi  (of  customs). 


1  In  Arabic  also  ' '  boiled  pot-herbs. "         2  In  ancient  times  wine  was  sold  secretly  in  deserted  ruins. 
s  Those  so  taxed  are  called  ahl-i  zimma  or  sitmni. 


Tea 


326 


Tern 


Tea,  chahi^  dam  kun^  (make  the  tea);  chahi 
bay  ad  si  khaslat  ddahta  bdshad,  lab-suz, 
lab-riz,  va  lab-duz  (tea  should  have  three 
qualities ;  it  should  be  hot  enough  to 
burn,  the  cup  should  be  brimful,  and  the 
tea  so  sweet  that  it  sticks  to  the  lips) ;  In 
chahx  khayll  abaki  ast  or  kam-rang  ast 
(this  tea  is  weak) ;  lamsa  (a  kind  of  good 
tea);  dq-par  (white-leaf"  ;  a  white  China- 
tea). 

Tea-pot,  qurl-yi  nuqra-l  (of  silver). 

Tea-service,  finjan  na'lbaln-yi  chdhi-khuri. 

Tea-strainer,  chdhi  sdf-kun. 

Teach,  to,  ta'lhn  dddan  and  ydd  dddan  (gen.) ; 
[classically  dmukhtan  is  "to  teach"  as 
well  as  *'  to  learn  ' ' ;  but  in  mod.  Pers.  the 
latter  only];  dars  dddan  or  guftan  (books 
only);  [dars  girijtan  to  learn];  talqln  k. 
(relig.  matters). 

Teacher,  rnu'allim:  [mula^allim  pupil]. 
Vide  Master. 

Teaching,  taHim;  ifdda,  pi.  ifdddt  {k.)  (of 
mullas,  etc. ;  also  coUoq.  for  '  teach  your 
grandmother'):  tadris  {k.). 

.  Teak- tree,  sdgvdn. 

Team,  du-juft,  si-juft,  etc.,  etc. 

Tear,  ashk;  db-i  chashm:  ashk-i  suzdn  (burn- 
ing tears) :  khundb  (tears  of  blood) ;  my 
vdyf  dukhtarM-yi  in  zamdn  ashk-i  chashm-i 
shdn  lu-yi  dsiin-i  shdn  ast  (or  — pdydb-i^ 
shdn  nazdik  ast  (hoity  toity'  now-a-days 
girls'  tears  are  very  near  the  surface) ; 
sayl-i  ashk  (flood  of  tears) :  chdk  (rent). 

Tear,  to,  daridan;  chdk  k. ;  nz  nz  k.  ( — in 
pieces) ;  mutavajjih  bdsh  kitdb-i  naio-at  rd 
para  na-kuni. 

Tearful,  ashk-bdr ;  or  girydn  (weeping);  6a- 
chashin-i  ashk-dlud.  surat-ash  Muharram 
ast  (he  is  a  tearful,  lugubrious  person). 

Tease,  angusht  k.  (of  people  or  animals) ;  sar 
bi-sar  guzdshtan  (by  word  or  deed) ;  gusht-i 
badan-am  rd  na-riz;  jirr  dvardan:  shdna 
k.  (of  wool) ;  haUdji  k.  (cotton). 

Teat,  sar-pistdn  (also  the  name  of  a  medi- 
cine) ;  dukma-yt  pistdn  (lit.  the  button  of 
the  breast). 

Tea-things,  asbdb-i  chdy-khurt. 


Technical,  istildhdti;  istilahat-i  makhgUaa 
(tech  terms). 

Technically,  istildk'*''. 

Tedious,  maldl-anglz:  pur-tul  or  tnuktvtfol 
(long). 

Tediousness,  pur-tuli. 

Teem,  to,  mawfur  sh. ;  pur  (or  nuinduv)  az — 
budan ;  vufur  dashtan ,  injd  gadd  2»r-»  daai 
u  pd-yi  mardum  mi-dyand  (beggars  swarm 
here). 

Teeth,  to,  danddn  dvardan. 

Teetotum,  parparak. 

Tehran,  dar  Tihrdn  shdzda  va*  shulur  va 
shipish  ziydd-a^  { =  in  Teheran  three  things 
are  found  in  excess  all  beginning  with  the 
letter  shin,  viz.  princes,  camels,  and  lice). 

Telegram,  tiligrdm;  tiligrdf. 

Telegraph,  tiligrdf-chi  (clerk) :  ra^is-i  tiligrdf- 
khdna^  (telegraph  master  or  overseer); 
simri  tiligrdf  (telegraph  wire) ;  khatt-i  lili- 
grdf  (hne  of  —  ).     Vide  Fallen  down. 

Telegraphic,  tiligrdfi. 

Telegraphically,  tiligrdf^*. 

Telephone,  tatifun  (Eur.). 

Telescope,  durbln  (gen.):  taliskub  (Eur.); 
dur-binri  yak  chashmi  or  dur-biri-i  lula^i. 
Vide  Binoculars  and  Microscope. 

Tell,  guftan,  rt.  gu ;  khabar  k.;  iUild'  k. ; 
zikr  k.  (to  tell  beads  on  a  rosary) ;  hi-ish- 
ash  guftam  (vulg.  1  told  it  to  him) :  Urd 
shinavdmdam  ('I  told  him";  rare,  in 
m.c).    Vide  Relate,  Inform,  Disclose,  Say. 

Tell-tale,  chuc^li-kun  ;  sukhun-chin. 

Temerity,  jasdrat;  jur*at  (gen.);  tahawur 
(rashness  in  war). 

Temper,  ;i>r  amadan  (to  lose  one's  temper; 
vide  Tease) ;  khush-mizdji ,  or  mtddyairuU-i 
mizdj,  or  nik-^Wi  (good  temper) ;  vide 
Temperament:  jawhar  {oi  steel):  khaRq  = 
husnri  khulq  ddrad  =  gdh-i  az  jd  dar  naml 
ravad.     Vide  Anger. 

Temper,  to,  db  dadan;  or  jawhar  dddan 
(steel). 

Temperament,  to6' ;  khuy ;  mizdj;  tabi'at. 

Temperance,  i'tiddl  (moderation). 

Temperate,  havd-yi  mu'tadil  (a  temperate 
climate). 


1  ChShi  for  ehSy;  the  leaf  has  a  resemblanoe  to  a  weed  that  grows  in  "  wells  "  (ehah),  henoe  the 
corruption. 

*  Dam  k.  "  to  infuse.' ' 

B  Payab  is  a  stepped  entrance  to  a  qanat,  for  washing  clothes. 

*  m.c.  for  ahahzada.     Indigent  princes  are  common  in  Persia  suid  are  found  even  in  menial  employ- 
ment. 

f>  Ziyad-a  •=  ziyad  oat. 

^  In  Kirman  he  was  a  Brigadier-General,  though  lie  had  never  been  in  the  army. 


Tern 


326 


Tcr 


Temperature,  daraja-yi  Jiava  (for  daraja-yi 
hararat-i  hava  (of  weather) ;  daraja-yi  hard- 
rat  (of  fever). 

Tempest,  tufdn. 

Tempestuous,  tufdni  (also  storm-beaten). 

Temple,  dtash-kada  (Zardushti) ;  but-kada 
(Hindu) :  shaqiqa  (of  head)_:  ma'bad  (any 
place  of  worship);  bayt^'llah  (at  Mecca); 
hayhal-i  Sulaymdn  (by  Christians)  and 
masjid'*' l-aqsq  (by  Muslims)  (Solomon's 
Temple). 

Temporal,  dunyavl  (opp.  to  ukhravi) ;  jdni 
(opp.  to  6agt). 

Temporarily,  muvaqqaf^" ;  Hjdlat"'". 

Temporary,  muvaqqati:  'driyali  ("borrow- 
ed," appUed  to  this  world). 

Temporize,  zamdna-sdzl  k.  Vide  Delay  and 
Time-server. 

Temporizer,  ibn"'l-vaqt.     Vide  Time-server. 

Tempt,  tajriba  kardan,  or  dzmdHsh  k.,  or  bi- 
mahakk  zadan  (put  to  the  test) ;  vasvasa 
or  igAvd"  k.  (to  be  deceived  by  Satan, 
etc.) ;  var^^aldnidan  (ditto) :  bar  sar-i 
shawq  dvardan  (incite,  q.v.).     VideToTry. 

Temptation,  vasvasa  (of  tlie  devil  or  of  one's 
passions). 

TemptQT,i^vd-kun;  ishti'dl-dih;  az  ighvd-yi 
nafs  bi-tdb —  (unable  to  resist  the  tempta- 
tion— ) 

Ten,  dah ;  dah  bist  (ten  or  twenty) ;  daha  or 
'ashara  (a  period  of  ten  days,  sp  that  of 
Muharram). 

Tenacious,  mutamassik. 

Tenacity,  tamassuk  (justan)  (also  a  bond) ; 
isrdr  (insistence) ;  sabdt  (ddshtan). 

Tenant,  musta^jir  (lit.  "hirer";  of  garden 
or  house) ;  ra'  iyyat  (of  land) . 

Tend,  parastdri  k. ;  or  tlmdr  k.  (to  nurse) ; 
chupdni  k.,  or  chardnldan,  or  shabdni  k.  (to 
tend,  flocks);  md'^il  budan  bi — ,  or  mayl 
ddshtan  bi —  (incline  to) ;  munjarr  bi — 
budan  (gen.  for  an  evil  tendency) ;  in  amr 
munjarr  bi-faldhat-i  u  shud  (ended  in — ) . 

Tendency,  mayl. 

Tender,  warm ;  muldyim;  gushtbayat^  shuda 
ast  (the  meat  has  been  hung  and  is  ten- 
der) ;  lih  shuda  (soft,  tender,  or  boiled  to 
rags*;  of  meat  or  of  apples;  also  of  a 
person  beaten  black  and  blue) ;  khurd-sdl 
(of  tender  years). 

Tenderness,  riqqat-i  qalb ;  narm-dili;  rahm- 
dili :   nar7ni  or  muldyamat  (of  meat,  etc.). 


Tendon,  pay. 

Tenet,  'aqida,  pi.  'aqd%d. 

Tense,  zamdn ;  si(jha  (mood  and  tense). 

Tent,  chddar ;  khima,  pi.    khiydm:    sardcha 

(small) ;   khima  u  khargdh-i  Shah  (Royal 

tent) :  ald-chiq  (felt-tent  or  Turkoman  tent) ; 

chddar-push-i   qalandari    (a    small    round 

tent;    a    tente    d'abri) ;     ugjiruq     (tent, 

camp) :  qandt;  or  tajir  (walls  of — ) ;  'amud 

(tent-pole). 
Tentative,  bi-jihat-i  tajriba.  [(adj.). 

Tent-folk,     pilds-nishin ,     or     chddar-nishln 
Tent-pole,  d«m A;  (rare) ;  'amud.     Vide  Ma,st. 
Tenth,    dahum:   dah-yak  (fV,);  'ushr    (tenth 

part) :  'dshurd*  (the  10th  of  Muharram). 
Tepid,  shir-garm ;  malul. 
Term,      vide     Name,     Idiom.      Condition, 

Phrase:    va'da-yi  in   tamassuk   (or    qabz) 

bi-sar  dmada  ast  or   munqazi   shuda  ast: 

muddat ;  or  ^arsa  (space  of    time) ;    hadd 

(limit) :  havd-ash  buland  ast  (his  terms  are 

high);  miydn-i  md   khub  ast  (we  are  on 

good  terms). 
Terms,  mi-khwdhad  bd  talab-kdrdn  yak  qardr 

u  maddr-i  bi-guzdrad  (he  wishes  to  come 

to  terms  with  his  creditors). 
Terminate,  tamdm  k.  or  sh. ;  khatm  k.  or  sh. ; 

bi-dkhir  rasdnidan ;  muntaht  sh.  (end  in); 

in  matlab-i  juzvi  munjarr  bi-da'va  shud. 
Terminated,    muntaht:    mahdud    (bounded); 

munjarr  bi — (led  to — ) ;  munqazi  (of  time, 

work) ;  bi-anjdm  rasida. 
Termination,   intihd  (end) ;    iimdm  (comple- 
tion) ;     inqizd    (of     period).     Vide     End, 

Completion. 
Terrace,  mahtdbi  (often  the  sleeping  place 

on   the  roof) ;     vide  Roof ;    sakku  (raised 

mud  platform). 
Terraced,   pilla  pilla   (or  martaba   martaba) 

karda  shuda  (of  a  hill-side). 
Terrestrial,  zamini ;  arzi. 
Terrible,     hawl-ndk ;     khawf-ndk;     dahshat- 

ndk ;  tars-ndk;  muhib. 
Terrified,    mukhavvaf ;   muiavahhish;   khawf- 

zada:   tars  bar   ddshtan  or   hawl  kh.    (to 

be—). 
Terrify,  tarsdnidan ;  or  rarmnidan ;  (to  scare 

away   animals);  zahra-am  rd  bur d  — man 

vahshat  kardam. 
Terrifying,  mukhavvif. 
Territory,  mulk ;  mamlakat ;  kishvar ;  diydr ; 

khiiia ;  qit'a. 


1  Imruz  az  sarma  bayat  ahudim  "  we  were  numbed  with  the  cold." 
a  Meat  boiled  to  a  pulp  is  by  Persians  considered  excellent. 


Ter 


327 


The 


Terror,  hawl;  vahshat 

Terse,  qall'*  va  dall'^  ast;  sanjida  u  gunjxda: 
mukhtasar  u  mufid:  muichtasar'navis  ast 
(a  terse  writer). 

Terseness,  ijaz. 

Tertian,  tcU)'i  nawba  ( — fever). 

Test,  mihakk  (touchstone) ;  ^iydr  (standard 
of  weight,  quality,  etc.);  buta-yi  imtihdn 
(the  crucible  of  testing;  met.).  Vide 
Examination,  Trial 

Test,  to,  imtihdn  kardan;  an  shakhs  rd  hi- 
mifiakk-i  imtihdn  zadand  (he  was  put  to  the 
test) ;  tajriba  k. ;  dar  ma'raz-i  imtihdn-ash 
dar  auarrf  (he  put  him  to  the  test).  Vide 
Touchstone. 

Testament,  vasiyyat,  pi.  vasdyd  (verbal  will) ; 
I'awrdt  a.nd' 'Ahd-i  'Attq  (Old  T.)  :  Injil ; 
and  'Ahd-i  Jadid  (New  T.). 

Testator,  must;  vasiyyat-kun. 

Testatrix,  musiya. 

Testicle,  khdya;  lukhm ;  khusya,  dual  khus- 
yalayn ,  vide  Making  up  to ;  Uidya-yi 
cfuip-i  u'st  (he  is  quite  under  his  thumb  ; 
vtde  Toady). 

Testified,  shahddat  ddda  shuda. 

Testifier,  shdhid. 

Testify,  to,  shahddat  dddan;  bd  sawgand 
izhdr  ddshlan. 

Testimony,  gavdhi  (rare) ;  shahddat. 

Testing,  tajriba ;  imtihdn.     Vide  Test. 

Tetanus,  dahan-quflak. 

Tether,  pd-band  (k.). 

Text,  main  (as  opposed  to  the  marginal 
notes;  also  the  centre  of  a  carpet  as 
opposed  to  the  border) ;  nass  (of  Qoran). 

Text-hand,  khatt-i  durusht. 

Textiles,  mansujdt  (pi.)  ;  sandH'-i  mansuja 
(textile  fabrics).     Vide  Texture. 

Than,  az;  bi'n-nisba  bi —  (lit.  in  compari- 
son) ;  shumd  in  rd  bihtar  mi-ddnid  ki  man  : 
man  zud-tar  ml  rasam  td  shumd.  Vide 
also  under  '  Understand.' 

Thank,  to,  lutj  or  iltifdt  or  marhamal-i  shuriia 
ziydd  '  (thank  you) ;  izhdr-i  imtindn  k. 

Texture,  bdft ;  qumdshy  (but  pi.  aqmisha  means 
"textiles"). 

Thank  God,  Al-hamd'*lilldh ;  Shukr-i  Khudd. 

Thanked,  mashkUr. 


Thankful,  mamnun;  mashkur;  mutashakkir  ; 
shdkir  (to  God), 

Thankfulness,  bisydr  jd-yi  shukr  ast  (it  is  a 
cause  for  thankfulness). 

Thankfully,  bd-imtindn. 

Thankless,  kd/ir-ni'mat  (of  persons);  haqq 
nd-shinds,  or  vulg.  nd-haqq-shinds. 

Thanks,  nihdyat-i  imtindn  (or  tashakkur)  az 
mrkdr  ddram  (I  am  extremely  obliged  to 
you) ;  ba^d  az  khurdan  shukr-i  ni'moL  bi-jd 
doard  ^  (he  returned  thanks  after  eating). 

Thanksgiving,  i?.hdr-i  tashakkur  bi-Khudd. 

That,  human  pron.  (that  very);  ki  (conj.): 
dn-qadr  (that  much) :  an  (pronoun) ;  an- 
chi  (that  which) ;  ^ki ;  or  Id ;  or  hattq  (in 
order  that) ;  ya'nt  (that  is  to  say). 

Thatch,  kappar  (k.)  (a  thatched  hut  or  the 
thatch  for  a  roof) ;  chub-push ;  saqf-i 
chub-push-am  khardb  shuda,  nay-i  naw  mi- 
khwdhad  (the  roof  of  my  stall  requires 
thatching)  ;  kdh-push ;  nay-bandi  k.  (to 
make  the  preliminary  frame  of  bamboos). 

Thaw,  (subs.),  yakh-db. 

Thaw,  to,  yakh  db  mi-shavad. 

Theatre,  tiydtar  (Eur.);  tamdsha-khdna  : 
ta'ziya-khdna  (for  the  Muharram  represen- 
tations) :  tashrlh-khdna  (in  hospital). 

Thee,  bi-at  (to  thee) ;  turd  (dat.  and  ace). 

Theft,  duzdi;  sirqat{ior  sariqa,  etc.);  shay*-i 
masruqa  (the  thing  stolen) ;  ganda-duzdi 
(petty—). 

Theirs,  mal-i  shdn. 

Theism,  i'tiqdd  bi-Khvdd;  i'tiqdd  bi-vah- 
ddniyyat-i  Khudd. 

Theme,  mawztt'. 

Then,  pas;  ba'dazdn;  dlgar ;  an-gdh.  Vide 
Reason,  Immediately. 

Thence,  az  dnjd  (from  that  place  or  from 
that  cause) ;  az  an  zamdn  (from  that 
time). 

Thenceforth,  az  an  bi-ba'd. 

Theologiein,  Idhuti  (Christian)  ;  mutakallim 
(Muslim), 

Theology,  *ilm-i  Idhut  (Christian  term  for 
scholastic  theology) ;  'ilm-i  kalam  (Muslim 
term). 

Theorist,  'dlimi  bi  'ainal  (also  applied  to  a 
mulla  who  preaches  but  does  not  practise). 


1  Lit.  "  Your  kindness  is  s^eat  "  ;  (not  "  more  "). 

9  By  saying  Al-hamd''Villhh  rabbit- 'aiamin,  or  J^ttda  ziyad  kunad  inni'mat  ra,  or  Ilahlahukr  :  said 
by  both* Muslims  and  Zardushtis.  The  latter  have  a  special  prayer  in  Zend,  half  of  which  ought  to  be 
repeated  before,  and  half  after,  eating ;  but  this  prayer  is  now  only  used  when  a  MiTbid  is  present. 
This  priest  has  to  preserve  a  strict  silence  during  eating.  Should  it  be  necessary  for  him  to  indicate  a 
want  he  makes  a  noise  behind  his  closed  lips. 


The 


328 


Thr 


Theory,  'Urn  va  'amal  (theory  and  practice)  J 

qiyas. 
Theosophy,  tasavvuf. 
There,  dih,  bi-guzar  u  hi-raw  (there!  jeave 

it  and  go) ;  an  ast   rafiq-hd-yat  mi-dyand 

(there  are  your  friends  coming) ;  in  ast  an 

(there  it  is) ;  injd  anjd ;  or  tak  tak  (here 

and  there). 
Therefore,  az  In  sabab  (or  jihat) ;    li-haza  : 

li-zalik ' ;  bind-bar-in ;  li-zd  (for  li-hdza)  : 

fas. 
Thermometer,  mlzdn"'l-hardraf. 
Thesis,  mawzu'-i  bahs. 
They,  dnhd:  ishdn:  kasdn-i  ki  or  dnhd-i  ki 

(they  who). 
Thibet,  Tibbat. 
Thick,  sift  [k.)   (only  of  syrup) ;  ghaltz  (k.) 

(of  syrup,  milk,  etc.) ;  kdijhaz-i  kuluft  mi- 

khivdhid  yd  ndzuk  ^  ? ;  zakhim  (of  books) ; 

gunda  (of  paper,  books,  planks;  people). 
Thicken,  to,  qavdm  dvurdan  (syrup). 
Thick-headed,     sundula     (ox-like) ;     QJidbl ; 

khar-macih-z  ;  khul-damang  (as  of  villagers) ; 

dabang  (cracked) . 
Thickness,   kuluftl  (gen.) ;    sitabri   (of   man, 

planks,  trees) ;    zakhdmat  (of  planks  and 

books) ;    hajm    (of    books) ;    ghaldzat    (of 

liquids) ;    sifii    or    qavdm    (syrup) .      Vide 

Same. 
Thickset,  nazdik-i  ham  nishdnda  (of  trees, 

etc.);  g'Mpr(of  man,rope,etc.) ;  chdrgusha 

(of  men). 
Thief,     duzd;     sdriq:    pdshnaburida     (now 

used  of  any  thief) ;  duzdgir  (thief -catcher) ; 

dast-kaj  (petty  thief ;  of  servants). 
Thigh,  rdn.     Vide  Bullocks. 
Thimble,  angushtdna. 
Thin,  Idghir  (emaciated) ;  ndzuk  or  tanuk  (of 

paper,  cloth);  bdrtk  (slender,   of  people; 

thin   of  planks,   fine    of    needles,    etc.) ; 

dbaki   (weak,   of    tea,   soup,   and   milk) ; 

raqiq   (of   syrups,    etc.) ;    subuk   (opp.   to 

sangin ;  of  tea  and  coffee  only) ;  parda-yi 

ndzuk  (a  thin  layer).     Vide  Dilute.  Weak. 
Thine,  mdl-i  iu :  az  dn-i  tu. 
Thing,  chiz;  shay,  pi.  ashyd" :  yak-l  'st  (it's 

the   same  thing) :    amr-l   'st   'alqhida,  or 

matlah-i  digar-i  'st  (it's  another  thing). 
Think,  to,   guftan  (i.e.  to  say  to  oneself); 

bi-nazd-i  man  (or  bi-nazaram)  ml-rasad  ki — 

(1  think  that — ) ;  guyd  In  tawr  na-bdshad 


(I  don't  think  so) ;  hhayli  dlr  dast-gir-at 
shud  (you  have  thought  of  this  too  late) ; 
bi-ffhawr  rajtan  (to  reflect) ;  pinddshtan  ; 
or  ddnistan  (deem).  Vide  Imagine,  Ex- 
pect. 

Thinking,  tdsavvur  (k.) ;  harf  hamchi  dmad 
gujtam  (I  spoke  without  thinking;  heed- 
lessly). 

Thinness,  bdrikt ;  ndzukl :  Idghin  (leanness) ; 
riqqat  (of  liquids) ;  dbakt  budan  (ditto). 
Vide  Thin. 

Third,  sivvum  or  siyum:  sdlis:  si-yak  and 
suls  (a  third;  a  third  part). 

Thirdly,  sivvumin ;  sdlis"^". 

Thirst,  tishnagi,  vulg.  tashnagl  (d.) ;  'atash 
(d.) ;  raf'-i  tishnagt  k.  (to  quench  thirst). 

Thirsty,  tishna,  vulg.  tashna :  'atshdn. 

Thirteen,  sizda:  Kick,  or  ziydda.'^ 

Thirteenth,  sizdahum.  third]. 

Thirtieth,  siyyum   (^-«.) ;    [but    siyum   (^a*.) 

Thirty,  si ;  [si-sad  three  hundred]. 

This,  In:  hamin  (this  very;  the  same). 

Thistle,  khdr-i  shutur  (thistle?). 

Thomas,  Tumd. 

Thong,  tasma. 

Thorn,  Tchdr ;  khdr-band  (hedge  of  thorns); 
khdr-bun  (a  thorn-bush). 

Thorny,  khdr-ddr;  pur  khas  u  khdr. 

Thorough,  tamdm;  sar-d-sar ;  sar  id  sar: 
mukammil. 

Thoroughbred,  asil  or  najib  (of  horses). 

Thou,  hhud-i  tu,  or  tu  khud ,  tu  chi  harf-Vst 
ml-zanl  (what  the  devil  are  you  talking 
about  ?) ;  tu  va  kdravdn  zadan  ?  (what ! 
thou  attack  a  caravan  ?). 

Though,  agarchi ;  va-law  dnki ;  va-law ; 
harchand  ki ;  bd-vujiid-i  ki. 

Thought,  khaydl,  pi.  khaydldt ;  dar  in  kdr 
hich  fikr  nami-kunand  (they  are  careless 
in  this) ;  zan  khaydl-i  u  rd.  fahmida  javdb 
dad,  "  Ball''— Frof.  S.  T.  (the  woman 
read  his  thought  and  answered  "Yes"); 
In  mas^ala  hhayli  db-ml-glrad  (this  rjatter 
requires  much  thought).      Vide  Fa-icy. 

Thoughtful,  pur- fikr ;  andlsha-ndk  ;  ad  m.uta- 
jakkir  (anxious). 

Thoughtless,  bl-fikr.;  bl-khaydl. 

Thousand,  hazdr ;  hazdr  hazdr  or  hazardn  or 
hazdrhd  (thousands  of  —  ). 

Thrash,  Thresh,  kharman  kubHan  (grain). 
Vide  Beat. 


1  t<XgJ  and  tjJ^.  "^  Bar'ik  "  fine  "  of  thread,  etc. 

S  It  is  unlucky  to  say  thirteen  ;  hence  these  substitutes. 


Thr 


329 


lie 


Thrashing-floor,  kharman-gdh. 

Thrashing-machine,  takhta-yi  kharman-kubl. 

Thread,  to,  auzan  rd  nakh  kun  (thread  the 
ueedle) ;  (lar  silk  kdahidan  (of  beads) ; 
bi-rishta  dar  dvardan  (ditto). 

Thread,  rismdn  or  nakh  (for  sewing) ;  gvld- 
balun  (gold  or  silver) ;  zunndr  (of  Brah- 
luaas  and  Zardushtis) :  rishta-yi  kaldm  az 
dctstroah  raft  (he  lost  the  thread  of  his 
speech). 

Thread-bare,  kurk-ash  rafta  ast  or  rikhla  ast ; 
mundaris  (more  than  the  preceding). 

Threat,  Threaten,  lahdld  {k.) :  lakhmf  {k.) : 
shdkh  u  shdna^  kashidan  (to  intimidate, 
gen.  by  an  imposter) ;  tarsdnidan.  tashar 
zadan  (  —with  punishment ;  by  words) ; 
nuhib  zadan  (to  shout  out  in  an  alarming 
tone  ;  also  to  challenge  ;  vide  Clxallenge) ; 
u  mam  tahdid  kard  ki  bi-kushad  (he 
threatened  to  kill  me);  Tfujlam,  ''dad 
khwdham  zad"  (I  threatened  to  scream); 
khaydi-i  bdrldan  ddshl  (it  threatened  to 
rain) ;  havdla  k.  (to  threaten  with  a  wea- 
pon). 

Threatening,  havd  ihliydl  ddsht  (the  weather 
was  threatening) ;  bi-zahr-t  chashm  (with 
threatening  glances). 

Three,  si:  si-sad  (three  hundred);  vide 
Thirty;  si-shash  (three  sixes  at  dice). 

Threshold,  dar-gdh;  dstdna,  'ataba 

Thrice,  si-bdr ;  si-martaba. 

Thrift,  sarfa-bini;  sarfa-ju*i;  bdrik-ravi ;  bi- 
hisdb  rah  raftan. 

Thrive,  taraqqi  k. 

Throat,  gvXu;  luilq;  hulqum;  gulu-dard 
ddshtan  (to  have  a  sore-throat) :  zabh 
kardan  (to  cut  the  throat,  gen.  for  food)  ; 
sar  or  gulu  burtdan  (to  cut  the  throat)  ; 
hanjara,  or  7idy-i  gulu  (wind-pipe). 

Throb,  zakhm-am  dil  mt-zanad  or  dil  dil 
mi-zanad  (local?)  (my  wound  is  throb- 
bing); zakhyn-am  nish  mi-zanad  (ditto). 

Throes,  sakardli  mawl,  or  hdlat-i  naz' 
(of  death). 

Throne,  tal^t ;  sarir  :  arika  (also  =  an  orna- 
mental sofa) ,  pi.  ard*ik :  'arsh  (of  God) : 
bar  takht  bar  dmadan  (to  ascend — )  Vide 
Ascend. 

Throng,  izdihdm;  vide  Crowd:  hujum. 

Throttle,  to,  khafa  k. ;  nafas  qat'  k. 

Through,   az  miydn-i — :    dar  sdya-yi —   or 


bi-vdaita-yi—   (by   means  of);    in  p&l  ra 

bi-zarVa-yi  Fuldn  firistad. 
Throw,  anddkhl  (of  dice). 
Throw,  to,  an  rd  bi-yanddz  dur  (throw   it 

away) ;  partdb  k.,  or  vulg.  part  k.  (fling); 

bd   u    kushti    mi-giriftam,    mi-khwdst    bi- 

zamin-am  bi-zanad  vali  ling  bt-ii   bastam 

bi-zamin  khurd  (we  were  wrestling  and  he 

wanted  to  throw  me,  but  I  tripped  him 

up  with  ray  leg). 
Thrush,  tur jf^a' or  tur^a  (the  bird). 
Thrust,  suk  (z.)   (with  a  weapon);  htd  (z.) 

(push) 
Thrust,  to,  daf  k.  or  dur  k.  (to  push  away) ; 

faru  k.  (thrust  in) ;  tapdndan  (vulg.). 
Thumb,  shast;  angusht-i  nar :  salavdt  firistd- 

ddn   (  =  to   twiddle   the   thumbs,   i.e.   do 

nothing  except  repeat  the  salavdt).     Vide 

Testicle. 
Thunder,  pdy a  {local) ;  ra'd;  ra'd  mi-gAurrad 

or  sadd  mi-kunad  (it  thunders). 
Thunder-bolt,  sd'iqa. 
Thunderstorm,  ra'd  va  tufdn. 
Thunderstruck,  dang ;  mit  {burdan  or  shu:- 

dan). 
Thursday,  panjshamba. 
Thus,  hatnchu  (pron.  hamchi) ;  chunin;  ham- 

chanin ;  in  lawr  ;  va  hdkazd^  (and  so  on). 
Thwart,  to,  jilaw  g. ;  sadd-i  rdh  ah.;  mdni' 

sh. 
Thyme,  sa'tar;  db-ahdn 
Tick,   kana    or    kinh  .  (insect) :    tik  iik   (of 

watch). 
Ticket,  bilit  Fr. ;  chiti  (Indian). 
Tickle,  to,  qilqili  kardan.     Vide  Titilate. 
Tide,   hdld  madd-i  bahr   shuru'    shuda  ast: 

[;a3r  "  ebb  "J;  hamrdhi  k.  (met.  to  swim 

with  the  tide) ;  chdra-gari  k.  (to  tide  over 

a  difficulty). 
Tidings,  khabar ;  akhbdr:  l^ush-l^qbari ;  or 

muzhda  (good  tidings) ;    [muzhdagdni  re- 
ward  for  good  tidings ''j;    bishdrat  (good 

tidings ;  also  reward  for  good  tidings  *) ; 

khabar-i  shum  (evil  tidings). 
Tidy,  in  zan  kdr-ash  khayli  muna^^Mm  ast ; 

bd  tamiz  (mod.). 
Tie,  bastagi  (of  a  servitude ;  relationship) ; 

rdbita,  pi.  ravdbit  (gen. ) ;  ' ildqa,  pi.  'ald'iq  ; 

'aldHq-i  dusti  (the  ties  of  friendship). 
Tie  to,  bastan,  rt.  band;  band  k. ;  muqayyad 

k.  (by  conditions).     Vide  Bind. 


>   Certain  beggars  draw  a  bullock's  horn  over  a  large  comb  and  this  emits  a  horrible  sound.     The 
beggars  are  paid  to  move  on. 

^   IdiU.  <>  It  is  the  custom  to  reward  the  giver  of  good  news.  • 

42 


Tie 


330 


Tit 


Tied,  basta;  ma'qiid  (rare). 

Tier,  tabaqa. 

Tiff.     Vide  Coolness. 

Tifiis,  Tiflis. 

Tiger,  habrJ 

Tight,  tang  (also  narrow,  of  clothes  =  too 
tight) :  sift  (vulg.) ;  or  sakht  (of  knots,  etc.; 
also  tight-fisted) ;  chust  (of  clothes,  tightly 
fitting) ;  bd  sarddrVi  bi-badan  dukhta  (with 
tight-fitting  frock-coat). 

Tighten,  to,  sift  k.  (of  ropes,  girths) ;  tang  k. 

Tightness,  tangl ;  sifti :  ziq  (of  condition; 
i.e.  of  money,  food,  etc.);  az  nd-khushi-yi 
tab-i  larza  bi-ziq  uftdda  am. 

Tight-rope.     Vide  Dancer. 

Tigris,  Dajla  or  Dijla.     Vide.  Euphrates. 

Tile,  hxLshl  (coloured  and  glazed ;  also  glazed 
earthenware) ;  kdshi-kdn  (tile-work) ;  ka- 
par  (for  old  Per.  chapar)  (for  roofing). 

Till.     Vide  Cash-box. 

Till,  to,  zar'  k.     Vide  Cultivate  and  Plough. 

Tiller,  jalldh  (of  soil;  vide  Cultivation). 

Tilling,  faldhat  (of  the  ground). 

Timber,  tana-yi  darakht  (trunk  of  tree) ; 
chub. 

Timber,  takhta  va  tir  az  kujd  paydd  kunim?  ; 
[but  tir  u  takhta,  a  cook's  rolling-pin  and 
board]. 

Time,  vaqt,  pi.  awqdt:  zamdna  ('Time'); 
'ahd;  ovzamdn;  or  'asr  (epoch) ;  sdat  (of 
the  clock) ;  shabdb  (or  javdni)  vaqt-i  ta'llm 
girijtan  ast:  hich  fursat  nami-kunam  ki 
khidmat-i  sarkdr  sharaf-ydb  shavam  (I 
shant't  have  time  to  call) ;  tul-i  na-ddrad 
(it  will  take  no  time) ;  ziydda  bar  %n 
majdl-i  guft  u  gu  nist  (there  is  no  time  or 
opportunity  to  talk  more  of  this) ;  zamdn-i 
rmzi  or  guzashia  (past  time) ;  zamdn-i  hdl 
or  in  vaqt  (present  time)  ;  muqdrin-i  in 
hdl  (about  this  time) ;  vaqt  muqtazq-yi  an 
norbud  ki  tufang  bi-zanad  (it  was  not  the 
right  time  for  him  to  fire) ;  fursat-i  an 
na-shud  ki  (he  had'nt  time  to  fire) ; 
vaqt-i  ki  or  hin-i  ki  (at  the  time  when) ; 
muddat  (gen.  a  long  time) ;  'arsa  (space 
of  time) ;  qadr-i  (a  short  time) ;  zamdn-i 
qalil  (ditto) ;  bar  vaqt  or  bi-mawqi'  (oppor- 
tunely); bi-gdh  or  bi-mawqi'  (inoppor- 
tunely) ;  bi-mururi  ayydm  (in  the  course 
of  time) :  gjiaybat-i  kubrq  karda  «tZ (you've 
been  away  a  long  time) :  dah  panj  td, 
panjdh  (  =  ten  times  five  is  fifty). 

Timely,  bd-mahall;  bt-sar-i  mawqi'. 


Time-server,  zamdna-sdz;  ibn'*''l-vaqt.  Vide 
Flattery  and  Temporise. 

Timid,  khargush  khayli  tarsu  ast. 

Timidity,  vahshat. 

Timorous,  kam-zahra. 

Timothy,  Tamtahi. 

Tin,  in  quti-yi  halabi  'st:  yak  halabi-yi  najt-i 
(a  tin  of  kerosene) ;  halabi-bur  (tin-opener) . 

Tin,  to,  qal'  k.  (to  tin  brass  or  copper). 

Tincture,  'araq  (diluted  with  jawhar  or 
essence) ;  sib(jh  (chem.,  of  colour  only). 

Tinder,  purz  (for  steel) ;  dgira  (anything  to 
start  a  blaze) :  qaw  (touch-wood  or  fun- 
gus). 

Tin-foil,  varaqa-yi  qal'. 

Tinge,  in  bd  qirmiz  tah-rang  shuda  ast  or 
tah-rang-i  ddrad. 

Tingle,  jil-jil  k.  (of  fingers) ;  ding  sh.  (deaf- 
ened by  loud  sound;  of  the  ears). 

Tinkle,  jiring^. ;  jing  jing  k. 

Tinsel,  kdgih,az-i  zar-varaq ;  faqat  zarq  u  barq 
ddrad,  chiz-l  nist:  badal  (also  =  counter- 
feit). 

Tiny,  bisyar  riza. 

Tip,  sar ;  or  nuk  (point) :  slmgirddni  (a '  tip ' 
to  an  under- workman  that  has  made  an 
article  for  a  customer  of  his  master) ; 
an' dm,  for  in' dm  (to  servants) ;  ndz-i  shast 
(to  gamekeepers  when  the  Shah  makes  a 
good  shot) ;  dast-muzd  (to  waiters).  Vide 
Generosity,  Perquisite  and  Fee. 

Tip-cat,  chalak-musa  (for  chalak  musta). 

Tip-toe,  sar-panja  raftan. 

Tirade,  silsila-yi  hajv  jumbdnldan. 

Tire,  halqa  (of  wheel). 

Tired,  kujta ;  bi-kulli  khasta-am:  az  in  jur 
ta'dm  sir  shudam,  jur-%  digar  bidih  (I'm 
tired  of  this  dish,  give  me  a  change); 
malul  (in  mind) ;  az  in  kdr  hawsala-am  sar 
raft  (I'm  tired  of  this  work) ;  az  in  zindagi 
tang  shudam  or  'djiz  shudam. 

Tiredness,  kuftagi;  khastagi:  siri. 

Tire-woman,  mashshdta  (not  a  private  ser- 
vant). 

Tithe,  dah-yak  or  'ushur  (paid  to  Govern- 
ment) ;  khums  (a  fifth  of  treasure-trove 
supposed  to  be  paid  to  the  bayt"  'l-mdl) : 
zakdt  (2^  per  cent,  on  gold,  silver,  mer- 
chandise camels,  horses,  etc.,  paid  to  the 
bayV^'l-mdl). 

Titillate,  kkdr  khdr  k.  (as  by  putting  a  feather 
in  the  nose  or  ear).     Vide  Tickle. 

Title,   laqab,    pi.    alqdb :    khitdb    (mode    of 


i  In  India  6o6r  is  "  lion. 


Tit 


331 


Too 


address,  etc.) :  mardum  urd  hakim  khitdb 

mi-kunand   (he   is   addressed   as  hakim,) : 

ism  (of  book) ;  [mansab,  rank  J ;  dar  Iran 

laqab  va  mansab  az  chuqundur  arzdntar  ast. 
Titled,    mulaqqab :    mukhdtab    (styled,    ad- 
dressed). 
Title-page,  lawh;  'unvdn. 
Titter,  khanda-yi  tu-qupi  k. 
Tittle,   yak  shusha ' ;   yak  nuqta ;  yak  aar-i 

mu. 
Titular,  laqab'^' ;  ism'*". 
To,  bi — ;  td ;  ila. 
Toadstool,  chatr-i  mJdr. 
Toady,  kdsa-lis;  Uhdya-barddr ,   vulg.     Vide 

Flatterer. 
Toast,  ndni  birishta. 
Toast,  to,  tos  k.  (Eur.) :  vide  Health :  aurj^ 

k.  (of  bread). 
Tobacco,  tambdku  (for  qaliydn) ;   tutun  (for 

cigarette    or    chupuq) ;    tambdku     naml- 

kasham  ("I   don't  smoke  at  all";    but 

qaliydn    nami-kasham    "  I    don't    smoke 

qaliydns  ") ;  barg-i  tambdk  ( — leaf). 
Tobacco-pouch,  klsa-yi  tambdk. 
To-day,  imruz;  al-yaiom. 
Toe,  angusht-i  pa;   angusht;   ahast-i  pa  or 

angusht-i  nar  (big  toe) :  nuk  (of  shoe). 
Toe,    to,    tipd    zadan    (to    too,    school- boy 

fashion).     Vide  Kick. 
Together,    bd-ham;    bi-ham;    ham-rdh;     bi- 

ittifdq:  bi-inztmdm-i — (in  addition  to — ). 
Toil,  mihnat;  mxishaqqat;  zahmat;  ranj  (all 

with  kashidan  or  burdan). 
Toilet,  zinal  k. 
Token,  nisJidn;  'aldmat. 
Tolerable,  mutavassit ;  or  miydna  ;  or  nakhub 

na    bad    (moderate) ;    qdbil-i    tahammvZ 

(bearable). 
Tolerant,   bx-ta'a^svb   (in  relig.) :   tahammuU 

kun  (bearable  q.v.) ;  tahammvl-shaw  vulg. 

for  tahammul-kun. 
Toleration,  nd-muta' assibi  ;  bi-ta'asaubi  :   ta- 

hammul. 
Toll,  haqq'^   H-murur  (for  passengers) ;    rdh- 

ddri  (on  animals  or  goods  for  sale). 
Tomato,  bddinjdn-i  farangi. 
Tomb,*  qabr,  pi.  qvbur  (gen.);  mazdr  (of  a 

holy    person);    maqbara   (of    personages; 

also  a  grave-yard) ;   turbal  (for  Imams) ; 

:}arih  (lit.  railing  round) ;  imdm-zdda  (grave, 


and  building  and  place  where  the  desceD- 
dant  of  Imam  is  buried). 

Tomb-stone,  aanq-i  rU-yi  qabr;  aang-i  lahd. 

To-morrow,  sabdh  (prop,  morning,  dawn); 
fardd  hargiz  nami-dyad  (to-morrow  never 
comes) ;  chird !  td  fardd  duruat  mi-kunam 
(certainly !  you  shall  have  by  to-morrow) ; 
paa-fardd  (day-after-to-morrow) ;  pas-tar 
fardd  (the  day  after  the  day-after-to- 
morrow; the  fourth  day). 

Tone,  dvdz. 

Tom-tom.     Vide  Tambourine. 

Tongs,  arnbur :  qand-gir  (for  sugar) ;  gaz 
(blacksmith's  tongs  or  scissors) ;  [gaz 
giriftan  "to  pinch"];  gtU-gir  ("snuf- 
fers"). 

Tongue,  zabdn;  lisdn  (also  used  met.;  but 
pi.  alsina  only  met.) ;  vide  Language;  mi- 
tarsam  vaqt-i  murdfa'a  zabdn-am  bi-girad^ 
(I'm  afraid  that  at  the  trial  my  tongue 
will  fail  me) :  bi-tu  hick  dakhl-l  na-ddrad .. 
tu  hich  na-gu  (it's  nothing  to  do  with 
you ;  just  hold  your  tongue) ;  zabdn  ydri 
nami-ddd  ki  javdb  bi-diham—Frof.  S.  1'. 
(my  tongue  was  tied ;  refused  to  help  me)  ; 
khafa  shaw  (hold  your  tongue,  shut  up); 
zaban-ash  skul  ast  (he  can't  hold  his 
tongue,  he  has  no  reticence,  he  can't  keep 
a  secret ;  also  he  talks  filth) ;  sar-i  zabdn- 
am  ast,  or  7iuk-i  zabdn-am  ast  (it's  on  the 
tip  of  my  tongue) ;  saqf-i  dahan-ash  siydh 
ast  (he  is  a  true  prophet  of  evil ;  has  an 
evil-omened  tongue;  a  malignant  person 
whose  curses  prevail). 

To-night,  imshab. 

Tonsils,  lawzafayn  (dual). 

Too,  ziydda  (too  much) ;  ay^""  (ditto) ;  ham 
and  niz  (also). 

Tool,  dla  or  dlat  (but  latter  generally 
"  penis  " ;  6a  dlat-i  digardn  jimd*  kardan 
lazzat-i  na-ddrad — Prov  ) ;  dldt  or  asbdb 
(tools);  awzdr  (also  "loads"):  dlat-%  \H 
dar  dast-i  digardn  (he's  a  mere  tool). 

Tooth,  danddn ;  danddn-i  dsiyd  (grinder) ; 
danddn-i  pish-i  daJian  (front  tootii) ;  nish 
(eye  teeth ;  also  fangs) ;  danddn-t  shir 
(milk  tooth) ;  danddn-i  aql  (wisdom  tooth) ; 
danddn-i  marvdrtdi  or  sadaji  (small  pearly 
teeth);  danddn-i  takhta  sangi  ("tomb- 
stones"):   danddn'i    gurdsA    (prominent 


1  Shuaka  is  that  part  of  an  abbreviated  letter  that  supports  the  dot  or  dots. 

'2  After  the  burial  of  a  relative  or  friend,  better-class  Persians,  during  prayer,  often  bury  the  tips  of 
the  fingers  of  the  right  hand  in  the  earth  ;  on  visiting  a  grave  they  place  the  tips  of  the  fingers  on  the 
grave. 

3  Note  Intr.  use  of  giriftan. 


Too 


332 


Tra 


teeth,  tusks) ;  gdzit  (a  person  with  promi- 
nent teeth) ;  dandan-ash  kirm  khurda  ast 
(he  has  a  decayed  tooth;  vide  Decay); 
danddna  (of  saw;  cogwheel)  ;  danddn-i 
masnu'i  or  'driya  (false  teeth) ;  misvdk 
k.  (to  brush  the  teeth) ;  misvdk  (tooth- 
brush) ;  dard-i  danddn  (toothache) ;  dan- 
ddn  kandan  (to  extract  teeth) ;  danddn-i 
tufuliyyat  {dar  or  bar  dvardan)  (said  of  a 
dotard).     Vide  Teeth,  Artificial. 

Tooth-pick,  MiZaZ '  (A;.). 

Tooth-powder,  gardak-i  danddn ;  ghasul. 

Top,  sar :  qulla  (of  hill);  awj  (zenith);  farq 
(top  of  the  head) :  firfira  (garddnldan)  (the 
toy).     Vide  Tip. 

Topaz,  zabarjad. 

Top-heavy,  sar-sangin. 

Topic,  mawzii' ;  ma^ala. 

Topical,  mahalli. 

Top-knot,  kdkul  (on  a  head  otherwise  clean 
shaven;  also  of  birds).     Vide  Hair. 

Topsy-turvy,  zir  u  ru ;  zir  u  zabr ;  zir  u  bdld  : 
tak  u  bdld:  tdr  u  mdr  (of  a  room;  also 
dispersed  of  the  enemy,  etc.). 

Torch,  bi-rHshndl-yi  mash'al  safar  kardlm. 

Torch-bearer,  mash'al-chi} 

Torment,  'azdb  (dddan) ;  ta'zlb  (k.). 

Tormented,  mu'azzab. 

Tormentor,  ^azdb  kunanda. 

Torn,  to  be,  pdra  shudan;  hama-ash  tika 
jMra  ast  (it's  all  in  rags). 

Torn,  darida;  pdra  shuda;  chdk. 

Torpedo,  mushak-i  daryd'i. 

Torpid,  bi-kiss. 

Torpor,  bi-hissi. 

Torrent,  sayldb ;  urd  bi-bdd-i  fuhsh  u  dush- 
ndm  girijt  (he  covered  him  with  a  torrent 
of  abuse)  =  hay  fuhsh  bud  ki  az  dahan-ash 
btrun  mi-dmad. 

Torrid  zone,  mintaqa-yi  hdrra. 

Tortoise,  kdsa-jmsht;  Idk-pusht;  sang-pusht. 

Torture,  to,  shikanja  k. 

Toss,  bi-sabab-i  taldtum-i  amvdj  kashti  pdyin 
■    u  bdld  mi-shud :  bi-havd  anddkhtan  (in  the 

air). 
Total,  jumla:  yagun  (local);  jam'-i  hull  or 

mizJdn-i  kull  (grand  total). 
Totality,   harnagt:  jumlagl ;  kullt;  kulliyya; 

qdtiba-yi  nas  (the  whole  of  mankind). 
Totally,  sar  ^a  pd;  tamdm'^'* ;  bi-kulll:  bi  H- 


marra  (completely;    prop,  in  Ar.  at  one 
stroke). 
Totter,    to,    tazalzul   k. ;    mutazalzil  shudan ; 
larzidan;  jurnbish  kh. 

Tottering,  mutazalzil. 

Touch,  angusht-i  khud  rd  bi-in  bi-zanid  or 
bi-guzdrid  (to  put  the  finger  on) ;  dast 
morzan  (don't  touch)  ;  jism-am  bd  jism- 
ash  mass  kard :  kdr  maddr  (don't  touch 
this  ;  don't  meddle  with  this). 

Touch-stone,  m,ihakk  or  sang-i  mihakk  (for 
gold  or  silver) ;  urd  bdyad  bi-mihakk  bi- 
zanim  (we  must  put  him  to  the  test). 
Vide  Test,  Tempt,  Examine. 

Touch-wood,  qu  and  qaw  T. 

Tough,  sakht  (of  meat,  etc.) :  sakht-jdn  (of 
animals) ;  ndshikan  (not  easily  broken). 

Tour,  sayr  k.  (for  pleasure);  buluk-gardl  k. 
(of  a  governor,  etc.,  in  his  district).  [In 
India  dawra  k.']. 

Tourist,  sayydh. 

Tourniquet,  shirydn-band. 

Tout,  dalldl. 

Tow,  katdn-i  Hindi. 

Tow,  to,  galas  k.  (of  one  ship  by  another). 

Towards,  tora/ ;  suy ;  samt ;  jdnib :  dar  haqq-i 
ham-digar  (towards  each  other). 

Towel,  lung  (loin  towel  or  apron,  gen.  red; 
worn  in  the  hammdm  and  also  by  barbers, 
butchers,  and  coffee-men  or  qahva-chis) ; 
hawla  (for  face  and  hands) ;  db-chhi  (large 
bath-towel) ;  qatlfa  (any  large  towel  or 
sheet) . 

Tower,  dakhma  (Zardushti  '  tower  of  si- 
ence  ') ;  burj,  pi.  buruj. 

Town,  shahr ;  balda,  pi.  bildd. 

Town-crier,  jdr-chi  (mod.) ;  munddi  (old). 

Townsman,  shahri  ;  ahl-i  shahr. 

Toy,  bdzlcha;  lu'bat  {gen.  doll,  q.v.) ;  asbdb-i 
bdzicha  (toys). 

Toy,  to,  bdzi  kardan  bd — . 

Trace,  to,  garda  z.  (by  means  of  a  perforated 

outline).     Vide  Track. 
Traces,  asar,  pi  dsdr ;  mafqud'*  ^l-asar^  adj. 

(all  traces  lost). 
Track,  radd-i  pd. 

Track,  to,  surdgk  k.  (to  trace  up  by  en- 
quiry) ;  radd-i  pd  bar  ddshtan  (track  foot- 
prints);  pay  bur  dan;  id  dam-i  dar  duzd 
rd  pay  burdam,  pay-ash  qaV  (or  gum)  shud 


•   "  As  thin  as  a  tooth-pick  "  is  a  common  expression  in  India  and  1  ersia. 
Mash'al-chl  in  India  is  a  servant  who  looks  after  lamps  in  a  house ;    and  also  amongst  the  English 


in  India  a  "  dish-washer, 

s  *Anqa-yi  maHum^  'l-ism  ma'dum^  H  asar,  or  mawjud}''  'l-iam  ma'dvim^  'l-jism. 


Vide  Fabulous. 


Tra 


333 


Tra 


(1  tracked  him  to  the  gate  and  there  his 
tracks  were  lost). 

Tracker,  pay-bar ;  radd-zan. 

Tract,  qiVa  (of  land) ;  risdla  (a  small  book) ; 
[kitab-cha,  a  small  account- bookj. 

Trade,  bazar  kdsid  (or  sust  or  sard  or  uftdda) 
oat  (trade  is  bad).     Vide  Profession. 

Trade,  to,  tijdrat  k. ;  mu'  dmala  k. ;  dar  Bamba*i 
bdzdr-i  tijdrat  gann  ast. 

Trader,  tdjir,  pi.  tujjdr. 

Tradition,  rivdyat ;  hadis,  pi.  ahddls  (of  the 
Prophet). 

Traditioner,  muhaddis. 

Traffic,  dmad  u  shud;  'ttbur  u  murur:  vaqt-i 
taraddud  tamdm  shud,  va  dukdn-hd  rd 
bastand — Prof.  S.  T.  (the  streets  became 
empty  of  traffic  and  the  shops  were 
closed).     Vide  Trade. 

Tragacanth,  katird. 

Tragedy,  trdjidi  (Eur.);  ia'ziya  (religious); 
[shabih  dar  dvardan  to  perform  a  play] ; 
muslbat  (misfortune). 

Tragic,  diUfigdr. 

Trail,  radd;  asar:  bu  bar  ddshtan  (to  follow 
a  scent). 

Train,  subs. ,  daman  (skirt) :  kkatt  (of  gun- 
powder) ;  qitdr-i  kdliska-yi  bukkdn  (rail- 
way);  kushta  (a  dead  bird,  etc.,  given  to 
a  hawk  as  a  '  train '  to  enter  it) ;  bdsh- 
qanat  T.  (a  live  bird  given  into  the  claws 
of  a  hawk  as  a  '  train  ' ) ;  inikh-band  (a 
'  train  '  tied  to  a  peg) ;  dast-par  (a  bagged 
bird  released  by  hand  as  a  train  for  a 
hawk) ;  dakl  u  bull,  or  rnarj  u  bull  (any 
'  train '  for  hawk  or  hound). 

Train ,  to,  rasdnidan  (hawks) ;  tarbiyat  k.  or 
taHim  k.  or  d.  (gen.) ;  aawjf&dn  k.  (of 
horses  for  racing). 

Trained, dust-dmuz  (by  hand;  of  birds,  etc.)  ; 
sawjpjjdn  girifla  (of  horses  for  a  race). 

Trainer,  sawghdn-gir ;  or  muzammir  (of 
horses);  ra*tz  (ditto). 

Trait,  yaki  az  khasd^il-i  pasandida-yi  ahUi 
Irdn  In  ast  ki  raghJbat-i  tdmm  bi-gul  u 
bdghistdn  ddrand  (one  of  the  nice  traits  in 
the  Persian  character  is  a  love  of  flowers). 

Traitor,  namak  bi-kardm ;  khd''in.  Vide 
Treacherous. 

Trajectory,  kamdn  (raftan).  [grant. 

Tramp,   dar  bi-dar.       Vide   Vagabond,    Va- 

Trample  on,  pdymdl  k. ;  lagad-mdl  k.  (to  mix 
or  press  with  the  feet). 

Tramway,  trdmvay. 

Trance,  khalsa  (relig.). 

Tranquil,   dram    (adj.    and    subs.):    dsuda- 


khdtir  (in  mind) :  amn  subs,  and  adj.  (of 
country). 

Tranquillity,  drdml ;  khdmUahi :  amniyyat  or 
amn  (of  country). 

Transact,  ishdn  dnjd  shu^l-i  mukhtalif 
ddrand  (they  transact  much  business 
there ;  also  they  have  many  thinj;s  to  do) ; 
a  dar  parddkhtan-i  kdr-i  tijdratVsl  (he's 
transacting  business) ;  ratq  u  fatq-i  umur 
k.  (to  transact  public  business). 

Transcendental,  ba'td^H-ta^aiwur. 

Transfer,  to,  in  mablagh  rd  az  hisdb-i  man 
vaz'  kun  va  bi-kharj-i  hisdb-i  u  bi-ydvar 
(transfer  this  from  my  account  to  his) ;  u 
az  KirmJdn  mxi'zul  va  bi-Shirdz  ma^mur 
shuda  ast :  rahn-i  khdna  rd  bi-kas-i  dxgar 
muntaqil  kard  va  pul-i  khud  rd  girifi.  Vide 
Remove  and  Entrust. 

Transferable,  havdla-shaw. 

Transfiguration,  tajalll  (relig.). 

Transfix,  bar  jd  khu^hk  mdnd  (he  was  trans- 
fixed by  fear) ;  bd  nuk-i  shamshir  bi-divdr 
urd  dukhtam  (I  pinned  him  to  the  wall 
with  my  sword) ;  chundn  nayzabarsina-ash 
zad  ki  az  pusht  bi-dar  kard. 

Transformation,  maskh  (of  men  only,  into  a 
lower  form  ;  but  in  Ar.  of  animals  also) ; 
ta(jAyir-i  shakl;  naskh  (transmigration 
after  death).     Vide  Transmigration. 

Transformed,  mvhaddal;  taghytT-i  slmkl 
payddkard;  mamsukh. 

Transgress,  Transgression,  mid  az  hukm-i 
Khudd  tajdvuz  karda  im;  i'»de  Sin,  Fault, 
and  Disobey ;  tajdvuz  (passing  beyond). 

Transgressing,  mujdviz  (or  mutajdviz)  az — . 

Transgressor,  gundh-kdr ;  taqsir-kdr. 

Transient,  nd-pdyaddr  (of  world) ;  fdni ; 
fand-pazir;  sari'*  ^z-zavdl.  Vide  Transi- 
tory. 

Transit,  haml  u  naql(oi  goods) ;  'uiur  (astr.)  ; 
haqq-i  murur  ( — duty). 

Transitive,  muta'addi  (gram.). 

Transitory,  'aysh-i  jahdn  i'tibdr-i  bi-ash  nist  ; 
sdya-yi  ravdn  (fleeting  shadow) ;  panj-ruza 
( =  short-lived).     Vide  Transient. 

Translation,  tarjuma. 

Translate,  to,  tarjuma  k.  (translate);  tarju- 
mdni  k.  (interpret) ;  ma'ni  k.  (to  give  the 
meaning) ;  tn  rd  bi-Fdrsi  tarjuma  kun  or 
— dar  dr.     Vide  Interpret. 

Translator,  mutarjim:  larjumdn  P.  and 
dilmdj  T.  (interpreter).     Vide  Interpret. 

Transmigration,  tandsvJdi;  tandsukhi,  pi. 
iandsukhiyya  (one  who  believes  in  the 
doctrine).      Ftie  Transformation. 


Tra 


334 


Tri 


Transmitting,  irsdl  or  infaz  {dashtan  or 
kardan)  (of  things) ;  ihlagh  k.  (of  a  mes- 
sage).    Vide  Send. 

Transmutation,  kimiyd-gari  (of  metals  into 
gold). 

Transparent,  shaffdf. 

Transparentness,  shdffdfi. 

Transoxiania,  md  vard^"  'n-Nahr  (lit.  "  what 
is  beyond  the  river  "). 

Transpire,  to,  buruz  k. ;  fash  sh.  \  bar  mala 
sh.  (of  a  secret). 

Transplanted,  nihdli. 

Transport,  to,  naql  or  haml  kardan  (of 
things) ;  tard  k.  (to  expel  from  the  dis- 
trict; of  persons);  ikhrdj  k.  (gen.);  urd 
bi-vildyat-i  digar  bi-jihat-i  habs-i  abadi 
firislddand  or  urd  bi-Nusrat-dbdd  flnstd- 
dand  [Nusratabad '  is  a  penal  fort  in  the 
desert,  between  Sistan  and  Kirman;  it 
was  originally  built  as  a  connecting  link 
between  Bam  and  Sistan.  Even  a  Baluch 
cannot  escape  and  cross  the  desert  with- 
out a  camel].     Vide  Expel. 

Trap,  tola  (gin,  etc.,  for  animals);  dam 
(snare) ;  tur  (net). 

Trap-door,  daricha. 

Trapper,  sayydd;  shikdr-chi. 

Travail,  dard-i  zih  (of  child-birth). 

Travel ,  safar  k. ;  siydhat  k. ;  vaqt-i  ki  ruz  rd 
dar  Injd  dida  and  shab-ash  rd  du  shabdna- 
ruz  rah  tay  karda  piydda  bi-fuldn  jd  rafta 
ast — Prof.  S.  T.  (  =  he  used  to  walk  in  a 
single  night  the  journey  of  48  hours) ; 
sayr  u  safar  k.  (travel  for  pleasure).  Vide 
Pass. 

Traveller,  musdfir  (any  person  on  a  journey) ; 
sayydh  (a  traveller  for  pleasure,  etc.) ; 
daryd-navard  (by  sea) ;  ham-safar  (fellow- 
traveller)  . 

Travelling,  musdfarat  {k.) ;  siydhat  {k.). 

Travels,  safar-ndma;  or  siyahat-nama  (book 
of). 

Traverse,  to,  urlb  guzashtan,  tr.  (lay  across) ; 
az — 'ubur  k.,  intr.  (cross  through). 

Tray,  sini  or  majma'a  (round  copper  tray); 
Mipdncha  (large,  wooden,  gen.  oblong); 
qahva-sinl  (any  salver  or  small  tray). 

Treacherous,  khiydnat-kdr  or  khd^in  (gen. ; 
also  embezzler) ;  ghadddr  to  State  or 
Sovereign) ;  namak  bi-hardm  or  namak  nd- 
shinds  (of  subjects  or  servants). 


Treachery,     namak     bi-hardml ;     khiydnat : 

gkadr  (of  mutiny). 
Treacle,  shira-yi  qand-i  siydh. 
Tread,  to,  qadam  guzdshtan;  chunidn  dhista 

rdh  mi-ravad  ki  sadd-yi  pd-yash  rd  naml- 

shinidvam  * ;  pd-mdl  k.  (trample  under  foot) . 
Treason,  chun  u  chird  dar  kdr-i  Shdh  kardan 

khiydnat  ast  (it  is  treason  to  affirm  that 

the  Shah  is  controlled  by  checks). 
Treasure,  khizdna  (ordinary;  not  as  much 

as  ganj) ;  khazina  (also  a  tank  in  the  hawz 

of  a  hammdm ;  vide  Stomach) ;  dar  muqd- 

bil-i  In  vil-hharji-hd  ganj-i  Qdrun  ham  vafd 

naml-kunad — Prof.  S.  T.  (the   wealth  of 

Korah  even  would  not  have  borne  such 

extravagances);  <fe/ma  (buried). 
Treasurer,  khazdnchi;  khazina  ddr. 
Treasury,  khazina  ;  khizdna-yi '  dmira  (Royal); 

bayV^  'l-mdl  (the  public  Muslim  treasury; 

religious) . 
Treat,  to,  Hldj  k.  (med. ;  vide  Treatment) : 

birddardna  bd  man  pish  dmad ;  suluk  k. 

bd — ;  vide  Behave. 
Treatise,  risdla. 
Treatment,  muddvdt  and   mu'dlaja   {k.)    (of 

disease);  suluk;  or  ra/far(  behaviour  with). 
Treaty,   sulh-ndma;   musdlaha-ndma ;    'ahd- 

ndma   (the  document) ;    mu'dhada  k.  (to 

make  a  treaty). 
Trebizonde,  Tirdbizun. 
Treble,    si-guna;    si-bardbar ;    si-chand;   si- 

muqdbil. 
Tree,   darakht;   shajar,  pi.  ashjdr ;  nihdl  or 

nawcha  (sapling);  shajara  (genealogical). 
Trefoil.     Vide  Lucerne. 
Trellis,  shabaka,  At.   (lit.  net);  ddr-bast  (for 

vines). 
Tremble,  larzidan ;  takdn  kh.  (gen.). 
Trembling,  subs.,  larzish  or  larza;    ra'sha; 

tazalzul;    bi-tazalzul    uftddan:    mutazalzil, 

part. 
Tremor,  ra'sha;  iztirdb  (of  heart). 
Tremulously,  larzdn  larzdn. 
Trench,  khandaq. 
Trencher,  khandaq-sdz  (man);  dawri-yi chubl 

(dish)  and  bushqdb-i  chUbi  (smaller). 
Trepidation,  iztirdb;  khashyat  (fear,  q.v.). 
Trespass,   to,  tajdvuz  kardan   (go   beyond) ; 

takhalluf  kardan  ( violate  a  law) ;   bi  izn 

ddkhil  shudan  (in  a  place). 
Trial,   imruz  murdfa'a-yi   u    pish    khwdhad 


•  From  Teheran,  prisoners  are  sent  to  Ardabil. 
2  Or  shunida  naml-skavad  =  ' '  cannot  be  heard  ' ' : 


note  this  meaning  of  the  Passive. 


Tri 


335 


Tro 


shud,  or  ruju'  bi-murdfa^a-yi  u  khwdhad 
shvd;  imruz  hi-jihat-i  qatl-i  fvldn  istintdq 
mi-shavad ' ;  az  huta-yi  imtihdn  vujudroah 
kdmil-'iydr  bar  dmad  (the  novice  came 
through  the  trial).  Vide  Proof,  Examina- 
tion. 

Triangle,  si-gusJia;  musallas. 

Triangular,  si-guaha-ddr ;  vulg.  for  ai-gusha^t ; 
musallasl. 

Tribe,  qawm,  pi.  aqvdm;  qabila,  pi.  qabd^il 
(larce)  »/,  pi.  ildt  and  lliydt  (nomad 
tribes),  bddiya-nishxn  and  chadar-nishin 
(ditto) ;  ^*»/a  (a  body) ;  sibl,  pi.  asbdt 
(family  or  sept ;  duvdzda  asbdt  the  twelve 
tribes  of  Israel). 

Tribunal,  mahkama;  divdn. 

Tributary,  ahl-i  zimmat  or  zimmi,  and  jizya- 
dih  (non-Muslims  paying  a  capitation 
tax);  bdj-dih  or  bdj  u  khirdj  guzdr  (of  a 
state) ;  mdya-dih  or  shdkha  or  shu'ba  (of 
river). 

Tribute,  hdj  (d.) ;  khirdj  (rf.).     Vide  Tax. 

Trick,  gul  (z.) ;  rang  (z.) ;  duldb-bdzi  {dar 
dvardan)       Vide  Character. 

Trick,  to,  kalak  zadan ;  gul  z. ;  chi  kuk  u 
kalak  bi-ham  bastl  (what  new  trick  have 
vou  done  ?) ;  u  shira  bi-sar-ash  indlida 
birah-i  ghplati  burd  =  naqsh-i  zad  va  u  rd 
bi-rdh-i  digar  burd  (he  tricked  him  and 
took  him  by  a  wrong  route) ;  bi-yd  rang  u 
rishta-i  bi-rxzhn  urd  ma*zul  kunhn:  u 
bardy-i  man  bdzi  dar  dvard  (he  played  a 
trick  on  me).  Vide  Deceive,  Deceit,  and 
Artifice. 

Trickery,  kuk  u  kalak:  makr ;  rubah-bazi. 

Trickle,  chakHdan  or  ckikka  k.  (also  to  drip). 

Tricky,  pur-hiyal;  makkdr. 

Trifle,  to,  mard  na-sdz^  (don't  make  a  fool  of 
me). 

Trigger, /nas^a ;  shayidnak ;  pdshna. 

Tri  literal,  midst. 

Trim,  to,  isldh  k.  (of  beard) ;  par-chin  (to 
trim  trees,  hedges,  etc.);  zadun  (for  trim- 
mings). 

Trimming,  yardq ;  yardq- i  tild  (of  gold  braid); 
sijdf  (piping);  mayJiza  (piping  in  uni- 
form ;  blue  for  Art. ;  green  for  Cav. ;  red 
for  Inf. ;  yellow  for  Post  Office). 

Trinity,  'Isaviydn  mu'taqid  bi-taslis  and,  az 
in  jihat  m.iislimin  dnhd  rd  rnushrik  mi- 
ddnnnd. 


Trip,  to,  ru  raftan  (intr.),  vide  Stumble; 
ling  z.  (tr.)  (trip  up),  ttefe  Throw 

Tripe,  shikarnba. 

Triple,  ai-guna;  mu'dhada-yi  mwallafta 
(Triple  Alliance). 

Triplicate,  bi-ai  nuskha  (in  triplicate). 

Tripod,  st-paya  (applied  even  to  stool,  etc., 
with  four  legs).     Vide  Hook. 

Tripolis,  Tarabulua. 

Trite,  bdzdri  ahuda  (hackneyed,  q.v.). 

Triumph,  to,  iftikhdr  k. 

Triumphal  arch,  Idq-i  nuarcU. 

Triumphant,  muzaffar;  manaur;  muzaffar 
va  mansur  ddkhil-i  ahahr  ahud. 

Triumphantly,  muzaffardna ;  manaurdna. 

Trivial,  in  'amr  juz'i  'st,  or  in  mailab-i  niat, 
or  in  matlab  ahammiyyat  naddrad. 

Troop,  juq  (flock;  of  men,  animals,  birds); 
jund  (a  portion  of  an  army) ;  zumra  (a 
band  of  people) ;  daata. 

Troops,  quahun. 

Trooper,  aarbdzri  aavdra. 

Trope,  majdz. 

Trophy,  'aldinat-i  fath  (in  war) ;  'aldmat-i 
ahikdr-zani  (sport). 

Tropic,  khatt'*  s-Saratdn  (of  Cancer) ;  ^Aott"  'Z 
JaS  (of  Capricorn).  [airdt. 

Tropical,  garm-air,  subs,  and  adj.,  pi.  gari/ir 

Trot,  luk  luk  raftan ;  lukkar. 

Trouble,  zahmat  {d.) ;  yabdl  (burden) ;  ranj 
(d.) :  zahmat-i  nist  rdhat  aat  (no  troublf'  I 
assure  you;  a  pleasure);  az  bardy-i  kua-i 
zahmat  kaahidan  (to  take  trouble  for;  but 
az  daal-i  kaa-i  zahmat  kashidan  (to  suffer — ) ; 
bi-zahmut-ash  nami-arzad  (it  is  not  worth 
the  trouble) ;  bd  hazdr  jdn-kandan  (after 
much  trouble) ;  zan-am  vabdl-i  gardan-am 
ast.     Vide  Bore. 

Troublesome,  65  zahinat  aat  =  zahmat  mi- 
dihad. 

Troublous,  pur-^awghd ;  pur  ahur  u  aharr 

Trough,  hawz  (no  proper  word). 

Trousers,  ahalvdr  (sp.  English  pattern) ; 
tumbdn  (old  Persian  pattern ,  of  men  or  of 
women ;  alao  a  petticoat) ;  dr-aJuUvdr 
(white  under-drawers) ;  diUdcfA  or  chdq- 
chur  or  chdqahur  (loose  trousers  and  socks 
in  one  piece,  worn  by  women  out  of 
doors) ;  shalvdr-i  gabri  (similar  but  with- 
out sock  attachment ;  worn  by  Zardusliti 
women). 


1  Istintfiq  a  criminal  court  of  enquiry  the  members  of  which  are  appointed  by  the  Governor. 
s  Compare  the  Hindustani  kiai  ko  banana. 


Tro 


336 


Tur 


Trousseau,  jihdz  or  jahdz  (given  to  girls  by 
her  parents ;  includes  furniture) ;  libds-i 
'arusi. 

Trout,  mdhi-yi  qizil  T. 

Trowel,  bilcha  (garden);  maZa  (mason's,  for 
smoothine  plaster). 

Truant,  guriz-pd  (of  school- boy  or  slave: 
also  used  of  a  servant  who  is  always 
changing  masters). 

Truce,  muhlat ;  sulh-i  muvagqati. 

Truculent,  khul-damang ;  qul-chumdq  (bully, 
q.v.). 

True,  rdst;  sahih;  in  khabar  bi-sihhat  pay- 
vast  (this  news  proved  true). 

Truism,  baddhat;  amr-i  badihl. 

Truly,  bi-durusti;  yaqm'^" ;  rdsti;  sahih"". 

Trumpet,  shay  fur  or  shaypur  (a  military  trum- 
pet) (2.) ;  sur-i  Isrdfil  (the  last  trump  ;  sur 
is  like  an  ox's  horn) ;  karnd  (z.)  (straight, 
made  of  wood)       Vide  Bugle. 

Trumpeter,  shaypur- chi  (mil.) ;  karnd-chi  (at 
weddings,  etc). 

Trunk,  sdq  or  tana  (of  tree) ;  kunda  (a  log) ; 
khartum  (of  elephant) ;  tana  (human). 

Truss,  fatq-band  (med.). 

Truss,  to,  bar  sikh  za<ian  (a  fowl,  etc). 

Trust,  i'timdd  (k.) ;  i'tibdr  {k.) ;  tavakkul  {d 
or  k.)  (on  God) :  dar  amdnat-i  shumd  hich 
khiydnat  na-kardam — Prof.  S.  T.  (I  have 
been  faithful  to  my  trust) ;  hich  muzayaqa 
na-ddram  ki  bar  u  itmindn  bi-kunam  (I 
am  not  afraid  to  trust  him). 

Trusted,  mu'tamad:  mu*tabar  or  bd  rtibdr 
(fit  to  be—). 

Trustily,  mutadayyindna ;  bd  dlydnat. 

Trustiness,  today yun. 

Trustworthy,  Trusty,  mu'tamad;  mu'tabar: 
dust-i  amin  (trusty  friend). 

Truth,  sidq;  yaqin  middnam  ki  dnchi  mi- 
guyad  'ayn-i  rdstl'st;  rdsii  ki  dn  ruz  ddam 
sar-i  khud  rd  ham  gum  mi-kard  (in  truth 
that  day  men  lost  their  beads  entirely) ; 
in  qawl  bi-savdb  aqrah  ast  (this  statement  is 
nearer  to  the  truth  or  fact) ;  dar  haqiqat ; 
or  rdsti :  or  haqiqat""  (in  truth). 

Truthful,  rdst-gu;  sddiq ;  rdst:  javdn-i 
pdkiza-yi  durust-qawl  dar  hama-yi  shahr 
magar  hast '  ?  (why  there's  not  a  straight 
truthful  man  in  the  whole  city!). 
Try,  sa'y  k. ;  kuskish  kardan-i  dar  in  kdr 
bi-jd^ida  ast:  dn  za'ifa  chi  mi-kh,iodhad 
bi-guyad  (what  is  that  woman  trying  to 
Bay?);  murdfa'a  k.  (inlaw):  wrfe  Investi- 


gate,   Examine,    Test;    tajriba    kun    (try 

Tryst,  mi'  dd  (guzdshtan) ;  mi'  dd-gdh  (try st- 
ing place). 

Tub,  satl-i  chubi  (a  poition  of  a  barrel) ; 
taf/kdr  (of  earthenware). 

Tuba,  Tuba  (a  tree  in  Paradise). 

Tube,  lula  (gen.) ;  mdshula  (local ;  perhaps 
corruption  of  mdsHra,  a  weaver's  reed  or 
shuttle) ;  lula-yi  gamldtik  (Indian  rubber 
tubing  ;  corruption  of  '  gum  lastic  ' ). 

Tuberose,  gul-i  maryam. 

Tuesday,  si-shamba. 

Tubing      Vide  Tube.  / 

Tuft,  guppa.  ' 

Tuition,  ta'lim;  Inlagi  (nursery  tuition  ill 
maimers,  etc.). 

Tulip,  gul-i  Idla;  [Idla  in  Persia,  Afghanis- 
tan and  the  Panjab  is  a  name  of  tlie 
common  poppy  and  probably  of  other 
flowersj. 

Tumble,  to,  ru-yi  yak-digar  uftddand:  mu'- 
allaq  z.  (of  pigeon,  acrobat). 

Tumbled.     Vide  Soiled. 

Tumbler,  gilds  (of  glass) ;  mu'allaq-zan  (aero* 
bat). 

Tumour,  dushpul. 

Tumult,  hdy  u  hu ;  gir  u  ddr ;  hangdma 
(uproar  of  a  crowd):  kharkhasha  (wrang- 
ling; also  uproar  of  crowd);  dshub ;  dnja 
hammdm-i  zandna  bud  (there  was  a  great 
uproar  there) ;  hamhama  (hum  of  a  dis- 
tant crowd).     Vide  Turmoil,  Disturbance. 

Tumultuous,  pur-shurish;  pur  hangdma. 

Tumultuously,  bi-harj  u  marj;  dshub  kundn; 
hdy  u  hu  kundn. 

Tune,  navd;  or  dhang  (air);  dvdz-ash  kam-i 
khdrij  az  sdz  ast  =  u  hhdrij  az  sdz  mi-hhwd- 
nad  (he  is  singing  out  of  tune). 

Tune,  to,  kuk  k.  (also  to  wind  up  a  clock  or 
watch). 

Tuneful,  khush-navd. 

Tunnel,  sdbdt  (an  arched  way  across  a  street, 
with  or  without  a  bdld-lchdna) ;  surdkh-i 
kuh  (railway). 

Turban,  '  imdma :  dastdr  (gen.  applied  to 
'      Afghan  pattern). 

Turbaned,  dastdr  bi-sar  ;  mu'ammam. 

Turbid,  gil-dlud:  mukaddar ;  [u  az  mail 
mukaddar  ast  'he  is  rather  offended  with 
me];  durd-dlud  {oi  v/me) . 

Turbulence,  'arbada-kuni  (being  disorderly; 
of  a  single  person);  itjhtishdsh  (k.)  (of  a 


Note  that  a  question  introduced  by  magar  expects  "  no. 


I 


Tur 


337 


Twi 


city,  et<5.).  Vide  Disturbance,  Tumult, 
Turmoil. 

Turbulent,  fitna-ju ,  dahuh-kdr. 

Turk,  '  Uftmdni  or '  Usmdnlu  (Western  Turk) ; 
Turk,  pi.  Atrdk  (any  Turk);  u  pdk  Turk 
sfiud  (="he  pretended  ignorance,  pre- 
tended not  to  understand ' ' ;  but  u  Turk 
ast  "  he  is  thick  headed  "). 

Turkey,  mulk  i  Rum  (also  the  old  Greek 
Empire);  manUakat-i  ^IJsmdnx  (modem 
Turkey  only);  fil-murjfA  (the  bird);  bu 
qalamun  (properly  the  cliameleon ;  the 
bird  is  so  called  from  its  changing  colour 
in  the  wattles). 

Turkish,  Turki  adj.  (also  the  E.  T.  language) ; 
'  Usmdni  adj.  W.  T.  or  the  language). 

Turkistan,  Turkistdn. 

Turkoman,  Turkamdn  (in  speaking  gen. 
Tarkamdn),  pi.  Tardkima;  Turkamdnan-i 
Taka  (Tekke  Turkomans). 

Turmeric,  zard-chuba. 

Turmoil,  ma'raka-yi '  (jharib-l  bud  (it  was  a 
curious  turmoil).  Vide  Disturbance,  Tu- 
mult. 

Turn,  subs.,  qd*'ima-yi  rah  (a  turn  or  bend  in 
the  road):  nawba;  naxvbat  bi-nawbat  (by 
turns) :  dawr  (in  walking).     Vide  Time. 

Turn,  to,  garddndan,  tr.  [Afghan  gashtdndan] 
(to  turn  round);  charkhdnidan,  tr.  and 
charkh  kh. ,  intr.  (of  wheel ;  a  handle) ;  in 
varaq  rd  bi-garddn  (turn  over  this  leaf,  lit. 
or  met.) ;  hur  kardan^  (to  turn  a  person's 
head) ;  hdld  haft-ash  jmr  ast,  pa  tuyi 
hasht  guzdshia  ast  (he  has  turned  seven, 
and  has  commenced  his  eighth  year) ; 
pusht-i  sar  bar  gashta  guft  (turning  his 
iiead  he  said  -  );  kharrdtl  k.  (with  lathe); 
ru  garddndan  (to  turn  aside  the  face) :  az 
rdh  bar  gashtan  (to  turn  aside) ;  bad  birun 
dmad  (he  turned  out  ill) ;  hlch  chtz  urd  az 
maqsad  nami-anddzad  (nothing  turns  him 
aside  from  his  object). 

Turned,  lar-garddnida  or  bar  gashta  (turned 
back) ;  munsarif  and  maHuf  (turned  aside) : 
makhrut  and  kharrdti  zada  (on  a  lathe) ; 
yak  havd  kharrdti  shuda  (turned  the  satne 
thickness). 

Turner,  kharrdt  (on  lathe). 

Turning,  khirdtat  {k.)  (lathe) 

Turnip,  shal'^am;  shaljam.  Vide  Beet- 
root. 


Turnscrew,  pich-garddn;  dchdr ;  pich-kash. 

Turpitude,  sagiyyat;  shand'at.  Vide  Wicked' 
ne.s8. 

Turquiose,*  firUza;  firuza-i  adj.  (turquoise- 
coloured). 

Turret,  burj;  kungara  (castellated  top). 

Turtle,  fdkhta  vulg.  for  fdkhta  (dove).  Vide 
Tortoise. 

Tush      Vide  Tusk. 

Tusk,  nish  (of  boar;  also  '  tush  '  of  a  horse; 
also  a  ''sting");  kal-i  gurdz  (local;  of 
boai);  danddn-i  fil  (of  elephant).  Vide 
Ivory. 

Tussle,  kash-morkaah. 

Tutor,  mu'allim  (teacher) ;  murdbhi  (educa- 
tor or  instructor) ;  aiailiq  (private  tutor) ; 
Icda  (a  servant  or  nursery-teacher,  in 
charge  of  a  child ;  lalahnshi  a  head  lata) ; 
dkhund  (any  one  with  a  big  turban  who  is 
below  a  muUa). 

Tutty,  tutiyd. 

Twaddle,  charand  and  jafang  {guftan) ;  chi 
guh  mi-khurad\ 

Twang,  ving  ving  (k.). 

Tweezers,  minqdah. 

Twelfth,  duxjdzdahum. 

Twelve,  duvdzdah:  daata  (12  o'clock,  i.e., 
when  both  the  hands  point  to  the  handle 
or  to  XII;  the  watch  is  set  at  sunset,  i.e  , 
Xli  o'clock). 

Twentieth,  bistum 

Twenty,  blst. 

Twenty-fold,  bist-chand ;  or  bist  bardbar,  or 
bist  mvqdbil;  bist  td  (in  twenty  folds). 

Twice,  du-daf'a:  du  chand  (twice  as  much). 

Twiddle.     Vide  Thumb. 

Twig,  shdkha:  tarka  (switch,  gen.  of  pome- 
granate, for  bastinado). 

Twilight,  ahafaq  (of  morning  or  evening) ; 
vaqt-i  or  havd-yi  gurg  u  mish  (morning  or 
evening)  =  havd-yi  tar  ma-tdr  vulg. 

Twin,  durqvli;  tavfam;  u  barddar-i  jumbaii- 
yi  man  ast  (in  m  c.  often  jumuli) ;  an  zan 
duquli  zd*id. 

Twin,  (adj.),  ham-zdd  (also  a  '  double  '). 

Twine,  dawr  pichidan  (to  wind  round) ; 
tdftan,  rt.  tdb,  and  tdbidan  (ropes,  etc.). 

Twinge,  sikh-i  zad  (of  pain). 

Twinkling  (of  an  eye),  chashm  barhamzadan, 
or  bi-ham  zadan-i  chashm :  tarfat"  'l-'ayn; 
kurmukuri  {k.)  (of  star). 


1  When  a  dervbh,  a  professional  story-teller,  etc.  tries  to  ooUeot  a  crowd  Persians  say  ma'raka  ml- 
kvnad. 

2  Har  "  mad  '  *  of  a  dog. 

8  In  India,  better  class  Shi'as  frequently  wear  a  turquiose  set  in  silver,  not  in  gold. 

43 


Twi 


338 


Unb 


Twirl,  fir  dadan  (also  spin,  q.v.). 

Twist,  pick;  pich  u  kham  (twists  and  turns). 

Twist,   tdftan;    in  tanah   rd    hi-ham    hi-tab. 

Vide  Twine, 
Twisted,  jnckida;  maftul  (in  m.c.  this  word 

generally  means  twisted  wire). 
Twit,  til  ru  z. 

Twitch,  qiydr  (for  horses). 
Twitter,  jiq  jtq  k. ;  chit  chit  k.  (of  birds). 
Two,  du;  bi-du  para  kard(he  tore  it  in  two); 

du  nim  kard. 
Two-edged,  du-dama. 
Two-fold,  du-chand  (double) ;    du-td  (in  two 

folds). 
Two-handed,  du-dasti  (ambi-dextrous). 
Two-hundred,  duvtst. 
Type,   huruj-i   surbi   (type;    chdp-i  surbi  is 

opposed  to  chdp-i  sangl  or  '  lithography '). 
Typhoid,  tab-i  muhriqa ;  or  hasba. 
Tyrrannical,  ia'addi-kdr;  zdlim;  jafd-pisha ; 

sitamkdr. 
Tyranny,  zulm:    ta'addi;    tatdvul  and  dast- 

dardzi  (on  subjects) ;  jawr  u  jajd ;  sitam; 

ijhdf. 
Tyrant,     sitam-gar;     jafd-kdr;     zulm-plsha: 

khun-khwdr ;  or  sa/^aA;  (blood-spiller). 

U 

Udder,  mamma  vulg. ;  mdya  (of  animals ; 
m.c.  and  perhaps  corrup.  of  mummu) ; 
pistdn. 

Ugliness,  bad-gill  (of  people,  sometimes  of 
things);  2^sM(of  people) ;  kardhat-imanzar 
(hideousness ;  living  things) ;  bad-tarkibt 
(of  shape). 

Ugly,  bad-gil  (of  people,  sometimes  of  things) ; 
bad  'ibdrat,  (local;  metaphorically  of 
people) ;  In  navishiayi  bad-tarktb-l  ast 
(this  is  bad  writing) ;  manhus  (prop.  '  ill- 
omened  '  but  in  m.c.  ugly) ;  u  chi-qadar 
bad-gil  ast!  Khudd  'Umar  rd  biydmur- 
zad :  zisht  (of  people  or  things) ;  bad- 
quvdra  (ill-shaped,  of  people  only);  bad- 
manzar  (gen.);  bad-nuniM  (of  things); 
karih"  'l-manzar  (hideous). 

Ulcer,  qarh,  pi.  quruh. 

Ultimately,  ^dqibat,  etc.     Vide  Last. 

Ultimatum,  altimdtam  (Eur.). 

Umbrage,  bad-ash  dmad;  harf-i  man  bi-u 
ranjish  dad.     Vide  Shade. 

Umbrella,  shamsiyya  (mod.) ;  chatr-am  rd  dar 


khdna  jd   guzdshtam    vulg.    (I    left    my 
umbrella  at  home)  =  'aqab  guzdshtam. 

Umpire,  musaddiq  (vulg. ;  prop,  approver) ; 
hakam;  sdlis. 

Un  (in  comp.),  nd — ;  bl—;  ghayr-i — . 

Unable,  ^djiz  az — ;  tlgh-ash  na-burid,  na- 
tavdnist  (met.). 

Unacceptable,  nd-pasandida ;  nd-maqbul; 
rm-marcfhub. 

Unacquainted,  bi-ittild' ;  nd-dshnd ;  masbuq 
na — ;  nd-vdqif :  nd-balad  (with  the  road). 

Unaided,  yaka,  or  dast-i  yaka  (alone) ;  kumak 
nd-ydfta;  az  khud  (or  tanhd)  In  kdr  rd 
kardam  [az  khud  also  means  '  of  my  own 
accord'].     Vide  Alone. 

Unaimed  fire.      Vide  Aim. 

Unanimated,  bi-ruh  (of  people  or  speech) ; 
[bdruh  not  used]. 

Unanimity,  yak-zabdni ;  yakrd^t;  ittihdd-i 
drd^,  or  ittifdq-i  drd\ 

Unanimous,  yak-zabdn,  yak-rdy ;  mattafiq. 

Unanswerable,  Id-javdb ;  radd  na-shudani ; 
javdb  na-ddrad. 

Unapproachable,  rasd^i  nazd-ash  mushkil  ast. 

Unarmed,  bl-sildh ;  nd-musallah ;  dast-i  khdll 
jangidand  (of  a  few  people;  not  mil.); 
yardq-l  dar  bar  na-ddshtan. 

Unasked,  nd-khwdnda  dmad  (he  came  un- 
invited =  az  khud  dmad). 

Unattainable,  nd-ydb ;  nd-muyassar ;  bi-dast 
na-ydmadani ;  dast-ras  na-ddrad. 

Unattractive,  htch  kashish  (or  jdzibd^)  na- 
ddrad  (she  has  no  attractions). 

Unavenged,  qisds-i'^  tu  bi-zamin  na-khivdhad 
mdnd  (you  shall  not  go  unavenged). 

Unavoidable,  nd-guzir ;  Id-budd. 

Unavoidably,  majbur"'". 

Unaware,  bi-khabar ;  '  ilm-i  in  ra  na-ddshtam. 
Vide  Informed, 

Unawares,  gkaflaf"';  bayihtat''". 

Unbearable,  iahammul-pazir  na;  md  fawq-i 
tdqat. 

Unbecoming,  nd-mundsib ;  shdyista  na — ; 
dukhtar-bachchahd  rd  zlbanda  nist  hamchu 
harf  pish-i  buzurg-i^  shdn  bi-zanand  (it  is 
unbecoming  in  young  girls  to  speak  like 
this  to  their  elders).  Vide  Unseemly  and 
Unsuitable^ 

Unbeliever,  kdfir  pi.  kuffdr  (infidel) ;  dahri,  or 
rarely  tabVi  (who  believes  in  the  eternity 
of  matter)  ;  mushrik  (polytheist) ;  sust- 
imdn  (weak  in  the  faith) ;   bl-dln  or  Id- 


i  Incorrect  for  Ar,  jazibiyyat. 

2  Qiaaa  retaliation  ;  the  law  of  '  an  eye  for  an  eye.' 


8  Or  buzurgan-i-ahZn. 


Unb 


339 


Und 


tna^utb  (without  religion);  munkir  {deny- 
ing,, gen. ;  and  also  for  munkir-i  Khuda) ; 
midhid  (one  that  denies  God,  but  in  m.c. 
in  Persia  a  heretic);  zindjiq  (prop,  one 
that  believes  in  the  Zand;  one  that  out- 
wardly only  is  a  Muslim).  Vide  Infidel, 
Atheist. 

Unbiased,  bi-ta' assiib ;  bi-taraf  (neutral). 

Unhidden,  na-l^tvanda ;  bi-da'vat.  Vide  \Jn- 
callod. 

Unbind,  to,  vaz  k. :  gushudan. 

Unblemished,  bi-'ayb;  or bt-lakka  :  'ir:^i  ma- 
sun  (unblemished  reputation). 

Unborn,  na-zd^ida. 

Unbounded,  bi-hadd;  bl-intihd ;  nd-mahmr. 

Unbridled,  afsdrgu^khta  (lit.  and  met.,  of 
living  things) ;  'indn  bi-shahvat  dddan. 

Unburden,  az  fikr  dil-i  khud  rd  khdli  kard 
( —  mind;  also  he  made  up  his  mind  not 
to  caie). 

Uncalled,  nd-tfllabxda ;  or  ^fhayr-i  maw'ud, 
vulg.  for  tjhayr-i  mad'u  (unbidden  to  a 
feast).     Vide  Unbidden. 

Unceasing,  Id-yanqati' ;  muttasil;  musalsal; 
bi-dun-i  inqitd'  (unceasingly). 

Uncertain,  yaqin  nist  ki  birun  bi-ravam  yd 
na  (it's  not  certain  whether  I'll  go  out  or 
not).     Vide  Doubtful. 

Unceremoniousness,  bi-ta' druft;  bi-takallafl  : 
yak-rangi  (amiability). 

Uncertainty,  shakk  u  shubha  (doubt) ;  tazab- 
zub  or  taraddud  (hesitation) ;  'adam-i 
tayaqqun. 

Unchanegable,  bi-taohyir ;  bl-tabdil;  faqat 
Khudd  doHm  va  qn^im  ast  —  Khudd  bdc^  ast 
vn  bas,  or  lam  yazal  va  Id  yazdl  ast. 

Unchecked,  bi-dun-i  muzdhim;  nd-mumtani'  ; 
bi-dun-i  'd^iq  or — warn'. 

Uncivil,  bd-durushti  (of  persons,  answers) ; 
nd-muhazzab ;  ta'druf  sari  shdn  nami- 
shavad  (they  don't  know  how  to  be 
polite) . 

Uncivilized,  vahshi ;  ghayr-i  mutamaddin. 

Uncle,  'ammu  (paternal) ;  day  T.,  or  khdlti 
(maternal). 

Unclean,  najis  (relig.);  junub  (ceremoni- 
ally— ) ;  na-pdk      Vide  Gaflfer. 

Uncleanness,  na-paH;  najis  budan :  najdsat 
(filth ;  also  pohte  for  ordure) ;  kasdfat 
(ordinary  dirtiness).     Vide  Dirt. 

Unclouded,  dsmJdn  sdj  u  rushan  ast;  havd 
bi-abr  ast. 

Uncoloured,  baydn-i  bi-shdkh  u  barg  (of 
statements) ;  bi'mvhalagha  (without  exag- 
geration) ;  mf  u  sdda  (plain). 


Uncomfortable,  bi-drdm;  tt-rdhat;  nd-asudn. 

Uncommon,  kam-ydb:  ^ayr-i  'umfitni; 
jfAayr-i  ma'mul.     Vide  Rare,  Unique. 

Unconcerned,  bi-parvd;  and  bifikr  (without 
care) ;  IR-vhdlx;  and  bi-mubdldt  (careless). 

Unconditionally,  bi-dun-i  ahart. 

Unconfirmed,  tasdiq  na-yafta  (of  rumour) ; 
imzd*^  na-ydfta  (appointment). 

Uncongenial,  mvidbiq-i  tabi'at  nist. 

Unconnected,  bi-rdbita;  (jAayr-i  marbut. 

Unconscious,  bi-khud;  or  bi-hdl ;  or  bi-hUsh  ; 
(jhayr-i  muttali'  (unaware  q  v.). 

Uncovered,  bi-parda :  bi-kuldh  (without  hat) ; 
munkashif  (disclosed).     Vide  Naked. 

Uncreated ,  nd-dfanda :  qd^im  bi-zdt  or  azali 
(of  God). 

Uncultivated,  bdHr :  rvd-mazru'  (also  not  fit 
for  cultivation) ;  mairuk  (abandoned) ;  nia- 
hanjdr;  or  nd-lardshida ;  or  aldang  (of 
men).     Vide  Desert  and  Unpolished. 

Undamaged,  zarar  na-rasida;  db  na-rasida 
(by  water  at  sea) ;  'ayb  na-karda. 

Undeniable,  inkdr-pazir-na ,  in  mailed  shubha 
bar  nami-ddrad. 

Undeniably,  bi-dun-i  inkdr ;  bi-ld  i'tirdz. 

Under,  zir ;  taht:  zir-i  lab  or  dhista  (under 
the  breath  ;  in  an  undertone). 

Undercurrent,  sayldb-i  2irin;  sayldb-i  ni- 
hdni. 

Undergo,  kashidan ;  bar-ddsht  k. ;  tahammul 
n.     Vide  Endure. 

Underground,  zir-zamin%  adj. 

Undermine,  zir-db  k.  (met.) ;  nr-ash  rd  Uiaii 
karda  ast  (of  water,  etc.). 

Underneath,  taht;  [nA  taht  jokingly  "the 
buttocks  "] ;  dar  zir ;  pd'in. 

Understand,  fahmidan;  dar-ydftan:  ma'lum 
k. ;  multafit  na-shudid  (lit.  you  did  not 
pay  attention;  polite  for  'you  did  not 
understand');  maqsud-i  shumd  rd  nami- 
fahmarn;  mcUJabam  rd  hdli  shud  (he 
understood  my  meaning);  mi-rasi?,  or 
tuyi  bdgh  shudi?  (do  you  follow  me?); 
ydfti  cfii  guftam  (have  you  grasped  what 
I  have  said  ?) ;  Fdrsi  rd  bihtar  mifahmam 
id  harf  zadan  (I  understand  Persian  better 
than  I  can  talk  it). 

Understanding,  fahm;  niki-yi  sat  u  husn-i 
idrdk  (excellence  of  his  disposition  and 
understanding) ;  shu'ur  (perception) ;  quv- 
va-yi  mudrika;  or  ta'aqqul  (power  of — ). 

Understood  muqaddar  (in  gram.;  not  ex- 
pressed); ma f hum;  ma'lum.    Fide  Taken. 

Undertake,  to,  bar  or  dar  'uhda  giriftan; 
bi-cha^hm-i  khtid  giriftan  (local) ;  inti^m-i 


Und 


340 


Uni 


in  kdr  ra  hi-zimma-yi  khud  mi-girid  (will 
you  undertake  this  ?) ;  tavaqqu'  d^ram  In 
kdr  rd  mahz-i  khdtir-i  man  gardan  bi-giri 
(for  my  sake  I  hope  you  will  undertake 
this). 

Undertaker,  ta'ziya-gardan  (an  undertaker 
for  the  Muharram  procession) ;  murda-shur 
(one  who  washes  and  buries  the  dead.) 

Undertaking,  'azm  (subs.);  mula'ahhid  {sk.) 
(part.). 

Undeserving,  nd-ldyiq ;  ghayr-i  mustahiqq. 

Undignified,  bl-vaqdr :  nd-muvaqqar. 

Undiscerning,  bi-idrdk;  bi-basirat. 

Undisciplined,  bi-nazm ;  ta'llm  na-ydfta;  nd- 
munazzam :  tarbiyat-na-ydfta  (vulg.). 

Undiscovered,  nd-makshuf ;  pushida  (hid- 
den). 

Undiminished,  bi-kam  u  kdst. 

Undo,  vd  kardan  (a  knot) ;  bdtil  kardan  (by 
people;  undo  good,  make  void,  etc.); 
takhrib  k.  (destroy  q-v.).  Vide  Ruin, 
Destroy,  Annul. 

Undress,  libds  kandan ;  jdma  dar  dvardan. 

Undulate,  to,  mawj  khurdan  (of  water;  of 
crops). 

Undulating,  mawj-ddr  or  mawj  ma,wj ;  \mawj- 
ddr  also=:"  watered,"  of  silk]. 

Undutiful,  nd-khalaf  (of  children). 

Undying,  bughz-i  mu^abbad  (undying  hatred)  ; 
shuhrat-i  mu^abbad ;  ndm-ash  td  abad  zinda 
ast. 

Uneasiness,  bl-qardri  (agitation,  restless- 
ness) ;  qalaq  :  iztirdh  (agitat'on) ;  tnshvlsh 
(uneasiness  in  mind). 

Uneasy,  bt-qardr;  muztarib 

Untducated,  bi-savfld;  '■dmmi ;  ummr. 

Unemployed,  bi-kdr ;  bl  shughl. 

Unencumbered,  subuk  bar  ;  subuk-dush. 

Unendurable,  birun  az  tahammul  (or—  haw- 
sala)  ast. 

Unequalled,  bi-misdl ;  bl-nazir  ;  bi-hamtd. 

Uneven,  nn-hamvar :  mdhur  (up  and  down 
land,  whether  sand-hills  or  hard  ground). 

Unexpectedly,  nd-cjhdfil  (m.c.  and  vulg.); 
bikhabar ;  ghaflat^" :  nd-gahdn  {oi  ca\a,niity 
only);  bajlitat""  (suddenly  q.v.) ;  daf'af^" 
(all  at  once). 

Unfair,  kdfir-mdjard^i  kardaii  (to  act  un- 
fairly; also  to  quarrel);  jdHz  nist.  Vide. 
Unjust. 

Unfermented,  jushna-Jchurda. 

Unfinished,  no-tamdm;  ndqis ;  nd-mukam- 
mal. 


Unfit,   ndqis  (unserviceable,  of  things,  men 

or  horses) ;    kdr-%  ki  bi-u  mufavvaz  shuda 

ast  kuUiyyaV^"  qdbiliyyati  dn  rd  na-ddrad. 
Unforeseen,     'jkayr-i     mutarqssad:      ghaybl 

(event). 
Unforgiving,  klna-dil ;  haqud. 
Unforgotten,  az  hhdtir  na-rafta. 
Unfortunate,  kur-bakht ;  bad-tali*;  bahht  bar 

gashta  ;    bakht-khwdbtda ;    stydh-ruz  ;    dyd 

siydh-bakht-%  yd  sabz-bahht!  (have   you  a 

good  spouse  ;  are  you  happily  married  ?) ; 

bald-zada.     Vide  Unlucky. 
Unfortunately,  az  kam-sa'ddatl. 
Unfounded,  bi-asl;  bi-bunydd. 
Unfurnished,  in  khdna  asds'^  'l-bayt  (or  mubl 

Ft.)  na-ddrad. 
Ungainly,    bad    tarlab ;  bad  quwdra;   pa,kh- 

ma. 
Ungathered,  nd-chlda. 
Ungentlemanly,  misl-i  ddam-i  ma'qul  na. 
Ungrammatical,  magMut!  nd-marbut.     Vide 

Mumble;  Break  off  sentences. 
Ungrateful,  nd-sipds ;  haqq  nd-shinds  ' ;  kdfir 

ni'mat;  u  kufrdn-i  ni'mat  ml-kunad  (he  is 

ungrateful). 
Ungrudgingly,  bi-darigi. 
Unguent,    marham   (with   oil) ;    zimdd   (also 

poultice). 
Unhappy,  ranjida ;   awqdt-ash  talkh  ast;   bi- 

sa'ddat;  tnukaddar  (depressed);   'aysh-ash 

m,unag[ighas  ast  (enjoys  nothing);    'abus 

(morose).      Vide  Sad,  Ennuye. 
Unhealthy,    nd-sdz{a)gdr ,    or    nd-sdlim    (of 

country) ;  nd-guvdra  (of  food  or  water). 
Unhesitatingly,    bi   chitn    u    chird ;    bi-dun-i 

taraddud;    bl-'a^ammul.       Vide    Anxiety, 

Compunction,  and  Hesitation. 
Unhurt,    bi-jazl-i   Khudd  bi-md   sadma-i  na- 

rasld 
Uniform,  libds-i  nizdmi  (mil.) ;    libds-i  rasmi 

(official  dress,  or  calling-clothes). 
Uniformly,  'alq's-savd. 
Unimportant,  ahammiyyat  na-ddrad ;  in  matd- 

lib-i  juz^i  \st. 
Uninflammable,  nd-sTikhiani ;  nd-mushta'il. 
Uniformed,  bi-kjiabar ;  bi-Utild'  ;  hi-' Urn;  az 

— masbuq  na. 
Uninhabited,    ghjiyr  i   maskun    (of   houses) ; 

(jhanr-i-dbdd  or  vlrdn  (of  islands,  etc.). 
Unintentionally,      sahv"'" ;     ishtibdh'^" ;      bi- 

dun  i  qasd. 
Uninteresting,    murda-dil    (dull,    apathetic-, 

etc.;      opp.    to    zinda-dil) ;     sard;     yakli 


1  Class,  na-haqq-shinaa  is  also  used  :  this,  however,  might  stand  for  Khuda  naahinas. 


Uni 


341 


Unp 


(ditto) ;  bl-maza  or  nd-mufid  (not  amus- 
ing). 

Uninterruptedly,  bi-dun-i  tavaqquf. 

Union,  iuihdd;  and  ittifdq:  itliadl  (junc- 
tion). 

Unique,  bi-'adil  (gen.);  vdhid  (of  men  only) ; 
fti-nagtr  (gen.);  u  dar  'ilm-i  laskhxr  fand-i 
'oar  ast  (he  is  unrivalled  in  the  art  of 
charming  spirits). 

Units,  dhdd  (from  1  to  9;  also  individuals). 

Unitarianism,  vahddniyyat  (the  oneness  of 
God);  tat^/iid  (monotheism). 

Unite,  'payvasian,  tr.  and  intr.  (gen.) ;  muttafiq 
shudan  (of  people) ;  bi-ham  bastan  (to  join 
q.v.). 

United,  rdy-i  md  muttafiq  ast  bar  in  hi — . 

United  States,  Atdzunl  (Fr.). 

Unity,  yagdnagi ,  and  vahddniyyat  (of  God). 
Vtde  Union. 

Universal,  *umuvi%;  ['wmtlm, subs., universal- 
ityj. 

Universally,  mutlaq"" ;  qatibaf^"}. 

Universe,   'dlam ;  [dunyd  the  earth] ;   kull-i 

kdHndt;    jumla-yi    mukhluqdi;     kavm    u 

makdn ;  kull-i  mawjuddt.     Vide  Creation. 
University,  Ddr"*  U-'idum. 
Unjust,  bt-insdf.     Vide  Tyrant. 
Unkempt,  zhulida  (also  slovenly) ;    shdna  na 

kashida. 
Unkind,  nd-mihrabdn ;  b%  iltifdt. 
Unknown,   nd-maHum;  majhul;  gum-nam; 

y^ayr-i  ma^ruf ;  bi-ism  u  rasm. 
Unlawful,  nd-mashru' ;  or  khildf-i  shar' ;  or 

hardm  (opposed  to  Muslim  religious  law) : 

khildj-i  qdnun-i  dawlatl  (opposed  to  law 

of  the  State). 
Unlearned,    ummi ;    bi-savdd;    'amml;    6»- 

*  ilm. 
Unleavened,  fatiri. 
Unless,  magarin  ki—;  juz  in  ki — ;  ilia;  td 

in  ki — . 
Unlevel,  nd-sdf ;  nd-hammr. 
Unlike,  ghflyr-i  mv^hdbih. 
Unlikeness,  'adam-i  ahahdhai. 
Unlimited,   nd-inahdud;    (jhfl,yr-i    mutandhi ; 

bi-hadd. 
Unload,   az  mold'    khdli  k.   (of  ship);    bar 

'pdyin  dvardan  (animal) ;  dil  subuk  sdkhtan 

(of  mind).     Vide  Unburden. 


Unlock,  to,  qufi-i  dar  rd  bdz  kun  or  bi-gushd. 

Unlucky,  dast-aah  bad  oat  (things  he  makes 
or  does  bring  ill  luck) ;  nami-ddnam  avbh 
ru-yi  kird  didam '  ki  ruz  bidin  badi  gug- 
aaht ;  dn  qadr  bi-tdli'  ast  ki  agar  bard-yi  ab 
khurdan  bi-ravad^  juh  mi-Jdkuahkad  (so  un- 
lucky is  he  that  were  he  to  go  to  the  river 
to  drink,  it  would  dry  up);    badbakht-i 
azali  (unlucky  from  his  birth). 
Haft  ruz-i  nahs  bdshad  dar  mCili-i. 
Z'dn  hazar  kun  td  na-bini  hich  ranj 
Si  va  panj  u  sizdah  bd  sJidnzdah 
Bist  u  yak  bd  bist  u  char  u  bist  u  panj. 

Unmarried,  pisar  m.c.  (of  son);  dukhtar 
m.o.  (of  girl) ;  mujarrad  (bachelor) ;  [the 
word  *azab  bachelor,  in  m.c,  has  generally 
the  meaning  of  "  lustful  "J.'' 

Unmask,  az  ru  hijdb  bar  ddshtan;  parda  az 
ru-yi  kdr-ash  bar  ddshtam  (I  exposed  him). 

Unmeaning,  puch ;  bi-ma'ni;  bihuda. 

Unmerited,  bi-dun-i  iatihqdq;  nd-haqq. 

Unmoved,  (jAayr-i  muta^aaair ;  diUash  na- 
sukht  (of  emotion). 

Unnatural,  khildf-i  fitrat;  khildf-i  tabi'at. 

Unnecessary,  (fkayr-i  Idzim.  Vide  Imper- 
tinent. 

Unobservant,  kur  rdh  mi-ravad ;  kur  ast. 

Unofficial,  j^ayri  rasmi. 

Unopened,  sar-basta  (of  letter). 

Unpaid,  add  na-shuda:  bi-muzd  (without 
wage).     Vide  Gratis. 

Unpardonable, '  afv  nd-pazir ;  nd-bakhshidani. 

Unperceived,  bi-nazar  na-ydmada.  Vide 
Secretly. 

Unpierced,  nd-sufta. 

Unpleasant,  ndkhush-dyand;  rid-marghub ; 
nd-nuUlub. 

Unpolished,  nd-tnaaqul  (of  metal) ;  nd-tard- 
shida;  or  khashin  (of  people). 

Unpopular,  mahbub"  'l-qulub  nist :  hama  urd 
bad  mi-ddnand  (coll.);  az  nazar-i  mardum 
uftnda  (has  lost  his  reputation). 

Unprecedented,  bi-nazir. 

Unprincipled,  bl-bdk. 

Unprofitable,  bi-hdsil;  nd-sudmand ;  bi-nap . 

Unpropitious,  nahs;  nd-mubdrak ;  nd-ma- 
s'ud. 

Unpunctual,  bi-mvldha^a-yi  vaqt;  hich  aar-i 
vaqt  (or  sar-i  va'da)  nami-dyad. 


1  Tlio  luck  of  tlie  day  depends  greatly  on  tlie  firat  person  seen  in  the  morning.  Sayyids  and  good 
people  are  unlucky  in  the  early  morning,  or  when  tho  new  moon  is  first  seen,  or  when  one  is  starting  on 
a  journey,  because  -'  aitarayi  af^n  bidand  oat  va  az  digaran  ra  tnl  zanand  *'  ;  {az  digaran  ra  m  c.  for  or 
an-i  digaran  ra). 

<  The  Imperfecta  mt-ra/t  and  mikhuahkhtd  would  not  be  so  colloquial :  the  aat  shows  that  past  time 
is  not  intended.  s  In  the  Panjab  muflia  is  used  for  bachelor. 


Unp 


342 


Unw 


Unpunctuality,  Ichulj-i  va^da  (Ic.)  (to  come 
late;  or  not  to  come  at  all). 

Unquenchable,  khdmush  na-shaw  or  itjd-pazir 
na  (of  fire) ;  taskln  na-shaw  (of  thirst) ; 
taskin-yab  na. 

Unravel,  'pich  or  girih  vd  k.  (of  thread) ;  hall 
k.  (difficulty). 

Unreasonable,  idda'd-yi  shan  bi-pd  (or  bt-ja) 

!'  as<,  or  jd^iz  nist;  zur^   na-gu  (don't  talk 

;  unreasonably);  nd-ma^qul ,  khildj-i  'oqL 
Vide  Improper,  Excessive. 

Unrecorded,  qalam-band  na  gardida  ;  sabt  na- 
shuda. 

Unrefreshed,  subh-i  zud  bd  kasalat-i  b%- 
Jchwdbi-yi  shab  bar  khdsta  bi-ta'jll  rakht 
pushidim — Shah's  Diary  (We*  rose  early 
unrefreshed  after  a  sleepless  night  and 
dressed  in  haste). 

Unreliable,  nd-mu' lobar  (of  people);  bi-sabdt; 
and  bi-baqd  (of  the  world). 

Unripe,  nd-rasida  (of  fruit  or  a  boil) ;  kark 
(very  unripe) ;  kdl  T.  (local) ;  chaghdla 
(of  peaches,  apricots  and  almonds  only, 
i.e.  of  fruits  from  which  '  almonds '  are 
obtained);  hhdm  (India,  of  fruit;  also 
of  persons) ;  nd-ras  (of  fruit  or  a  boil) ;  nd- 
rasida  (of  a  boil). 

Unsearchable,  tariqa-hd-yi  Khudd  khdrij  az 
idrdk-i  md-st. 

Unseemly,  nd-shdyista;  nd-bardzanda ;  nd- 
zibanda;  in  harakdt  az  saldtin  bad-numd 
asi^— Prof.  S.  T.  (it  is  unseemly  in  kings 
to  act  thus) ;  in  harakat  az-ash  zur  mi- 
dmad  or  mi-namud.  Vide  Unbecoming, 
Unsuitable. 

Unseen,  nd-dida;  ghaybi ;  rm-mashhud. 

Unselfish,  khud-gharazna — ;  bi-gharaz;  isdr-i 
bi  nafs  k.  (to  be — ) ;  bd  mafiabbat  (often 
used  in  the  sense  of  unselfish).  [na — . 

Unserviceable,  bi-kdr  shuda;  qdbil-i  isti'rml 

Unsettled,  havd  inqildb  ddsht  (the  weather  was 
unsettled).     Vide  Restless. 

Unshaken,  pa  bar-jd;  bi-tazalzul ;  bar  qardr. 

Unsheathe,  birun  kashidan;  az  ghildj  bar 
dvardan. 

Unsheathed,  barahna ;  kashida. 

Unsightliness,  zisht-manzari. 

Unskilful,  khdm-kdr ;  ghayr-i  mdhir ;  no- 
balad  (m.c.) ;  ustdd  nist. 

Unskilfully,  bi-hunar;  bi-ustdddna. 

Unsociable,  mu'dshar at- dust  na;  az  mardum 
mi-gurizad;  mustawhish  (rare). 


Unsound,  'ayb-ddr  (of  horse) ;  bd  'ayb. 
Unspeakable,    khdrij  az   hadd-i  baydn;    nd- 

gujtani. 
Unspecified,  (jhayr-i  mu'ayyan. 
Unsuccessful,  nd-murdd ;  nd-kdm ;  mahrum ; 

bi-natija. 
Unsuitable,   nd-shdyist;    nd-mundsib ;    Id^iq-i 

rish-i  man   nist.     Vide  Unbecoming  and 

Unseemly. 
Unsurpassed,  az  u  kas-i  tajdvuz  na-karda. 
Unswept,  nd-rufta. 
Unsymmetrical,  tandsub  naddrad  (of  living 

things);   qat'-ash  khub  nist  (of  a  house). 
Untidiness,  kasdfat  (m.c.  in  this  sense) ;  bi- 

tartibi. 
Untidy,  kasif  (m.c.  in  this  sense) ;  bi-tartib ; 

miz-i  khud  rd  kasif  guzdshtam  (I  have  kept 

my  table  very   untidy).     Vide   Slut   and 

Sloven. 
Until,  id;  md-ddm-i  ki  (also  "  as,  since,  this 

being  so,  seeing  that  " ) ;  td-vaqt-i  ki — . 
Untimely,  bi-vaqt ;  bi-mahall :  marg-i  qabl  az 

vaqt;  or    javdn-marg    shud   (of  untimely 

death). 
Untouched,  dast  na-khurda ;  dast  na-zada 
Untraceable,  mafqitd'*  H-asar. 
Untravelled,  sajar  na-karda;  jahdn  na-dida: 

khdm  (inexperienced). 
Untried,    nd-dzmuda ;   nd-mujarrab ;     tajriba 

na-shuda  (or —  na-rasida).  [False. 

Untrue,     nd-rdst;     nd-haqq    (vulg.).        Vide 
Untruth,  nd-rdsti. 

Unusual,  khildf-i  qd'ida;  ghayr-i  ma'mul. 
Unveiled,  ru-bdz  (barefaced);    bi-hijdb ;    bi- 

niqdb. 
Unwary,  ghdfil. 

Unwashed,  nd-shusta,  or  nd-shur. 
Unwelcome,  bad-qadam   (inauspicious) ;    nd- 

matlub  (gen.  of  things) ;  'aziz  na  (of  guest) . 
Unwholesome,  muzirr  (of  food).     Vide  Un- 
healthy, Indigestible,  and  Agree. 
Unwilling,    bi-kulli  nami-khtpO'ham   (or    razi 

nislam)  ki  dnjd  bi-ravam. 
Unwillingly,     bi-ragkbat    or    bi-rizdyat     na- 

dmadam :  bi-kirdhat  dmadam  (I  came  very 

much  against  my  wish) ;  zur-am  dmad  ki 

injd  bi-ydyam. 
Unwitnessed,  nd-mashhud  (of  an  occurrence). 
Unworthy,  in  harakat  khildf-i  sha*n-i  shurna 

bud;  in  sazdvdr-i  shumd  nist;    az  raftdr- 

ash  zdhir   shuda    ki    liydqat-i    himdyat-i* 

shumJd  rd  na-ddrad. 


I  Zur  P.  "  force"  and  zilr  Ar.  "  deceit."  2  Royal  plural. 

8  Better  bi-nazar  khuah  naml-ayad. 

♦  Note  ambiguity  :  the  genitive  may  be  either  subjective  or  objective. 


Up 


343 


Vac 


Up,  bald ;  (awq ;  bald  u  pdyin  (up  and  down) ; 

iUi ;  or  ixi  (up  to). 
Uphill,  sar-bdld. 
Upon,  ru-yi — ;  ru-yi  ham  rafla  or  rii-yi  ham 

— (upon  the  whole,  or  an  average).      Vide 

On. 
Upper,  bdld-khdna  or  lUdq-i  fawqdni  (upper 

room) ;    'imdraUi  fawqdni    or    marlaboryi 

bald    (upper    storey) ;     [opp.    to    tahtdni 

lower]. 
Upright,   rdsl-kdr ;    dar  mu'dmala-yi   khud-i 

shdn  amin  hqstand:     amud-vdr  or  istdda 

(perpendicular). 
Uproar,    ijJiawghd;    shurish;   hdy  hu ;    han- 

gdma. 
Uproarious,   shardb   khurda   Tnasti    mx-kard; 

pur  (/hawi/Ad  (clamorous,  of   a  number); 

(jAawjfhid^i  (of  one  person). 
Upset,  chi  awzd'  asi?  (what  is  the  upset  ?). 
Upset,  to,  vdzhgun,  etc.,  k.  (to  turn  upside 

down   on    purpose) ;    murakkab-hd '    rlkht 

(vulg.)  ;  tadbir-am  rd  barfiam  zada :  zanhd 

bi-yak  chxz-i  juz^i  az    jd    dar    mi-ravand 

(women  get  upset  at  the  least  thing) ;  zir 

u  ru  k.  (to  turn  things  over  in  a  search) ; 

but  zir  u  zaJbar  k.  (to  overturn,  destroy). 

Vide  Disarranged. 
Upside-down,  vdruna ;  sar-nigun. 
Urethra,  majrd-yi  bawl ;  mamarr-i  bawl. 
Urge,  pila  k.  (gen.) ;  tarjfAib  k.  (to  good) ;  and 

tahrik  k.  (gen.,  to  incite  to  good  or  evil); 

tashxnq    k.    (good   things).     Vide   Excite, 

Incite. 
Urgency,  luzum ;  In  kdr  taqdza  norddrad. 
Urgent,    luzum   ddrad;    ahammiyyat    ddrad 

(prop,  important) ;   iltild'-i  zaruri  (impor- 
tant notice,  not  urgent  notice). 
Urinal,  qdrura  {vide  Urinometer) ;  mabdl. 
Urinary.     Vide  Passage  and  Urethra. 
Urine,  pishdb  k. ;  idrdr  k.   (polite);   zahrdb 

{k.  or  rikhlan) ;  bawl  k. :  ahdsh  k.  (vulg.) : 

aJvdahu    (children's    word):    haba'^    'l-bawl 

(retention  of—). 
Urinometer,  qdrura  (the  urine  of  a  patient 

in  a  bottle). 
Urmuz,  Hurmuz. 

Urn  (tea),  aamdvar  or  samdvdr  (Rus.). 
Us,  az  md  nist  (he  is  not  one  of  us) :  har 

chahidr  td-yi  man  (m.c.)  (all  four  of  us). 
Usage,  ra^m,  pi.  rusum;  qd'idd'-  ;  rusumdt  or 

dddb  (the  usages  of  society) :  khildf-i  vaz' 

(contrary  to  usage).     Vide  Treatment. 


Use,  bi-chi  dard  mi-khurad/  =  bi-chi  kar  mi- 
dyad  ? ,  or  chi  8ud  mi-bakhahad  ?  (of  what 
use  is  this  ?)  ;  gtrya  chi  chiz  oat  (what's 
the  use  of  crying?):  bi-maaraf-i  digar  mi- 
dyad  (it'll  come  in  for  other  uses).  Vide 
Advantage,  Custom,  Practice. 

Use,  to,  bi-kdr  burdan;  iati'mdl  k. 

Used,  muata'mal. 

Useful,  kdr-dmad ;  mufid :  bd-masraf ;  aud' 
mand:  naf*  ddrad. 

Useless,  bi-maaraf ;  bi-kdr;  bi-fdHda.  etc.: 
kildta  (local?);  bi-aamar. 

Usual,  ma'mul;  muta'drif,  Ar.  muta'draf  (also 
common,  ordinary  q.v.) :  fawq*  *l-'ddah 
(more  than  usual) ;  mutaddvil  (customary, 
current). 

Usually,  'umUm'** ;  'ddaf^" ;  bar  hasb-i  *ddat. 

Usurer,  tanzil-khur^ ;  pul  bi-tannl-dih ;  ribd- 
khur. ;  aud-khur. 

Usurpation,  gj^aab  (k.). 

Usurper,  g^aab-kun;  gAdaib. 

Usury,  tanzil;^  rihd;  far*  (interest;  a  polite 
word). 

Utensil,  zarf,  pi.  zuruf. 

Uterine,  barddar-i  boAni  (uterine  brother) ;  az 
yak  mJddar  u  du  pidar  and  (m.c). 

Utmost,  ghdyal  subs. ;  bi-gbflyat ;  or  bi-mhd- 
yat ;  or  td  intihd-yi  mardiib  (with  the  ut- 
most— ).     Vide  Ability. 

Utter,  to,  bar,  or  bi-zabdn  dvardan ;  bar-zabdn 
randan.     Vide  Speak. 

Utterance,  talaffu^^ ;  tanattuq;  hurufdt  rd 
duruat  add  namikunad  (his  utterance  is 
indistinct)  =.7M/^cwA  khub  niat  (vulg.). 

Utterly,  AjwZ/*"  va  qdlibaf^" ;  bi  H-marrah ;  az 
aar  td  pa. 

Uttermost,  aqaa  1-gAdyat  ( — degree) ;  td  aqm 
bildd-i  'dlam  (to  the  uttermost  parts  of 
the  earth). 

Uvula,  zabdn-kuchiku  (m.c.) ;  malaz,  or 
maldzha  P. 

Uxorious,  zan-paraat ;  mahv-i  zan-aah  oat. 

Uzbeg,  Uzbak. 

V 

Vacancy,  jd  niat,  or  Idzim  niat  (there  is  no 

vacancy  ;  of  an  appointment). 
Vacant,    khdli     {j,en.) ;     tuhi     (of    things) ; 

chaahm-aah    rah    kaahida    ast    (local  ? ;    a 

"  vacant  stare"). 
Vacation.     Vide  Holiday. 
Vaccinate,  dbla  kubidan. 


•  Note  m.c.  pi.  to  signify  the  whole. 

*  DcutSr  Ar.  and  Pers.  *'  permission  "  is  in  India  *'  custom,  usage." 

8  Tamil  m.c.  "  interest  "  is  properly  "  discount."     Usury  is  forbidden  by  Muslim  law. 


Vac 


341 


Vei 


Vaccination,  dbla-kubi. 
Vaccine,  si7'am  (Eur. ;  serum). 
Vacillate,  to,  dil  dil  k. :  pas  u  pish  k. ; 

u  bish  k.     Vide  Hesitate, 
Vacillating,  sust  'unsur,  or  sust-maya  (weak) ; 

dvrdila. 
Vacuum,  khald^. 
Vagabond,    hdr-jaH;    avara;    vil-gard    (not 

necessarily    of    bad    character) ;     awbash 

(blackguard  q.v.)-      Vide  Vagrant. 
Vagina,  rdh-i  jarj. 

Vagrancy,  dar  bi-dari ;  dvaragl ;  harza-gardi. 
Vagrant,  harza-gard  (bad  character) ;  bi-khan 

u  man  (homeless);    dar  bi-dar  (wanderer 

from  door  to  door).      Vide  Vagabond, 
Vain,  az  khud  rdzi  (self-satisfied) ;  fisu ;  vide 

Conceited:  'abas;  or  bi-fa*ida  and  bi-hud/i 

(in  vain);  mw/i  (prop,  gratis). 
Valediction,     khutba-yi     vida'     (valedictory 

sermon  to  big  people).     Vide   Adieu   and 

Farewell. 
Valet,  sanduq-ddr  (in  charge  of  clothes). 
Vallian't.      Vide  Brave. 
Valid,  muhkam;   bi-imzd^-i  shar'  (signed  by 

Muj tabid);   musajjal  or  sijill-dar  (sealed; 

signed) . 
V alley,  julga  (open  land  at  foot  of  or  between 

two  hills) :  darra  (a  narrow  pass  or  valleyj  : 

vdd^  (prop,   dry  bed  of   a  river).      Vide 

Defile,  Pass. 
Valour.     Vide  Bravery. 
Valuable,    girdn-baha  :    qimat-ddr ;    qimati ; 

pur-qlmat ;  blsh-qlmat  (of  great  cost) ;   bi- 

qimat  sangin  bi-vazan    subuk   (small   but 

precious) :  hamchu  mi-ddnislam  in  khdna- 

khardb^  mdl-i  ma'qul-l  bd  khud  mi-burd  (1 

fancied  this  cursed  fellow  was  travelling 

with  goods  worth  having). 
Valuation,  tasmin  (k.)  (rare) :  bar-avard  {k.) ; 

mumayyiz  In  zamln  rd  bdz-dJid  kard  ('  vide ' 

infra).     Vide  Estimate. 
Valuator,  mumayyiz   (for    buildings  or  for 

crops) :    ahli    khibra    (expert    for    other 

things).     Vide  Expert. 
Value,    bahd;    qlmat-i     in    marvarid    chist? 

(what  is  the  value  of  this  pearl  ?) ;  arzish; 

man  qadr-i  dusti-yash  rd  mi-ddnam. 
Value,  to,  qimat  k.     Vide  Estimate,  Valua- 
tion. 
Vanguard,  qardvul ;  pish-lashkar ;   muqadda- 

maf*  ^Ujaysh.     Vide  Advanced-Guard  and 

Guard. 


Vanish,  to,  az  nazar  gkdhb  shudan:  mnjqud 

shudan  (to  be  lost) ;  kdjur  sh}  (of  things 

and  of  people).      Vide  Evaporate, 
Vanity,  hama-yi  in   dunyd   bdtil  ast.     Vide 

Conceit. 
Vanquish,    fath   k. ;    ghalaba   ydftan    bar  — ; 

zafar  ydftan.     Vide  Conquer  and  Defeat. 
Vanquished,  maghlub  [k.  and  sh.)  (of  indivi- 
duals or  army) ;  musakhkhar   {k.  and  sh.) 

(of  city  ;  fort,  etc.). 
Vanquisher,  fdtili;  taskhir-kun. 
Vantage-ground,  mahall-i  bartarl ;    mashraf, 

and  coll.  jd-yi  mashraf. 
Vapid,  bi-ruh  (of  speech) ;  sard  (of  speech  or 

soda-water,  etc.). 
Vapour,  bufchdr,  pi.  bukhdrdt ;  Jaf  (vulg.). 
Vapour-bath,  hammdm-i  bukhar. 
Variance,  in  mundfi  hd  'adl   ast  (this  is  at 

variance    with    justice) ;     bar     zidd-i     or 

mukhdlif-i  (at  variance  with). 
Variation,  ikhlildf. 
W a.negeit&d,  rang-d-rang ;  mukhtalif'*  'l-cdvan  ; 

mulavvan. 
Variety,  ikhtildf  (difference). 
Various,   gun-d-gun;   rang-d-rang :    ikhtUdf-i 

drd'^  ast    (there    is   variety    of    opinion) : 

umur-i  mukhtaUfa  (various  matters). 
Varnish,  to,  rawgkan  zadan :  lu'db  dddan  (to 

glaze  earthenware). 
Varnished,   in  sandali  rd  rawgkan  na-zada 

and. 
Vary,  to,  tagkyir  d. ,  tr. 
Vast,  vasl'  (spacious  on  the  ground  level) ; 

bi-pdydn. 
Vault,   chdla   (repository   for    grain).     Vide 

Dome. 
Vaunt,  qui  raj  tan  (to  brag  of  what  one  will 

do):    mubdhdt  k.    (of    lineage,    strength, 

learning,  beauty). 
Vaunting,      qul-ram ;     laf-zani      (boasting) ; 

khud-sitd^l  (self-praise.)     Vide  Boast. 
Vauntingly,  Idf-zandn.  _ 
Vegetable  (subs.),  nabat,  pi.  nabatdt  (gen.)  ; 

[nabdt  also  means  sugar-candyj  :  sabzi,  pi. 

sabzi  dldt  (edible  vegetables). 
Vegetable  (adj .) ,  nabdti. 
Vegetation,  rustani. 
Vehemence,  shiddat ;  hiddat. 
Vehement,  shadid ;  bd  hiddat. 
WeiV   ru-band   (small, '  white) ;    niqab    (the 

niqdb  is  not  now  used  in  Persia;  it  is  a 
part  of  the  burqa') ;  burqa'  (is  a  garment 


1  For  k]iana-ask  kharab  bi  ahavad ;  not  so  strong  as  pidar-a ukhta. 

4  In  India  Kafur  hona    *  to  run  away  suddenly 

8  European  women  in  Persia  snould  wear  a  light  veil,  otherwise  indecent  remarks  are  bandied. 


/ 


Vei 


346  Ves 


/  with   a    network    for    the    face) :    parda 

j  (net). 

Veiled,  pushidaruy  (opp.  to  ru-bdz) ;  niqab- 
rfar  (rare) ;  rnaslur  (concealed,  not  veiled, 
of  the  face  or  things) ;  az  nai^r-ain  mastur 
gasht  (I  have  not  seen  him  for  an  age,  or 
he  is  concealed  from  my  sight). 
Veiling,  siir  (covering) ;  aitr-i  'awrat  (con- 
cealing the  privities). 

Vein,  rag :  shiryan  (artery) :  shdh-rag  (jugu- 
lar) :  dimdjfii  (humour). 

Veined,  rag-ddr. 

Vellum,  ftust-i  ahu. 

Velvet,  makhmal. 

Veneer,  jfiilafa  (k.). 

Venerable,  Venerated,  pir-i  muhtaram; 
muhtaram-i  musinn ;  zikr-i  u  dar  afvdh 
hi-ihlirdm  mazkur  ast  (his  memory  is 
venerated). 

Veneration,  ikrdm  (k.) ;  ihtirdm  {k.). 

Venereal,  suzdk ;  or  suzanak  (m.c.)  (gonor- 
rhoja) :  dtashakot  kuft  or  '  siJRs  '  (syphilis). 

Vengeance,  qisds  (blood  retaliation.  Vide 
Avenge) :  intiqdm  (revenge) :  I^un-khwdhi 
(asking  for — ) :  nd^ira-yi  j/iazab-ash  zabdna- 
kashida  khirman-auz-i  jdn  u  mdl-i  dhdU-yi 
shahr  gasht  (he  wreaked  his  vengeance  on 
the  to  .nsfolk). 

Venial,   afv-paiir. 

Venom,  zahr ;  lamm.     Vide.  Spite. 

Venomouj,  zahju-ddr;  samm-ddr:  zahr-dlud  or 
zahr-db  adda  I'poisoned ;  swords,  arrows) . 

Ventilated,  hav'-gir :  khush-havd  (also=  "  has 
good  air,"    ,i  a  garden).     Vide  Airy. 

Ventilator,  ^  d-gir  (high  tower  for  produ- 
cing a  cL  ont  of  air) :  kuldh-farangi  (local 
for  a  small  skylight  etc. ;  generally  =  sum- 
mer-house). 

Ventured,  bi-qiimat-i  khttd  i^timdd  karda 
iamdm-i  mdl-t  khud  rd  dar  khatar  anddkht. 

Venus,  ZyJira  (the  star;  '' Raqqds-i  Falak 
ast''). 

Veracious,  addiq^  'Uqawl;  addiq*  'l-va'd  (of 
persons). 

Veracity,  rdali ;  saddqat 

Verandah,  mffa  (a  veraudah  without  pillars; 
only  found  in  old-fashioned  houses ;  also  a 
platform  for  sitting  on) ;  bar-dmada.  Vide 
Couch,  Sofa. 

Verb,  fil. 

Verbal,  zabdni ;  shifdht  (oral) ;  lafzi. 

Verbally,  shifdh""  (orally  q.v.)  ;  bi-harf  guft 
na  birishdra. 

Verbatim,  lafz  bi-lafs  ;  kalima  bi-kalima. 

Verbena,  shdh-pasand. 

44 


Verbose,  laffdfi  or  pur-gU  (m  speech).     Vide 

Prolix. 
Verbosely,  bd  itndb,  or  bd  tattnl-i  Id  tdSl  (with 
circumlocution  q.v.).      Vtde  Prolixity. 

Verbosity,  laffd^ii;  pur-gU^i ;  itndb:  [in 
Arabic  is,hdb]. 

Verdant,  lar  u  tdza :  khitah  u  khurram. 

Verdict,  hukm  (of  Shah  or  governor) :  falvq 
(of  Muj tabid) :  ray  or  ra*y  (of  Jury). 

Verdigris,  zangdr. 

Verdure,  sabzi ;  khurrami ;  tar  u  Idzagi: 
khuzrat  (rare). 

Verge.      Vide  Eve. 

Verification,  taadJiq  {k.) ;  tahqiq  {k.). 

Verified,  to  be,  muhaqqaq;  musaddaq. 

Verify,  to,  misddq  budan. 

Verily,  yaxfbu'^^ ;  /?  'l-vdqi'.     Vide  Certainly. 

Vermilion,  shanjarf  (subs.) :  shanjarf-rang 
(adj.):  qirmiz:  aurkh  [Persians  do  not 
usually  discriminate  between  red,  scarlet, 
vermilion,  etc.]. 

Vermin,  shah-gaz  (any  night- biting  insect, 
including  ticks) :  shipiaku  =  pur  riahk  u 
ahipish  (lousy ;  a  man  covered  with  ver- 
min) :  haahardt  (all  things  that  crawl, 
includes  reptiles). 

Vernal,  6aAan ;  rain^l :  i'tiddUi  ra^'i  {vernal 
equinox). 

Verse,  bayt,  pi.  abydt  (of  poetry):  dya,  pi, 
dydt  (of  Qur*an) :  nazm  (poetry) :  bayt-i 
kitdbat  (vulg.  for  kitdbat-i  bayl)  (the  remu- 
neration per  certain  number  of  words  for 
copying) :  bayt-i  chand  mi-sitdni  ?  [how 
much  will  you  charge  per  two  lines  (i.e., 
one  bayt)  for  copying  ?J  :  rvbd'x  (quatrain). 

Versified,  manplma. 

Vertebra,  muhra-yi  puaht. 

Vertebrate,  hayvdn-i  iistukhipdn-t  kamar-ddr^ 
or  hayvdn-i  mdza-ddr. 

Vertical,  qd'im ;  'amudi. 

Vertigo,  gich  (shxtdan) ;  aar-gich  {raj tan) ; 
dawrdn  (or  duvdr)-i  sar  (ddahtan) ;  sar-pirak 
(giriftan)  (vulg.). 

Very,  biaydr ;  JdiayH  or  khaiU ;  baa  'dR 
(very  magnificent) :  harf-am  rd  pur  bad 
fahmlda-x  (you  have  understood  what  I 
said  very  ill) :  'a^m  muhtaram  (very  much 
honoured) :  dar  hamdn  ruz  (on  that  very 
day).     Vide  Same. 

Vessel,  zarf,  pi.  gurti/  (plates,  etc.) :  kayl  (for 
(measuring).     Vide  Ship. 

Vest,  pirdhan-i  kash,  or  ztrpirdhani  (under- 
vest) ;  arkhdluq  (a  long  undercoat) :  jilitqa 
or  zhilitka  (waistcoat) :  banyan  (Indian  ; 
under- vest). 


Ves 


346 


Vir 


Vestige,  nishan:  asar,  pi.  asdr. 

Vetch,  nukhud. 

Veterinary,  haytdri.     Vide  Farrier. 

Vex,  ranjdnldan  ;  jirr  dvurdan ;  izd  d 

Vexation,  tasdJi'  {d.)  (lit.  head-ache) ;  kudurat 
(d.) ;  dard-i  sar  (d.). 

Vexatious,  'ajah  'azdh-i  giriftdr  shudam 
(m.c. ;  it's  really  most  vexatious;  dar 
understood) . 

Vexed,  ranjida;  ranjtda-khdtir ;  dil-khur. 

Viands,  khurdkl-hd  (vulg.) ;  ma^kuldt;  aVia- 
may  pi.  of  ta'dm;  khurdanihd. 

Vibration,  larzish  {k.) ;  hu  hu  k.  (?);  tanin 
(of  sounding  metal) ;  harakai  (of  pendu- 
lum) ;  irti'dsh  (in  air  or  water). 

Vice,  'ayh,  pi.  'uyub :  fisq  u  jujur ;  Mch  farq 
md-bayn-i  nik  u  bad  (or  khayr  u  shar) 
namt-guzdrand :  gira  (blacksmith's  vice); 
gira-dast  (small  hand  vice). 

Viceroy,  Farmdn-farmd .  KhadAV  (of  Egypt) : 
nd^'ib'^^ssaltana  (regent):  [nd^ib"  H-huku- 
ma,  Lieutenant-Governor]. 

Vicinity,  nazd^kl ;  jivdr  ;  qurb  u  jivdr ;  havdU 
(neighbourhood) :  man  dar  jivdr-i  sarkdr- 
am  ("I'm  your  neighbour ' ' ;  polite). 

Vicious,  fdjir  u  fdsiq  (of  people) ;  ganda- 
kdr:  bad-add  (of  horse):  muzl  (injurious, 
of  animals,  etc.) :  shamus  (vulg.  chamus) 
(of  horses,  mules,  donkeys) :  gazanda 
(biting). 

Vicissitudes,  inqildbdt-i  dunyavi ;  iagkyirdt-i 
f alula  ;  'past  u  bulandl-yi  zamdna. 

Victorious,  zafar-mand ;  firuzmand. 

Victim,  qurbdni  or  nahr  (animal  for  sacrifice) . 

Victor,  fdtih :  ghdUb. 

Victory,  jath,  pi.  futuhdt;  zafar  (ydjtan)  : 
dast-burd  (getting  the  better  of) :  dast 
ydjtan  bar — (to  gain  the  victory). 

Victuals,  khurdaniha;  ma^kuldt.  Vide 
Viands. 

Videlicet,  ya'ni. 

Vie  with,  to,  bd —  Idf-i  bardbarl  zadan  (gen.) ; 
ham-sarl  k.  (of  people). 

View,  dar  madd-i  nazar  ddshtan  (have  an 
object  in  view) :  chashm-anddz-i  khub-i 
darad  (it  has  a  fine  view) :  chashm-anddz-i 
In  mahtdbi^  dar  'dlam  nazir  na-ddrad. — 
Shah's  Diary  (the  terrace  has  an  un- 
rivalled view) :  manzar  (the  place  viewed). 

Vigilance,  biddrl;  bd-ihtiydti. 

Vigilant,  bdyad  dar  ijtindb-i  az  badJi  hushydr 
bdshim:  biddr;  bd-ihtiydt:  kishik-chl 
bdyad  bd  hush  u  gush  bdshad. 

1  Jlfaft<a6,  without  ^  *' moonlight." 

2  Maamu'  At.  past  partic. ;  lit.  •'  heard." 


Vigorous,      tavdnd ;     bd-bunya:     bd-vujud 
kibar-i  sinn  pd-yash  u  chashm-ash  bi-jd  oiajqud 
(in  spite  of  his  age  he  is  vigorous,  bashings 
possession  of  his  faculties). 

Vigour,  tavdnd^i ;  bunya. 

Vile,  khabls  (in  Persian  of  men;  not  of 
things). 

Vileness,  khabdsat. 

Villa,  kushk  (villa  or  summer  residence, 
kiosk). 

Village,  dih  (small) ;  qasaba  (big) ;  qasabcha 
(small  =  diVi) ;  rustd  (country  or  village  as 
opposed  to  town) :  ham-dih  (adj.  of  the 
same  village) :  zdbit  (head  of  one  or  more 
villages) :  kad-khudd  (head  of  one  village 
and  under  a  zdbit). 

Villager,  dihdti;  rustd^l :  dihqdn  (also  culti- 
vator).    Vide  Bumpkin. 

Villain,  khabis;  shaql. 

Vindication,  i'tizdr ;  raf'-i  ilzdm. 

Vind icate ,  bard-yi  raftdr-i  khud ' uzr-i  masmu '  - 
-I  ^  nami-tavdnad  hi-ydvarad. 

Vindictive,  Jdna-var;  shutur-kina. 

Vindictiveness,  shutur-klnagi;  Jana-vari. 

Vine,  maw  (local) ;  raz :  tdk :  darakht-i  raz 
ru-yl  darakht-i  girdu  kashida  shuda  ast. 

Vinegar,  sirka :  [sirka-ru ,  vinegar-faced,  sour- 
faced]. 

Vineyard,  bdgh-i  razl ;  angur-  xJd'. 

Vintage,  angur-chlni  or  ang urchin:  msil-i 
razi.  "\ 

Vinter,  shir-chi ;  bdda-farush. 

Violate,  shikastan  (a  law):  hatk-i  'irz  k.,  or 
bi-surat  k.  (a  virgin):  y  akdrat  burdan 
(with  or  without  consent)  nabdyad  ki 
zlr-i  hukm-i  dawlat  bi-zant  .i:  tajdvuz  k. 
(of  a  treaty) :  qasam  rd  shikastan  (of  oath)  • 
jaskh-i  qawl  k.     Vide  Rape  and  Violating. 

Violating,  Ajdghina  ba'd  az  giriftan-i  shahr-i 
Kirmdn  bd  zanhd-yashbt-'ismaii  kardand: 
parda-dan  (k.)  (also  to  disclose  a  secret) : 
bi-ndmusi.  , 

Violence,  shiddat;  ishliddd:  jafd  (oppres-  j 
sion) :  sadamdt-i  bdd  (of  wind).  Vide  j 
Virulence. 

Violent,  dtash-mizE'j :  divdna  (mad). 

Violet,  banafsha^:  rang-i  banafsha^  adj. 

Violin,  kamdncha  (the  instrument  and  the 
bow;  but  if  used  together  the  latter  is 
called  kamdn,  not  kamdncha). 

Viper,  mar-i  shdkh-ddr  (Cerastes;  a  small 
viper  found  in  sand). 

Virgin,  bdkira :  dushlza  (rare) ;  dukhtar  (m.c.) : 


A  name  often  given  to  female  negro  slaves. 


Vir 


347 


Vom 


khayaldUi  bikr  (virgin  and  hence  original 

thoughts) :  ghnzaUi  bikr  (virgin  ode). 
Virginity,  dukhtaragi  or  dukhtan  ;  d&ahtzagi; 

ba  karat 
Virgo,  sumbula  (lit.  a  ear  of  corn). 
Virile,  mard-sifat  (also  of  a  woman  =  niascH- 

line) :  mhib-rujuliyyat. 

Virility,  rnardt ;  rujuliyyat :  quwa-yi  hah  (in 
copulation  only). 

Virtue,  'iamat  or  'iffai  (chastity):  khdssiyyat 
(quality,  peculiarity) :  bi-vtibar-i  'uhda-i 
ki  ddrad  (by  virtue  of  his  office) :  fazd^il 
(opp.  to  razd^il). 

Virtuous,  pdk-ddman:  bd-'ismat. 

Virulence,  nhiddat ;  tundA ;  hiddat. 

Virulent,  shaded;  tund,  bd-hiddat. 

Visage,  manzar  (outward  appearance  as 
opposed  to  makhbar,  the  mind) :  liqd. 

Vise,  to,  viza  k.  or  qui  kashidan  (to  vise  a 
passport,  etc.). 

Viscid,  lazij. 

Visible,  az  dnjd  darydcha  khub  paydd  ast. — 
.  Shah's  Diary  (the  lake  is  clearly  visible 
from  there):  namuddr ;  numdydn. 

Visibly,  zdhir"^"  (as  opp.  to  bdtin'^'') :  vdzih'*". 
Vide  Evidently,  Clearly. 

Vision,  khaydl;  ru^yd  (sp.  a  true  vision,  but 
also  a  false  dream).     Vide  Dream. 

Visionary,  pur-khaydl ;  muhdl-andish. 

Visit,  muldqdt  {k.) ,  'iyddat  {k.  or  raftan) 
(sick  persons) :  ziydrat  {k.)  (tombs  of  saints, 
friends,  etc.).     Vide  Call,  Enquire. 

Visit,  to,  hich  bi-sar-i  vaqt-i  md  naml-dyi  (are 
you  never  coming  to  see  us  ?) :  mt-khivdham 
didan-i  u  bi-ravam,  or—  dtdanl  az  u  bi- 
kunam :  qadam-ranja  farmdyid  imruz  banda 
rd  sar-afrdz  kunid  (uncommon) :  imruz 
zahrnat  kashid  bi-banda-manzil  tashrif  bi- 
yavarid  (common) :  muharrir-i  atvrdq  rd 
du  daf'a  iqdmat-i  Kolkatta  ittifdq  uftdd  (the 
present  writer  twice  visited  Calcutta). 

Visiting,  did  u  bdz-dxd  (visiting  and  return- 
visiting)  :  ziydrat-i  ahbdb  va  gasht-i  bdgt  u 
gulzdr  (visiting  friends  and  strolling  in 
gardens). 

Visiting-card,  kdrt  (Fr.). 

Visitor,  didani-kun  (vulg.) :  mihmdn  (guest) : 
sayyah  (to  a  place ;  also  tourist) :  dar  In 
rnawsim  mardum  az  khdrij  khayU  mi- 
ayand. 

Visual,  chashmi  (vulg.) ;  nasiari:  shahddat-i 
'ayni  (visual  evidence). 

Vital,  maraz-i  muhlik  (vital  disease) :  maqtal 
(rare)  (vital  spot).  [die). 

Vitality,  in  mdr  sag-jdn  ast  (this  snake  ivon't 


Vitiated,  fasid  (k.  or  sh.). 

Vivacious,  ziring. 

Viva  voce,  zabdnl ;  shifdhi. 

Vivid,  khaydl-i  rushan  ddrad  (vivid  imagina- 
tion):  'ibdrat-ask  pish-i  chashm-i  khipd- 
nanda  mujaasam  mi-ahavad  (vivid  writer 
or  speaker) . 

Vizier,  vazir,  pi.  wizard*. 
Vladikavkas,  Valdd(Rqafqdz. 

Vocabulary,  lugAfit  (diet,  or  its  contents) : 
farhang  (glossary). 

Vocal,  satcii :  sadhi:  mudiql  ham  satvd  bud 
va  ham  sdzl  (vocal  and  instrumental 
music). 

Vociferate,  ddd  z. ;  farydd  z. 

Vociferous,  shurisM :  gh.awghd'^i  (of  birds) . 

Voice,  dvdz;  dvdz-i  khush  u  ahirin  (sweet 
voice) ;  dvdz-i  narm  u  ha£n  (low  and 
mournful  voice) :  hanjar-i  khush-l  (a  sweet 
voice) :  hdtif  makhluqi  'st  ki  takallum  rm- 
kunad  va  ilhdm  mi-rasdnad  vali  dtda  narri- 
shavad  (the  Hdtif  is  a  being  that  is  heard, 
not  seen  ;  it  conveys  warnings) :  bd  glyjld- 
zat-i  nafas  (speaking  with  a  clergyman's 
voice). 

Void, 'an;  khdU:  /aza* (space  between  earth 
and  heaven) ;  khald''  (the  void ;  ditto) : 
tubi-qadr-i  du  td  pul  'aql  na-ddri  =  bi-qadr-i 
khar-i  naml-fahmi  ( =  you  have  no  more 
intelligence  than  an  egg ;  void  of  brains). 
Vide  Dull  and  Ass. 

Volatile,  partdani ;  zud  juzv-i  havd  mx-shavad. 

Volcano,  kuh-i  dtash-fishdn. 

Nolens  volens,  J^wdh  ma-khwdh;  taw""  va 
kurh'^". 

Volga,  Rudri  Vulgd. 

Volley,  tir-bdrdn  (k.) ;  shiRk  (k.). 

Voluble,  zabdn-ash  misl-i  qaychi  mt-ravad  or 
misl-i  miqrdz  mi-gardad:  tund  harf  mi- 
zanad:  hay  harf  ast  ki  az  dahan-ast  btrun 
mi-dyad. 

Volume,  jild;  in  kitdb  yak  jild  ast  yd  du? ; 
{yak  jild  ddrad  yd  du?  might  mean  "one 
cover  or  both  ?). 

Voluntarily,  khud  bi-khud ;  bi-mayl-i  l^ud  ;  az 
ru-yi  ikhtiydr ;  az  pish-i  khud:  an  khdna 
bi-jihat  dtash  girift  (that  house  caught  fire 
of  its  own  accord). 

Volunteer,  daxo-tqlab :  chirik  (Inf.  volunteers 
enlisted  by  force  and  lent  arms  and  uni- 
form) :  mujdhidin  (modem  newspaper 
word  for  "  volunteers  "). 

Voluptuary, 'oi/yas/t.-  tan-parast. 

Vomit,  to,  qay  k. :  istifrdgh.  k. 

Vomitive,  muqayyi. 


Vor 


348 


Wak 


Voracious,  Mrs-zan  vulg.  (gen.  of  people) : 
pur-khur  (greedy) :  'ahd'*  H-batn  (slave  to 
his  belly) :  shikamu  or  shikam-shul  (m.c.) 
(one  always  wanting  to  eat) :  akul  (glut- 
ton) :  daranda  (of  animals) :  gurg-i  adami- 
khwar  (voracious  wolf) :  bal'anda  (swallow- 
ing whole;  of  a  dragon  or  demon). 

Votary,  kuchak-ahddl  (a  votary  and  confeder- 
ate of  a  dervish ;  vide  Confederate  and 
Pilgrim) :  mujavir,  pi.  mujdvinn  (those 
that  dwell  for  religious  motives  at  a  sacred 
spot). 

Vow,  nazr  (k.)  ;  'ahd  {k.  or  6.). 

Vowel,  harf-i  'illat  (the  weak  consonants  alif, 
vdv,  and  ya):  i'rab  (guzdshtan)  (the  three 
short  vowel  points) ;  harakdt  (ditto). 

Voyage,  siydhat-i  daryd:  Sindhdd  haft  bdr 
safar-i  daryd  kard. 

Voyager,  daryd-navard. 

Vulgar ,  bdzdri :  'avdmmtn  tawr  ml-guyand: 
m  bdzdri  'st  (he  is  a  low  fellow) :  bi-sar  u 
pd  (not  respectable ;  vide  Aimless) :  u 
tabi'ttf*"  bi-nawkar  bishtar  rm-barad.  Vide 
Hackneyed. 

Vulture,  Idsha-khwdr  (gen.  term);  ddl: 
kachal-charkis  (Egyptian  vulture):  kirgis. 

W 

Wadding,  kuhna  or  jul  (for  gun). 

Waddle,  to,  kaj  u  chula  ^  rah  raftan  (also  to 
limp) :  murammq  L ,  or  — rah  raftan  (of  a 
duck ;  also  to  roll,  of  a  ship). 

Wade,  dar  kiidb-i  inshd-yi  Abu'l-Fazl  bi- 
diqqat  murur  kardam  (I  waded  through 
Abu'l  Fazl's  letters  with  difficulty) :  dar 
db  raftan.     Vide  Ford. 

Wafted,  bd  havd  dmadan  (to  be — ).       [(rare). 

Wager,  to,  shart —  or  giraw  bastan ;  nazr  b. 

Wages,  muvdjib  (gen.j  :  muzd  or  ujrat  (daily 
or  weekly) ;  mdhiyana  (monthly) :  \du  pul 
hammdU  bi-dih  =  g[ve  the  cooly  two  pice 
for  carrying  these  things]. 

Waggle,  qirbayli  k.  (to  shake  the  buttocks 
when  walking;  affected  gait).  Vide  Co- 
quetry. 


Wagon,  vdgun  (Eur.);  bdr-kash'^  (also  a 
beast  of  burden) ;  'arrdda  (cart). 

Wagoner,  'arrdda-chl. 

Wagtail,  dum-jurnbdnak ;  dam-i  chdh  and 
dum-sija;  'arus-khdla. 

Wahabi,  Vahhdbi,  pi.  Vahhdbiyya. 

Wailing,  shivan  {k.)  (noise;  for  dead): 
nawha-gari  (k.)  (conventional  wailing  for 
the  dead) :  girya  u  zdrl  (k.)  (any  wailing) : 
ndla  (k.)  (sp.  for  pain) :  'azd  (k.)  (sp.  in 
Muharram).     Vide  Weep. 

Wailingly,  ndla-kundn. 

Waist,  kamar ;  miydn. 

Waistcoat,  jalldqa  or  jalatqa:  nim-iana\  (a 
short  coat  with  sleeves) ;  chabkan^  (a  long 
sleeveless  garment,  worn  by  Muslim  and 
Zardushti  infants) :  yal  (a  short  coat  with 
sleeves,  worn  by  Muslims).     Vide  Vest. 

Wait,  mdndan;  intizdr  kashidan;  muntazir 
b.:  bi-gu  dar  In  utdq  sabr  kunad:  qadr-l 
sabr  kun  al-dn*  midyam:  td  du  sd'at 
intizdr-i  shumd  rd  kashidam :  dJida  (or 
chashm)  bi-rdh  budan  (to  wait  or  expect 
the  arrival  of) :  bard-yi  javdb  mu'aUal  ast 
(he's  waiting  for  an  answer) :  bi-kamin-i 
man  nishasta  ast  (she's  lying  in  wait  to 
catch  me ;  vide  Ambush) :  bi-sar-i  tir 
dvardan  (to  lie  in  wait  till  the  game 
crosses  the  point  on  which  the  rifle  has 
been  previously  laid  and  aimed) :  bdsh 
bdsh  rasidam  (wait,  wait,  I'm  just  coming). 

'  Wait  on, '  daiuri  k.  (to  make  a  falcon  '  wait 
on ' ) ;  shdhin-i  dawri  (a  shahin  trained  to 
'  wait  on '). 

Waiter,  pish-khidmat  (table  servant) :  pd- 
daw  (one  that  brings  pipes  and  coffee  at 
the  hammdm,  also  any  boy  or  *t weenie') ; 
jdma-ddr  (one  who  has  charge  of  the 
clothes  at  a  bath  and  on  departure  brings 
the  looking  glass  ^) :  db-gir  (one  who  draws 
washing  water  in  a  j  ug) ;  dalldk  (shampooer 
and  barber,  etc.). 

Waiting,  pas  chird  mu'attal-t?  =  muntazir-i 
chi  hasti?  (well,  what  are  you  waiting 
for  ?). 

Wake,  bldar  shudan:  bdyad  ki  subh-i  zud  az 


1  Chula,  a  hollow  :  as  though  a  man  kept  on  putting  one  leg  in  a  hollow. 

2  There  are,  it  is  said,  a  few  wagons  in  Teheran 

5  Open  on  the  left  side  for  a  short  distance  below  the  armhole,  and  fastened  by  tapes:  now  old- 
fashioned.     In  India  the  word  is  applied  to  a  different  pattern  garment. 

*  Lay  stress  on  the  word  al-an. 

6  The  fee  for  the  bath  (from  2  shahis  according  to  the  status  of  the  customer)  is  placed  on  the  box 
at  the  exit  A  better-class  man,  attended  by  a  servant,  would  send  the  money  by  the  servant.  A  tip 
to  the  pa-daw  may  or  may  not  be  given,  but  a  tip  to  the  dallak  from  three  shahis,  and  to  the  jama-dar 
from  one  shahi  is  almost  de  rigueur.  Poor  people  do  not  employ  the  dallak  as  a  shampooer,  nor  do  they 
tip  the  jama-dar. 


Wak 


349 


War 


rakht-i  khwdb  pa  ahamd  (you  must  get  up 
early  to-morrow) :  bar-khiz  (get  up!). 

Wakefulness,  biddrt  or  blddr-khwdbi  (kashi- 
dan);  tamdm-i  shab  khwdb  az  sar-am  raft 
(I  spent  a  sleepless  night). 

Wale,  ddjfA  bar  ddshtan,  intr. 

V/a\k,gardi8h{k.) ;  tafarruj  {walking)  :  khiyd- 
bdn  (garden  path).  Vide  Gait  and  Walk- 
ing. 

Walk,  to,  rdh-raftan:  khardmidan  or  qadam 
zadan  (stroll;  in  a  garden,  etc.);  mi- 
khwahtd  piydda  bi-ramd  yd  savdra  ? : 
charrddan  (to  walk  affectedly) :  bdng  bar 
qadam  zadan  (to  walk  quickly) :  qadam 
qadam  r.  (of  a  horse). 

Walker.     Vide  Stride  and  Wanderer. 

Walking,  gardish  (k.)  (walking  or  riding) : 
tajarruj  k. :  sayr  {k.)  (sight-seeing  or 
travelling  for  amusement;  sayr-i  daryd  k., 
"  to  go  for  a  sail " ) .     Vide  Walk. 

Wall,  dlvar :  jiddr  (gen.  of  garden) :  bdru 
(of  fort  or  city) :   hisdr  (fort,  or  fortified 

.  wall  of  a  city) :  muhawata  (any  boundary 
wall) :  divdr-i  bdcjh  pdyin  dmada  ast  or 
ghpliida '  ast  (the  garden  wall  has  fallen 
down) :  tajir  or  qandt  (wall  of  a  tent ;  lat- 
ter also  means  an  underground  water- 
course) :  divdr-i  mushtarak  (a  party-wall 
between  two  houses).     Vide  Blade. 

Wall  up,  to,  dar  divdr  chldan  (to  wall  up  a 
person  alive). 

Wallet,  khurjin  (either  of  carpet  or  of  giUm): 
Jul  bandi  (wallet,  hold-all,  portfolio): 
chinfa  (of  dervishes).     Vide  Bag. 

Wall-eyed,  safid-chashm ;  bad-chashm ; 
chashm-i  bdbd-qun^ 

Wall-fiower,  gul-i  khiri  (m.c. ;  amongst  drug- 
gists the  holly-hock  or  khatml  is  so 
named). 

Walnut,  girdu:  jaioz-i  chahdr-majfhz  (by 
druggists).  [cane). 

Wand,  ta^Umi  (of  magician;  oZso  a  swagger- 
Wander,  to,  dvdra  shudan  (to  be  a  vagabond) ; 
in  taraf  u  dn  taraf  raftan :  az  hama  taraf 
gardish  karda  am ;  tamdm-i  rub^  ^-i  maskun 
rd  safar  karda  am  (I  have  wandered  over 
the  whole  world) :  md  chahdr  ashkhds  az 
gardish-i  dsmdn  va  inqildb-i  layl  u  nahdr 
dar  bi-dar  va  khdk  bi-sar  buda  az  muddat-i 
madid'i  gardish  ml-kunim — Prof.  S.  T.  (we 


four,  driven  forth  by  Fate,  have  long 
wandered  wretchedly) ;  sar-garddn  sh.  (in 
a  jungle,  etc.)  :  vide  Delirious :  az  m/itlab 
dur  uftddid  (you  have  wandered  from  the 
point).     Vide  Lose. 

Wanderer,  kucha-gard  (street  walker,  an 
idle  man,  a  prostitute).     Vide  Vagabond. 

Wane,  to,  kdstan,  rt.  kdh,  tr.  and  intr. 

Want.  Vide  Desire,  Need,  Deficiency,  and 
Poverty  :  *  adaw-i-(want  of —  ;  lacking). 

Want,  to,  mayl  ddshtan  (feel  an  incUnation 
for) ;  dil  am  khayli  mi-khwdhad  ki  urd  bi- 
binam  =  khayli  mushtdq-i  didan-i  u  haslam 
(I  much  want  to  see  him) :  urd  az  hich 
chiz  mu'attal  ma-ddr  (let  him  want  for 
nothing)  :  mi-khivdhi  chi  kuni  (what  do  you 
want  or  intend  to  do  ?) ;  man  ki  dar  qayd-i 
dunyd  nlstam  (I  don't  desire  money)  :  bi- 
raw  gum  shaw  man  ki  dar  qayd-i  mard 
nistam  *  (said  by  a  coquette  to  a  fickle 
lover)  :  miz-i  safari  Idzim  na-ddram  (I 
don't  want  a  camp  table):  kdm-i  dil-i 
man  bi-dih  ^  (give  me  what  I  want)  :  dil- 
am  mi-khwdhad  girya  kunam  na  khanda  (I 
want  to  cry,  not  laugh)  :  chi  iawr  magar  ? 
(well,  what  do  you  want  ?)  :  gdh^  az  ma'kul 
u  mashrUb  tangi  na-kashida  and  (they  have 
never  been  in  want  of  food).  Vide  To 
Need. 

Wanton,  harza-khaydl. 

War,  jang  {k.) :  ^  mahdraba  {k.)  (rare  in  m.c): 
nizd'-hd-yi  ddkhiliyya  u  mulkiyya  (civil 
war) :  bd  sardn-i  havdli  kalla  mi-zad  (he  was 
often  engaged  in  petty  wars  with  the 
neighbouring  chiefs)  :  jihdd  (against  non- 
muslims,  but  properly  against  infidels 
kuffdr) :  i'ldn-i  jang  (proclamation  of — )  : 
markaz-i  jang  (seat  of  war). 

Warble,  nza-khtpdnx  k. 

Warbler,  bvlbul  (several  species  of  warbler 
are  so  styled  :  vide  Nightingale)  :  barddar-i 
bulbul  (a  warbler  closely  resembling  the 
nightingale) . 

Warder,  Mfiz  (keeper)  :  sardy-ddr  (owner  or 
custodian  of  a.sard):  nigdh-bdn  (inaprison). 

Wardrobe,  sanduq-khdna  (store-room  for 
clothes  and  jewels). 

Wards  (of  a  key),  shigdf  (of  a  key;  the 
ridges  or  projections  of  the  lock  and  the 
point  of  the  key  are  called  zabdna). 


I  Qbaltidan,  prop.  "  to  roll ;  also  to  fall  down,  of  an  animal  or  main."     Rumbldan  "  to  fall  down 
(of  a  wall)." 

«  Baba-qurl  "  onyx."     The  Afghans  call  a  wall-eye  chaahntri  sulaymani. 

8  Only  one  quarter  of  the  globe  is  supposed  to  be  inhabited,  three  quarters  being  water. 

^    Or  nUiaar  aaht-i  mard  out  ?  6    A  nhrAOA  Hnffor  aTrnirlAi^  S     Riif.  innniilnmt     <<  f.n  miarnal    " 


War 


350 


Wac 


Wares,  jins,  pi.  ajnas :  khurda-nz  (small). 

Warehouse,  maghaza  or  mahhzan  (a  large 
shop)  :  ambar-khana  (store). 

Warily,  nazar  karda  ;  hi-ihtiyat. 

Warlike,  jangi  ;  razm-'pisha  ;  jang-ju. 

Warm,  garm  :  garm-sir  (of  country)  :  malul 
(lukewarm). 

Warm,  to,  garm  k.  ;  taftidan. 

Warmth,  garml  ;  hardrat. 

Warn,  to,  khahar-ddr  sdkhtan  or  mutanabbih 
k._ (tocaution)  :  az  khaydl-i  bad-i  u  shumd 
rd  dgdh  mi-kunam — az  u  bar  hazar  bdyad 
bdshid  (i  warn  you  against  him)  :  guft  az 
khaydlat-i  fdsida  bar  hazar  bdshand  (he 
warned  them  against  harbouring  evil 
designs). 

Warning,  dJigardn  az  in  zan  'ibrat  bi-girand. 
Vide  Advice. 

Warp,  in  takhta  kaj  u  kur  ^  shuda  ast,  or  tab 
bar  ddshta  ast,  or  fUchida  ast  (this  plank  is 
warped) : 

Warp  and  woof, far w  pud;  [tar,  also  tun, are 
the  upright  threads  in  a  loom  and  pud  the 
cross  ones].     Vide  Carpet. 

Warrant,  (subs),  iltizdm  (a  written  guarantee 
for  good  behaviour  or  for  completion  of  a 
contract^). 

Warrant,  to,  zamdnat  k.  or  zamin  shudan 
(guarantee)  ;  bardy-i  in  jins  ki  asl  ast 
zimma  mi-giram;  vide  Authorize  and 
Justify :  man  zdmin-am  (I  warrant  it ;  said 
by  shopkeepers). 

Warranted,  muta'ahhid  shuda  and  ki  in  asp 
bi  *ayb  ast :  'uhda  giriftan  (to  be  respon- 
sible). 

Warranter,  multazim.     Vide  Warrant. 

Warrior,  mukdrib  :  ghdzi  (religious)  :  jihdd- 
kun  (of  a  jihad)  :  shamshir-zan. 

Wart,  tutul  or  tutuU  (small) ;  gandama  (large). 

Wash,  to,  shustan,  rt.  shii,  tr.  (gen.)  :  shust 
u  shu  k.  (the  body  ;  dishes,  etc.)  :  giiusl  k. 
(of  body  ;  gen.  for  ceremonial  impurity)  : 
jdn  rd  shustan  (at  the  bath) :  vuzu''  k.  (the 
ablutions  before  prayer)  ;  tayammum  (k.) 
(ditto  with  earth  or  sand,  in  the  absence 
of  water)  :  rud-burda  shudan  (to  be  washed 


away)  :  dast  az  jdn  shustan  (to  give  up 
hope  of  life).     Vide  Despair. 

Washerman,^  shdl-shur  (for  shawl- work)  : 
rakht-shu  or  gdzur :  murda-shur  and  Vas- 
sal (of  dead):  murda-shur-at  bi-baradf  (a 
curse). 

Washerwoman,^^  ghassdla  (of  dead).  Vide 
Laundress. 

Wash-house,  ffhassdl-khdna  (for  corpses).* 

Washing,  dbi  dkhirat  (the  last  washing  of 
water  given  to  a  corpse). 

Wasp,  zdru  (the  yellow  wasp) :  zqmbur 
(hornet) :  khana-yi  ov ghdl-i zqmbur  (wasp's 
or  hornet's  nest). 

Waste,  to,  talaf  k.  (also  to  destroy)  :  chird 
'umr-i  tan  rd  zdyi'  ^  mi-kunid? :  bi-hadar 
raft  (to  go  to  naught)  :  an  sham'  ashk  mi- 
rizad  (that  candle  is  wasting)  :  chird  dar 
mdl  tajnt "  mi-kuni  (vulg. ;  why  do  you 
waste  your  money  ?) ;  vide  Money.  For 
Waste  Time  vide  Prove. 

Waste  away,  kdhidan,  tr.  and  intr.:  muz- 
mahill  sh.  (of  human  beings). 

Wasteful,  mubazzir  (or  a  person) ;  vil-kharj. 

Wasting,  tazyi^i^k.) 

Watch,  sd'at-i  bac^haU  (vf&tch)  ;  sd' at  {gen.; 
watch  or  clock) ;  sd'at-i  zang-ddr  (repeat- 
er) :  sd'at-am  khub  kdr  mi-kunad  (my 
watch  goes  well) ;  mu'  tabar  ast  (it  is  to  be 
relied  on)  :  'aqraba  (hands) ;  raqqds  (the 
balance  wheel  of  a  watch,  or  escapement)  ; 
dasta  (the  knob  and  hence  the  figure  12  on 
a  watch;  vide  Hand);  qdb  (case)  :  sd'at- 
zadan  or  baghal  giriftan  (wear  a  watch) ; 
vide  Clock  :  pas  (a  period  of  3  hours). 

Watch,  to,  fursat-i  bard-yi  raflan-i  dnjd  mt-ju- 
yam  =  mutarassid  hastam  ki  dnjd  bi-ravam: 
bi-pd  kas-i  injd  naydyad  (watch  that  none 
comes  here) ;  pdSdan  (m.c.)  :  bi-namdz 
shabzinda  mi-ddrad  (watch  and  pray) : — td 
muvdzib-i  harakdt-i  u  bdshad  ( — to  watch, 
spy,  on  him)  :  kishik  kashidan  (to  guard) : 
mutarassidi  fur  sat  budan  (opportunity). 

Watchman,  pdsbdn  or  kishik-chi  (gen.)  :  dUda- 
bdn  (any  look-out  man  posted  on  a  high 
place,  in  a  tower, etc.)  :  'asas  (night-watch 
=  gazma,  etc.;  vide  Police,  Patrol). 


1  Kur  has  here  no  meaning. 

2  AfttZtozm,  one  who  gives  an  t7<iz5m.     The  form  is  multazim  va  muta'ahhid  gardld  fulan  ahakh-f 
agar . 

8  In  Persia  the  women,  not  the  men,  wash  clothes  ;  there  are  no  dhobls. 
*  Clothes  ape  washed  in  a  stream.  6  In  Ar.  *jLe  ;  in  Pers.  x^La 

6  Tafrtf.  is  properly  "  deficiency,"  opp.  to  if  rat,  "  excess."     Chira  dar  hhurdan  tafrU  mt-kunt  (why 
do  you  eat  too  little  ?). 


Wat 


351 


Wea 


Watchword,  ism-i  shah  '  (countersign). 

Water,*  ab,  vulg.  aw :  ab-i  guvdra  (good 
drinking  water) :  ab-i  muqaUar  (prop, 
didtilled  water  but  in  m.c.  filtered) :  db-i 
ma'dani  (mineral)  :  yak  chakla  (or  chakka-) 
-yi  db  bi-  dih  bi-khuram  (vulg. ;  just  give  me 
a  drop  of  water  to  drink)  :  haydt  rddb-pdsht 
bi-kun  (water,  i.e.  sprinkle  the  courtyard)  : 
chand  nafar  az  bacticha  hd-yi  man  dbydn-yi 
kisht-zdr  rnl-kardand  ki  cjAaflat'*'  hdtif-i  nidd 
dar  dad  (some  of  my  men  were  watering 
the  fields  when  suddenly  a  voice  from  the 
unseen  sliouted  to  them) :  db-i  ravdn  or 
•jdri  (running  water) ;  ganddb ;  murddb 
(stagnant) :  ab-i  chd*lda  and  db  i  yakh 
(cold  water) :  db  mayl  bi-sifi  mi-kunad 
(water  seeks  the  lowest  level);  la'Ui 
khush  db  u  rang  (a  ruby  of  fine  water) : 

Water,  to, '^  db  dar  dahh/n  dmadan  (of  the 
mouth) :  dbydrt  k.  (plants,  by  sprinkling) : 
'avvdra  rikhtan  (with  watering  pot) :  db 
iddan  (horae,  etc.);  dbpdshl  k.  (streets, 
ttc).     Vide  Irrigate. 

Wcter-carrier,  saqqd  bi-zamin  khurd  va tnanhk- 
ash  'pdra  shud  (the  water-carrier  burst  his 
'  nusuck '  by  falling). 

Water-closet,  rnabal :  mabraz  (rare) ;  baytH- 
kf.aid  (rare) :  rafta  ast  dost  bi-db  bi-rasdnad 
(be  has  gone  to  '  wash  liis  hands ' ; 
polite  formula) :  kindr-i  db  rafta  ast  (he 
has  gone  to  the  W.C. ;  polite) :  rafta  ast 
talab-gdr-ash  rd  javdb  bi-dihad  (vulgar  = 
ya'ni  fuzla  mdli  talab-gdr  shavad) :  jnshi 
ussd  '^  rafta  ast  (amongst  Shiah  children). 

Water-course,  jurda  (a  small  water-course) : 
kdriz  or  qanJdt  (underground). 

Watered,  mawj-dar  (of  silks) :  kaslr*  'l-anhdr 
(well  watered ;  of  country). 

Waterfall,  db-ahdr-i  bisydr  sdf-i  khub-i  az 
bdld-yi  kuh  ml-nzad  (a  waterfall  of  pure 
drinking  water  falls  from  the  hill). 

Water-hollow.     Vide  Hollow. 

Water  melon,  hinduvdna.     Vide  Date. 

Watering-place,  mashraba. 

Water-skin.     Vide  Skin. 

Water- wagtail.     Vide  Wagtail. 

Water-wheel,  cliarkh-i  duW)*  or  charkh-i  gdv- 
gard*. 


Watery,  dbaln  (in  m.c.  also  =  liquid  ).  Vide 
Thin,  Liquid,  and  Diluted. 

Wattle,  dviz  (of  turkey). 

Wave,  mawj,  pi.  amvdj :  mawj  rHy  hi-baz 
gashtan  ddsht  iE;t  — (the  wave  was  on  the 
point  of  rolling  back  when — ). 

Wave  to,  takdn  dddan. 

Waving,  mutamavvij  (sp.  of  water,  but  also 
of  tall  grass  in  the  wind). 

Wavy,  pur-shikan  (of  hair).     Vide  Curly. 

Wax,  mUm:  in  aham'-hd  kdfUri  (or  gadu) 
'st  ?  (are  these  wax  candles  ?) :  khayr,  az 
pih  (or  jnhi)  ast  (no,  they  are  tallow)  :  Idk 
(sealing-wax)  :  chirk  (of  ears). 

Wax-cloth,  muahamma' . 

Wax- works,  mujassama-yi  mUmi. 

Waxen,  muml :  kdfun  (of  candle). 

Way,  rdh  or  rah;  rdh  balad  nistam  (I  don't 
know  the  way) :  Uiayli  rdh  bud  (it  was  a 
loni  way) :  az  rdh  u  nima  rdh  (all  the 
w  ay) :  haqq-i  murur  (right  of  way) :  vide 
Road  and  Method  :  bi-har  sural ;  or  bi-hxch 
jihat  (in  any  waj') :  har  jur  ast  (in  some 
way  or  other) :  hich  javdb-i  hast  u  mst  no- 
dad,  or  hich  hd  u  na  na-kard  (he  gave  no 
answer  one  way  or  the  other) :  in  6a  qd'ida 
ast  (this  is  the  proper  way):  in  rasm  i 
svluk  nist  ( =  this  is  not  the  way  to  treat 
a  gentleman). 

Wayfarer,  rdh-raw,  rdh-guzar :  mtUaraddid&n 
or  'dbirin  (passers-by  in  the  streets).  Vide 
Traveller. 

Waylay,  dar  kanun  nishaslan  (with  evil 
intent) :  dar  bayn-i  rdh  giriftan  (not  with 
evil  intent). 

We,  rna;  mdhd^  (double  plural). 

Weak,  nd-tavdn;  kam-zur ;  kam-bunya;  ?o- 
'tf :  'a^'iz  (helpless,  etc.):  sabuk,  kamrang 
or  dbahi  (of  tea):  aust  or  kam-naafid^  (of 
wine) :  dalil-i  attat  (a  weak  argument) : 
dahan-bin  (one  that  Is  always  swayed  by 
the  last  speaker) :  g^Ju  (one  that  does 
whatever  he  hears) :  har  kas  cham-i  ddrad, 
or  bi-chiz-i  dil-bastagi  ddrad  (  =  every  one 
has  his  weak  point) :  bilJ^-i  dum-ash  aust 
ast  (easily  iufluenced).  Vide  Follow  and 
'Tea.' 


>  No  one  is  allowed  out  in  the  streets  without  permisdion  from  four  hours  after  sunset.  The  i»n»i- 
ahab  is  given  to  trustworthy  persons  only.      The  Arg  has  a  different  iam-i  »hab  from  the  city. 

^  When  a  person  drinks  it  is  customary  to  say  'dfiyat  ba*had. 

8  Usaa  =  uatad  =  '  Vmar. 

♦  Dulab  is  a  garden  watered  by  a  well  with  a  Persian  wheel.  Oav-gard  is  the  covered  place  in  which 
the  well-bullock  circles. 

i  Mayan.     At.  and  Ind. 

6  Naaha*  P.  for  ruuhwah  Ar.,  or  naaha*h  Ar.  coL 


Wea 


352 


Wei 


Weakening,  za'lf,  etc.  k. ;  az  quvvat  anddkh- 
tan ;  ?'  uj-  dvar  budan. 

Weakness,  za'f  or  zu'f;  nd-tavdni ;  kam- 
hunyagl  (of  body):  susti-yi  ray  (in  mind). 
Vide  Inability. 

Weal,  sihhat  u  suqm  (weal  or  woe). 

Wealth,  dawlat  va  sarvat :  tamavvul  i  Inqlis- 
hd  ma'ruf-i  dunyd  ^st  zarur  bi-navishtan 
mst — Shah's  Diary  (the  wealth  of  the 
English  is  known  to  all  the  world  ;  there 
is  no  necessity  to  describe  it). 

Wealthy,  tavdngar ;  dawlatmand  ;  mdl-ddr  ; 
ghanl ;  mutamavvil ;  sdhib  sarvat  or  daw- 
lat ;  bd  sarvat :  pul  u  pilla-l  ziydd  ddrad 
(vulg.). 

Wean,  bachcha  rd  az  shir  baz  giriftand '  (or 
buridand)  (the  child  was  weaned). 

Weaned,  az  shir  girifta  or  burida. 

Weapon,  harba  (gen.)  :  sildh,  pi.  asliha  (of 
war  only)  ;  dlat-i  jang. 

Wear,  to,  pusMdan  (to  put  on)  :  hqr  ruz  yak 
dast  libds-i  tdza  bar-am  tm-kunam,  (1  wear  a 
fresh  suit  every  day) :  glva  pd  mi-kunad 
(or  ml-pushad)  (he  wears  rag  shoes)  : 
angushtar-i  dar  dast  ddrad  (he  wears  a  ring) : 
kuldh  bar  sar  mi-guzdrad  (he  wears  a 
kuldh)  :  chird  sd'at  nami-zanid  (why  don't 
you  wear  a  watch  ?)  :  shumshir  bastan  (to 
wear  a  sword,  etc.)  :  kuhna  sh.  (to  wear 
out). 

Wearing,  jdn-farsd  (wearing  out  the  life) : 
bunydn  kan-i  sabr  u  sukun  (wearing  out 
the  patience). 

Wearied  out,  bi-jdn  or  bi-sutuh  dmadan  (in 
mind)  :  khasta  or  zilla  shudan  (in  body) ; 
kujta  (ditto). 

Weariness,  khastagi;  kasdlat:  mdndagi  (rare 
in  Persia) ;  kuftdgi. 

Wearisome,    maldl-angtz:    maldlat    dvardan 

(to  be )  ;  In  qissa  digar  hawsala  rd 

tang  mt-kunad. 

Weary,  khasta;  zilla;  kujta:  sikh  shuda 
(stiff). 

Weasel,  hhazz,  Ar.  kazz :  (formerly  khazz 
was  a  garment  made  of  silk  and  wool ; 
later  one  made  of  kurk). 

Weather,  havd  ;  '  vide  '  Chmate  and  Season  : 
imruz  havd  sdf  asi  (it's  a  fine,  i.e.  sunny, 
day) :  dirUz  havd  pur  mih  va  tank  bud 
(yesterday  was  duH)  :  havd  gard-dlud  ast 
(of  dust-fog) :  havd  az  gard  u  ghubdr  tira 
va  tar  shvd    (there  was  a   violent   dust 


storm  and  it  became  dark) :  vide  '  Air '  : 
havd  ihtiydt  ddrad  (the  weather  is  un- 
promising) :  havd-shinds  (weather-wise). 

Weather-cock,  bdd-numd ;  murgh- i  bdd. 

Weave,  dar  Kirmdn  qdli-hd-yi  mumtdz  mi- 
bdfand  (they  make  excellent  carpets  in 
Kerman:  not  ml  sdzand). 

Weaver,  bdfanda;  nassdj  (rare)  :  qdU-bdf 
(carpet  weaver)  :  shdl-bdf  (shawl  weaver) : 
haslr-bdf  (of  mats). 

Web.  Vide  Spider,  Warp  and  Woof,  and 
Carpet.  [footed). 

Webbed,  pd-yi  parda-ddr ;  parda-pd  (web- 
Wedding,  'arusl.  j 

Wedge,  gdz  or  mikh  (a  little  triangle  or  any- 
thing driven  in  to  tighten). 

Wednesday,  chahdr-sharnba.  j 

Weed,  'alaf  or  giydh-i  khud-ru  :  'alaf-i  harza: 
khas  u  khdr  (brambles) :  khas  u  hhdsMk 
(loose  brambles,  chips)  ;  saldm  'alayk  (a 
troublesome  grass ;  as  soon  as  cut  dovn 
it  rises  up  and  says  "  Here  we  ire 
again"). 

Weed  out,  to,  az  miydn  dur  k.  or  bar  chid4n. 

Week,  td  yak  hafta-yi  dlgar  bar  mt-gardad{he 
will  return  within  a  week). 

Weekly,  hajta-vdr :  haftagl. 

Weep,  to,  girya  k. ;  zdr  zdr  girya  k.  ^  (veep 
bitterly) ;  giristan,  rt.girl :  mardbl-ikhtiydr 
girya  dmad-  Prof.  S.  T.  (I  burst  into  teirs): 
bi-hdy  hdy  girya  kardan  (to  weep  loidly 
and  bitterly) :  ashk  bdrldan  (shed  tears)  : 
ndla  k.  (groan). 

Weeping,  girya  u  zdrl  {k.) :  ashk-bdrl  [k.). 

Weevil,  sula. 

Weigh,  vazn  kardan  and  shudan  (weigh  in 
any  manner) :  qand  rd  kashldam  (I  have 
weighed  the  loaf  sugar)  :  mlzdn  or  tardzH 
k.  (in  scales):  qapdn  k.  (by  steel-yard): 
vide  Scales:  langar  bar  ddshtan  (of  an- 
chor). 

\A^eighed,  vazn-shuda :  qapdn  shuda  (by 
steel-yard).     Vide  Scales. 

Weight,  vazn,  pi.  awzdn :  sang  (a  weight  for 
weighing)  :  vazn-i  In  sang  chist  ?  (what  is 
the  weight  of  this  stone  ? ) :  kam-farush  ^ 
(one  who  gives  short  weight) :  sukhan-ash 
dar-raw  ast  (his  words  have  weight  with 
people) :  vazn-i  tamdm  (good  weight) :  dar 
vazn  duzdi  kard  (short  weight ;  vide  Cheat) : 
par-sang  (make  weight;  anything  added 
to  one  part  of  a  scale  that  is  faulty). 


I  Gen.  at  2  years  of  age.  2  Classically  Mkush  giristan. 

s  Most  bakers,  butchers  and  baqqala  systematically  give  short  weight.     They,   however,   frequently 
inscribe  outside  their  shops  Bar  kam-farush  la'nat='  God's  curse  on  him  that  gives  short  weight.' 


Wei 


353 


Whe 


Weighty,  giran ;  sangin  ;  vaztn  (heavy) : 
muhimm,  or  ahammiyyal  ddrad  (impor- 
tant). 

Welcome !  interj . ,  khush  dmadid,  safa  dimrdid : 
marhnbd,  At.,  "  welcome,"  is  in  m.c.  gen. 
"  well-done!  "  :  aAZ""  va  sahl""  (rare). 

Welcome,  adj.,  mihmdni  'aztz  ast  (he's  a 
welcome  guest). 

Welcome,  to,  bd  mahabbat  pazird^i  k.  ;  bd 
(jarm-jushi  pish  dmadan. 

Weld,  chakush-kdri  k. 

Welfare,  salnmati-yi  hdldt  rd  pursidan  or 
jiiyd  shwlan  ^to  ask  after  the ). 

Well  (subs.)  chdh:  laba-yi  chdh  (the  raised 
parapet  round  a  well) :  sann-db  (reservoir 
near  well) :  chdq  ;  or  tan-duritst ;  or  bi- 
saldmat  (in  health). 

Well,  (adj.  and  adv.)  khubf   bi-ravim  (well! 

let's  go),  or bdr-i  bi-ratnn  (bdr-i  must 

connect  with  a  previous  sentence  ;  it  can- 
not commence  a  paragraph)  :  chi-tawr 
magar  (well,  wliat  then?):  bdz  (well!); 
khuldsa  (lit.  in  short) :  hdlatl  na-ddram  (I 
do  not  feel  well) ;  dimd:^  mh  chdq  ast,  (he 
is  in  good  health) :  khub  shud  itttld'  bi-u 
dddam  (it  was  well  I  told  him) ;  Jchush- 
bakht  (well  to  do):  "Chi-tawr  hasti?'''  — 
' '  Bi-du'd- yiduMdn  ma^h ghuUam  "  ("  How 
are  you  ?  "  "  Quite  well,  thank  you  ") ; 
* '  Akvdl-i  sharif .?  "  —  '  Al-hamd"  It '  lldh 
du'dgu  hastam. 

Well  done!  shdbdsh  (vulg.) ;  bah  bah/  (for 
bih  bih  ?) :  dfann '  bar  tu  ! :  ahsant !  ; 
marhabd  :  bindzam  bi-ln  ustddt  ki  imruz 
bi  kharj  burdam  (well  done  me  for  to-day's 

smartness  :  well  may  1  be  proud  of ) : 

Bdrak"  'lldh. 

Well  informed,  bd  ittila'. 

Well-made,  khush-tarldb  (gen.) ;  khush-anddm 
or  khush-qavdra  (of  living  things). 

Well-mannered,  khush-atvdr :  hd  adab. 

Well  to  do,  zdhir-i  hdl-ash  dalalat  bar  vus'at 
ml-kunad  (he  appears  to  be  well  to  do  ; 
prosperous) :  muraffa**'l-hdl. 

Well-spoken,  khush-sukhan  (or  persons)  : 
bd-mahall,  or  bi-jd  gufla  (of  speech). 

Well-wisher,  hava-khwdh ;  khayr-khipdh ; 
du'd-gu. 

Welt,  chundn  bl-rahmdna  chub  zad  ki  dast-am 
alif  ddgh  kashid.     Vide  Weal. 

Wen,  ^udda. 

West,  majArib  or  gAarb. 

Westerly,  maghrihi  or  ^itarbi. 


Wet,  nam  (damp)  subs,  or  adj.;  tart  and 
narni  (subs.) :  In  kagifiz  tar  ast  or  nam 
rfarad  (this  paper  has  become  wet) :  rulubal 
ddrad  (is  naturally  damp  ;  of  house,  land. 
etc.) :  khtslda  (soaked). 

Wet,  to,  db  zadan. 

Wether,  gusfand-i  khasi  ;  quch  i  akhta. 

Whale,  hut  (the  fish  that  swallowed  Jonah)  : 
nahang  (shark  q.v.  ;  also  alligator,  etc.). 

Wharf,  saku-yi  daryd  :  takhta-bandi  (jetty)  : 
askala  Fr.  (pier,  jetty) :  furza  (prop,  har- 
bour). 

What,  u  chi-kdra-yi  shumd  ast  (what  is  he  to 
you,  ie.,  relation,  friend,  servant?): 
ahmacj ,  agar  bi-tu  tarau  mi-guftand  chi  wu- 
shud  ki  khud-at  rd  bi-mahlaka  andJdkhti 
(ass !  even  if  they  did  call  you  a  funk 
what  was  there  in  that  to  make  you  go 
and  rush  into  peril  ?)  :  bi-md  chi !  (what's 
that  got  to  do  with  me?):  in-rd  chi 
kunam  (what  sliall  I  do  with  this  ?)  :  chi 
jd-yi  khanda  ast  (what  is  there  to  laugh 
at  ?) :  chi  jd-yi  in  sukhan  ast  (why  should 
you  say  such  a  thing  ?). 

Whatever,  harchi  or  harchi-ki ;  dnchi :  har 
dnchi:  bi-har  tariq  ki  (in  whatever  way)  : 
md  hazar  (whatever  is  present ;  light  re- 
freshment). 

Wheat,  gandum. 

Wheel ,  charkh :  charkha  (spinning  wheel) : 
charkh-i  duldb  (Persian  wheel;  tn'de Water- 
wheel)  :  chambara  (nave) :  parra  (spoke) : 
dd^ira  (felloe). 

Wheel,  to,  dawr  khurdan  intr.  (mil . ) .  Vide  Circle. 

When,  kay  or  chi-vaqt?  (interr.)  :  chun  or 
vaqt-l  ki  or  hin-t  ki  (temp  ). 

Whence,  az  kujd  ?  :  az  kujd  ki  man  ar-i 
falak  na-ravam  (and  how  does  one  know 
when  one  won't  find  oneself  under  the 
bastinado?). 

Whenever,  har-vaqt  ki:  har-gdh  (in  m.c. 
generally  "if"). 

Where,  ku  or  kujd  (interr.) :  jd*'-\  ki —  .•  ^aydl-i 
kujd  dJdn  (where  do  you  intend  to  go  ; 
also  where  are  you  oflf  to  ?)  :  [id  kujd  or 
td  kay,  **  how  long ' ']. 

Whereas,  hdUdnki. 

Wherefore,  az  chi  jihat  ? ;  vide  Why  ?  :  az 
bard-yi  in ;  az  In  jihat  (for  this  reason  ; 
vide  Therefore). 

Wherever,  har  kujd  ki  ;  har  jd^-\  ki. 

Whet,  to,  ishtihd  angikhtan  (the  appetite). 
Vide,  Sharpen. 


>  Three  syllables  :  not  afrin  as  in  India. 


45 


Whe 


354 


Wic 


Whether,  ?/a — ya  ;  chi — chi;  khwdh — khwah. 

Whetstone,  sang-i  sab :  fasan. 

Whey,  ah-i  zir-i  panir. 

Which,  kuddm^  or  kuddm  yak?  (inter.): 
chi  ?  :  anhd^-i  ki  (those  which) :  dnchi  (that 
which). 

Whiff,  puj ;  du  si  nafas  (or  dam  or  mik)  ^ 
qaliydn  kashidam  (I  took  two  or  three  pulls 
at  the  pipe). 

While,  Whilst,  dar  vaqt-i  ki ;  md  ddm-t  ki  (as 
long  as,  and  also  the  case  being  so) :  dar 
juzv  (between  whiles,  at  the  same  time)  : 
narm-tavdnad  zinda  zinda  munkir-ash  bi- 
.  shavad  (he  cannot  deny  it  whilst^  he's 
alive).      Vide  Although  and  Time. 

Whim,  vahm;  khaydl. 

Whine,  to,  girya  k.  (of  a  dog). 

Whip,  shalldq  OT  tdziydna  (z.*) ;  qamchi  (2.) 
(rare) . 

Whipper-snapper,  du-pishkili  (lit.  two  pellets 
of  goat's  dung).  Vide  Insignificant  and 
Dwarf. 

Whirl,  charkh  khurdan  (intr.,  of  a  ship  in  a 
whirlpool,  etc.):  charkhdndan,  tr.  Vide 
Spin. 

Whirling,  pir-hhun  (spinning  of  top,  der- 
vishes ;  wheeling  of  birds  in  the  sky) . 

Whirlpool,  gird-db  ;  varta. 

Whirl-wind,  gird-bdd  or  lula-bdd;  margtula 
or  bdd-i  marghul. 

Whiskers,  khatt-i  nsh  (local  ?)  (close  trimmed). 
Vide  Roll  up. 

Whiskey,  viski. 

Whisper,  to,  dn  sukhan  rd  ahista  bi-gush-ash 
gujtam  =  dn  harf  rd  bi-sargushi  (or  bi- 
najvq)  bi-u  guftam  (I  whispered  it  to  him): 
najvq  guftan  khilaj-i  shar^  ast :  ^  chut  chut 
k.,  or  fis  fis  k.  (of  the  noise)  :  chigunagl  rd 
tu-yi  gush-ash  khwdndam  (I  whispered  to 
her  all  about  it). 

Whisperer,  sargushi-gu :  najvq-kunanda. 

Whistle,''  jutak  zadan  (vulg.  ;  often  done 
when  watering  animals)  :  shdjut  zadan 
(with  the  lips) :  safir  (z.)  (rare)  :  shulak 
(2.)  or  sut  zadan  (through  the  fingers). 

Whistling,    man  sha7tldam   kas-i   futak   mi- 


zanad  (I  heard  some  one  whistling) :  viz 
viz  (of  wind). 

White,  safid  (adj.)  :   safida  or  safidA,  (subs., 

white  of  egg) :  saflda-yi  chashm  { of  the 

eye)  :  rish-ash  jaw  gandum  {or  filfil  namaki) 
ast  (his  beard  is  grizzled). 

Whiteness,  safidt. 

White-wash,  to,  dhak  z. ;  safid  k. 

Whitlow,  gaz-dumak  ;  '^  gazhdumak. 

Who,  A;z,pl.  kuddm  kas-hd,  and  vulg.  ki-hd? : 
kist?  (who  is  it?):  for  "who's  there?  " 
vide  Door. 

Whoever,  har  ki ;   har  dn  ki ;  har 

kas-i  ki —  ;  kas-l  ki (he  who ). 

Whole,  hama;  agar  mayl  ddrl  hama  rd  (or 
tamdm-ash  rd)  bi-gir  (take  the  whole  if  you 
like)  :  shish-ddng"^  (the  whole  of  a  thing) : 
vide  All. 

Wholesale,  bdr-farush  and  tamdm-farush 
(wholesale  dealer)  :  jumla-jarush;  kulli 
farush. 

Wholesome,  sdlim  (of  climate) :  guvdra  (of 
food  or  water).     Vide  Digestible. 

Wholly,  bi-kulll ;  mutlaq"" ;  tamdm^" :  ru-yi 
ham  rafta  (on  the  whole,  on  an  average). 

Whooping-cough,  siydh-surja. 

Whore,  qahba '" ;  fdhisha  (a  polite  term)  : 
kusu  (vulgar). 

Whore,  to,  kus  dddan  (crude;  of  a  woman)  : 
zind  dddan  (of  woman,  and  zind  kardan 
of  man) :  jinda-bdzi  k.  (of  man)  :  qahbagl 
k.  (of  woman).  Vide  Adultery  and  Forni- 
cation. 

Whoremonger,  jinda-bdz  :  zanaka-bdz  (local). 

Whose,  mdl-i  ki  ? ;  kird  (dat.  of  ki ;  '  to 
whom  ?  ')  :  az  dn-i  ki ? ;  az  ki  ast  ? 

Why,  chird  ?  (and  affir.  =  "  of  course  ") :  bi- 
chi  jihafl;  vdsa-yi  chi?  (vulg.):  chun  u 
chird  (subs,  the  why  and  the  wherefore)  : 
chigunagi-yi  hdl  (the  why  of,  or  the  circum- 
stances of  the  case).     Vide  Cause. 

Wick,  fatila. 

Wicked,  sharir  (for  Ar.  shirrir)  (naughty, 
mischievous  etc.) :  khabis  (evil;  a  stronger 
word  than  sharir) ;  bad  (bad) ;  na-durust 
(also  blackguard  in  a  joking  sense) :   bad- 


1  Amongst  the  Afghans  kudam  is  also  an  indefinite  pronoun =Hindus.  fco,t. 

2  From  makldan. 

5  Note  the  reduplication  to  signify  continuation. 
*  Supposed  anciently  to  be  made  of  fine  wire. 

'  Still  even  mujtahids,  whisper. 

6  Whistling  is  considered  indecorous  by  Muslims. 

7  Said  to  be  caused  by  working  during  the  'Id-i  ghadlr,  'All's  festival, 

8  Shiah  vulg.  for  shash.     Land,  houses,  etc.,  are  divided  into  six  imaginary  parts  or  dang  ;  therefore 
chahar-dang  would  equal  a  or  §  of  anything.     Tu-yi  shiah  dang-rafta  ast  (  =  "  he's  quite  drunk  "). 

»  From  an  Arabic  root  signifying  '•  to  cough." 


Wic 


366 


Win 


zat  (gen.   of    children   or  servants,    also 
applied  jokingly).      Vide.  Rogue. 

Wickedness,  6arft  (badness);  bad-zall ;  shar- 
drat  (mischief,  etc):  khahdsnt:  «m*  (opp. 
to  husn",  in  compounds,  as  su-i  hazm 
indigestion). 

Wicker-work,  sabad-bdfi :  gtra-sdzi  (local). 

Wide,  pahn  or  pur-pahnd  (k):  '  arlz  (k.)  : 
fardkh  or  gitshdd  {k.)  (wide  or  loose,  of 
clothes):  pdrcha-i  pur-pahnd-tar  ^  (or 'atiz- 
tar)  az  in  mi-khipdJuim :  dahanrosh  hisydr 
fardkh  ast  (he  opens  his  mouth  wide  ;  asks 
too  much). 

Wide-awake,  chashm-hdz  (lit  and  fig. ;  opp 
to  chashm-dukhta) :  chashm  u  gush-ash 
hamisha  bdz  mi-ddrad  (fiu.). 

Widen,  to,  vus'at  dddan  (of  a  road,  etc.,  but 
sp.  applied  to  business) :  'ariz  k. 

Widow,  biva,  opp.  to  shawhar-ddr ;  zan-i  bt- 
shawhar:  ardmil  (pi.  of  Ar.  armala ;  but 
the  sing,  is  not  used  in  Persian). 

Widower,  zan-murda;  biva  (widow;  in  m.c. 
incorrectly  used  for  widower  also). 

Widowhood,  bivagi. 

Width,  pahnd ;  'arz :  jardkhi  and  gushddagi 
(width  or  looseness,  of  clothes,  a  cap, 
etc.) :    arz'^*  (adv.  in  width). 

Wield,  to,  garddndan  (of  sword  or  pen). 

Wieldy,  bdb-i  dast. 

Wife,  ^  zan  (also  woman  q.v.) ;  zan-i  'aqdl 
(married  by  nikdh) ;  ham-khivdba  :  sigha 
(a  temporary  wife  married  by  muVah) : 
chand  andarun  ddrad!  vulg.  (how  many 
wives  has  he  ?) :  'iydl  (prop,  family) :  hi, 
(rival  or  co-wife  q.  v.) :  zan-i  buzurg  (chief 
wife) :  zan  u  shawhar  (man  and  wife) :  bi- 
zani  girifian  (to  take  to  wife). 

Wig,  muyi  'amali ;  mu-yi  'ivazi :  'araq-chin-i 
muMr  (gen.  for  scald- headed  children). 

Wild,  dashti ;  mhrdi ;  vahshi :  bulbulast  ml- 
khipdnad?  Nakhayr  mdUi  darakht  ast^  (is 
it  the  cage-bulbul  that  is  singing?  No 
it's  some  wild  bird). 

Wild-beasts,  vuhush  (in  pi.  only,  but  bd^-i 
vahsh  =  Zoo). 

Wilderness,  biydbdn  (does  not  now  mean  one 
without  water) :  dasht  u  biydbdn :  biydbdn-i 
laqq  u  daqq  (howling  wilderness). 


Wildness,  vahshi  bUdan. 

Wile,  rang  (zadan) ;  hlla  (k.) ;  makr.  (k.)  : 
kayd  {k.).     Vide  Deceit,  Artifice,  Trick. 

Wilful,  khud-sar;  Jchvd-ra^y. 

Wilfully,  qasd'^" ;  'amd'^'':  dida  u  ddnista. 

Wiliness,  ziringl.      Vide  Wile. 

Will  (subs.)  ikhtiydr :  man  bi-in  zudi  bi- 
khivdhish-i  khtid  'arusi  na-khwdham  kard 
magar  zur  bdshad  (1  won't  of  my  own 
will  marry  so  soon  unless  I  am  obliged) : 
nashiyyat  (of  God) :  vasiyyat-ndma  (testa- 
ment) :  karh"' ;  or  'alq  'r-rarfhm  (against 
one's  will). 

Will,  to,  vide  Desire:  vasiyyat  k.  (to 
bequeath) :  In  qadr  qavi  ^st  ki  yak  daf'a 
dldl  turd  zamln  zad  (he's  so  strong  that 
one  day  you  may  *  see  that  he  will  throw 
you  on  the  ground) :  bdyad  dar  raft,  shayad 
tufang  rd  bi-taraf-i  man  dardz  kard*  an- 
ddkht  (I  must  clear  out  of  this,  or  perhaps 
he'll  point  the  gun  and  fire  at  me) :  har 
ki  dil  ash  bi-khxvdhad  mulk  rd-bi-glrad — 
Prof.  S  T.  (let  who  will  rule,  I  care  not). 

William,  Giliyum. 

Willing,  rdzl :  khwdhi  na-khtvdhl ;  or  taw"^" 
va  karh""  (nolens  volens) :  agar  E^udd  bi- 
J^wdhad  (D.V.). 

Willingly,  bi-chashm  !  (interj .) :  az  dil  u  jdn ; 
qaib'^" ;  bd-mayUi  tamdm ;  bd  raghbat-i 
tamdm. 

Willingness,  may/ ;  raijJtbat;  rizdyat. 

Will-'o-the  wisp,  fdnus-i  sJiayidn. 

Willow,  bid;  bid-i  majnun  (weeping  willow) ; 
Ind-i  mishk  (Egyptian  willow). 

Wily,  pur  makr ;  bd  tazmr,  etc.,  etc.  (cheat- 
ing others) :  ziring  (not  to  be  tricked). 
Vide  Artful,  Tricky,  Deceitful,  Clever. 

Win,  (fAdlib  sh.  (rare) ;  ki  burd?  or  H  bdzl  rd 
burd?  (which  won  ?):  jilaw  dmadan  (in  a 
race). 

Wince,  hvX  kh.  (corrup.  of  hawl) :  tdkan  kh. 
Vide  Flinch. 

Wind,  to,  kuk  k,  (a  watch,  etc.;  tune  an 
instrument) :  tatndan  (also  to  twist) ;  dawr 
garddndan ;  plchldan :  az  pd-yi  In  kuh 
■pichlda  mi-ravad  (winds  along  the  foot  of 
the  hiU) :    hiscU)  parddl^tan  (wind  up  an 


1  Note  the  formation  of  this  adjective  and  its  comparative. 

^  An  old  lady  will  sometimes  go  through  the  form  of  mut*ah  with  the  infant  son  of  a  head  servant  so 
that  the  father  may  be  mahram  to  her.  A  Muslim  may  have  four  lawful  (Pers.  'aqdi  and  Ar.  mankuha) 
wives,  and  as  many  concubine  slaves  as  he  pleases.  The  Shi' as  do  not  count  a  algha  wife  amongst  the 
four  lawful  wives.  As  a  wife,  a  virgin  is  preferred,  but  a  divorcee  is  preferred  to  a  widow:  the  former 
can  be  reproached :  the  latter  may  draw  unfavourable  comparisons. 

3  Vulg.  for  mur^i-i  dar  daral^t  ast  or  chtzi  dar  daraJiht 

*  Note  this  m.c.  use  of  the  Pret.  for  the  Fut. :  didi  =  mt-hini  for  shayad  bi-bini. 


Win 


356 


Wit 


estate) :  dast-gdh-i  tijdrat  var-chid  (he 
wound  up  his  business) 

Wind,  had,  [havd  '  '  air  '] :  rlh  or  bad  (vulg. 
guz)  (flatulency) :  samum  (hot  wind) :  chi 
tawr  hi-bdd  mi-ravad  (how  he  swaggers) : 
dii  tawr  bdd  ml-zanad  (how  he  boasts) ; 
du  asp-i  chdldk-l  ki  dar  raftan  az  bdd  sabqat 
ml-giriftand—Frof.  S.  T. :  bdd  az  jilaw  ast 
(it's  a  head  wind)  :  vaqti  ki  in  bdd  dar 
Imyajdn  ast  (when  this  wind  prevails — ) : 
bdd-i  murdd  (favourable  wind) :  bdld-yi 
bdd  (up  wind) :  pusht-i  bdd  or  zir-i  bdd 
(down  wind).     Vide  Windward. 

Windfall,  pul-i  havd^i  and  bdd-dvurd  (of 
money  only) :  in  muft  dast-am  dmad : 
rikhta  (of  fruit). 

Winding-sheet,  kafan. 

Windmill,  dsyd-bdd  (for  dsiyd-yi  bddA,) :  firfira 
(toy;  of  paper:  also  a  spinning  top). 

Window,  pinjra  (lattice) :  urusi  (with  stained 
glass,  opening  d_own  to  the  ground) : 
daricha :  dast-anddz  (a  railing ;  a  window 
ledge) :  kucJia-numd  (adj  ,  giving  on  to  a 
street ;  of  a  window) :  rawzan  (light-hole) : 
gMirja  (a  ladies'  peep-hole,  overhooking  a 
reception-room). 

Windpipe,  hanjara :  qarndt  (m.c.  only) :  ndy 
or  rmy-i  gulu. 

Windward,  havd-rukh :  sina  bi-bdd  dddan  (to 
fly  a  hawk  into  the  wind).     Vide  Wind. 

Windy,  pur-bdd:  pur  bdd  u  khdk  (of  a  day). 

Wind-gall,  asp  raw§[i,an  dvurda  ast. 

Wine,^  shardb ;  khamr ;  may;  bdda ;  shira: 
may-gun  (wine-coloured) :  tnde  Wolf : 
shardb-i  kafsh  kuhna^  (a  facetious  term 
for  bad  wine)  :  nasha^*  bi-sar-i  man  gul 
karda  ast  (the  wine  has  slightly  gone  to 
my  head) :  vide  Drunk :  nab  or  khdlis 
(pure,  of  wine) :  shardb-i  talkh  (strong 
wine):  shardb- i tahu r  {oiPa,Ta,dise) :  shardb 
kasfndan  (to  make  wine) :  piydla  z.  (drink 
wine).     Vide  Strong. 

Wine-press,  shira-khdna. 

Wine-shop,  may-khdna ;  shardb-khdna. 

Wing,  bdl  (also  feather):    bdzu ;  jandh,  pi. 


ajniha,  Ar.  (rare) ;  shdh-par-i  tuti  rd 
bi-chin  'cut  the  parrot's  wing';  vide 
Feather :  jandh  (of  army) ;  maymana  (right 
wing  of  an  army)  and  maysara  (left 
wing):  ru-yi  havd  (when  flying;  on  the 
wing) :  dar  parvdz  or  dar  tayardn  (passing 
away  in  flight). 

Winged,  bdl-ddr. 

Wink,  kirishma  (of  a  coquette  only) :  u  mard 
chashmak  zad  (he  gave  me  a  wink ;  by 
closing  either  one  or  both  eyes) :  u  gusha- 
yi  chashm  bi-man  khwdbdnid  (he  gave  me 
an  Irish  wink ;  by  imperceptibly  moving 
an  eyelid) :  pilk  z.  (to  flinch) ;  bi-yak  pilk 
zadan  (in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye). 

Winner,  bdzl  rd  u  burda  {he  is  the  winner). 

Winnow,  bi-bdd  dddan;  dbshin  k. 

Winnowing-fork,  shdna. 

Winter,  zamistdn ;  sarma  (vulg.). 

Winter- quarters,  qishldq.  VideSnmmer,  and 
Migrate. 

Wintry,  zamistdni. 

Wipe,  to,  pdk  k. :  khushkdnidan  (to  dry). 
Vide  Erase,  Efface. 

Wire,  sim:^  majtul  (twisted  wire-rope; 
hence  rigging  of  a  ship) :  sim-i  talgrdfi  or 
sim-i  barqi  (telegraph). 

Wisdom,  ddnd^i ;  ddnish  ;  khirad. 

Wisdom-tooth,  danddn-i  'aql.     Vide  Dotage. 

Wise,  ddnd;  and  ddnishmand ;  and  khirad- 
mandF.:  '07^/,  Ar.  (also intelligent).  Vide 
Manner. 

Wish,  khwdhish;  murdd:  ikhtiydr  bd  shumd 
ast  (as  you  wish).     Vide  Desire,  Object. 

Wish,  to,  khwdstan,  rt.  khwdh ;  mayl-i  ziydd 
ddshtan:  agar  dil-at  bi-khivdhad  (if  you 
wish) :  ml-khwdhand  in-jd  bi-mdnand  (they 
want  to  stay  here).     Vide  Will. 

Wisher,  tdlib  (desiring)  :  khayr- khwdh  (well- 
wisher). 

Wishful,  mushtdq ;  khivdhdn.     Vide  Desirous. 

Wit,  latifa-gu  or  bazla-gu  (a  wit ;  person) : 
khush-mazagi ;  or  latifa-guS ;  or  bdzla-gul 
(pleasantry) . 


'  In  India  hawa  is  used  also  for  wind. 

5  As  a  rule  Persian  Muslims  that  habitually  drink  wine,  abandon  it  during  Eamazan.  Others  will, 
after  a  family  death,  abstain  from  it  till  three  Fridays  have  elapsed. 

It  is  a  Persian  custom  to  take  with  ^araq  a  httle  orange,  lemon,  or  pickle,  and  with  red  wine  a  lump 
of  sugar  or  some  sweetmeat. 

Wine  is  generally  sold  by  .Jews,  and  sometimes  by  Zardushtis.  In  the  Arabian  Nights  it  is  Chris- 
tians who  sell  it. 

3  Kajeh-kuhna  no  izafat. 

4  For.  Ar.  t^^i  naah'a  (coll.). 

6  Sim  in  old  Persian  and  still  in  Indian,  means  'silver';  but  aim  u  zar  m.c,  "silver  and  gold; 
money. ' ' 


Wit 


367 


Woo 


Wits,  *aql  rd  gum  k.  (lose  one's  wits,  become 
mad  or  lose  one's  head). 

Witch,  sdhira;  zan-i  jddu-gar. 

Witchcraft,  jddu  ;  sihr. 

With,  hamya,  vulg.  for  ham-rdh  (in  com- 
pany with);  ma"  ;  bd:  bi,  az  (of  instru- 
ment). 

Withdraw,  kinnr  raj  tan,  intr.  (from  table, 
etc.)  :  bdz  or  pas  or  vdpas  giriftan,  tr.  (to 
take  back) :  pas  kashtdan  (the  head  from 
a  window,  etc.):  musiaridd  burdan  (of 
tilings,  hnt— kardan  for  opinion,  vote, 
etc.).      Vide  Retreat. 

Wither,  pazhmurda  shudan  (from  heat  or 
cold ;  of  flowers  and  also  of  people) : 
khushk  shudan  (to  die;  of  plants). 

Withers,  sar-i  kitj. 

Withhold,  bdz  ddshtan ;  vide  Restrain: 
ummtd  ddram  dar  in  ruz-i  tatigi  i'dnat-i 
khud  rd  az  man  muzdyaqa  na-kuni  or 
darii/h  na-ddn^  (I  hope  you  won't  with- 
hold your  help  in  my  present  distress) : 
jdn-i  khud  rd  az  shumd  darigh.  na-khwdham 
ddsht'^  (1  will  not  spare  even  my  life  in 
serving  you).  [Inside. 

VJithin,  ddkhil ;  darun ;  andarun.     Vide  In, 

Without,  bi  ;  or  bi'dun  ;  or  bi-tjtayr  (prep.) : 
birun;  or  khdrij  (adv. ;  outside) :  man  nami- 
ravam  id  an  ki  shurnd  hamrdh-i  man  na- 
ydyid  or  bi-ydr/id'  (I  won't  go  unless  you 
accompany  me) :  bi-u  ihtiydj-i  na-ddrim 
(we  can  do  without  him). 

Withstand,  istddagi  k. ;  — Idh-i  muqdvamat 
kujd  drand?  (they  can  never  withstand 
him).     Vide  Repulse. 

Witness,  gamh  (rare);  shdhid,  pi.  shuhud : 
shuhud  iqdmat  k  (produce  witnesses) : 
shahddat  dddan  (to  bear  witness) ;  vide 
Evidence :  shunida  kay  buvad  mdnand-i 
dida?:  shdhid-i  ^ayni  or  shdhid-i  bi-'ayn 
(eye-witness). 

Witticisms,  ma,skharagi-hd ;  nsh-l^ndagi-hd. 

Witty,  lafif ;  ?iarif ;  javdb-i  ^vsfi-maza^-i  dad 
(he  returned  a  witty  answer). 


Wizard,  jddu-gar  ;  adhir  ,  af sun-gar  (male 
only). 

Woe  ;  vide  Grief :  vdy  bar  man  (woe  is  me). 
Vide  Weal. 

Wolf,  gurg :  [sag-gurg,  a  mixture  of  wine  and 
^araq] :  gurg-i  ddam-khicdr  (a  ravenous 
wolf) .  gurg  dar  libds-i  mlah  (wolf  in 
sheep's  clothing) :  havdryi  gurg  u  mish 
(twilight  of  morning  or  evening) :  sim' 
(the  offspring  of  a  female  hyena  and  a 
male  wolJ). 

Woman,*  zan ;  or  za'ifa :  kad-bdnu  (a  house- 
wife ;  or  woman  who  manage.s  well)  :  agar 
imshab  'aysh-i  har  du  rd  'azd  na-kardam^ 
dar  dunyd  zan  nislam — Prof.  S.  T.  (if  I 
don't  this  evening  change  the  joy  of  both 
into  mourning,  I'm  no  woman):  ay  pati- 
ydra  bi-raw,  gum  haw  ("get  out,  you 
horror;"  said  to  a  wicked  woman;  vide 
Beldame) :  tdHfa-yi  nisvdn  *  (pi. ,  women  ; 
the  sex) :  pir-i  zdl  or  pHr-i  zana  and  'ajuza 
(old  woman) :  zan-i  mankuha  (lawfully 
married  by  nikdh ;  vide  note  to  Wife) : 
mashshdia  (tire-woman  ;  vide  Maid):  zan-i 
zdhu  (a  woman  in  child-bed) ,  Vide  Defi- 
cient. 

Womanly,  zandna  (belonging  to  woman) : 
zan-sifat  (effeminate). 

Womb,  zihddn:  bachcha-ddn  (vulg.);  rihm 
Per.  for  Ar.  rahm. 

Wonder,  ta'ajjub  (k.) :  jd-yi  'ajab  nist  (it's 
no  wonder).     Vide  Miracle  and  Wonderful. 

Wonder,  to,  muia'ajjib  budan;  hayraUzada 
sh. ;  mutahayyir  sh. :  mdt-am  burd  (I 
wondered). 

Wonderful,  'ajib;  gharib:  ma'rakaast  (he's 
a  wonder) ;  ma'raka  mx-kunad  (he  does 
wonders). 

Wont,  vide  Custom :  iu  tiiz  ww-ri,'' — na?  vulg. 
(you'll  go  too — won't  you?):  mu'tad  {ac- 
customed  to). 

Wood,  hizum  or  hiyna  (brushwood,  etc.,  for 
burning)  :  chub  (gen.) :  jangal  or  bisha 
(forest).     Vide  Brushwood. 


i  Na-dari  or  na-bhwaht  dasht.     Vide  note  2  below. 

^  Or  nami-daram,  but  not  na-daram.     Vide  note  1  above. 

i>  Noryayid  or  bi-yayid :  the  meaning  is  the  same,  but  the  intonation  in  speaking  differs :  better  ta 
8huma  na-yayid  man  nami-ravam. 

*  Women  are  deGcient  in  sense  {naqia^*l-'aql)  but  possess  an  extraordinary  degree  of  cunning  and 
many  are  the  tales  that  illustrate  this. 

It  is  related  that  the  I'rophet  said,  *  I  stood  at  the  gate  of  Paradise  and  saw  that  most  of  its  inmates 
were  the  poor :  I  stood  at  the  gate  of  Hell  and  most  of  its  inmates  were  women.  * 

When  in  doubt  a  Muslim  may  consult  his  wife  and  act  exactly  contrtu-y  to  her  advice. 

6  Note  Pret.  assuming  the  completion  of  the  condition:  bi-kunam  might  be  substituted. 

<  Nisxoan,  nisa*  and  nistoat  Ar.  pi.  "  women  "  ;  no  singular  of  this  word. 

^  Mi-ri,  vulg.  for  mi-ravi. 


Woo 


368 


Wor 


Woodcock,  yalva-qushi,  T. :  murgh-i  zlrak 
(Shiraz) :  chulluq,  T. 

Wood-cutter,  hima-sMkan  (with  axe) :  hlma- 
bur  (with  saw).      Vide  Woodman. 

Wooden,  chubl ;  az  chub. 

Woodlouse,  khar-i  khaki. 

Woodman,  'alldf  (seller  of  wood  and  grass) : 
hizum-kash  (that  collects  and  sells  fire- 
wood) :  hhar-kash  (sells  brushwood).  Vide 
Wood-cutter. 

Wood-pecker,  ddr-kub ;  darakht-kut-kun  ;  ddr- 
muk;  ddr-kutdn. 

Woof,  pud.     Vide  Warp  and  Woollen. 

Wool,'  pashm.     Vide  Hair 

Wool-gathering,  shiiiur  mi-chardnad. 

Woollen,  pashml :  pashm  andar  pashm  (of  a 
carpet;  i.e.  web  and  woof,  both  woollen). 

Word,  sukhun;  kalima;  kaldm;  lafz,  pi. 
alfdz :  vide  Promise  and  Speech :  takya- 
yi  kaldm  (a  particular  word  always  used 
by  a  person ;  a  trick  of  speech) :  bad-qawl 
shudan  or  khulf-i  va'da  k.  (to  break  one's 
word ;  vide  Promise) :  az  harf-i  khud 
hargiz  bar  nami-gardam  (I  never  go  back 
on  my  word):  vide  In  Short:  bi-'ibdrat'" 
ulchrq  (in  other  words) :  lafz  bi-lafz  or 
kalima  bi- kalima  (word  by  word). 

Wordy,  pur-harf ;  laffdz. 

Work,  kdr ;  kdr  u  bar ;  shughl  ■'  taHlf  (com- 
position, also  compilation) :  [tasnif,  pi.  tas- 
nifdt  (but  in  m.c.  generally  a  song  by  a 
lull  or  a  topical  song)] ;  yak  ruz  kdr  ddrad 
(it's  the  work  of  one  day  only) :  kdr-ash 
khwdbida  ast  (his  work,  or  business  has 
stopped) :  in  qdE  khwdbida  ast  (work  on 
this  carpet  has  ceased) :  dast  bi-kdr  sh.  (to 
set  to  work). 

Works,  charkhhd-yi'^  sd'at  (of  watch) :  kul- 
liyydt  (collected  works  of  an  author) :  divdn 
(the  collected  poetical  works  only) :  khay- 
rdt  or  mabarrdt  (good  works)  :  shandyi'-i 
a'mdl  (evil  deeds) :  husn-i  'amal  (acting 
well:  as  opposed  to  su^-i  'amal). 

Work,  to,  mihnat  kashidan;  kdr  k. 

Workman,    kdr-kun :     muzdur    or    djir    or 

'amala^  (hired ):  kdrigar  (skilled ; 

vide  Master). 

Workmanship,  sdkht:  san'at-kdn  (fine  work- 


manship) :  kanda-kdri  u  munabbat-kdri 
shdhid  bar  mahdrat-i  shdn  ast  (their  car- 
vings display  admirable  workmanship) : 
ustddJi. 

Workshop,  kdr-khdna ;  [kdr-gdh  is  a  frame 
for  qulldb-duzi  '  wool-work  ' ,  or  yardq-bdfi , 
*  gold  and  silver  embroidery  'J :  dast-gdh 
(workshop  and  plant). 

World,  dlam;  dunyd  :  dunyd  n  dkhirat  (this 
world  and  the  next) :  jahdn :  agar  in 
marhamat-i  bi-farmdyid  dnrd  sa'ddat-i  har 
du  jahdn*  khivdham  pinddsht:  dar  tamdm-i 
ru-yi  zamin  (in  the  whole  world  =  ctor 
tamdm-i  dfdq) :  Kirmdn  jd^-i  nist  ki  dast- 
ras  bdshad  ( =  Kerman  is  altogether  out  of 
the  world,  out  of  the  way):  insdn  az 
'adam  bi-vujud  dmad  (man  came  into  the 
world  from  non-existence) :  man  bd  u  hich 
sar  u  kdr-i  na-ddram,  abad'^"  (I've  nothing 
in  the  world  to  do  with  him) :  u  ru-yi  kdr 
dmada  ast  (he's  rising  in  the  world) :  u  az 
daraja-yi  i'tibdr  sdqit  shuda  ast  (he's  down 
in  the  world) :  'dlam-i  ghayb  (the  invisible 
world). 

Worldly,  dunyd-dust  (of  people) :  dunyavi  (of 
things) :  laltv  u  la'b  (worldly  amusement) : 
'ilm-i  rasmi  (worldly  knowledge).  Vide 
Designing  and  Ambitious. 

World-wide,  ma'ruj-i  dunyd. 

Worm,  kirm  (also  insect,  etc.) :  khardtin 
(prop.  Ar.  pi.  ;  Pers,  pi.  khardtin-ha) 
(earthworm) ;  kirm-i  shab-tdb  (glow-worm) : 
kirm-pila  (silk- worm) :  "  A  worm  disclosed 
the  death  of  Solomon  by  eating  through 
the  staff  on  which  his  corpse  leaned ' ' 
{kirm-i  m/irg-i  Sulaymdn  rd  bi-vdsita-yi 
ichurdan-i  'asd-i  ki  na'sh-i^  u  bar  dn  takya 
mi-ddd  dshakdr  kard) :  pich  (of  a  screw) ; 
kirm-i  kitdb  ast  (a  book- worm,  met.) ; 
kirm-i  kdr  (very  industrious) :  kaduddna 
or  tukhm-i  kadu  (tape- worm) :  kirm 
(thread- worm).  Vide  Tape- worm  and 
Guinea- worm. 

Worm-eaten,  kirm-zada;  kirm-khurda. 

Worn,  mundaris  (worn  out  (gen.) ) :  sdbida 
(of  stones,  metals):  musta'mal  (used): 
khasta  shudam,  bi-dast  u  pd  shudam  (I'm 
just  worn  out) .    Vide  Handled  and  Weary. 


1  Clothes  of  wool,  specially  of  camel  wool,  are  mtibarak.  Though  silk  is  forbidden,  a  Mushm  can 
pray  in  an  'aba  made  of  a  mixture  of  silk  and  wool. 

i  In  India  purza,  "  works  or  small  bits  of  machinery." 

8  'Amala  At.  pi.  of  'amil  is,  in  Persian  m.c,  used  as  a  singular. 

♦  Both  worlds,  i.e.,  this  world  and  the  next. 

6  When  Solomon  died  he  remained  standing  for  a  year,  leaning  on  his  staff,  while  the  Jitm  thinking 
their  master  still  alive  continued  their  appointed  tasks. 


Wor 


369 


Wri 


Worse,   bad-tar ;    batar :    bala-tar    az    siyah 
rang-l   ntst  (what  is  worse   than   misfor- 
tune ? ;  things  cannot  be  worse) :   badd  bi- 
fidl-i  shuma  (so  much  the  worse  for  you). 
Worship,  to,  parastish  k. :  'ibadatk.:  shifta 

'  budan  (meta.) :  vide  Prostration:  'ibddat- 
khdna  (place  of  worship) :  [sijda-gdh  the 
block  of  holy  earth  for  the  forehead  ;  used 
by  Shi' as  at  prayers]. 
Worshipper,  parastanda;  parastish- kunanda  : 
—  parast  (in  compounds). 

Worth.     Vide  Value,  Price,  Merit,  etc. 

Worth,  to  be,  arzldan ;  qimat  ddshtan : 
mu'ddil  budan  (to  be  equivalent  to):  bi- 
zahmat-ash  nami-arzad  (it's  not  worth  the 
trouble). 

Worthless,  bi-kdra :  bi-qdbiliyyat  or  bH-masraf 
(of  men  or  of  things) :  puch :  az  kdr  uftdda 
ast  (become  useless) :  muft  (gratis,  for 
nothing). 

Worthlessness,  'adam-i  hunar  (of  people) ; 
bi-'urzagi  or  bl-kijdyati  (of  people). 

Worthy,  sazdvdr ;  mustahiqq  ;  qdbil ;  sazd ; 
shdyista ;  Idyiq-i  dn  qadr  mihrbdni  ms- 
tam:^  IdHq-i  rish-i  man  ast?  (  =  1  could 
not  do  til  is). 

Would  that,  kdsh,  or  ay  kdsh,  or  kdshki  (or 
—k'i). 

Wound,  zakhm  (k.);  jardhat :  zakhm-i  kdn, 
or  zakhm-i  muhlik,  or  zakhm-i  munkar  (2.) 
(mortal  wound) :  zakhm  bakhya  k.  (to  stitch 
up  a  wound) :  jd-yi  zakhm-am  chi  bad  dard 
mi-kunad  guyd  ki  kdrd-ash  mt-zanand  (how 
my  wound  pains;  it  feels  as  though  a 
knife  were  being  put  into  it). 

Wounded,  zakhmddr  {k.) ,  majruh  (k.)  : 
pdra-i  az  sarbdz-hd-yi  md  zakhm  bar  ddsh- 
tand  or  khurdand:  majruhin  va  m^tulin 
(  =  killed  and  wounded). 

Woven,  bdfta;  mansiij. 

Wrangler,  mujddil;  nim'-dust. 

Wrangling,  jiddl ;  or  jahl  vulg. :  dn  du  hami- 
sha  dast  u  pd  yi  ham  digar  rd  ml-jdvand, 
those  two  are  always  wrangling). 

Wrap,  to,  mxilfuf  k. ;  vide  Roll  up ;  khvd  rd 
dar  ^ahd  pUchid:  u  ki  dar  band-i  kdr-i 
khud-ash  ast  (Oh,  he  is  wrapped  up  in  his 
own  affairs). 

Wrath,  ijtazab  {k.);  qaJir  (A;.);  dir-ghfizab 
(slow  to — ). 

Wreak,  to,  vide  Vengeance. 

Wreath,  tdj-i  gvl. 


Wrecked,  to  be,  shikastan,  rt.  ahikan:  jahdz 
ialaj  shud:'^  ffharq  shud  (sank):  bi-kUh 
khurd  (struck  a  rook). 

Wrench  off,  bar  kandan. 

Wrestle,  to,  kttshtl  giriftan ;  musdra'al  k. 
(rare);  du-lashmn'''  shudan  (to  struggle 
together  without  either  part  getting  a 
proper  grip) :  dast  u  bdzu  shudand,  or  6t- 
ham  dar-dvikhtand  (they  seized  hold  of 
each  other) :  bi-kitshtl  anddkhtan  (caus). 

Wrestler,  pahlavdn  (proflF.) ;  kushtt-gar  or 
kushtl-gir. 

Wrestling,  kushf^-gari ;  kushti  giriftan. 

Wretch,  shaqi ;  manhus;  haqir.     Fiffe  Writhe 

Wretched,  jfia,m-zada ;  (sorrow-sticken) :  dar 
hdlat-t  zisht  or — zabun;  mafluk  (stricken). 

Wretchedly,  bd-khipdri.     Vide  Wander. 

Wriggle,  to,  jnchidan  (writhe) :  qirr  d.  (of  the 
buttocks,  in  dancing  or  walking).  Vide 
Coquetry,  Walk. 

Wring,  to,  in  rd  qdyim  bi-childn  or  bi-flshdr 
(wring  out  the  water  from  this) :  kaf 
mMidan  *  (to  '  wring '  the  hands  from 
grief). 

Wrinkle,  shikanj  (fold,  wrinkle) :  chin  (on 
forehead  or  on  cloth). 

Wrinkle,  to,  chin  jabln  na-shaw  (don't 
wrinkle  up  your  forehead). 

Wrinkled,  chln-ddr ;  pur-chin;  chin  chin; 
vide  Crumpled  :  shikan-i  rukhsdr  or  rukh- 
sdr-i  pur  shikan  (a  wrinkled  face). 

Wrist,  band-i  dast;  sd'id;  mucl^i  dast  vulg. : 
muchrpich  (wrist- band). 

Write,  navishtan,  rt.  navis ;  nigdshtan,  rt. 
nigdr ;  [but  nigdrish  dddan,  paint,  adorn] ; 
tasvid  k. ;  tahrir  k. :  bi-b'inam  bi-Uiub%-yi 
shumd  mi-tavdnam  bi-navisam :  sabt  k.  or 
qalam-band  k.  (record  in  writing).  Vide 
Compose. 

Writer,  navisanda  or  rdqim :  kdtib  (scribe) : 
mirzd  or  mirzd  and  muharrir  (clerk) : 
musannij  (composer) :  khush-navis  (calli- 
graphist) :  adib-i  arib  va  labib  (a  good 
writer).     Vide  Author. 

Writhe,  vaqti  ki  in  khabar  bi-dn  maVun 
rasid  misl-i  mdrgazida  bi-khud^  pichid — 
Prof.  S.  T.  (when  that  wretch  heard  this, 
he  writhed  through  vexation  like  one 
bitten  by  a  snake) :  pich  u  tab  khurdan. 

Writing,  khatt  (hand- wri  ting) :  tahrir  (also 
style) :  qalam-i  jali  (large  bold  writing) : 
qcUam-i  khafif,  or  khatt-i  riza  (small  writ- 


1  This  has  either  a  subjective  or  objective  application. 

*  In  India  tabah  ahud  might  be  substituted,  but  in  Persia  tabah  is  only  used  for  persons,  etc. 

3  Laahm  P.,  "smooth-bodied."  *  Classically  aiidan.  &  Or  bar  khud. 


Wri 


360 


Yel 


ing) :  ]ch,att-i  chalipd  (slanting  writing ' 
written  cross  ways  across  the  paper  or  on 
the  margins ;  prop,  used  only  to  inferi- 
ors) :  kbatH  ^^^a  va  khafi  (fine  and 
small) :  naskh  (Ar.  hand) :  nasta'liq  (Pars, 
hand) :  shikasta  (a  difficult  running  hand) : 
tahrir'^"  adv.  (in  writing). 

Writings,  navishtajdt  (records) :  kaldm  (of 
author). 

Written,  navishta  ;  marqum ;  maktuh. 

Wrong,  zulm ;  or  sadma  (iniquity) :  vide 
Tyranny:  shumd tukhm-i  ijhalati  (or  az  qism- 
i  dJigar)  dvardtd  (you  have  brought  the 
wrong  kind  of  seed) :  sah'if'"  kalld-i  'ivazi 
bi-qufl  anddkhtam  (I  tried  the  wrong  key 
by  mistake) :  hama  dar  haqq-i  man  bad- 
khaydli  karda  and,  hold  nishdn-i  shdn  ml- 
diham  ki  chand-marda  halldj-am  (they  have 
all  formed  a  wrong  idea  of  me ;  I'll  now 
show  them  what  I'm  made  of).  Vide 
Error. 

Wrong-headed,  bad-ra^y. 

Wrought,  chakush-karda  (of  iron,  etc. ;  opp. 
to  rikhta). 

Wry,  kaj ;  kaj  u  kuj  (stronger  than  former) : 
yak  var:  dahan  kaj  k.  (to  make  a  wry 
face). 


Yard,  gaz  and  var  (the  Persian  ell  of  about 
40  inches) ;  zi'ra'  or  arj  or  dast  (from  the 
elbow  to  the  tip  of  the  middle  finger,  i.e. 
about  20  inches),  vide  Courtyard.  Vul- 
garly zar'  is  used  for  gaz. 

Yaw,  to,  yak-bara  raftan  (of  horse).  Vide 
Bore. 

Yawn,  khamydza  {kashidan)  (to  yawn  and 
stretch  oneself,  or  to  yawn) :  guvdf  k. 
(vulg.)  and  dahan  darra  k.  (to  yawn)  : 
' '  There  is  a  tradition  that  Muhammad 
said  God  loves  sneezing  but  hates  yawn- 
ing:— 'As  for  yawning  it  is  of  the  Devil. 
Verily  when  any  one  yawns  and  opens 
his  mouth  the  Devil  laughs.  Let  a 
yawner,  if  he  cannot  suppress  the  yawn, 
cover  his  mouth  with  the  back  of  his 
left  hand ' ' '  {dar  hadis  dmada  ki  ^  Muham- 
mad farmuda  ast'^  Khudd  'atsa  rd^  dust 
im-dJdrad  vaU  az  khamydza  n^frat  ml-kunad 


zird  khamydza  az  Shaytdn  ast.  Har  d^'ina 
har  vaqt  kas-i  khamydza  bi-kashad  va 
dahan-ash  rd  bdz  kunad  Iblis  mi-khandad 
li-hdza  hargdh  shakhs-l  na-tavdnad  daf'-i 
khamydza  kashidan  rd  '^  kunad  bihtar  dn  ast 
dahan-i  khwish  rd  bd  pusht-i  dast-i  chap-i 
khud  bi-pushdnad. 

Yazdagird,  Yazdgird  (name  of  the  last  Zar- 
dushtiking;  of  the  Sassanian  line). 

Year,  sdl :  sana ;  dah  sdl  ddrad  =  dah  sdla 
ast  (he  is  ten  years  old) :  az  yak  sdl  ziydda- 
tar  ml-kashad  (it  will  take  longer  than  a 
year) :  sar-i  sdl  ml-dyam  (I'll  come  at  the 
end  of  this  year) :  sdlhd-yi  sdl  (long  years) : 
imsdl  (this  year) :  pdr-sdl  (last  year) : 
pirdr-sal  (the  year  before  last) :  sdl-i 
ayanda  or  sdl-i  digar  (next  year) :  sdl-i 
kablsa  (leap  year ;  Muslim)  :  dar  avval 
sdlagi  (in  his  first  year).  The  Turks  have 
a  cycle  of  12  solar  years,  each  known  by 
the  name  of  an  animal.  In  Persian  offi- 
cial documents  and  bonds,  etc.,  the  Turki 
year  and  the  old  Persian  solar  year  are 
mentioned  as  well  as  the  Muslim  lunar 
year;  thus  yawm-i  Panj-sharnba  pdnzda- 
hum-i  Muharram'^'l.hardm  sana-yi  irr* 
hijrl  mutdbiq-i  It*  Isfand-i  mdh-i  Jaldli, 
sdl-i  yunt  Il-i  Turki. 

Yearling,  yak-sdla. 

Yearly,  sdliydna;  or  sanavi  (adj.)  :  sdl  bi-sal 
(year  by  year) :  har-sdl  (every  year). 

Yearn  for,  to,  dil-ash  bard-yi  didan-i  pisar 
jush  ml-khurad  or  mi  tapad. 

Yeast,  khamir  or  khamir-mdya  (for  bread) : 
[mdya  =  doughj :  panlr-mdya  or  mdya- 
panir  (rennet  for  cheese]. 

Yell,  ghariv  k. ;  sayha  kashidan:  jir  z.  (of  a 
beaten  boy). 

Yellow,  zard  (also  pale  from  sickness  or  fear) ; 
rang-i  shakari  (light  yellow  like  sugar- 
candy)  :  rang-i  shir  shakari  (white  and 
shakan-yeWow ,  mixed  in  threads,  as  in 
pepper  and  salt  or  filfil-namaki) :  dn  zard 
mi-numdyad  (that  looks,  shows,  yellow) : 
zardi,  subs. ;  \zarda,  yolk  of  an  egg]. 

Yellowish,  bi-zardi  mdyil. 

Yellowness,  zardi  (also  =  paleness  from  sick- 
ness). 


1  The  writing  paper  is  generally  folded  with  a  double  margin,  that  on  the  right-hand  being  broad. 
The  centre  of  the  paper  is  first  filled  with  writing,  the  paper  is  then  turned  upside  down  and  the  margins 
(the  broad  one  first)  written  on  crossways  or  slanting.  Letters  sent  to  big  people  should  not  have  the 
margins  written  on. 

*  Note  the  omission  of  ki  after  ast  to  avoid  a  repetition  of  the  same  sound. 

8  Note  the  ra. 


Yem 


361 


Zor 


Yemen,  Yaman. 

Yes,  bale  or  baH ;  art;  na'am  (rare);  6t- 
chashm  (to  superiors,  signifying  obedience). 

Yesterday,  diruz:  pati-ruz  (day  before  yes- 
terday) :  pas  pari-ruz  (the  day  before  the 
day-bef ore-yesterday,  three  days  ago). 

Yesternight,  diahab;  dush  (gen.  in  poetry); 
ahab-i  guzashta :  pan-shab  (two  nights  ago ; 
i.e.  imshab,  dishah  va  pan-shab) :  pas  parl- 
shab  (four  nights  ago). 

Yet,  hanuz ;  td  kunun  (till  now) :  ammd 
(but):  balki  ("moreover,  rather,  nay"; 
in  m.c,  also  "perhaps"). 

Yezd,  Yazd  rd  Ddr"  ^UHhdd  ml-guyand. 

Yoke  (oxen),  i/w^  or  jugJt. 

Yoke,  to,  jujt  bastan  (of  cattle ;  or  of  a  pair 
in  a  carriage). 

Yolk  (of  egg),  zarda-yi  tukhm. 

You,  shumd ;  pi.  shumdM:  bi-tdn  (to  you). 

Your,  Yours,  mdli  shumd;  az  shumd;  az 
dn-i  shumJd:  bar  salil-i  'ajala  az  mukhlis-i 
shumd  (  =  ' yours  in  haste,'  at  the  end  of 
a  letter) :  sukhan  bisydr  u  fursat  kam  u 
mukhdtab  nd-padid  (at  the  end  of  a  letter) : 
khud-i  shumd  (yourself)  or  shumd  khud. 

Young,  bachcha  (subs.):  javdn  (16  to  40 
years);  but  tdzarjdvdn  =  just  about  16: 
shaykh  u  shidb ;  or  jUr  u  burnd ;  or  buzurg 
u  icuchak  (young  and  old) :  u  naw-javdn 
ast  (he's  quite  a  youth,  i.e.,  about  16) :  u 
javdn-marg  shud  (he  died  in  youth) :  jdhil 
(vulg.  for  young).  Vide  Youth,  Youthful, 
Boy,  and  Child. 

Youth,  javdn  (a  youth) :  javdnak-i  'at  (he's 
a  mere  boy) :  ayydm-i  javdni ;  or  javdni ; 
or  ahabdb  (time  of  youth) :  shdkh-i  gul-x 
naslaran-ash  khizdn  ast  (her  youth  and 
beauty  are  gone). 


Youthful,  tdza-'umr:    javdn  u  jdhil:    kam- 

tajriba   (lit.   of    small  ezperienoe).     Vide 

Young 
Youthfulness,    bi-tajribagi :     jahdlat    vulg. : 

kam-'umri. 

Z 
Zacharia,  Zakariyya. 
Zal,  Zdl 
Zanzibar,  Zangbdr ;  [zangi,  a  man  of  Zanzi* 

bar,  a  negro]. 
Zeal,  sar-garmi :   u  bi-dil-garmi  (or  65  jfAay- 

rat-i  tamdm)  kdr  mi-kunad :   hiMn-i  irddat 

(of  a  disciple). 
Zealous,  sar-garm. 
Zebra,  gur-asp. 
Zend,  Zand. 
Zendavesta,  Zandavaata  (the  sacred  book  of 

the  Zardushtis). 
Zenith,  aioj :   — ki  ft  loaaV  'a-aamd^-i  iqiiddr 

bud  (when  in  the  zenith  of  his  power). 
Zephyr,  n<isim-i  kam-i  mivazad  or  mi-dyad. 
Zero,  aifr. 
Zest,  zawq;  shawq. 
Ziz-zag,  no  proper  term  :  pich  u  kham ;  kaj 

u  kuj:  in  rdh  mar-pich  rajta  ast  (of  a  hill- 
side road). 
Zinc,  ruy,  vulg.  ruh  (subs.) :  rt**»n  (adj). 
Zodiac,    mirUaq''    'l-buruj :    burj,   pi.    buruj 

(sign  of ). 

Zone,  mintaqa. 

Zoological  Gardens,  Bdgh-i  vahah. 

Zoology,  'ilmi  hayvdndt. 

Zoraster,    Zarlusht,    Zardusht,    Zardakuahtf 

Zarshust,  or  Zardtusht. 
Zoroastrian,  Zardushti  ;  Pdrai  (sp.  in  India) : 

gabr,  vulg.  gawr  (a  term  now  objected  to 

by  the  Zardushtis) :  [majusi,  pi.  majua  by 

the  Arabs;  Magian]. 


The  End. 


PK 

6379 
P5 


Phillott,  Douglas  Craven 

Colloquial  Bnglish^Perslan 
dictionary  in  the  Roman 
character 


For  me  in 
ONLY 


PLEASE  DO  NOT  REMOVE 
CARDS  OR  SLIPS  FROM  THIS  POCKET 


UNIVERSITY  OF  TORONTO  LIBRARY
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