Full text of "Description of the Cincinnati southern railway from Cincinnati to Chattanooga ... Giving its history and a general description of the towns and villages, bridges, tunnels, &c. through which it passes; description and resources of the country, and a general guide to business houses and places of interest in Cincinnati, and points on the Southern railway"

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Cincinnati, 0.

SPENCER &CRAI&PI?INTI|Mr WORKS.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1878,

By Spencer & Craig Printixg Woeks,

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

I. & E. GREENWALD,

348 Ea^l Pearl Nfreel, CiiiciiiBiuli, Ohio.

Steam Engines 1 Flour Mill Machinery,

Grist Mills, Smut Machines, Flour Packers, Shafting & Hangers,
pULLEYg, ^YhEEL^ and ^ILL ^{^EARlf^iQ

OF ^lIj sizes, ^IsTID

Mosler, Bahmann& Co.,

FIRE AND BURGLAR-PROOF

■i

FAULTS AI^D LOCKS,

Elm, Water and Front Streets,

CINCINNATI, - - OHIO,

J ,

Zr. CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENT.

The Finest, Cleanest, Cheapest Place in

the City,

A HOTBL DINNER

P^OI^

On TWENiy-FIVE CENTS, 25c.

FK,0]VI

TWELVE TO TWO O'CLOCK P. M.,

The Neat Dining Parlors of the Paris of America,
No. 174 "W. Fourth St.,

CINCINNATI, O.

COL. J. C. CRANE, Caterer.

DESCRI PTION

FROM CINCINNATI TO CHATTANOOQA.

%%%

GIVING ITS HISTORY AND A GENERAL DESCRIPTON OF THE

TOWNS AND VILLAGES,

(B P^J QG- EH, TujSfJTELB, &^C.

TUliOUGH WhlCH IT PASSES; DESCRIPTION AND RESOURCES
OF THF. COUNTRY, AND A GENERAL

Guide to Business Houses

AND PLACES OF INTEREST IN CINCINNATI,

AND POINTS ON THE

SOUTHERN RAILWAY.

ARRANGED AND COMPILED BY Z. HARRISON.

C I N C I N|N A T I :
Spencer & Craig Printing Works, 169 and 171 Race Street,

(-4 ^-^

. %

IV. , CINCINNATI ADVEBTtS£!MENT.

CHARLES STEWART,

3^«d:^I^^XT:FJLCTTJR,:E3I^ & lDE3Ji.IiER TIST

PAPER. BLANK BOOKS

j^isriD

STAPLE STATIONERY.

Paper of any Size and Weight made to

Order.

141 & 143 Walnut Street,

CINCINNATI, O.

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

JOHN CHURCH & CO.,

Sheet Music and Music Books,

AND DEALERS IN

AND ALL KINDS OP

Musical Merchandise.

We make a specialty of Sabbith School and Church Music Books. Any
piece of Music or Music Book, no matter where published, sent by mail,
post-paid, upon receipt of the retail price.

BY THE MONTH, QUAKTER OR YEAR,

AND LET

The Rent Pay for Them.

Our stock of Small Instruments is most complete, and as we import
direct, we are able to give our customers the benefit of manufacturers'
prices. Descriptive Catalogues and Price Lists, free.

Address, JOHN CHURCH & CO., Cincinnati, O.

Send stamp for specimen copy of Church's Musical Visitor.

Flllilll

MORSE and

13Q AValnut Street.

CINCINNATI,

OHIO.

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

O. XjITJVJCESR. dks OO.

MANUFACTURERS OP

Lard Oil, Stearine and Refined Lard.

Cor. SYCAMORE & FRONT STS., CINCINNATI, O.

GEO. E JACKSON & CO.,

GENERAL

Cominissioii Merchants.

No, 52 Walnut Street,
CINCINNATI, - OHIO.

J". ^W^LICEiE?. & CO.,

Brewers and Bottlers of

ifklLJB and POB.TBII,

385 Sycamore St., Cincinnati, 0.
Also Lager Beer in bottles.

GREENWALD & SCHOTT,

Proprietors

AVhite Clond IVIills.

264 Broadway, (near 8th st.)

Cash Paid for Wheat & Rye. CINCINNATI, 0.

- hi

* JWBAIPRIDGE&CO I %

0. rf.0 rr O fc^

O". T77", :B.ia.XjT3I2.XX)a-E c5c CO.,
MamifacturtTsand dealers in everv variety of Saws,
Moulding bits. Planing Knives, Leather and Gum
Belting, etc. All kinds of Repairing, Orindintr and
Polishingdone. Saws Gnmnied and Hammered in
the best manner. No. 9 Vine St., Cincinnati, O.

A. J. LONGINOTTI,

Druggist and Apothecary,

A nd dealer in Foreign and Domestic Toilet
and FANCY ABTICI.ES

N. K. COK. PLUM & LONGWORTH STREETS,
Cincinnati, Ohio.

PREFACE.

'HE opening of the Cincinnati Southern Railway marks
an epoch in the history of Cincinnati, the magnitude of

'Y which is not fully realized. We compute in figures the g??or-
mouscost of the road but overlook the immense developments being
made by this grand highway of public travel. In Ohio and Ind-
iana on the north and leading directly to Cincinnati, are 6,000
miles of railway, south of Tennessee and converging there are
4,000 miles ; and this railway will be as the neck between them.
It is estimated that the extent of country which will thereby
become a market for our manulactures, and from which we
shall draw its special products, embraces an area ot about 200,
000 square miles, equal to four times the State of New York.
In this vast territory there are a number of cities and large
towns with no eastern or northern city so accessible as Cin-
cinnati.

We have undertaken to collect and arrange from statistics
and various other authentic sources, a brief but interesting
history of Cincinnati, the Cincinnati Southern Railway and
notable points on its line. We have quoted freely from Mr.
Collins' excellent work on Kentucky, J. B. Killebrew's "Re-
sources of Tennessee," and from various reports, &c., issued
by the Board of Trustees.

We have embellished the work with numerous illustrations
and engravings of places of interest in Cincinnati, and along
the route.

The frequent delays caused by the want of prompt legislation .
and the heavy character of construction, have combined to post-
pone the completion of the road. On this account we fiave
delayed the publication of our work until the question should
be definitely decided, and work under way.

Believing that a great want has been met, we submit this
work to the public.

SPENCER & CRAIG.

Cincinnati, May 1, 1878.

VL CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENT.

Great Beduetion in Priees. Largely Increasing Sales. The Singer Still Triumpliant.

THE Sfflffl MAN! ACmiNE CO.

WAS THE FIRST TO MAKE

THE GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICES !

AND ARE NOW SELLING THEIR

" NEW FAMILY MACHINE "

, — AT —

TUrtj Dollars Less llan llie Former Price !

Also all their Machines in Proportion, the quality being maintained at the
highest standard. Purchasers should beware of spurious Machines, which are so inferior
as to bear little relation to the original except in genei'al appearance — all that exact adapt-
ability and finish of parts, so necessary to the perfect working of, and found only in the
genuine Machines, being wanted or imperfectly executed by irresponsible makers, who
lack the elaborate but specially adapted and very costly machinery necessary for the pro-
duction of the delicate parts of a well constructed and reliable Sewing Machine.

The works of the Singer Manufacturing Comp4NY, at Elizabethport, are capable
of turning out over a thousand Machines a day ; those in Glasgow, wScotland. now pro-
ducing six hundred Machines a day, are about to be enlarged ; while their extensive cab-
inet works in South Bend, Indiana, furnish the elegant cabinet Singer cases to be^found
in so many boudoirs all over the civilized world. With sucli works, and all their mar-
vellous automa'ic machinery invented for, and exclusively used in the manufacture of
that little instrument indispensable in every well-regulated household — with such works
and machinery — whose money value amounts to millions of dollars — but, above all, not
forgetting the incalculable intelligence of an army of agents all over the world, most of
whom have been specially educated in the business, it would be absurd to assume that
with such powers the irresponsible makers o^' spurious Machines can^ever compete, either
as. regards production or sale.

The purchaser, therefore, will find it to his advantage to select the Genuine Machine,
which may be known by the patented Trade Mark and the name, The Singer Manu-
facturing Company, printed distinctly on the arm of the ilachine. The popularity of
the Singer was shown by the exhibition of the Two Millionth Machine at the Centennial
(over Two Million Machines had then been sold), as well as by the tables of sales of the
principal makers, published from year to year, which show that the Singer is still trium-
phant, and — as the sales are a criterion — the public regard it, after an experience of over
a quarter of a century, as the most complete and practical of all Sewing Machines.

PURCHASE FROM AUTHORIZED AGENTS ONLY.

PRINCIPAL OFFICE: 34 UNION SQUARE, N. Y.
BR^AIVOH OFFICE s

No. 61 WEST FOURTH STREET, CINCINNATI, 0.

CW GIN 2^ ATI ADVERTISEMENT. VII.

Established _ - - ISl^

F. H. LAWSON & CO.,

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN

Tin Plate, Copper, Sheet Iron,

STAMPED & JAPANNED TIN WARE,

CRANITE IRON WARE,

THE BEST ENAMELED WARE MADE.

Tinners' Tools &* Machines, &c.,

188 & 190 MAIN STREET,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

nil.

CINGINNA TI AB VER TISEMENTS.

CHAI^ImBNGB

j3i^.A.r<iJi>

Canned FruitsaVegetables,

PICKLES, PIG'S FEET, JELLIES, &C.,

R. M. DENHAM & CO.,

PACKERS,

Kleine, Detmer & Co.,

Importers & Wholesale Dealers in

CLOTHS,

CASSIMERES, VESTINGS

97 WEST THIRD ST.,

(Opp. Burnet House,)

CINCINNATI, - OHIO

BLACK & CLAWSON,

GENERAL MACHINISTS,

Manufacturers and
Grinders of

Calendar Rolls.

Rolls for any pur-
rose made to order.
MilL« for grinding
Paints, Coach Col-
ors and Printers'
Inks.

For particulars
address

Black &. Clawson,
Hamilton, 0.

BUCKEYE BELL FOUNDRY.

Bstablisbed in 1837.
Superior Bells of Copper atid Tin, mounted
with the best Rotary Hangings, .or Churches,
Schools, Farms, Factories, Court-houses, Fire
Alarms, Toiver ClocJis. etc- Fully Warranted.

Illufiiratcd C;italog:ie sent Free.
Vamii.-7.kn * Tift. lOJ K. 2.1 St., Cincinnati.

Spencer & Craig Printing Works,

PRINTERS,

1S9 & 171 S&ce Street, CiBcianati, 0.

PUBLIC LIBRARY.

INTRODUCTORY.

A railway from Cincinnati to the South was at first proposed as an outlet
from the Ohio Valley to the south eastern Sea-board. Two large systems of
railroads have grownup in the South, that of the south-eastern Sea-board, tak-
ing very naturally, a north-westerly course, and the Gulf system, bearing quite
as generally to the north-east, thus convei'ging upon East Tennessee. It Avas
therefore determined by the City of Cincinnati, after a full investigation in the
summer of 1869, to build a Trunk Line of Kailroad from this city to Chat-
tanooga, in order to make connections with both of these systems of railroads
and open up as much of the interior Southern Country as possible by
any single line of road, and reach both the Sea-board and Gulf by direct routes.
The General Assembly of the State of Ohio, on the 4th of May, 1869, passed
an act authorizing the construction of a railway by the city, through a Board
of Trustees, between two termini, one of which should be Cincinnati, the other
to be named by the City Council, which designated Chattanooga. Said trustees
were empowered to borrow a fund for the purpose, and to issue bonds therefor,
in the name of the city, not to exceed ten millions of dollars, Avith ample power
as to the time and place of payment. Said bonds to be secured by a mortgage
on the line of railway and its net income, and by a pledge of the faith of the
city, and a tax, which it is made the duty of the City Council to levy annually,
sufficient with its net income to pay the interest and provide a sinking fund for
the final redemption of its bonds. A provision of the act above named, required
that the question of constructing the railway and the issue of bonds for the
purpose, should be submitted to the qualified electors of the city, and that a
majority should decide. In conformity, a special election was held on the 26th
of June, 1869, whereat were cast 15,435 ballots in favor of providing said line
of railway on the part of the city, and 1,500 ballots against providing the
same. This heavy majority bore testimony to the enterprise and daring spirit
characteristics of our Queen City. At a subsequent election, the Trustees
were authorized to increase the issue of bonds to sixteen millions, so that the
total municipal debt, authorized and incurred, for the construction of the Cin-
cinnati Southern Railroad, is $16,000,000— and was created by the issue of city
bonds as follows :

SEVEN PER-CENT CURRENCY COUPON.

500 of $1000 each, $500,000

400 " 500 " - - - 200,000

Total $700,000

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENT.

^^\S B. FOtc^^

DESIGNER AND

Eng'raver on Wood,*

RELIEF PLATE MAP ENGRAVER.
No. 35 Arcade. CINCINNATI, OHIO.

BOOK ILLUSTRATIONS,

PORTRAITS.

Landscapes, Views of Buildings,

STOVJE CXJXS,

FOR EVERY BRANCH OF BUSINESS.

Parties out of the City not able to procure
Drawings, by sending good Photographs
will answer every purpose.

Particular attention given to making
accurate Drawings of Machinery of every
description.

APS.

Outline Sketches^

DIAGRAMS,

SHOW GAUDS,

Labels in Colors,

Patent Office Drawings,

Fac-similes ©f Penmanship engraved by
the Wax Process.

mTR0DUCT:0R7. s

These bonds are dated July 1st, 1S72, payable in thirty years— July 1st,
1902 at the American National Bank, New York, Interest Coupons, seven per
cent, payable at the same place, semi-annually, on 1st day of January and
July.

SEVEN THREE-TENTH PER-CENT CURRENCY COUPON.

$12,100,000 of 81,000 each, $12,100,000. Of these bonds $9,300,000 are
dated July 1st, 1872, payable in thirty years, t. g.— July 1st, 1902, at the Ameri-
can Exchange National Bank, New York. Interest Coupons (7 3-10 per cent,)
payable at same place, semi-annually, on 1st day of January and July.
$2,800,000, are dated May 1st, 187G, payable in thirty years, i. e.— May 1st, 1906,
at same bank. Interest Coupons, (7 3-10 per cent,) payable at same place,
semi annually, on 1st day of May and November.

SIX PER-CENT GOLD COUPONS.

$3,200,000, of $1000 each, American Gold or £200 sterling— rating .$.5.00
gold to each £1 sterling. These bonds are dated May 1st, 1876, and payable in
thirty years, x. e. — May 1st, 1906, at American Exchange National Bank, New
York, or in London, England. Interest Coupons, (6 per cent, each $30.00,
American Gold, or £6 sterling,) payable semi annually, at either of said places
on 1st day of May and November.

The ready sale of these bonds above par, showed the good standing of our
credit both at home and abroad.

Agreeable to one of the provisions of the "Act of 1869," and the election
of June, 26, 1869, the Superior Court of Cincinnati, appointed Richard M.
Bishop, Edward A. Ferguson, Miles Greenwood, Philip Heidelbach and William
Hooper, to be Trustees of the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, with the powers
given in the act aforesaid, and ordered that the said Trustees severally enter
into bond to the city of Cincinnati, in the sum of one hundred thousand dollars
with four sureties each, to be approved by the Court, conditioned for the
faithful discharge of their duties. (June 30th, 1869.)

On the third day of July, 1869, the Trustees of the Cincinnati Southern
Railway presented their said bonds with the following named persons:

1. — As sureties for Richard M. Bishop, as Trustee aforesaid ; Carlos H. Gould,
William S. Dickinson, James A. Frazer and Wm. Glenn.

2. — As sureties for Edward A. Ferguson, as Trustee aforesaid; Charles W.
West, Anthony D. Bullock, Henry Lewis, and John SchifF.

3. — As sureties for Miles Greenwood, as Trustee aforesaid ; Robert Mitchell
Lewis Worthington, William Woods, Joseph C. Butler and Peter Gibson.

4. — As sureties for Philip Heidelbach, as Trustee aforesaid; Jacob Seasono-ood
Jacob Elsas, Abram Akerland, and Samuel Thorner.

5. — As sureties for William Hooper, as Trustee aforesaid ; Learner B.
Harrison, Leverett G. E. Stone, David H. Taylor, and Thomas R. Biff^s.

These bonds were all approved by the Court and deposited with" the city
Treasurer. After which the said Trustees appeared in open court, and were duly
sworn to discharge their duties as Trustees as aforesaid.

ORGANIZATION OF THE BOARD.

The Trustees met on the 6th of July, 1869, and chose Miles Greenwood,
President, and appointed^Henry H. Tatem, Secretary. They ordered that
their office be kept at the rooms of the Board of trade of Cincinnati, in Pike's
Opera House Building, and that their regular meetings be held on the first

mmmAmm^^

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

STRAIGHT, DEMIM & CO.,

General Commission Merchants,

.A.IsriD

WHOLESALE GROCERS.

LE AIDINGr SI'ECI AIL.T1ES :

i_.oTJisi:.A.]xr.A.

STTCAR, MOLASSBS <& KZCE.

WHOLESALE DEALERS IN

Cheese, Seeds, Cranberries, Dried Fruit, Butter, &e.

]\o. 44 Vine Street, Ciiiciiiiiati, Ohio.

Matchless in Tone ! Incomparable in Workmanship I

Decker Brothers' Pianos,

GRAND, SQUAEE AND UPRIGHT.

ARE NOW OFFEE- WJL^^I^ilMlmS^^^S^^Jj^ ADMITTED BY
ED AT THE LOWEST wK^^l^^^ THE MOST EMI-

PRICE CONSISTENT Wt^--^ ''^ y ^^ -^I^^SS N E N T MUSICIANS
WITH THE HIGHEST ^^'Ky WL j[ «T0 BE UNQUALI-

QUALITY. ^# If -. ^_ ^ -^ahjf C FIEDLY THE BEST.

THE ESTEY ORGAN LEADS THE WORLD,

AJSYy siivos ITS oTr]v praises. '

AVe have eoDStantly on hand the largest and best selected sto&k of Pianos and Organs in the
West and South, and are selling them at prices that astonish purchasers. You can save money by
writing or calling on us. Every instrument warranted as represeated, or no sale. Initruments
soid on easy payments.

D. H. BALDWIIV & CO.,

158 W. Fourth St., CINCINNATI, 0.

SO Fourtli Avenue, Louisville.

"""""" i!i'';[[-

INTRODUCTION.

Tuesday of each month, at 3 o'clock p. m. The office was subsequently removed
to No. '70, West Third street, Cincinnati, where was also established the Engi-
neer's office, and that of Secretary, Auditor, and everything pertaining to the
road, with the exception of the attorneys.

Instead of giving a lengthy and tedious account of the construction of the
"Southern Railway," we will give a few of the more important events connected
therewith.

The Board of Trustees first appointed William A. Gunn, as Chief Engineer,
who Avas afterward superseded by Thomas D. Lovett, who was followed by G.
Bouscaren the present engineer.

Since the beginning of the work of construction, December 12th, 1873, when
the first contract for the grading and masonry of Sections 57 and 58, Division
D, was awarded, including King's Mountain Tunnel. 253 contracts have been
awarded by the Board of Trustees. With a very few exceptions, they are now
all completed, (Dec, 1, 1877,) giving the following result:

The grading and masonry from Cincinnati to Boyce's Station, five miles east
of Chattanooga, a distance of 331 3-10 miles, has been finished, including 27
tunnels, aggregating in length 4.99-100 miles. 7,722 lineal feet of wooden trestle
work, 648 lineal feet of wooden bridges, 1,745 lineal feet of wooden highway
bridges, 6,165 lineal feet of iron viaducts, and 5,305 lineal feet of iron bridges,
including the structures over the Ohio, the Kentucky, and the Cumberland
rivers, have been built.

Five spans of the Tennessee river bridge are erected, and the others in pro-
gress of manufacture. An inclined plane to the Ohio river, at Ludlow, has
been built.

161 miles of main track and over fifteen miles of siding have been laid, and
118 miles more ready to lay, the rails and ties being on the ground.

Twelve locomotives and 428 cars are running on the road.

Water and fuel stations, passenger and freight depots, engine houses and
turntables, platforms, cattle pens, and other commodities for the local oper-
ation of the railway, from Cincinnati to Somerset, a distance of 159 miles have
been built and the first two operating divisions of the railway have been opened
to local traffic, July 23, 1877, by a determinable license granted by the Board
of Trustees, to the Cincinnati Southern Railway Company.

The construction account from December 12th, 1873, (the beginning of work)
to December 1st, 1877, a period of nearly four years, shows the following
amounts to have been expended, viz:

Grading and masonry $10,252,588.36

Tunneling, - - 1,479,642,02

Bridges and Drains 2,418,657,15

Engineering, 676,058,91

The character of the work being unusually heavy on the Cincinnati Southern
Railway, including, as it does, a very great percentage of tunneling and bridg-
ing, and on account of the excellent quality of the work done by contract on
the road, the "sixteen millions" of dollars loaned by the city of Cincinnati,
have proven inadequate for the completion of the road, although the above
amount has been swelled somewhat by donations and land grants along the road.
Consequently the Board of Trustees are seeking legislation for the further issue
of two millions of dollars in bonds.

Judging from past estimates and taking into consideration the immense wear
of the unfinished road-bed by the "elements," this amount would seem very low,
and policy should dictate a larger sum ; to hasten the work and enable the
city of Cincinnati to more speedily reap the benefits of her large investment.

CINCINNATI ADVEHTISEMENT.

CHAWPOED HOUSE,

Cor, Sixth and Walnut Streets,

LEWIS VANDEN,

Proprietor,

Only one square from the Custom House, Theatres, and
I Principal Places of Amusement.

Street Cars pass the door every five minutes to and from
the ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN, Hill Tops, Parks, &c.

Terms,

Only $2.00 per day.

iSm^SSlS3Si3&^^^3S^3^^SESB

^s^^^asBoeeafi^R^fiftfraRffiBtmiwfiiraniacKMi

ASHLAND, (Residence of Henry Clay.) near LEXINGTON, KY

MASONIC HALL. LEXINGTON, KY

J—

INTRODUCTORY.

There were some changes in the Board of Trustees frona time to time. William
Hooper, resigned, January 26, 1875, and W. W. Scarborough, of the Cincinnati
Gas Light and Coke Co., appointed his successor, February 15, 1875. Mx-.
Scarborough resigned November 13, 1875, and Alphonso Taft appointed his
successor, December 13, 1875. Philip Heidelbach resigned Fegruary 7, 1876,
and Henry Mack appointed his successor, March 11, 1876. Alphonso Taft
resigned March 9, 1876, and Godfrey Weitzel appointed his successor, March 11,
1876. Godfrey Weitzel, in consequence of being a commissioned officer of the
United States Army, was by a decision of the Solicitor General of the United
States declared ineligible to position of Trustee without vacating his commis-
sion in the army, he therefore declined appointment to Trusteeship and
Hon. John Schiff, was appointed in his stead, May 16, 1876. John Schiff died
February 9, 1878, and A. H. Bugher was appointed his successor, February 14,
1878. The present Trustees of the Cincinnati Southern Railroad are,

MILES GREENWOOD,

E. A. FERGUSON,

R. M. BISHOP.

HENRY MACK,

A. H. BUGHER.
The notable features and landmarks along the line of the road, have been fully
treated of in the present work, as well as the resources of the whole country
that will bear tribute to the road. The people of Cincinnati can never have
more than a faint conception of the immense and invaluable iron interests of
" East Tennessee,'' and it will be amazing, if after sinking sixteen millions of
dollars, during these stringent times, in the road, the people refuse to finish the
undertaking. But there is little doubt of this, the foresightedness and business
sagacity of our city has been tested in times past and will not change their
record now.

S . CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENT.

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Office s 58 VITest Fifth Street^

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OE ADDKESS,

i>om:estic seaviivg- im^chiive oo.

DESCRIPTION

o:f rr^iE

Cincinnati Southern Railway.

It is more than thirty years since the question of connecting Cincinnati by a railroad,
through the States of Kentucky and Tennessee, with the States of the South lying beyond
the Cumberland IMountains, began to be discussed. The importance of such means of
communication has always been acknowledged, but the difficulties and cost_ of the route
have iirevented private capital hitherto from succeeding in the enterprise, although
several attempts have been made. During the late civil war, so necessary to its operation
appeared a direct transit through tiiis part of the country, that the War Department
ordered a survey of the route, aiid but for the sudden termination of the war, a railway
would have been built by the I'nited States Government.

Pressed by an increasing demand for its manufactures from its natural market, the
South, and requiring in return the products of that fertile region, the city of Cincinnati
has undertaken to accomplish in the only available way at command, what has become an
urgent need to its citizens. The General Assembly" of the State of Ohio, passed acts
authorizing tiie construction of a railway by the 'city through a Board of Trustees,
between two termini, one of which should be Cincinnati, the other to be named by the
City Council, which designated Chattanooga. Said Trustees were empowered to borrow
funds for the purpose, and to issue bonds therefor in the name of the city, with ample
powers as to the time and place of payment. The country which this railway traverses,
is rich in agricultural products, the blue grass region of Kentucky is widely celebrated.
It has many small towns and centers of population, which only need the facilities of the
road to be largely increased.

The Cumberland Hills are full of immense deposits of coal and iron. In Tennessee
there are already several furnaces dependent now upon uncertain stages of water
communication which will be vastly increased by railway means of transport. And it is
noteworthy that every mineral road in the United States, is a paying road. But the chief
purpose of this enterprise is to connect the system of railways north of the Ohio, with the
.system in operation south of Tennessee, to which hitherto the mountains and a sparsely
settled country have been the chief barriers. In Ohio and Indiana on the north and
leading directly to Cincinnati are 6,000 miles of railway. South of Tennessee and
converging there, are 4,000 miles, and this railway will be as the neck between them. It
is estimated that the extent of country which will thereby become a market for cur
manufactures, and from which we shall draw its special products, embraces an area of
about 200,000 square miles, and in the whole of it there is no large town, and to it there is
no eastern or northern city so accessible as Cincinnati. The success of the enterprise, as a
paying property, seems to be assured from the start, but its advantage to Cincinnati is
beyond the whole investment, as a means of business intercourse. Below we submit some
facts regarding the position of the northern terminus of the road ; the city of Cincinnati,
in connection with the loan, it was neccFsary to obtain to build the road. The real
property belonging to the city, acquired from time to time, was assessed at the last
valuation in 1871, at 815,287,194.00. The present value of the same, is estimated, by the
City Auditor, at §19,000,000.00. The property assessed for taxation, for the year ending
Jnne 30, 1872, was valued at $175,084,296.00 of which $119,621,886.00 was real estate, and
$55,462 410.00 was personalty. The present city tax levy is 20 mills on each $100.00.
The bonded indebtedness of 'the city, for 1873, was $6,101,500.00 from which should be
deducted balance of cash in Treasury, $566,703.00. Of this debt the sum of $1,025,000.00
has been expended for water works which yield a gro-ss income of $610,960.00 annually.
A revenue of $79,428.00 per annum, is derived from public wharfs, markets, licenses and
fines. The rest of the bonded debt has been expended in hospitals, school-houses,
infirmaries, ttc. The population of the city by the census of 1870, was 216,239 since
which time there has been an increase, and if the cities of Covington and Newport in

10 CINCINNATI SO UTIIEBN RAIL WA Y.

Kentucky, on the opposite bank of the Ohio Elver, which are practically parts of
Cincinnati, be taken into account, there is within a radius of three miles, a population of
300,000. According to statistics, obtained trom the Board of Trade, the value of the
imports, exports, and manufactures of Cincinnati for 1870-1-2, are as follows: Imports,

1870, $312,978,665; 1871, $283,796.219 ; 1872, $317,646,608. Exports, 1870, $193,517,690;

1871, 179,848,427; 1872, $200,607,640. Manufactures, 1870, $127,459,021; 1871, $135,-
. 968,365; 1872, $143,486,675.

The first important feature upon leaving Cincinnati, on the Cincinnati Southern
Kail way is the Oiiio Kiver Bridge. This beautiful and imposing work, with its web-like
and delicate appearing but strong and durable super-structure, is located on Section 1,
Division "A." (The whole road is divided into divisions averaging 40 miles each and
sections 1 mile each,) it has five spans, the first two are each 296 feet long, and are called
through spans, the third, of the same kind, has a length of 515 feet, the fourth is a draw,
366 feet long and the fifth is a deck span of 108.5 feet length, this gives a total of 1,581.5
feet in length independent of the ajiproaches. This was let to the Keystone Bridge Co.,
for the sum of $663,570, which price included super-structure, masonry and foundations
Over this we are carried on the " Sacred Soil " of Kentucky, into

LUDLOW.

in Kenton County of which we will give a brief history : — Kenton County is one of the
newest and smallesi in the State, the 90th in order of formation and was organized in
1840, out of the west half of Campbell County, as divided by Licking River. It is only
from 6 to 12 miles wide and 25 miles long: the turnpike to Lexington making it easy of
access along its western length, as does the Kentucky Central Railroad along its eastern
line. The southern border is at Grassy Creek, a little north of Crittenden, Grant County.
It is situated in the extreme northern part of the State, opjiosite Cincinnati, Ohio ; "is
bounded north by the Oliio River, east by the Licking River, which separates it from
Campbell County, south by Pendleton and Grant Counties, and west by Boone County.
The bottom lands are rich and veiy productive; the uplands undulating or hilly, but
grow fine wheat, corn and tobacco The county is dotted with fine gardens and has many
o'xcellent dairy farms for the supply of the Covington and Cincinnati markets. The lands
along the Lexington Turnpike are of very superior quality. Independence is the original
county seat, 11 miles south of Covington; incorporated in 1842; population in 1870, 134.
But the necessities and convenience of the people have gradually invested Covington, also
with nearly all the advantages of the County seat, it being the place of record of all
conveyances of prn[)erty in and near its limits; and the longest terms of all the courts, as
well as terms of tlie II. S. District Court for Kentucky, being held there. Covington is
situated on the Ohio River, immediately at and below the mouth of the Licking River
(which separates it from Newport,) and opposite the great city of Cincinnati, Ohio. It is
built upon a beautiful plain, several miles in extent, and the principal streets were so laid
off as to present the appearance of a prolongation or continuation of those of Cincinnati.
Population at the present time about 32,000. It has a large and beautiful Court House
and City Hall, twenty-four churches and four banks, a large and beautiful Government
Buihling for Post-Office and Internal Revenue, is almost completed.

The populatioM of Kenton County was 7,816 in 1840, when it was organized, and at
the present time about 45,000; its area is 96,453 acres, value per acre $14.95 in 1846, in
1876, $50.00.

LUDLOW, KENTON COUNTY.

Ludlow, the first point on leaving the Ohio River, has a population of 2,000, which is
on the rapid increase, as it is practicably a suburb of Cincinnati and should it obtain a
side foot-way over the railway bridge, people will at once flock over from the bustling and
noisy Queen City, for quiet homes near their places of business. There is a large yard for
standing room and switchins located here; a great deal of grading has made a long and
beautiful jdain or table land, on which is located a commodious Freight and Passenger
Depot, a round house and various other buildings; here, too, is the inclined plane leading
down to the Ohio River, thereby connecting our road with the large commerce carried on
upon its rolling waters. Dayton, New|)ort, West and South Covington, Ludlow, Bromley,
&c., all face Cincinnati, and at no very far distant date, will be con.solidated ; their
combined pojuilation is nearly 100,000; there is ample room for doubling this number,
and no be:ter investment or speculation can be found than vacant ground in or near these
placfS But we will not tarry, going on southwardly, we next come to three master pieces
of iron trpsile work, oup on an easy curve, the other two on tangents or straight lines, on
Sections 3 and 4, cro-sing Horse Run and two branches of Pleasant Run. These were also
let to the Keystone Company, for about $85,000. Next we come to

CINOINNA II SO VTHEBN BAIL WAl. H

GREENWOOD STATION.

This place named after Miles Greenwood, the popular President of the Board of Trustees,
lias few houses as yet, but a beautiful location, selected by the trnstees, as a suitable site
for their shops, yards, &c., being only seven miles out and the first point at tlie head of
the long grade running up from the Ohio River, and having the prospect of a large
amount of business, together with its fine surrounding country, we predict a prosperous
future for this little place. Three miles farther on and we find another piece of iron
trestle over Rici Creek, 510 feet long, costing $"22,322.18 and next we enter Boone County.
AVhat a host of recollections is called up by tlie name of Boone, who lias not heard of
this brave, unselfish, old pioneer, who, with untold toils and hardships, opened tliis
grand country for the benefit of succeeding generations. In mentioning this good man's
name, we will also refer to Simon Kenton, equally good but perhaps less illustrious, in
honor of whom was named the county, we have just left. Boone County was the 80th in
order of formation in the State and was organized in 1798, out of part of Campbell
County ; it is situated in the most northern part of t he State, in the " Nortli Bend " of the
Ohio River, its average length north .to south, is about twenty miles, and its average
breadth about 14 miles, it is bounded on the east by Kenton, south by Grant and Gallatin
Counties, north and west by the Ohio River, which Hows along its boi'der about 40 miles,
dividing it from the States of Ohio and Indiana. Tlie land is nearly all tillable, a portion
level, but generally hilly; the river bottom very productive; fartlier out from the river,
good second rate. The principal streams are Woolper, Middle, Gunpowder, Big Bone
and Mud Lick Creeks. Burlington, the county seat, incorporated in 1824, is 13 miles by pike
from Covington, population in 1S70, 277; it lies off to the west of the railroad. The
population of the county, according to the United States Census in 1870, was 10,696; in
1860,11,196; in 1850,11,185; in 1,S40, 10,034; in 18.S0, 9,075; in 1820,6,542; in 1810,
3,608; in 1800, 1,534; the area of the county is 151,599 acres, valued in 18-16 ^t $14 39
per acre, in 1870, $24.68. Statistics show that in 1870 the county contained 4,528 horses,
621 mules, 6,335 cattle, 12,000 hogs and prodticed for the same season, 5,948 tons of hay,
625,848 bushels of corn, 83,354 of wheat, 1,030 of barley and 231,645 pounds of tobacco-
showing that the county may be considered in a flourishing condition. The first town
near the railway is

FLORENCE.

lying a half mile to the westward, by pike it is 9 miles from Covington and 6 miles from
Burlington; it was incorporated in 1830, population now 400. Slill onward we come to
the crossing of the Louisville Short Line Railroad This we glide over on an iron through
span bridge, 126 feet long, at $66.25 per foot, built by the American Bridge Co., after
which we enter

WALTON.

18 miles from our starting point. A little farther on and we again enter Kenton County,

crossing a corner of which we are rushed into Gmnt County, formed in 1820, out of the

western part of Pendleton County ; it was the sixtj'-seventh formed in the State. In

shape it is a parallelogram, nearly a square, twenty-two and a half miles from north to

south, and twenty miles from east to west. It is situated in the northern part of the

State, and bounded north by Boone and Kenton Counties, east by Pendleton, south-east

by Harrison, south by Scott and Owen, and west by Owen and Gallatin Counties. The

streams are Eagle Creek, which flows northward tjirough the western part of the county

and finally empties into the Kentucky River, and ils tributaries, Clark's, Arnold's and

Ten Mile Creeks; and on the eastern side of the county, Crooked Fork Lick and Grassy

Creeks, tributaries of the Licking River. The face of the county is undulating, seldom

hilly ;_the .soil north of Williamstown, along the Dry Ridge and the arms oi the Ridge is

very rich, south of that place it is thin, but in the western part moderately good. Wheat,

corn, oats and hogs are the largest productions. The crops of the county in 1870, were

155,950 pounds of tobacco, 700 pounds of hemp, 1,509 tons of hay, 612,079 bushels of

corn, 34,059 bushels of wheat, 1,631 bushels of barley, it also contained at that time 4,225

.horses, 431 mules, 5,217 cattle, 8,000 hogs. The population ranged as follows: 1870,

9,529; 1860, 8,356; 1850, 6,531 ; 1840, 4,192; 1830, 2,98(i; 1820, 1,805. Its area is 136,891

acres, valued in 1846, at $4.60 per acre ; in 1870, at $14.92. The highest number of slaves

ever held, numbered 696 in 1860. From these facts gathered carefully from past

statistics, the reader can readily judge of the standing of the county. Five minutes will

now bring us from the county line to Crittenden (named after the Hon. John J.

Crittenden), on the turnpike 11 miles north of Williamstown by pike, and twenty-five

miles_ south of Cincinnati; established in 1831, population in 1870, 295, present 500;

contained at that time 3 churches, (Reformed, Presbyterian and Baptist), a school house,

2 hotels, a lawyer, 3 physicians, 1 drug-store, 4 dry -goods stores, and 5 mechanics shops.

We next come to

DKY EIDGE.

4 miles north of Williamstown by pike, it has 2 stores, 2 saloons, a steam grist and saw
mill, and blacksmith shop; and in the vicinity, 2 churches, (Baptist and Methodist), a
school and a physician,

WILLIAMSTOWN.

lies mostly on the west side of the road ; it is the county-seat. In this connection the fol-
lowing letter from the Hon. O. P. Hogan will be of interest.

In response to your communication of Sept. 15th, would state, that the Cincinnati
Southern Kailway crosses into Grant twelve miles north of Williamstown, (near the town
of Crittenden, in this county, the said town has a population of about 400) thence said
railway runs along parallel with the Covington and Lexington turnpike, a wide ridge of
land, of rich and productive soil, well improved, with views for building sites, both to
railway and turnpike. The land, from Crittenden to Williamstown, is worth from $50 to
$100 per acre, according to the amount and kind of improvements. On an average of
about every two miles there are, intersecting the railway and turnpike, county roads,
which extend east and west to the borders of the cpunty, and, generally, the roads run out
ridges of land very similar to the main ridge, on which roads land valued from $20 to .$60
per acre, depending on improveuients and proximity of turnpike and railway. Williams-
town is situated immediately on the turnpike and railway, thirty-hve miles from Cincin-
nati by rail and at the junction of five county roads leading in every direction, and extend-
ing along nice ridges of land into the adjacent counties of Owen, Pendleton, Harrison,
Scott and Gallatin. It contains about 800 inhabitants, two large flouring mills, one plan-
ing mill, two blacksmith and wagon shops, six dry goods stores, four groceries, two drug
stores, one hardware and tin store, two large and commodious hotels, two large livery and
sale stables, three good size churches, two good schools, one free the other private ; in fact
it is a thrifty town, and more business is done in it than any town within 100 miles of
Cincinnati, of same population. There is a large three-story Odd Fellows' building with
town hall, the finest court house in the Eleventh Judicial District, jail and other public
buildings. The railway runs south of Williamstown on the same ridge about thirteen
miles to the county line. The lands are not so rich and valuable but more hilly, the tim-
ber is mostly very fine, oak and hickory ; it produces good wheat, corn and tobacco ; the
lands south of here rate at from $20 to $40 per acre. The country along the ridge and
high lands here are free from that miasma which is so unhealthy in low lands, conse-
q^uently we have very little chills or fever, and this country is considered one of the
healthiest in the world. Fruits of all kinds do well here. The citizens are quiet, orderly
and tolerably well educated ; there is a good free school in every district. The county tax
is $1.50 per capita, and only 40c on $100 for State tax, county is out of debt with money in
the treasury. One good water course. Eagle creek, passes through the western part of the
county, about seven miles from the railway. This creek will afibrd a good Avater power
for mills, manufacturers, &c. The population of this county is about 10,000.

Eespectfully, O. P. Hogan.

Not dwelling longer, we come to the corner of Owen, Harrison and Scott counties. We
do not touch Owen, but meander from Harrison to Scott, or rather the railway line is
comparatively straight but the county line curves in every direction, having been formed,
according to our memory, by an old pioneer road. Seeing very little of Harrison county
we continue through Scott, which was named in honor of Gen. Charles Scott, afterwards
Governor. It was formed out of part of Woodford, in 1792, and was the second born of
the new State of Kentucky, but the eleventh in all, including the counties formed by Vir-
ginia before the admission of Kentucky into the union. It is situated in the northern
middle part of the State and bounded north by Owen county, north-east and east by Har-
rison and Bourbon, south by Fayette and Woodford and west by Franklin. It is well
watered by North Elkhorn, South Elkhorn and Eagle creeks, with their tributaries. South
Elkhorn forming the south-west boundary line. The southern and south-eastern portion
bordering on Woodford, Fayette and Bourbon, is embraced in that beautiful "Blue Grass
Region," known also as the " Garden of Kentucky ;" with a level or very gently rolling
surface, and a deep, rich, black soil, based on limestone, and unsurpassed in fertility. In
the north and north-west portions of the county the surface is hilly and broken, and the
soil not nearly so productive. The exports consist, principally, of horses, mules, cattle,
hogs and hemp. Great attention is paid to the raising of blooded horses and cattle ; corn
and hemp are the leading products. In 1870 Scott was the eleventh county in the State
in taxable property. The population of the county was, in 187'0, 11,607; its area 184,774
acres; this averages nearly sixteen acres to the individual. The crops for the same year
■were 41,750 pounds of tobacco, 1,147,000 pounds of hemp, 1,722 tons of hay, 843,335 bush-
els of corn, 71,285 bushels of wheat, 1,375 bushels of barley ; the stock of that year was
r,i62 horses, 1,373 mules, 8,546 cattle, and 15,000 hogs. The highest number of slaves

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENI

H. A. DOWNING, D. D. S.,

Operative &, Mechanical Dentist,

CINOHSTTSTA^TI, OHIO.

All Work known to the Profession
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FULL AND PARTIAL SETS OF TEETH

GOLD, SILVER OR RUBBER PLATES.

Special attention given to Treating and Pilling the
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SATISFACTION GUARANTEED.

LAUGHING GAS A DMINISTERED.

H. A. DOWNING,

118 West Sixth St., CINCINNATI, O.

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

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ever held in the county was in the year 13 50, and numbered 8,891. In 1846 land was
valued at $20.73 per acre, in 1870 at $26.27. Scott county donated 22.63 miles of land,
about 100 feet wide, as " right of way," to the railway. The first stream of any size, which
we cross in this county, is Ea^le creek: the country through which it passes has been a
great expense in the construction of the road, showing some of the heaviest of work. These
hills are so irregular that it was a long time before the final location could be decided on
by the trustees. Eigle creek is crossed by a deck bridge of one 150 feet span, costing $68
))er lineal foot, and 510 feet of iron trestle, eighty feet high, built by the Louisville Bridge
Co. When we pass these picturesque hills and valleys we glide into a beautiful farming
country, studded with elegant and comfortable farm houses, everything bespeaking thrift
and happiness. The rolling and undulating surface affords some of the finest building
sites, and it only needs taste in planting shrubbery to give a beautiful appearance to your
residence, or even though it be a house of more humble pretensions, it will often remind
vou of '' love in a cottage."

GEORGETOWN.

the county -seat, lying on the railway, and situated in the midst of these agricultural re-
sources, is a ilourishing town of 1,800 inhabitants, nearly the same number it had twenty
years ago. For a full description of this pretty place we are indebted to J. H. Steftee,
postmaster ; we give his letter as we received it.

Georgetown, Scott Co., Ky., September 19th, 1877.

Gentlemen:— "Your favor of the 14th received Saturday and I take the first oppor-
tunity for replying.

The first block house settlement here was made about 1776 or SO It was built
contiguous to a mammoth spring of water now famous as "The Big Spring," which is the
greatest natural curiosity in this section of the stale. An old citizen tells me that in the
year 1800, a merchantile firm here, used to bring over the Alleghenies, on pack mules,
merchandise and sell to Cincinnati then called Losantiville. Our town now contains 1800
inhabitants. It lies twelve miles north of Lexington and nearly midway between Paris
and Frankfort, seventeen miles from Paris, eighteen miles from Frankfort. It is six miles
from Payne's Depot, Louisville and Lexington railroad. Nearly all our goods are now
received over the Payne's depot pike. Georgetown college is nearly forty years old and
has graduated many men now prominent in the south and west. We have also the
Georgetown Female Seminary and two other flourishing female seminaries viz: Warren,
dale and Mrs. Ballou's ; one free school and several private sohools, five white churches-
viz : Methodist, Baptist, Roman, Campbellite and Presbyterian, two fine colored churches,
Methodist, and Baptist, three hotels, Georgetown, Pratt's and Central, two banks, branch
Farmers bank, with a capital of $400,000 and Deposit bank capital $50,000, one Gas
Works, three dry goods stores, three general merchandise stores, two large clothing and
shoe stores, seven large groceries and about one dozen whisky saloons. The Secretary of
the State Grange is located here.

Georgetown is probably the prettiest town in the state. It contains a good many new
and handsome brick residences, the streets are well shaded and nearly all the business
portion of the town burnt and rebuilt within the last seven years. We have fifteen
lawyers, ten doctors, and two real estate firms. The town is situated in the south-western
portion of the county, which raises hemp, wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, mules, hogs, cattle
and sheep. We have a new town hall called Barlow's Hall, seating comfortably 400
persons, with stage and scenery complete. The Weekly paper here is the Georgetown
Times. Any thing more you may want, I will send you,"

Respectfully,

J. H. STEFFEE, P. M.

When originally settled, Oct. 1775, Georgetown was called McClelland's Station, but
from about 1784 to 1790 Lebanon; in the latter year it was incorporated by the Legisla-
ture of Virginia and the name changed to Georgetown in honor of George Washington.
Georgetown College began its chartered existence in 1829, but the Faculty was never full
until 1840, and the usual classes were not all formed till 1842. The commencement of the
enterprise was a legacy of $20,000 from Isaacher Paulding, a native of New Jersey, long
settled in Kentucky, but most of the endowment was obtained in 1839, by the Rev. Ruck-
well Giddings, from New England, who had settled over the Baptist church in Shelbyville.
He was elected President of the college, and in less than a year obtained about $70,000 in
subscriptions, but died before he had completed his great work. Rev. Howard Malcom,
D. D., succeeded him as president from 1839 to 1849. Rev. Duncan R. Campbell,
D. D. L. L. D., was the distinguished president from 1852 until his death in 1865, by
whose judicious management and fine business tact the institution was placed upon a
•olid financial basis. Rev. N. M. Crawford, D. D., was the next president, until 1871. In

QmaiWBATI so UTHEBN IRAJL WA Y.

1858, tliere were eight professors, 132 students and a library of 7,500 volumes ; in 1871
there were seven professors and 145 students. The college has generally been well sustained,
and has been eminently useful. In 1873 it had an able faculty, with Rev. Basil Manly,
D. D., as president, and energetic and successful efforts were being made to increase its
endowment and efficiency. In the theological department were a number of candidates
for the ministry. The Western Military Institute was established about 1841, by Col.
Thornton T. Johnson, who, as well as most of the professors, were educ;ited at the U. S.
Militaiy Academy at West Point. It was quite ffourishing for a number of years; then
it was removed to tlie Blue Lick Springs, l)at, after some fifteen years, was discontinued.
Two Female Seminaries in Georgetown have been well sustained for over thirty years
past.

The " Royal Spring" was the name given in 1775, to one of the finest springs in the
State, which bursts from a high bluff" of limestone rock, flows through the west end of
Georgetown, and empties into the Elkhorn five-eights of a mile from its source. The
spring affords an ample supply of water for the entire population, and the stream flowing
from it, sufficient water power for a woolen factory .and grist mill which are located upon
it. McClelland's Station or Fort, at the Royal Spring, where Georgetown now stands, was
the first fortified station built anywhere nortli of Kentucky river — unless McGee's, in now
Clark county, three miles north of that river at Boonesborough — was settled a few weeks
previous, which cannot now be decided, it was erected in the summer of 1776. On the
29th of December, of the same year, when defended by only about twenty men, it was
attacked by forty or fifty Indians, under tlie famous Mingo chief Pluggy, three days after
they had defeated, rear the Lower Blue Licks, Col. John Todd's expedition after powder.
The attack lasted for several hours, and was only discontinued then, by reason, as was
afterwards learned, of the death of Pluggy. Of the whites, two were mortally wounded,
John McClelland and Chas. White. Gen. Robt. Todd and Capt. Edward Worthington
were seriously wounded, but botli recovered. The terror inspired by this event caused
the occupants to abandon the fort and retire to Harrodsburg. The subsequent history of
this fort and its defenders is a romantic one, but we have already dwelt too long upon this
spot and so, to make amends, will hurry into Fayette county. This county was formed
in 1780 by the State of Virginia and is one of the thi'ee original countie? that at one time
comprised the whole district of Kentucky, and included all that territory beginning at the
mouth of the Kentucky river and extending up its middle fork to the head, and embrac-
ing the northern and eastern portion of the present state. It received its name as a testa-
nionial of gratitude to Gen. Gilbert Mortier de La Fayette, the gallant and generous
Frenchman who volunteered as the champion of liberty, on this side of the Atlantic, and
proved to the world that, although a nobleman by descent, he was a republican in prin-
ciple, and was more enobled by nature than by all the titles of hereditary rank.

Fayette county is situated in the middle portion o^ the State and lies on the waters of
the Kentucky and Elkhorn. It is bounded on the north by Scott, east by Bourbon and
Clark, south by Madison and Jassamine, and west by Woodford; being twenty-five miles
from north to south, mean breadth eleven miles, and containing 275 square miles. It is
fair table land, all the streams rise and flow from the center of the county, and empty
into their common receptacle, the Kentucky river, the center of the garden of Kentucky.
The surface of this county is gently undulating, and the soil is probably as rich and pro-
ductive as any upon which the sun ever shone. It is properly a stock raising country,
horses, mules, cattle and hogs in large numbers, being annually exported, but corn and
hemp are produced in great abundance, tlie latter being generally manufactured in the
county. Timber is very scarce growing only on the banks of the small streams. The
population of the county in 1870, according to the U. S. census report was 26,656, in 1860,
22,599, in 1850 22,735, in 1840 22,194, in 1830 25098. Its area is 163,649 acres, showing
at present, about six acres to the individual ; in 1846 worth !|i33.95 per acre, and in 1870
$45.42. The highest number of slaves ever held in the county, which was in 1850, was
10,886, being abaut one slave to every fifteen acres. The crops for 1870 were 4,364,900
pounds of hemp, 3,093 tons of hay, 1,099,195 bushels of corn, 81,400 bushels of wheat,
20,405 bushels of birley ; and the county owned 5,879 horses, 1,939 mules, 12,260 cattle,
and 10,000 hogs. Fayette donated sixty-four miles of roadway, and sold 13.17 miles to
the Trustees, and also donated $34,880. The only town of any note, lying on the railway,
in this county, is

LEXINGTON,

the county seat. It is a remarkably neat and beautiful city, situated on the Lower fork
of Elkhorn creek, twenty-five miles south-east of Frankfort, sixty-four miles south-W3St
of Maysville, seventy-seven miles south-east of Louisville, eighty-five miles south of Cin-
cinnati by pike, seventy nine by C S. Railway, ninety-nine by Kentucky Cantral R. R.,
eighteen miles from Paris and 517 from Washington City. Its streets are laid out at right

CINCINNATI SO UTHERN RAIL WA Y. 15

angles, and are well paved. Few towns are so delightfully situated. Many of the private
residences, and several of the public edifices, are fine specimens of architectural taste. It
has a public library, established 1795. Kentucky, formerly Transylvania University, with
its college of arts, college of the Bible, law college and agricultural and mechanical college,
with five literary societies and a monthly magazine, The Collegian. Twenty schools, public
and private, eighteen churches and twenty-six clergymen, five printing offices, publishing
eight newspapers, with fourteen editors, forty-six lawyers, twenty-nine physicians, four
book stores and book bindery, four architects, one sculptor, two portrait painters and pho-
tograph galleries ; while one' large element of that ancient glory was consumed in the fire
that destroyed the Transylvania Medical Hall. In the mercantile lijie of buying, trading
and selling, it has stores as follows : eight banks or banking houses, twenty-two dry goods,
ten drug, 119 grocery, sixteen millinery, fifteen confectionary, twenty-one boot and shoe,
ten clothing, five furniture, five hardware, four agricultural implements, seven jewelry,
besides eight merchant tailors, eight sewing machine, and fifteen dress making ; ten coal
yards, four lumber yards, etc. Of factories, large and small, one woolen, four flour, and
four planing mills, one foundry and two machine shops, one agricultural implement, nine
carriage, four wagon, five hemp and bagging, one mustard, one soap and candle, two
broom, two pump, four mattress, and several other factories. It has ten hotels, eight
restaurants, thirty-seven saloons and any reasonable number of boarding houses. Besides
these there are more than a hundred other business houses, mechanics shops, oflSces or
stores of some kind. The population is nearly 20,000. The city is lighted with gas, and
has four public halls and a theatre.

K.ULROADS. — The Kentucky Central Railroad runs north ninety-nine miles to Cincin-
nati, twenty miles longer than the route we have just come over. The Louisville, Cincin-
nati and Lexington connects to Louisville direct, and via Lagrange Junction to Cincin-
nati. The Elizabethtown Lexington and Big Sandy was finished in 1872 to Mount Sterling
and the work of extending it to Huntington, W." Virginia, is progressing steadily. It
cros-ses the Big Sandy river about one and a half miles from its mouth, at Cattlettsburg.

Race Horses and Horse Racing. — Fayette county is probably the most famous
spot in America, if not in the world, for fine and fast blooded horses. It is emphatically
the home of '' winning" horses, remarkable for speed and endurance on the turf of the
United States, and known and appreciated in England. The first recorded public race in
Lexington was in August, 1789. Races have been kept up with rare, if any, intermission,
ever since— now eighty-three years. The first organized association, the Lexington Jockey
Club, was formed in 1809 and prospered until 1823. On July 2Jth, 1826, the turfmen
again combined "to improve the breed of horses by encouraging the sports of the turf,"
and organized the present Kentucky Association. Over the Lexington course, the follow-
ing is the fastest time made in 1827 and at various later dates —

Three-Quarters of a Mile. — The fastest time over this course, in the only four
races ever run prior to Sept. 15, 1871, was 1:18]-. In June, 1872, in a dash at Saratoga, a
Kentucky horse, Alarm, won easily in 1:16, the fastest three-quarters of a mile on record.

One'Mile.— In 1827, the best mile was by Mariah in 1:51. Within the next twenty-
one years, up to 1848, thirty-two one mile races were rnn, only three of them in better

Bradley's Nannie Clark, in 1:45|; in 1861, by Idlewild, in 1:45; in 1862, bvMcGrath's
Mammonia, in 1:44}; in 1871, by Fadladeen and Saiina, who each run a mile in 1:43, the
fastest time over this course, and then the fastest on record. In 1872, Alarm beat Fadla-
deen, in 1:42|. On July 14, 1871, at Saratoga, in a race of two and a quarter miles, in
4:02|; LongfelloAv run one mile of it in 1:40, "but it is not a record for him."

One Mile and a Quarter. — The fastest of the only two races, before Sept. 1871,
was 2:14^. In 1872 Frogtown made one and a quarter miles in 2:092-. The fastest one
and a quarter miles ever made was in the great race, June 16, 1872, between Longfellow
and Harry Bassett, in 2:08J.

One Mile and a Half. — The fastest time over this course, in the only three races
before Sept. 1871, was in 1871, by Exchange, in 2:38. In 1871, in a two and a quarter mile
race at Saratoga, in 4:02|, Longfellow made one and a half miles of it in 2:33, " but^ it is
not a record fur him." Enquirer had previously made one and a half miles in 2:35!| and
Longfellow and Harry Bassett made the same time, June 16, 1872.

OvE Mile and Three-Quarters.— In 1872 Frogtown made the fastest time in 3:07.
Previous to that, in August, 1869, over another course, Corsican made one and three-quarter
miles in 3:07|.

Two Mile Races. — 1:41 had been run over this course before Sept. 1871. In 1827
a two mile race was run in 4:15; Oct. 17, 1837, one by Jas. Lindsey's bay fiiley, in 3:35 ;
Sept. 12, 1869, two heats by Lancaster in 3:351338 J; May 23, 1871, one by Lyttleton in 3:34|.

In the last great race between Longfellow and Harry Bassett, at Saratoga, June 16, 1872
they made two miles in 3:30, the fastest ever run.

No TWO MILE AND A QUARTER RACES were run over this couree up to Sept. 1871. July
14, 1871, Longfellow, at Saratoga, made two and a quarter miles in 4:02:| ; in August, 1865,
Kentucky made, at Saratoga, 4:01.^.

Two MILE AND A HALF RACES. — Only two Were made over this course earlier than Sept.
1871. In the race at Long Branch, July 2, 1871, Longfellow beat Harry Bassett, both
Kentucky horse.'», two and a half miles in 4:34, but at the last great race between them, at
Saratoga, June 16, 1872, Bassett beat Longfellow about six feet, in 3:59.

Three mile rack.s. — Forty-nine were run prior to Sept. 1771, over the Association
course, at Lexington. In 1827 Limber made two heats in 6:09, 6:07 ; in 1840, nine stallions
started in a race, Blacknose winning the first heat in 5:40, and Bed Bill the second and
third heats in 5:48, 5:40: before 1850 Brown Kitty reduced this to 5:38. In 1853 Berrv's
time was 5:36^ ; Vandal's, in 1855, 5:33, and Red Oak's, in 1859, 5:323. Frogtown, in 1872,
ran three miles in 5:29f, with Hollywood close to his nose. Norfolk run it, in California,
Sept. 23, 1865, in 5:27J, 5:29}.

Four mile races. — Twenty-three only were run over the Lexington course prior to
Sept. 1871, and only one of those after 1801. The time was, in 1827, Old Court, 8:17 ; none

Jj. ihe rasrest tour miles on record was made against
time," April 2, 1855, at New Orleans, in 7:19f, by Lexington, who, also, April 24, 1855,
over the same course beat Lecompte in 7:23|. April 8, 1854, Lecompte had beaten Lex-
ington in 7:26 7:381, which " time " Lexington ran against for $20,000.

[djewlld, a Kentucky horse, over the Long Island course, June 25, 18G3, made four
miles in 7:26.| — claimed to be the best four mile on record, because he carried "full
weight."

There are, located in Lexington, the Kentucky University, the Eastern Lunatic A.ey.-
lum, and various seminaries having good systems and competent faculties. There in
scarcely time to do these subjects justice, so we will merely refer the reader to Mr. Collins'
History of Kentucky, giving a full and copious account of every minute circumstance.
The Cincinnati Southern Eailway barely touches this city on the west. Ample grounds
have been obtained for freight, switching and depot purposes; here they cross the L. C.
& L. R. R., and again make connection with the Kentucky Central Railroad and others
running from the city. This place has for years been the home of Mr. W. A. Gunn, so
long and honorably connected with this railway To him and his assistants, Cincinnati
owes the admirable location of the road through those intricate mountains, which we may
say has been the principal barrier to its construction. We cross the Louisville road and
one of the streets on short bridges.

Lexington has grown very little in the last half century, and we hope this road will
give it an impetus, which will rapidly develop its naturally great resources. Surrounded
by a fertile farming region, having railroad access to the minerals and producti(>ns of the
East and South, as well as having its rich memory of grand old statesmen ; we think Lex-
ington will always be a desirable home, and will grow rapidly for years to come.

The road bed between this place and Cincinnati is well located with light grades and
easy curvature. After ascending from the Ohio river to the summit, a distance of six
miles, on a grade of sixty feet to the mile, the maximum grade thence to the Kentucky
river is only twenty-six per mile, which is lighter than on any other road leading out of
Cincinnati, excepting the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton. The relation between the
alignment and grades is extraordinarily good for so rough a country. There is one in-
stance of a continuous grade for a distance of three and a half miles. We wish to be
understood when extolling this masterpiece of engineering, that we have in our considera-
tion a strictly first-class road. There is a standard recognized by engineers, up to which
all strictly first-class roads should be built. This standard will vary with the general fea-
tures of the country, but, in general, it is the nearest practicable approach to a straight line
and a continuous grade. This road is fully up to the standard, and, in our opinion, is
better than there is any necessity for. There is a limit to the antagonism between the
motive power and the grades, but just where this limit rests is difficult to ascertain. An
ordinary freight locomotive will haul fifty cars up a twenty-six foot grade, but such a
train is very wieldy and undesirable. The same locomotive will haul half the number up
a much steeper grade, and the expense of an extra engine and the crew necessary for a
train is many times less than the amount of interest on the cost of reducing the grades.
It is policy then to make a liberal use of heavier grades and a greater number of trains.

From here to Nicholasville we run over an old road, bought by the Trustees. Fortu-
nately it was of the right gauge and required but a small force to put it in thorough re-
pair ; a few trestles were filled with earth, the curvature at Nicholasville was reduced and

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENT.

LOUIS SNIDER'S SONS,

FRANKLIN

FAIR GROVB

PAPER muz,

AIVO

PAPEH DEALERS,

Office and V/arehouse:

No. 121 Walnut Street,

CINCINNATI, OHIO.

CJNCINNA TI AD VER TISEMENT.

GAR AND WHEEL WORKS,

oinsroiisrnsr^Ti, oeczo.

MANUFACTURERS OP

Cars & Car Wheels

OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS.

Wheels and Axles, Chilled Tires,

CAR AND BRIDGE CASTINGS

OF ANY PATTERN FURNISHED TO ORDER AT SHORT NOTICE.

Wheels of all Sizes Constantly on Hand.

X. A. GREEN, Ass't Sup't, Cincinnati, O. SAM'L FIRST, Sec''y and, Treas.

27i W. 3d Street, Room No. 3, CINCINNATI, O.

Cor, EEistern Avenue and Lewis Streets, CINCINNATI, O-^

We would call the atteution of Railroad Companies and Car Builders
throughout the entire West and South to our facilities for manufacturing and
shipping to any point West or South. 26^ 27, 28, 30 and 33 inch Car
Wheels, inside and outside bearings, on hand at all times.

Also particular attention paid to the manufacture of Chilled Tires, having
on hand at all times the following sizes : 3 it., 3 ft. 7i in., 3 ft. 8^ in., 4 ft.
1 in., 4 ft. 2^ in., 4 ft., 3^ in., 4 ft. 6 in., 4 ft. 6^ in., 4 ft. 9i in., S ft.
2-1^ in., S ft. 3^ in., and other sizes made to order.

iwrfs Inpronei Falenl M-ipki k Coupliiigs.

Prices subject to change in the market without notice. All work delivered on Cars

or Steamboats.

I -I' I" rf" I Ml will it rrTrifr» Ml iii«>— ■!■■■■ wiM ■■— m——

CINCINliA TI SO UTIIEBN RAIL WAY, 17

various otherimprovements were made- Tliis lins of road and the grading to the Ken-
tucky river, tlie Trustees bought for $300,000, or about one-half of what the original work
cost, or what it would cost now. TUis piece of railroad takes us from the center of this
county to the center of Jessamine. Jessamine county, the thirty-sixth erected in Ken-
tucky, was formed in 1798, out of the southern part of Fayette, and. is situated in the mid-
dle section of the State, on the Kentucky river, which forms its south-east, south and
south-western boundary line. It is bounded north by Fayette, east by Madison, south by
Garrard, and west by Garrard, Mercer and Woodford counties. The part of the county
north of Nicholasviile, is gently undulating, with a black, friable, and remarkably rich
soil, over the fossiliferous beds of the blue limestone ; that which lies to the south over the
diert beds and the Kentucky river marble, is not so good ; along the river it is quite hilly
and broken, but productive. The leading products are hemp, corn, blue grass, and cattle.
Tlie population of the county in 1870 was 8,638; 1850 10,249, 1810 8,377, so that we see
it has been nearly at a stand still for six decades; the area is 101,309 acres; this gave, in
1870 a proportionment of about twelve acres to the individual ; valued, in 1840, at $22.52,
and in 1870, $29.18 per acre. The county donated three and a half miles of roadway, sold
12.48 miles, and subscribed $5,000 to the Cincinnati Southern Eailway. The highest
number of slaves ever lield in the county, in 1850, was 3,825. The crops for 1870 were
2,200 pounds of tobacco, 1.860,020 pounds of hemp, 928 tons of hay, 494,171 bushels of
corn, 87,875 bushels of wlieat, 2,522 bushels of barley; the live stock for that year was,
3,514 hor.se.s, 919 mules, 5,241 cattle, 5,000 hogs. Sinking creek, in Jessamine, rises near
the Fayette line, about one mile north of old Providence ciuirch or station, a very small
stopping place on our route, runs west about two and a quarter miles north of Keene,
passing through the farms of Nat. Lafon, Nat. Blackford and Jacob G. Sandusky, ancl
unites in Woodford with a smaller sinking creek from tlie north, forming Clear creek. It
sinks four times, running under ground from one fourth of a mile, to a mile each time. At
times in the winter and spring, when the water cannot sink as fast as it falls, it is fifty
feet deep, and a mile wide, and furnishes fine duck shooting. At the terminus of the old
road, now a part of the Cincinnati Southern Railway, we come to

NICHOLASVILLE,

the county-seat. It is situated thirteen miles soutli of Lexington, and thirty-seven from
Frankfort. It contains, besides the usual public buildings, eight churches, Methodist
Baptist, lieform, Presbyterian, Eoman and three for colored people; one male and one
female academy, two schools, two hotels, fifteen stores and groceries, ten mechanic*' shops,
one bngging factory, six lawyers and six physicians; population in 1870, 1,089; established
in 1812, and named in honor of Col. George Nicholas. In the heart of a fine country, and
the terminus of the old road, Nicholasviile is necessarily a place of considerable business.
There is a good country for thirty-four miles south of here, until we strike the slaty lands
at the foot of the '' Knobs," the country from there on is finelv timbered, chiefly with white
oak and chestnut. A connection with the Louisville and Knoxville road, at the point of
crossing, 110 miles from Louisville, brings the edge of the coal-field within seventy
miles of Lexington. Going on southwardly from Nicholasviile, we come to the first tunnel
on the road, a lew miles north of the Kentucky river, on sectioin tAventy. division C, as we
have before stated, the Avhole railway line is divided into "divisions" averaging forty
miles eacl) ; sections average one mile. This tunnel runs through limestone ; the main
tunnel is 506 feet long, besides the approaches or deep cuts at each end. Still further on
and we come to the deep, tortuous and bold Kentucky river. The following account of
.^ome singular natural formations among the cliflfs of this river — the most remarkable of
which is the " Devil's Pulpit," a cut of which is here given — was written for Mr. Collins'
History, in 1847, by Dr. Christopher Graham, who, at the ripe age of eighty-six, is still,
as keenly appreciative of the beauties and curiosities of nature as ever :

" After much vexation and annoyance, occasioned by the difficulties of the road, we
arrived near the object of our visit, and quitting our horses, proceeded on foot. Upon
approaching the break of the precipice, under the direction of our guide, we suddenly
founil ourselves standing on the verge of a yawning chasm, and immediately beyond, bot-
tomed in darkness, the "Devil's Pulpit" was seen rearing its black, gigantic form, from
amid the obscurity of the deep and silent valley. The back-ground to this gloomy object
presented a scene of unrelieved desolation. Cliff' ro.se on clifT and crag surmounted,
sweeping oft on either hand in huge .semi-circles, until the wearied eye became unable to
follow the countless and billowy-like mazes of that strange and awful scene. The prevail-
ing character of the whole was that of savage grandeur and gloom. A profound silence
broods over the place, broken only by the muffled rushing of the stream, far down in its
narrow passage, cleaving its way to its home in the ocean. Descending by a zigzag path
to the shore of the river, while our companions were making preparations to cross, I

strayed through the valley. The air was cool, refreshing and fragrant, and vocal with the
voices of many birds. The bending trees, the winding stream, with its clear and crystal
waters, the flowering pbrubs, and clustering vines walled in by these adamantine ramjjarts,
which seem to tower to the skies, makes this a place of rare and picturesque beauty. The
dew-drops still hung glittering on the leaves, the whispering winds played soft music
through the rustling foliage, and the sumbeams struggling through the overhanging forest,
kissed the opening flowers, and, all combined, made up a scene of rural loveliness and
romance, which excited emotions of unmingled delight. The boat having arrived the
river was crossed without difficulty, and we commenced the ascent; aft^r measuring up two
hundred and seventy feet we arrived at the base of the " Pulpit." Fifty paces from this
point, and parallel with it, in the solid ledge of the cliff, is a cave of considerable extent.
At its termination, there passed out like the neck of a funnel, an opening not larger than
a hogshead. Upon pitching rocks into this cave, a rumbling was heard at an immense
distance below the earth. Some are of opinion that this cave contains a bottomless pit.
We now ascended the cliffs, some fifty feet further, clambering up through a fissure in the
rocks, having the Pulpit on our right, and a range of cliffs on our left. To look up here
makes the head dizzy. Huge and dark mas.ses roll up above you, upon whose giddy heights
vast f-rags jut out and overhang the valley threatening destruction to all below. The float-
ins: clouds give these crags the appearance of swimming in mid-air. The ascent up these
rocks, though =omewhat laborious, is perfectly safe, being protected by natural walls on
either side, and forming a perfect stairway with steps from eight to ten feet thick. At the
liend of this Da^isage, there is a hole through the river-side of the wall, large enough to
admit the body, and through which one may crawl, and look down upon the rushing
stream below. At the foot of the stairway stands the Pulpit, rising from the very brink
of the main ledge at more than two hundred feet of an elevation above the river, but sep-
arated from the portion which towers up to the extreme heights. The space is twelve
feet at bottom, and as the cliff retreats slightly at this point, the gap is perhaps thirty feet
at the top The best idea that can be formed of this rock is to suppose it to be a single
column, standingin front of the continuous wall of some vast building or ruin, the shaft
standing as colonnades are frequently built upon an elevated platform. From the plat-
form to the capital of the shaft is not less than one hundred feet, making the whole eleva-
tion of the " Devil's Pulpit" three hundred feet It is called by some the " Inverted Can-
dlestick," to which it has a striking resemblance. There are two swells, which form the
base moulding and occupy about forty feet of the shaft. It then narrows to an oblong of
about three feet by six, at which point there are fifteen distinct projections. This narrow
neck continues, with some irregularity, for eight or ten feet, winding off at an angle of
more than one degree from the line of gravity. Then commences the increased swell, and
craggy offsets, first overhanging one side, and then the other, till they reach the top or
cap rock, which is not so wide as the one below it, but is still fifteen feet across."

Jessamine County in 1789. — From the first complete American geography, really a
great work, written by Judiah Morse, and published in the spring of 1789, at Elizabelh-
towii, New Jersey, we extract the following account of the lands at that early day in the
region within thirty miles around NicholasvlUe :

" Elkhorn river, a branch of the Kentucky, from the south-east, waters a country fine
beyond description. Indeed the country east and south of this, including the headwaters
of Licking river, Plickman's and Jassamine creeks, and the remarkable bend in the
Kentucky river, may be called an extensive garden. The soil is deep and-black, and the
natural growth ; large walnut, honey and black locust, poplar, elm, oak, hickory, sugar-
tree, etc. Grape vines run to the tops of the trees, and the surface of the ground is cov-
ered with clover, blue grass and wild rye. On this fertile tract, the Licking river, the
head-waters of Salt river, are the bulk of the settlements in this country. The soil
within a mile or two of the Kentucky river is generally of the third and fourth rates, and
as you advance towards the Licking, the land is in large part poor and hilly. The banks
or rather precipices, of Kentucky and Dix's rivers are to be reckoned among the natural
curiosities of this country. Here the astonished eye beholds 300 or 400 feet of solid per-
pendicular rocks, in some parts of the limestone kind, and in others of fine white marble,
curiously checkered with strata of astonishing regularity. These rivers have the appear-
ance of deep artificial canals. Their high rocky banks are covered witli red cedar groves,
very pretty in appearance.

The accounts of the fertility of the soil have in some instances exceeded belief, and
probably been exaggerated. The high grounds of Kentucky are remarkably good. The lands
of the first rate are too rich for wheat, and will prod uce fifty and sixty, and in some instances,
100 bushels, or even more, of good corn to the acre. In common the land will produce
thirty bushels of wheat or rye to the acre. B:irley, oats, cotton, flax, hemp, and vegetables of
all kinds, cimmnn to this climate, vield abundantly. The old Virginia planters say, that
if the climate does not prove too moist, few soils known will yield more or better tobacco."

CINCINNA 21 SO VTHERN BAIL WA^. 10

Camp Nelson. — In the late war between the North and the South, this country was
the principal point for the concentration of Federal forces and munitions of war, on the
Cumberland line. In 1863 Camp Nelson, so called in compliment to tlie late Maj. Gen.
Wm. Nelson, was established on the Kentucky river, at the mouth of Hickman creek, in
Jessamine county, and occupied till the close of the war. It had a fortified circumference
of about ten miles, formed, in great part, by the high surrounding hills and clitl's ot the
Kentucky river, and partly by breastworks thrown up, that yet remain. The lands thus
occupied had been heiivily timbered but were rendered a barren waste, tliough the country
elsewhere was not materially damaged, there having been no battles of note fought therein.
This was the principal camp in the IState for the enlistment of colored troops, and the
refuge of colored refugees from slaver}'. On these lands is now established a U. S Mili-
tary Cemetery, finely and substantially improved, and in which are interred thousands of
Federal soldiers. Jessamine county derives its name from Jessamine creek, which rises
in the north-western part of the county, and flows southwardly through it to the Ken-
tucky river. The creek was named in honor of a beautiful young lady, .Jessamine Doug-
lass, whose father, a Scotchman early settled at the head of the creek, "entered" the land
around it, and selected its Uiniie. The creeK is of good size, and as large at its source as
at its termination. It rises at two points, about ten feet apart; at one it boils up from a
bed of gravel ; at the other, gushes Irom between two large smooth rocks, and is very deep.
Upon one of these rocks, the fair Jessamine was sitting, unconscious of danger, when an
Indian's tomahawk crashed through her brain and ended her young life there.

The Cincinnati Southern Railway crosses the Kentucky river on a Deck bridge of
three equal spans, having a total length of 1,125 feet. There are 12,390 cubic yards of
masonry, all of which was built by the Baltimore Bridge Co., for the sum of §377 500.
This bridge is 275^ feet above low water. The amount of ma.sonry required was immense.
Messrs. Rogers. Scully & Co, had the contract for the ma.sonry and pushed it with great
vigor. They constructed, at considerable expense, an inclined plane railroad to lower the
rock down to the work. The Baltimore Bridge Co. had the contract for the whole work,
but let the masonry to the above parties. The bridge consists of one iron deck truss ot
three spans, 375 feet each, from center to center ; piers were built of ma.sonry to a height
of 64J feet above low water mark. ~ Upon this masonry rests ihe iron trestle work, really
a continuation of the piers, to the bridge seat, upon which rests the ends of tiie trusses.
The abutments are built upon the cliffs on each side, and are about forty- three feet high.
Owing to the great height of the trestle work, and the fact that the two piers are located
near the shore line on either side, there will be no obstruction to navigation on the river.
The reason that a bridge of such height was recjuired, is because the waters of the
Kentucky, like all other streams in central Kentucky, have cut down dee|> into the lime-
stone, in the ages of the i)ast, and now have thsir bed from two to five hundred feel below
the general surface of the country. A cut of the bridge is here appended.

The cliffs, where the bridge is located, are very nearly perpendicular. This is said to
be the highest pier bridge in the world. Crossing this river we come into Mercer county,
but before we go further, one thing more of the crossing. Twenty-five years ago, in the
old Lexington and Danville Railroad times, there was a thorough search m:ide fo'- a
better crossing of the Kentucky river than the one at the mouth of Dix river, but none
could be found. Twenty-three years ago that corporation attempted to briilge the chasm
but failed for lack of means. The late John A. Roebling had the contract to put a sus-
pension bridge across, after his own design, but funds gave out. and aftei spending §100,-
000 in the erection of towers and anchorage, the work was abandoned. The span was to
be 1,236 feet long and about 275 feet above the river. The Southern road passes between
these towers but they are useless, except for ornament. The idea of a suspension bridge
there is now condemned by the best engineers. South of the Kentucky river the countrj'
is moderately rolling, with a good stretch of favorable ground, and fine productive coun-
try, until we pass the limit of the blue grass region of Kentucky, where we encounter a
range of hills corresponding to Muldrough's hill, on the Louisville and Nashville tiail-
road. This hill extends from Portsmouth. Ohio, southward, to the eastern boundary of
Madison county, Kentucky, thence westward, across Madison, Garrard and Lincoln coun-
ties, to the -vicinity of Ilustonville, then bearing northward to the Lebanon Branch Rail-
road ; it follows that road westward nearly to Lebanon, and below Lebanon continues
along the Rolling Fork and Salt river to the Ohio, and up that river, on the west side to
New Albany, and thence northward into the state of Indiana. It is almost everywhere an
abrupt lift in the country of from 200 to 400 feet.

After passing this range of hills, we cross a belt of country similar to that along the
Louisville and Nashville Railroad from Elizabethtown to Bowling Green, and to that
known as the highlands, in Tennessee. It is a continuation of the same geological forma-
tion.

The character of this region Is Irregular — often smooth for considerable distances.

and sometimes broken up by heavy drainage, especially by the wide and deep valleys
oi the Cumberland river and its tributaries. The south-eastern boundary of these highlands
is the north-western outline of the Cumberland Mountains. It begins at the Big Hill, in
Madison county, Kentucky, and extends, with very irregular outline, near Mount Vernon,
south-east of Somerset, Monticello and Albany, in Kentucky, and of Livingston, Cook-
ville and Sparta, in Tennessee. From the Kentucky to the Cumberland is sixty -four and
three-tenth miles, on ten miles of which tlie work is very heavy, on the rest compara-
tively light. The direction and alignment are very fair, and witli the grade of fifty-two
and eight-tenths feet per mile, it will make a very good road. There are, however, very
large bridges over both the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers. These streams lie in deep
gorges, about ], 100 feet wide.'witli bold, limestone cliffs. Their channels occupy about
two-fifths of the chasms and the rest is an alluvial bottom, about fifty feet above low
water.

The water rises fifty-five feet in the Kentucky and seventy-two in tlie Cumberland; prob-
ably higher in the latter than in any other river in this country. The same stream rises
only fifty feet at Nashville 500 miles below. But to return to oiy stopping place. Mercer
county is one of the nine counties erected by the Legislature of Virginia, before Kentucky
was separated and admitted into the Union, the first formed out of Lincoln county and
the sixth in numerical; was established in 1785, and named in honor of Gen. Hugh
Mercer. It is situated very near to, if indeed it does not embrace within its limits, the
exact geographic center of the state ; on the waters of both the Kentucky and Salt rivers,
and is bounded, north by Anderson and Woodford, east by Woodford, Jessamine and
Garrard, south by Boyle, and west by Washington and Anderson counties. Dix's and
Kentucky rivers form the entire eastern boundary line ; Salt river runs centrally through
the county from south to north ; other streams in Mercer county are Chaplin's, Jennings,
Rocky, McConn's Lyons' and Thompson's creeks, and Shawnee run. The surface is undu-
lating, and the land generally of a good quality, some of it very rich, and the whole is
finely watered. Mercer is still a heavy grain growing and stock raising country, and
before Boyle was stricken off produced a much larger quantity of corn than any other
county in the State; it now ranks the fourth county in wheat growing. In 1840 Mercer
gathered 3,397,406 bushels of corn, while Harrison, the next highest, gathered but little
more than half as much — 1,716,484 bushels — but in 1870 Mercer and Boyle combined pro-
duced only 768,624 bushels.

This county, being settled at the very earliest period of the history of Kentucky, has
been finely improved, and the people consist, to a large extent, of the descendents of pio-
neer families, who are, generally, in independent circumstances, well educated, and intel-
ligent ; the population has ranged as follows : 1790, 7,091 ; 1800, 9,646 ; 1810, 12,630; 1820,
15,587; 1830, 17,694; 1840, 18,720; 1850, 14,067; 1860, 13,701 ; 1870, 13,144. The county
has an area of 141,992 acres, thus at present, there are over ten acres to the individual.
The railway purchased 4.89 miles and was given 3.32 miles, showing the legth of the road
8.21 miles through the county, which also subscribed, or rather donated, $1,900. The
crops for 1870 were as follows: 24,565 pounds of hemp, 1918 tons of Hay, 463, 884 bushels
of corn, 172,987 bushels of wheat, 530 bushels of barley. The county also contained, jn
the same year, 4,352 horses, 824 mules, 4,869 cattle, 15,000 hogs. Land was valued
at $14.32 per acre in 1846, $20.45 in 1870; the taxable property in the county in 1846
amounted to $4,026,469 ; in 1870 to $4,129,231. The largest number of slaves ever held,
which was in 1840, was 5,286.

The first station in this county, on our route, is

PLEASANT HILL or UNION VILLAGE.

This is a small place of rare beauty 'and neatness, situated on a commanding eminence,
about one mile from the Kentucky river, on the turnpike from Lexington to Harrodsburg,
and seven miles from the latter place. It balongs exclusively to that orderly ar.d industrious
society called "Shakers," so called from the shaking in their dancing, and contained in 1870 a
population of 362, divided into, families of from t^ixtj to eighty each. Their remarkable
steadiness and permanence is well illustrated by the fact that they numbered 298 in 1810,
and 342 in 1050, an increase of forty-four in 40 years, while in the ne.y twenty years the
increase was just twenty; or a small fraction over one per year for sixty years. Their
main edific.e is a large, handsome, and costly structure, built of Kentucky marble;
the others, generall}^, are built of brick, and all admirably arranged for comfort and con-
venience. The internal and external arrangement and neatness of their dwellings, the
beauty and luxuriance of their gardens and'fields, the method and economy displayed in
their manufacturing and mechanical establishments, their orderly and flourishing schools,
their sleek and well fed stock, are all characteristic of this singular people, and evidence
of a high degree of comfort and prosperity. Every important family arrangement is gov-

HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING, FRANKFORT, KY

^ K -j:. J v^

VIEW OF BANKLICK, KENTON CO.. KY

CINCmNA Tl SO VTIIEBN BAIL WA T. 21

erned by the clock, and moves on with the harmony and regularity of clock-Avork, in
beantifnl order. They are always instructed to be very industrious, and to bring hi ac-
cording to their ability to keep up the meeting. Tliey vary in their exercises ; their
heavy dancing, as it is called, is performed by a perpetual springing from the floor, about
four inches up and down, botii in tiie men's and women's apartment, moving about with
extraordinary transport, singing sometimes one at a time, sometimes more, nuiking a per-
fect charm. This elevation ati'ects the nerves so that they have intervals of sliuddering
as if they were in a strong tit of the ague. They sometimes clap hands, and leap so as to
strike tlie joist above their heads. They throw off their outside garments in these exer-
cises, and spend their strength very cheerfully in this way. Tiieir chief speaker often
calls for their attention ; then they all stop and hear some harrangue, and then fall to
dancing again. They assert that their dancing is the token of the great joy and happiness
of tiie new Jerusalem state, and denotes the victory over sin. One of the postures, which
increase among them, is turning around very swiftly for an hour or two, this, they say, is
to show the great power of God. They sometimes fall on their knees and make a sound
like tiie roaring of many waters, in groans and cries to God, as the)' say, for the Avicked
world who persecute them. In 1828 the number of so-called societies were sixteen ; the
number of preachers about forty-five ; members gathered into their societies, about 4,500;
those not received, 900; making in all 5,400.

Their location is very charming. The scenery on Kentucky and Dix rivers is among
th« grandest and most picturesque in' the United States. Next to tlie Highlands of the
Hudson, it is probably unecjualed for its imposing effect. Those lowering cliffs, rising in
])erpendicular walls for many hundred feet above the beach, varigated by marble strata of
every conceivable thickness and color, overpower the beholder Avith a sense of nature's
majesty. They look like the battlements of a world, standing there so stern and erect in
their massive proportions, and as we gaze on their bold fronts, against which the storms of
ages have beaten, we can almost realize the fable of the Titans and suppose they have been
thrown up in some long forgotten battle of the Gods.

An incident occurred at Shaker Ferry, in 1845, nearly opposite the most elevated of
these cliffs, wliich shows that men sometimes bear a charmed life. A stranger from Con-
necticut, believed to be an artist, was seen in the neighborhood for several days — his
object unknown. A sliorttime before the hour of dinner, in the month of June or July,
while the occupants of a little cabin on tlie left bank of tlie river was engaged in his corn-
field on the bottom immediately opposite the ferry, his attention was attracted by a rat-
tling noise above him, and, looking up, he saw a man falling down the fearful precipice-
now touching and grasping at a twig, now at a root, without being able to arrest his des-
cent. He finally lodged in the top of a small buckeye tree, about fifty feet above the gen-
eral level of the bottom. The total distance of the fall was 170 feet, and from the last
l)oint he touched the rock, to the top of the tree, was forty-five feet. The next day he was
walking about apparently but little injured.

ANCIENT TOWNS AND FORTIFICATIONS.

There are two of these in Mercer county, both on Salt river, one about four miles above
Ilarrodsburg, containing ditches and a mound some ten or twelve feet high, filled with
human bones and broken pieces of crockery ware. On one side of the mound a hickory
tree, about two feet in diameter, grew, and was blown up by its roots, making a hole some
three or four feet deeii. Its lower roots drew up a large piece of crockery ware, which
had been on some fire coals — the handle was attached to it, and human hair lay by the
coals. This was probably a place of human sacrifice. The other ruins are about a mile
and a half above, both being on the west side of the river. There is no mound near this,
but only the remains of earth dug out of tlie ditches. Each place is of a quadrangular
form. There are also remains of Indian villages on and near Salt river, and close by pet-
rified muscle shells, conglomerated into large lumps of rocks, exist, and generally some
two feet of soil covers them, showing many years of abandonment. One of these is on
Gen. K. B. Mc.Vfee's plantation, four miles north-west of Harrodsburg, near a large eave
spring

Gen. Hugh Mercer, of Virginia, from whom this county received its name, was a
native of Scotland, and graduated at an early age in the science of medicine. At the mem-
orable battle of Culloden, he acted as assistant surgeon, and, with many of the vanquished,
sought a refuge in America. In the Indian war of 1755 he served as a captain under
Washington. For his gallantry and military skill in the war, the corporation of Phila-
delphia presented him an appropriate medal. In 1775 he was in command of three regi-
ments of minute men, and in 1776 was made colonel in the army of Vix'ginia. Having
joined the Continental army, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general and served

in that capacity with efficiency and distinction, until his death, which occurred in the bat-
tle of •Pz-inceton, where he fell mortally wounded, while leading the vanguard of the
American forces. He survived nine days.

Battle of the boards. — About ]783, when the Indians still roved through the dense
forests, plundering and murdering the white inhabitants, three men left Harrod's Station,
in this county, to search for horses which had strayed ofl. They pursued tlie trail through
the rich pea vine and cane for some miles. Frequently they saw signs of Indians in their
vicinity, hence, moved with cautious steps. They continued the pearcli until darkne.=s and
a cold rain drove them to take shelter in an old deserted log cabin, thickly surrounded by
cane, and matted over with grapevines. They determined not to strike afire, as tlie Indians
knew the location of the cabin, and, like themselve.", might seek its friendly shelter and
dispute their right to possession. They concluded to ascend into the loft of tlie cabin, the
floor of whicli was clap-boards, resting upon round poles. In tlieir novel possei-sion they
lay down quietly side by side, each man holding his trusty rifle in his arms. They had
not been in this perilous position long, when six well armed Indians entered the cabin,
placed their guns and other implements of war and hunting, in a cornei-, struck a light
and begHn to make the usual demonstrations of joy on such occasions. One of our heroes
determining to know the number of the Indians; he was the middle man of the three,
and, lying on his back, as hilarity and mirth grew noisier, attempted to turn over and get
a peep at things below. His comrades held him to keep him from turning over. In the
struggle one of the poles broke, and, with a tremendous crash, the clap-boards and the
men fell into the midst of the affrighted Indians, who, with a yell of terror, fled from the
house, leaving their guns and never returned. The scarcely less terrified whites remained
in quiet possession of the cabin, and, in the morning, returned to the station with their
trophies. Whenever the three heroes met in after life, they laughed immoderately over
their strange deliverance, and what they called " The Battle of the Board.s."

Gen. Kay, a Scotchman, and a Band of Indians. — The following thrilling adven-
ture is preserved in the " Autobiography of Dr. J. J, Polk," recently published.

" Do you see that old gray-headed man, now slightly bent by toil and year-! ? Look at
his piercing black eyes, his stalwart form, broad shonlders and arms yet capable of inflict-
ing heavy blows. You see him surrounded by a company of men, all in breathless silence.
Listen to his shrill feminine voice. He was a pioneer and a great Indian warrior, in the
early settlement of Kentucky, His name is Ray, Gen. James Ray. He is engaged in
telling a thrilling incident connected with his early life. Listen to his story : " When
the most of you were boys, I lived in Harrod's fort, one mile east of where we now sit.
The inhabitants of the fort had planted a small field of corn, protecting it with a brush
fence. The field was about three hundred yards long and two hundred wide. One beau-
tiful summer morning an old Scotchman took his horse and went out to the field to plow
the patch of corn. He had not been out long when I took my trusty rifle and sallied out.
I liad seen signs of Indians about the evening before, so I made it a point to call on the
old Scotchman and see if all was well. As I approached the field, I saw, about two hun-
dred yards in advance, and between me and the field, a tall well armed Indian. He kept
a tree between him and the Scotchman, when the latter was plowing toward him; then he
moved nearer, as the Scotchman went toward the other end of the field. This maneuver
the savage performed three different times. Each time as the Indian advanced on the
Scotchman I advanced on the Indian, until he was not more than fifty yards from his in-
tended victim, I saw the Indian attempt to level his rifle, then, quick as thought, I let
off my old trusty Bessie. At its sound the Indian sprang forward discharging his rifle as
he fell, but without effect. The Scotchman let go the handles of the plow, and ran with
such force as to make a breach in the brush fence. I called to him several times, which
seemed only to increase his speed. I followed and when I arrived at the fort he was tell-
ing about his escape from a whole band of Indians. I explained the affair, but they would
not believe me unul I conducted them to the field and gave them a full account. We took
the dead Indian's scalp and returned in triumph to the fort."

During the last war with Great Britain, a very remarkable circumstance occurred in
connection with the invasion of Canada by the Kentucky troops, which, from its singu-
larity, merits preservation. A company of volunteers, destined for Shelby's army, ren-
dezvoused at Harrodsburg, Mercer county, and formed a nucelus around which the military
recruits of the county gathered, obtaining fresh accessions of strength with their progress
toward the Ohio. When they marched from Harrodsburg, the county-seat, about a mile
or two out, they saw two pigs fighting, and delayed their march to see it out. When the
march was recommenced, it was observed that the victorious pig was following in the route,
and, at night, when they encamped, the animal also hunted itself a shelter, and halted for
the night. The following day the pig accompanied the troops as before, and thus night
and morning, in their progress toward the river, the animal halted, rested and started
onward, when they resumed their journey. When they came opposite Cincinnati, at which

CINCINNATI SOUTHERN RAILWAY.

place tliey crossed in a ferry boat, the pig, on getting to the waters edge, promptly plunged
in, waiting on the other side until the whole cortege crossed over, and resumed its post as
customary in the flank of tlie moving column. In this way the animal kept on with the troops,
until they got to tlie lake. On the whole journey as the men grew more familiar with
their comrade, it became a pet, receiving a full share of the rations issued to the soldiers,
and, destitute as the troops found themselves at times of sustenance, no one thought of
putting the knife to the tliroat of their fellow soldier. What they had was still shared,
and if the pig fared at times as scantily as the rest, it grunted on and manifested as much
patriotism in its own line, as the bipeds it accompanied in theirs At the margin of the
lake she embarked with the troops and went as far as Bass Island. She was then otfertd
a passage into Canada, but obstinately refused to embark a second time. Some of the
men attributed her conduct to constitutional principles, and observed that she knew it
was contra rv to tlie constitution to force a military pig over the line. In consequence of
this remark they gave her leave to remain. After the campaign had closed, the troops
recro.ssed ihe lake, having left their horses on the American side. As soon as the line was
formed, to the great surprise of all, and inspiring a deep interest in many, there was the
]iig on the right of the line, ready to resume her march with the rest. By this time the
winter frosts had set in, and the animal suffered greatly on its homeward march. It made
out, however, to reach Maysville, at which point the troops recrossed the Ohio river.
There it gave out, and was placed in trusty hands by Gov. Shelby, and finally taken to
the Governor's home, where the animal passed the rest of its days in ease and indolence.
The facts contained in this narrative are strictly true and can be attested by many living
witnesses.

Boyle county, the next in our trip, was the ninety-fourth in order of oijganization in
the State ; it was formed in 1842, after a struggle in the Legislature for about thirty years,
out of parts of Mercer and Lincoln counties, and named in honor of ex-chief justice John
Boyle. It is bounded on the north by Mercer county, east by Garrard, south by Casey
and Lincoln, and west by Marion. The soil, generally, is very deep and rich, and lies
well for cultivation. The population of the county ranged as follows : 1850, 9,116 ; 1860,
9,304; 1870, 9,515; its area is 100,517 acres, being, at present, about ten acres to tlie indi-
vidual. Boyle county donated to the Cincinnati Southern Kailway 10.5 miles of "light
of way,'' which is the entire distance through the county. The highest number of
slaves ever held in the county, which was in 1850, was 3,424, valued at $1,369,600. Land
was worth in 1846, $12.22, aiid 1870, $24.66 per acre. The crops in 1870 were as follows :
3,100 pounds of tobacco, 196,900 pounds of hemp, 1,796 tons of hay, 304,740 bushels of
corn, 109,052 bu.shels of wheat. 3,400 bushels of barley ; the live stock was 2,865 horses,
1,250 mules, 4,705 cattle, 10,000 hogs. The tax valuation in 1846 was $3,853,123 ; in 1870,
.$4,123,535.

The Kentucky Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, or Deaf and Dumb Asy-
lum.— The fourth in order of time in the United States, was established at Danville, by
act of the Legislature, of J.uiuary 7, 1823, and went into operation April 23d following.
The Legislature appropriated $3,000 to aid in its establishment, $100 for each pupil, and
in 1823 $3,000 towards buildings. In 1852 $3,000 per annum was appropriated for the
support of the institution, and m 1865 this was increased to $6,000; which, with $200 an-
nually for clothing for the indigent, and $140 for each pupil, embraces the present annual
expense of this great charity. Prior to 1836 the number of pupils receiving State aid was
limited to twenty-five, then" to thirty, then to thirty-five; after 1850 all mutes in the State,
of proper age, were allowed to be received.

In 1826, at the instance of Thos. P. Moore, representative from the Danville district,
Congress appropriated a township of land in Florida to the benefit of the asylum. Tlie
proceeds of that land, judiciously invested, and of a donation in 1850 of $1,000, by Capt.
James Strode McGowan, of Montgomery county, created a " permanent fund," or endow-
ment of $28,100, as per reports of 1870 and 1871.

This institution was first taught in an old frame building on Main street, in Danville.
Now, upon grounds of fifty acres or more in the edge of that place, there are four large
and several smaller buildings, which have cost about $70,000. The principal building,
erected in 1855, is an elegant and substantial one, 107 feet long, sixty-four feet wide, and
four stories high above the basement; in the Italian style of architecture. The chapel
building is fifty feet long by thirty-two wide. Tne State appropriated, in 1860 $10,000,
and previously $17,500 for building purposes. The rest of these excellent buildings is due
partly to donations from the late John A. Jacobs, l-ut still more to his extraordinary
financial skill and unselfish devotion to the institution. Rev. John R. Kerr was the first
superintendent. John A. Jacobs was made principal in 1825, at the age of nineteen, and
continued until his death, in 1869 — forty-four years. Rev. Saml. B. Cheek became a
teacher in 1851, and continued until his death — May 10, 1869 — eighteen years, most of which
time he was vice-principal. John A. Jacobs, jr., who has been connected with the insti-

CINCINNATI SOUTHERN RAILWAY.

lution as assistant teaclier, or teacher, most of the time since I860, was made principal
Nov. 28, 1869, on the death of his uncle. The number of pupils in 1845 was forty-one; in
1850, sixiy; in 1851, seventy ; in 1855, eighty-one; in 1863, 73; in 1867, ninety-six; in
1871, ninety-eight; total from 1823 to Nov. 13, 1871, 564, of which 334 were males, 230
females. Of these, eighty were pay pupils, from thirteen other States. In 1847 two were
taught to speak; but subsequent experience proved that teaching pupils to speak was at
the expense of more substantial education, and their voices were harsh or squeaking, and
oonld not be modulated. The commissioners' returns showed that in 1849-50 there were
354 deaf and dumb persons in the State, of whom only seventy or one-fifth had ever
enjoyed the advantages of education and training at the asylum. 'The returns for the year
1853-4-5-6 showed about 700 deaf mutes in tiie State, of "whom 131 were or li«d been in
the asylum. The State of Kentucky has made provision for the board and education of
every deaf mute in its borders, in good health and of proper age, from ten U> thirty yeai-^.
Pupils thus supported by the State are expected to remain five years, and may, if of good
talent and industry, be continued two years longer. They must be plainly but comfortably
clothed by their parents or friends, except in extreme cases. The session of schooling
includes the whole year, except August and September. When not in scliool or recrea-
tion,the boys are employed at gardening or other work, and the girls at sewing and house-
keeping. In scliool they are taught reading, wriling, arithmetic, English grammar, his-
tory of Rome, Greece, United States — universal and natural — original composition, Scrijv
ture lessons, in books and by lectures, on physical geography, chemistry and natural phi-
losophy, all beautifully graduated and designed to cultivate the intellect and heart.
Pupils from other States, for $150 per session of ten months, have all the privileges of the
institution. ^While the state makes such noble provision for the unfortunate deaf and
dumb, it is The duty of parents and guardians to send them here.

Centre College is located in Danville, a pleasant toAVn near the center of the State,
with avery intelligent population. The college was chartered by the Legislature of Ken-
tucky in 1819. Jeremiah Chamberlain, D. D., the first president, went into ofBce in 1823.
Jn 1824 the board of trustees, according to an arrangement with the Presbyterian synod of
Kentucky, procured an act of the Legislature modifying its charter so as to secure to the
,«ynod, on its payment of $20,000 to the fund of the institution, the right of appointing the
board of trustees. This condition having, in 1830, been completely fulfilled on tlie part of
the synod, all tlie members of the beard have, since that period," been appointed by the
synod, as their terms of office, from time to time, have expired. One-third of the board
are appointed each year. Dr. Chamberlain resigned his office in 1826, and the Eev.
Gideon Blackburn, 1). D., succeeded him in 1827, the office having in the meantime been
filled, temporarily, by the Piev. David C. Proctor. On the resignation of Dr. Blackburn,
in 1830, Eev. John C. Young, D. D., was elected serving with great success for twenty-
.seven yeans, until his death, June 23, 1857. Rev. Lewis W. Green, D. D., the first gradu-
ate of the college, in 1824, was cliosen his successor. August 6, 1857, and inducted into
office January 1, 1858, serving until his death. May 26, 1863. Rev. \Vm. L Breckenridge,
D. D., was the next president, October 15, 1863, during the trying times of the late civil
war and which followed its close, and during the troubles as to the control of the college.
He resigned October 16, 1868. Professor Ormand Beatly, L. L. D., was made president,
pro teiii., and, June 26, 1872, inaugurated as president. In the earlier period of its exist-
ence, the number of its students ranged from fifty to 110, falling in 1830 to only thirty-
three in both grammar school and college. The number steadily increased, reaching 220
in 1855,_and 253 in 1860. In college proper, the number 173 in 1855; 187 in 1857 ; 188 in
1860 ; 1/ 3 in 1861 ; falling very low during and for five years after the late war, and in 1871
rising to seventy-two. The number of graduates was forty-one during the ten years from
1824 to 1834; 117 in the next decade, 1834 to 1844 ; 238 in 1844 to 1854; 267 in 1854 to
1864; and seventy-seven in the eight years from 1864 to 1871. The largest graduating
clai3scs were forty -.seven in 1857; thirty-five in 1860; thirty-four in 1848, and thirty-three
in 1846 ; the smallest, since 1837, was four in 1869 ; six in 1870 ; seven in 1871, and nine in
1868. The total number of alumni lo 1871 was 740; an average of a little over fifteen per .
year. Of tliese 163 became ministers of the Gospel and more tlian 300 lawyers. The
endowment in 1871 was about $105,000. In 1859 the sum of $50,000 was raised under the
direction of the synod of Kentucky, for the erection of additional college buildings, which,
in consequence of the war, was delayed. An elegant new college building, much the
finest m the State, was finished and dedicated with great enthusiasm on June 20, 1872. A
handsome library building was erected several years ago, by the liberality of the late David
A. Sayre, of Lexington. The college library contains over 2,000 volumes, and the libraries
of the two literary societies, about 3,500. Since the disruption of the Presbyterian church,
in l'^66. The Southern Presbyterians have been ousted altogether from the board of
trustees, and the exclusive control of the college is in the hands of trustees belonging to
the Presbyterian church, in connection with the General Assembly of the North.

« — I

CINCIN2iATI SOUTIIEBN BAILWAY.

FiEST Cabin in Boyle County. — Col. James Harrod built a cabin in what is now
Danville, on the very spot, in the edge of the graveyard, where for many years, until
recently, stood the old stone meeting-house, erected as a Presbyterian church over fifty-
tliree years ago, and for nearly forty years past occupied as an African church. The old
fort was built upon the same spot, and afterward a Presbyterian church and a college or
county seminary, were built in connection upon the site of the fort, with a graveyard all
around it. This house, and others in the town, M'ere blown down in 1819, by a great tor-
nado. Like the fort, it was on a bluff, or bench of rocks, beneath which the "town spring"
burst out, flush and free. This spring was the center of the town survey, and where the
old man Thomas Allen, who originally laid out the town of Ilarrodsburg, and who, by the
by, was the first clerk of a court in Kentucky, re-surveyed it and planted the corner stones,-
he set his " Jacob's Staff" in the center of the spring, under the projecting rocks, as a start-
ing point. The venerable Dr. Christopher C. Graham, still living — in his eighty-seventli
year — was present, and aided in the survey. Pie was assured by his father — an early and
valuable associate of Boone and Harrod — that the cabin above mentioned, was among the
first built in the State ; that the first was in Harrodsbur?, built by Col. .Jas. Harrod, in tlie
fall of 1773.

The first town on our route, after entering this county, is

DANVILLE.

We have already made mention of this place in connection wit!) tlie institutions we liave
just described. It is the county-seat and is three miles west of Dix river, thirty six miles
south from Lexington, and forty miles south-west from Frankfort, and near the geograph-
ical center of tiie State; has a new court house, ten churches, several banks, Center Col-
lege, Danville Collegiate Institute, Caldwell Female Institute, and the Kentucky Deaf and
Dumb Asylum; is the center of a wealthy and intelligent population, and a place of con-
siderable business ; established by the Virginia Legislature in 1787, and laid out by Walker
Daniel. The population has ranged as follows: 1790, 150; 1810, 432; 1830, 849; 1840,
1,223; 1870, 2,542, and fully 3,000 in 1876.

SHELBY CITY.

Called also South Danville, or Danville Station. At the intersection of the Cincinnati
Southern Kailway and the Lebanon Branch of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad ; is
five miles south of Danville ; population in 1870, 223; present 300. Being at the crossing
of the two railroads, one or both of which are important routes, there will be considerable
shipping, reshipping, switching, &c.; lying also in a wealthy country, this place will, be-
yond doubt, grow rapidly, and some day become an important point on the road. Still
forward we come to Lincoln county, which was formed in 1780, and was one of the three
original counties organized in the district of Kentucky by the Legislature of Virginia. It
was named in honor of Gen. Benj. Lincoln, a distinguished officer of the revolutionary
army. The original territory of Lincoln, which comprised nearly one-third of the State,
has been reduced, by the formation of new counties, to comparatively small dimensions;
but it is still a compact and well formed county. Bounded on the north by Garrard and
Boyle, east by Garrard and Eockcastle, south by Pulaski, and west by Casey The exports
of the county are horses, mules, cattle, hogs and wool ; while wheat, corn, oats and rye are
extensively cultivated. The population ranged as follows: 6,548 in 1790; 8,621 in 1800 ;
8,676 in 1810_; 9,973 in 1820; 11,002 in 1830; 10,187 in 1840; 10,093 in 1850; 10,647 in
I860 ; 10,847 in 1870. The number of acres is 175,991, showing about sixteen acres to the
individual. The highest number of slaves ever held, in 1840, was 3,450, worth $1,380,000.
Lincoln county donated 14.98 miles of "right of way" to the road, the balance, 8.90 miles,
was purchased. The total distance through the county is 23.88 miles. The crops for
1870 were 18,145 pounds of tobacco, 70 pounds of hemp, 2,673 tons of hay, 362,903 bu.'-hels
of corn, 63,503 bushels of wheat ; the stock for the same year was 3,621 horses, 1,457 mules,
8,199 cattle, and 15,000 hogs. The tax valuation was $3,490,144 in 1846, and $4,483,920
in 1870. Land was worth, per acre, $9-26 in 1846 ; $17.21 in 1870. Corn was raised in
1775 in this county by Benj. Logan and Wm. Gillespie. On the highlands, where they are
capped ".vith the sub-carboniferous limestone, there are some good farming lands, but
where the country is lower and the surface is in the Devonean .Shales, it is poor, being the
same as the Barrens, further west in the State, and at some points on the highlands in
Tennessee. The Pioneer Stations, in the boundaries of the present Lincoln county, exceed
in number those of any other county. Gen, Benj. Lincoln, in honor of whom this county
received its name, was a native of Ma.ssachusetts, and an eminent American revolutionary
general. In 1776, when he had attained his forty-second year, the Council of Massachu-
setts appointed him a brigadier-general, and soon after a major-general of militia. Con-
-^

B6 CINCINNATI SOUTHEBN RAILWAY.

gress subsequently, at the recommendation of Gen. Washington, conferred on him tlie
appointment of major-general of the Continental forces. He served as second in command
under Gen. Gates, at the capture of Burgoyne's army, -nhere he was severely wounded.
In 1778 he was appointed by Congress to conduct the war in tlie Southern States. He
continued in command of the southern army until the capture of Charleston, in 1780,
Avhere he was made a prisoner of war. In 1781, having been previously exchanged, he
commanded a division at Yorktown, and was honored by Gen. Washington wiihtlie office
of receiving and directing the distribution of the con(|uered troops. It October of tlie
same year, he was appointed by Congress Secretary of Avar, Avliich situation he held
until 1784, Avhen he retired to his farm. He was afterwards instrumental in suppressing
" Shay's Insurrection," in Massachusetts, and filled .=everal important appointments under
the national and State governments. He was also a member of several learned societies.
He died in 1810, aged 77 years.

The Knob Licks, in this county, is a locality of some curiosity. What are called
knobs, are detached hills of a soft clay slate formation, in some instances the slate having
been decomposed and abraded to a considerable depth by the action of the elements, leav-
ing large hollows on the side of the hills, intersected in every direction with ravines, and
entirely destitute of vegetation. The greatest height of these knobs is about 200 feet, and
the highest has a base of about 150 yards in diameter.

In the year 1775 Col. Benj. Logan arrived at St. Asaph's, about a mile west of the
present town of Stanford, and established a fort, called Logan's fort. On the 20th of May,
1777, this fort was surrounded by a band of 100 Indians, and, on the morning of that day,
as some of the females belonging to it were engaged outside of the gnte, in milking the
cows, the men who acted as guard for the occasion, were fired upon by a party of Indians,
who had concealed themselves in a thick canebrake. One man was shot dead, another
mortally wounded, and a third so badly as to be disabled from making his escape, while
the remainder made good tlieir retreat into the fort and closed the gate. Harrison, one
of the wounded men, by a violent exertion, ran a few paces and fell. His struggles and
exclamations attracted the notice and awakened the sympathies of the inmates of the sta-
tion, The frantic grief of his wife gave additional interest to the scene. The enemy for-
bore to fire upon him, doubtless from the supposition that some of the garrison would
attempt to save him, in which event they were prepared to fire upon them from the cane-
brake. The case was a trying one, and there was a strong conflict between sympathy and
duty on the part of the garrison. The number of effective men had been reduced from
fifteen to twelve, and it was exceedingly hazardous to put the lives of any of this small
number in jeopardy ; yet the lamentations of his family were so distressing, and the scene
altogether so moving, as to call forth a resolute determination to save him if possible.
Logan always alive to the impulses of humanity, and insensible to fear, volunteered l>is
services, and appealed to some of his men to accompany him. But so appalling was the
danger that all at first refused. At length John Martin consented, and rushed with
Logan from the fort; but he had not gone far before he shrank from the imminence of the
danger, and sprang back within the gate. Logan paused for a moment, then dashed on
alone and undaunted ; reached unhurt the spot where Harrison lay; threw him on his
shoulder and, amidst a tremendous shower of rifle balls, made a safe and triumphant
retreat into the fort. The fort was now vigorously assaulted by the Indian forces, and as
vigorously defended by the garrison. The men Avere constantly at their posts, whilst the
women Avere actively engaged in moulding bullets. But the weakness of the garrison was
not their only grievance. The scarcity of powder and ball, one of the greatest inconveni-
ences to which the settlers Avere not unfrequently exposed, began to be noAv seriously felt.
There were no indications that the siege would be speedily abandoned ; and a protracted
resistance seemed impracticable, without an additional supply of the munitions of war.
The settlements on the Holston could furnish a supply, but how was it to be obtained ?
And even if men coiild be found rash and desperate enough to undertake the journey,
how improbable it was that the trip could be accomplished in time for the relief to be
available. Logan again stepped forward, in this extremity, determined to take the dan-
gerous office upon himself. Encouraging his men Avith the prosppct of a safe and speedy
return, he left the fort under cover of night, and attended by two faithful companions of
his own selection, crept cautiously through the Indian lines without discoA'cry. Shuning
the ordinary route through Cumberland Gap, he moved A\ith incredible rapidity over
mountain and valley — arrived at the settlement on tlie Holston — procured the necessary
supply of poAvder and lead — immediately retraced his steps, and Avas again in the fort in
ten days f]-om the time of his departure. He returned alone, the necessary delay in the
transportation of the stores, induced him to entrust them to the charge of his companions,
and his presence at St. Asaph's Avas all iiiiportant to the safety of its inhabitants. His
return inspired them Avith fresh courage; and, after a feAV days, the appearance of Col.
Bowman's party, compelled the Indians to retire.

CINCINNA TI SO UTBEBN RAIL WA Y. 2 7

III the fall of the year 1789, Samuel Daviess, who resided in Bedford county, Yirgini.a,
moved witliliis family to Kentucky, and lived for a time at Wliitley's Station, in Lincoln,
lie sub.^equently moved to a place called Gilmer's Lick, soras six or seven miles distant
from said station, where li3 built a cabin, cleared some land, which he put in corn n?xt
."reason, not apprehending any danger from the In-lians, altliough he was considered a
frontier settler. But this imiginary state of security did not last long, for on a morning
in tlie month of August, in the year 1782, having stepp'^d from his door, he was suddenly
surprised by an Indian appearing between him and the door, with tomahawk uplifted,
almost within striking distance. In this unexpected condition, and being entirely un-
armed, his first thought was, that by running around the house, he could enter the door
in safety ; but, to his surprise, in attempting to effect this object, as he approached the
door, he found tin house fall of Indians. Being closely pursued by the Indian first men-
tioned, he m-ide his way into the cornfield, where he concealed himself, with much diffi-
culty, until the pursuing Indianhad returned to the house. Unable as he was to render
any relief to his family, there being five Indians, he ran with the utmost speed to the
station ef his brother, Jam?s Daviess, a distance of five miles. As he approached the station,
his undressed condition told the tale of his distress, before he was able to tell it himself.
Almost breathless, and with a faltering voice, he could onl}'' say, " his wife and children
were in the hands of ihe Indians." Scarcely was the communication made, when he ob-
tained a snare gun, and the five m?n of the station, well armed, followed him to his resi-
dence. When they arrived at the house, the Indians, as well as the family, were found to
be gone, and no evidence appeared that any of the family had been killed. A search was
made to find the direction they had taken, but, owing to the dryness of the ground, and
the adroit manner in which they had departed, no discovery could be made. In this state
of perplexity, the party being all good woodsmen, took that direction in pursuit, which
they thought it most probable they wauld take. After going a few miles their attention
was arrested by the howling of a do^, which afterwards turned out to be a house dog which
had followed the family, and which the Indians had undertaken to kill, so as to avoid
detection, which might happen from his occasional barking. In attempting to kill the
dog, they only wounded him, which produced the howling that was heard. The noise
thus heard, satisfied them that they were near the Indians, and enabled them to rush for-
ward with the utmost impetuosity. Two of the Indians being in the rear as spies, discov-
ering the approach of the party, ran forward where the other Indians were with the
family. One of them knocked down the oldest boy, eleven years of age, and while in the
act of scalping him, was fired upon, but without efiect. Mrs. Daviess, seeing the agitation
and alarm of the Indians, saved herself and suekling child by jumping into a sink hole.
The Indians did not stand to make fight but fled in the most precipitate manner. In that
way the family was rescued by nine o'clock in the morning, without the loss of a sinfle
life or injury, but that above mentioned. As soon as the boy had risen to his feet the
first words he spoke were, '' curse that Indian ; he has got my scalp."

After the family had been rescued, Mrs. Daviess gave the following accaunt of the man-
ner in which the Indians had acted. A few minutes after her husband had opened the
door and stepped out of the hou=!e, four Indians rushed in, whilst the fifth, as she after-
wards found out, was in pursuit of her husband. Herself and children were in bed when
the Indians entered the house, one of the Indians immediately made signs, by which she
understood him to enquire how far it was to the next house. "With an unusual presence of
mind, she raised both hands, first counting the fingers on one hand, and then the other, mak-
ing a distance of eight miles. The Indians then signed to her that she must rise ; she imme-
diately got up, and as soon as she could dress herself, commenced showing them one article
ofclothing and then another, which pleased them very much ; and in that way delayed them
at the house nearly two hours. In the meantime the Indian who had been in pursuit of her
husband, returned with his hands stained with poke berries, which he held up, and with
some violent jestures and waving of his tomehawk, attempted to induce the belief that the
stain on his hands was the blood of her husband, and that he had killed him. She was en-
abled atonce to discover the deception, and instead of producing any alarm on her part she
was satisfied that her husband had escaped uninjured. After the savages had plundered
the house of everything they could conveniently carry off with them, they started taking
j\Irs. Daviess and her children — seven in number — as prisoners along with them. Some
of the children were too young to travel as fast as the Indians wished, and discovering,
as she believed, their Intention to kill such of them as could not conveniently travel she
made the two oldest boys carry them on their backs. The Indians, in starting from' the
house, were very careful to leave no signs of the direction they had taken, not even per-
mitting the children to break a twig or weed as they passed along. They had not gone
far before an Indian drew his knife and cut off a lew inches of Mrs. Daviess' dress so
that sle Avould not be Interrupted in traveling. '

Mrs. Daviess was a woman of cool, deliberate courage, and accustomed to handle the

'28 CINCINNA TI SO UTHEBN BAIL WA Y.

gun, so that she couUl shoot vfAl, as many of the women were in tlie habit of doing in tliose
days. She had contemplated, as a last resort, that if not rescued in the course of the day,
when night came on, and the Indians had fallen asleep, she would deliver herself and
children by killing as many of the Indians as she could — thinking that in a night attack
as many of them as remained would most probably run off. Such an attempt would now
seem a species of madness; but to those who were acquainted with her, little doubt was
entertained that, if the attempt had been made, it would have proved successful. The
boy who had been scalped was greatly disfigured, as the hair never after grew upon that
part of his head. He often wished for an opportunity to avenge himself upon the Indians
for the injury he had received. Unfortunately for himself, ten years afterward'^, the
Indians came to the neighborhood of his fathers' and stole a number of horses. Himself
and a party of men went in pursuit of them, and, after following them for some days, the
Indians finding they were likely to be overtaken, placed themselves in ambush, and when
their pursuers came up, killed young Daviess and one other man; so that he ultimately
fell into their hands when about twenty-one years old. The next year after, the father
died, his death being caused, as it was supposed, by the extraordinary efforts he made to
release his family from the Indians. An act of courage previously displayed by Mrs.
Daviess is calculated to exhibit her character in its true point of view. Kentucky in its
early days, like most new countries, was occasionally troubled by men of abandoned char-
acter, who lived by stealing the property of others, and, after committing their depreda-
tions, retiring to their hiding places, thereby eluding the operation of the law. One of
these marauders, a man of desperate character, who had committed extensive thefts from
Mr. Daviess, as well as from his neighbors, was pursued by Daviess and a party whose
property he had taken, in order to bring him to justice. While the party was in pursuit,
the suspected individual, not knowing any one Vt^as after him, came to Daviess' house,
armed with his gun and tomahawk. No person being at home but Mrs. Daviess and her
children. After he had stepped into the house, Mrs. Daviess asked him if he would drink
something, and, having set a bottle of whisky upon the table, requested him to help him-
self. The fellow, not suspecting any danger, set his gun up by tlie^ door, and while drink-
ing, Mrs. Daviess picked it up and placing herself in the door, had the gun cocked and
leveled upon him by the time he turned around, and, in a peremptory manner, ordered
him to take a seat, or she would shoot him. Struck with terror and alarm, he asked what
he had done. Siie told him he had stolen her husband's property, and that she intended
to take care of him herself. In that condition she held him a prisoner until the party of
men returned and took him into their possession.

Sallust says: "The actions of the Athenians, doubtless, were great, yet I believe they
are somewhat less than fame would have us conceive them." Not so with the pioneers of
Kentucky. But we may say of their exploits, as this author says of the actions of the
Romans: " History has left a thousand of their more brilliant action unrecorded, which
would have done them great honor, but for want of eloquent historians."

In the fall of 1779 Wm. Montgomery, the elder, the father-in-law of Gen. Logan,
with his family and son-in-law, Jos. Eussell and his family, moved from Virginia to Ken-
tucky, and took refuge in Logan's fort. Here they remained but a few months, when,
•Apprehending no danger from Indians, the old man, with his sons, William, John, Thomas
and Kobert, and his son-in-law Eussell, built four log cabins on the head waters of Green
River, about twelve miles in a south-west direction from Logan's fort , to which they
removed in the latter part of the winter or early in the spring of 1780. They had, how-
ever, been there but a short time when the savages discovered and attacked the cabins.
In one of the cabins lived Wm. Montgomery, the elder, and wife and his sons Thomas and
Robert, and daughters Jane and Betsy, with two younger children, James and Flora.
Mrs. Montgomery, with her youngest child. Flora, were then at Logan's fort, and Thomas
and Robert were absent spying. Wm. Montgomery, jr., his wife and one child, the late
Judge Thomas Montgomery, son of a former wife, and a bound boy, occupied another.
John Montgomery, then but lately marriad, occupied a third ; and Joseph Russell, his wife
and three children, the fourth. These were all the white persons, but there were, besides,
several slaves.

In the month of March, 1780, at night, a small body of Indians surrounded the cabins,
which were built close to each other, and rather in a square. On the succeeding morning,
between daylight and sunrise, Wm. Montgomery, the elder, followed by a negro boy, step-
ped out at the door of his cabin. They were immediately fired at and both killed, the boys
head falling back on the door sill. Jane, the daughter, then a young woman, afterwards the
wife of Col. Wm. Casey late of Adair county, sprang to the "door, pushed outthe negro's
head, shut the door and called for her brother Thomas' gun. Betsey, her sister, about
twelve years of age, climbed out at the chimney, which was not higher than a man's head,
and took the path to Pettit's station, distant about two and a half miles. An Indian pur-
sued her for some distance, but, being quite active, she was too fleet for him, and reached

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IS ONE OF THE ATTRACTIONS OF THE CITY.

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Popular Prices I Wholesale and Retail.

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No. 62 West Fifth Street, Opposite the Fountain.

THE FOL'XTAIN.

CINCINNA TI SO UTIIEBN BAIL WA Y. 2d

the station in safety. From Pettit's a messenger Avas immediately dispatched to Logan's
fort. From some cause or othei", probably the call of Jane for her brother's rifle, wliich
was, perhaps, heard by the Itulians, they did not attempt to break into the cabin. Wm.
Montgomery, jr., on bearing the first crack of a gun, sprang to his feet, seized a large trough,
which had been jilaced in liis cabin to hold sugar witer, placed it against the door and
directing the apprentice boy to hold it, grasped his rifli and through a crevice over the
door fired twice at tlie Indians, in rapid succession, before they left the ground, killing one
and severely wounding another. John Montgomery was in bed, and, in attempting to
rise, was fired upon through a crack, and mortally wounded, his door forced open, and
his wife made prisoner. Jolin.Kussell made his escape from his cabin, leaving his wife
and tliree children to the mercy of the savages. They, willi a muUato girl, were also
made j)risoners. Tiie Indians commenced an early retreat, bearing off' their wounded
companion, and taking with them their captives, A few minutes after their departure,
and when they were barely out of sight, the Indian who had pursued Betsey returned,
and, being ignorant of wliat had occurred in his absence, mounted a large beach log and
commenced hallooing. Montgomery, who liad not yet ventured to open his door, again
fired tlirough the crevice, and shot him dead.

As soon as the messenger reached Logan's fort, Gen. Logan, with liis horn, sounded
the well-known note of alarm, when, in a few minutes, as if by magic, a company of some
twelve or fifteen men, armed and equipped for battle, were at liis side. They instantly
commenced their march, passed the cabins where the attack had been made, and took the
trail of the Indians. By the aid of some signs, which Mrs. Russell had the prese))ce of
mind to make, by occasionally breaking a twig and scattering along their route pieces of
a white handkerchief, which she had torn in fragments, Logan's party found no difficulty
in keeping the trail. After traveling some distance, they came upon the yellow girl, who
had been tomahawked, scalped and left for dead ; but who, on hearing the well-known
voice of Gen. Logan, sprang to her feet, and afterwards recovered. The Indians, as was
known to be their habit when expecting to be pursued, had a spy in the rear, who was
discovered by Logan's party at the same instant he got his eyes upon them, and a rapid
march ensued. In a few minutes tliey came in sight of the savages, when Logan ordered
a charge, which was made with a shout, and the Indians tied with great precipitancy, leav-
ing their wounded companion, who was quickly disjaatched. A daughter of Mrs. Kussell,
about twelve years of age, upon hearing Logan's voice, exclaimed in extacy, " there's
Uncle Ben," when the savage who had her in charge struck her dead with his tomahawk.
The remainder of the prisoners were recaptured without injury. As the force of the
Indians was about equal to that of the whites. Gen. Logan, now encumbered with the
recaptured women and children, wisely determined to return immediately, and reached
the cabins in safety before dark, on the same day. The particulars of the foregoing nar-
rative have been received from the Montgomery family, principally from Mrs. Jane Casey,
who was an actor in the drama.

SrRTXGS. — The Crab Orchard neighborhood, in the eastern part of Lincoln county, is
distinguished for the number, variety and excellence of its mineral springs. They were
known in 1857 as 1. The two Crab Orchard springs, (Caldwell's) both chalybeate. 2.
Brown's spring, clialybeate, half a mile out on the Lancaster turnpike. 3. Howard's
white sulphur well, one and a half miles out on the Mt. Vernon road. 4. Epsom spring,
Ko. 1, one mile out on the Lancaster turnpike. 5. Epsom spring, at Foley's, half a mile
from the ceter of Crab Orchard, on the Fall Dick road. 6. Sowder's spring, one and a
half miles out, on the north of the hill toward Dix river. 7. Bryant's springs, near Crab
Orchard, seven in number, chalybeate, sul|)hur, etc. The " Crab Orchard Salts," obtained
by carefully evaporating the water of the two Epsom, or of Sowder's springs, to dryness
in iron kettles, have been sold throughout the country by druggists, and have become an
officinal article; they are less drastic and more tonic than pure unmixed Epsom salts, and
more likely to act on the liver in the manner of calomel, when taken in small doses. The
sulphate of magnesia, epsom salt, is the principal saline ingredient of several of the
springs.

The Crab Orchard vSprings, as a watering place, has been forty years one of the most
popular in the state. The large hotel was burned down in the spring of 1871, but, under
a change of owner, new buildings were immediately erected, and in 1872 an additional
large and handsome brick building, 148 feet front, with two ells, each 164 feet deep, and
with over 250 rooms, to be heated by steam and lighted by gas; to be used during the
scholastic year as a female boarding school, but in the summer season as a hotel.

The surface of Lincoln county is very diversified, the southern part being an elevated
rolling country ; the northern part is considerably lower and settled by a far wealthier
community; the soil in that part being highly productive.

The railway enters this county at the north-west corner, heads the tributaries and
head waters of Gi-een river and its tributary, Hanging Fork. Strange to say the South

3 0 GtNCINl^A TI SO UTHEBN MAIL WA Y.

Fork of Green river requires a much heavier structure in crossing than the main stream,
but this is caused by the nature of the ground. J t is complete and stands out against the
western sky in bold outlines. It is an immense structure 2,440 feet long, and eighty feet
high. The iron work will last a hundred years; its appearance is at once massive, comely
and beautiful. 'Ihis bridge, or moreproperl}'^ viaduct, was built by the Louisville Bridge
Company. Of the 2,440 feet of the structure, the approaches, 900 "feet, are wooden trestle,
and the rest, 1,.540 feet, is iron It is the intention to eventually convert the wooden
trestle into an embankment. From here a few miles south, there are some bad slide'',
more numerous and troublesome than I have seen anywhere on the road. On the whole
the road has not been troubled much by this class of annoyances — not so much as we would
expect, but along here the slides have an uglj look. Tiie bridge last mentioned over the
South Fork, is on section thirty-five. There is a smaller one on section tifty-three over
Green liver ; an iron bridge 160 feet long and about twenty-live feet high. It is, as we have
said before, owing to the different nature of the country, not one-tenth as large as the
structure over the South Fork of the Green river just described.

On section forty-nine there is an iron trestle 180 feet long and thirty feet high. We
next reach King's Mountain. Here we have the longest tunnel on the road, nearly a mile
in length ; the main tunnel, independent of the approaches, whicli are very heavy, is 4,000
feet long, through a formation of limestone, slate and siiale. This is, or rather has been,
one of the principal obstructions on the road, and by tunneling, the grade was reduced
over one-half. Tlie saddest part of this work is that nine men lost their lives during its
progress. The road-bed through this rough country is a good one, having liglit grades
and easy curvature. There is no town of any note or size lying on the railway in this
county, but Hustonville and Waynesville lie near it. Next in order we come to Pulaski
county ; the twenty -seventh formed in Kentucky and the second of thirteen established
in 1798, in answer to the petitions and complaints of the people living at a great distance
from the court houses. Its territory was taken from Lincoln and Green counties, and it
was named after Count Pulaski. Parts of Wayne county, in 1800, and Rockcastle in 1810
were taken from Pulaski. It is situated in the south middle part of the State, and
bounded north by Lincoln and Rockcastle counties; east by Rockcastle, Laurel and Whit-
ley; south by Whitley and Wayne, and west by Wayne, Russell and Ca,sey. The north-
ern part is gently undulating, the remainder hilly or mountainous. The Cumberland is
navigable for small steamboats, during several months in the year, as high as Stigall'rt
Ferry, and Waitsborough, and within six miles of Somerset. The other principal s* reams
of the county are Rockcastle river, South Fork of Cumberland river, Linn, Buck, Pitman,
White Oak and Fishing creeks. The staple products are corn, wheat, rye, oats and
tobacco ; and the principal exports, in addition, cattle, hogs and coal. The population in
1870 was 17,670, having increased but 500 in the previous decade. The area of the county
is 357,251 acres, being a little over twenty acres to the individual. The highest number
of slaves ever held, in 1860, 1,830, or one slave to thirteen whites. The live stock in 1870
numbered 4313 horses, 613 mules, 11,000 cattle, and 15,000 hogs. The crops in 1870
amounted to 1,579 tons of Hay, 401,443 bushels of corn, 42,116 bushels of wheat, and
33,038 pounds of tobacco. The valuation of taxable property was in 1846, $1,264,975 and
in 1870, $2,258,090. Land was valued, in the same two dates, per acre, at |2.16 and $4.14
respectively, having doubled itself nearly in twenty-four years.

The Cincinnati Southern Railway runs through this county in the longest possible
direction, taking a strip at least 100 feet wide and forty-five and one-half miles in length,
of which 36.77 was donated and 8.72 was sold or condemned ; the countv also subscribed
$595.

Natural Curiosities. — Upon the line of our road, in Pulaski, fifteen miles fonth of
Cumberland river there is a natural curiosity, which rivals in picturesqiieness the NaturaJ
Bridge in Virginia. Upon a high bluff is a natural bridge, with a clear span of 100 feet,
and sixty feet high. At one end of the bridge, and by a continuation of the same rock, is
formed a dome fifty feet deep and extending from abutment to abutment, three hundred
feet. The branches of the tallest trees extend under the edge of the dome, and a person
can walk some fifty feet within its roof.

In the eastern part of Pulaski county is a valley known as the " Sinking A^all^y." A
stream large enough to turn a mill flows underground, with occasional openings for six or
seven miles. After heavy rains, tlie underground channel is not large enough to carry off
the water, and it then flows over the surface.

There are many small caves in the county, but they have not been explored to any
great depth.

Antiquities. — Several ancient burial grounds have been discovered in Pulaski, from
some of which were taken bones of giant size. "

Coal. — There are at least five beds of coal in the county; two of them workable, in
the sub-conglomerate member of the millstone grit formation 190 to 233 feet thick. One

CINCINNA TI SO UTHERN BAIL WAY. 31

of these beds is three and one-half feet including a clay parting and a thin band of sul-
phnret of iron together about three inches thick, in another place the main vein is four
and a half feet thick with the clay parting of one and one-fourth feet.

Prof. Jos. L?sley, jr., in his topographical and geological report of the Eastern Ken-
tucky coal field, in 1859, says the main vein will yield well on both sides of the Pitman
hills, furnishing a bountiful supply of fuel to the thickly populated regions to the west
and north-west, which must draw its fuel from this region, as no coal of any account can
be found west of Pitman's creek, owing to the rapid rise of all the strata north-westward.
This rise or dip is so sudden that in a distance of only two miles, the whole 150 feet of
knob stone exposed at Waitsborough, gops under water at the mouth of Pitman's creek,
while the lower portion of the over-lying limestone at Pitman's creek forms the top of the
high hills between Somerset and Fishing creek. The principal coal mines, and with iron
mines near them, are on both sides of the South Fork of the Cumberland, near the mouth
of Big Sinking creek, and on Cumberland and Rockcastle rivers, within a few miles of the
mouth of the latter.

Salt was manufactured in considerable quantities, in IS 46, at Fishing Creek Salt
Works, five miles from Somerset.

Lead ore. — Some thin veins have been found running through the limestone at the
base of Pitman's hill.

Iron ore. — A kind of gravelly iron ore is observed toward the base of the Pitman's hills,
about fifteen feet above the limestone. A rich carbonate of iron occurs on the main Big
Lick creek, about ninety feet above the limestone and ten feet above the McKee coal vein,
showing itself in kidney shaped masses, weighing from one to thiity-five pounds, and
embeded in a gray shale stratum five feet thick. Analysis showed this to contain forty
per cent, of iron, with only one-tenth of one per cent, of sulphur, and with sufficient cal-
carious matter to liux itself. A third ore bed, supposed to be the most productive, lies
near the base of the conglomerate. There are indications of an eartliy iron ore, just above
ihe main coal bed, a nine inch band at the head of No Name Branch of Live creek.

MiLLiKG POWER of the finest kind is furnislied by Buck and Pitman's creeks and
Hour of superior quality is made at mills established on them, about 1855.

Newsi'Apers, published in Pulaski county: Somerset Gazette, by John G.Bruce,
1S51-G0; Somerset Democrat, Barry & Bachelor, 1852-GO, but for some years published
by E. S. Barron & Co.; Somerset Morning Herald, by E. S. Barron, 1867-68.

Among the distinguished citizens born in Pulaski were Sherrod Williams, for six
years, 1835-41, a popular member of Congress ; Andrew J. James, representative in the
legislature, 1855-7, and in 1872-5, secretary of State; and Dr. Galen E. Bishop, a dis-
tinguished physician, now resident in St. Joseph, Missouri.

Among the first settlers were the Praythers, the Jaspars, Pitman, John Newby,
Thos. Hansford,Wm. Owens, Alex. McKenzie, Jesse Eichardson, Chas. Neal and Jno. James.

The battles of mill springs and dutton hills, were fought in this county, and
many skirmishes took place.

Indians had made their appearance upon our south eastern frontiers at several dif-
ferent times in the fall and winter of 1786. Some of the hunters had been attacked, and
early in February, 1787, a man named Luttrell was killed at his own house, on Fishing
creek, not far from where Somerset now stands, in Pulaski, then a part of Lincoln county.
This last outrage induced Col. John Logan— in 1806 State treasurer of Kentucky, then
second in command in Lincoln county — to raise his corps of militia, to range on tlie
waters of the Cumberland and to rendezvous at or near the place where the citizen had
been killed, on a branch of Green river. Within a few miles of the place of rendezvous,
Col. Logan came upon the trail of the Indians who, it was supposed, had committed the
murder. He followed and overtook them in the Indian Territory, killed seven and got
possession of the skins, furs and horses they had, among them a valuable mare belonging
to Judge Innes, a horse belonging to Mr. Blane, and also a rifle known to belong to a man
who was murdered in tlie wilderness, on his way to Kentucky, in October, 1786. Those of
this party of Indians who escaped, attempted to avail themselves, the Cherokee s,
with Congress, in 1785, by complaining to the Indian agent, that; the people of Kentucky
had intruded on their hunting ground, and murdered some of their peaceable hunters.
The agent communicated this complaint to the Executive of Virginia, and the governor
thereupon directed the Attorney-general of the district, Harry Innes, to " institute the
proper legal enquiries for vindicating the infraction of the treaty." This vague and indef-
finite direction the Attorney-general refused to act under, in a letter stating this and otln r
outrages and murelers by the Cherokees; no further direction was given. The people were
conscious of their iimocence in all matters relating to the Indians, and extremely exasper-
ated on receiving intelligence of the instructions to prosecute; as they were directly
intended to stigmatize a highly meritorious officer, for doing what the laws of nature and
God required of him.

S^ CINCINNA TI SO UTHERN BAIL WA Y.

Elijah Denny, of Pulaski county, was 118 years old on Sept. 10, 1855, and as active
as many men at forty; worked daily on the faim, had been an early riser all his
life, never drank but one cup of coffee, and that was in 1848. He served seven years in
the war of the Revolution, was wounded at the siege of Charleston, was also at the siege
of Savannah, and in the battles of Eutaw Springs, Camden, King's Mountain, and Monks
Corner ; served under Colonels Peter Horrey and Francis Marion, and was an eye-witness
of the sufferings and death of Col. Isaac Hayne, of South Carolina, an early victim of the
Eevolution. At that great age he was sprightly and active, and appeared to be a man of
only middle age ; was a strict member of the Baptist church, and rode six miles to every
regular church meeting. He had four sons and five daughters, all living in 1855; the
eldest in his seventy-eight year and youngest son fifty one. He was probably the last sur-
viving soldier of those great partisan leaders, Marion, Sumter, and Horrey.

In the month of December, 1786, a body of Indians defeated a small party of whites,
at the mouth of Buck creek, under the command of Ctipt. Hargrove, The Indians made
their attack in the night, killed one man, and severely wounded Hargrove. An Indian,
who had probably fired his rifle, made an onset on Capt. Hargrove with his tomahawk,
and a fierce encounter ensued. Each party exerted himself to the utmost. Hargrove
finally succeeded in wresting the tomahawk from the hand of the Indian, and bore it off"
triumphantly. In May, 178S, a party of southern Indians stole some horses near the Crab
Orchard. Nathan McClure, lieutenant to Capt. Whitley, with a portion of his company,
pursued the trail to the ridge between Eockcastle and Buck creek. Here he incidentally
fell in with another party, and a fierce skirmish ensued. After several discharges of their
guns, both parties precipitately retreated, but not until McClure was mortally, and,
several of his men, slightly wounded. The loss of tlie Indians was not ascertained.
McClure died the succeeding night in a cave, where, at his own request, he had been left,
and on the next day, when a party came for him, his remains were found shockingly man-
gled and torn by wild beasts. He was an active officer and his loss was deeply deplored.

This county was named in honor of Count Joseph Pulaski, a distinguished Pole, who,
after in vain attempting to restore the independence of his own country, entered the
American service. He had followed the profession of the law, and, in 1768, was at the
head of the patriots who formed the confederation of Bar, Eight noblemen only consti-
tuted the first assembly of that confederation; and of these, three were the sons and one
the nephew of Pulaski. In 1771, at the head of a few accomplices, he seized the person
of the King, but the latter having procured his liberation, Pulaski was condemned to
death, and obliged to save himself by flight. He soon after came to America, and offered
his services to the United State.s, against the mother country. Being appointed Brigadier-
general in the American service, he served both in the northern and southern army, Oct.
y, 1779, he was mortally wounded in the attack on Savannah, and died_ two days after-
wards. The construction of the Cincinnati Southern Bail way through this county is very
heavy, having many tunnels, trestles and bridges, amongst which is that spanning Cum-
berland river. There is nearly 6,000 feet of iron trestle, the greatestjieight of which is 128
feet. There is also considerable wooden trestle. The road in this county passes through
ten different tunr.els, the longest being 1,269 and the shortest 212 feet long; the aggregate
length of all is 7,405 feet, or very nearly a mile and a half, running through solid lime-
stone, shale, sandstone and coal. Pitman creek is spanned by a deck bridge 100 feet long;
Cumberland river, beside its trestle, has also a deck bridge of three spans, each 195 feet
long, costing $104.50 per lineal foot, and built by the American Bridge Co. The align-
ment is remarkably good for the rough country traversed; the "Board of Trustees"
always using their funds liberally, if the road cOuld be benefitted thereby ; cheap railroads
would perhaps have cost only one-third as much by using steep grades and fitting the hill-
sides very closely by sharp curves ; but here both the grades and curves are as easy as
tliey could be made. This county, as before stated, is not only rough, but having its great-
est length in our route, it show;3 a heavy amount of work, as the road length is forty -five
miles or sections.

The first nine miles was contracted for and built by McKay Bros , an old and reliable
firm. The work was far more difficult than at first imagined ; there were nearly 3,000
cubic yards of first-class arch masonry. In one of the cuts there were seven men buried
alive— three only were recovered alive. On section sixty eight they found large pockets
or strata of flint, very hard to excavate. Section eighty-two has an iron viaduct across
Pitman creek, about eighty feet high. Section eighty-three has a similar structure sev-
enty-five feet high, acro.ss Dry Branch. Omitting a tedious description of the intervening
country, we come to » monster section, that of section eighty-six. In this mile are_ two
pretty deep cuts, a very long and high iron viaduct, leading to Cumberland river bridge,
the bridge and two tunnels. This is the work of the section. One tunnel is 1,165 feet
long and the other 1,067, both through solid limestone and of course no support was re-
quired. The road runs out of one of these tunnels right over the river and upon a bridge

CINCINNA TI AD VER TlSEMENTS.

■f

PURE CIDER

WHITE WINE

VINECAK

Rectifiers and Wholesale Liquor Dealers.

TUDOR BOILER M'F'G CO.

steam Boiler and Lard Tank Makers.

Steamboat and Distillery Work
a Specialty.

SECOND HAND BOILERS

BOUGHT AND SOLD.

Orders from the Country ioi*

NewWork AND Repairing

WILL RECEIVE

^^£^^— ^ IMMEDIATE ATTENTION.

E. Third Street, Bet. Butler & Eggleston Avenues.

ENTRANCE PROM 207 E. THIRD ST.

Office: JSTo. 246 E. Pearl St.

CINCINNATI, OHIO.

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

:p:k.j^ctzoj^il.

Machinist and Millwright,

INVENTOR AND MANUFACTURER OF THE

UNIVERSAL JOINER FOR STEAM AND FOOT POWER.

South East Cor. Seconcl Sc Central ^^ venue.

CINCINNATI, OHIO.

All kinds of Machine patterns, Moulding Bits, Planing Knives and Frizzing Bits
made to order. Special attention paid to Mechanics' Tools.

The Universal Joiner.

(Patented September 2, 1873.)
This is a construction of three Machines combined.
(D) Showing the treadle which is the main patent of my in-
vention, 1 claim It as my own for any Machine. If some one
should be in need of the treadle for an old Machine, I will give
them the right to make use of it by notifying me.
Price, $10.

THE

IS VERY USEFUL FOR

Cabinet M a k er s ,
Stair Builders, etc.

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENT.

E3I^.IsrST I=»^SSE,

•a

O
0)

• iH

c3
D

g3
O
U

• iH
O
0

THE FREE HANGING DRILL PRESS,

A SIMPLE INVENTION OF MINE.

OINGINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

WILLIAM LYNN & CO.,

PLUMBERS

Steam Pipe

FITTERS.

NO. 203 RACE STREET, BETWEEN FIFTH & SIXTH,

c::Ji3>a"Oin>J"3Nr-A."ri, o.

WHOI.ESAI.E AND BETAIL DEALERS IN

GAS FIXTURES, CHANDELIERS, &c.

g^'Old Fixtures Eegilt or Bronzed at reasonable rates.

jr. A. cxjRi^Y,

Carriage Mamifacturer,

FOB DEALERS & TRADERS.

S.W. Cor. Florence & Penman Sts. Cincinnati, 0.

LEWISBURG BREWERY,

COVINGTON. KY.
Charles Lang. — Frank Knoll.

Clias. Lang & Co.,

Manufacturers of LAGER BEEK, also
Maltsters and Dealers in Hops.

JACOBINS CilEISTER,

Manufacturer of all kinds of

N. 663 John St. CINCINNATI, 0.

(Between Oliver and Poplar.)

Orders for all kinds of JOB WORK
promptly attended to.

The Old Stand. Established 1858.

BHACHMANN & MASSAED,

Importers and Dealers in WINES AND
LIQUORS,

79 & 81 W. Third St., CINCINNATI, 0.

(Near Vine.)

■ HATHERAL & PARK,

Manufacturers of Canvassed and Hide
Covered Saddle Trees, also Gathright's
Patent Morgan and Eclipse Side Trees.
822 to 828 W. Front St., CINCINNATI, O.

JOHM H. DETERS,

Manufacturer of

Ladies' Fine Shoes

OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS.

% Pearl street. CINCINNATI, 0.

Established

1858.

BERRY BROTHERS.

Manufacturers of VARNISHES, Detroit,
Mich. Cincinnati Branch, 72 Main Street.
R. B. Ironside, Agent.

Girl with Shell.

Toy with Skates,

CINGINl^ATI SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 33

150 feel high. Between the mouth of the tunnel and the bridge there is no space. The
traveler will ride out of a tunnel 1,000 feet long, on to a bridge 150 feet high. The bridge
is 593 feet in length, and with the iron viaduct is 1,253 feet long.

We went around immediately over this tunnel (before its completion) and looked
down upon the piers for the bridge, which shoot out of the turbulent bosom of the Cum-
berland. What a scene ! Harper's Ferry only will compare with it ; and Jefierson says in
his " Notes on Virginia," to look upon Harper's Ferry is worth a journey across the
Atlantic.

The masonry, some six thousand cubic yards, the bridge, and the iron viaduct was
built by the Baltimore Bridge Co. The bridge is situated at Burnside Point, the head of
navigation. The experience of the traveler going southward over the mile described will
be this ; he will ride into a tunnel over 1,000 feet long, then into a speck of daylight, in-
terrupted by a deep cut, then into another tunnel over a thousand feet long, then on to a
bridge one hundred and fifty feet high and, (with viaduct) over twelve hundred feet
long, then into a deep cut. What a mile, my countrymen 1 In all the travelling 1
have ever done, nothing equals the grandeur of the scenery of this Southern Railway.
Now in a tunnel, now in mid air; well, wait until you have seen it yourself, and you will
say what I say now, " the half had not been told me." I have two or three times been
over the route before any work was done, but I did not get an adequate idea of the stu-
pendous nature of the undertaking after all. The most remarkable of all this road, from
Cincinnati to Chattanooga, has no heavier grade than sixty feet to the mile, and no curves
over six degrees. This line is, in trutli, one of, the great works of the century, and, in
several particulars, is aliead of any road of its length in the world, as I will show furtlier
along.

The next section, eighty-seven, has an iron viaduct across Hays' branch. Section
ninety-two has a tunnel 879 feet long, with a limestone roof and needs no other support.
Section ninety -three has an iron viaduct across what is called Sloane's Valley; is 108 feet
high and about 700 long. Ninety-four is a heavy section. There are upon it one deep
cut, one deep fill, and one very high chasm crossing. At the bottom of this chasm runs
McKee's branch. Here an iron viaduct 135 feet high is required, and another over
Porter's branch, about seventy feet high. Section ninety-five is one of the roughest on
the road ; it is miserable— there is not a level yard on the whole mile. There are six cuts,
four fills and three tunnels ! What do you think ,'of that for a mile of road ? It fairly
makes a man howl to pass over it. Of the three tunnels on this beautiful mile, one is 499
feet long, the next 1,154, and the third 212 ; in all, about a third of a mile of tunnel to the
mile ! Two of there are timbered. Of the fills, two of them are about fifty-five feet deep
each. The iron viaduct is about eighty-five feet higli and 200 feet long. This crosses
Gum Lick branch. Eeader, did you ever see or "hear tell of" such a mile of railroad?
This road is a triumph over nature. Every mile of it is a monument to Cincinnati. Sec-
tion ninety-six is heavy, having two deep fills, a cut and a tunnel. This tunnel is 1,290
feet long and through bituminous shale. Section ninety-seven is all cuts and fills, great
and small. Two cuts and three fills are quite heavy. Section ninety-eight has one heavy
cut fifty feet deep, 500 long. Section ninety-nine is also pretty tough, having seven fills
and five cuts, one of which is fifty-five feet deep, 1000 feet long. Section 100 is very heavy.
This mile has five cuts, four fills, two iron viaducts and a tunnel. The viaducts are across
Beaver Gap and Beaver creek, and the tunnel immediately between them, which is 247
feet long, through sandstone and is timbered ; the two viaducts are 500 feet long, eighty
feet high and 200 feet long; 100 feet high respectively. This is a curiosity for a mile of
road, is it not? Section 102 has two iron viaducts, and a deep cut, and it is a short sec-
tiou at that. One viaduct crosses Burnt Field branch, and the other, Indian creek. They
are, respectively, seventy and eighty feet high. Section 101 has a tunnel 545 feet long,
through sandstone, shale, and coal ; it is timbered. Section 103 is all cut and fill, with a
tunnel thrown in for variety. There is one cut through rock fifty-three feet deep, and over
1000 feet long. Between this cut and the tunnel there is a fill twenty -five feet deep, 1,200
feet long. The tunnel here is 370 feet long, through bituminous shale ; it is all timbered.
Sections 104-5-6 are light; 107 is heavy, with a large fill across Laurel branch. Section
108 is pretty heavy; 109 light. On section 110 we cross Bridge Fork ; this stream is not
large, bat it requires an iron viaduct 500 feet long, and 100 feet high to span it. All these
streams, large and small, cut down into the earth, requiring very high bridges to get over
them.

SOMERSET

is the only town of any size lying on the railroad in this county; it is the county-seat, is
nearly eighty miles south from Frankfort, and distant from the Knoxville branch of the
Louisville and Nashville railroad, at four points, as follows: from Stanford thirty-three
miles, Crab Orchard twenty-eight, Mt, Vernon twenty -five, and London thirty-six miles ;
5

SJi. CINCINNA TI SO UTHEEN BAIL WA Y.

contains the court house, jail and clerks' offices; six cliurches, Baptist, Presbyterian,
Methodist, Keformed and African, an excellent school-house. Masonic collegiate institute,
seven dry goods stores, one hat and shoe store, one drug store, eight mechanics shops, one
hotel, one carriage factory, one wagon and plough factory, one tannery, one hank with
$150,000 capital, six lawyers, five physicians, : population in 1870, 587, a falling off since
1860 of seventy five, -which has no doubt readded since; incorporated in 1810.

POINT BUENSIDE,

as yet only remembered by its connection with the late war, will soon build up and per-
haps outstep its ancient neighbor; being at the head of navigation, lying on this new line
of travel, being in a good mineral and fine agricultural country, and having a good loca-
tion, this " point" will probably improve very fast. There are many beautiful caves in
this county, on a small scale, some on a larger, being formed by the water gradually wear-
ing for itself a bed between the huge masses of I'ock in the mountain side. I had the
pleasure of many a nocturnal visit to these passages in the very bowels of the earth, some-
times alone, but often with several others in company. While a party of us were en-
camped in Sloane's Valley, I, as usual, commenced spying out for a crevice in the rocks,
wide enough, at least, to admit our bodies, but we found nothing but one small aperture,
or rough dislocation of the rocks, with the appearance of having rolled and lodged there
from above. We were afraid to push through, for fear of being unable to get out again,
so we pecked off the rock with a hatchet until the largest of us went through quite easily.
We each had a candle, with matches, and started into the cave after supper. We soon
came to a small chamber and from thence through many long and intricate passages, with
overhanging stalactites and underfoot stalagmites. Ihe only wonder is that we ever
found our way out again, but it only happened once that a party came after us. This is
but a sample of this section of the country.

Running down through this rough land of promise, we next come to Whitley county,
formed in 1818 out of the west part of Knox, and named in honor of the great Indian
fighter. Col. Wm. Whitley — was the fifty-ninth in order of formation in the State. Part
of its territory was taken in 1825 to help form Laurel county. It is situated in the south-
ern border, in the south-east section of the State, lying on the Tennessee State line. It is
drained bv the Cumberland and its tributaries — that river winding through it for forty-
five milesj in a general western course. The face of the country, except the river valleys,
is hilly and broken ; two spurs of the Cumberland mountain penetrating the south-east
corner, to within a shoi't distance of Williamsburg, on the Cumberland river. Corn is the
staple product; cattle and hogs the principal exports of the county. The crops in 1870
were 520 tons of hay, 247,054 bushels of corn, 7,598 bushels of wheat, and 11,918 pountls
of tobacco ; the live stock in the same year was 1,732 horses, 247 mules, 7,625 cattle, 15,000
hogs. The population of the county nearly doubled itself in 1840-50, then made but
poor progress ever since, numbering 8,278 in 1870. The highest number of slaves ever
held in this county, in 1850, was 201. There are 274,953 acres, the valuation of which,
per acre, was $1 42, $2.49 in 1846 and 1870, respectively. The tax valuation was, for the
same period $388,332 and $985,851, being an increase of $597,519 in twenty-four years.
The county donated 5 40 miles and sold 3.94 right of way.

Several good Chalybeate Springs have their source in Whitley and Pulaski counties.
When tested at the fountain head, some of them were " found to contain carbonate of the
protoxide of iron, with traces only of chlorides, and possessing feeble de-oxidizing prop-
erties."

The Falls of Cumbebla.nd kiver, in Whitley county, about fourteen miles below
Williamsburg, are among the most remarkable objects in the State. The river here is
precipitated over a perpendicular fall of sixty-two feet; the fall and rapid is seventy feet.
On a clear morning the roar of the waters may be heard for a distance of ten or twelve
miles above and below the falls. Immediately behind the falling sheet of water, there is
a cave in the surface of the rock, and a person can go almost across the river by this pas-
sage through an arch formed on one side by the rock, and on the other by the flashing
waters. Just below the falls large fish are to be caught in great numbers. The country,
for six or eight miles above and below the falls, is very irregular and presents, to the eye
of the traveler, a succession of scenery as romantic and picturesque as any in the State.
The hills and mountains rise upon one another like clouds upon the horizon.

Silver ore. — The hundred years old story of Swift's silver mine has received an-
other location on Log mountain, in Whitley county. Also in the twelve feet of shale under
the conglomerate, about six feet above the foot of the Cumberland Falls above described.
The statement had general circulation many years ago, that the iron ore at the Cumber-
land Falls was rich in silver, and a great number of persons were deluded into the pur-
chasing of shares in a stock company which was organized for working this ore. The

GINCINNA Tl SO VTBERN MAIL WA t. 35

excitement about the latter end of 1850 was so great that individuals in other States were
induced to leave their homes in order to embark in this flattering pursuit. A Cornish
miner was employed by the movers in the speculation, to extract the silver from the iron
ore, and he actually exhibited five or ten cents worth of silver from his crucibles. But
Prof. Owen, in his report of the geological survey, says the silver " must have been derived
from either argentiferous lead, employed in large quantities to cupel or refine the metallic
ingot of iron, reduced previously from the ore, or was fraudulently introduced during the
process of smelting or refining, since traces of sulphuret of lead, that might be present in
the ore, even if argentiferous, could not supply more than a small fraction of a grain to
the ounce of ore."

The iron ore at the Cumberland Falls is essentially a proto-carbonate of iron, con-
taining 38.81 to 42 00 per cent, of iron. It is " a very good iron, approaching the so-called
hlack band ore in its composition, but contains less bituminous matter; it could be quite
economically smelted into a good quality of iron." Other samples of ore from the Log
mountain, from the head waters of Mud creek, from the mouth of Poplar creek, and from
the south part of Pine mountain, when analyzed yielded 39.20, 56.37, 37.60, and 44.53 per
cent, of iron: some being so pure as to require some poorer ore to be mixed with it, to
smelt it successfully, while other required only limestone to flux it.

William Whitlev, from whom this county received its name, was one of the most
distinguished of those early pioneers, whose adventurous exploits have shed a coloring of
romance over the early history of Kentucky. He was born on the 14lh of August, 1749,
in tbat part of Virginia then called Augusta, and which afterwards furnished territory
for Rockbridge county. Unknown to early fame, he grew to manhood in the laborious
occupation of tilling his native soil, in which his corporeal powers were fully developed,
with but little mental cultivation. He possessed, however, the spirit of enterprise, and
the love of independence. In 1775, having married Esther Fuller, and commenced house-
keeping in a small way, with health and labor to season his bread, he said to his wife, "he
heard a fine report of Kentucky, and he thought they could get their living there with
less hard work." " Tben, Billy, if I was you, I would go and see," was the reply. In two
days he was on his way, with axe, plow, gun and kettle, and she is the woman who after-
wards collected his warriors to pursue the Indians.

Whitley set out for Kentucky, accompanied by his brother-in-law, George Clark ; in
the wilderness they met with seven others, who joined them.

Col. Whitley was a man above the ordinary size, of great musculiar power, and
capable of enduring great fatigue and privation. His courage as a soldier was unquestion-
able, having been foremost in seventeen battles with the Indians and one with a more
civilized foe. In the battle of the Thames, he fell at the first fire. His memory is cher-
ished throughout Kentucky with profound respect, as tbat uniting the characters of patriot
and hero. It the reader will consult his map, he will see that we only cross a projection
or L in the county. This country is a succession of highland and lowland, of mountain
and valley; there is a main ridge running in a southerly direction across this L, upon
which, or rather on the side of which lies our route. This ridge is finely timbered, as are
also the level spurs which put out on either side. The streams between these spurs cut
down into deep gorges and ravines close to the main ridge, and afibrd some magnificent
scenery. On section 112, seven miles north of the State line, is the last wooden trestle on
the road. This indicates the character of the work. A hundred and forty miles of road
and not a wooden trestle. Traversing nearly the whole width of the State of Tennessee,
through those intricate mountains and rough valleys, and not a wooden trestle. All the
creeks, rivers, chasms, and ravines are arched with the most substantial masonry or pre-
pared for viaducts and bridges of iron. And these iron structures, properly attended to,
will last at least a hundred years — make a note of that.

The wooden trestle on this section, 112, is very strong, of the best oak, and well put
together- It is 300 feet long, and fifty-seven feet high, and crosses Apple Tree branch.
Just before this is a deep cut, through blue shale, which is falling in considerably, owing
to the material on the sides having been " powder shaken " in blasting, and the disinteg-
rating effects of the atmosphere. All of these cuts for twenty miles or more, on each side
of the State line, through this wretched blue shale, slate and soft sandstone, will give
trouble hereafter. There seems to be no way to do but to cut them down to a slope of
• about foity -five degrees. If this is not done, they will take themselves down in time.
Then the stuff can be dumped out upon the fills, and made to serve a good purpose. This is
very much easier done after the track is laid than before. It is the programme, I believe,
to make an embankment of apple tree trestle in this way. Running southward, we pass
through many pretty heavy cuts in soft sandstone and they are not in good condition.
The sandstone is crumbling slowly, forcing constant digging at the ditches to keep the
road-bed level, and free from all obstructions.

Section 119 is the last in Kentucky. Here Fox branch is crossed on an iron yiaduct

36 CINCINNATI SOUTHERN RAILWAY.

sixty-eight feet high. This takes us to the southern border of Kentucky. Nothing marks
the State line but a plain stone about twenty inches high. But for that a person might
pass from the sovereign State of Kentucky and leave its sacred soil without knowing it.

TENNESSEE.

The fii'st landmark in Tennessee that the traveler notices, is a saloon. There were hun-
dreus of these miserable little log grogeries stretched along the line of the railroad, where,
untaxed whisky was sold to the laborers in its raw condition, and free iights and the devil's
work promoted. Near here is the Pine Knot Tavern, in Kentucky, an old " landmark."

The Cumberland table land is recognized as one of the thi'ee great natural
divisions of the State of Tennessee. As a natural division, it is well defined, and as to
many things, has no lack of interest. As we will see hereafter, it is the great depository
of all the stone coal in Tennessee. Fruit growers and horticulturists, notwithstanding its
general agricultural character is not in the best repute, look to it as a field of promise.
Stockraisers hope to make it a land of meadows and pastures; its cool summer nights
render it attractive during the hot months ; and it bids fair, in a few years, to be the favor-
ite summer resort of southern men.

As yet this portion of the State is, for the most part, but thinly settled. Over its
wooded plains the wild deer is still chased, and in some of its wild coves, the wolf and the
black bear find hiding places. Nevertheless, it has upon its flat and elevated surface, a
number of small villages, and upon its northei'n half, especially, many tracts well covered
with farms.

The Jbelt just mentioned crosses Tennessee obliquely. The portion within the State—
the table land we are considering, although much indented by valleys and coves, is no-
Avhere completely cut in two by them. It could fuixish a highw^ay from Kentucky to
Alabama, upon its flat top, along which a traveler might pass without once descending,
and even without discovering, at any time, his elevation. The engineers of the Nashville
and Chattanooga Railroad, in their experimental surveys, could find within Tennessee, no
low pass through one of the leading arms of the table land, and were, therefore, compelled
either to ascend and go over, or else, by making a great deflection to the south, in Alabama,
go round it. They adopted the latter alternative. The top of the table land, though com-
paratively flat, does not become monotonous to the traveler. Low ridges and shallow val-
leys, with crystal streams, are occasionally met with, and afford a pleasant variety, which
relieves what would otherwise be the sameness of its " flat woods."

At almost all points, on both sides, the surface breaks off" suddenly in sandstone cliffs
and precipices, which are from twenty to 100 or even 200 feet high. These form all along
the sides of the table land, a well defined margin or brow. From beneath this very fre-
quently overhanging brow, the steep slopes of the sides commence, and run down to the
low lands. With the exception of the north-eastern part of the division, the slopes below
the cliffs rest mostly on limestone. The sandstone which appears in the cliffs, caps the
whole plateau, while limestone forms its base. The former gives sharpness of outline to
its crested margin. The eastern border of the table land is comparatively a nearly direct
or gracefully curving line. The indentations made by the sti-eams, are,^upon the map,
hardly noticeable. Along its western border, however, it is remarkably different. Here
the table land is irregularly scalloped and notched by deep coves and valleys, separated
from each other by long spurs jutting to the west. These deep indentations, from which,
and in some cases, through which, flow the different branches of the Elk — Collins river,
Caney Fork, Eoaring river, and Obey's river, give the western outline a very ragged and
dissected appearance. In many coves and valleys referred to above, at the base, and on
the limestone or lower slope of the table land, are springs remarkable for their size and
for the amount of water they discharge. In quite a number of instances, these springs
bring to the day, at once, large creeks, tributaries to the rivers above mentioned. Some
of them furnish excellent mill sites. Along the base of the eastern escarpment, also, simi-
lar springs occur at intervals. These streams are the outlets of subterranean streams,
many of which, doubtless, flow through long, and unexplored caves and passages in the
great limestone bed, upon which the sandstone and shale-cap of the table land rests. Not
a little of the water which falls upon the surface is thus drained off.

Immediately north of the Tennessee river, the name of Walden's ridge is applied to
the entire arm of the table land cut off by the Sequatchee Valley. Before this arm con-
nects with the main body of the platteau, around the head of the valley mentioned, it
takes the form, the edges rising up in crested ridges. Above Sequatchee Valley, and in a
line with it, the western edge becomes blejided with, or rather constitutes the eastern side
of a range of mountains, (Crab Orchard) which rise above the general level of the table
land and may be regarded as resting upon it. At the same time the eastern edge becomes
more prominent^ and Boon alone takes the name of Walden's Eidge. It is more or less

II mil I 1 1 II 1111"" '

miiiiiiiiiHiiiMiiiiiiiinir

iW^m"*!"

The Easterx Groui',

The Northern Group,

Jtr<fhl

Tin fEnfiBKromBiimuu * WU'^"' mw"'''^'

The Western Group.

The SouTUHiRiJ Group.

CINCINNA Tl SO UTHEBN BAIL WAY. 37

sharply crested, and appears like a ridge placed along on the margin of the table land.
Further north, above Emory river, this sharp ridge becomes entirely detached from the
body of the table land, being separated from it by a deep and narrow valley or line of val-
leys. From the Salt works, in Anderson county, north-eastward, this ridge is very promi-
nent and characteristic ; it runs many miles in a direct course, then curves beautifully
around to the north-west, after which it again pursues a direct course until intersected by
the valley of Cove creek, near Col. R. D. Wheeler's in Campbell, where it falls away.
Here, however, it is very nearly continuous with the ridge of similar character of which
I have spoken, at the point where the latter curves. The portion of this first mentioned
ridge, from Cove creek to Cumberland Gap, may be considered as continuing the line of
Walden's ridge on to Virginia. Walden's ridge above the Emory, must not be confounded
with the "little" sharp ridge, which is often found along its south-eastern base, and to
which reference has already been made. The latter ridge pertains to the valley of East
Tennessee. Walden's ridge, together with the narrow valleys which lie along its north-
western base, belong to the table land, having the same rocks, etc These ridges, from the
Emory to Virginia^ are among the greatest curiosities of the whole table land. Sharp,
bold and i-oof-like, mosty made up of vertical sheets of solid sandstone, they appear like a
vast military work, designed to protect the main mountain from the encroachments of the
lowlanders. There are very few gaps in them. Those that do occur are 'Water gaps
formed by creeks. To get at the foot of the mountain, though it may not be more than
half a mile off, it is often necessary to ride half a dozen, to find a passage through these
skirting ridges. The north-eastern portion of the division under consideration, presents
other local features which remain to be mentioned. These consist of groups of high
ridges or mountains, which, rising above the general level of the table land, appear when
seen from the west, to rest upon it.

First, we have the New river group. The head-waters of New river flow from a group
of mountain ridges, among which its tributaries are deeply sunk. The range that divides
these waters from those flowing into the Clinch, is one of the most important of these
ridges, and is a conspicuous object to an observer in the great valley to the east. It forms,
for many miles in Anderson and Campbell counties, the eastern escarpment of the main
table land, or rather, it is the most eastern ridge of the group ; the plateau character of
the division in this region being to a great extent lost. It is called, for a good part of its
length. Cross mountain. Along its south-eastern or north-eastern base, runs the remark-
able skirting, Walden's ridge. Other elevated ridges occur in this group. They are all
within that portion of the table land lying south-east of Huntsville, and between Jacks-
boro and Montgomery.

Between Emory river and the head of Sequatchee valley, and in a line with this val-
ley, is a nearly straight range of mountains of some interest. It may be called the Crab
Orchard range or group. Originally the mountains of this range formed, doubtless, a con-
tinuous ridge. It is now cut into three unequal parts, by two gaps — Crab Orchard and
Grassy Cove gaps. The south-western mountain of this range is known as Walden's
ridge, a name, as we have seen, applied to several parts of the eastern side of the table
land. The north-eastern part of the range is Crab Orchard mountain. The highest parts
of these mountains are but little, if any, less than 1000 feet above the general surface of
the table land. The mountain between the two gaps is short and not as prominent as the
others. There are but few out-lying mountains belonging to table land. The only one
of importance, on the eastern side, is the grand Lookout mountain, which starts up boldly
just within the limits of Tennessee, and runs into Georgia. This is a long narrow moun-
tain ; closely related, geologically to the table land. But to return — on entering Ten-
nessee, on the Cincinnati Southern Eailway, we first come into Scott county; this is bounded
on the north by Kentucky, on the east by Campbell county, on the south by Anderson and
Morgan counties, and on the west by Fentress. The act establishing this county was
passed December 17, 1849. It was composed of fractions of Anderson, Campbell, Fentress
and Morgan counties. By reference to the map of Tennessee, it will be seen that it is one
of the most northern counties of East Tennessee. It lies on the Cumberland table land,
just described, and possesses all the characteristics of that region. The only lands that
are valuable, lie upon the creeks, and these are narrowed down to small strips. There is
a sparse population in Scott county. It has had no benefit, whatever, from immigration.
Perhaps not a dozen families have gone there in as many years. This is owing to causes
already indicated. It is out of the way, the farming lands are not good, and the trouble,
expense and annoyance.of reaching market, have operated as a barrier to immigration.
There is no difliculty about buying land. Thousands of acres are for sale, and upon satis-
factory terms. Improved farms can be had for about five dollars per acre, and unim-
proved for from fifty cents to three dollars per acre. The citizens are extremely anxious
to augment their population, and would do all in their power to make new comers wel-
come in their midst. In some respects immigrahts could do very well here. Sheep bus-

38 CINCINNA Tl SO UTSEBN BAIL WA Y.

bandry and fruit raising would pay largely. The extensive plateaus of land spreading
over the surface of the mountains, and the rich growth of mountain grass found there,
make it suited for the rearing of sheep. The county is not much annoyed by mean dogs,
and, therefore, sheep would not be disturbed from this source. The cost of raising them
would be only nominal. The winters, as every wliere in East Tennessee, are mild and
short, and the summers are pleasant in this mountain region. Fruit could be raised to
any extent. Apples, peaches, pears; cherries, and all the smaller fruits grow to perfection.
Between Emory Gap and the Kentucky State line, the soil is derived from sandstone and
is thin and unproductive of the usual field crops. Not one acre in twenty has been
brought into cultivation.

The Cumberland table land loses much of its plateau character in this portion of the
State. The surface is usually rugged, with high sharp crested ridges and rounded peaks,
that sometimes rise 1,500 feet above the road bed. Though rugged, this country is well
timbered, and on the northern slopes of the ridges the soil is very fertile, and the limber
of excellent quality. Deep canyon-like gorges are cut by the numerous streams deep in
the bosom of the mountain. Some of these streams are walled in by perpendicular cliffs
of sandstone from 300 to 400 feet high. A few narrow valleys occur between the foot of
the superimposed ridgee, but these mountain valleys are not so productive as the northern
and western slopes of the ridges. From these high mountain sides many fine chalybeate
springs, and other kinds, break out. Wild grasses spring up in great abundance and
supply a rich forage for cattle and sheep. The air is pure and the region healthy. For
the growth of apples, no region is superior to the country which lies between Emory Gap
and the Kentucky State line. They never fail, and they have a plumpness and richness
of flavor rarely equalled. To sum up, in brief, the advantages which the country on this
portion of the line afibrds, we may say ;

1. It is healthy— -Consumption is almost unknown here, and malarious diseases sel-
dom occur. In many jdaces there are no doctors within twenty miles. The inhabitants
are hardy and long lived, though living a life of privation and exposure.

2. It has an abundance of coal. Throughout the extent of the railroad from Emory
Gap to the Kentucky State line eveiy cut reveals more or less coal. The seams are some-
times thin and worthless, but often are from three to four feet thick. In the ridges above
the road better and thicker seams are met with.

3. It has a great variety of valuable timber. For many miles the line of road trav-
erses forest of the finest white oak. On the mountain slopes are poplar and walnut in
great quantity. From Scott and Morgan counties timber enough to supply all the agri-
cultural implement manufactories, within reach of the road, for a century to come, can be
obtained.

4. The forests of chestnut and oak, which are usually found upon the tops of the ridges,
are very extensive, and are capable of supplying millions of cords of the very best tan
bark.

5. As a grazing region, it is very valuable. The wild grasses are everywhere abun-
dant, and great herds of cattle are fattened upon these wild grasses, for the northern mar-
kets. Goats, that thrive upon shrubbery, can be reared at nominal cost. They live
throughout the winter, without any other food than the buds of the native shrubs. Sheep
also are very hardy and do well.

6. An excellent situation for extensive apple orchards. The apple is the surest crop
grown, and the facilities which the road will afford, together with the small outlay neces-
sary to start an orchard, will make this a famous region for the production of apples, and
will enable it to compete successfully with any portion of the United States.

7. As a place for summer resort, also, it must become famous. The salubrity of the
air, the excellence of the chalybeate springs, the high elevation, and the grandeur and
beauty of the natural scenery, will make it a favorite locality-for those accustomed to such
rural retreats in summer.

8. For growing all garden vegetables, the soil of this sandstone formation is well
adapted. Early vegetables can be supplied to the Cincinnati and other markets at a
cheaper rate than from any other point. Irish potatoes, cabbage, onions, and indeed all
root crops, grow to great perfection. Irish potatoes, especially, are noted for their excel-
lence. Market gardening will, doubtless, become one of the leading industries of this
mountain region.

There has been but little progress in the system of farming. The old plans are still
adhered to for the most part. Improved means of husbandry hav.e not been introduced to
any extent, and most of the farms are cultivated with the ancient implements in vogue
half a century ago. Bull-tongue ploughs do all the tui-ning of the soil, the bar-shear be-
ing regarded as an innovator. There is scarcely any sowing of clover, and but few meadows.
Corn is the chief crop, and that is fed to an inferior breed of hogs. Very little wheat is
sown. Every species of stock belongs to the scrub race. The farmers have haxl little en-

CINCINNATI SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 39

couragement, in consequence of their isolation, Lo iiinnove either their lands or their stock.
They needed railroads and they needed markets.

The prevailing rocks of the county are red sandstone and freestone. Limestone is
seen scarcely anywhere in the county. The water is pure freestone and is very fine. There
is an excellent mineral spring near Huntsville, consisting of sulphur water. The heallh-
fulness of this region cannot be questioned. Sickness is rare. This is owing, of course, to
the pure mountain air and the excellent" water. The prevailing timber is black oak, post
oak, poplar, walnut, pine. etc. Of this there are vast quantities, but has been of no great
value, owing to the lack of the means of transportation.

The principal streams are Straight, Buffalo, Paint Rock, Brimstone, Wolf, Clear Fork,
Smoky, Ditticulty, Eoaring Paunch, and Tellico creeks, and New river. Along the most
of these streams there are narrow strips of fair land, capable of producing from twenty to
thirty bushels of corn to the acre, and about eight or ten of wheat. None of these water
courses are reliable for water power. The most of them go dry during the summer sea-
son. Consequently there ai-e few mills in the county, and no manufactories of any kind.
Its mineral resources are said to be very great, consisting, for the most part, of iron and
coal, which will be developed when the railroad is more fully understood in reference to
those hidden treasures. The county needs badly a better and more efficient school system.
There are but few schools that are doing much good. There is one at Huntsville, but not
what it ought to be. The soil of this county is very similar to that of Morgan, our next
county, where a full description will be given.

CHIT WOOD

is the first town (so-called) on our route upon entering Tennessee. It is a small, insignifi-
cant place, but has acquired some reputation as an old "landmark." It may
yet grow considerably, in consequence of its being immediately on the line of this road.
Indeed this road will be of incalculable benefit to this entire region, cut ofF, as it was, from
the commercial world.

The next place we come to, or rather near to, (for it is three miles east) is Huntsville,
the county-seat. It is situated near New river and has a population of eighty. Its busi-
ness is very small. Two dry goods stores, two groceries, one blacksmith shop, and two
taverns constitute nearly all the business houses. There is one church and, sometimes, a
school.

We are now on the heaviest division on the road; these divisions are generally of
forty miles length, so we mean from the State line forty miles south embraces some of the
heaviest work on the road. The first streams we cross are Bear creek. Big branch, Roar-
ing Paunch, Crooked branch and Roaring Paunch branch — lovely names, these, but they
are really beautiful streams, picking their way through large rocks and dense growths of
hemlock and laurel. Over these streams are iron viaducts thirty to seventy feet high.
These are all crossed in the first six miles, which brings us to Flat Gap, on section J 24.
This is a heavy section, every foot of it a cut or a fill. Running along for nine miles of
comparatively light work, wntil we reach section 135, which is a very wild one — you will
never tire of admiring its beauties. The road approaches Phillips' creek, through deep
rock cuts, and the roof of a "rock house" has been blasted away to make the road bed.
Phillips' creek is a wild mountain stream, falling seventy-five feet in 600. It is crossed
by an iron viaduct about eighty feet high. Section 137, two miles south of here, enjoys
the distinctionof having the deepest cut on the road, and the deepest one I ever saw on
any road. It is 103 feet deep ! First it was intended for a tunnel, but as it would require
timbering, owing to the nature of the material, and as a very deep fill exists immediately
next it, the Engineers made a cut of it. The material is of rather soft sandstone and is
crumbling some. In a few years, without attention, it would fall in to the depth of thirty
or forty feet. The material disintegrates when exposed to the air, and the cut will long
be troublesome to trains. New river is on the next section, 138, and is one of the wildest
of Jhe wild streams crossed by the line. Approaching the river, the country is very rough.
Within half a mile on the south side there are two heavy cuts and two heavy fills, and on
the next section north is the deepest cut on the road, 103 feet deep. New river is one of
the chief tributaries of the Cumberland. The railroad crosses it about eighteen miles
south of the Tennessee line. There are 4,788 cubic yards of masonry. The contractors
had great difficulty in getting suitable stone. This whole division lies above the lime-
stone formation, and the suitable sandstone is not always in reach. In this instance the
contractor, after opening a quarry and building an incline plane tramway to it, had to
abandon it and open another three miles distant, hauling every stone that distance. These
contractors, Fitzgerald, Mallory & Flynn, are very strong having finished many miles of
work on the road. There is more masonry required at the New river crossing than at the
Ohio river bridge. The approaches to the bridge proper will be over iron viaducts^ and

^ 0 CINCINNA TI SO UTHEBN BAIL WA T.

the length of the whole iron structure will be about 1,200 feet, and height above low water
140 feet. Standing on the north side of this chasm and river, one has an impression of the
magnitude of the obstacles which have been overcome in the prosecution of this work.
The next section, 139, has one considerable cut and one considerable fill, the cut having
emptied into the fill, so to speak. On the next section, 140, we strike the second largest
tunnel on the road. Mr. Bobbins had the contract for this tunnel, the first contractors
finding it more than they could successfully manage. Mr. Eobbins is a citizen of New-
port, Ky., but was a heavy contractor on the road, and a successful one. He had a house
on the hill, right over the tunnel, where he lived with his family, and knew what was
going on. The view from his house is grand. The horizon is not obstructed in any
direction. It is a mountain on top of mountains. North, east, south and west, they roll
away in gentle undulations, like the waves of the sea. The view at sunset is captivating.
The horizon is often all aglow with purple and gold, and you seem to see away, away into
infinite space. And the air is purity itself. Every breath is buoying, and you feel a new
life in your veins. But the tunnel ! It is second to King's mountain in size, being 2,526
feet long. The material is miserable for tunnel purposes. It is soft blue slate, in thin
layers and in compact masses, and between these are veins of clay and coal. The slate is
hard, at first, like solid rock, but when exposed to air, it disintegrates into s-lush And mud.
To know how all this stuff became mixed in together in such shape, you will have to put
nature on the witness stand. The vein of coal is about two feet thick, soft and not of first
quality. The whole tunnel is timbered. For this purpose Mr. Eobbins set up a saw
mill and bought 600 acres of land covered with white oak. Several men have been killed
in this tunnel also, by falling slate. It would not be an overestimate to say that thirty
men have been killed by tunnel work on this road. A mile or two more of comparatively
light work, brings us into Morgan county. The middle section of this road traverses a
region rich beyond the comprehension of the unskilled observer, in latent resources of
mineral and agricultural products. Millions of acres on either side of the road, from the
Kentucky river to Emory Gap, can be bought at merely nominal figures, but they are as
good sheep lands, as good for the purposes of the grape culturist or general fruiterer, as
any acres the sun ever shone upon ; while beneath them lie exhaustless beds of iron and
coal in such close proximity as found no where else in the world outside the southern
mineral region. When these dreary knobs are covered with vineyards and orchards, and
studded with sheep cotes ; when scores of furnaces light up the gloomy ravines and impart
their glow to the forbidding palisades, then will the great and enterprising Queen City
find that that which deterred all others from undertaking to build her a highway to the
south brings her most profit; that these mountain fastnesses were better worth the leach-
ing tlian the sunny plains beyond, covered with cotton and cane.

The following extract from Mr. Safford's geological work, on Tennessee — a valuable
work — will be read with interest. It was originally from the pen of an accomplished
gentleman and farmer, who has resided on the table land for many years.

" So much has been written about the table land of Tennessee, by interested parties,
that any one stating the plain truth will be said by them to be an enemy to the progress
of the State. Such persons have, in my opinion, been a real draw back upon the pros-
perity and settlement of the table land. It is true of a country, as Washington Irving
has said of a man : 'The public Avill forgive a man anything sooner than being over-
praised.' So, of a country, if it be praised for that to which it is not entitled, emigrants,
on being disappointed, will not give credit for its real merits.

But many things belonging to the table land of this State can scarcely be overpraised.
The water, the climate and the health have not been fully valued in the estimate of this
part of our State. On the great plateau of Tennessee, the soft, limpid purity of the water
is admired by all observing travelers. The climate, equally exempt from the frigid rigor
of the north and the debilitating heat of the south, is nowhere excelled for the comfort of
its population. Here may be enjoyed the clearness and the brightness of an Italian atmos-
phere, without the baleful influence of the Maremma marsh, or the debilitating effects of
the African sirocco. Here Hygua's reign is undisputed. Neither cholera, consumption,
nor fever ever pretended to dispute her salutary sway. Emigrants from the frozen shores of
the St. Lawrence, or fi-om the fenny bogs of the Carolinas, here meet the invigorating
breeze, and if health is to be found upon earth, they may hope for it here. .

The extent of the Cumberland table land within this State, makes it important that
its value in an agricultural point of view should be understood. Beaching across the State,
from north to south, it is, on the road from Kingston to Sparta, at least forty miles wide
from east to west. Most of this large surface is beautifully level, and generally well
covered with timber, consisting of various kinds of oak, chestnut and hickory, with other
kind along streams. The soil is a sandy loam, easy of culture, and though not so fertile as
other portions of the State, may be made by the applicaiion of lime, which is within reach,
and proper tillage, very productive at moderate expense. The table land is the genial

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CmCINNA TI SO XJTHERN BAIL WAY. J^l

and appropriate home for all the delicious fruits of a temperate climate. The apple,
when raised here, will keep longer than when raised upon a lower level, in the same lati-
tude. The same facts are observed here which have been demonstrated elsewhere, that all
Alpine productions are superior for their kind. Though the soil will not produce so many
bushels of wheat per acre, yet the bushel is heavier than that raised upon richer land. So
of other cerealia and tlie grasses. At no distant day these highlands Avill be much
prized ; ^not only for the production of all kinds of fruits, but for the raising of stock.
For seven or eight months in the year cattle here require no expense from the owner ex-
cept salting. Sheep are as healthy as the deer which roam over the forests ; no rot or
foot-rot ever attacks them ; old age appears to be the only malady that attacks them, and
that tlie flock master need fear. The natural production of the soil furnish a copious
pasturage for two-thirds of the year, and improved meadows of blue grass, red top, or
other perennial grasses would supply the balance. Here swine live from year to year,
and increase witliout care, upon the natural range. Here the sportsman may find the
wild boar as fierce and with tusks as long as any that ever honored the chase in the Her-
cynian forest."

Mr. J. W. Dodge, who formerly resided in Cumberland county on the table land, and
wlio made himself and the mountain famous by raising and bringing to market superb
apples, related tlie following circumstance to me :

" While I was at the Hermitage, painting Gen. Jackson's picture, the old General
one day said to me, in his emphatic way : " Mr. Dodge, I have traveled over tlie table of
the Cumberland mountain frequently, and it is my opinion that it is destined to become
the garden spot of the Union." It is as pasture or range ground, that these mountain
areas are at present interesting. A rich spot here and there, may be found in cultiva-
tion ; at these places heavy crops of wheat and other cereals are sometimes raised. I recol-
lect of seeing at one point, near "Cold Spring," buckwheat high enough to completely
hide a man riding through it on horseback. The soil and position of these rich spots
appear to be well adapted to the raising of Irish potatoes.

Morgan county, the next in our route, is, in many respects, similar to Scott, and yet,
in other ways, it is totally unlike; but we will allow the reader to be the judge of that.
Morgan county is bounded on the north by Scott and Fentress, on the east by Anderson,
on the South by Eoane and Cumberland, and on the west by Cumberland and Fentress
counties. It is one of the mountain counties, and embraces a great deal of rough and un-
tillable land, especially in the southern portion. There are a number of fertile valleys,
but they are not wide. The most noted are Crooked Fork, Flat Fork and Emory. The
soil of these is productive, and is of a dark mulatto color. The land on the Obed and
Emory rivers are exceedingly fertile. Although a large county, there is a great deal of
land totally unfit for cultivation. These consist of abrupt hills, ridges and mountains.
Much of the land is on the market and can be bought low. Improved lands are worth
about twenty dollars per acre; medium, about ten; ordinary, about five, and unimproved,
about from fifty cents to one dollar. The usual terms of sale are one-third of the pur-
chase money paid in hand, and the remainder in one, two and three years, with six per
cent, interest. The terms of leasing are one-third of the crop. The leading crops are
corn, wheat, oats, hay and potatoes. Very little barley, buckwheat, peanuts or hops are
produced, and but few pears, cherries, plums, strawberries, and raspberries are grown.
The climate and soil are admirably adapted to the growth of apples and peaches. Not
much attention is paid to either. Grapes have been thoroughly tested by an enterprising
colony of Germans, settled at tlie town of Wartburg, and they have been found to do well.
This colony make a considerable quantity of wine every year, which is sold at remuner-
ative prices. It usually commands about four dollars per gallon, retail. It is believed
that there are few regions better suited for extensive vineyard.s. Some of the grasses
grow. well, and produce good crops in this county. At the same time, the farmers have
not improved this advantage. The usual grasses raised is timothy and herds-grass. Blue
grass grows well in places. Orchard grass, perhaps would suit this region better than
any other kind. A good deal of sorghum and maple sugar is manufactured. The finest
honey in the world is produced here, and considerable attention is paid to the rearing
and management of bees. There are no improved breeds of horses, cattle, hogs, or sheep
raised. The varieties in use are of the scrub species. But a small percentage of either
class is on the market. Mules are not raised to any extent. For rough work oxen are
mostly used. The rearing of cattle and sheep could be made a most profitable business,
from the fact that the hills, ridges, and mountains afford the very best pasturage. One
difficulty in the way of raising sheep is the prevalence of sheep-killing dogs. Ko danger
is apprehended from wolves, as they do not infest this region. This is not a hog pro-
ducing country, for the reason that it is not adapted to corn. Considerable quantities of
corn, it is true, are raised in the valleys indicated, and on the Obed and Emory rivers,
but these constitute only a small proportion of the county. The great staples are " the
■■■'- "^

small grains," grass and fruit. Very much could be done in the dairy business — the
making of cheese and butter — and yet everything is blank on this subject. Thousands of
pounds of both could be made every year, at a small cost, and sold at a fair margin.
Some attention is paid to tlie smaller industries, but not half enough. The demand for
labor is amply met, though not strictly reliable. But few blacks are in the county. The
work on farms and in households is mainly done by the families themselves. All are
trained to industrious habits. The young men work on the farms and the young women
do the work of the house. Allusion was made above to the fact of the existence of a
German colony at Wartburg. They are an industrious, intelligent and enterprising peo-
ple, and have done much to advance the agricultural, horticultural and educational
interests of the county, but more will be said of them hereafter. The farm buildings
throughout the county are plain. But few are of brick, a number of frame, but the great-
est portion of hewn logs. Bails are altogether used for making fences, the average height
of which is five feet. The cost of lumber is one dollar per hundred feet, and rails ten dol-
lars per thousand. The mineral capacity of this county is equal to that of almost any
county in East Tennessee. Stone-coal is found in every direction in great quantities. Tlie
long distance from market, and the difficulty of transportatioii have retarded develop-
ment. The chief markets have been Knoxville and Eockwood, in Eoane county. The
water power here is unsurpassed. On all the streams mentioned, any desired power can
be had. But little of it is made available. There are some grist or saw mills, but no cot-
ton or woolen factories.

Soils. — The prevailing rocks of any region give character to the soil. The entire
surface of the table land, with a few exceptions, lies upon sandstone and conglomerate.
Most of the county has, therefore, a light sandy soil, with but little humus, and is greatly
deficient in calcarious matter and other elements of fertility. In some places the subsoil
is a yellowish red clay, strong enough to bear improvement, and responds readily to gen-
erous treatment, but the element of fertility must be supplied before it can produce satis-
factory crops. On such sites good farms can be made by penning cattle on each field until
it becomes thoroughly fertilized. But we cannot undertake to defend the capabilities of
these lands for the production of grain. The expense of adding a sufficient quantity of
lime to the soil would more than pay for good lands where nature has supplied it. For
the production of fruits, grasses, root crops and most garden vegetables, they are scarcely
surpassed. There are other places where the sub-soil is yellow, sometimes inclining to
blue or white. It is frequently so porous that a walking cane may, with little eflfort, be
thrust in to the head. Of course no amount of manure would satisfy its craving hunger.
But even these lands are not without their value. They might be converted into exten-
sive sheep-walks, and made to yield a return scarcely less than that from those more
favored by fortune or nature. Besides, these two cla'sses of mountain lands, we may con-
sider the wet lands along the small streams and in the glades, as another class possessing
peculiar characteristics. Their color when wet, is a dark blue, sometimes nearly black,
but when dried they assume an ashen hue. Blue clay generally accompanies them as a
sub-stratum. They are now regarded as of little value, and the few experiments that
have been tried upon them have generally been with unsatisfactory results. The absence
of timber, except a few valueless kinds, which delight in water, has added to the disrepute
in which they are held. We do not like to venture an opinion which contravenes the
experience of nearly all who have tried experiments upon them, but may it not be that
those experiments have failed because their peculiarities have not been well understood ?
So far as we have been able to learn, the efforts to improve them have been limited to
draining off" the water. This, of course, must be done, but this is not all. Their sourness
must be corrected. The partially decayed vegetable matter, which they contain in large
quantities, is too acid to nourish the growth of any filants except hardy and gross feeders.
This acid must be neutralized by the liberal use of some alkali, and for this purpose there is
nothing better than common wood ashes. But while the population is so sparse, and lands are
so cheap, we cannot expect much effort at improvement. The want of humus iia the soils of
the table land is owing, in part, to the annual fires in the woods, which consume all the
leaves and dried grass and other combustible material, and leave the ground bare. These
fires are kindled, as they say, to facilitate the early growth of the grass. It is true that it
leaves the surface very smooth and clean, and we will not deny that pasturage is thereby
obtained a few days sooner, but we cannot commend the practice, for it destroys the only
natural source of fertility, and causes the land to grow poorer every year. Another evil
growing out of this barbarous custom, is the injury thereby done to the timber, and par-
ticularly to the valuable chestnut trees, most of which are ruined before the time when
they should be most vigorous and fruitful. As an evidence of the injurious effects on the
soil, we may observe that the north hillsides, where the forest debris, being less exposed
to the sun, is often too wet to burn, are always more fertile than lands otherwise situated.
Along some of the larger creeks there are narrow bottoms, depressed more or less below

CINCINNA TI SO VTHEBN BAIL WA Y. J^S

the general surface of the county. The lands in such situations, though light, are toler-
ably productive, and where they are not encumbered with masses of round water-worn
rocks, are easy of cultivation. The anticlinal dip of the strata in the Crab Orchard range
shows that it has been upheaved by a folding of the earths crust. By this means the
mountain limestones, which lie underneath the cap rock of sandstones and conglomerates,
have been brought up into and even above the plane of the table land, and where the
superimposed formations have been removed by denudation, as at Crab Orchard Gap and
Grassy Cove, they appear on the surface and give character to the soil. Consequently we
have, at these places, lands similar to those in the limestone region along the western base
of the table land. '

Farjis and crops. — The table land, as an agricultural region, is not in the best
repute, and we cannot deny that it will suffer by comparison with any other natural
di.vision of the State; but, at the same time, we believe that its advantages have been too
much undervalued. Tiie price of land is very low, and a very large proportion of the
area of the county is yet unimproved. The farms, generally, consist of a few small cleared
fields on a tract of several hundred acres. Not unfrequently from one to twenty thous-
and acres in a body are owned by a single proprietor. Of course it is not often profitable
to the owners, and it has become a common saying that " the more mountain land a man
owns, the poorer he is." Much of it has been sold and resold, time and again, for taxes,
and many law suits result from conflicting titles. About the only profitable use that is
made of these large tracts of waste land is as a summer range for cattle and sheep from
the farms in the valleys. Ranches or ''cow pens," may be met with at many places,
which, during the season of pasturage, are occupied by the herdsmen, who vary the
monotony of tending the cattle with hunting deer, bear and wild turkeys. But there are
some good, well improved farms on the table land, which yield to their thrifty and indus-
trious owners a comfortable living, and we are glad to note the fact that the number of
these is every year increasing. The leading crops, at present cultivated, are Irish potatoes,
corn, rye, oats, buckwheat, tobacco, sorghum, sweet potatoes, turnips, and beans. Most
garden vegetables grow in perfection, but as there has been no market, their production
was limited. It is a notable truth, that almost everything that will grow on the moun-
tain, is of better quality than the same article produced elsewhere. This is especially true
of Irish potatoes, the mealiness and fine flavor of which cannot be surpassed. By the use
of fertilizers and good cultivation, grain can be successfully grown. Experiments in this
line have been tried to'a considerable extent within the past ten j^ears, resulting, in one
instance, in the production of thirty bushels of wheat to the acre. Mediterranean and
Walker wheats are the varieties generally cultivated. A very satisfactory proof of the
nutritive qualities of the wild grasses is found in the fact that cattle, sheep, and horses
fatten on them rapidly and easily. The various cultivated grasses do well with fair treat-
ment. This is particularly true of red top and orchard grass. The soil and climate are
also favorable to red clover and timothy, and with good farming, they are generally suc-
cessful. Grasses are usually mown, sometimes pastured, but rarely, if ever, given to the
soil as manure. The amount of land appropriated to the cultivated grasses is much
smaller than it should be. In the ante-bellum period, Mr. J. W. Dodge, as we have before
said, " made himself and the mountain famous," by raising superb apples, which carried
off tlie prizes at fairs in all parts of the State. His worthy example has been followed by
many others, and orchards, producing fruit of quality far superior to the same varieties
grown in higher latitudes, are now quite common. It is now an admitted fact, that fruits
grown in a sandy soil are richer in sacharine matter than those of the same name grown in
a limestone or clay soil. Grapes have been tested sufficiently to show that they can be
successfully grown. All varieties of fruit, which are adapted to a temperate climate, can
be profitably cultivated on the table land, and, as a correspondent truthfully remarks, "it is
easy to have a thrifty orchard where you cannot have a good cornfield."

Wartburg, the county-seat, lies three miles to the east of our route, consequently we
can better " hear tell of" than see it. It is a place deserving of some mention, on account
of its location, and the experiments which have been made in the vicinity in the growing
of fruits. The town is situated 1,500 feet above the sea, on a considerable plateau, which
extends southward for ten or twelve miles, to the breaks, near Emory Gap. This plateau
is traversed by occasional ravines and deep gorges, hemmed in by precipitous sandstone
bluffs. On the north-east Ward's mountain looms up in majestic proportions about 1,200
feet above the town, and 2,700 feet above the sea. It is a long, rounded top ridge, whose
general course is north-east and south-west. Its slopes are densely clothed with forests of
excellent timber, consisting of chestnut, chestnut-oak, pine and black gum. On the north-
western slope many walnut trees are found. On a tract of 5,000 a<;res, lying on its top
and sides, 340 large walnut trees have been counted. The following were counted by
Drury Smith, at another point ; forty -seven walnut trees, four feet and over; seventy-eight,
three feet and over ; 132, two feet and over ; and 148 of one foot and over. Two chestnut

j«jixi •.mm

trees were measured, five and six feet respectively. North-east of Wartburg, on the head-
waters of Emory river, and east of the line of railroad, on the line between Morgan and Scott
counties, there are large bodies of walnut timber in the coves and on the northern slopes.
The soil is very fertile, but so much broken as to preclude cultivation. It would .make
excellent grazing lands, for which purpose it will no doubt be ultimately used. The coves
running up into this mountain are very fertile. Even up on its crest farms have been
opened, and the soil is said to yield generously, producing even more than the soil of the
mountain valleys below. Chalybeate springs break out from its top.

The reader should constantly bear in mind that these peaks, or ridges, lie upon the top,
the general top of the Cumberland plateau — mountains piled upon a mountain.

Lone mountain rises to the south-east of Wartburg, four miles distant. Pilot moun-
tain, eight miles to the north-west, is said to be the highest point in the vicinity. East is
Chimney Top, nearly as high as Pilot mountain. South-west, across Emory river, is Crab
Orchard mountain. This range, extending south-west into Cumberland county, is cut
into three unequal parts by two gaps The highest peaks of this mountain are 1,000 feet
above the general level of the table land. East of Wartburg there is a considerable area
of mountain valley lands, on Mud creek, and Flat Fork, tributaries to Emory river,
hemmed in by Ward's mountain on the west, and Brushy mountain on the east. These
valleys are of moderate fertility, and may be considered highly productive for mountain
lands. The soil is frequently Avater-soaked and white. A spur runs down into this val-
ley from Ward's mountain on the north-west. Flat Fork runs at the western foot of
Brushy mountain, which is the northern prolongation of Lone mountain. Brushy moun-
tain is noted for the excellence of its timber. The walnut timber was so abundant on its
western slope that it was used for making fence rails.

Wartburg was settled by Germans many years since. These people planted out large
orchards and vineyards. The apple trees have done well and bear vigorously, and the
finest specimens of apples may be found here of any place in the State. Several years ago,
the apples from this place took the premium at the fair at Nashville. Wartburg has a
population of about 200, mostly Germans. It has several churches — one a Lutheran ; it
can boast of one of the best schools in the country — about eighty pupils in attendance.
The trade of Wartburg, before the completion of this road, was confined to a very few
articles, that would bear transportation over the rough road of the country. Feathers,
beeswax, ginseng, wool and fruits, constituted the principal exports. There are four dry
goods storfes, three churches, two schools, and t<vo cabinet maker shops in the place. Some
excellent coal is found in the vicinity of the place. Jones' bank, lying four miles east of
the town, has a seam thirty-four inches thick. It yields a very fine block coal, the best I "
have met with anywhere. The seam is horizontal, and crops out in one of the mountain
valleys. The coal from this place supplies the demand at Wartburg. Coal has been
opened at several other places, and the seams are much more promising here than those
near the railroad ; and this is generally true in Morgan and Scott counties. Mr. J. B.
Killebrew, State Commissioner, writes of the country from Triplett's Gap to New river :

" Triplett's Gap lies on the railroad, four miles north-west of Wartburg. The country
between the places is level, with a sandy soil, and a good growth of timber, pine and black
oak predominating. At Triplett's Gap a commissary department was kept up, and the
vegetables exhibited, all grown on the county and table land, v/ere as fine as can be seen at
any market. The cabbage showed large compact heads, not excelled by any brought from
the North. The onions and Irish potatoes, also, were unsurpassed by those grown in any
country. The apples were plump, round, and large — many of them weighing fifteen
ounces. The tunnel at Triplett's Gap is cut through black shale, filled with nodules of
the carbonate of iron, so abundant as to form probably an eighth of the material removed.
Just about Triplett's Gap a considerable pine forest sets in on both sides of the road, and
continues northward for two or three miles. This gives place to a white oak forest which
is almost unbroken to the State line. The forests of white oak are of peculiar value. The
timber is of medium size, rives easily, but is very heavy and close grained. Glades occur
frequently on each side of the road. These grow wild grasses luxurantly, and thousands
of sheep can be kept on these mountain grasses at a nominal cost. This part of the table
land, extending from Wartburg north, greatly resembles Wales in aspect and in the char-
acter of its soil. The scenery from the elevated peaks has great picturesque beauty and
will, no doubt, in time, attract many visitors. It will also be the home of the herdsman ;
and butter, cheese, wool, beef, mutton and fruit will form no inconsiderable articles of export.
In Wales the Hereford cattle are preferred, and this breed, or the Devon, would be found
very profitable in this rough mountain region. The coal exposures on the line of the road,
from Triplett's Gap to the State line, are usually thin and unimportant. A seam is ex-
posed at tunnel No. 17, a foot or more thick. The surface above this tunnel continues for
some miles, broken, with but few level areas. The timber, mainly white oak, increases in
size and value. That on White Oak creek is very fine. This is a tributary of Board

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T. T. BROWN & CO.,

Leather Hides and Oil,

French Calf Skins & Shoe Findings,

Harness, Skirting, Bridle and Line Leather,

No. 135 Main Street,

CINCINNATI, OHIO.

WILLIAM ORDELMUNDT,

Carpenter, Builder & Contractor,

No. 336 W. Third St., near Smith,

CINCINNATI. OHIO.
All kinds of Jobbing promptly attended to.

CHAS. W. PHILLIPS.

J. FRANK FMNN.

PHILLIPS & PLINIT,

PHARMACISTS.

484 Eastern Ave. & N, W. Cor. 6th A Lock,
Highland Pharmacy. Fvilton Pharmacy

Prescriptions and Medicines delivered to all
parts of the city free of charge.

~GEa THOMPSON & CO.,

MANUFACTURERS OF THE

BAM NEE SOAP.

639 & 641 W. Sixth Street,

CINCINNATI, 0.

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CINCINNA Tl SO UTHEBN BAIL WAT. ^5

Camp, which empties into New river of the Cumberland. Tlie shales above White Oak
creek are remarkable for their beautiful violet colors and micacious specks, much resem-
bling the metamorphic slates of the Ocoee group. This violet shale disintegrates less rap-
idly than the bhick. Clay iron stones are abundant in every cut through the shales.

Black Wolf creek is in Scott county, and comes from the west side of the railroad.
It empties into Clear creek, an affluent of New river. Upon Black Wolf the timber is
very heavy. Lai'ge white oaks and poplars send their long columns more than 100 feet
into the air, equalin;^ in size the princely white oaks and poplars of Obion county in West
Tennessee. The soil grows better, and is not so broken. The land is well suited for tlie
production of tobacco, and efforts will be made by some farmers to plant largely of this
crop. On Black Wolf creek some good seams of coal have been opened — one of these is
over three feet thick. Three miles north of this creek the country becomes very rugged.
Upon tlie plateau lands, to the north-west, beech trees are quite abundant — a very unusual
occurrence upon the table land. So far as one may judge by the character of the crops,
the soil may be considered of a better quality than the plateau lands on other parts of the
mountain. Very little sand is seen. A yellow clay forms the sub soil, and the native
growth denotes considerable fertility. New river supplies some valuable water privileges.
There are seven or eight mills situated upon it within Scott county. Its tributaries — Buf-
falo, Brimstone, Clear creek, Clear Fork, and Phillips creek — all furnish more or less avail-
able sites for mills.

But to return to the railroad, for we have been wandering a great deal through this
strange country — who could help but tarry in a spot like this.

The construction through Morgan county is very heavy ; passing over some heavy
cutting and filling, we come to section 149, which has a 1,098 foot tunnel. The material
of this is various. Nature seems to have exerted herself to vex the tunnel contractors.
The bottom is blue slate, which disintegi-ates rapidly when exposed to the air, while the
top acts the same way but more slowly. The whole tunnel is timbered. Section 152 has
a tunnel of 1,250 feet, which is an ugly affair, having required timbering from end to end.
The material of the tunnel is blue slate. This tunnel should be known as ' Death's Tun-
nel," as seven men have been killed in its excavation ; two of them foremen, and another
had liis leg broken. But some of these were the result of carelessness, the men venturing
under overhanging ledges of slate. In this kind of work men become as hardened to
danger as in war, and take all sorts of risks. The material taken out of this tunnel has
turned to soft mud, and the rain and water will take it into the streams, where other com-
binations will be formed, illustrating, in a rapid way, the ceaseless changes going on in
nature's laboratory. When first exposed to air this material is nearly as hard as lime-
stone. The engineers and contractors had no idea what sort of stuft' they had gotten into,
until they were already in. Sections 156-7-8-9 are four rough ones, some of them costing
not less than $100,000, a heavy price, per mile. On this four miles are three tunnels, in
length, respectively, 397, 360 and 646 feet. The first, as here given, is through blue slate,
the second through gray sandstone, and the third through blue slate. The first is sup-
ported by framed white oak timber, as the slate crumbles, when exposed to air. Two of
the tunnels, called twins, are on one mile of road. The roughest forty miles on the road
is that last described, from the Tennessee State line to this place, it is tunnel and cut, and
fill, and bridge, continually. It is the roughest and most costly forty miles of road on the
line. The grading, masonry and bridges alone cost, respectively, $1,747,160, $387,719.63,
$228,662. Add the ties and iron and you have a very expensive forty miles of road. But
it could not be avoided. The mountain difficulties had to be overcome — mountain of dif-
ficulties I was about to say — and what seemed impossible to some is now done. Section
160 has a tunnel — small, but it was very troublesome during its construction. Passing
over some tolerably heavy work, we come to another tunnel on 164, and then still another
long one on section 165; on section 174, two more. Emory river is crossed (section 177),
on an iron bi-idge — a small but beautiful structure. Two massive piers shoot out of that
beautiful stream, and are seemingly as strong and durable as the mountain sides that look
down upon them. This brings us to the end of the county, but for reasons which will
become more obvious as we progress, let us take another step into Roane county. On
section 178 is located " Keegan's tunnel," the sole contractor being of that name. Mr.
Keegan had a whole section (one mile), 1,900 feet of which was under ground. Coming
down Emory river, the road crosses that stream at "the Gap, (Emory <iap) and plunges
into the bowels of a swell of ground, which obstructs its entry into the Tennessee valley.
A tunnel was required and "bored" rapidly — two shafts were sunk, and the work pro-
gressed in both of these and at each end. This was one of the most difficult tunnels on
the road. Every foot of it was arched with timber or masonry. About 1,300 feet of the
roof of the tunnel was decomposed shale ; this was arched with masonry and thus rendered
permanently safe. The remaining 600 feet was sandstone and limestone, and arched with
white oak timber. North of the bridge last mentioned, the road runs along Emory river

for about fifteen miles. This last nineteen miles of road (Keegan's tunnel north) required
very heavy work — there being seven tunnels. Darting in and out of these holes every few
minutes will produce strange sensations in the mind of the traveler. He won't know
whether he is on the earth or under it. Beginning at the south the first of these is 1,900
feet long — this I have dwelt on before — the second is 1,671 feet long; it cuts off a sharp
bend in the river. There is a curve at each end. so tiiat you cannot see through, and
when you are in the center, you cannot see out. We carried a light through to look at
the work. It is a complete tunnel, if I am a judge of such a thing. The next tunnel
is two hundred and fifty feet long. The next is two thousand and twenty-two feet long.
The next three are the last of the seven, and are, respectively, 846, 699 and 255 feet
long. This tunnel woi'k was more backward than any of the rest of the work. These
are all the tunnels on the nineteen miles of road first above Tennessee valley. Enough,
think you? I should say so. Never was I so impressed with thejnagnitudeof this work as
when passing along on the road-bed, looking up to the mountains on the right, and down
into the river on the left. And a beautiful stream is the Emory ; clear as crystal, and danc-
ing over the rounded rocks with a perpetual song. Aside from the tunnels already des-
cribed, much of the work in this part of the country is very heavy. It mostly lies along
Emory river and at the base of the mountain. The river affords a descent down the moun-
tain, which is strikingly suitable. But for this stream I do not believe that human in-
genuity could devise a way over the mountain barrier. The'fcontract price of grading
. these nineteen miles was $1,136,320.35, and masonry, $275,247.03; total, $1,411,567.38.
This, of course, includes all the tunnels — in fact the whole work, except a few bridges,
not counted in, which were not expensive as the streams are not large. In other words, the
nineteen miles through the Emory river country cost very nearly as much as the seventy-
six miles from Emory river to Chattanooga. Or thus : nineteen miles of grading here
cost $1,136,320 and twenty -one miles just below, $152,103. There is a diflrerence in coun-
try for you. It is the eight tunnels that are so expensive. We have already taken
a step into Eoane county, so need no further introduction, it is in fact a country of
"hidden treasures." The act establishing Koane county was passed tiie 6th of November,
1801, and took effect the 20th of December, 1801- At that time it embraced what is now
Morgan county. In 1819, when the Indian title to the land on the south side of Tennessee
river was extinguished, Roane county was extended on the south side of Tennessee river,
and Morgan was stricken off. Since then, 1870, Loudon county was formed, taking oft
about five districts. It is bounded on the north by Anderson and Morgan, on the east by
Knox and Loudon, on the south by Loudon, McMinn and Meigs, and on the west by Ehea
and Cumberland counties. Topographically, Eoane is very much like Ehea, to the des-
cription of which county the reader is referred. It contains a geat deal of broken and
untillable land. The entire face of the country, with the exception of a few valleys and
the bottom lands along the river is rolling. The hills and ridges contain large quantities
of timber, and are profitable for grazing purposes, and especially for fruit raising. In
many instances they abound in rich deposits of iron ore and coal. In fact the minerals
are regarded as adding greatly to the natural wealth of the county ; a fact which has
already arrested the attention of some heavy capitalists, who have made large investments
in the iron business. Eockwood, near the Tennessee river, has become noted within the
last two or three years as a manufacturing point. But the other day it was a naked spot
with scarcely a house or even a mark to identify it. Now it is a busy, bustling, thriving
place, with a population of more than 1,500, and with hotels, schools and churches. It
has sprung up as if by magic, and is increasing in importance every day. There is but
the one reason to assign for this unprecedented prosperity, and that is the magnitude of
the iron interest. But this, really, is only the beginning. Other manufacturing interests
equally as important will spring up in other localities of the county. It bids fair to be-
come the great iron center of East Tennessee, and will, therefore, be one of the richest
counties in our section. The agricultural interests of Eoane county have suffered some-
what from a too careless mode of cultivating the soil. Fertilizers have been sparsely used,
deep tillage, to a great extent, neglected, but a small per cent of clovering and grassing,
and an exhaustive process perpetuated by raising too much corn. Much of the soil is
already exhausted by this unnatural system of husbandry. Better views, however, are
beginning to prevail, and the reasonable hope is entertained that wiser council will soon
gain the ascendancy. A new element of population has been thrown into the midst of the
old, with more advanced ideas, and with more enterprising habits. This element is mostly
from the Northern States. The county is greatly deficient in good stock. A few farmers
alone have taken it upon themselves to introduce a better race of cattle, hogs, sheep and
horses. Thus far nearly all the stock is of the scrub species. It is not because the
farmers are not able to buy better stock, for there is considerable wealth among them. It
must be the lack of enterprise. Limestone is abundant — it crops out in the valleys — it
makes the best of lime, which can be manufactured at a nominal cost. Every farmer,

CINCINNA TI SO UTHERN BAIL WAY. 47

almost, in the county could aiford to make this important element available on every acre
of his land. The poil, except on the table land, has a clay subsoil. The clay is tenacious
and will hold fertilizers of any description. Where there is such a fine clay subsoil, and
such an abundance of limestone, so that it is obvious that any of the grasses would grow
to great perfection in that portion of the county, and if farmers would pay more attention
to the cultivation of the grasses, either for grazing or soiling purposes, they would find it
far more remunerative than raising so much corn. The average production of corn to the
acre is about twenty bushels; of wheat, about seven ; of oats, about twenty-five. All the
root crops do well. ' Improved bottom lands are worth from ^50 to $100 per acre; unim-
proved, from $1 to $30 per acre. There is much land for sale. It can be bought on one,
two or three years time, with six per cent, interest. Altogether, there is a good deal of
waste land. Tiie county is not thickly settled. There is ample room for hundreds of
immigrants, and there is no section where they would be more kindly received. The soils
on the table lands do not differ from those described in Morgan county.

The oaks are the prevailing timber, though some pine forests exist east of Kingston.
Poplar and walnut are also found. Labor is abundant. Wages range from $12 to $15
per month. The character of the schools is not first class, though improving. The great-
est drawback is the want of capital and enterprise. The variety of wheat sown is Eed
May. Turning plows are mostly used. The farmers are contented; there are no farmers
clubs or fair grounds. The principal streams are the Clinch and Emory rivers. The
Tennessee river runs through a portion of the county. It is navigable for steamers. The
bottom lands on these rivers are rich and productive. The principal town. is Kingston,
five miles east of the railroad — it has a population of about 1,000 to 1,500, is situated on
the confluence of the Tennessee and Clinch rivers, and is an enterprising place. The sub-
joined letter from E. Colton, Esq, to J. B. Killebrew, State Commissioner, will give
information in regard to the mineral wealth of this county. It may be proper to observe
that Mr. Colton has spent several months in prospecting this region :

''Roane has as much iron ore as any other county in East Tennessee. It has the
White Oak Eidge vein or bed, the Half Moon Island vein, and that at tlie eastern foot <.f
Walden's Eidge, and one or two other small veins of fossiliferous red hematite. It has
beds of hematite (limonite), but only partially opened. The other metals of the county
are lead and some zinc. Barytes is found in abundance, and of excellent quality, near the
Tennessee river. The county line takes in, for over forty miles, the coal veins in Wal-
den's Eidge, and, for some miles, crosses that ridge and takes in the horizontal veins of the
Cumberland table land. Manganese exists in great abundance but of poor quality. Sev-
eral points in the county furnish excellent marble — white and varigated. Thus it is seen
that the county is very rich in the two great minerals — iron and coal — and it is no wonder
that a man, of General Wilder's shrewdness, should select it, above others, as the location
of his furnace.^ It is very safe to say that every five miles along Waldeii's ridge, in this
county, aftbrds sites equally as good, or better, than Rockwood, on account of streams
coming frcm or through that ridge. Such excellent locations at the gaps, through which
flow the Big and Little Emory rivern, are yet unoccupied. The county is watered by the
Tennessee and its tributaries, the Clinch and Emory rivers, the last of which is navigable
about eight months in the year, and the first, all the year, thougli some improvements are
needed to make them perfectly safe. The county seat, Kingston, is located at the junction
of these rivers with the Tennessee, and has, in that fact, a more advantageous location
than any place in the United States, not excepting Pittsburg. Yet the place is little more
than a country village. The cause of this is, that, having the rivers, its people did not
care for the railroads, and hence, in this fast age, it has been passed by, while towns of
inferior advantages have sprung up and flourished. If half the money, which has been
spent on the Monongahela, the Allegheny, and the Ohio, was expended on the Tennes.see
and its tributaries, these streams would be permanently navigable, and the river trade
again become great, and such localities as Kingston attract the attention they deserve, it
is roughly estimated that, during the past winter and spring, over 200,000 bushels of grain
passed Kingston in flat boats. In past days these boats went over the Mu.scle Shoals, and
frequently out of the Tennessee to New Orleans, Now the changes of the Shoals compel
them to take the more costly railroad routes at Chattanooga. Coal was formerly boated
from out Poplar creek — Winter's gap- to Huntsville, and other towns in Alabama, and
sold there at not over twenty-five cents per bushel, and a profit realized. Glancing at any
map of this vicinity, we see that Kingston is so located as to make tributary to herself,
with proper enterprise, all the vast products of a large area. Within five miles by land,
and ten miles by water, are the Wilcox coal mines; a little fartlier up the Emory river
other veins in VValden's ridge are accessible, as well as the horizontal veins of the Cum-
berland table land. Poplar creek affords nearly as good access to the Winter's gap coal.
With the expenditure of a small amount of money, the Coal creek coal might, all the year,
be brought down the Clinch at lesa rates than it is now transported by rail, and large loads

^8 CINCINNATI SO UTHEBN BAIL WAT.

of it have been brought down during the winter just passed, on the high water. By these
same streams the fosiliferious red hematite, brown hematite, or limonite, clay carbonate,
and black band iron ore may be brought down to Kingston, and, the peculiar location of
the town is such that, whether in the Tennessee or Clinch, the water is always calm, thus
affording excellent harbors. From the east or north-east, the Tennessee comes, having,
within a distance of eighteen miles by land, received its tribatary, the Little Tennessee,
from which latter stream may be derived the magnetic and specular ores of iron, roofing
slates, soapstones, &e. Within two miles of the town, immediately on the Tennessee, is
the White Oak bed of red fossiliferous hematite ore, which is noted in Alabama (at Corn-
wall and Eed Mountain) as making a quality of iron which has not been surpassed for
car wheel purposes, and cannon made from it during the late war, came out triumphantly
from the most severe tests. The same ore is found on the Clinch, above Kingston, and
runs in Koane county, a distance of near thirty miles. The climate of Kingston and of
tlie whole county, is mild in winter, and equable in summer. The peculiar advantages
of the town caused it to be selected as the first capital, but it was soon abandoned as there
were not then houses enough to accommodate the delegates ; it was also selected by the
United States government as the site of their chief fort in operating against the Indians,
and from a fancied resemblance to the " Pride of the Hudson," as well as the impregna-
ble position, it was called Southwest Point. The Cincinnati Southern Eailway " Board
of Trustees " propose to build a branch from Emory Gap, via Kingston, to Loudon or
Lenoirs, to connect with the railroad from Knoxville to Charleston. This will eventually
be built.

There are two or more groups of mineral springs, to which persons resort during the
heated term."

The following letter written by General J. T. Wilder, treats rather of the whole Ten-
nessee valley, than of this county particularly, yet it keeps Koane county well in view ; so
we will insert it in this place :

" East Tennessee is a high valley, with an elevation of 1000 feet above the sea, run-
ning north-east and south-west about 280 miles from Chattanooga, on the southern line of
the State to Bristol, at the north-eastern end the line of Virginia, with an average width
of sixty miles. It is bounded on the south-eastern side by the lofty chain of the Unaka
range of mountains, reaching sometimes an elevation of over 6,000 feet above the sea,
with numerous gaps, through which frequent rivers flow to the north-west. Still further
to the south-east, about fifty miles in North Carolina, is the unbroken chain of the Blue
ridge, over 6,000 feet high. On the north-western side of the valley is the level-topped
Cumberland mountain plateau, sixty miles wide, with its south-eastern side next to the val-
ley of East Tennessee. For a distance of 130 miles from Sale creek (thirty miles above
Chattanooga) to Cumberland Gap, it is tilted up or folded back against the horizontally
stratified Cumberland mountains. This uplifted edge is called Walden's ridge, and is the
south-eastern limit of the great Apalchian coal field, which runs entirely across the State,
from north-east to south-east, with an elevation of 2,000 feet, and an average of sixty
miles wide by 100 long, making a coal field of nearly 6,000 square miles or 3,840,000
acres ; exceeding by 454,000 acres the entire coal area of Great Britain, including Eng-
land, Scotland, Wales and Ireland.

The valley of East Tennessee is corrugated throughout its entire length, with a num-
ber of low ridges running parallel to each other north-east and south-west with the valley.
The rivers, from the valley of western North Carolina, at the base of the Blue Kidge, cut
through the Unaka chain, and through the numberless ridges of the valley, until they
unite in the Tennessee river, at the base of the Cumberland coal field, following which to
the southern limit of the State at Chattanooga, the last named river suddenly turns its
course and hews its way through the Cumberland chain to the north-west. Here, in the
heart of the great valley of the Mississippi, it offers its clear, deep current to bear the
commerce of 15,000 miles of navigable waters ; back through 800 miles of cotton and corn
fields, through five great States, to its mountains of coal and iron, veins of copper, placers
of gold, and hills of marble, in a climate like Northern Italy; adding, with its branches,
1,800 other miles of navigable waters to the wonderful network of great rivers that form
the national highways, for the products of more than half the States of the Union, and
bearing a tonage greater than that "of any nation of Europe. This wonderful valley of
East Tennessee is lowest near the base of the Cumberland mountain, containing the coal
fields on its north-west side. All its streams head in North Carolina and Western Vir-
ginia, and drain north- west into the Tennessee, each river forming a natural highway down
stream to the coal fields. Nearly every ridge in the valley contains minerals of some
kind, the cuts through which the rivers flow, forming natural opening to the veins of iron
ore. which outcrop in nearly every ridge, whilst the great Allegheny chain is ribbed and
.seamed with veins of iron ore of nearly every known variety. From the same range are
taken large quantities of copper, at Ducktown, whilst all along its northern base, runs a

CTNCINNA TI AD VER TISEMENT.

OHDtCE FAMILY FlDUft*

LEWIS FAGIN'S SONS, 29,31&33Lock Street

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

T. G. QUINN & CO.,

late and

And Manufacturers of Galvanized Iron Cornices.
SEXD FOR CATALOGU£.

FACTORY, 255 W. THIRD STREET, CINCINITATI, 0.

Work done in all parts of the Country. SLATE FOE SALE.

The Cut on the opposite page is a fair representation of the Cincinnati Commercial
Hospital, which is one of the finest buildings in the West, covering nearly four acres of
eround, and having about 1600 Sqs. of Slate and .Tin Eoofing, and about 4000 feet of
Galvanized Iron Cornice. We take the liberty to publish the Superintendent's letter :

"Messrs. T. G. Quinn & Co., of this city (engaged extensively in the manufacture of Architectural Gal-
vanized Iron Works, Slate and Tin Roofing, etc.,) having taken many contracts for work in their line on
buildings under our supervision (one contract, the Cincinnati Commercial Hospital, amounting to over
•|45;0(X)) and we take particular pleasure in saying that we have always found them to be honorable, relia-
ble business men and skillful mechanics, taking pride in procuring the best materials and in performing
their wcffk in the most satisfactory manner. A. C. NASH & CO., Architects.

Cincinnati, O.

CJixioiixii-^-ti, O.

IMPORTER & DtEAIiER IN

WALL PAPER.

WmDOW SHADES.

TABLE OIL CLOTS, CORD, TASSELS, &C.,

166 Walnut St., Cincinnati, Ohio.

(opp. Gibson House.)

D. SUI.1LIVAN & SON.

DEALERS IN

LAMPS, GAS. FIXTURES,

Plumbing Materials,

Sewer and Drain Pipe.

210 CENTEAL AVENUE,
Oxxxoxzx3a.a>-tl, - OI3.XO.

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iiiiililib

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CINCINNA TI SO UTIIEBN BAIL WAY. ^9

great broad belt of roofing elate and most beautiful black marble, intersected with snow-
white veins. Along the base of the Cumberland range runs, entirely through the State, a
low range or ridge of about 200 feet altitude, above drainage, containing invariably two
veins of red fossiliferous iron ore, varying in thickness from three to ten feet, cropping
out through the crest of the ridge on its southern slope, and dipping at an angle of about
forty-five degrees to the north-west. It is supposed to extend under the coal field ; at all
events, it crops out at precisely the same geological horizon on the opposite side of Wal-
den's ridge, in Sequatchee valley and in Elk valley, opposite Knoxville, localities 100
miles apart, each ten miles from the place of disappearance of the ore at the south-eastern
base of the mountain. The coal in Walden's ridge is a dry semi-bituminous, or rather,
semi-anthracite, working raw in the blast furnace, and requiring, at Rockwood, about
two and three-fourths of a ton of coal to smelt one ton of pig metal. The ore averages
a yield of sixty per cent, of iron, and the sub-carboniferous limestones furnish ample and
excellent fluxinsr material, requiring twenty to twenty-five per cent, of flux. Nowhere
along this long line of 160 miles is it more than half a mile from the iron ore to the coal
' beds, while the massive limestones are invariably between them the entire distance. The
coal at Rockwood is very much disturbed, varying from one to 100 feet in thickness. Our
No. 1 furnace has been in blast most of the time for over four years, making a fine quali-
ty of pig iron for rails, with only one kind of or-e. No. 2 furnace, of forty tons capacity,
will be put to work early in the spring, when we will turn out, with both furnaces, sev-
enty-five tons of pig iron per day. No. 2, turned out an average of 30 tons per day, though
as high as forty and a half tons had been the result of twenty-four hours work. At the
base of the Unaka chain, on the south side of the valley is a wide chain of high knobs,
in many of which are wonderful beds of the finest brown hematite iron ore, some of which
contain manganese. In the Unaka chain are inexhaustible veins of brown hematite, and in
the high mountains of the Blue Ridge, ai-e large veins and lodes of magnetic iron ores. All
these must go with the rivers to the coal fields on the north-west side of the great valley, for
this reason — that it requires one ton and a half of good iron ore to make one ton of pig iron,
and it takes about three tons of coal to reduce it, and three to four more tons of coal to
convert and finish it into bar iron, thus using seven tons of coal to produce one ton of
merchantable iron, and one-third of a ton of limestone, making in all seven and a half
tons of fuel and flux. These are found contiguous to large and persistent beds of iron ore,
only requiring a mixture of one-half of the brown hematite and magnetic ores to make
merchantable iron, fit for any use in arts and commerce, and giving the advantage to
manufacturers located near the coal, in proportion to the greater tonnage of fuel and flux
used, to the vastly lesser weights and freight of ores required to produce one ton of iron;
in other words, saving in the production of pig iron one-half of the transportation, and in
bar or plate iron, or nails, nearly five hundred per cent. This is the advantage enjoyed
by the manufacturers on the north-west side of the valley, over those located on the south-
east side, where are plenty of ores and no coal. Thus is insured to the north-west side of
the valley, along the route of the Cincinnati Southern Railway, a continuous line of works
and a dense producing population. A few words might be added, giving a geological out-
line of a cross-section of this valley, and its mountains on either side. Commencing in
North Carolina, with the range of the blue ridge, an enormous Eszoic upheaval ribbed with
iron ores ; thence north-west, crossing granite formations to the metamorphic rocks of the
Smoky or Unaka chain, walling long veins of copper and iron ores; thence through great
beds of roofing slate, across the Silurian ridges of the broad valley, to the single lines of
Devonian shales, at the base of the Cumberland. In the steep wall of this mountain you
cross three workable veins of finest coal, cropping out above drainage, and reaching the
level top of the coal fields, having, in less than 100 miles, passed from the lowest prem-a
tive rocks, across the Metamorphic, Silurian, Devonian, and carboniferous formations.
These turned up on edge show all the wonderful provisions of nature in minerals, ready
for the hand of man, deposited and hidden in the past ages, but unsealed and opened by
the Creator's engineers and contractoi-s, the earthquakes of the past and rivers of the
present, and asking in mute eloquence for the mind and hand of man to take from their
abundance and make them useful.

These ranges and valleys are in a climate unequalled in salubrity and average com-
fort of temperature — the driving storms of the great plains of the north-west being shut off"
by the continuous chain of the Cumberland mountain, and the raging gales of the Atlantic
seaboard stopped short of oar valleys by the range of tlie Blue Ridge and Unakas. These
causes render this high mountain-walled valley not only more temperate in winter, but
much cooler in summer, than any valley south of the great lakes, or east of the Pacific
coast, and free from malaria, while the great number of medicinal springs of almost every
known variety or property, makes our valleys a favorable resort for persons seeking either
health or pleasure."

Statistics of Eoane County in 1870.— Improved land, 102,502 acres, worth $2,587,-

50 CINCINNATI SOUTHERN RAILWAY,

423, which, with all farm productions, &c., amounts to $3,207,191 ; live stock, $520,488;
hori^es, 3,390 ; mules, 604; milch cows, 3,C64 ; working oxen, 827 ; sheep, 10,552; swine,
17,661; wheat, 74,814 bushels ; rye, 1,527 ; Indian corn, 505,590; oats, 112.029; tobacco,
350 pounds; wool 14,027; sweet potatoes, 11,609; population, 15,622 in 1870. The rail-
road here has an expensive structure near each end of Koane county — the tunnel already
mentioned at the north, and a bridge over White's creek at the south, which forms the
boundary line between Roane and Rhea counties. This is a deck bridge of three spans,
having a total length of 284 feet. There are 800 cubic yards of masonry. The construc-
tion between this and the tunnel is perhaps liahter than the average. After leaving
Keagan's tunnel, we find ourselves running through a valley. This lies east of the Ten-
nessee valley, along which we pass with one intervening ridge. Another ridge lies be-
tween this valley and the Tennessee river. From Rockwood to White's creek the ridges
run in, and nearly fill up, the valley. Sometimes the valley is made up of a few level
areas lying between the broken ridges. These little valleys take every form, the spurs
coming down from every direction, like the points of a star. Clumps of dark, thick for-
ests are scattered at intervals, with small patches of cleared land. Turnpike creek, which
rises ahove Rockwood, winds its course around, the numerous spurs and along fruitful
basins. I long to begin again, as it were, upon a new description of this wonderful coun-
try, but space will not permit, so we will not tarry longer in this county but pass into the
next.

Rhea County was established December 3, 1807, and the county-seat was located at
Big Spring, fourteen miles west of the present capital. It was removed to Washington in
1812. The county has a population of about 5,000. It is thinly settled. The majority
of the farms are very large, and could be divided and sub-divided advantageously. This
would make room for immigrants, and in a short time double the population. It would
tend to develope the county and increase its wealth. It is suffering for the lack of popula-
tion. Laborers are needed ; men of capital and enterprise are in demand, and better farmers
are wanted. The area of Rhea county is divided between the valley of East Tennessee and
the Cumberland table land. Its north-western boundary rests on Walden's ridge. This
plateau ridge being divided about equally between Rhea and Bledsoe. Its south-eastern
boundary is the Tennessee river, which separates it from Meigs. On the north-east it is
bounded by Roane, the county we have just left, and on the south-west by Hamilton.
Between Walden's ridge and a series of broken knobs, parallel with it, is a long valley
running the entire length of the county, which constitutes a part of a great valley extend-
ing through the State, and closely hugging the eastern escarpment of the table land. The
Tennessee river meanders through rich alluvial bottoms. White's creek, Muddy creek,
Piney creek. Town creek. Wolf creek. Clear creek, Yellow creek. Big and Little Richland,
and Sale creek, thread various portions of it. River valley is one of the most noted in
East Tennessee. It is formed by the Tennessee river, it is wide and runs the entire
length of the river, and the soil is a rich alluvial the average production of corn is about
fifty bushels to the acre, wheat ten, oats twenty. The Tennessee valley is wide and long;
has an excellent sub-soil, and well adapted to all the cereals and to the grasses. It is not
so productive as the river valley, but it has advantages in the way of good water, and free
from destructive overflows. Its average production of corn is about twenty -five bushels to
the acre, wheat ten, oats twenty, Irish potatoes about seventy-five and sweet potatoes about
150. Muddy creek valley is another fine body of land. The price of land ranges from
five to one hundred dollars per acre. The average size of farms is about 400 acres. This
is unusually large. It is a serious injury to the county, and tends to keep it down. They
should be divided into smaller tracts, a lesson hard to learn. Rhea county shows rough
usage in the management of its soils, caused, in part by the owners having more land
than they can well cultivate. There is not half enough clover sown, and manures are
applied in the most stinted manner. Hundreds of acres have given way under this inju-
dicious treatment. There is, however, a change for the better, apparent in this fine coun-
try. Deeper ploughing is done, more grass seed is sown, better stock is being raised,
wheat drills are coming into use, and a better class of agricultural implements generally,
is brought into requisition. Considerable quantities of land are rented or leased in this
county, and this has had a damaging effect on the soil. Under the present system of rent-
ing, there are no lands which can long survive it, and besides the policy of turning over a
business to some one else, that ought to be attended to by the person himself, is suicidal.
The disposition to lease farms, and to pull up stakes, and settle in towns and villages, or to
embark in some other enterprise, is having a bad efiect upon the agriculture of the coun-
try The labor system is not reliable. There is no lack of it, but the trouble is in retain-
ins: it. The farmers throughout the county complain bitterly of this difliculty. Laborers
shift, going from one place to another. This subverts all the- plans of the farmers, and
subjects them to a vast deal of inconvenience and irreparable loss.

The overshadowing feature of this county is its iron and coal interests. They do not

CINCINNATI SOUTHERN RAILWAY. SI

exist in spots, or here and (here, but they are found almost everywhere. Wnlden's ridge
is filled with masses of iron and coal. Thev are found almost side by side both in the
mountain and in the valley. These wonderful interests have not been developed to any
extent, though attracting now a good deal of attention. On Clear creek a v;iluab'e prop-
erly has recently been sohl to a northern compuny. At Smith's Cross Roads an English
company h;is made a pnrcliase. At the mouih of Piney river there is a valuable iron
property. Caldwell's Forge is turning out considerable quantities of iron. Mineral
springs are numerous all over the county The Kheu Springs have attained a wide
celebrity for their healing virtues. We will give a full description of this pretty place
further along. The scholastic advantages of the county are fair. The free school system
•works well. There are no schools of high grade.

There are no finer lands in the world than those on the Tennessee river, and the easy
access to market by way of thi.'? river, makes them exceedingly valuable. At all seasons of
the year steamers make constant and regular trips to Chattanooga, whe'e a connection is
formed with the roads lending into Georgia, and, indeed, into all the Southern States.

The railway runs through this county, keeping to the valley the entire distance, hav-
ing Shinbone ridge between it and the mountain, and numerous ridges lying between it
and the river, amongst them Black Oak ridge. No town of any note lies on our route in
this county, excepting Rhea Springs and Smith's X Roads.

Rhea Springs lay on a broad, flat plain, seven or eight miles wide. Through this
plateau land Piney flows on its way to the Tennessee river. Spurs run from the north
and south and cramp in the plateau at a few places to less than half a mile ; at other
places the distance between the heads of the spurs is from three to four miles. These
springs are situated about the center of this flattened area, near the banks of Piney, and
quite a little distance east of the railway. For many years these springs have been a
favorite resort during the summer months. The water is alkaline, though called sulphur,
the principal ingredients being sulphate of lime, sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of soda,
silicate of soda, with a little salt. The water is said to have a healthy effect upon the
stomach and bowels. It is shipped to nearly every State in the Union. A small village
has sprung up at the springs, and presents quite a neat and tasteful appearance. Beautiful
shade trees embower every cottage, and the green grass covers the surface of the ground,
giving a pleasing and attractive appearance to the surroundings. Piney, which flows
through the village, is bountifully supplied with fish, the principal species being the black
bass, red horse, perch, drum, cat fish, buffalo, jack and river salmon. On the mountains
and ridges game is abundant. Deer, wild turkey, squirrels, hares and partridges are
numerous. Occasionally a bear or wild cat is met with. The population of Rhea Springs
is about 400. There are, in the place, about four stores, one drug store, two blacksmith
shops, one wagon shop, three boot and shoe establishments, two harness shops, one tin
shop, one flouring mill, one photograph gallery, one cabinet makers shop, three churches,
one livery stable, one masonic lodge, and one hotel capable of accommodating 125 persons.

In addition to the above, Ave will insert a letter from Mr. Wasson, the proprietor of
the Springs.

"Your favor of the 14th inst. is at hand. In reply to your request for 'information
relating to the.se Springs, and the adjacent country, value of land, mineral resources, &c.,'
I present herewith such information as I think may be acceptable to your business peo-
ple, or those looking to this section for future homes. Rhea Springs are located in Rhea
county, in the beautiful Tennessee valley, about equal distance from the Tennessee river
and the mountains. The water is celebrated for its healing virtues in all diseases of the
stomach and bowels , it has been resorted to for many years by the people of the Southern
States, for the cure of these maladies, with great succe.ss. A village has grown up around
these springs. The inhabitants are intelligent, courteous and thrifty. The population
numbers about 400. We have four stores, two physicians, two smith shops, four house-
builders, 3 boot and shoe shops, 2 harness shops, tin and stove shop, fine flouring mill run by
water power, one photograph gallery, one cabinet shop, three churches — Baptist, Presby-
terian and Alethodist — lodge of Master Ma.sons and Royal Arch Chapter, one livery stable,
"TheTennesse Valley Agricultural and Mechanical Association" holds its annual fairs
at this place. Four large and fertile counties are represented yearly at these fairs.

The Cincinnati Southern Ry. runs through the entire length of this county, parallel
with the Tennessee river and mountain. The valley, between the river and the mountain,
varies from four to twelve miles wide. The river bottoms are very productive. Corn,
wheat and the gra.sses grow to great perfection. The valleys back of the river produce
corn, wheat, oats, apples, peaches, grapes, and potatoes. The mountain produces apples,
grapes, potatoes, cabbage and the grasses to great perfection. Water of the very best kind
is abundant everywhere. River bottom land, improved, sells for $30 to $75 per acre, the
, valleys from $5 to §25, and improved mountain land from 15 to $10, unimproved $1 to
§3 — all good titles for the above prices. The climate of this section is mild ; cattle will

CINCINNATI SOUTHERN RAILWAY.

do well on the mountain grasses and mash till December. In the river hills iron ore is
found in great abundance, in the Cumberland mountain and its spurs are found coal, iron,
and limestone. Our coal is good and burns free, leaving white ashes ; the cost varies from
$4.50 to $5.50 per ton delivered. No regular mines are opened, the farmers get it out in
seasons when they are not engaged on their farms, and haul it to town with ox teams, &c.
We have public schools in nearly every civil district. The blacks enjoy equal educa-
tional facilities with the whites. Wood is abundant and cheap, and sells for $1.50 to $2.00
per cord. Meats of all kinds are cheap and good ; fat beeves sell for four and five cents,
dressed ; pork six cents, and mutton four cents ; flour from $2.00 to $3.00 per hundred,
butter fifteen cents, eggs ten cents, chickens twelve to fifteen cental, turkeys thirty -five to
fifty cents.

When the Cincinnati Southern Eailway is open, your city will reap a i-ich harvest
from the Southern country. The trade that is now going all to Baltimore, New York and
the East, will naturally flow into your city. New enterprises will spring up along the
eastern slope of the Cumberland mountains, then will be increased consumption for all
the manufactures of your city, and in return, we will send you the products of the farm, dairy
and forest. In the matter of improved agricultural implements alone, this section .will
take large quantities, and you will want our early vegetables and fruits.

It is hardly necessary to dwell at any length upon our mineral resources, they are so
grand and so well known."

Eunning southwardly from Ehea Springs to Clear creek, which is three miles below,
we cross the foot of numerous spurs shooting out from Shinbone ridge into the valley,
forming a succession of swelling tongues, with gentle slopes. Much of the farming lands
here have been badly worn. Eed hills and gullies disfigure the farms. Clear creek breaks
out from Waldeh's ridge, about forty-seven miles above Chattanooga. It supplies some
tolerably good water powers. In the chasm formed by this stream four good seams of
coal may be seen, the thickest of which is said to be six feet. The mountain escarpment
between the two last named streams is about 500 feet high, but back a mile or more it
rises 300 feet higher, forming a beautiful table land upon the higher plane. On Piney
four seams of coal are also seen, and, judging from their respective elevations, are identi-
cal with those at Clear creek, thus forming, between the two streams, a splendid coal
field, which could be worked on three sides. The thickness of the upper seam is four
feet of good block coal. Two hundred feet below is a seam three feet thick, correspond-
ing with the Eockwood seam. The coal in this is soft and easily crushed. The valley
ridge opposite this coal area flattens down towards Ehea Springs. On the eastern side of
the Tennessee valley, valley ridge, the southern continuation of which is called Black
Oak ridge, rises near here and runs nearly parallel with the railway. The soil is flinty
and unproductive, and the timber upon it is not very heavy, but there are some farms
upon it. It is excellent for fi-uits and wheat. Eunning along near the foot of Black Oak,
we find a beautiful country, the valley is a mile or two wide. The surface, at intervals,
swells into gentle hills with wide fertile lowlands between. Little Eichland creek, a con-
fluent of Big Eichland, rises nine miles north of Smith's X Eoads, our next stopping
place, and by many a convolution winds beside the fertile pastures, and adds beauty and
attractiveness to the pastoral scene. It gathers in its course, from numerous springs,
water enough to drive grist mills. Better farms and better farm houses appear in this
section than in those heretofore spoken of. An air of thrift is everywhere seen, and the
farms are well stocked with everything necessary to insure success in their calling.

Shinbone ridge skirts the mountain with a few low gaps which give access to Back
valley. It is more subdued here than below, and some of its slopes have been brought
into cultivation. Back valley, lying between this and the mountain, is very trough-like
and narrow.

This region is well watered by springs which break out from Valley ridge and from
the mountain. Limestone, freestone, and chalybeate waters are often found within a
short distance of each other.

It may be mentioned that the mountain lying on the west of the railway, in this sec-
tion, is settling up rapidly by persons who propose to make fruit raising a specialty.
Grapes, peaches, plums and apples are all said to do well, and a large planting has been
made of these during the past four years. As soon as the building of the railway became
an assured fact, the planting of orchards began, and I was assured that thousands of acres
would be in bearing in a few years in this section, and within five miles of the railway.
A large amount of land will also be devoted to the growing of onions and Irish potatoes.
Wild grapes grow profusely upon the top of the mountain, and ripen in such abundance
as to become an article of trafic. The farmers in the valley usually have their timber ,
supply on the ridges. Our next stopping place is

CINCINNA TI AD VER TISEMENTS.

N, W. Corner Fourth and Walnut Streets,
CINCINNATI, OHIO.

VISITORS' GUIDE

To Places of Interest in Cincinnati.

Gibson
Springer Music Hall,
Davidson Fountain,
Masonic Temple,
Mercantile Library,
Public Library,
Cuvier Club,
Phoenix Club,
Queen City Club,

House,

Robinson Opera House,
Grand Opera House,
Pike's Opera House,
Wood's Theatre,
Allemania Society,
New Custom House,
Merchants' Exehanpre,
OVER THE RHINE.

The above places are from two to five minutes
walk from the Gibson House.

Odd Fellows' Hall,
Zoological Garden,
Burnet Woods Park,
Eden Park,
Lincoln Park,
Washington Park,
Chester Driving Park,
Base Ball Park,

Clifton,

Ayondale,

Mt. Auburn.

Walnut Hills,

Spring Grove Cemetery,

Cincinnati Hospital,

Work House,

House of Refuge,

Highland House, Mt. Adams Inclined Plane,
Lookout House, Mt. Auburn Inclined Plane,
Bellevue House, Elm Street Inclined Plane,
Price Hill, Eighth Street Inclined Plane,
Cincinnati Observatory, Mount Lookout.
Suspension and Railroad Bridges.

All the above places as well as all R. R. De-
pots can be reached by Street R. R. Cars passing
the Gibson House.

The Gibson House is more centrally located than any other
Hotel in the city.

C. S. CHEEVEE.

JNO. O. CROXTON.

Paper Box Manufactory.

NO. 238 MAIN STREET, CINCINNATI, OHIO.
Orr<3L&irGt Toy ]VEe«,ll I»roxxxi>tXy .^SL-ttexidecl. to-

STORES MEASURED AND FITTED UP ON SHORT NOTICE.

GREEN SHELF BOXES AND PAPER FILES A SPECIALTY.

TUBES FOR MAILING, MADE TO ORDER.

GIN cm JH A TI AD VER TISEMENTS.

EAGLE WHITE LEAD CO.

CINCINNATI, O.,

Established 1842- Incorporated 1867.

Manufacturers of the Celebrated

Brand, Perfectly Pure

WHITE LEAD,

— ALSO, —

R-ed. Lead, Litliar'ge,
Or'angre lMinera.1^

COKEODEKS OF

MANUFACTURERS OF

TEADE MARK.

WM. WOOD, President.

COZiOHSD FAZ2TTS,

Of all shades and qualities, dry and
ground in oil.

J. E. DOUGLASS, Secretary

W. C. WOOD, Vice-President.

3F"oss c«3 sc::;x3:]xrjE3iiD£3:Ei.,

Queen City Brewery.

SS&, 361, 203, Ses &; 20T Freeman St.,

CINCINNATI, O.

Henry Foes.

Peter W Schneider.

- u

'i '' /f,*fiii»"i!i

CINCINNATI SO TJTHEBN BAIL WA Y. 63

SMITH'S CEOSS KOADS.

Here the ridge on the east forms a comparatively level plateau, nearly two miles across,
and the Tennessee river bottoms lie at its eastern base. The numerous river ridges below
appear to have united to form one wide one at this place. The soil of this ridge is flinty,
but productive. It is said to be well adapted to the growth of fruit. The surface imme-
diately around Smith's Cross Roads is very level and beautiful. It is, indeed, a deeply
sunk basin, with high ridges and sharp hills bounding it on every side. On the west is
Shinbone ridge, a flinty elevation, from 200 to 300 feet above the valley that keeps its
course parallel with the mountain. Between Shinbone ridge and the escarpment of Wal-
den's ridge is Lone mountain, an isolated peak about two miles long at the base and one
mile wide. It rises to the height of 780 feet above the valley and reaches its highest
elevation toward its northern end. Its southern extremity slopes gently down to Sale
creek. A low, long spur, a ligament from its northern end, connects it with Walden's
ridge on the west. This spur or ligament forms the northern boundary of Cransmore's
Cove, Lone mountain and a small l-idge hemming it on the east, and Sale creek and Wal-
den's ridge on the west. It is accessible only by going up Sale creek. This cove is from
three to four miles long, and from three-fourths to one mile wide.

Smith's Ci'oss Eoads is a village of 200 inhabitants and contains an academy, four
stores, one blacksmith shop, one boot and shoe shop, one wagon making and one saddlers'
shop.

Passing now to a consideration of the beds of iron ore in this section, we find both the
fossil ores and the brown hematite in considerable abundance. Directly east of the point
where Richland creek leaves the mountain, the dye-stone ore is found in Shinbone ridge,
outcropping on its western slope, and dipping, as usual to the north-v/est. The ridge
containing it is low, as compared with the Dyestone ridges in other places. There is also
an absence of the white oak mountain sandstone, which, wherever it prevails, is mountain
making in its character. The fossil ore, as it occurs in this locality, is inter-stratified with
beds of grayish slate. The first point examined had a thickness of only nine inches,
which was well exposed by a drift which had been run into the hill for fifteen or twenty
yards. The seam shows great contortions and numerous plications rising up in short
folds, wrinkled like the folds of a great curtain, having a general dip, however, of about
seventy degrees. The line of strike runs about noi'th twenty degrees, east about parallel
with the general course of Walden's ridge.

A few miles below Smith's Cross Koads and we cross the county line into Hamilton,
the last county on our route, as it contains Chattanooga, the southern terminus. «•

A few more lines before we bid good-bye to Rhea. The length of the road through
this county is 32.23 miles, of which 19.39 were donated to the road. The alignment is
simply splendid, being nearly all the distance practically a tangent or straight line. Its
cost of construction also was very low, the greatest expense being the following iron
bridges, viz: Two through spans over Piney creek, 202 feet long, with 600 cubic yards of
masonry— one span of eighty feet over Little Richland creek, two spans of eighty feet each
over Richland creek with 500 cubic yards of masonry ; one span of fifty feet over Sale
creek, also two of thirty feet each over the same with 400 yards of masonry.

Hamilton Countv" was erected out of Rhea, under an act of the Legislature, passed
Oct. 25, 1819, which provided, " that the territory south-west of Rhea and south and east
of Bledsoe and Marion counties, should constitute a county by the name of Hamilton, in
honor and to perpetuate the memory of the late Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the
Treasury of the United States." The said act further provided, " that the said county of
Hamilton shall be bounded as follows, to wit : Beginning at a point at the foot of Wal-
den's ridge, of Cumberland mountain, on the east side thereof; thence running to a point
on the Tennessee river, two and one-half miles below the lower end of Jolly's Island so
as to include Patrick Martin in the county of Hamilton ; thence south thirty-five degrees
east to the southern limits of this State ; thence west to the point where the Marion county
line intersects said southern boundary ; thence north-eastwardly with Marion county line
to Bledsoe line to a point opposite the beginning, and thence to the beginning " The seat
of justice was subsequently established at Dallas. About half of the county thus formed,
and all of the county on the left banks of the Tennessee river, lay within the territory
of the Cherokee nation. The white inhabitants of the county continued to occupy the
lands on the north side of the Tennessee river, until the removal of the Indians, which
was effected under a treaty concluded between the United States and the Cherokee nation,
Dec. 29, 1835. After the extinguishment of the Indian title, the lands south of the Ten-
nessee river were rapidly taken up. ' ♦

Geography ano Topography of the County. — Hamilton is one of the southern
tier of counties, situated near the south-east corner of the State, and north of the north-
east corner of the State of Georgia. The county is bounded as follows : on the north by

Khea, on Ihe east by James, with the Tennessee river separating the two counties from
Harrison, to the northern boundary, on the south by the States of Georgia and Alabama,
and on the west by the counties of Marion, Sequatchee and Bledsoe. The county is ob-
long, extending about twice as far from north to south as from east to we^t, and embraces
about 360 square miles. So far as the general topography is concerned, it may be remarked
that the valley and ridges all have a north-easterly trend, preserving a marked parallelism
throughout.

PjaiNCiPAii Streams. — The Tennessee river, after running along the eastern border
of the county for about fifteen miles, turns its course through the county from north-east
to south-west for fourteen miles, until it strikes the base of Lookout mountain, from
which it turns and pursues a north-west course for about seven miles, until it breaks
through the mountain range, at what is known as the " suck," on the Marion county line.
From this point the river pursues a winding, but a south-west course, forming the bound-
ary between Marion and Hamilton counties. The Tennessee has an average width of
1,500 feet, and in this county is navigable for steamboats during the whole year. The
obstructions at the Suck, and other points, have been removed, or nearly so, by the general
government. All the other streams of the county are tributary to tlie Tennessee river.
The principal ones are Lookout, Chattanooga, Citico, and South Chicamauga creeks, from
the south-east; and Suck, Mountain, North Chicamauga, Soddy, Possum, Eocky and Sale
creeks, from the north-west. The larger of these creeks are navigable for flat boats and
rafts, and are made use of for taking out timber, minerals and produce.

Lookout Mountain commences at Gladsen, Alabama, eighty miles from Chatta-
nooga, and terminates in what is known as Point Lookout, near the south-west corner of
t!ie county. This mountain is about 1,600 feet high at its extreme elevalion above the
Tennessee river at its low water. The mountain spreads out as it extends south into an
undulating surface, a large portion of which can be cultivated and is well timbered, and
watered by numerous streams.

Wai^den's Eidge extends the whole length of the county, and bounds the valley of
the Tennessee on the north-west. It rises abruptly to an elevation of 1,000 feet. The
county line runs on the top and near the center of the ridge, which is from five to fifteen
miles wide. The land is cultivated and is well timbered and watered.

Lookout mountain and Walden's ridge are outliers of the Cumberland table lands.
White Oak mountains occupy a small space in the south-east corner of the county. Eac-
coon mountains extend into the south-west corner of the county. Missionary ridge, com-
mencing at South Chicamauga creek, near the Tennessee river, rises to the height of 300
to 500 feet, and extends in a southerly direction into Geoi'gia. Its elevation is gradual,
its top rounded and soil generally fertile. The valley of the Tennessee, between the river
and Walden's ridge, is broken by ranges of hills, known as first and second ridges, which
follow the general course of the valley, and which are separated from the table lands by
the " Back " valley, south of the Tennessee, and beyond the valley of the river, the coun-
try is broken by minor ridges.

Principal Valleys. — The famous and fertile valley of the Tennessee is first in im-
portance. This extends the whole length of the county, on the right bank ot the river,
and on both sides of the river from Harrison to the Georgia line. Lookout valley, on the
west side of Lookout mountain, extends from the Tennessee river, at the point of this
mountain, near Chattanooga, in a south-west direction into Alabama. Chattanooga val-
ley, between Lookout mountain and Missionary ridge, extends from Chattanooga, in a
southerly direction into Georgia. Chicamauga valley to the east of Missionary ridge,
extends from the Tennessee river into Georgia, and constitutes, in that State, what is
known as " McLemore's Cove." The Back valley lies between Walden's ridge and a
group of minor ridges running parallel therewith.

EoADS AND Bridges. — One of the best natural roads in the country is the " Dry Val-
ley road," running through the county on the north side of the Tennessee river. The
other roads on this side of the river are in better condition than elsewhere in the county.
Sufficient labor has not been expended on the roads throughout the county. With respect
to bridges, the county is not behind the times. All the principal creeks will soon be
spanned by the most substantial structures where they are needed. There are now con-
structed, or in the process of erection, six wrought iron arch bridges They have a span
of seventy-five to one hun(;lred and fifty feet. The six bridges cost about $30,000.

General Features. — The main stream, the Tennessee, and the main ridges and val-
leys of the county, have the general course of the Appalachian range, and presents the
general features of that region. The sharp deflection of the Tennessee, at Chattanooga, to
the north and we'st, changes somewhat the configuration of the southern portion of the
county. The tributaries of the Tennessee river, rising in Walden's ridge, on the right of
the river, run from north-west to south- east, and cut through the minor ridges of the
main valley. On the left of the Tennessee river the tributaries flow into it from a south-

CINCINNATI SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 55

westerly direction. In the south-eastern portion of the county, the elevations are general-
ly continuous ; in the north-western portion they are more "knobby." The valleys and
coves formed by the different ridges are, generally, snsceptible of cultivation, and, fre-
quently, their soil is very productive. The valleys and ridges, together, present a variety
of soils and conditions, suited to all kinds of agricultural and horticultural products.

Geology of the County. — The geological formations of this county are exceedingly
varied ; commencing with the Knox dolomite, and ending with the coal measures. They
embrace ten distinct groups or divisions, viz : Beginning with the Knox dolomite, the
lowest, which we find in the valley lands, we next come to the Trenton Nashville lime-
stones, in the valleys and Missionary Eidge; then the dyestone or red iron ore group,
mainly in small ridges, followed immediately by the Niagara limestone, black shale and
the siliciaus, or St. Louis limestone, mountain limestone, which forms the base of the
mountain, and lastly, the coal-measures, which cap Lookout and Eaccoon mountains and
Walden's ridge. It may be noted here that Lookout mountain rests in a synclinal trough,
or one in which the strata dip — from both sides to the center, forming a trough. It may
be further remarked that on each side of this mountain is a skirting ridge, rougli and
sharp, formed by the tilting outcrops of the silicious group, the dyestone or red iron ore
and the black shale, just as if the weight of the super-incumbered mountain had bent this
flexible mass in the center, and caused the edges to turn up. Missionary ridge is formed
by the outcroppings of the Knox limestone and dolomites, its eastern slope and continuous
knobby belt of country to the east of the ridge, being covered with the flinty masses and
gravel of this formation. Between Missionary ridge and Chattanooga the rocks are Knox
dolomite, Trenton and Nashville limestone, forming a wide rolling valley. This valley
belt, further north, is covered with rounded, flinty hills, making it a knobby region.
Will's valley, on the western side of Lookout, shows mainly outcrops of Trenton and Nash-
ville blue limestone rocks. On the west side of this valley, at the foot of the table land,
and forming a skirting ridge, the dyestone group again appears. Perhaps more than one-
fourth of the county belongs to the coal-measures, which furnish a large amount of good
coal.

Soils. — The soils of the county may be classified, generally, as river and creek bot-
tom, second bottom, upland and table land. These general classes are not uniform, but
present a number of varieties. The bottom lands are alluvial, generally, with a clay sub-
soil. Some bottom land, known as '' crawfish bottom," is regarded as having little value.
This land, in its natural condition, is wet and acid. It only needs to be drained and sup-
plied with lime, or other alkaline fertilizers, to be made productive and valuable. Some
bottom lands have been cultivated year after year without rest or rotation ; then, again,
only the surface has been used without any mixture of the sub-soil, by deep and thorough
plowing. With these exceptions, the bottom lands are very productive. With respect to
the exceptions named, the lands can easily be restored to their original productive capa-
city by correct management. Little or no fertilizing is needed.

The Second Bottom, in some places, is a clayey loam, and, in other places, a sandy
loam. The remarks above, in regard to the condition of the first bottom lands, apply also
to these lands. The soil of the second bottom is not so deep nor strong as that of the first.
Manure can be used to advantage. Compost is especially beneficial to the sandy loam,
and " summer fallowing," and the turning under of clover, to the clayey loam of these
lands.

The Uplands or Eidge Lands constitute a large portion of the county. The soil is
thin, and in some places poor. These lands are not so much afiected by a dry season as
naturally would be supposed. With careful tillage and intelligent management, they can
be made to produce well. For stock farms and grazing purposes they are well adapted.
The soil on the ridges, north of the Tennessee river is frequently impregnated with iron,
and by the addition of the proper ingredients, is fitted for special crops.

Thb Table Lands constitute the plateau of Lookout mountain and Walden's ridge.
Notwithstanding their elevation, the soil is a sandy loam. Fine crops are raised on the.«e
lands, although they can be much improved by fertilizers of the proper kinds. These
lands are specially valuable for the raising of stock, particularly sheep, for grazing pur-
poses, and for the cultivation of fruit and potatoes.

The Climate and the Seasons. — The climate throughout the year is mild and in-
vigorating The extremes of }\eat and cold are not known. During the winter there i.s
usually, but not always, a light fall of snow, which disappears in a day or two. Through-
out the summer the nights are cool and comfortable. Lookout mountain and Walden's
ridge are noted resorts for invalids and pleasure seekers from different parts of the coun-
try, during the summer season.

Chattanooga is becoming more and more the home of those who require a mild and
healthful climale during the winter. The beautiful weather of autumn usually extends
to Christmas. From that time to tke middle of March there is some cold and considerable

rainy weatlier. The spring and puaimer seasons are at least a month earlier than in the
northern and eastern States, which gives the advantage of an early market to those en-
gaged in agricultural and horticultural pursuits.

Agricultural Products. — Corn, wheat, oats, barley, beans, peas, tobacco, the dif-
ferent grasses, broom corn, potatoes and almost every variety of produce can be cultivated
with success. Certain localities are better adapted to certain crops.

Grapes and Wine. — The cultivation of the grape, and the production of wine are
destined to become very important and extensive occupations in this locality.

Timber. — This county is well supplied with white and black chestnut, red and post
oak, yellow and long leaf pine, cherry, hickory, ash, birch, locust, iron wood, gum, black
walnut, maple, beech, red cedar, holly and white and yellow poplar.

Price of Lands, Rents and Wages. — The valley lands are valued at $8 to $25 per
acre ; occasional farms, which have been well cared for, at $30 to $40 per acre. Good
lands, near Chattanooga, command higher prices, and some have been sold as high as
$200 per acre. Eidge and mountain lands are valued at $1 to $5 per acre. The size of
farms range from 200 to 1,000 acres. Good farm houses and buildings are not common.
With some notable exceptions, the farmers have not cultivated their farms to the best ad-
vantage. With the proper attention and study given to agriculture, the farms will be
made more productive and valuable. Good grape growing land can be bought for $5 to
$15 per acre. Very favorable locations near Chattanooga are valued higher. Mineral
lands are very cheap in some places, being nothing more than wild lands. Mineral lands
in the vicinity of good sites for furnaces, and with means of transportation near, are- held
at higher, but not uniform prices. A large portion of these lands have been rented for
the purpose of mining, or the mineral right has been purchased. These " leases " or
" rights " are often on the market. Without any exodius of the people, there is a large
quantity of land for sale and for rent, in the county. Kents, when for cash, are from $3
to $5 per acre. Usually the landlord receives half the products of the land, when he fur-
nishes the material and stock, and one-third when the tenant furnishes the same.

Wages of farm hands vary from $8 to $16 per month when they are boardel, and $16
to twenty-five when they board themselves. Farm labor is not abundant. The wages of
mechanics, in the city, range from $2 to $4 per day, according to the season and demand.
In rolling mills and mawufacturing establishments, skilled workmen receive from $3 to
$8 per day. Laborers, in same, receive from $1 to $1.50 per day. House servants are
paid from $4 to $8 per month.

Population. — At the time of the organiaation of the county, in 1819-20, the inhabi-
tants numbered 821 ; in 1860 the population numbered 13,258. According to the United
States census for 1870, Hamilton county contained, in that year, 17,241 inhabitants; this
number is said to have reached, in 1877, 25,000.

The construction of the railway through this county is more expensive than through
Ehea, having, besides several minor crossings, the Tennessee river to span and the natur-
ally expensive approach into Chattanooga. Its alignment also, for the same reasons, is
not near so straiglit ; we begin to find sharp curves in one or two places, at least we call
them sharp, in comparison. I believe the sharpest curves at this place are 6's — that is, a
deflection of six degrees to the hundred feet. The length of the road through from the
Rhea county line to Chattanooga is 31.87 miles, of which 14.18 were donated. Beginning
again at the Rhea county line, we will attempt a short description of our route.

Some excellent farming lands are seen in this section. Wide-spreading, level mea-
dows and rich undulating fields are seen on both sides of the road. The St. Louis lime-
stone, with its characteristic sink holes, lies on the road, and supplies a strong fei'tile, soil.
The timber upon this soil is very valuable. Large poplars, red oaks and white oaks are
abundant, and will furnish a large amount of first class lumber. In some of the bottoms
below the St Louis limestone the Nashville and Trenton rock appears.

Four miles from the county line brings us to Rocky creek, a beautiful mountain
stream, which has made a dip gorge in the mountain side, affording some of the wildest
and most romantic of scenery; this, like the majority of such places, is heavily timbered. The
Sale creek coal mines are in this vicinity. Rocky creek runs out at right angles from a
series of broken knobs bordering the main mountain, and empties into Sale creek one and
a half miles below these mines. Near the base of the mountain it has three branches, one
coming from the north, one from the south, and one from the west. These streams all
unite back of the range of hills, and near the base of the mountain. Near this mine is a
village of about 500 inhabitants, mostly Welch. It contains a school house, a church, store,
post office, two blacksmith shops and a carpenter shop. It lies considerably to the west
of the road. The ridges between the Tennessee river and the mountain, at this place,
appear to have been swept away during the course of ages by the waters of Rocky and
Sale creeks. A bottom, covering some nine square miles, has been thus formed. Its sur-
face is generally rocky, especially near the base of the mountain ; so much so, indeed, near

CINCINNA TI SO VTHERN RAIL WAT. 57

the iiiounlain, a.s to render it unsuitable for tillage. As the distance from the moun-
tain increases, the surface rocks disappear, until a very fair fariuin"; area is presented, and
some very good farms are seen, though but a small proportion of the stirface has been
cleared. During the summer months the water in Rocky creek becomes very low, form-
ing a succession of deep pools, joined together like necklaces by a trickling stream. The
bed of the stream is exceedingly rough with water-worn boulders. For water power,
.Sale creek and its tributaries are worthless. Large bodies of limestone occur in J,hc second
parallel ridge from the mountain. The strata are all inclined to the north-west. The
quality of the stone for juaking lime is good, but owing to the prevalence of seams and
fissures it is not suital)le for building purposes.

We cross Eocky creek on an iron through fpan bridge of 100 feet spnn, with 350
yards of masonry. Piissing on now over light work, through four miles of pleasing land-
scapes, with mountain and ridges on our right, and low ridges and bottoms to the left, we
come to O'possum creek, which is spaimed by an iron through span bridge of 100 feet
length on 300 yards of masonry. This stream, though a wet weather stream, like Rocky
creek, or Suddy, four miles farther on, has left its deep gulf in the side of the mountain.
It is also a tributary of the Tennessee.

Soddy creek is crosse<l on an iron through span bridge of 150 feet in length, resting
on SOO yards of masonry. Soddy is a small tributary of the Tenne.ssee river; it has two
forks, the more southern being ■•ailed Little Soddy, and the more northern, Soddy, that
being considered the main stream. Both of these branches have carved deep notches in
the side of the mountain. On the side of the gulf formed by Little Soddy, 600 yards from
its confluenc^e with the main stream, four miles west of the Tennessee, eighteen miles
north-east of Chattanooga, and within half a mile of the line of railroad the Soddy minefl
have been opened — eight seams of coal being seen here. A mining village has sprung up
in the valley below the mines, beyond the line of railroad. It haa a post office, two stores
two schools, two churches and a population of about 200.

After passing the village, Soddy cuts through a series of ridges nearly at right angles,
making a bottom of moderate width to the Tennessee river. The bottoms on the latter
stream are very wide, and of unJjounded fertility. Probably there is no soil in any Slate
that matures such large quantities of Indian corn. About 500,000 bushels are shipped
annually from the different landings between Chattanooga and Kingston, nearly nil of
which is riiiscd on the Tennessee bottoms and islands. Tlie productiveness of these bot-
toms may be inferred from the fact that from fifteen to twenty bushels per acre is the
rental price, the latter for island farms. Some of these island farms have been sold since
ihe war for prices varying between $100 and .S"200 per acre. The large overflows which
deposit a great amount of sediment, keep the soil in a high conditicin of fertility and per-
mit it to be cultivaied every year without any apjiarent <limiiuition in its productive
capacity. The great difference in the producing capacity of the Tennessee bottoms and
those lying at the foot of the Cumberland table land, arises from their inherent difference
in constitution. Tliu former are fed by the limestone blufi's that overhang them, as well
as by the sedimentary de[)osits from the river; the latter have no new supplies of fertility.
The cherty ridges on the east, and the .sandstone bluffs on the west, are deficient in [)lant
food, and the bottoms lying between, lack the calcareous element so iiecessary to a prolific
yield of the cereals.

A large proportion of the good timber of the valleys has been exhausted. The bound-
ing ridges and mountain sides, however, supply it in any desirable quantity. The yellow
pijie is abundant. This is converted into lumber, and sold at the saw mills at $15 per
thousand ; white oak from $10 to $12.50 per thousand. A small quantity of walnut and
, ash are found in the coves of the mountains, between Chattanooga and Soddy creek, but
not in sufficient quantities to deserve special mention.

Eight miles from Soddy, we cross North Chicamauga creek several times on two 100
feet spans of iron through bridges, and two thirty feet spans of iron deck bridges, mak-
ing a total length of bridging at this place of 260 feet. North Chicamauga has several
tributaries from the north. Among them are Hog Pen branch, PVjiir jMile branch. Yellow
Spring, Cooper creek. Panther creek and Cane creels. The^e streams have cut deep fur-
rows in the mountain, which are difficult to pass. They are from 100 to 500 feet deep. Up
near their sources are .some level bottoms bordering them, but most generally their banks
are precipitous. Cane creek, one of the largest tributaries of North Chicamauga, flows in
a very deep, narrow chasm, much like a canyon. These bluffs are of sandstone, and often
overhang tlieir base fifteen or twenty feet. Talus has accumulated at the base of these
blutis so as to give a slope to the water's edge. This talus-slope is fringed by trees form-
ing a green tortuons line in summer, several hundred feet below the general top of the
plateau. When once in these gorges, one has to walk, often-times, many miles before any
place of a.scent can be found.

Crossing the North Chicamauga, near the location of the railroad bridge, and ascend-

GWG12^NA II ADVERTISEMENTS.

ROBSON BROS.,

HEADQUARTERS FOR

Vitrified Sewer and Water Pipe,

MAIN OFFICE, N. W. Cor. Front L Ludlow Sts.,

OINOnSTN^TI, OHIO.

stove ripe. Flue Linings, Chimney Tops, Fire BricJc. Fire Clay,
Tile, Cement, Plaster, Lime, Hanging Baskets, Lawn Vases.

M. A. Hunt Mfg Co.,

MANUFACTURKR9 OP

OF ALL KINDS,

181 and 183 West Second St.,

CINCINNATI, O.

Maddux Bros.,

"Wholesale Dealers in

V7e&t Pearl Street,

CINCINNATI, O

^ittHMi

LEWIS MADDUX, New York.
THOMAS MADDUX, Cincinnati.

JOHN STANTON,

^ UWSIDKS

Letters and Figures,

Brands & Stencils,

BAGGAGE CHECKS.

128 and 130 West Pearl St..
CINCINNATI, OHIO.

Hidden & Lonnskry,

Istery lati

MANUFACTUKEKS OF

Steel Springs for Furniture
and Carriages,

Tow anil Moss cabinet lakers' Suplies.

100 Main Street,

CINCINNATI, O.

CINCINNATI SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 69

ing the mountain by a very steep patliway on the right, we get first upon a bench about
two-thirds of the way to the top of the mountain. The surface of this bench is covered
with a hixurianl growtli of wild grasses in summer, whicii supply ample forage lor great
herds of cattle. The woods are open, no underbrush anywhere obstructing the view. The
overlooking blufts are of shelving sandstones, where many rock houses are seen — -natural
shelters for stock against the he.its of summer or the chill winds of winter. Reaching the
top of the mountain, which is here, as measured by the barometer 1,134 feet above the
valley, we find the surface very level and well timbered with chestnut oak. The conglom-
erate rocks are everywhere displayed, sometimes rising up above the surface in great
ijiasses, tbe erosion curving them into many fantastic shapes. This stretch of level land
extends from the gorge of the North Ciiicamauga to Soddy creek, about eight miles, with
scarcely a break tbat would interfere with the construction of a railroad. The soil on
this plateau is rather better than most of the soil of the table land.

On Poe's turnpike, which forms the higliway from DunlaiJ in Sequatchee valley,
across Walden's ridge, to. the Tennessee valley, a few farms of moderate fertility are met
with. Upon these farms are grown wheat, sorglium, corn, oats, Irish potatoes, beans cab-
bage, and garden vegetables generally. The soil, however, is not well adapted to the
growti) of Indian corn and sorghum. Apple trees flourish, are long lived and bear well.
Peaches, it is said, do better here tiuin on the western side of the mountain. Herdsgrass
springs up spontaneously, and is the main reliance of farmers for hay. Clover, by the appli-
cation of a small quantity of gypsum, proves a profitable crop, botli as a fertilizer and for
grazing. Upon clover sod a fair crop of Indian corn or wheat may be grown. Some good
farmers upon the plateau make from twenty to thirty bushels of corn per acre, thouo-h
the usual average is not above six or eight. The timber supply is ample. Large white
oaks, easily rived and of a touglmess that makes the timber of especial value for the wagon
maker, are numerous. Yellow pines, two and a half feet in diameter, are found in clusters.
Chestnut, chestnut oak, red oak, black oak and gum grow everywhere in profusion. Wal-
nut occurs in the coves, and sometimes, though rarely, upon the top of the mountain.
Chinquapins, and chestnuts are so abundant as to form articles of export. On this charm-
ing plateaUj between North Chicamanga and Soddy, a curious lake occura, not far from
the northern bank of the Ciiicamauga, a ridge, elevated considerably above the "-eneral
level, overlooks the Chicamauga gulf on the .south ; half a mile north of this ridge, there
has been a drop in the mountain, exposing a perpendicular sandstone bluflT, 100 feet hi<-'h.
The lake lies at the foot of this blufli', and is deeply set in the bosom of the mountain. In
shape it is elliptical, and resembles a large tureen embedded in the plateau. The water is
at least fifty feet below the top of the surrounding bluffs, and the edge of the water can be
reached only by a precipitous path on the eastern side. The lake is lOO yards in its loudest
diameter and about seventy-five yards in its shortest. Its deptli is unknown — no rude
plummet of the mountaineer lias ever been able to fathom its waters, though many
attempts have been made. The water is very cold, and of a sky-blue color. It never be-
comes muddy even in a rainy season. It has no perceptible outlet or inlet. During the
dry months, in summer, the water recedes some two or three feet, leaving expo.sed a narrow
rocky beach next to the steep walls that environ it. The surface of these walls is beauti-
fully scolloped by the motion of the water. Viewed from above it appears motionless
and looks as though no wind could ever ruffle its calm, clear surface. No fish disport in
its waters, and yet it would seem to be a very paradise for the trout, for the rearin"- of
which it will no doubt in time, be utilized.

The last coal of importance that presents itself is on Walden's ridge, eight miles
north-west of Chattanooga, and quite as far from the railroad, though within three miles
of the Tenne.ssee river. It belongs to the upper coal measures, and outcrops at the foot
of a ridge 110 feet high, which rests on the general level of the table land, which is here
1,000 feet high. Tliis ridge extends towards the north several miles and is about half a
mile wide at the base, supplying a large body of coal, the seam is three and a half feet
thick, and an entry has been driven in at the eastern foot for the distance of fifty yards.
Some 15,000 bushels of coal have been taken out and hauled in wagons down the moun-
tain to Chattanooga. It is a hard, free burning coal, though containing some sulphur.
Underlying it are several feet of good fire clay. The roof is of black shale, and is quite
solid. All the strata are horizontal. The mine is known as Crow's bank. If proper
facilities were afforded for conveying the coal to the valley below, this mine, owing to its
proximity to Chattanooga, would, doubtless, prove very valuable. Below the bank, on the
south, is the clifiy rampart that makes such a prominent and striking feature in the escarp-
ment of the table land. Underlying this clifl-rock another seam appears, three and a half
feet thick. The coal is very hard.

It has already been stated that Back valley and the Tennessee valley unite where the
Chicamauga breaks from the mountain. The gulf made by the Chicamauga is deep and
wide, forming a chasm much like an inverted roof, though sometimes the bluffs of sand-

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENT.

■ HJS-^n^ A/RT iTS--?T~3I rTlTj

1819,

Bromwell Manufacturing Co.,

MANUPACTURERS OP

rBirviiiK

[Ei,. AMI W

lUU

C3f" all Wesei^iptioiis.

181 Walnut Street. CmCIIVMTI, 0.

^^*«ili!liillllllLlL^^

PARAGON FLY-TRAP.

naaaaaaapteaeaaaeaa^Bna

SEND FOR OUR ILLUSTRATED PRICE LIST.

THE NIGHT ALARM.

CINCINNATI SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 61

stone rise l»o!dly up for several hundred feet. Rodger's creek, whieli is a tributarj' of
Cliicamauga, makes also a deep chasm in the mountain parallel with Tennessee valley,
leaving a high, narrow headland between it and the valley whicli narrows to a sharp
ridge, where the waters of Rodger's creek and Chicamauga unite. Each one of these
chasms exposes the coal seams and makes them accessible. Braneh railroads may be con-
structed up these gorges, so that the coal may, by chutes, be dumped directly into the cars.

Fallingwater, another tributary to North Chicamauga, and south of Rodger's creek,
rises upon the plateau of Walden's ridge, and Hows in an easterly direction, making a
gorge of increasing width and depth as it ap|)roaches Back valley. Reaching this it turns
north, running about a mile when it cuts through Back valley and Sliinbone ridge, pass-
ing in a south-easterly direction through Tennessee valley into North Chicamauga. The
point of its confluence with the latter stream is ten miles (north twenty degrees east)
from Chattanooga. When Fallingwater breaks througli Shinboue ridge, there is a blutl
which shows an anticlinal fold, the rocks dipping at au average angle of thirty-two de-
grees to the north-west and south-east. By the confluence of Fallingwater with North
Chicamauga a sufficient volume of water is obtained to run machinery. Two mills are
in operation between this point and the mouth of North Chicamauga.

Five miles in a southerly direction from the crossing of North Chicamauga creek,
through low bottoms, brings us to the Tennessee river. This is the largest tributary of
the Ohio, and so far as volume of water and length are concerned, it is as much entitled
to be called the main stream as the Ohio. It is, in many respects, a remarkable stream.
It drains an area of 41,000 square miles, and its total length from the source of its longest
confluent to the mouth is 1,100 miles. Its fall within that distance is 2,000 feet, and its
average width is 1,500 feet. Rising in the south-west portion of Virginia, and bearing
the name of the Holston until its union with the Clinch, near Kingston, in Roane county,
it sweeps down the valley of East Tennessee in a rapid current until it passes CJiattanooga,
a short distance below which it breaks through Walden's ridge ip tumultuous whirls by a
series of bends, into the Sequatchee valley, where the current grows less turbulent, flow-
ing qiiietly down this valley for a distance of sixty miles, and at Guntersville, Alabama,
takes a direction nearly west by north. Between Lauderdale and Lawrence counties, in
Alabama, 330 miles below Knoxville, it spreades in a broad, shallow expansion called
Muscle Shoals, flowing over flint and limestone rocks for twenty miles, forming an almost
insurmountable barrier to navigation, yet aflbrding some of the very finest water priv-
leges. On the Mississippi line, at Chicasaw, it turns north-west, and forms the boundary
line between Alabama and Mississippi; and after a circuit of 300 miles in Alabama, re-
enters Tennessee, flowing north, and emptying into the Ohio river at Paducah, Kentucky,
800 miles from the union of the Clinch and Holston rivers.

The Cincinnati Southern Railway crosses the Tennessee river eight miles above Chat-
tanooga, on an iron bridge 1,801 feet long, from center to center of abutments. Besides
which there are eight piers and two "rest" piers for the draw. The draw is 125 feet in
the clear. There is one 250 feet span for steamboats when the draw is not needed. Tak-
ing distances from center to center, there are six through spans of 207 feet lengths, one
through span of 256 feet, and one draw of 280 feet, making a total length, as before stated,
of 1,801 feet. The masonry on which this superstructuie rests, was very diSicult and was
ttie means of nearly " breaking up " a half dozen contractors before its com[tletion — there
are 9,372 cubic yai'ds of it.

On the next section we cross the Chicamauga river, on a three span bridge of 324
feet in length, the superstructure resting on 2,000 cubic yards of masonry. Two of these
spans are sixty feet long, each, (deck) and one is a through span of 200 feet length. Immedi-
ately upon leaving tliis creek we make connection (by means of a " Y ") with the Western
and Atlantic Railroad, of which we will speak hereafter.

Some four miles now brings us to the corporation line of

CHATTANOOGA.

J. B. Killibrew, A. M., gives a very full and concise history of Chattanooga, which
we might do well to insert here, however, it is so lengthy that we, having so little space
at command, will be content with taking such extracts therefrom as will best suit the
nature of our work.

" The country in and around the pi'esent city of Ciiattanooga was occupied by the
Cherokee Indians until 1837. In 1837 a post office was first establislied at this point,
which was then called Ross' Landing. In the same year a town was laid off' and divided
into lots, and the Indian name of Chattanooga given to the place. In 1841 it was incor-
porated as a town. For the next twenty years, until the commencement of the civil war
in 1861, Chattanooga increased in importance as a trading point and railroad center.
During th"." period, all the railroads now leading to the city were completed, except the

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

E.BOWEN, .

Practical Onticiafl,

ISTo. 22 EMERY ARCADE, bet. Vine
& Race and 4th & 5th Sts.

CINCINNATI, O.

All kinds of Repairing promptly attended to.
Spectacles of every description accurately ad-
apted to the various defects of vision.

Ale, Porter

J^J<J'1D

Brown Stout,

And Bottled Lager Beer,

J. WALKER & CO.,

385 Sycamore Street,

CINCINNATI, o.

James A. Foster,

MANUFACTURER OF

ARTIFICIAL LIMBS.

OFFICE AND MANUFACTORIES AT

1013 Chestnut Street, Phila., Pa.; 60 West
4th ^;treet, Cincinnati, 0.; 73 Chirk Street,
Chicago, III.; 72 Griswold Street Detroit,
Mich.; 2 N. 4th Street, St. Louis, Mo.

Illustrated Descriptive Pamphlets sent free
on application.

These Limbs are furnished to Officers and Sol-
diers, who lose their limbs in the Military Ser-
vice free of charge, by order from Surgeon
General United States Army-

Notary Public,

Con

veyancmg.

PETER KEAM,

iomef & Counsellor at Law,

Rooms 35 & 36 Johnston Building,

CINCINNATI, - Ohio.

Special attention given to the Collection of
Commercial Claim.^ in the United States and
Briti sh Provinoe.s. Claims presented before the
Departments at Washington on liberal terms.

JOHN CLARK.

JAS A. DARBY.

JOHN CLARK &. CO.,

Silver Platers,

No. 10 East Sixth Street,

(.Bet. Main & Sycamore.)

CINCINNATI, O.

Coach, Door, Dash and Carriage Mouldings.
All kinds of Coach, House and Saddlery Work
plated. Door and Carriage Name Phites made
to order. At^ENTS FOR TULLY'S PATEKT
TOP STOP.

Paul Zunz, H. H. CAii>f, Ad. Souweinr,
Xevv York. New York. Cincinnati.

Window 1 Plate Glass Co.

m & mt Main Street, Cineiiinati, 0.

SOLE DEPOT FOR

Genuine French Plate Glass, Rough and
Crystal Plate Glass, French and American
Window Glass, French and German Looking
Glass Plates.

CINCINNATI SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 63

Alabama and Cliattanooga Kailroad, which, however, had been commenced at this place
under the name of the Wills' Valley Railroad. Chattanooga was incorporated as a city in
1851, at which time the population was about 3,500. During the civil war nearly all the
business houses and private residences were destroyed and tiie inhabitants scattered. The
close of the war left Chattanooga nothing more than a military post — without business,
without buildings, and without inhabitants. What the city is at present it has become
since 1865. During the last twelve years the population has increased to 15,000. Invited
by the genial climate of this region, and influenced by the importance of this point as a
future trade center, the increase of the jiopuhition, and the development of the business of
the city has been rapid. At the same time the growth of the city has not been spasmodic
but substantial. During the year 1873 there was invested in the erection of manufacturing
establishments, the sum of $175,000, and as much more in the construction of dwellings.
The inducements offered by Chattanooga and the surrounding country for every kind of
enterpri.se, are as real as they are unusual and flattering.

Chattanooga as a Distributing Point.— Cliattanooga commands the fereat-valJeyfi
of the Appalachian region, which extends through Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia and Ala-
bama. The ridges and valleys of this region converge at the point where this city is
located, and are there cut through by the Tennessee river. Tiie topograjdiy of the coun-
try is such that no practical connection of the Northern and Southern system of railroads
is present except through Chattanooga. This city is also situated upon that part of the
Tennessee river which must form a part of a through line of water communication be-
tween the North-western and South Atlantic States.

Chattanooga as a Manufacturing Point. — Chattanooga possesses all the elements
necessary to make it a great manufacturing center.

1. It has a healthy location and a salubrious climate.

2. It has ample facilities for transportation and distribution.

3. Its market for all manufactures is near and large, and the demand constantly in-
creasing.

4. It is immediately surrounded by all the materials, inexhaustible in quantity and
superior in quality, which enter into the production of the leading manufactures. After
what has been said elsewhere, it is not necessary to specify all the advantages offered by
Chattanotga and the surrounding country for almost every kind of manufacturing enter-
prise.

With reference to the manufacture of iron, the advantages are so unusual that it seems
as though nature, in the combination of the material elements here made by her hand, in-
tended this point to be the great center for its productioji.

Chattanooga situated near the Allegheny coal fields, possesses the element first in im-
portance in the economical production of iron, viz : goo<i f;oal, abundant and cheap.

Veins of iron ore underlie the very ciiy, divide the suri'ounding hills, and stretch
away into the regions beyond, side by side with the veins of coal.

In juxtaposition with the coal and iron, are found the sandstone and fire clay, neces-
sary in the construi'tion of furnaces, and the limestone necessary for the smelting of the
ores. Over these treasures grow forests of valuable timber. These wonderful mineral
deposits have already attracted the attention of manufacturers and capitalists, both in this
country and in Europe, and large investments have been made and important enterprises
have been organized.

The cost of transporting the iron ores to the manufacturing centers of the Northern
States, will make Chattanooga, in no distant future, the Pittsburg of the South, and the
Birmingham of America.

The Future of Chattanooga. — The lumber trade of this city will necessarily
swell into large proportions. It is estimated that within the region of country tributary
to Chattanooga there are 5,000,000,000 feet of lumber of the more valuable varieties. This
trade alreatly extends to the Northern and Eastern States. A cotton market of inport-
ance would be established at once in Chattanooga upon the erection of a cotton compress,
with a supply of capital to make purchases or advancements. A large amount of business
which now goes through and around the city, would then be transacted here, this being
the natural center for collection and shipment.

By the removal of the obstructions to the navigation of the Tennessee river at Muscle
Shoals, this river will be open throughout its whole length to the trade of the country.
Thus cheap transportation will be aftbrtled for all the heavy articles of commerce, and a
line of water communication can be provided between the great North-west and the South
Atlantic and Gulf States. The time is not far distant when the varied proiiucts of the
soil, the mine and innuraerai'le furnaces and manufacturing establishments, and the com-
merce which will course through the natural channel of trade, will make Chattanooga the
metropolis of the central South.

o
o

■O
H

t-J

CINCINNATI.

The " Queen City of the West," is situated in North Latitude 39°, 6', 30";
and in West Longitude 84°, 26', and stands upon the northern bank of the
Ohio river, in the South-western part of the State bearing the same name. It
occupies a lovely valley nearly twelve miles in circumference, surrounded by a
circle of beautifully wooded hills, averaging three hundred feet in height. This
valley is nearly equally divided by the Ohio, and the northern half is oc-
cupied by Cincinnati, while on the southern half lie Covington and Newport,
separated by the Licking river. Its site ie exceedingly picturesque, and at the
same time most practically advantageous for commercial and manufacturing
purposes.

It was first settled by white men in 1788. In December of that year, about
twenty hardy pioneers floated down the Ohio among the masses of moving ice,
and landing opposite the mouth of the Licking river, built their cabins, and
marked out a town. Matthias Denmau of New Jersey had bought eight
hundred acres of land there for about two hundred dollars, then a fair price ;
and this party of brave men planted themselves upon it with his asastance, and
io his interest. Similar adventurers from New Jersey and Pennsylvania were
at this time making their way in parties, down the Ohio (or, in Indian par-
lance, "the beautiful,") river, and whenever a number could be gathered suffi-
cient to defend themselves against the hostile and treacherous Indians, they
founded settlements here and there along its banks. President Washington
sent a few companies of United States troops for their protection, and the
important question arose as to where those troops should be posted. The
major in command was at first disposed to establish them at North Bend, a
few miles below Cincinnati, but while he was selecting a position there for his
fort, he fell in love with the handsome young wife of one of the settlers. Her
husband consequently, removed his family from that point, and went to that
which is now known as Cincinnati, whereupon, the Major became disgusted with
North Bend, and ultimately decided that the upper location was the most suit-
able station for his fort. He therefore moved his troops there, built a fort, and
thus that neighborhood became the safest spot below Pittsburg, (or, as it was
then called, Fort Du Quesne.) Another interesting incident in the early history
of Cincinnati is connected with the manner in which the city received its name.
The tradition is, that the early settlers appointed a committee of one to name
the place. The person who composed this important committee, had once been
a school teacher, and he pressed into service on this occasion, all the learning
of which he was master. He wished the title of the future city to express the
momentous geographical fact, that it was situated opposite the mouth of the
Licking river. He knew that " ViUe," was French for "city," that " os" was
Latin for " mouth," that " anfi" might mean "opposite to," and that "L"
was the initial of Licking. Combining all these items, he finally produced the
mongrel word " Losantiville," which was duly accepted as the name of the
village, and by which name it appears on some of the earliest maps of Ohio.
Some time afterward, however, the settlement received a visit of inspection from
General St. Clair, who pronounced its name absurd, and after laying out a county
of which the village was the only inhabited spot, he called the county " Hamil-
ton," in honor of his friend. Col. Hamilton, and changed the name of the settle-
ment from Losantiville to Cincinnati, after a society of which both he and
Colonel H. were members.

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENT.

DUHME & CO.,

Fourth and Walnut Sts., Cincinnati, O.

DIAMOND SETTERS,

Importers of Diamonds &* Watches.

V7H0LESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN

111 mEMi

Ml mi

i\mm m

Manufacturers of Solid Gold Jewelry and hand made Solid
COIN Silverware, after original designs.

mportefs of Paris and Vienna loFclties,

Dealers in Finest [lectro Plated Table Ware,

mil mam mii m 7Ei c? m m hois.

The magnitude and varied nature of the collection, the facilities for man-
ufacturing to order, the disposition to sell at reasonable prices, positively leaves
the house of DUHME & CO. without a peer.

Careful and Prompt Attention &iven to Orders from Distant Points.

Manufacturers and Importers, Wholesale and Retail Dealers,

COM, JFOJIJRTM S WAJLNVT STS,

THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. 67

In the summer of 1790, Cincinnati consisted of about forty log cabins, two
small frame bouses, with a population of about seven hundred inhabitants, and
a fort garrisoned by a company of United States troops. A few cumbrous
fiatboats crept heavily up, or floated slowly down, the broad bosom of the Ohio,
requiring weeks of time to make the trip between Pittsburg and Cincinnati,
all the while exposed from either shore, to the fire of the treacherous savage. The
first improvement in navigation was made in 1800, when a couple of keel boats
were built, which were furuished with bullet proof covers and port holes, and
were provided with cannon and small arms. Wayne's victory at Fallen Timbers
brought security to the Miami country, and proved a turning point in the des-
tinies of the little struggling village. Settlers began to flock there from the
East, and the population increased so that in 1810, there were nearly three
thousand inhabitants. The next year the first steamboat appeared on the Ohio,
and not long after, several were built in Cincinnati. From that time the com-
mercial prosperity of the city was secured. Traders and manufacturers began
to open large establishments there, and the wonder daily grew, that the advan-
tages that Cincinnati offered in this respect should have been unnoticed so long ;
being, as it was, the only spot along the Ohio, where a city could conveniently
be built, and also, nearly midway between the source and mouth of that
river.

Oincinnati proper, now extends along the north bank of the Ohio river, from
the village of Columbia on the east, to that of Riverside on the south-west.
Its length is over ten miles and its width over three miles. The business por-
tion is principally on and near the river, comprising a distance of about three
miles, from Deer Creek on the east to Mill Creek on the west. Several adjoin-
ing villages have been annexed to the city since 1868, including Columbia,
Walnut Hills, Mount Auburn, and Cumminsville. Its population, with that
of its suburbs is now about five hundred thousand. Manufactories appear in
all parts of the city, and business generally is carried on in all quarters. The
value of her manufactured productions alone is about two hundred mil-
lion dollars per annum. Fine residences are interspersed everywhere, though
more numerous in the East and West Ends, and in the suburbs. The Miami
canal enters the city from the north-west, and runs south and east through
it to the Ohio river. The district north of the canal is called "over the
Rhine," and is inhabited almost exclusively by Germans. It is indeed, the
Germany of America, being as completely Teuton as if cut out of the Fader-
land itself. All the great breweries of Cincinnati, are situated here, and the
beer-gardens, saloons, concert halls, tow-headed children and white- capped
granddames, are as numerous and flourishing as in Deutchland proper, while
a stranger may walk the streets of that section an entire day without hearing
a word spoken in any ot^ier language than the German. Manufactures have
'been, to Cincinnati, her chief source of success. The banks of the Ohio
abound in iron, coal and salt, and these mines together with her rapid develop-
ment of manufactures, and her unrivaled means of transportation, have proved
a most substantial basis for her wealth and increase. Through the means of
the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, her commerce extends to nearly all parts of the
Mississippi valley, and forms the greater part of that of the Ohio river, which
alone, in 1869, was said to be nearly equal to the whole foreign commerce of
the United States.

In due succession to the building of steamboats, came the construction of
canals, turnpikes, and railroads, and now, including their connections, there are
more than twenty thousand miles of railroad leading in and through Cincinnati.
Twenty diflferent roads have their terminus at Cincinnati, on which pass, every
twenty-four hours, an immense number of passengers and freight trains, con-
necting that city with the Atlantic cities on the East, the Lake cities on the

CINCINNATI- AD VERTISEMENT.

Standard Iron Measures.

BuoiEf B All Fiiif piae.

Corn, Coal and Lime Bushels, Half Bushels and all the smaller sizes ; Steamboat, Stable

and House Buckets ; also Well Buckets, Self-Emptjring Well

Buckets and Stock Well Buckets.

They are made of a superior quality of Sheet iron, with AVooden Bottoms boundwith Iron before
they are put in, and lioops shrunk on same as a tire is put on the wheel of a wagon.

IT IS ECONOMY TO BUY THEM.

The Measures are always correct, and are not injured by rats or other animals. The Buckets do
not fall to pieces when exposed to the sun.

FOR SALE BY ALL THE LEADING HARDWARE HOUSES.

IRON PAIRIT PAILS FOR MIXED PAINTS, Ac,

Patented September 16, 1873.

With Wooden Heads, which require no boxing to ship them ; and the paint is always ready for use,
in small quantities, by simply removing the bung, stirring up the paint, and painting from the hole ;
■when done, the bung can be replaced, thereby excluding the air until the remainder ot the package
is wanted, when the head may be removed, thus making a good bucket for paint or other uses, ihe
large sizes, when emptied, make excellent slop or garbage buckets. SEND FOR ClRCuLAKfci AJNL»
PRICE LIST. Address

MANUFACTURERS,

1590 Eastern Avenue, CmCINNATI, OHIO.

THE CITY OF CJNCINNATL 60

North, St. Louis and the Mississippi on the West, and on the South with the
interior of Kentucky and Tennessee, and then through to the South Atlantic
coast. There are five separate Railroad Depots, of which the Cincinnati,
Hamilton and Dayton Depot, on the corner of Fifth and Hoadley streets, is
the terminus of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton R. R. ; the Atlantic and
Great Western, (or Erie,) Railway ; the Cincinnati, Richmond and Chicago R.
R. ; the Dayton and Michigan, R, R ; the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Indian-
apolis R, R. ; the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis R. R. ;
the Fort Wayne, Muncie and Cincinnati R. R. ; the Cincinnati, Sandusky and
Cleveland R. R. ; and the Columbus, Chicago and Indiana Central R. R. The
Plum Street Depot, corner of Plum and Pearl streets, is the terminus of
the Indianapolis, Cincinnati and Lafayette R. R. ; the Cincinnati and White-
water Valley R. R. ; and the Marietta and Cincinnati R. R. The Ohio and
Mississippi JDepot, on West Front street, corner of Mill, is the terminus of the
Ohio and Mississippi R. R. The Little INIiami Railroad Depot, corner of Front
and Kilgour streets, is the terminus of the Pittslurg, Cincinnati and St. Louis
R. R.; the Pan Handle route ; the Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington R. R.,
(or, Louisville Short Line ;) the Grand Rapids and Indiana R. R. ; and the
Chesapeake and Ohio R. R. The Kentucky Central Depot, corner of Eighth
and Washington streets, Covington, Kentucky, is the terminus of the Kentucky
Central R. R. The Eastern and Western railroad depots in Cincinnati, are con-
nected by a track through the city used only for the transfer of freight.

Though the Cincinnati Southern R. R. , is not yet provided with a depot,
Avithin the limits of the city, its trains cross the Ohio, and have a terminus at
the foot of Eighth street, where passengers and freight are regularly received
and discharged. This, however, is but a temporary provision and intended to
last only until a suitable location can be secured and a permanent depot built,
which will be done within a reasonable time.

The Third and Fourth street line of horse cars runs directly from the Cincin-
nati, Hamilton and Dayton Depot, to within a square or two of most of the
principal hotels of the city, so also does the same line run from within one
square of the Ohio and Mississippi depot, and from within half a square of the
Plum street Depot. The East and West End street cars are equally convenient
from the Little Miami Depot, while hacks and omnibusses are every where as
plentifully as blackberries in June.

The hotels in Cincinnati are numerous and excellent, and some of them as
elegant and luxurious as any in the world. Of these, the Hotel Emery, in the
Arcade Building on Vine street, between Fourth and Fifth, is just completed,
elegantly fitted up, and decidedly, one of the best. The Grand Hotel, on
Fourth and Central Avenue, is the largest in the city, and is said to have the
finest exchance of any in the United States. The Burnet House, on third and
Vine streets, was for over twenty-five years, the principal hotel of the city, and
its registers bear the names of most of our most prominent celebrities, as well
as those of many distinguished visitors from abroad. The Gibson House, on
AValnut street, is well and widely known as one of the most ably conducted and
well furnished institutions of the kind in the country. The St. James Hotel,
on Fourth, between Main and Sycamore, is most conveniently located, and is
very inviting in its appearance. The St. Nicholas, also on Fourth street, near
the Post Office, is a most comfortable house, and its gentlemen's dining room is
made very attractive by a portrait of the beautiful Pauline Bonaparte, painted
by Devonje in 1811. Kepler's Hotel likewise on Fourth street, is well managed,
and is connected with the famous restaurant of the same name. In the same
class we may also name the Walnut street House, the Crawford House, the
Gait House, the Florentine, the Merchants' Hotel, the Henry House, the Car-
lisle House, the Indiana House, the Avenue Hotel, the Madison House, Hunt's

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

The Best and Clieaptst Iron Eoofing Made.

This iloofing has been in use many years in all sections
of the United States and Canadas, and it has been proven to
be the only Metallic Roofing that will give entire satisfaction
to all, for all kinds of buildings.

For Descriptive Circulars, &c., Address

PORTER IRON ROOFING CO.,

101 & 103 West Jtront Street, CINCINNATI, O.

PHILIP KLOPP,

Manufacturer of

Flatfornif Sprimj, Furni-
ture, JSrewers^ Express
& lousiness Wagons,

565 & 567 RACE STREET,

CINCINNATI, OHIO,

All Work Warranted;

Outside orders promptly filled. This
old firra can be recommended.

J. E. H XJ LL,

Manufacturer of

Tinners' Tools,

Galvanized Iron Cornice
Makers' Tools, Squar-
ing Shears, Tin-
ners' Soldering
Coppers, &c.

Also keep in Stock a full assortment of
Tinners' Machines, Circular Shears, New-
tons, Flanders and Waughs. Terms al-
ways C. O. D.

Superintendent P. S. & W. Co's Cincin-
nati Factory.

137 EAST PEARL ST.,

CINCINNATI, OHIO.

THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. 71

Hotel, and the Broadway Hotel. Besides these, there are many pleasant and
desirable boarding houses, centrally located, and excellent restaurants, -with
neat lodging rooms in their vicinity, in which comfort and economy are com-
bined.

The Street Eailroads traverse the city in every direction, and with the Inclined
planes, scale with ease and safety the airy heights of the delightful suburbs.
The Cincinnati Consolidated Street R. R. Company is composed of six divis-
ions, covering the greater portion of the city ; besides which, are the Walnut
Hills and Cincinnati Street Passenger R. R. ; the Cincinnati Inclined Plane
R. R. ; Price's Hill Inclined Plane ; Columbia and Cincinnati Street R. R. ;
Cumminsville and Spring Grove Street R. R. ; Storrs and Sedarasville Street
R. R. ; Covington Street Railway ; Newport, C(jvington and Cincinnati Street
R. R. ; Mt. Adams Inclined Plane R. R. ; Cincinnati and Westwood Narrow
Gauge R. R. ; Cincinnati and Clifton Inclined Plane R. R. ; College Hill Nar-
row Gauge R. R. ; and Covington and Cincinnati Street R. R. There are also
the Covington, Newport and Ludlow Ferries ; with the Newport and Cincin-
nati Bridge at the foot of Butler street and the Suspension Bridge, (of which
see engraving,) at the foot of Walnut street built at a cost of one million, eight
hundred thousand dollars. This bridge is one of the finest in America. It
springs from the summit of a lofty tower two hundred feet high, near the water's
edge, and at one span clears the whole river, and lands upon the Covington
tower on the other side. The distance from tower to tower is one thousand and
fifty-seven feet, the entire length of the bridge is two thousand two hundred and
fifty-two feet ; and it is hung one hundred and three feet above low water
mark.

Cincinnati has ten Express Companies in full operation, viz. : the American,
United States,*Adams, Merchants' Dispatch, Transfer, Star Union, South Shore,
Fast Freight, White Line Central Transit, and Great Wetern Dispatch. Also,
six Telegraph Comimnies, styled respectively, the American, District, Atlantic
and Pacific, City and Suburban, Gold and Stock, Municipal and Counting
House, and Western Union.

The city is supplied with water from the Ohio river, by means of pipes and
hydrants which convey it to all points. The Water Works are on East Front
street and are of immense capacity. They are provided with four poAverful
pumping engines, averaging a daily supply of nineteen million gallons, which
more than meets the general consumption. The reservoirs in Eden Park hold
one hundred million gallons each. The cost of the entire works is over four
million dollars. Sewers have been extensively built, some of which are four-
teen feet in diameter. The whole city is plentifully supplied with gas, the Gas
Company being a private corporation whose works and franchises are worth
six million dollars.

The Council Chamber, Police Court, and other city offices are brick buildings
situated in the City Park. The government is vested in the usual officers, the
Mayor, one Alderman and two Councilmen for each ward. The Police, in 1865,
were limited to twelve captains, twenty assistant officers, and three hundred
patrol men.

In due keeping with the rapid improvement physically and commercially of
this great city, religious, social, and intellectual life therein has been equally
progressive, as attested by the one hundred and forty-three churches of different
Christian denominations, which adorn the streets. Also, by the superior system
of Public Schools, to which was awarded the national premium at the grand
examination of such institutions, held at the Centennial celebration at Philadel-
phia in 1876. In addition to these schools, which are freely and conveniently
distributed all through the city, there are six Theological Schools, six Medical
Schools, three Commercial Colleges, three Female Colleges, and a Farmers'

7^ CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

Marray Shipley, Wm. H. Hoover, Adelbert B. Boisy, Morris S. Shipley.

Shipley, Hoover & Co.,

^W HZOLES^XjE

DHT GOODS,

ivo. 113 T»E3.ti^i2LL stje2le:e:t,

(S. E. Corner Race.)
OINOINISrA.TI. - - - OHIO.

Willimantic New Six Cord

Received Ilighest Award at the Centennial, and is pronounced by the Official Delegation
of French experts, in a report to their Grovernment,

Snterior lo tliat of Britisli lanufactnre.

For sale by all First-class Dealers, and to the Trade by

Shipley, Hoover & Co.,

J. H. & T. Jouvet, and
Wheeler & Wilson Manufacturing Co.,

College, University, Law school, Dental College and several flourishing Semi-
naries for both sexes. Eleven daily and thirty-one weekly newspapers, are pub-
lished in Cincinnati, and also three semi-monthly and forty-four monthly peri-
odicals. Among the daily papers are the Enquirer, Commercial, Gazette and
Times, which rank among the leading papers of the day.

There are twenty-three different cemetries, of which Spring Grove, near
Cumminsville, six miles from the city, is one of the most chaste and beautiful,
as well as one of the largest and most perfectly kept, of the many " cities of the
dead," so carefully cherished in our country.

Six excellent hospitals are in constant operation in Cincinnati, of which the
Commercial Hospital, (engraving annexed,) situated on the square bounded by
Central Avenue, Twelfth, Plum and Ann streets, is one of the most complete
and liberal in the United States. It has fifteen hundred beds for patients, and
entertains a daily average of two hundred and sixty-seven patients. Every
part of it has direct telegraphic communications with the Superintendent's office,
the police stations, the city offices and the branch hospital for contagious diseases,
on Vine street hill. It is managed by a board of seven Trustees, two of whom
are appointed by the Superior Court, two by the Common Pleas Court, and one
by the State Governor, while the Mayor of the city, and the Directors of tlie
City Infirmary longest in office, are ex-officio members. It is supported from the
city taxes. Pleasantly situated on a grassy hill at the corner of Lock and Sixth
streets, is the Good Samaritan Hospital, under the charge of the Sisters of
Charity, an order founded in France, in the year 1617. There is also a Found-
ling Asylum connected with the Hospital, and also managed by the Sisters.
St. Mary's Hospital, on Betts street, near Freeman, is a fine edifice, elegantly
finished both inside and out. It is conducted by the Sisters of the Poor of St.
Francis. The Jewish Hospital is on the corner of Third and Baura streets;
St. Lukes's on the south-west corner of Franklin and Broadway, and the Erup-
tive Hospital on Roh's Hill. In addition to these isLongview Asylum, wherein
" the mind diseased " is treated, and oftentimes cured. It is situated at Car-
thage, ten miles from the city proper, in a most beautiful and healthy location.
It was built in 1860, at an expense of nearly half a million dollars, and is
supported by Hamilton County. The City Infirmary is another charitable
institution, built on a farm of one hundred and sixty acres, on the Carthage
road eight miles north of Cincinnati. The buildings are spacious and comfort-
able, the farm well tilled and very productive, and the school connected with
the Infirmary, in a very flourishing condition. The House of Refuge, situated
in Mill Creek Valley, is a reform School, for unmanageable children under
sixteen years of age. It is managed by a Board of Directors, and is supported
by the city at a cost of about fifty thousand dollars annually. The City Work
House is an imposing and handsome edifice, on the Colerain turnpike. The
grounds are tastefully laid out, and adorned with plantsand trees. A large work-
shop has been added, sufficient for the employment of as many persons as the
prison will contain. It is for the reception of men and women convicted of
minor offences, and is supported by the city at an expense of about seventy-six
thousand dollars per year.

Passing from the works of charity and benevolence, and the necessary re-
formatory institutions, we find Cincinnati equally well provided with places of
amusement and objects of interest. Chief among the latter is the Zoological
Garden, which would require many papers to describe, and which must be
visited and thoroughly explored, to be appreciated as it deserves. The Tyler
Davidson Fountain, on Fifth street, is another feature among her wonders
Avhicli must be seen and studied, to be sufficiently admired. The engraving
we present, gives a view of it from the east, but it is composed of many differ-
ent parts, each of which is a gem of art in itself.

CINCINNA TI AD VEB TISEMENT.

Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad.

THE GREAT PLEASURE ROUTE TO

NEW YOM, BOSTON, PHILADELPHIA,

BALTIMORE AND WASHINGTON,
J^JL^T^ X* O I ISr 17 IB E3 -^ S T? .

100 to 275 Miles Shorter.
THE CHEAPEST AND MOST DIRECT ROUTE

Staunton, Charlottesville,

Richmond, Petershurg,

Lynchhurg, Norfolk,

Danville, Wilmington,

Savannah, Augusta,

And all Points on the Atlantic Coast.

ALSO TO THE FAR-FAMED

MINERAL SPRINGS of VIRGINIA.

The track is thoroughly and substantially built — the en-
tire Passenger equipment of the most modern and complete
construction, combining every improvement to secure the
comfort and safety of passengers, including the MILLER
PLATFORM AND BUFFER, and the WESTIJS^GHOUSE
AIR BRAKE.

B£@" MEAIiS AND BERTHS INCIuUDED OUT STEAMERS. -®a

On sale at Grand Hotel, and at 171 Walnut St., Gibson House,
Cincinnati, where all necessary information will be furnished.

CONWAY M. HOWARDf C. M. OAKLEY,

Gen. Pass, and Freight Agent, EICflMOND, VA. Western Pass. Agent, 171 Walnnt St., CISCINNATI, 0.

THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. 75

The Public Library, seen in our annexed engraving, is one of the noblest and
most comprehensive institutions of the kind in the world. It occupies a fine
stone front building on Vine street, between Sixth and Seventh, and is at once,
one of Cincinnati's greatest attractions and most worthy endowments. It is
governed by a committee of seven members appointed from the Board of Edu-
cation. It was formally opened February 26, 1874, and the whole cost of the
lot and building was slightly over four hundred thousand dollars.

The Cincinnati Music Hall, presented in our next engraving, is situated on
the site of the old Exposition building, on Elm street. It is not yet completed,
but will be ready for occupancy by the time of the approaching May Festival.
When finished, it will be a most magnificent piece of architecture of the
Gothic type.

Pike's Opera House, also represented by an engraving, is on Fourth street,
near the old Post Ofiice. It was built by Samuel N. Pike, and its interior is
very exquisitely finished and adorned, while its exterior renders it one of the
finest architectural ornaments in the city. It will seat comfortably two
thousand people, and has, upon occasion, held over three thousand.

The Grand Opera House, on the corner of Vine and Longworth streets, is a
very large and handsome theater, and affords seats for about two thousand
people. We also have Kobinson's Opera House, which is an elegant and first
class temple of the drama. Also, Wiswell's Art Gallery, on west Fourth street,
where the painter may study and dream, and the poet find constant themes for
his song.

Only a few years ago, the fire alarm sounding at midnight, was a common
occurrence in Cincinnati, and many large and disastrous conflagrations were
sustained, but with her usual energy, the city has provided her people with a
Fire Departmeijt, which has long been recognized as the most efficient in the
United States. Mr. Abel Shawk, a mechanic in Cincinnati, was the inventor
of the Steam Fire Engine, which was promptly adopted by the City Council,
and was first employed in that city. It has since been extensively introduced
in the other principal cities and towns of the United States. This invention,
connected with the Fire Alarm Telegraph, has been very successful in checking
and preventing the devastations caused by the Fire-fiend, and gives this enter-
prising city just cause to be proud of her recognition of the truly valuable in-
vention of her gifted mechanic.

The present Post Office, on the corner of Fourth and Vine sti*eets, is a large
building of sawn freestone, three stories high, and of Eoman Corinthian archi-
tecture. The space, however, is not sufficient for the proper transaction of
the Government business for that city, and hence the errection of the new
Post Office and Custom House on Fifth street, which extends from Main to
Walnut. The entire first story of this immense building will be occupied by
the Post Office Department exclusively. We present an engraving of the structure
as it is proposed, showing a superb addition to the architectural beauties of the city.
The exterior is designed in the Renaissance style, of four super-imposed orders.
The principal facade, is three hundred and fifty -four feet long, and is divided
into center and corner pavilions, connected by receeding bays. The end facades
have corner pavilions only, also connected by receeding bays. The pavilions are
strongly marked by porticoes, with full detached columns, and the divisions are
rendered more effective by large dormers and prominent roof lines at the corn-
ers, while the center pavilion terminates in an attic of two stories, and high
towering roof, one hundred and seventy feet from the ground. The walls are
of granite, and the lower story is on the Doric order of architecture, the se-
cond of a modified Ionic style, and the third and fourth of a composite charac-
ter, surmounted by a modillon ornamental cornice. The whole building will
be three hundred and fifty-four feet long, by one hundred and sixty four feet

7^ CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

Abner L. Frazer & Co.,

(Successors to JAMES A. FRAZER & CO.,)

Importers, Wholesale G-rocers

And Commission Merchants,

44 Walnut Street, CINCINNATI, O.

Particular attention paid to Orders for Groods and Consignments of Produce.
MANUFACTURER OF

PATTERNS and MODELS.

Drawings for Machinery.

Works : Nos. 196 and 198 East Front Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Metal letters for Patterns made, and always on hand.

IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS OF

Foreign Fruits, Nuts and Canned Groods.

WHOLESALE DEALERS IN CHEESE.
^3 AValnnt Street,

John & James Dobson,

PROPRIETORS OF THE

Falls of Schuylkill Carpet Mills.

PHILADELPHIA STORE, 809 and 811 Chestnut Street ; BOSTON STORE, 44 Washington
Street; NEW YORK STORE. 106 and 108 Worth Street ; CINCINNATI STORE, 107 AVest Fourth
Street-S. B. AVERY in charge.

THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. 77

wide, and four stories high, exclusive of the attic and roof stories. Beneath is
abasement, fourteen feet high, and a sub basement, ten feet high, both furnished
with light and air by an area twelve feet Avide, running entirely around the
building. The interior is most conveniently arranged, and gives accomodation
to the Custom House, United States Courts, Internal Revenue and other offices
of the Civil Government, besides the Post Office Department

The whole of this beautiful city is very closely and substantially built, the
majority of the dwelling houses being situated on the outer streets, the airy
suburbs on the surrounding hills, and in the valleys that lie between. New and
elegant structures are in daily pi'ogress, and improvements are crowding fast
upon each other. The Inclined Planes carry the " dwellers upon the hill tops"
back and forth as they list, while the street car lines form a curious network all
over the city, and the labor of each day adds to her power, wealth and beauty.
Her title of "Queen City of the West," is most appropriately bestowed, and
right royally she wears it.

COVINGTON AND CINCINNATI SUSPENSION BRIDGE.

This gigantic and ornamental structure, spanning the Ohio river and connect-
ing the two cities of Cincinnati and Covington, was projected in 1856, and
brought to final completion in 1867, at a cost of nearly one and a half millions
of dollars. As an indispensible adjunct to the convenience and commercial
interests of Ohio and Kentucky, and one of the grandest achievements in their
history, the Ohio Bridge must ever elicit the admiration and wonder of all who
behold it. Constructed of the most substantial material and in strict con-
formity with the modernized methods of bridge building, its permanency and
solidity are well assured — the passage over it of 75,000 pedestrians affords the
amplest test. Beginning with an elevation of 62 feet, 6 inches above low
water, at the approach near Front street, on the Cincinnati side, it extends
2,252 feet, with an elevation of 71 feet above low water on the Covington
side. The height of the flooring above low water in the center of the river
span is 122 feet, allowing the unobstructed passage of steamboats and river
craft. The flooring of the bridge is composed of a frame-work of wrought iron,
on which are laid planks of several thicknesses sustained by suspended wire
cables at the distance of every five feet. The roadway is 20 feet wide, contain-
ing four iron tracks, each 14 inches in width as an accommodation to different
gauges. The total width of the floor between the outside railing is 36 fegt.

The continuous elevation of the bridge presents the appearance of a finely
formed arch, descending in apparent lines over the approaches on either side.
The arch can never loose its beautiful symmetry of curvature, as it is fully
sustained and held in proper position by the substantial support afforded by the
masonry. The centre is liable to a variation of one foot higher or lower, from
atmospheric pressure, but it can not be otherwise affected. The substantiality
and durability of the bridge are attributable to the combination of iron girders
and suspension cables.

The difficulties heretofore encountered in constructing suspension bridges
have been successfully obviated in this structure. The two towers, which
greatly enhance the general beauty of workmanship, are very noticeable as
well as very useful features. Strict attention was given to the architectural
ornamentation of this bridge, as being deemed essential to the tastes and aspira-
tions of a rapidly growing community. The flooring is suspended to two cables.
Each cable is formed of 5,180 wires, constituting a cylinder of 12J- diametrical
inches. The cable wires are made to occupy positions parallel to each other,

78 CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

joh:^ hollai^d's

GOLD PENS

Have been Manufactured for over Twenty Years, and are the

BEST JLlSfD CHEAPEST.

At the Centennial Exhibition the Judges on Awards gave them the Highest Medal for "Supe-
rior Elasticity and General Excellence," as may be seen on reference to their Report. Wherever
introduced they have given general satisfaction, and are made in a large variety of shapes and
styles to suit each class of writers.

Asls T'our Stationer for tliesn.
MANUFACTORY, 19 W. FOURTH STREET,

RICHARD WOOLLEY & SONS,

Leather, Hides, Oil,

SHOE GOODS AND FINDINGS.

'Nos. 174 and 176 Main Street,

THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. 79

and of relatively undisturbed relations throughout the whole length. The sus-
penders constitute the connecting links between the cables and the floor. These
Avith only one exception, are made of wire rope, and so constructed as to bear
the immense weight of the flooring. The arrangement and general harmony
of proportion so admirably conceived and executed render this one of the most
splendid specimens of suspension bridges in any country. As contributing to
the growing demands of additional facilities for the extension of the commer-
cial relations of the two States and cities, this immense public highway has
been found of the greatest possible use and benefit. A very correct idea of the
general outlines of the bridge may be obtained from the appended cut.

THE CINCINNATI COMMERCIAL HOSPITAL.

This elegant, commodious and imposing building is located on an ex-
tensive plateau north of Twelfth street, between Central Ave. and Plum
streets, the dimensions of which are 448 by 340 feet. The grounds are
beautifully and tastefully diversified and embellished by shade trees, shrub-
bery and flowers, while a fountain dispenses its cooling and refreshing
showers and lend a healthful and invigorating influence to the surrounding
atmosphere when burning with a summer sun. The completion of this im-
mence structure was ellected in 1869, at a cost to the. city of nearly one
million ot dollars ; and in point of general attractiveness and accommodation
is unequaled by any similar institution in the country. The principal en-
trance is from the Twelfth street side.

The central portion of the bnilding has a frontage of seventy-five feet
with an extension of fifty feet to the rear, with a large hall midway between
the wings. On the first floor are the rooms occupied by the Superintendent
and hislamily, and the apothecary and dispensary, pathological museum,
reception chambers, and a physicians' library, each occupying well arranged
and convenient appartments. In the basement are rooms for storage, and
the examining department of drugs, &c. The additional facilities are a
laboratory, laundry and drying room, bath i-ooms, and cellars for various
purposes! In the second story are bed rooms for public patients, with a few
private apartments designed for the occupancy of those who can aftbrd to
pay for them.

In the third story ample provisions are made for operating and lecturing,
the immense hall afibrdiug seats for seven hundred and fifty students. As
an accessory to medical instrnction, the hospital contributes available ma-
terial, and furnishes daily practical exemplification of the various forms of
disease, and the course of treatment prescribed by able and experienced
physicians. There can be no more laudable and enduring a testimonial of
a nation's greatness and claims to civilization and refinement than the
founding of institutions for the care and relief of sufi'ering humanity. The
aim of all civilized communities should be directed to the amelioration of
the condition of their people, and the institution of asylumns for the desti-
tute and diseased. Cincinnati maintains a conspicuous and enviable posi-
tion in having so magnanimously recognized the demands of her citizens
by the construction of so systematic and thorough an institution as the
"Commercial Hospital." The accompanying illustration presents a very
truthful deliniation of the building, which is built of brick with^copings of
freestone. The whole structure is covered by a mansard roof of ornamental
slate. The dome and spire of the front section attain a height of one
hundred and ten feet and add considerably to the general appearance of
the stupendous and harmoniously arranged architectural proportion.

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

Manufacturer and Wholesale Dealer in

CIDER, CIDER VINEGAR,

GINGEE ALE AND
Mineral Water*

Also, Sole Proprietor and Man-
ufacturer of

E. i^. OOISTHDIT'S

ORIGINAL RECIPE

TABLE SAIE,

IJeneral Commission Merchant.
SSr, 3SQ, SQl, SQS & S9S AV- Third St.,
OI2^TOIIs^3S^^TI, OHIO.

Highest Premium Awarded, for E. R. Gondii's Table Sauce, at the
Cincinnati Industrial Exposition, 1874.

GEO. STAGEY.

HENRY RANSHAW.

WM. STAGEY.

Gas Holder Works and Foundry.

Hos. 33, 3S, 37 and 39 M St., ani Nos. 10, IS, 20, 22, 2i and 20 Samsej St.,

MANUFACTURERS OF

m loum. on tms. m idofs. ietorts.

Mouth Pieces, Hydraulic Mains, Condensers, Purifiers, Dry-
Centre Yalves, Coke Crushers, and all kinds of Wrought
and Cast iron work used in the construction of Gas
and Water Works, Bridges for Rail Roads and
other purposes; Wrought and Cast Iron
Joists for Buildings; Bridge Bolts,
Jails and Cells, Etc., Etc., Etc,

REFER TO:-Cincinnati Gas Light & Coke Co.; Peoria, 111., Gas Co.: Dayton, 0., Gas Co.;
Kansas City, Mo., Gas Co.; Nashville, Tenn., Gsis Co.; Indianapolis Gas Light Co.; Covington,
Ky., Gas Light Co.; Terre Haute, Ind., Gas Light Co.; Saginaw, Mich., Gas Light Co.; Burling-
ton, Iowa, Gas Light Co.

THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. 81 '

THE FOUNTAIN.

The Tyler Davidson Fountain, one of the finest works of art in the United
States, and the crowning glory of Cincinnati, is situated in the very heart of
the city, on Fifth street between Vine and Walnut. It was the munificent
gift of Henry Probasco, Esq., as a memorial of his late brother-in law, INIr.
Tyler Davidson, in whose honor it was named. The presentation of this beau-
tiiful object had long occupied the thoughts of its originator, but a letter from
him, dated at Palermo, Sicily, February 15, 1867, addressed to the Honorable
C. F. Wilstach, then Mayor of Cincinnati, contained the first public announce-
ment of the project. The square upon which the Fountain stands was then the site
of the old Fifth street Market House, a very useful and time honored institution,
the removal of which required no small amount of determination, ingenuity and
perseverance, the opposition thereto being most obstinate and protracted. Another
important obstacle was the difficulty of finding a suitable design, the usual array
of Water Nymphs, Sea Gods, and aquatic birds and beasts, Ijeing altogether too
antiquated and common-place for this princely undertaking. For this purpose,
therefore, Mr. Probasco, visited Munich, and through the kindly assistance oi
Colonel Ferdinand Von Muller, Director of the Royal Bronze Foundry in
Bavaria, he succeeded in obtaining a set of drawings made by August Von
Kreling, the son-in-law of Kaulbach, while in the zenith of his fame. They
represented the many different uses and blessing of water by most appro-
priate and beautiful symbols, full of the poetical spirit of the German style.
These drawings were peculiarly suited for the purpose, and were faithfully
transformed into the graceful and lifelike figures represented in the accompany-
ing engravings, the first of which presents a full view of this noble creation as
seen from the east, including the great basin and the four exterior figures adorn-
ing the drinking fountains, together with the park and the trees which border
either side. The beautiful dark porphyry, of which the heavy circular rim of
the great basin and the massive base of the fountain, are formed, was quarried
and polished in Weisenstadt, Upper Franconia. while the bronze used in the
work was cast from cannon purchased from the Danish Government. The
square pedestal is ornamented with four figures in bas-relief, representing four
of the principal uses of water ; viz. : the Fisheries, embodied by a group of fish-
ermen with their children ; Navigation, expressed by a steamboat just em-
barking, the wharf filled with admiring spectators ; Steam, typified by grimy
machinists working a trip-hammer which is propelled by an engine and water-
power, beautifully illustrated by a number of farmers carrying their corn to a
wate)--mill. Our second engraving is of the great central figure, the Genius of
Water, a statue of a majestic female, standing with arms extended, shower-
ing from her outstretched hands, a plentiful supply of the blessing for which
those below seem entreating. Her face is toward the East, her head in-
clined forward, and her countenance full of benevolence. This figure is nine feet
high, and weighs two tons, each hand weighing ten pounds and containing four
hundred and thirty eight holes through which the water is thrown, two hund-
red and forty-eight in the palm, twenty-two in the thumb, forty-six in the fore-
finger, forty-five in the middle finger, forty-seven in the ring finger,' and thirty in
the little finger.

Our next engraving presents the eastern front of the upper basin, the figures
on which are a mother and child. They are about entering the bath, the child
being entirely nude, and the mother partially so, for she modestly holds a gar-
ment about her form until she steps into the water. Her face is of the Teuton
style of beauty, and full of vivacious life as she gently but firmly guides to the
water, the reluctant child, who in pretty wilfulness, winds his little arm about
hers and tries to stay her steps, looking coaxingly up into her face while he

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

Anderegg & Roth,

FOEH and BEEF FACEEES,

Nos. 321 and 323 Freeman Street,

CINCINNATI, OHIO.

CURERS "DOVE BRANDS' SUGAR CURED HAMS.

Dried Beef, Breakfast Bacon & Shoulders,

THOS. S. SMITH,

MANUFACTURER OF

T110S.S. Mil's Iron and Steel Perforatii.

Also, Manufacturer of

and Screens for Milling and Mining
Machinery,

137, 139 Si lil E. PEAEL ST., CINCINNATI, 0-

Smut Screens, Grain Screens, Ore Screens, Win-
dow Guards, Tree Boxes, Nuts and Washers, Rail-
road Nut Locks, Bed Keys, Chain Links, &c., always
on hand. Gratings, Railings and other metal
punched for the Trade at Lowest Rates.

THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. 83

makes his unavailing protest. The modeling of the limbs is exquisite, especially
that of the mother's right arm, foot and ankle; the posturing is excellent even
the apparent constraint of the mother's left arm is really natural, considering the
duty it pel-forms, and the contest she holds with the little rebel.

Turning to the next illustration, we behold a very different scene. The north-
ern front shows the peaceful homestead in danger — the roof on fire and the
flames rapidly gaining upon the heroic efforts of the father, whose last supply
of water has been despairingly dashed upon them, only to be licked hungrily
up by their blazing tongues, which now dart fiercely at him as if possessed by
an insatiable thirst that must be quenched with blood if not with water. His
only refuge left is prayer, and he stands upon the roof of his dwelling, in fer-
vent supplication to Heaven for the speedy coming of the saving, precious rain.
His attitude is admirably expressive of strength and fortitude, self reliant so far
as human power can avail, hni that failing, has appealed to Him who is " an
ever present help in time of need." Heathen philosophy has not so deadened
his soul, that he can only fold his arms and smile in bitter derision of the fate
which threatens him, or cast himself upon his face and hopelessly await his
doom. The fervent face upturned, the brawny arm uplifted, the empty and
noAv useless bucket in his hand, all speak the language of the last great hope on
which his heart is stayed.

The central group on the western front, is portrayed in the next engraving
of the aged pilgrim seated upon a rock receiving from his daughter a cup of
cold sparkling water. His left hand grasps his faithful cane, while his right
holds the vessel to his lips as he eagerly quaffs the refreshing draught.^ The
maiden's attitude betrays her kinship to her charge, for never could a hireling
or stranger adopt the tender grace of her manner as she bends over the old man,
one hand resting on his shoulder, and the other still holding the pitcher which
she has filled at the fountain. Her face is said to be in the likeness of Kreling's
daughter, but the general character of the conception partakes more of the
Oriental, than of the German style. This, however, only illustrates the happy
diversity which characterize German art, extending itself into German poetry
and forming one of the chief attractions of the works of the immortal Goethe.
This group is beautifully expressive of that reverence for age, which is peculiar
to the German people, and in which they greatly resemble the Hebrews and
Arabians.

Looking upon the Southern group, represented in our next engraving, we
again come upon a scene in which the want of water is depicted. The earth
is parched by a summer drouth, and the farmer stands beside his idle plow,
imploring Heaven for relief His head is bared in devout reverence, his face
uplifted in sad enti-eaty, while his hand still holds a withering branch from his
grape-vine. His dog stands near him with drooping head and lolling tongue.
His broad breast and his sinewy legs below the knee are bared, while his whole
appearance is that of one weakened and exhausted from intense heat. Still, like
his northern brother, he knows where to look for help, and feebly but trust-
fully turns to Him who "tempers the wind to the shorn lamb."

These four are the principal figures which adorn this unique work, and most
ably represent the appropriate and exquisite design of the great master, which
show that his fame was justly earned by long and faithful study of his subjects. The
eastern and western groups express the blessings of water, while the northern
and southern figures vividly portray its use and necessity to all the earth and
its inhabitants.

Besides these, the niches of the Fountain are filled with delicate statuettes,
formed from drawings by the same artist brain which conceived the others, and
which seems to have been imbued with that elegant taste which is displayed in
the grand old cathedrals we find in Spain, Italy, France and Bavaria, in which

SJf

GINOIi^NATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

BUEU A VISTA EXCELSIOR FREE-STOHE WORKS.

JOHN M. MUELLER, Proprietor.

Front Street, bet. Oas Works & Miill Street,

CI]\CI1\IVATI, OHIO.

BLOCK, SAWED AND CUT FREE-STONE, for Building purposes, constantly
on hand, or furnished at short notice

I am the Sole Proprietor of the California Free-Stone Quarry, situated near Buena Vista, Sciota Co., O.,
and I have leased other good Quarries in that vicinity. My Stone, for durability and beauty, is the best
ever brought to this city, IT EXCELS OTHER STONE IN EVERY RESPECT. I here refer Builders,
Contractors and Stone Cutters to the following buildings, which exhibit the stone in attestation of what I
state, viz: Mr. H. W. Derby's building, on corner Third and Walnut streets; Messrs. Mark & King's
building, on Pearl street, between Main and Walnut; The National Theatre building, on Sycamore street,
between Third and Fourth ; Mr. Netter's dwel'ing house, on Eighth street, between Vine and Race; Fire-
men's Insurance Building, corner Front and Main streets; six Store Houses, adjoining the same; A. Wolf
& Bro.'s building, on Vine street, between Pearl and Columbia; five Store Houses,°on,corner Pearl and
Race streets; Mr. S. S. Boyle's building, on Columbia street, between Sycamore and Broadway; Catholic
Institute Building, corner Vine and Longworth streets; Evans * Co. 's new Banking House, on Third
street, between Vine and Walnut ; Kuhn, Netter & Co.'s new Clothing House building, corner Vine and
Third streets; D. M. Marsh's building, on Dayton street, between Linn and Cutter ; B. Simon's dwelling
house, on Eighth street, between Vine and Walnut; S. S. Cooper, Geo. W. Cochran. J. F. Cunningham,
Harvey Decamps' dwelling houses, on Fourth street, between Smith and Park ; Jacob W- Holenshade,
four dwelling houses, on Fourth and Park streets. I keep constantly on hand a large quantity of Stone,
which I am prepared to sell ; and with my improved facilities for Quarrying and Shipping, I can supply
dealers with what they may want without delay. Please call and examine the Stone.

ORDERS will receive PROMPT and CLOSE attention. Terms reasonable and satisfactory. All letters
should be addressed to me. Post-ofifice Box, No. 592 Cincinnati, O.

JOHN M. MUELLER.

EUEEKA CO-OFESATIVE

Foundry Association.

MANUFACTURERS OF

MARBELIZED IRON MANTELS

—AND—

EMielei Urates.

123, 125, 127 & 129

GEST STREET,

CINCINNATI, O.

JOHN W. ROBINSON. THOS. G. ROBINSON.

WM. L. ROBINSON.

J. W. & T. G. ROBINSOIT,

Planing Mill

AND BOX FACTORY.

CiifSiCIORSyillLDSfiS.

123, 125 and 127 CARR ST., opp. 7th,

CI MCI VN ATI, - OHIO.

MANUFACTURERS OF

Mill Work, Flooring, Wenther-Boarding, {iash,
Doors, Blinds, &c.

THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. 85

every niche and corner is converted into a miniature shrine for some saint, by
whose image it is occupied. Following this idea, the niches of the Fountain
are graced with the figures of innocent and happy children, each subject illus-
trating some use of water, and some childish way of using it. The niche at
the south east corner of the pedestal forms the retreat of a merry little maiden,
who sits with her feet crossed on the stones gazing into the water below. In
true feminine fashion, she has decked her hair with flowers, and is now twining
a necklace of beads about her throat. Her position is charmingly graceful,
while her face is full of innocent delight as she contemplates the pretty reflec-
tion in the water.

In the niche on the north-east corner, sits a bold handsome fisher boy, he
has caught a lobster in his net, and holds it up to view in childish triumph.
The lobster is distinctly fashioned, while the figure of the boy is full ot power
and spirit. He is entirely naked except for the net which forms a happy drap-
ery and liis childish limbs are beautifully rounded.

The niche on the north-west corner is the shrine of a little girl holding a sea-
shell to her ear. Her dainty form, lovely face, and charming attitude, full of
infantile wonder and joy as she eagerly listens to the " song of the shell," com-
bine to render this figure the most poetical and beautiful of all. No mother
can see it and not fall in love with the little conchologist.

On the south-west corner, the niche contains a sturdy boy, wrapped in furs
and busily engaged in strapping on his skates. The right foot is satisfactorily
prepared, but there is trouble with the left, and he has it crossed upon his knee
as he patiently tightens the buckles. His face is as grave and earnest as if it
were a matter of life and death, but let him be once equipped, and the glit-
tering ice will know no swifter foot or merrier heart.
The next four engravings represent the four bronze drinking fountains stationed
upon the outside rim of the great basin, and which form a most grateful conve-
nience to the thirsty passers by. The design for these was furnished by Colonel
Von Muller, in addition to that of Kreling's. The first represents a youth
seated upon a dolphin, through the mouth of which flows the clear water. The
youth is most symmetrically modeled, and admirably portrays strength in re-
pose. This figure embellishes the south-east corner, while the opposite point is
adorned with a youth i*n a kneeling position holding in his right arm a struggling
duck, and with his left hand grasping another by the neck, from whose open
bill flows the limpid stream.

Upon the south-west corner is another youth, in combat with a snake which
has twisted itself about his right leg. Seizing it firmly with his right hand, he
draws back his left, in which he holds a stone with which to destroy the reptile.
His form is the embodiment of muscular strength, and his face expresses deter-
mination and courage. In the meantime, however, the snake reverses its char-
acter, and instead of a curse become a benefactor to mankind, and pours forth
its quota of the fresh sparkling liquid.

On the north-west corner still another youth appears. He is sitting on a
tortoise, which also forms an involuntary contributor of the blessed fluid. This
piece of sculpture, like its opposite, is full of life and power, and exquisitely
portrays the action of those which are brought into play.

These four figures prove the fidelity with which Colonel Von Muller has
studied the original design, and the care with which he has followed its idea
in every detail. He superintended the erection of the fountain in 1871, and
gave the necessary, careful and explicit instructions regarding the manner of
cleaning the bronze and the tubes, and directions for turning ofi" the water at the
proper temperature. When the Exposition was in progress the water was some-
times turned ofi" from the fountain in order to insure a full supply on Elm street
in case of fire. On the 6th of October, 1871, in the presence of an immense

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENT.

Alfred White,

IMPORTER OP

SCOTCH GRANITE

AND ITALIAN MARBLE,

And. JMa.nufactiTrei:' of"

American Gfranite Monnnients,

Nos. 251, 253, 255 & 257 WEST FIFTH STREET,

c::JiaNrc:Jinxr]xrja.Ti, o.

The finest and Cheapest place in the
United States to buy.

THE CITY OF QINCINNATI. 87

multitude of visitors and citizens, the Fountain was unveiled with appropriate
music and ceremonies. In its history, the following statistics of its dimensions
and cost were given. The esplanade or park is four hundred feet long and
sixty feet wide, its price was seventy-five thousand dollars, which was paid by
the city. The height of the Fountain is thirty-eight feet above the esplanade;
the outer diameter of the gi-eat basin is forty-three feet, the inner, thirty-eight
feet. The weight of the porphyry used in the base and basin, is eighty -five tons,
and that of the bronze in the fountain, twenty-four tons. A subterranean
apartment, twelve feet deep and ten feet square forms the cooling chamber for
the water of the drinking fountains. Its walls are covered by two thousand
feet of pipe, and the chamber is filled, at intervals, with ice. The total cost
of the Fountain was one hundred and five thousand dollars.

THE PUBLIC LIBRARY.

The projection and successful establishment of this great "Literary
Repositor3^," may well be regarded as one of the most laudable in Cincin-
nati's record of achievements. This elegant, commodious and systematic
institution, designed to contribute useful and instructive reading facilities to
the public, has, within the past decade, attained its present high standard and
enviable position among the great libraries of the country. In 1844 the Public
Schools of the cit}^ possessed a miscellaneous assortment of books, which
were so promiscuously placed as to require much time in collecting. This
was, however, effected in 1855; and in the year following a union with the
Mechanics' Institute was arranged and the collection delivered into the
custody of that body. During this year, 1856, a legislative enactment,
providing for the levy and collection of one-tenth of a mill for the suste-
nance of public libraries, was promulgated : a measure eventuallj^ necessi-
tating more extensive accommodation; in September 1868, the property
now occupied by this institution, and on which a building for another pur-
pose was then in process of erection, was bought for $86,910. The dimen-
sions of this lot are 80 feet front, extending 190 feet back from Vine to Col-
lege street. The cost of the building to the 26th of February, 1874, when
admission to the public was granted, was $296,684.53. To include expendi-
tures for actual requisites since, would sum up totally over $400,000. The
affairs of the Library are regulated and controlled b}^ a committee of seven
delegated from the Board of Education. In exterior beauty, the Public
Library will compare with any in America, while its interior arrangement
is a model of accuracy and neatness . To the left, as you enter, is the Lib-
rarian's office, the oflBce of the Superintendent of Public Instruction being
on the right. The Delivery Room where the books are dealt out to appli-
cants from 8 A. M. to 10 P. M., daily, is a spacious apartment with tesse-
lated marble flooring, containing delivery counters and comfortable seats. A
handsome stairway conducts j^ou to the reading and consulting room (see des-
criptive cut) which is free to all well behaved persons, who may occupy their
time in reading and study during prescribed hours. Above are the niches for the
books, the room devoted to art, the binding department, &c. The number
of volumes on hand to the end of February, 1878, was 95,215; the number
of pamphlets, 10,892. The usage of books and periodicals during the year
1876, including the first two months of 1877, amounted to 196,87) ; in 1877,
including the months of January and February 1878, to 220,112 — a gain of
23,241. Constant additions of careful selections are being made; and the
design and aim of this estimable enterprise will have been reached to the

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

ESTABLISHEO

lS3a.

Thos. Gibson & Co.,

PLUMBERS,

IMPORTERS & DEALERS IN

Plvmbers' Supplies,

SOO Vine Street, Cinciimati, O.

A full line of Bath Tubs, Circulating Iron Bath Beilers, Water Closets, Wash Stands,
Iron and Brass Force and Lift Pumps, Sheet Lead and Lead Pipe, Cast and Wrought
Iron Pipe, Stonewai-e, Drain and Sewer Pipe, Kubber Hose, Hose Eeels, Fountains, &c.
always on hand. Hot and Cold Water introduced into private dwellings and publie
buildJDgs in the neatest and most approved manner.

CINCINNATI

Lead Pipe & Sheet Leai Works,

ESTABLISHED 1852.

Nos. 17 & 19 East Ninth St., Cincinnati, 0.

"W. <& J. B. aiBSOlT,

Manufacturers of Lead Pipe, Sheet Lead,
Block Tin Pipe and Solder, and deal-
ers in all kinda of Plumb-
ers' Supplies.

Established November 1838.

J. M. McCullough's Son,

SEED MERCHANT,

General dealer in Seeds, Grain, Onian Seti,
Fertilizers, Implements, &c.

No. 136 Walnut Street,

CINCINNATI, O.

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN

China, Earthenware, Foreign and Domestic Glass,

'FJ^^lSTGT C3-OOX)S,

SILVER PLATED A^^ARE

And House Furnishing Goods.

139 W. Fourlh St. CINCIIVMTI, OHIO.

THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. 89

honor and pride of the people of Cincinnati. The capacity of the Library
is 300,000 volumes. Presuming upon present statistics, a few years will sup-
ply the deficit, and render the "Public Library of Cincinnati," equal to, if
not larger than any in the country.

THE CINCINNATI MUSIC HALL.

The magnificent conception by which Cincinnati will obtain the most splendid
Music Hall in the country, was engendered by the popular musical festivals
of 1873, and 1875. Mr. Reuben R. Springer, the projector with his character-
istic and noble generosity and public-spirited enterprise submitted to Mr. John
Shillitoa proposition of conditional import for the purpose of erecting a suita-
ble building to be devoted to musical and exposition purposes, in which he
agreed to contribute $125,000, provided a similar amount would be subscribed
by the citizens. Mr. Springer enjoined, as one of the stipulations of his pro-
position, that the lot on Elm, corner of Fourteenth Street, be obtained from
the city for a moderate rental and free from taxation, for the continued accom-
modation of an incorporated association.

The enthusiastic recognition of this movement resulted in the speedy dele-
gation of subscription committees by the Chamber of Commerce, Board of Trade,
Ohio Mechanics' Institute and Cincinnati Musical Festival Association. The
exposition feature, however, being by some of the interested parties deemed
subservient to the interests of the Music Hall, induced loud complaints and de-
cided objections. Pending this unfortunate agitation of the question, subscrip-
tions were but tardily received. The difficulty was, through the munificence of
Mr. Springer successfully obviated, he making an additional proflfer of $50,000
to be paid as soon as $125,000 was raised by the citizens — inspiring renewed
hope and exertion, and the prosecution of the plan was assiduously conducted.
A report of the Committee placing $106,031, at the disposal of the Associ-
ation, preparations for the building were instituted. A Convocation of the
subscribers resulted in their assembling in College Hall, December 1st, 1875,
and December 8th, pursuant to the understanding of the Committee, the Cin-
cinnati Music Hall Association was incorporated with a capital fund of $1,000,
apportioned in divisions of $20, to be controlled by the stockholders appointed
by the subscribers. The draft of incorporation was made, and on the 18th of
December, ratified by the signatures of Reuben R. Springer, John Shillito,
Joseph Longworth, Josiah Kirby, Robert Mitchell, Alfred Gaither, and others,
and submitted to the Secretary of State.

Regarding the use of the Hall, the exactions are "For musical festivals, expo-
sitions of art and industry, fairs, conventions or public meetings, and such
other entertainments as may not be prohibited by law, and as in the judgment
of the Trustees may not be improper to be held in such Hall, &c." After the
inspection and refusal of the designs of various contesting architects, the matter
was adjusted by the adoption of those of Messrs Hannaford and Procter, of
this city, September 9th, 1876. An accurate idea of this elegant design is
handsomely conveyed by the subjoined illustration.

In order to finish the building in time for the musical festival in May, 1878,
active measures were adopted, and the progress has been rapid and satisfactory.
The mildness of the past winter has greatly facilitated the undertaking, and
the building is well advanced — the roofing and slating being well-nigh comple-
ted. It is fair to presume that the next musical festival will be held in the
Hall, as it will be ready for occupancy, if not wholly completed by that time.

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

A SAVING OF FIFTY (50) PER CENT.

BY TJSiisra-

H.F.RICHTER'S

PATENT REMOVABLE

Blank Book Cover.

SEND FOR CIRCULAR.

BLANK BOOKS

OP ANY DESIRED PATTERN

]m:^^i3e to ok^i>er^.

Nq. 17 W. Eighth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.

BOOK, ATTACHING COVER.

WM. WUSTROW'S

(On Carthage Road, near St. Bernard.)

4 1 MILES FROM THE CITY.

SHOOTING GROUND FOR

D. FOERSTEH,

MANUPACTUEKR OP

Six Ten Pin Alleys,

Two Dancing Halls, etc..
Finest Restaurant,

on European plan.

Best kind of Refrcshmonts
at the Bar.

The most pleasant Summer resort around
Cincinnati. Strangers visiting the city, will
find the best Driving Roads by the way of Cum-
minsville, Spring Grove Cemetery, Chester
Park (rawj* ground), or Zoological Garden, St.
Bernard, to the place.

Cracl[ers & Biscuits.

THE ORIGINAL

FOEIiSTEP^'^

LBHON CmCEEIS

94 West Second Street,

CINCINNATI,

OHIO.

THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. 91

The beautiful and imposing character, of this stupendous edifice accords it a
high position of architectural merit. The Gothic order somewhat improved
from the old standard, lends it an artistic and charming effect. The material
used is a pressed brick of fine finish and fresh appearance, substantially laid,
with ornamental tiling of variegated coloring. The harmonious arrangement
of a succession of buildings is happily conceived, and greatly conduces to
its attractiveness. The entire frontage on Elm street, occupies 372 feet, 4
inches. The extent of the building, from Elm to Plum street, is 293 feet. The
greatest elevation is the pinnacle of the front gable, which reaches an altitude
of 150 feet. The north building will be devoted to exhibitions of machinery.
There will be three art galleries in the third stories, arranged after the order of
the South Kensington Museum. The south building, of dimensions similar to
the north building, will consist of only two stories, with a third story on the
east. The two buildings are computed to cost $144,800. The Music Hall proper
will occupy the central position.

Stone steps will afford approach to a stone platform of twelve feet in width,
running the whole extent of the front with the exception of the space occupied
by the towers. There will be five entrances intervening and affording ingress
to the grand hall, which comprises 46 by 112 feet, with an elevation of 41 feet,
intercepted by a balcony extending around it. The main hall will be 112 feet
broad by 192 feet long. The auditorium will be allowed 112 by 56 feet, in-
cluding 50 by 30 feet which will be occupied by the organ. This immense
platform, it is said, will afford accommodation for 560 singers and a moderate
sized orchestra. Extending along the sides of the main hall there will be corri-
dors eighteen feet wide. Stairways of stone and iron, at convenient points will
lead to and from the corridors. Paneling of tulip wood will be used for the
walls and ceiling of the concert hall.

The Grand Organ, one of the most splendid in the world, will be placed at
the rear of the auditorium. The total number of stops in the organ will be 94,
Avith 6,189 pipes and twelve pedals. The organ was built by Messrs. E. and G.
G. Hook & Hastings of Boston. Its supposed cost will reach $30,000, Mr.
Springer contributed to this separate feature $5,000. Tlirough the philanthro-
pic projection and princely endowment of Mr. Springer, and the dilligent co
operation of the people of Cincinnati, this commendable and highly honorable
achievement will ever serve as a fitting reward for their zealous efforts, as being
the pride of the city and the admiration of the world.

THE CINCINNATI FIRE DEPARTMENT.

As an institution of acknowledged efficiency and superior management, the
Cincinnati Fire Department has ever maintained a high standard, and to-day
ranks second to none in the country. As an important branch of municipal
government in affording protection to life and property, too much attention can
not be given this necessary adjunct, and popular demand has been fully met in
the judicious and well regulated administration of this department in Cincinnati.
The accompanying illustration portrays with all the force and sublimity of the
weird and picturesque scene the circumstances attendant upon a night alarm.
The velocity with which the fire engine is transported to the scene of the con-
flageration by the flying steeds who seemingly evince by their maddening speed
the necessity of haste ; while the eager crowd in motley groups assemble and
hurry along in the direction of the burning building, form very striking repre-
sentations. The solemn tolling of the bells and the cries of " fire," in commin-
gled sounds arouse th© sleeping city, and anxious hearts are beating with a

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

Albion Hotel,

(Bet. 4th and 5th.)

CINCINNATI,©.

ON THE

American & European Plan.

J. S. & A. C. GOLDTRAP,

Proprietors.

New building, centrally lo-
cated, accessible to places of
Amusement. Street Cars
passing the door. A delight-
fully cool Hotel. Guests are
shown every attention.

RATES, ONLY $1.50 PER DAY.

Atlantic Garden.

This delightful Restaurant and Beer Garden
is located at

246 VINE STREET,

WHEBB CAN ALWAYS BE POUND

Fresh Cool Lager Beer,

CHOICE WINES & CIGARS, AND

A TABLE FOR THE GODS

Visitors will find no pa ns spared to add to
their comfort in the Eating and Drinking line.

FRED. ROCS,

Proprietor.

TO WESTERN

EMIGRANTS!

For maps, railroad time tables, land circu-
culars, land exploring tickets, low rates ou
household goods and stock, and reliable infor-
mation relative to the

"WES ST,

Call on or address,

General Emigration Agent, Northwest corner
Fourth and Vine streets, directly opposite the
Post-office, Cincinnati, 0.

To Zand Buyers, a WMEE RIJ>E over land,
grant roads.

I am the only agent east of the Mississippi
river acting under appointment received from
Governors of Western States. My duties are to
see that you get reliable information and the
best possible rates on transportation.

Don't fail to call on or write to me before
making any arrangements relative to moving
your people or property.

*«ri make no charges for services.

THE CITY OF CINCINNATI.

nameless dread — but confidence and hope resume their sway Avhen morning
heralds proclaim that no lives are lost and but little damage been sustained by
the property owner ; and this is due to the prompt and gallant conduct of the
fire department. How must the hearts of the brave defenders of the lives and
property of the citizens swell with the proud reflection of having been instru-
mental in staying the hand of the demon — Fire !

THE CINCINNATI GYMNASIUM.

This beautiful building, constructed of
light freestone in graceful design, occu-
pies a front of seventy feet wide on Fourth
^W between Vine and Race streets. The inte-
rior is handsomely and tastefully arranged
and px'ovided with all the necessary ap-
^purtenances to physical exercise and cul-
^ ture. The main exercising hall is a comm-
I odious and splendid apartment in the se-
jcond story, one hundred and twenty feet
long, forty-five feet wide, and thirty-eight
I feet high, Avell lighted and properly venti-
lated, and containing every requisite for
f the convenience and comfort of the mem-
% bers. As a medium of recreation and
pleasure from the restraints, cares and
confinement of business and labor, while
obviating the serious consequences to
health attendant upon sedentary occupa-
tion and habit, a great desideratum has
been attained. The commendable and
thoroughly systematic institution'embraces all the essentials of a school for the
exercise, training and development of the physical organism, and as such is well
worthy the support and encouragement of the public. The accompanying illus-
trations convey a very correct and adequate idea of both the front and interior
arrangements. As one of the prominent features of the " Queen City," the
Gymnasium is well deserving of notice, and visitors to the city should not fail
to inspect it.

• THE NEW POST OFFICE AND CUSTOM HOUSE.

To meet the exactions of an increase of postal and custom-house business,
an elegant and commodious building is now being erected — the exterior view
of which is truthfully presented in the accompanying illustration. Work on
this building was commenced in April, 1874, and it will be prosecuted as rap
idly as Congressional appropriations will allow.- The estimated cost is $4,
000,000, and three years more will be required for its completion. The ground
on which the building will be located embraces a frontage on Fifth street, from
Walnut to Main, of 361^ feet, extending back 167 10-12 feet to Patterson
alley. The design, of beautiful conception, embodies a happy blending of the
Doric and Ionic orders of architecture, which will result, in its execution, in a
triumph of the art.

The foundation and sub basement will be of solid limestone ; the basement

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS.

LOUIS STIX, 13 & 15 White Street. New York.

Louis Stix & Co.,

Wholesale Dealers in

DRY GOODS,

XTotiozis, diO.

COR, IHIED, EACE MD IHIOH STREETS,

CINCINNATI, O.

Lea, Sterrett & Co.,

28 West Third St.,

CINCINNATI^ - OHIO.

Buy and Sell Stocks, Bonds and
Gold on margins, at New York
Stock Exchange.

H. H, MILLER.

W. E. MILLER.

H. H. MILLER & CO..

PRODUCE

Commission Merchants,

And wholesale dealers in Flour, Grain,

Hay, Green & Dried Fruit, Clover

and Timothy Seeds, &c.

NO. 8 W. FEONT ST., CINCINNATI, O.

Particular attention given to the pureliasing
and shipping such articles as can be procured in
this market.

REFERENCE— Commercial Bank, Cincinnati,
Merchants' National Bank, Pt. Pleasant, W. Va.

D. W. MILLER & CO.,

WHOLESALE

Carriage Manufacturers

Of First and Second Class Work,

Cor. St. CLAIR & GANO Sts.,

Cincinnati, 0.

FOK,

Stflislillats&FineFurs!

WE SELL AT POPULAR PRICES.
262 West Fifth Street,

CINCINNATI, 0.

NE\VERA !

A. ERKENBEECflER'S

BON-TON

S jC .a R G Hy

IN POUND PACKAGES.

ciiiffipi;

CHARLES SCHOENHALS, Proprietor,

MANUFACTURERS OF

THE ORIGINAL

Turkish Bath Soap.

Also of Castile, Superior Barber, Transpar-
ent and Toilet Soaps generally.

897 CENTRAL AVENUE,

CINCINNATI. OHIO.

HARRY D. SMITH.

FRED. A. SMITH.

Harry D. Smith & Co.,

MANUFACTURERS OF

im.

Dealers in Foreign Fruits, Canned Goods,

&c. Also agents for Sporting and

Blasting Powder,

S6 & ^S M:aiii Street,

CINCINNATI, OHIO.

Clendale Fexnale College,

One of the most flourishing institutions in the West, founded in 1854; in successful operation,
and furnishing the best facilities in all departments. Glendale is fifteen miles north of Cincinnati, and is
so connected with several lines of railroad as to give it superior advantages as to accessibility. It Is on the
Great Trunk Line from Cincinnati to Davtoa, over which the Cincinnati, Hamilton <fe Indianapolis ; Cin-
cinnati, Richmond & Chicago ; Cincinnati," Dayton & Toledo ; and Atlantic & Great WesternjKailroads pass.
These roads give it easy communication with all the great lines of travel connecting with Cincinnati in
everv direction. The village is remarkably healthy, has one of the most elevated sites in the Miami
Valley, and has never been visited by any epidemic diseases common elsewhere. A better location could
not be selected for a Female College. It is a beautiful and attractive place, first laid out by an association
of gentlemen from Cincinnati as a suburban village, now the home of Christian families, and surrounded
bj' wholesome moral, social and religious influences.

The reputation of Glendale Female College, for thoroughness in scholarship, without the parade so
common in Female Boarding Schools, for its single and uniform curriculum of study, requiring, without
e.xception, the same scheme of mental discipline of all its graduates, and thereby giving assurance to the
world as to what its Diploma signifies, the methods adopted to secure a faithful use of time and good habits
of study its SPECIAL home-like and family intfluences and its long continuance undek the
SAME GENERAL SUPERINTENDENCE, have secured for it a patronage of the best and most stable charac-
ter No institution of the kind in the W^st has had so large a proportion of the daughters of teachers, pro-
fessors, presidents of coPeges and distinguished educators. Madame Caroline Rive, so well known every-
where for her skill as an instructor, is at the head of the Musical Department, and divides her labors with
other m'lsic teachers of the highest qualifications- The departments of Drawing, Painting, the Modern
Languages, &c., are filled by teachers of experience and high culture. The President has been connected
with" the Institution through all the yea --s of its past history, and applies his experience of more than
twenty-five years as a practical teacher in conducting its management and selecting competent and faith-
ful assistants. The attention of the public is respectfully invited to a consideration of the claims of the
Institution. For Catalogues and Circulars address REV. L. D. POTTER, D. D., President

Glendale, Ohio.

MANUFACTURER AND

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN

FURNITURE,

IVo. ISO W^EST FIFTH STHLEET,

CINCINNATI, O.

Elastic Joint

£B.oxr

Manufactured anri _=^^^
jold by us in all parts _:H=

FZRE,

Wind & Water Proof

ElSIIiY APPLIED.

Contraction and Ez.
v\. pj? nsiou fully provided

NO SOLDER,

of the conntry, fromr'>^ "^ -- ■^
Texas to Minnesota,fi>> ^^— -=««
for the past

Eighiteen Tears.

Boxed ready for
Sliipping.

Drders Proiaptly Filled.
CALBWSLL & CO.

130 W« Second St.

CINCINNATI.

Send for Circular.

THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. 95

and pedestals of the first story of red granite from Missouri ; and the su^Der-
structure of gray granite from Main. Cement will be used in laying the brick
work. An area of from 8 to 11 feet wide will enclose the building, and furnish
ventelation and light to the lower rooms ; while above the first story, the interior
space will be an open area — an exceptional and hitherto unknon feature in the
construction of buildings here. The first story, including a basement of 15 4 12
feet, will have an altitude of 27 3-12 feet ; the second story, 22 3-12 feet. The
entire walls will be supported by iron girders and columns. The building will
comprise five stories and two basements, and will afford ample and convenient
accommodation for the transaction of all business appertaining to the custom-
house and post office departments. The addition of this magnificent building
requsite to the extenson and growth of Cincinnati, will abundantly attest the
enterprise of her citizens, and the predominant and laudable inclination of con-
tributing to the many objects of attraction so conspicuously characteristic of
the city. The old post office building (now in use,) at the south-.west corner of
Fourth and Vine streets, is correctly represented in the appended cut.

ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN OF CINCINNATI.

This institution which was first opened to the public in September, 1875, has
now become one of the great, if not the greatest features of the city. Hundreds
visit it daily, and all express their astonishment at its wonderous beauties and
progress. There are some sixty -six acres devoted "to the establishment and
maintenance of a Zoological Garden, at Cincinnati, and the study and dissemi-
nation of a knowledge of the nature and habits of the creatures of the animal king-
dom" as was set forth for its object when first proposed in July, 1873. Its projectors
were Messrs. Andrew Erkenbrecker, John Sirapkinson, C. Oskamp, and George
H. Knight. There is now a Board of Directors, with a President, Vice Presi-
dent, Treasurer, and Secretary, who meet the first Monday in each month. At
present the Board is composed of Mr. John Sirapkinson, Cornelius M. Erken-
brecker, Carl A. G. Adae, George Ficher, James M, Doherty, F. Marraet,
Henry Mulhauser, Albert Fischer, and O. Laist. Mr.' John Sirapkinson is
President ; Carl A. G. Adae, Vice President ; Cornelius M. Erkenbrecker,
Treasurer, and Frank J. Thorapson, Secretary. There is also an Executive
Committee, of C. M. Erkenbrecker, Chairman, F. Marraet and George Fisher,
with the President and Vice President, as ex-officio members, who meet weekly
to look after the interests of this world famed resort.

Nearly -$400,000 are now invested in this Zoological Garden, and it is a strictly
private enterprise, not indebted one cent to any municipal body or in any way
dependent upon such. This certainly speaks volumes for those who have so
liberally contributed their time and means to an institution that is of the great-
est benefit imaginable to the citizens of Cincinnati. There are but two other
Zoological Gardens in this country ; one at Philadelphia, and a small one at
St. Louis, but in no way can they be compared to this one, belonging to and the
offspring of a few liberal citizens of the "Paris of America." So famous has
this Garden become, that it has received recognition from the crowned heads of
Europe.

The Garden has several fine buildings, prominent among which the carnivora,
a long stone building, admirably adapted, and with rows of cages each side and
summer quarters on the north side for lions, tigers, leopards, pumas, hyenas,
cougars and others of the cat species. This building is thronged daily with
visitors observing the numerous animals. They are fed daily at 3 o'clock j). m.,
when ensues a scene that beggars description. Another fine building is the

CINCINNATI ADVEBTISEMENIS.

Jno. J. Perkins & Co.,

Wholesale Bakers, Confectioners

AND DEALERS IN

Foreign Fruits, Nuts, Fire Works and all
Kinds of Fancy Groceries.

ITO. 43 VIITE STREET,
CINCINNATI, O.

!io,m NOW IN m,

The Best & Cheapest

Globe Valve

MARKET.

fiegrinding Globe

WLVES !

AUTOMATIC

Engine Builders,
Brass Work &
Plambers' Supplies
of every description.

Brass Castings,

BABBITT METAL

Manufactured
at the

Union Brass Works,
WM. POWELL & CO,

Proprietors.

245, 247 & 249

W. FIFTH ST.,

GINCiNNATi,

OHIO.

THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. 97

Monkey House, in which nearly a hundred specimens, from the huge mandril
to the small marmoset, can be seen, playing their tricks to the great delight of
visitors. A cluster of buildings are known as the Aviaries, in which most
beautiful birds and fowls from every clime can be seen, together with a number
of reptiles in a large reptile house. The ominous rattle of the rattlesnake greets
you as you enter this house, but they are in glass cases, and consequently are
powerless to harm. The Bear Pits are the finest in the world, and contain
specimens of the polar, grizzly, black and cinnamon bear. The sea lion basin
is another of the fine structures on the ground, with three occupants, caught
thousands of miles away especially for the Garden. The deer and elk parks,
camel enclosure, ostrich run and dozens of other places devoted to some repre-
sentative species are here to be seen.

The restaurant, a massive st(>ue building, handsomely built, is a great resort
for thousands. From several points a good view of the grounds are obtained,
and with music as an adjunct, an entire day can be spent profitably, viewing
' the wonders of this garden, which is open to the public daily at a nominal ad-
mission fee, throughout the entire year.

Great praise is due the President, Mr. John Simpkinson, for his untiring
zeal and devotion to the interests of the Garden, while the Directors as co-labor-
ers merit notice. The Superintendent of the Garden is Judge H. P. Ingalls,
with Frank J. Thompson as assistant, two gentlemen well fitted for their diffi-
cult and arduous positions. Mr. W. Lewis Gilbert, is the business manager.
In conclusion we would say that every person who visits Cincinnati should go to
the Zoological Garden.

PIKE'S OPERA HOUSE.

This superb and splendid structure, devoted to art and theatrical exhibitions,
occupies the site of a building of the same name which was consumed by fire
March 22, 1866. It is justly regarded as being superior to any other place of
public amusement in the city, and for general adaptability to its purpose has
but few equals in the country. Possessing exteriorly one of the handsomest
anfl most elegant fronts on Fourth street — the main thoroughfare of the large
and populous city of Cincinnati — it has been a subject of much laudatoiy com-
ment ; while its interior arrangement is probably the giandest and most artistic
in the United States. The stage comprises 45 by 72 feet. The proscenium is a
marvel of tasteful and ornate embellishment.

The frescoing of delicate tint and masterly execution, contributes to the
general harmonious and picturesque decoration. The marbeling process is em-
ployed throughout the interior, and lends an indefinable charm to the beauty
of brilliant effects. The many and attractive emblematical figures greatly
enhance the grand order of decorative embellishment and diffuse the luxurious
and magnificent conceptions of design. The symbols of music and poetry are
embodied in graceful and symmetrical female figures placed over the central
portion of the balcony. The various representations of the histrionic art are
illustrated by elegant and appropriate designs.

Tragedy is represented by a figure in purple vesture, pointing a dagger held
in one hand at a mask in the other. To the right is placed Comedy in fest-
ive costume ; while Music in sombre robes takes position to the left. Poetry and
Agriculture are beautifully represented ; while Sculpture, Painting and Archi-
tecture have appropriate symbols and positions. The heads of Shakespeare,
Homer, Bellini, Verdi, Meyerbeer, Paganini, Donizetti and Mozart are pictured
in medallions. The whole interior arrangement is gorgeous and higly emble-
matic of art, poetry and music. The seating capacity of the house is over
2,000, though more than 3,000 were on one occasion accommodated.
11

gS CINGINNA TI AD VEBTISEMENT.

Cincinnati Gazette.

The Cincinnati Gazette has been in existence eighty-five years, and its growth
aptly illustrates the general growth of American journalism, for no paper of equal age
has attained a similar circulation and celebrity. The City of Cincinnati is notably supe-
rior in its intelligence, and exacting in newspaper requirements, while the contiguous
country upon all sides is thickly populated. .

As a complete American newspaper, the Cincinnati Gazette has no supeiior. Its
ability and its integrity are recognized and unquestioned. It has a national reputation
for its fearlessness, no less than for its fairness in the discussion of matters of political
and public policy.

The weekly edition of the Gazette is one of the most widely-circulated family and
agricultural papers. Its agricultural value is seen in its abundant correspondence from
practical farmers, who make it their medium for the exchange of views- and intelligence.
Of literature it is not unmindful. It has more than 3,000 regular club agents, and is sent
to subscribers at over 4,000 post-offices throughout the land.

FACTS FOR ADVERTISERS.

newspaper circulation.

The amount paid for postage by four Cincinnati newspapers, for the fiscal vear end-
ing June 30, 1877, is as follows :

■) I^o. of Lbs. Amount Paid.

Cmcinnati Gazette • 233,524 $4,650 48

Cincinnati Enquirer 198,532 3,970 64

Cincinnati Times 154,908 3,098 16

Cincinnati Commercial 90,647 1,812 94

Terms of Weekly Gazette.

Single copy, one year. Postage Paid $1 50

Clubs of 3 copies and upward, " each, 1 40

" 40 " " " ' 1 35

" 60 " " " " 125

" 75 " " " " 1 20

Terms of Semi- Weekly Gazette.

Single copy, one year, Postage paid 13 25

Clubs of 3 copies and upward, " each, 2 90

" 15 " . " " " 2 80

Terms of Daily Gazette.

Single copy, one year, Postage paid > fl2 00

6months, " 6 00

" , 3 " " 3 00

" 1 " " 1 25

Additions may be made to Clubs, at club rates, any time during the year, through
our Agents. EVERY POSTMASTER IS AGENT FOR THE GAZETTE.

CINCINNATI GAZETTE CO.

Cincinnati Business Directory
of the first-class houses,

ADVERTISING AGENTS.

BELTING AND HOSE.

T^RESHMAN, E. N. & BROS., NewsiJiiper
X^ Advertising Agents, 186^west Fourth street,

CHARP, JOSEPH, Belting Hose, &c., 59
vJWalnut street. See advertisement.

ARTIST.

Billiard Table Mannfaotnrers.

TTEROLiD, M. Artist of Penmanshii., Diir
lllmnas, Certificates, Testimonials, iVrc, Art-.,
Engrossed in the best manner. l(j(5 Central Ave.

pETER, THEODORE, Billiard Tables ro-
X paired and cut to smaller sizes, N. E. corner
Elm and Canal streets.
T^HEiJ. M. BRUNSWICK &BI,AKE CO.,

1 Manufacturers, 8, 10 and 12 W. Sixth street.

AUCTIONEERS.

■QLINN, JAMES, Auctioneer. Sale days.—
JjTuesdays and Fridays. 153 W. Fifth street.

BITTER MANUFACTURERS.

TOHNSON & CO., General Auctioneers and
J Commission Merchants, 20 E. Fourth street.

AWNINGS, TENTS, &c.,

T) YLING, JOHN, Manufacturer of Awnings,
IV Tents, Flags, Window Shades, &c., 22 East
Eighth street.

IV/TEYER JLEOPOLD, Manufacturer of

IV J. Kemper's Stomach Bitters, 403 West Eighth

street, bee advertisement.

BLANK BOOK BINDERS.

R w ".'^^^^', "• ^' ^I'^Qk Book Binder, 17
1-X West Eighth street. See advertisement.

AXIiE GREASE-

BLEACHERS.

T ONGl.EY, OARI^ICK & CO., Dealers in
i_< Axle Grease. 49 & 51 w. Front st. See Ad-
vertisement.

T^ABER, J. C, Mnfr of Plaster Hat & Bon-
X net Blocks, Also Bleacher & Finisher of
Straw Hats ct Bonnets, 241 w. Fifth st.

BAKERS & CONFECTIONERS.

BOOK KEEPER.

pERKINS, JOHN J. & CO., Wholesale Bak-
1 ery and Confectionery, 43 Vine street. See
advertisement.

]\/rUTH, A. E. & H., Bakery and Confee-
iVl tionery, 337 Central Avenue.
CCHELLENBERGER, JOSEPH, Bakery
Oand Confectionery, 2US W. Court street.

T^-OESTER, CHARLES, Book Keeper, 679

IV Vine street.

BOOKS AND STATIONERY.

OENZIGER BROTHERS, Publishers,
LJ Booksellers and Importers of Church Orna-
ments, 143 Main street.

BAKERS CRACKERS.

rj ER<)L,p, M. & SONS, Antiquarian Book
X X and Methodist Book Store, No. 16() Central

'C'OERSTER, D. Cracker Baker, 94 west
X^ Second street. See Advertisment.
C;NIDER, BROTHER & CO., Manufactu-
Orers of Crackers and Biscuits, 131 and 133 W.
Front street. '

Ave, below Filth.

pERRY & MORTON, Booksellers & Station-
X ers, Periodicals, &c. 162 Vine street.
pOUNSFORD, A. H. & CO, Booksellers
X and Stationers, 9 and 11 W. Fourth street
pUSTET, PR., Church Publications and
X Kehgious Articles, 2(14 Vine street.
TTHOMPSON. PETER G., Bookseller, Sta-
X tioner, Importer, Printer and Binder, 179
Vine street.

BAKING POWDER.

-piSHOPRICKS Infallible Baking Powder,
Jj 111 w. 5th. VVm. H. Haworth, Proprietor.

BARBER.

XITARREN, AI^ERED, Bookseller and Sta-
VV tioner, 219 Central Avenue and 271 West

-r\IXON, JOHN Fashionable Barber and
-Ly Hair Dresser, 6 east Second street

Sixth street.

BQOTS & SHOES.

BEDSTEADS, LOUNGES, &c.

T J UNT STREET BEDSTEAD MAJVU-
riFACTURING CO., Bedsteads a specialty,
IIG, 118, 12C) and 128, Hunt street.

BEER COOLERS AND FAUCETS.

(^CHMELZER, JOHN, Patentee and Manu-
Ofacturer of the Champion Beer Coolers, 47 and
49 W. Canal street.

T r ARWIG, H. Manufacturer and Patentee of
V the Self Venting Beer Faucet, Brewers'
Patent draw Cock, 421 and 423 W. Court street

A LTER, PINCKARD & CO., A\ holesale
r-X Boots and Shoes, 99 AVest Pearl street.
pENCKENSTEIN, JULIUS, AVholesalc
U Dealer in Boots and Shoes, 94 West Pearl
street.

pATELLIER, D. & CO., Manfra womens'
V-^ misses' and childrens' Shoes, 20 w Pearl st
r-iETERS. JOHN H., Manufacturer of
X-/ Ladies Fine Shoes, 95 Pearl street. See
ndvertisement.

rpGAN,- JMIDDEKE & CO, Wholesale Com-
XL mission dealers in Boots, Shoes & Brogans,
16 west Pearl street

100

GIN 0 INN ATI BUSINESS DIBEGTOBY.

BOOTS & SHOES (Continued.)

CANNED GOODS.

/-^TESTING, O. Manfr& Dealer in Ladies',
Ur Gents' & Childrens, Boots & Shoes. 52 w 5.
TTAWES & DURKELL, Manfrs & Com.
n. Merchants, in Boots & Shoes, 26 w Pearl st.
■JV/TAHONY, JERKY, Manufacturer of
iVX Ladies', Misses' and Childrens' Fine

-pxENHAM, R. M. & Co., 44 Public Landing.
J—/ See Advertisement.

CARPETS.

Custom Shoes, 140 Central Avenue.
TV/rC KIERNASr, M. & SONS, Wholesale
iVX Boot and Shoe Manufacturers, 90 Main
street.

A/TARX, S., Dealer in Boots & Shoes, 196 &
iVl 198 vv. Fifth st. See Advertisement.
"ly/TEYER, ADOI.PH & CO., Commission
IVX Merchants, Manufacturers and Jobbers of
Boots and Shoes, 83 and 85 West Third street.
OMITH, STOUGHTON & PAYNE, Manu-
O facturers of Boots and Shoes, Nos. 23, 25
and 27 Lock street. Office, 81 West Third street.
OTKAUS, M., Manufacturer and wholesale
O dealer in Boots and Shoes, 436 Main street.
npHORNE, W. F. & CO., Manufacturers and
JL Wholesale dealers in Boots and Shoes, 79
West Pearl street.

A VERY, S. B. Manager Falls of Schuylkill
XTL Carpet Mills, 107 w Fourth street.
TJASELBURG & Co., Carpets, Oil Cloths
XJ. and Window Shades at Wholesale and
Retail. 185, & 187 west Fifth street
pvTTE, GEO. E. & Co., Carpet Dealers, 133
V^ west Fourth street.
T^HOMS, L. B. & Co., Dealers in Carpets and

i Oil Cloths, 173 and 175 Main street.

CARRIAGES.

A NDERSON, HARRIS & Co., Buggies &
xTl. Carriages, n. e. cor. Liberty and Baymiller
streets.

A UEIi, JOHN, Carriage and Wagon Mfgr.
Jr\. Orders promptly attended to, 701 703 Cen-
tral Ave.

A UEDERHEIDE, WM. & Co., Mnfrs. of
J:\. Carriages, Spring Wagons &e., 422 and 424
Freeman street.

-DENTI.EY & MARQUA, Mnfrs of Childrens
X) Carriages, 139 Longworth street.
TD RUCE, B. & Co.Manufacturers of Carriages,
XJ 57, 59 & 61 Elm and 161 & 163 w Second sts.
/^URRY, J. A., Carriage Manufacturer for
v_x Dealers and Traders, s. w. cor. Florence
and Deuman streets. See advertisement.
rpMERSON, FISHER & Co., Carriage Man-
5.^ ufacturers cor. John and Findlay streets.
r-ILDEA, W. W., Manufacturer of Car-
vJ riages, 524 w. Eighth street.
TTEISEL, NIC. Jr., Manufacturer of all
XX kinds of Carriages, Spring Wagons, &c.
11, 13, and 15 w. Liberty street.

I>I.OPP, PHILIP, Manmfacturer of Plat-
X\. form Spring Furniture, 561 and 567 Race
street. See Advertisement.

BOTTLERS & BREWERS.

■117AI.KER, J. & CO. Brewers & Bottlers of
VV Ale and Porter, 385 Sycamore. See ad-
vertisement.

IXTESTERN BOTTMNG CO. Charles
VV Benzer, Proprietor. Bottlers of Lager
Beer, 731 Central Ave.

BRASS FOUNDERS.

TV^ IKKUP, ROBERT & CO. Brass Founders
XV & Mnfrs. Lift, Force & Air Pumps, 65 Lodge

street.

ATOXTINGHAM, T. J. & Co., Mnfrs. of
1\ Brass Goods, Iron Pipe and Fittings and
general supplies, 212 West 2nd street.
pOWELL, WM. & CO., Union Brass Works,
JT 245, 247 and 249 w. Fifth street. See adver-
tisement.

BREWERY-

TT'OSS & SCHNEIDER, Queen City Brewery,

J? 259, 261, 263, 265 and 267 Freeman street. See

Advertisement.

\X7EBER, GEORGE, Jackson Brewery, 284

VV Hamilton Road.

BROKERS.

T EA, STERBETT * CO., Brokers. 28 west
JL* Third street. See Advertisement.

BRUSHES.

■pROMWELL MANE. CO., Manufacturers
XJ of Brushes and Wire Goods, 181 Walnut st.

See Advertisement.

BURIAL CASES.

A MERICAN BURIAL CASE CO, Manfrs.
jTX Patent Self-sealing Air-tight Burial Cases
and Caskets, 82 & 84 Second street

BUTCHERS MELTING ASSOCIA-
ATION.

TVTICOLAY, HY., Supt. cor. Central Ave
IN and Findlay street.

CABINET HARDWARE.

\X7AYNE, J. L. Jr., Agt. Cabinet Hardware
VV m all its varieties. 140 and 142 Main St.

TV'ITCKMEYER, J, W., Buggy and Spring
XV Wagon Manufactory, 193 and 193 Findlay
street, bet John and Linn. .
IV /r ILLER, D. W. & Co., Wholesale Carriage
iVX Manufacturers, cor. St. Clair and Gano
streets. See Advertisement.
TVTII-I-ER, GEO. C. & SONS, Carriage
XtLL Manufacturers, 19 and 21 w. Seventh St.
■1VTIEMANN& MOORMANN, Carriage and
IM Spring Wagon Manufacturers, 373 Race
street.

■p OBERTS, J., Manufacturer of Carriages.
Xn. Repairing promptly done, 132 and 34 w.
Sixth street.

T3 OTH, G. W., Carriage Manufacturer, 532
1\. John street.

QCHNEIDER.DANIEL.Carriage and Spring
O VV'agon Manufacture , 630 w. ixth street.
QIMMONDS, G. T., Prop ietor John St. Car-
O riage Factory, 455 and 485 John street.
CKAATS, J. K., Carriage Manufacture ■ n.e,
O cor. Eighth and Sycamore.
\xrEBB, W. H. & Co., Mnfrs. of arriages,
VV Spring- wagons Buggies 199 w. 7th street.
TX7ENX>E.HERMANN,Carriage Maker, .w.
VV cor. Cutter and Melanethon streets.
XiriLTS & HESS, Manufacturers of Carriages
VV 91 and 93 Canal street.

yiNSMEISTER, JACOB, Mnfr. of all kinds
Z-r Carriages. Spring-wagons and Buggies, 553
John street. See Advert sement.

CINCINNATI BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

101

CEMENT, FIRE BRICK, DRAIN
PIPE, &C.,

NICOLAI, JOHN v., Dealer in Cement,
Plaster, Lime, Fire Brick, Drain Pipe,
Patent Chimneys, Chimney TopsRoofing lile A:c.

CHAIRS.

BUCK & Co., Mnfrs. of Cane Seat Chairs, 242
and 244 Sycamore street.
HATKE, G. & H., Mnfrs & Dealers in all
kinds of Chairs, cor. Oehler & Dalton Ave.
HENSHAW, G. & SONS, Mnfr. of Chairs,
s.w cor. Elm and Canal streets.
PUTXMANN & KOBERS, Mnfrs vSteaui bent
and sawed Chair backs and Cigar Box Lum-
ber, n.w cor. Third and Wood streets.

CHEESE MANUFACTURERS.

36 w.

HALLE K, B. & CO., Importers and Dealers
in Schweitzer and Limberger Cheese
French Mustard, Herrings, Sardines, Jcc.
Court street.

CHINA, GLASS. &o.

WEST d. F., BROS. & Co., China, Glass,
& Queens ware, 139 w. Fourth, and n. w. c.
Pearl & Walnut. See Advertisement.

CIGARSAND TOBACCO.

CAHN. LEE, Imported and fine goods a spe-
cialty, 82 W. Fourth street, opposite Pike s
Opera House. , t^ , ■

-PASSAUER, C, Manufacturer and Dealer in
^ Cigars, Tobacco, Pipes, &c.,140 Vinebtieet.
OEVER, r., Wholesale and Retail Dealer
in Cigars and Tobacco, 113 Walnut.

CIVIL ENGINEERS^

T-AAVIEsT^THOMAS, Civil Engineer and
U Surveyor, 304 Clark Street.
T) IDGWAT, T. A., Civil Engineer and Sur-
IN. veyor, 26 Dayton Street^

CLAIRVOYANT.

rARING, DR. PAUL, Clairvoyant and
Astrologer, 377 Elm Street.

CLOTHING & CLOTHS.

CLOTHING & CLOTHS (Comtinued.)

STIX, KROUSE & CO, Wholesale Clothiers
135 Race street, bet Third and Fourth
TROUNSTINE, A. & J. & CO, Wholesale
Clothing, Importers and Jobbers of Wool-
ens s e cor. Third and Vine.

VERKAMP, G. H., Men and Boys Clothing,
Southeast corner Plum and Fifth streets.

T-ECHEIMER, FRENKEL &CO,Whole-
r sale Clothing and Cloth house 107 w Third st
r^RABFIELD, P. H. & CO, Clothiers, 80
VJ west Pearl street.

GREVER, TANGEMAN & CO, Importers
and Jobbers of Fine Woolens. 101 w. Third
TTEIDELBACH, I^^IEDLANDER & CO
rl Wholesale Clothiers and Jobbers of Wool-
lens, 129 west third street.

HOLBERG, P., Manufacturer and Dealer
in Clothing, 158 and 230 w. 5th street.
KLEINE, DETMER & Co., Importers of
Cloth, Cassimers&c, 97 w. Third street.
See Advertisement.

NEWBURGH, STERN LAUER & CO ,
Manufacturers of Clothing, Dealers and
Jobbers in Woolens, 126 Vine op. Burnet House.

PHOENIX ONE PRICE CLOTHING
HOUSE, and Gent's Furnishing Goods,
Henry Kessler, Manager, cor., Race and Elder St.

SEASONGOOI), J. & L. & CO. Mnfrs of
Clothing, Importers and Jobbers of Wool-
ens, sw oor Third and Vine streets.

STERN, MAYER & CO, Clothing and Cloth
House, n e cor Third and Vine streets.

COLLEGES.

GLENDALE FEMALE COLLEGE, Rev.
L. D. Potter, D. D., President, Glendale,
Hamilton Co., 0. See advertisement.

QUEEN CITY COMMERCIAL COL-
LEGE, Henry A. Faber, President, Apollo
Building, N.W. corner 5th and Walnuj^^_

COMMISSION MERCHANTS.

BREITENBACH, J. G. & CO, Commission
Merchants, 28 west Front street
BANNING, J. W. & CO., Commission Mer-
chants, Cheese, Butter and Seeds 46 Walnut.
BROOKS, P., Commission Merchant, For-
eign and Domestic Fruits, 25 w. Front.
BUCHANAN, ROBINSON & CO., Commis-
mission Merchants, Cotton, Peanuts, Dried
Fruits, <fcc., 30 Vine street.

CART WRIGHT, GARDNER & CO., Con-
signments Solicited, n. w. cor. Main and
Water streets. See advertisement.

CLARK & KENNEDY, General Commission
Merchants, 36 Vine street.
COLLORD, MORRISON & CO, Produce
Commission Merchants, 34 Walnut st.
COST, R. H. & CO. Commission Merchants,
Flour Grain and Mill Feed, 78 & 80 w Front
EARL, LYON & CO, Butter and Produce
Commission Merchants, 42 Walnut.
FISHER, J. W. & CO., Grain, Produce and
Commission Merchants, 22 Water street.
GOODHART J. H. & CO., Cotton and Com-
mission, 65 and 67 w. Front street.
HERMESCH, J. H., Commission Merchant,
and Dealer in Grain, Feed and Produce
Generally, No. 19 Water street.

HOPPER & MATHEWS, Wholesale Deal-
ers in Produce Generally, 204 w. 6th street.
JACKSON, GEO. E. & CO., General Com-
mission Merchants, 52 Walnut. See adver-
tisement.

LONGLEY, GARLICK & CO., General
Commission Merchants, 49 and 51 w. Front
street. See advertisement.

MILLER, A. M. & SON, Produce, Commis-
sion Merchants, 97 Walnut street.
MILLER, H. H. & CO. Produce Commia-
sion Merchants, Flour, Hay, Seeds, <feo,
8 w Front street See Advertisement.

NEWHALL, GALE & CO. Flour & Grain,
86 west Front street
PALMER & CO., Seedsmen and Commission
Merchants, 206 w. 6th street.
PERIN & GOULD, Commission Merchants,
88 and 90 west Front street
ROOTS & CO., Commision Merchants^and
Salt Agents, s. e. cor Front and Vine Sts.
SHEEHAN, PIERCE B., Hay, Grain, Pro-
duce, and General Commission Merchant,
s. w. cor. Walnuts Water .sts. Established 1848.

SHARPLES, GEO. & CO. Cotton Brokers,
69 west Front street

SIBLEY J. W. & CO. Genl Commission
Merchants, office & warehouse 40 Walnut st.
STEVENS, S. J. & CO. Commission Mer-
chants, Bntter, Cheese, Dried Fruits, kc, 29
Walnut street.

102

CINCINNATI BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

COMMISSION MERCHANTS

(continued.)

STRAIGHT, DEMING & CO., Commission
Merchants, 44 Vine street. See Advertise-
ment.

VICAKI & DELSIGNORE, Commission
Merchants, 21 west Front street-
ATSON & HEIDRICH, Commission
Merchants, 17 west Front street.

CONFECTIONERS.

E CHERT, P. & CO. .Manufacturers of French
and American Confections, 75 and 77 Wal-
nut.

REINHART & JsTEWTON, Manufacturing
Confectioners and Dealers in Fruits, Nuts,
(fee, 47 Walnut street.

CMITH, H. D. & CO., Wholesale Confection-
O ers, 56 and 58 Main St. See advertisement.

CONTRACTORS AND BUILBERS.

MACK AY, N., Carpenter and Builder, Hunt
street east of Broadway.
ORDERMUNDT, WM., Carpenter, Builder
and Contractor, 33G w. 3d st. near Smith,
bee advertisement. ,

COTTON MANUFACTURERS.

GOULD, PEARCE & CO., Manufacturers o
Carpet Wai-ps, Cotton Yarns, Seamless
Bags, &c., H4 w; Second street.

CUTJLERY.

WEBER, PHILIP, Manufacturer of Scis-
sors, Sheep Shears, Knives, &c., 16 e. 5tli.

DENTISTS.

BERRY. A., Dentist, Laughing Gas used, 95
w. Seventh street.
CAMERON, DR. J. G., Dentist, corner Elui
and Seventh streets.
COLTON DENTAL ASSOCIATION
ROOMS, C. H. Ware, D.D.S., Superin-
tendent, 162 w. Fourth street.

DAMERON'S, DR. DENTAL ROOMS,
Artificial Teeth #10 a Set, 287 w. Sixth St.
DOWNINC^, H. A., D.D.S., Dental Rooms,
118 w. 6th street. See advertisement.
GRIFFITH, DR. .J. M., Dentist, No. 253
Walnut street.
SHEPHERD, DR., G. W. J., Dentist 247 w.
Seventh street.
SMITH, DR. S. B., Dentist, No. 287 Vine
street.

WOODWARD'S DENTAL ROOMS, 138
w. 6th St. bet. Race and Elm. All styles
of Artificial Work known to the Profession, made
at this office. Siiecial attention paid to Treat-
ment and Filling of Natural Teeth, on very
reasonable terms. Nitrous 0.xide Gas used in
Extracting, at Fifty Cents per Tooth.. W. H.
Woodward, D.D.S.

DRAIN PIPE.

DISTILLERS & WHISKEY DEAL-
ERS.

FRANK, M. & CO., Distillers and wholesale
Whiskey Dealers, 69 and 71 Main street.
SCHMIDLAPP & CO., Distillers & Whole-
sale Liquor Dealers, 120, 122, & 124 w. Se -
ond street.

STRAUSS, PRITZ & CO., Distillers of Bour-
bon a d Rye Whiskies, 58 w. Second St.

ROBSON BROTHERS, Sewer and Water
Pipe, Lime, Cement, Plaster Paris, &e., ne
cor. Front and Ludlow st. See Advertisement.

DRUGGISTS.

BREHM, LOUIS C. Druggist, se cor Seventh
and Ca.rr streets

BAKHAUS, EDMUND, Apothecary, s. w.
cor. Freeman and Clarli streets.
BEILE, CHARLES F., Apothecary, 139
Bank street.
DANIELS, H. G., Druggist, n. w. cor. Clark
and John sti'eets.
FRATZ, JOHN G., Druggist and Apothe-
cary, s.e. cor George and Baymiller streets.
NELMAN CHARLES M., Pharmaceutist,
n. e. cor. Findlay and BaymilM- streets.
HELMAN, O. A., Druggist and Apothecary,
n. e. cor. Sixth and Broadway.
Hill; H. H. & CO., wholesale Dealers in
Drugs, Liquors, Barks., Roots, Herbs, c.
s. e cor Fifth and Race streets.

K LAYER, CHAS. F. & BRO. Pharmacists,
n.w. cor. Ninth and Elm, & s.e. cor. John
and Clinton.

LIPPERT, OTTO C. F., Apothecary and
Druggist, 1009 Central Avenue.
LONGINOTTI, A. J., Druggist and Apothe-
cary, n. e. cor. Plum and Longworth sts.
see advertisement.

P ELLENS, THEO. P., Apothecary, s. w.
cor. Liberty and Deuman streets.
PHILLIPS & FLINN, Pharmacists, n. w.
cor. Sixth and Lock sts. see advertisement.
POTTS, CHAS. E. & CO., (succesors to A.J
B. Merriam & Co.) Wholesale; Druggists,
n. e. cor. Fourth and M in streets.

REAKIRT, HALE &' CO., Wholesale Drug-
gists, 99 Walnut street. >
VAN SLYCK, CHAS. H., Chemist and
Apothecary, n. e. cor. 7th and Elm sts.
WEYER, JOHN, Dealer in Drugs, Medi-
cines, Perfumery, and Toilet Articles, n.e.
cor. Sixth and Elm streets.

YORSTON, MATTHE^V M., Druggist and
Pharmacest, 429 Central Avenue.

DRY GOODS.

ANDREWS, W. H., Dry Goods, 76 .and 78
w. Fourth street, and 506, 508, 510 Vine st.
CHAMBERS, STEVENS & CO., Wholesale
Dry Goods, Woolens, Notions <fce., s. w.
cor. Fourth and Race streets.

McALPIN, POLK & CO, Wholesale Dry
Goods & Notions, 108 Pearl & 119 Third st.
SHIPLKY, HOOVER & Co., wholesale Dry
Goods, 113 Pearl, cor. Race, retail 139 w. 4th
See Advertisement.

STIX, LOUIS & Co., wholesale Dry Goods, s
w cor. Third and Race streets. See Adver-
ment.

ELECTRIC BELTS AND BANDS.

PULVERMACHER GALVANIC CO., Pul-
vermachcr Electric Belts and Bands, cor.
Eighth and Vine streets. See Advertisement.

ENAMELED HOLLOW W^ARE.

QUEEN CITY ENAMELING WORKS,
Louis Massman, Proprietor, 72 and 74 Pen-
dleton street.

CINCINNATI BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

103

FANCV GOODS AND TOYS.

KNOST BROTIIEKS & CO., Importers of
Fancy Goods and Toys, 137 w. Fourth st.
STROBKI. & WI1.KKN, Importers of Fancy
(roods, Toys, Dru^rgists' Sundries <fec. 144
Walnut street.

FERTILIZER.

SMITH, AMOR, & CO., Manufacturers of
Fertilizer, cor. Jolin and Poplar streets.

FISfl DEALERS.

T7ICK& CHASK, Oyster and Fruit Packers,
L Cincinnati branch, 115 w. Six h street.

FINCH, C. C, Dealer in Oysters, Fish, Game
&c. 210 w. Sixth street.

FLORIST.

KRKSKKN, H., ACROSTA, Florist and
Preserver of Natural Flowers, s. w. cor.
Eighth and Vine.

FLOORING MILLS.

JOHNSTON, J. & J. M., Flooring Mill and
J Box Factory, 219 and 221 w. Third street.

LAPK & BROTHKR, t^uecn City FUxiring
.Mill, Mnfrs of Sash, Doors, Frames &i-. and
dealers in Roun'h A: Dressed Lumber, 481, 483 and
483 Central Avenue.

FLOUR AND FaED.

VTAGIN' LEWIS, SONS., Proprs. Epicurean
r Mill, 29, 31 and 33 Lock st. see advertisement

UNION FKEU STORK.
John Luzins, Feed and Flour

at Wholesale and Retail.

S. W. cor. John and Findlay.

FOUNDRIES.

GREENWALD, I. & E.. Foundry and
Machine Shop, Pearl and Eggleston Ave.,
ofScc 248 cast Pearl street. Sec Advertisement.

STACEV, GEOKGI': * CO., Manfrs. Single
and Telescopic Gas Holders, Iron Roofs, Ac.
Foundry 33. 35, 37 and 39, Mill; office 16 Ramsey
Sec Advertisement.

FRAME MANUFACTURER^

NOEtCKE, E., Frame Manufacturer and
Gihler, 203 Central Avenue.
NURRE, JOSEPH A., Frame Mouldings,
Store, 1()4 Main street, Factory, 27(5, 278 &
280 Broadway.

FRUITS.

CARTWRIGHT, GARONER & CO., Con-
signments Solicited, n. w. cor. Man and
Water streets. See Advertisement.

FURNACES.

WITTI.INGER, WM., Tinner and Manu-
facturer of ^Monitor Warm Air Furnaces.
269 Main street. .

FURNITURE.

BETTS STREET FURNITURE CO., Bcr-
ens, ingcmann & Co., 220, &228 Bctts st.
COOLIDGE, J. K. & CO., Mnfrs and Deal-
ers in Furniture, 193 w. Fifth street.
FI.ICK, FRED, Mnfr and Dealer in Furni-
ture and Chairs, 335 Central Avenue.
FULWEII.ER, J., Mnfr and Dealer in all
kinds of Furniture, 365 Central Avenue.

FURNITURE (Continued.)

HAECKEL, CASPER, Dealer in OfHce and
Library Furniture, s. w. cor Findl y and
Central Avenue.

HOFFMANN, VATvENTINE, Mnfr A Deal
cr in Furniture A Chairs, 674 Race st.
HElSEf., I>. & P., Mnfrs of Bedsteads and
Lounges. AWood Turners, s.e. cor. Cla,rk
& Harriet streets.

KAIPER, CHARGES, Upholsterer, Mnfr k
Dealer in Parlor Furniture, 218 w. Pearl st
LIBERTY FURNITURE CO., Mnfrs of all
kinds oi'Furniturc, 561 A 563 Race street.
LOEAVENSTEIN & ZIMMERMAN Mnfrs
& Dealers in Furniture, 128 Sycamore street
MARSHALL, T. H., Furniture Now & Sec-
ond hand Carpets, Bedding Ac. 205;w. 5th.
MEA1>E11 FURNITUltE CO., Mnfrs and
Dealer sin Furniture, 135 w. Fourth st.
RENESCH A. & CO.,AVood & Marble Top
Tables, A ILit Racks, Office A Warerooms,
220 w. Pearl st. Factory cor sixth & Iloadly sts.
CCHNETTE & KRAMPE, Mnfrs of Furni-
O ture of all kinds, 1, 3, 5 & 7 Dandridge st.
CCHWARZ ,T. & CO., Mnfrs of Parlor Furni-
O ture. Spring Mattresses, 14 Dudley street.

STRAUS, A, & H., Mnfrs & Dealers in Fur-
niture, 153 vv. Fourth st.

GALVANIZED IRON CORNICES

KIRK & CO., Mnfr of Galvanized Iron Cor-
nices, Ac, 241 w. Third street.

GAS FIXTURES & LAMPS.

MCHENRY & CO., Lamps, Chandeliers, &c.
6 & 8 e. Fourth, and 162 Main street.

GENTS FURNISHING GOODS.

AUER, MOSES, Gents Furnishing Goods,
Notions A Fancy Goods, s.c. cor. 5th A Vine

GLASS.

EMINGKAY GLASS CO, Glass Man-
ufacturers, warehouse A office 68 Walnut st

GOLD PEN MANUFACTURER.

OLLAND, JOHN, xManufacturer of Gold
Pens, Cases Ac. 19 w. Fourth street.

GROCERS.

BROWN, CHARLES & CO.,WhoIcsale Gro-
cers,49 w. Second street.
f-'OFFIN, Z. «., Groceries. Teas, AVooden
V^ Ware, Cari.et Chain Ac. 17 w. Fifth street

EVANS, EBENEZER. Dealer in Staple and
Fancy Groceries, 170 Broadway.
EVERSMANN, H.H., Dealer in'Family Gro-
ceries & Produce, 216 Richmond, n. w. cor.
Cutter street.

Fj'RAZER, ABNER L. & Co., Wholesale
Grocers, 44 Walnut st. See Advertisement.
G REIVING, G. H., Dealer in Fine Groceries.
Foreign A Domestic fruits, Ac. 205 Elm st.
HACKaiANN, JOS., Dealer in Teas, Staple
A Fancy Groceries, n.w. cor. Longworth A
Stone streets.

HANKS, RICH & CO., Wholesale Grocers,
29 Vine.street.
TONES, E. W., Staple & Fancy Groceries,
J Butter, Flour, Ac. n. w. cor. 5th A Stone sts.

PEEBLES, JOS, R. & SONS, Grocers A Im-
porters, Western Branch, n. w. cor. Seventh
A Mound streets.

lOJ},

CINGINNAII BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

GROCERS (Continued.)

SCHERER, PETER, Dealer in Staple &
Fancy Groceries, 602 Central Avenue,
STILES, H. ti. Importer of Foreign Fruits &
Fine Groceries, 53 Walnut st. See advertise-
ment.

VORNHOL.T, G. W., Dealer in Staple k
Fancy Groceries, n. w. cor. Richmond and
Mound streets.

WARREN, J. T. & Co., Foreign Fruits and
Fancy Groceries, 64 w Second, cor. Vine.
WESSI.ING, G. H. & BRO., Dealer in Fam-
ily Groceries, 282 w. Sixth street.
WIECHER, H. F., Grocer, n. e. cor. Free-
man & Barr streets.

HARD'WARE.

CLARK, HOVET & CO., Wholesale Dealers
in Hardware, 51 & 53 Pearl street.
DODT, B. C,
Dealer in . ^ ,

Builders & General Hardware Cutlery & Tools.
532 Central Avenue.

HUMPHREYS, ALBERT, Hardware^ Cut-
lery, Tin Roofing, House Furnishing
Goods, <fec. 428 w. Fifth street.

NIEHAUS & METER, Importers Wholesale
& Retail Dealers in Hardware, Cutlery
& Tools, 290 w.IFifth street.

PORTER, "W. H. & CO., Manfrs. and Dlrs.
in Iron, Nails, Spikes, etc., also W.S.Bolt s
Patent Sheet Iron Roofing, 101, 103 and 105 w.
Front street. See Advertisement.

SCHRODER LOCK CO., Manfrs. of Locks,
Bolts, and Hinges, 16 and 18 east Seventh.
See Advertisement.

STITES & CO., Iron Measures, Buckets and
Paint Pails, 1590 Eastern Ave., Columbia.
See Advertisement.

WAYNE, J. L. Jr., Agt. Undertakers, Up-
holsterers & Cabinet Materials, 140 & 142
Main street.

HARNESS.

PARK, \r. S., Saddle & Harness Manufactur-
er, 182 Main street.
SCHERZ. JOHN, Manufacturer & Dealer in
Harness, Saddles, &c. 275 Freeman street.

HATS AND CAPS.

D ANBURY CON. HAT MANUFACTUR-
ING CO. Cincinnati Branch, Geo. W.
Snyder, Manager, 183 Main st.

HENDLBY, GEO. W. Retail Hats & Caps.
262 west Fifth street.

HEMP, CORDAGE, &C.

D REMAN, HENRY, Mnfr of Hemp Cord-
age, Sash Cord, Bell Line, &c, 234 Walnut.

HOISTS.

REEDY, H. J. Manfrs. of Reedy's Patent
Hand, Steam and Hydraulic Power Hoist-
ing Machines, 128 e. Eighth. See Advertisement.

HOTELS.

ALBION HOTEL, On the American & Euro-
pean plan, J. S. & A. C. Goldtrap, Propri-
etors, see advertisement.

BEVIS HOUSE, J. B. Frost, Proprietor, f-.e.
c >r. Court & Walnut.
BURNET HOUSE, $3,00, $3,50 and $4,00 per
day. Centrally located. First class Hotel in
Cincinnati.

HOTELS (Continued.)

CINCINNATI SOUTHERN R. R. HOUSE
•John Kolfs. Proprietor, s. e. cor. Gest and
McClean Avenue

CRAWFORD HOUSE, Lewis Vanden, Pro-
prietor, s. w. cor Sixth and Wa'nut sts. see
advertisement.

G ALT HOUSE, Established bv W. E. Mnrsh
in 1836. Marsh & Davis, Managers. $1.50
to $2 00 per day, Sixfh and Main street^.

LOYAL HOTEL, John Twatchman, Propri-
etor, s. w. cor. Second and Smith sts.
PEARL DINING ROOMS & HOTEL, A.
Birnbryer, Proprietor, 82 Race street.
SHORT LINE HOUSE, W. Adams, Proprie-
tor, 455 and 455 w. Th rd street.
SLIMERS STOCK YARD HOTEL, Charles
Bleichart, Proprietor, n. e cor. John & Liv-
ing-ton streets.

ST .JAMES. Grifiin & Corbly, Proprietors,
Rates, $2.00 and $2.50 per day. Fourth street
near Main,

WESTBRflf HOTEL, A. N. Puttmann, Pro-
prietor, opp. 0. & M. R. R. Depot, 468 w.
Front street.

INSURANCE.

AMAZON INSURANCE CO. Gazzam Gano,
President, 2(50 and 262 Vine street.
BAUER, GEO., General Agent Germania
Life, 14 and 15 Johnston Building.
ENTERPRISE INSURANCE of Cincinnati
Cash Capital Paid up $300,000,00

Assets Jan'y 1, 1878 420.000,00

John W. Hartwell, Prest., Jas. W. McCord, Sec.

NORTHTVE STERN MUTUAL LIFE IN-
SURANCE CO., of Milwaukee, Wiscon-
sin, A. P. Hagemeyer, General Agent, 148w. 4th.
ROYAL INSURANCE CO., John S. Law &
Son Managers, s. e. cor. 3d and Walnut.

IRON METALS & PAPER STOCK.

BLOCK & POLLAK, Wholesale Dealers in
Junk and Metals, 206 to 226 w. Third street.

JEWELERS.

DUHME &CO., Importers and Manfrs of
Watches, Jewelry, itc.sw cor. 4th & Walnut
See Advertisement.

LOVEL, THOMAS, Importer and Dealer in
Jewelry, and Agent for Howard, Waltham
and Elgin Watches, n. w. cor. 5th and Race.

STRUEVE, H. R., AVatchmakerand Jew ler,
233 Walnut street.

WAHL, A., American and Swiss Watches,
Clocks, Jewelry and Plated Ware, 607 w.
Eighth street.

LADIES SUITS.

HENDERSON* CO., Ladies Suits, Dresses,
Cloaks &c, 237 and 239 w. Fifth street.

LAMPS, COAL OIL, &C.

PETERS, C. H., Dealer iu Lamps, Coal Oil,
Lamp Trimmings, &c., 241 Vine street.

LAUNDRY.

RACE STREET LAUNDRY, T. F. Kiflf.
Propr, 229 Race street

LEAD PIPE, SHEET LEAD. &C.

GIBSON, "W. & J. B., Manufacturers of
Lead Pipe, Sheet Lead, Block Tin Pipe and
Solder, 17 and 19 e. 9th st. See advertisement.

CINCINNATI BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

105

LEATHER.

E ASTON, SHADFORD, Doalor in Leather,
232 Main street.
ECKERT, MICHAEI. Dealer in Leather
Findings and Glue, store 228 & 230 Main si.
Tannery 884 Central Ave. See Advertisement.

REED KKOTIIERS & CO., Manufacturers,
Importers and Dealers in Leather, 111 Main.
SNOKORASS, W, W. & SONS, Tanners of
Harness and Skirting Leather, Store 89 Main
street, Ta,nnery Spring- Grove Ave.

WOOLI.EY, R. & SONS, Manfrs. Fine Har-
ness Leather, dealers in Leather, Shoe
Goods, Hides and Oils, 174 & 176 Main street.
See Advertiseuiont.

LIGHTNING RODS.

CHAMBERS NATIONAL LIGHTNING
PROTECTION CO., Geo. T. Steadman,
President, Sole Mfgrs of Chamber's Pat. Light-
ning Rod and Insulator, Capital Stock $100,000,
General Office 199 Race street.

OHIO LIGHTNING ROD WORKS, J.
H. Weston, Proprietor, 29 w. Si.xth street.

LIME.

MOORES, B., Mnfr of Springfield Lime,
Lime and Hydraulic Cement in Bulk or
Barrel, 265 Plum street.

LIQUOR DEALERS.

BRACHMANN & MASSARD, Importers &
Dealers in Wines and Liquors, 79 and 81 w.
Third street. See advertisement.

FIX, AUGUST, Importer and Wholesale
Dealer in Wines and Liquors, S41 Plum st.
HOrrHEIWCER BROTHERS, Redistill-
ers, Counting Rr)om and Warehouses, 19
and 21 Sycamore St., Distillery on Baum Alley
bet. Front and Second streets.

KING, 31. J. & CO., Bourbon and Rye Whis-
kies, cor. Sycamore and Columbia.
JACKSON, J. A. & CO., Wholesale and Re-
J tail Liquors and Sample Room, 276 w. Fifth.

PAXTON BROS. & CO., Wholesale Liquor.
Tobacco and Cigars Dealers, 32 east Second
street.

PFEFFER, JOHN JR., Wholesale Dealer in
Bourbon and Rye Whiskies, Imported and
Native Wines, s. w. cor. Bank and Coleman sts.

SCHRADER BROTHERS, Wholesale Deal-
ers in Foreign and Domestic
LIQUORS,
70 Main street.

WILLIAMS & LAWSON, Wholesale
Liquor dealers and sole agents for Harding
Smith & Go's Old London Dock Gin, 64 AValnut

YEAWER, LLOYD & CO, Liquor Dealers,
55 west Second street.

LITHOGRAPHERS.

STROBRIDGE & CO., Lithographers and
Engravers, 140 Race street.

LIVERY STABLE AND UNDER-
TAKERS.

ACKERMAN & BUSCH, Undertakers,
Texas Livery Stable, cor. Linn and Clark.
BAILEY & BRO., Livery and Sale Stable,
441, 443 and 44^5 w. Fifth street.
BALLMANN, D.&W., Boarding k Livery
Stable, 348 w. Sixth street.
BRISTOL, "\V. H. Proprietor Empire Livery
Boarding and Sale Stables, 276, 278 and 280
Walnut street.
12

Livery Stable & Undertakers

CONTINUED.

CILLEY, G., Boarding and Livery Stable,
456 Freeman street.

HALENBECK & BRO., Livery, Sale and
Boarding Stable,'.212 Everett street.
HESSE, WM., Livery,'; Boarding and Sale
Stable, 181 Elm street.lbet. 4th and 5th.
MERCHANTS AC COMMODATION
STABLE, 40, 42 & 44 Race street, H. A.
Pape, Proprietor.

SEEBAUM, RUDOLPH, Buckeye Stables,
16, 18 and 20 w. Seventh street.
SIEFKE, FRANK, Livery, Boarding and
Sale Stable, n. w. cor. 8th and Linn streets.
WISCHMEYER & NILLING, Buckeye
Livery and Boarding Stable, 27 & 29 9th.

LOCKSMITH & BELL HANGERS.

CLARK, J. C, Locksmith and Bell Hanger,
217 Elm street.
LEE, ROBT., Locksmith and Bell Hanger,
Manufacturer of Locks and Brass Axle
Pulleys, Burglar Alarm Bolts, <&c.. Speaking
Tubes put up and Models Built. All kinds of
Repairing, 307 w. 6th st. bet. John and Smith.

SCHRODER LOCK CO., Manfrs of Locks,
Bolts <fe Hinges, 16 & 18 e. Seventh. See
Advertisement.

LUMBER.

DOPPES, J. B., Building? Lumber, Lath,
Shingles and Tennessee Bed Cedar, also
Sash, Doors & Blinds, n. w. cor. 8th & Baymiller.

GILPIN, THOMAS & CO.,
Lumber Dealers

Office and Yard,

S. E. Cor. Twelfth'and Plum'sts.
TOHNSTON, J. & J. M., Wholesale & Retail
J Lumber Dealers, 159 Freeman Ave.

MILLS, SPELLMIRE & CO., Dealers in
Lumber, Doors, Sash!and!Blinds,;372 w. 3d.
TOWNLEY, WM. E.!"* CO, Lumber, 133,
Freeman cor. Georgefstreet.
WELLS & CASSEDY. Wholesale and Re-
tail Dealers in Lumber, Office and Yard,
n. w. cor. Everett and Baymiller streets.

MACHINISTS.

LINK, VAL., Machinist, Friezing and
Moulding Bits and Small Machinery, Re-
pairer of all kinds of Wringers, 598 Walnut st.
PASSE, ERNST, Practical Machinist and
Millvvright, s. e. cor. Second and Central
Ave. See advertisement.

SCHULTZ, M., All kinds of Machinery made
to order, 170 Plum street.

MANTELS AND GRATBS.

EUREKA CO-OPERATIVE FOUNDRY
ASSOCIATION. Manufacturers of Mar-
bleized Iron Mantels and Grates, 123, 125, 127, &
129 Gcst street. See advertisement.

PERKINS, WM. L. & CO., Manufacturers
of Mantels and Grates, 94 & 96 Elm street.

MARBLE STORKS.

WHITSr, ALFRED, American and Foreign
Monuments, 251, 253, 255 & 257 w. Fifth
street. See advertisement.

MATTRESS & BEDDING.

C^ EIS, ADAM, Wholesale & Retail Mattress
J & Bed ding Manufacturer, .67 w Fifth st.

106

CINCINNATI BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

MEAT MARKETS.

OILS.

TT UTgPENBAUBK, 8., Fresh and Smoked
jn Meats, Tongues, Sausages, &c., s. w. cor.
Seventh and Walnut.

QEIBEL, FRED., Dealer in Meats, Game,
O Fruits, &c., 182 & 184 w. Sixth street.

"DUKCKHABDT & CO., Manufacturers of
XJ Lard Oil and Stearine, 101 Sycamore
T ITMER, C. & CO., Mnfrs of Lard Oil, s.
J-rf w. cor. Sycamore & Hunt. See advertisment.
"IV/rCDONALD, ALEX. & CO., Oils, Starch
iVi and Naval Stores, 57 Walnut street.
TXTHETSTONE & CO., Mnfrs of Linseed
V V Oil, cor Eighth & Eggleston Avenue.

OPTICIANS.

MERCANTILE AGENCY.

■DKADSTKEET, THE J. M. SOX & CO.,

SlJ Improved Mercantile Agency, 78 & 80 w. 3.

MILLERS;

/^REENWAIiO & SCHOTT, Proprietors
VJ White Cloud Mills, 264 Broadway. See
advertisement.

MILLINERY.

TJ^OSTER, JAS. JR. & CO., Mnfrs of Optical,
" Mathematical & Philosophical Instruments,
80 w. Fourth street.
CPETH, E.,

O Optician ,

Hydrometers, Acidometers, &c.
249 Walnut.

T^EVOU & CO.. Imps and Mnfr Millinery at
U Wholesale Only, 137 & 139 Eace street.
TVTELSON, BENJ. Millinery & Straw Goods,
i\ 62 west Fitth street.

OMITH, JAS. D. & CO., Wholesale Millin-
lO ery, 138 Race st.

MILL STONES.

TTTAGNER, FERD., Practical Optician, 41
V V w. Fifth street, Johnston Building,

OYSTER & FRUIT PACKERS.

T7ICK& CHASE, Dealers in Oysters, Fish,
JT Game, Fruit, &c., 115 w. Sixth street.

■OKADFOKD MILL CO., French Buhr Mill
XJ Stones, Smut Machines, &c., 158 w. Second

MODELS.

PORK PACKERS.

A NDEREGG & ROTH, Pork & Beef Pack-

m\. ers, 321 & 323 Freeman. See advertisement.

SCHRAHER J. A., Mnfr of Patent Oface
Models, Light Machinery Models &c., n. w.
cor. E-ace and Fifteenth streets.

MUSIC HOUSE.

CHURCH, JOHN & CO., Publishers of Sheet
Music and Music Books, and Dealers in
Pianos and Organs, 66 w. 4th. See avertisemen
on Map.

MURCH, C. M., Pianos for Sale or Rent at
the Piano Arcade, 278 &, 280 w. Sixth st.
SQUIRE, A., Importer and Manufacturer of
Musical Instruments, 216 Elm street.
WILLIAMS & MANSS, American and
Foreign Music Books and Musical Mer-
chandise, 74 w. Fourth street. .

NAVAL STORES.

LONGLEY, GARLICK, Dealers in Naval
Stores, 49 &51 w. Front. See advertisement.

NOTIONS.

BOHM, BROS. & CO., Imps & Dlrs in Men's
Furnishing Goods, Shawls, &c., n. e. cor.
Third and Race.

BRIGEL, JOSEPH A. & CO., Wholesale
Notions and Furnishing Goods, 130 w. 3d.
WALD, LEWIS & CO., Imps. & Jobbers in
Notions, Hosiery and Furnishing Goods,
137 & 139 w. Third street.

NOVELTIES.

BUCKEYE NOVELTY CO.,
Wholesale Dealers in Patent Novelties,
Cheap Jewelry, Stationery, Puzzles,
Sewing Machine Attachments and
Manufacturers of the Buckeye Sta-
tionery Package, 29 Emery Arcade.

OCULIST & AURIST.

HAZLETT, W. L., M.D., Oculist & Aurist,
164 Central Avenue.

DAVIS, CHARLES & CO., Pork Packers,
Extra Family Hams & Breakfast Bacon,
n. w. cor. Sycamore and Eighth.

DAVIS, GEORGE F, & CO., Pork & Beef
Packers & Curers of the Star Brand Hams,
n. e. cor. Court & Broadway.

DAVIS, S. JR. & CO., Beef & Pork Packers,
Curers of Diamond Brand Hams, 303 to 313
Broadway, s. w. court.

DAVIS, WBI. H. & CO., Commission Pork
Packers, Ham Curers & General Ware-
housemen, 271 & 273 Sycamore street.
JACOB, CHx\S. JR. & CO., Pork and Beef
J Packers, 04 w. Second cor. Vine.

PHIFPS, GARDNER & CO., Provision
Dealers & Curers of the Pine Apple Brand
Extr:i Sugar Cured Hams, n. w. cor. Ninth and
Broadway.

PAINTERS.

GRAINGER, C. H., House, Sign and Orna-
mental Painter, Ceilings AVhitened & Wall
Paper Varnished, 172 Freeman street.

HOLLIDAY, JAMES G., House and Sign
Painter, n. c cor. Elm and Canal streets.

M
M

AULE, D., House & Sign Painter, & Deal-
er in Paints, Varnishes, &c., 731 Freeman.
CDONALD & CANN, House nnd Sign
Painters, 112 George street.
RICE, M. D. & CO., House and Sign Paint-
ers, 10 w. Tliird street.

PAINTS, OILS, GLASS, &C.

BERNE, W. J., White Lead, Zinc, Oils,
Window Glass, Brushes, ifec, 191 w. 5th st.
LONG, CLE3IENTS & DRURY, Colors,
Dry and in Oil, 171 Race street.
LYONS ASBESTOS PAINT CO., 174 e.
Fifth street.
PEALE, W. C. & BRO., Mnfrs of Pure
White Lead, Putty k Colors, 332 & 334 Cen-
tral Ave.

GINGINNATI BUSINESS DIBECTOBY.

107

PAPER MANUFACTURERS AND
DEALERS.

C HATFIELD & WOODS, Mnfrs and Whole-
sale Paper Dealers, 25 w Fourth street.
SNIDEK'S LOUIS SONS, Paper Manfrs. &
Dealers, 121 Walnut st. See Avertisement.
STEWAKT, CHAKI.es, Mnfr nd Whole-
sale Dealer in paper, 143 Walnut street. See
advertisement.

PAPER HANGINGS.

HENDRICKS, J. H., Do lor in Paper Hang-
ings, Window Shades, Pictures, &c., 494
Main street.

HOLMES, S. & CO., Dealers in Paper Hang-
ings & Wi"dow Shades, 144 w. Fourth st.
MAYBERY BROTHERS, Agency New
Brunswick Wall Paper Co., 171 Main st.,
Latest Designs at Lowest Prices.

PETER, GEO. A., Paper Hanging, Window
Shades, Oil Cloths & Wether Strips, 123, w. 5.
VOIGHT, L,., Importer and Dealer in Paper
Hanging, Window Shades &c. 205 Cen. Av.
VOIGHT, WM. L., Importer and Deal r in
Wall Pa_per, Window Shades, Table Oil
Cloth, Cord, Tassels, &c., 166 Walnut st. See
advertisement.

PATENT MEDICINES.

PARK, JOHN D. & SONS, Proprietary
Medicines, 177 Sycamore street.

PATTERN MAKERS.

ARMACOST, B. "W., Patern Maker, cor.
Third & Lock streets.

PENS.

HOLLAND, JOHN Mnfrs. of Gold Pens and
Holders, Propelling Pencils, Gold Tooth
Picks, etc., Manufactory and salesroom 19 w 4th
See Avertisement.

PERFORATED METALS.

yjMITH, THOS. S., Iron & Steel Perforating,
kO 137, 139, & 141 e. Pearl. See advertisement.

PHOTOGRAPHERS.

MUHRMAN, C. H., Landscape amd Mer-
cantile Pi.otographer, 401 & 403 w. 3rd st.

PHYSICIANS.

GEISEB, S.R. M.D. Homeopathist, 303 Bay-
miller street.
SLOSSON, Dr. M. H., Homeopathic Physic-
ian, n. e. cor. Seventh t nd John streets.
WERNER, G. C, M. D. 282 McMicken
Avenue.

PIANOS & ORGANS.

BALDWIN, D. H. & CO. Pianos & Organs,
Decker Bros.' Valley Gem Pianos & Estey
Organs, 150 w Fourth & 160 Elm st. see adver-
tisement.

B KITTING & BRO., Mnfrs of Pianos & Or-
gans, & Importers of Musical Instruments,
227 w. Fif h street.

T3RITTING, JOHN, Mnfr & Irapr of Musical
JJ Instruments, Strings, &c. 72, 74, 76 Canal.

LINDEMAN, v.. Pianos & Organs, 173 w 4th
street.

WEISENBORN, HENRY, Dealer in Pianos
& Organs, Musical Instruments &c. 174
Walnut St.

PICTURE FRAMES

HOOVER, J.H. Picture Frames, Stereoscope
Views, Photographs, etc. 150 Walnut st.
WISWELL, WM., Fine Art Emporium, 70
w. Fourth str et.

PLANING MILL.

HILL, J. M. & CO., Mnfrs & Dlrs in Sash,
Doors, Blinds, Mouldings, &c. 42 Sycamore
ROBINSON, J. W. & T. G., Planing Mill &
Box Factory, 123, 126, 127 Carr street, see
advertisement.

PLO"WS.

BODE & BINDER, Steel Plows, Cult va tors,
Harrows, Shovel Plows, &e. 697, 699 Central
Avenue.

COTTMAN & CO., Mn(r of Rover Steel
Plows, 9 w. Seventh street.

PLUMBERS.

GIBSON, JOHN & CO., Plumbers, Gas &
Steam Fitters, s. e. cor. Seventh & Main.
GIBSON, THOS. & CO. Plumbers Supplies,
200 Vine street. See Advertisement.

HEWMAN, THOMAS J., Pump and Hy-
drant Maker, 196 Seventli street.
LYNN, WILLIAM & CO., Plumbers, Gas &
Steim Pipe Fitters, 203 Race street, see
advertisement.

MURDOCK, J. G. & CO., Plumbers, Gas &
Steam Fitters, 195 w. 5th st. Mn rs of J.G.
Murdock's Patent Anti-Freezing Hydrant.

SULLIVAN, D. & SON, Pluiibers & Gas Fit-
ters, 210 Ccn'ral Avenue, see advertisement.

PLUMBERS SUPPLIES.

POWELL, WM. & CO., Dealers in, Plumbers
Supplies, 245, 247, 249 w. Fifth st., see ad-
vertisement.

POTTERY.

DALLAS, FREDERICK, Mnfr of White
Granite, & C. C. Goods, also Parian Mar-
ble ware, Hamilton Rnad Pottery, head of Elm.

PUBLISHERS.

PENCER & CRAIG PRINTING WORKS

169 and 171 Race street.
AN ANTWERP, BRAGG & CO., Publish-
ers Eclectic Educational Series, 137 AValnut.

PUMPS.

COPE & MAXWELL MNFT'RIBfG CO.,
Manfrs of Steam Pumps & Boiler Feeder,
Office and salesrooms 131 w 2d,wks Hamilton, 0.
See Advertisement.

RAGS, METALS.

ZIMMERMANN A. & SON, Wholesale Dlr
in Rngs, Metals, Iron, &c. 84 McMicken Av.
BUGGANER, J., Dlr in Woolen & Cotton
Rags, Waste Paper, Old Metal . 4 w. 2nd st.
MOERS, E.M., 20 e. Second st.. Dealer in
Old & New Metals, & all kinds of Woolen
and Paper stock. Correspondence solicited. Es-
tablisbed 1854.

RAILWAY SUPPLIES.

POST& Co., Manfrs and dealers in Railway
Supplies, Metal and Machinery, 161. 163 and
165 west Pearl, cor. Elm st. See Advertisement.

WHITE, WM, & CO Railroad Oils, Cotton
Waste &c, 63 west Front street

108

CINCINNATI BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

RANGES.

AN JOHN, Mnfr of Vans Pat. Hotel & Fam-
ily Ranges, &c. Revolving sign, 10 e. 4th st.

RESTAURANT.

KOCH C. L,., Grey Eagle Saloon & Boarding
House, 640 w. Eighth street.

ROLLING MILLS.

GAYLiOKD KOIiMNG MILL, CO., make
a specialty of Boiler Plate, 81 e. Third st.

ROOFERS.

CALDWELL & CO., Iron Roofing, 130 w.
Second street, see advertisement.
DUNN & WITT, Tin, Iron & Slate Roofers &
Galvanized Iron Cornice Work, 144 w. 3rd.
HUNTER, JAMES, Tin, Iron & Slate Roof-
er, Manufacturer of Ornamental Galvan-
ized Iron Cornices, Dormer Windows, Initials,
Window Caps, &c. 169 Central Avenue.

QUINN, T. G. & CO., Slate & Tin Roofers,
Mnfrs of Galvanized Iron Cornices, Factory
255 w. Third street, bet. John & Central Avenue,
see advertisement.

RUBBER GOODS.

BART & HICKCOX, Dealers in India Rub-
ber Goods & Importers of Druggists' Sun-
dries, 96 w. Fourth street.

SADDLES & HARNESS. ~~

B ORCHARD, HENRY, Saddle & Harness
Maker, 478 Freeman street.
DE CAMP, LEVOY & CO., Wholesale
Mnfrs of Saddlery, & Collars, 91, & 93 Main,
bet 3rd & Pearl sts., see advertisement.

GROSSMANN, A. & CO., Wholesale Mnfrs
of Saddles, Harness &c. 76 Muin street.
HATHERAL & PARK, Mnfrs of Saddles &
Harness, 822 to 828 w. Front and 647, 649, &
651 Sixth street, see advertisement.

SADDLERY HARDWARE.

BANTLIN, JULIUS J., Saddlery Hardware,
146 Main, one door below Fourth street.

SAFES.

MACNEALE & URBAN, Safe Manufac-
turers, 170 w Pearl st. See Advertisement.
MOSLER, BAHMANN & Co., Safe Manu-
facturers, 165 Water st. See Advertisement

SALOONS.

ATLANTIC GARDEN, 245 Vine st., Fred
Roos, Proprietor, see advertisement.
BECKSMITH, FRANK, Choice Wines, Beer
& Cigars, 317 w. Sixth street.
BOWERS, ST. CHARLES, Wine, Beer and
Cigars, s. w. cor. Plum & Seventh streets.
BEYER, ADAM, Boarding, Wei \ & La.gr
Beer Saloon, 16 Sycamore street.;
BLACKSTONE'S SAMPLE ROOM, Fin
Assortment of Liquors & Cigars, 280 w. 5th
n. e. cor. 5th and Central Avenue.

BRINKMANN, A., Boarding Saloon, 159 Gest
street.
BURGER, VALENTINE, Wine & Beer Sa-
loon, n. e. cor. Hathaway & Baymiller sts.
DE RAAY, GUST, Beer Hall, 442 Freeman
street.
DRACH, CHAS., Wine & Lager Beer Saloon,
182 Walnut st. opp. Gibson House, Best
Brands of Liquors & Cigars.

SALOONS (Continued.)

ENGELHARD, JOSEPH, Saloon, 466
Central Avenue.
EVERSMANN, PETER, Saloon, Wein
Beer, Cigars & Liquors, n. e. cor 5th & Free-
man streets,

FERKEL, JACOB Sixth Street Beer Hall
& Restaurant, 465 w. Sixth street.
FEUERSTBII^r J. N. Wine & Beer Saloon,
216 Central Avenue.
FIRST NATIONAL TVINK ROOMS. Lou.
Robinson, Proprietor, Maj. Pat. O'Keefe,
Manager, n. w. cor. Longworth & Plum sts.
Open day and night.

FUGAZZI, MARC, Wine & Beer Saloon, 162
w. Fourth street, Elm street car
GLUCHOVrgKI, CAPT. J., Wine & Lager
Beer Saloon, n. w. cor. Baymiller & Clark.
GE6HAN, JOHN J., '
Sample and Billiard Rooms,
Open day and night,
157 w. Fifth street.

GREEN HILL HOUSE, Henry Feuerstein,
Proprietor, Huntst. opp. EfBueut Pipe st.
GUTHARDT, H. M ., Freeman St. House,
Wine & Beer Saloon, 311, cor. Freeman &
Espanola streets.

HOFFMANW LOUIS, Wine, Beer and
Billiard Saloon, s . e. cor. 14th and Central
Avenue.

TFFLAND, FRED., Wine & Beer Saloon, 194
i- Broadway.

TEFFERSON HOUSE, Wine & Beer Saloon,
J Boarding House, 347 Walnut steet Frederick
Becker Proprietor.

KING'S, 187 Vine street, Emery's Arcade
Hotel Building, Old Sour Mash, Hand Made
Kent icky Whiskies, Fine Imported cigars. Fay
& King, Proprietors.

KOLLMER, FRED., Wines, Beer, Liquors
& Cigars, s. w. or. Second & Plum sts.
LACKM.*N, JOHN, Wine & Liquor Dealer.
& Saloon, 534 w. Sixth street.
OKER, JOSEPH, Boarding House & Saloon,
735 Central Avenue.
"^JAZERAC," J. H. Kelley, Proprietor, s. e.
lO cor. Plum & Longworth streets.

SCHMITT, JULES F., Wine & Beer Hall,
Sample room attached, s. w. cor. Third and
Main streets.

SIEVE, J. H., Wine, Beer & Liquor Saloon,
45 Wood street.
THE BAY HORSE EXCHANGE, Wm.
Brothers, Proprietor, 12 e. Fifth street.
W-EAVER, LEW., Wine & Beer Saloon,
416 George street, cor. Baymiller.
WEIS, CHARLES, Saloon, Restaurant and
Lodging 102 Plum street.
WIDAU, W. F., Wine & Lager Beer Saloon,
s. w. cor. Court & John streets.

SAW MANUFACTURERS.

ALDRIDGE, J. W. & CO., Saw Manufac-
turers, 9 Vine street, see advertisement.

SCALES.

FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO., Fairbanks'
Scales, 139 Walnut st. see advertisement.

SCULPTOR & CARVER.

ALLARD, H., Sculptor in Wood & Marble,
Builder of Altars, Church Furniture of ev-
ery style, 203 Linn st. opp. St Joseph's Church.

CINCINNATI BUSINESS DIBECTOBY.

109

SEALING WAX.

LONGLEY, GARLICK & CO., Dealers in
Sealing Wax, 49, 51 w. Front street, see ad-
tisement.

SEEDS.

McCULL,OUGH*S,J.M, SON Seed Merch'nt
Seeds, Grain, Onion sets. Fertilizers, Im-
plements etc. 136 Walnut st. See Advertisement.
P.4.TTEKSON BROS. & CO. Dealers in Tim-
othy, Clover, Orchard Blue Grass, &c., or-
ders solicited. 42 Vine street.

WILDER, J. & CO., Seeds, Farm Imple-
ments, Fertilizers, Office and Warehouse,
227 Walnut street.

SEWER PIPE.

CLARK & BROS., Mnfrs of Sewer Pipe Flue
Linings, Chimney Tops &c., of best quality.
25U Elm street.

SEWING MACHINES.

BRILL, A. J., Dealer in all kinds of New
Sewing Machines, ^Attachments Ac, 513
Central Avenue.

DOMESTIC SEWING "MACHIN^E CO.
H. C. Pfafflin, Agt, 58 w. Fifth street, see
advertisement.

MADDOCK & BENNETT, General Agent
" Howe" Sewing Machines, 202 Race, cor.
Longworth.

MADDOCK, S. J. Dealer in & repair:r of
Sewing Machines, 195 Elm st, n.w. cor. 5th
THE SINGER MANUFACTURING CO.,
P incipal office, 34 Union Square, N. Y.
Branch office, 61 w. Fourth st, see advertisement

WOOD'S SPECIAL SEWING MA-
CHINE MANUFACTURING CO. Re-
pairs all Kinds of Sewing Machines, Only Steam
Repairing Shop in the west. 11 Home st.

SHIRT MANUFACTURERS.

CLARK.A. J..Shirt Mnfr. & Dlr in Men's
Furnishing Goods, s. e. cor. 4th & Walnut.
STUCKENBERG, H. H., Mnir of Shirts &
Shirt Fronts, 443 Central Avenue.
WILSON BROS., Shirt mnfrs & Men's Fur-
nishers, 69 &, 71 w. Fourth street.

SIGN W^RITERS.

CROSBY, A. B., Gold & Glass Sign Painter.
135 Central Avenue.
FRANKS, S. Scene & Pictorial Sign Painter,
206 Vine st., & 234 Elm st.
MITH, M. E., Sign Writer, 172 Central Ave-
nue.

SILVER PLATED & BRITANNIA
W^ARE.

HOMAN & CO., Manufacturers of Silver &
Nickel Plated Ware, Britannia, Hollow
Ware & spoons, 12 & 14 e. Seventh st.

SOAP MANUFACTURERS.

LIDDELL,CHARLES& CO. Mnfrs of Fancy
Toilet Soaps. 26, 28, 30, & 32 Freeman st.
SCHOENH ALS, CH ARLES,Proprietor Cin-
cinnati Soap Co., 897 Central Avenue, see
advertisement.

THOMPSON, GEO. & CO., Mnfrs of the
Banner Soap, 639 & 641 w. Sixth st. see ad-
vertisement.

SPICE MILLS.

CINCINNATI SPICE MILLS, E. J. Wil
y son, 116 & 118 w. Second st.

SPRING MATTRESSES.

HABERKORN BROS., mnfrs of Mattresses
also, Dlrs in Feathers, 580 Main nr Liberty
JENNINGS, JOS. A., mnfr of Spring mat"
tresses, Bedding, etc.. Spring Mattresses at
So, 87, $10, & $15. and upwards, Large discount
to the trade, Hotel & Steamboat wo k a special-
ty. Factory & Salesrooms, 250 John st-

STARCH.

ERCKENBRECHER, ANDREW Starch
Manufacturer, 12 w Second st. See Adver-
tisement.

THE GEORGE FOX STARCH MANU-
FACTURING CO. 87 west Second street.
Factories, Lockland, 0.

STEAMBOAT JOINERS.

EHLER, ELIAS.
Steamboat Joiner, & Dealer in Lumber,
Planing Mill & Factory,

197, 199. 201 e. Front street.

STEEL SPRINGS.

HIDDEN & LOUNSBERY, Mnfr of Steel
Springs for Furniture & Carriages, 100
Main street, see advertisement.

STENCILS & BURNING BRANDS.

SAYRES, JOS. J. Mnfr of Stencils & Burn-
ing Brands, 36 w. Fourth st.

^^^^ ^^^ S^^ ^'^ s^"^ c\t<^'o>^^

STONE W^ORKS.

MUEL.LER, JOHN M. Proprietor Buena
Vista Excelsior Free Stone Works. Front
st- bet. Gas Works & Mill st. see advertisement.

STOVES.

FAR WICK, J. H. Stoves & Castings, Tin-
ware, Copper & Sheet Iron Ware, 165 Court
HOROWITZ S. Mnfr & Dealer in Stoves &
Tinware, 217 Central Avenue-
PECKOVER MOORE & CO. Dealers in
Stoves, & House Furnishing Goods, s. w.
cor. Fifth & Elm st.

PFAU & GUSTETTER, AVholesale & Retail
Dlrs in Stoves & Ranges, 217 w. Fifth st-
RESOR, WM.. & CO., Stove Manufacturers,
s.e.cor. Race & Front st. see advertisement
RITZLER & ART, Wholesale & Retail Dlrs
& Mnfrs of Stoves, Tin, Stamped & Japan-
ed Ware, 179 main st.

VONBEHREN H. W., Manfr of Stoves.
Hollow Ware &c. s. e. cor. Freeman ii
Wade sts.

SUMMER RESORT.

WUSTROW, WM. Proi)rietor Union Shoot-
ing Park, Carthage Road near St Bernard
Ludlow Grove, P. 0. 4>2' miles from city. See
advertisement.

SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS.

UTENRIETH, WM., Mnfr of Surgical &
Dental Instruments, 71 w. Sixth st.

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENT.

TAGS, &C.

DENNISON & CO. Tags & Stationers Spe-
cialties, Jewelers & Druggists Findings,
Paper Boxes, &e, 169 Vine st.

TAILORS.

EBBERS, HENRY, Merchant Tailor and
Clother, 288 Fifth & 287lCentral Av. Fine
Custom Made Clothing, A Large Stock of Fine
Imported Goods on Hand. Goods Shipped to all
parts of the Country.

FISCHER, GEORGE, The Tailor, 257 Wal-
nut St.

TMTHUJr&ZUMBAHI.E]Sr, Mnfr & Dealer
1 in Clothing-!& Merchant Tailor, 274 w. 5th.
T IPPERT, EUD WIG, Merchant Tailor. 17^
i-4 Plum bet. Fourth & Fifth.

POEE, J. A., Merchant Tailor, my own make
Always on hand, 215 Central Ave.
ROSENTHAE, C, Merchant Tailor, Fit
Guaranteed, 115 w. Fifth st.

TAILORS' TRIMMINGS.

ENNEKIKG, F. & H. & CO.. Importers &
Jobbers of Tailors Trimmings, 145 w. Thii-d.

TANNERS & GURIERS.

BARDES, CHRISTIAN, Tanner & Currier,
cor. Stark & Branch sts. e. Mohawk Bridge.
BARDES, EOUIS C, Tanner* Currier, 183
A 185 McMieken Ave.
LANG & WANNER, Mnfr of Superior Oak
Tanned, Sole & Harness Leather, 39, 41 &
43 Dunlap st.

RASCHE BROS., Mohawk Tannery, Plum
St. near Mohawk Bridge.

TEAS.

MERRY WEATHER, G. N.,'^ Wholesale &
Retail Dealer in Teas, 119 w.LSixth st.
MUEEEER, H. A. Dealer in Imported Teas
& Fancy Groceries, 1G9 Plum cor. Perry.

TELEGRAPH SUPPLIES.

ROGERS, H. D. & CO., Mnfrs & Dealers in
Telegraph, Manifold & Burglar Alarm Sup-
plies, 22 w. Fourth st.

TENTS & AWNINGS.

T RAVERS, A. H. & CO., Mnfr Tents &
Awnings & Patent Window Shades, 133
Sycamore st.

THREAD.

WIEEIMANTIC THREAD Co. cor. Pearl
and Race streets. See Advertisement.

TINNERS' SUPPLIES.

HUX<1', J. E., Manufacturer of Tinner's Tools,
Galvanized Iron Cornice Maker's Tools,
Squaring Shears, &c., 137 e. Pearl. See adv.

LAWSON E. H. & CO., Tin, Plate, Wire,
Copper & Brass, 188 & 190 Main St. ^ ee Ad-
vertisement.

SEEEEW & CO., Tin, Plate, Sheet Iron, &e.,
214, 216 & 218 Main st. See Advertisement.

TIN, COPPER & SHEET IRON
WORKERS.

BUCHERT, P., Tin, Copper & Sheet Iron
Worker, 21 e. Front street.

Tin, Copper and Sheet Iron Workers

CONTINUED.

AWSON, BENJ., Mi.l'- Tin & Sheet Iron
Ware & Tin Roofing, 209 w. Fifth street.

HONHORSX, JOS. & CO., Sheet Iron
Workers, Repairing Promptly Attended to,
121 & 123 e. Front street.

SEEI-EW MANUFACTURING CO., Mnfr
of Tin, Zinc and Sheet Iron Ware, n. w. cor.
Seventh & Main streets.

TOBACCO.

BOD MAN, CHAS. & CO Leaf Tobacco ware-
house, 57, 59, 61 and 63 west Front street.
BECKER, JOHN R. & CO., Dealers in Leaf
Tobacco, 72 & 74 Walnut street.
BROOKS, VTATERFIEED & CO., Globe
Leaf Tobacco Warehouse, 95, 97, & 99 Front
St. 102, 104 & 106 Water street.

DIEES FREYTAG* CO., Dealers in Do-
mestic & Spanish Leaf Tobacco, 82 w. 2nd.
KROHN, FEISS & CO, Manfrs of Cigars &
dlrs in Leaf Tobacco, 161, 163 & 165 w Third
MADDUX BROTHERS, Wholesale Dealers
in Tobacco. Coffee, Tea & Cigars, 25 & 27
w. Pearl street. See advertisement.

MAELAY, RICHARD & BRO., Leaf To-
bacco Brokers, 115 & 117 w. Front street.
MEYER, HENRY & CO.,
Dealers in Spanish and Seed Leaf

Tobacco and Commission Merchants,
46 w. Front street.

MEYER, C. F. & BRO., Dealers in Domes-
tic & Imported Leaf Tobacco, 42 w. Front.
MORRIS, W. G. Leaf Tobacco Broker, 87
west Front street.
SEAMAN, E. &.CO.,' Dealers in all Kinds of
Cigar Leaf Tobacco, 15 Walnut street.*
SEEET & ROSE, Wholesale Teas and To-
bacco, 14 east Second^street.
WEI6HEEE, M. V. B., Proprietor Excel-
sior Tobacco Works, 210 Elm street.

TRUNKS.

COOPER, E, M, & CO, Trunks, Traveling
Bags, &c, 164 Walnut street.
FREUDENBERGER, H., Manufacturer of
; Trunks.'.Satchels, &c., 107 w.rFifth street.
MCGUIRE, M. A., Mnfr" and Wholesale
Dealer in Trunks, Valises, Satchels, &c.,
172 Walnut street.!

SHOEE & KEEN, Trunks, Valises, Railroad
Bags, Satchels, Pocket"Books, School Bags,
&c., 183 Walnut st. 2 doors above Gibson House.

WAGNER, HENRY. Mnfr and Dealer in
Trunks, Satchels, Traveling Bags, &c, 95
Walnut & 187 Main st. Trunks made to order &
Repairing promptly' attended;to.

TURNER &: ENGRAVER.

NADEER, FERD.; Turner of Wood, Horn
& Ivory, 460 Main street. \

R HEINE KER, MARTIN, Turner, Engrav-
er & Repairer of Billiards, 123 w. Sixth st.

TYPE FOUNDERS.

AEEISON, SMITH & JOHNSON, Type
Founders, 168 Vine st. See advertisement.

UMBRELLAS, &C.

K' UHN, M. E., Mnfr of Umbrellas, Parasols
& Walking Canes, 98 w. Fourth street.

CINGINNAII BUSINESS DIREGTOBY.

Ill

UNDERTAKERS.

UNIFORMS.

T INGKRS & MOOKMANN, Undertakers,
JL# Livery & Boarding Stables, 339 <fe 341 w. 6.
^1-7KKNKK * SOHKOKR, Livery Sta-

V V blc & Undertakers, 368 k 370 iSyeamorc st.
TXril^TSKK, JOHLX F., Undertaker. 293 &

VV 295 w. Sixtii street.

T3ENJAMIN, ,J., Manufacturer of Military
XJ Police and Uniform Caps, 2JS w Fifth st.

WHEEL MANUFACTURERS.

p OYER WHEEL CO., Mnfrs of all Kinds
IX of Wheels, 342 w. Third st.

WHISKY.

UNDERTAKERS' SUPPLIES.

fTTAYNK. J. I.. Jll., Agt. Undertakers, Up-
YV holsters & Cabinet Materials, 140 & 142

Main street.

TTBEIBERG, J. & A., Wholesale Whisky
r Dealers 38 main st.

r^ ROTENKEMPER, H. & CO., Distillers
VJ Agts. & Wholesale Liijuor Dealers. 53 c. 2.
OCHRADER BROS., Wholesale Whisky
O Dealers, 70 Main st.

UPHOLSTERERS' MATERIALS.

rriDDEN & I.OUNSBEKY, Cabinet Mak-
XX ers' Supplies, 100 Main. See advertisement.
T^TAYNK, J. L., JK., Agt. Undertakers,
VV Upholsters and Cabinet Materials, 140 &
142 Main street.

WHITE LEAD MANUFACTURERS

TARNISHES.

-DKKKY BKOTHEliS, Mnfrs of Varnish, R.
XJ B. Ironsides, Agt. 72 Main st. See adver-
tisement.
/^UEEN CITY VABNISH CO.,

V^ Established 1845,

124 w. Second street.

A NCHOR WHITE LEAD CO.. A. T. Gos-
Jr\. horn. President, 272 &, 274 Broadway.
TipAGLE WHITE LEAD CO., Manfacturcrs
Hj of White Lead, Red Lead, Litharge, Color-
ed Paints, Putty, &c. 20 to 26 Spring st. See ad-
vertisement.

VINEGAR.

W^INDO W SHADES.

A NDKESS & BEYEK, AVholesalc Dealers
jr\. and Manufacturer of pure Cider, Wine &
Pickling Vinegars, 25 Sycamore street.

l\/r ILI.ER, F. & CO., Vinegar and Cider De-

iVi pot, also Liquor Dealers, 62 and 64 e. 2d st
See Advertisement.
\xr AKE, GEO. C, Vinegar Manufacturer, 257

VV west Third street. See Advertisement

TT'IRK, W. J. & E. H., Mnfrs & Dealers in
XV Window Shades, Fixtures Hollands, &c.

176 Walnut st.

W^OOD & WILLO W^ W^ARE.

WATCHES, CLOCKS. &C.

T30BE. J. B , Watches. Clocks, Jewelry &
J.J Silverware, n. w cor. Fifth & Elm.
r^OKXANI), GAKKETT T., Wholesale
LJ Denier in Watches & Jewelry, 48 w. 4th &
159 Walnut street.

AJIl'HKBT, IIEKMAN, Dealer in Watches,
i\ Clocks. Jewelry, &c. 423 Cen. Av. Op. 12.
/^SKAMP. JOS., Dealer in Watches, Clocks,
vy Jewelry, &c. 185 Main street.

/CINCINNATI BRACKET CO., Plain &
V^ Ornamental Wooden AVare. 15 Sc 17 w. 6th st.
/^OMPTON, AULT & CO. Manfrs. Wood &
V^ Willow Ware, Cordage Arc, ne cor. Walnut
and Front, and 30 & 32 Front streets.
T7- URTZ. W. P., Manufacturer and Dealer in
iV Wood and Willow Ware, the Latest Im-
liroved Clothes Wringers, Washing Machines,
Step Ladders, Clothes Bars, and other Laundry
and House Furnishing Goods, Commodes and
Blacking Cases, Wringers Repaired, Repaired
Stock for Sale, 129 w. Fifth st. near Race.

^ype and stereotype foundry,

%m mm m.> Bet. Fourth and Fifth, eiUCiHIHAT), n.

Manufacturers of and Dealers in

isTE-^T^Ts, Booi^ -^nsriD JOB rr-2i=E],

Printing Presses, Cases, Galleys, etc., Inks and Printing Material of Every Description.

STEREOTYPING OF ALL KINDS.

Books, Music, Volumes of nil sizes, in Modern and Ancient Languages, Cards,
Jjahels, Stamps, in Type Metal or Copper,

ELECTROTYPING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES.

CINCINNA TI AD VERTISEMENl .

The Sunday-school Singing-book for 1878 :

hwpwi mm ©©L©

□
By T. C. O'KANE,

Author of "Mvery Sabbath," "Songs for Worship," etc., etc.

The latest aud best book by this popular author. In addition to his special composi-
tions for its pages, it contains many of the best pieces of well known composers of spir-
itual music. The paper, printing and binding is not equaled by any other Sunday-school
Sioging-book in the market.

Single copy, 35 cts.; $2.60 per dozen; $30 per hundred.

BOOKS FOR SUNDAY SCHOOL LIBRARIES,

Home U-eading^, Etc-

All the excellent books designed for the young folks, and the standard works of
Methodist Book Concern, kept on hand, as well as the publications of other houses that
may be safely put in the Sunday-school Library and the home. Every Pastor, Sunday-
school Worker and Christian Parent feels the importance of great care in the selection of
Books for the Young, and we aim to keep a stock from which orders can be made wilh
confidence.

SEND FOR CATALOGUE.

Sunday-school papers, Teachers' Helps, Class-books, and all other Requisites.

Full list given in Catalogue.

MAGAZINES FOR THE HOME.

National Repository,

REV. D. CURRY, D. D., Editor.
Illustx-a.ted jyCoiitlily, - ^3.00 per Year.

aOLDEN HOURS:

HELEN V. OSBORNE, Managing Editor.
Illnstrated JMontlily, - ^1.60 per Year.

Address,

SZTCZXCOCZS; c& TTT-^iLDSlT,

CINCINNATI, O.

DANVILLE BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

BARBER.

SHEKXEY, I'KESTON, Fashionable Barber
ife Hair Dresser, Third st.

BliACKSMITHING.

UDSON, THOS. J. Blaeksmithing & Re-
pairing-, Afrt. for the Schuttler AVagon, 3 st.

BOOTS & SHOES.

TKACY, J. AH kinds of Ladies' & Gents'
Boots & Shoes made to order, Third st.

COLLEGES.

CENTRE COrivEGE, 0. Beatty, President,
Danville, Ky. See Advertisement.

DENTISTS.

AYRES, SAMUEL, Dentist, Main street op-
posite Central National Bank.
GRANT, SAMUEL P. Dentist, Main street
over Bxpi-ess Office.
NEWT.IN. GEORGE P. Dentist, n. w, cor.
Third & Main streets.

DRUGGIST.

cGRORTY, A. S. Druggist, Bookseller &
Stationer, Main st.

FURNITURE.

McGRORTY, J. v. Furniture, Spring Beds.
Matrcsses. Chromes, Picture Frames,
Brackets & Undertaking, Metalic Caskets, ifcc..
Main st.

GROCERIES.

AGUIRE. SAM. F. Groceries, Flour, Pro-
visions, Cigars, Tobacco, Arc, Fouth st.

HOTELS.

CENTRAL HOTEL, John P. Thorel, Pro-
prietor, Main st.
(CLEMENS HOUSE, Geo. F. Simo-nds, Pro-
^ prietor. Court Ilouse Square. See Adver-
tisement.

JEW^ELER.

FLAIG, EDWARD, Jeweler, Repairing,
Fine Watches, Clocks, & Jewelry a special-
ty. Main st.

LUMBER.

BROWN & GOODLOE, Coal, Lumber,
Lime, Cement & Plaster, cor. Main & 4th.

MARBLE \(rORKS.

LARIMER, S. Foreign & American Marble
Monuments, Tombstones &c.. Main st.

MERCHANT TAILOR.

ARKS & ZUBER, Merchant Tailors, suc-
cessors to Marks & Lowrie, Main st.

PHOTOGRAPHER.

Fox, EDW^ARD H. Artist & Photographer.
Main st.

PRINTERS & PUBLISHERS.

BOYLE, NICHOLS & STEVENSON, Job
Printers, Editors & Publishers of the
"Danville Local," n. e. cor. Main & Third.

MARKS & RRUCE, Publishers of the "Ken-
tucky Advocate," Book & Job Printers,
Main st.

SEEDS & IMPLEMENTS.

LUCAS, C. H. Seeds, Orchard & Blue Grass
a specialty, also Farming Implement*,
Main st.

STOVES.

ACKNEY & HINMAN, Stoves, Ranges &
Tinware, Third st.

UNDERTAKER.

NICHOLS, J. R. Undertaker, Metal &
Wooden Caskets. Coffins, &o.. Third st.

GEORGETOWN BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

ATTORNEY AT LATV.

LONG, SAMUEL W. Attorney at Law,:Mai
St.

BOOKS & STATIONERY.

8TEFrEE, J. H. Postmaster and Dealer in
Stationery, Books, <ke.. Post Office.

CARRIAGES.

McCULLOUGH, P. Carriage Builder, re-
pairing neatly and promptly done. Main st

COLLEGE.

C^ EORGETOWN COLLEGE, Rev. B. Manly
T Jr. D. D.. President, see advertisement.
31

DENTIST.

RYAN, R. K., D. D. S. Dentist, Main st.

DRUGGIST.

TTALL& SPEARS, Prescription Druggists.

Main st.

DRY GOODS.

ANKINS & WEBB, Dry Goods. Notions
and Furnishing Goods, Main st.
OPER, ROBT. Dry Goods. Notions, Car-
pets <fec., Main st.

FURNITURE.

STEVENSON JOHN M. Undertaker & Deal-
er in Furniture, Main st.

11^ GEORGETOWN AND LEXINGTON BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

GRAIN.

JEWELRY.

ipENN, J. M. Grain. Flour. Coal, Agricultur-
XT al Implements, Main st.

GROCERIES.

CHEPARD, T. J. & BRO. Jewelers and
O Watchmakers, Repairing neatly executed.
10 Main st.

■pMISON, W. Q. Wholesale and Retail Gro-

Hi ceries. Main st.

(-^ AINES, JOHN S. Dealer in fine Groceries

VJT and Liquors, U Main st.

/^ODEY, S. & CO. Wholesale and Retail

VJT Grocers, Main st.

lilVERY STABLE.

•m/TcCONNELIv, I-. Livery, Sale, Breakings
iY-l and Training Stable and Stock Yards,
Main st.

NEWSPAPER.

HUMPHREYS, JOHN R. Staple and Fancy
Groceries, Cigar, Tobacco, Liquors, etc.
Main st.

STONE, K. Jr. Wholesale and Retail Staple
and Fancy Groceries Whiskies, etc- Cross
and Main st.

HARD W^ ARE.

ROBERTS, R. E. Hardware, Stoves, Tin-
ware, etc., at Wholesale and Retail, Main
treet.

SHERRITT & CLEVELAND, Hardware
and Queens ware at Wholesale and Retail,
Main st.

HARNESS MANUFACTURER.

BARKLEY, J. L. Manufactsrer and Dealer
in Saddles and Harness, Main st.
HERRING, W. B. Practical Horse Boot,
Harness and Saddle Maker, Main st.

HOTEL.

EORGETOWN HOTEL, Craig and Hart,
Proprietors, Opposite New Court House,
see advertisement.

GEORGETOWN TIMES, John A. Bell,
Editor and Proprietor, Main and Hamil-
ton sts.

PHOTOGRAPHER.

PHIPPS, W. R. Photographic Artist, Main
cor. Hamilton sts.

SEMINARY.

GEORGETOWN FEMALE SEMINARY.
Professor J. J. Rucker, Principal, George-
town, Ky., see advertisement.

TAILOR

A LSTROM, A. G., Merchant Tailor, Main
lA]

St.

/^HAPMAN, B. A. Fashionable Tailor, Main

UNDERTAKER.

RANDOL, B. F. Undertaker, Metallic and
Wooden Caskets and Cases, Main st.

LEXINGTON BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

BARBER.

JOHNSON & WARE, Barber Shop & Soft
J Water Bath Rooms, under St. Nicholas
Hotel.

BRICKLAYER.

ARNER, W^M. C. Bricklayer, 6 e. Mainst,

CARRIAGES.

LINDSAY, J. C. Agt. for Louis Cook, Car-
riage Manfacturer, Fine Carriages for sale
at 59 & 61 Main st.

CLOTHING.

BOWNE, H. A. Clothing k Gents Furnish-
ing Goods, 6 w. Main st.
BRADLEY, CASSELL & RANDALL,
Clothing & Gents Furnishing Goods, 4 e.
Main st.

LOEVENHARTS Clothing House, n.e. cor.
Main & Broadway.

WERTS, JOHN H. Mnfr & Dealer in Cloth-
ing, Gents Furnishing Goods &c.,31 Main.

COAL.

BOSW^ORTH & RICHARDSON, Coal
Dealers, 46 w. Main st.

COMMISSION.

STOLL & HAMILTON, Storage & Commis-
sion Merchants & Dealers in Fine Ken-
tucky Whiskies, Vine and Broadway.

CONFECTIONERY.

HARDESTY, J. H. Confectionery and Rest-
aurant, Meals at all hours. Oysters, Fruitst
Cigars, Tobacco &c.. 45 e. Main st.

HOLLENKAMP, JOSEPH, Fine Confec-
tions, Fruits, Cigars, &c., 71 e. Main st,
RICHARDSON, G. C. & BRO. Mnfrs and
AVholesale Dealers in Confections, 10 Broad-
way. See Advertisement.

CROCKERY & QUEENSW^ARE.

HUTCHISON, ISAAC & SON Importers
and Dealers in China, Glass and Queens-
ware, Cuttlery and Silverware, Mill & Main

DRY GOODS.

LOGWOOD, THOS. S. Dealer in Dry Goods,
Notions, Cheap Jewelry etc. 13 w. Main
Also Nicholasville and Somerset, Ky.

SCHOONMAKER, S. A. Dry Goods, No-
tions, etc., 6w. Main.

FURNITURE.

ERD & BELL, Successors to F. I. Erd, Fur-
niture Dealers and Undertakers, 26 w Main.
MIL WARD & CO. Furniture Dealers and
Undertakers, 10 w. Main st.

LEXINGTON BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

115

GUNSMITHS.

B ROWER, JOS. Gun and Locksmith, and
Bell Hanger, Dealer in Guns, Fishing
Tackle and Sporting Material genorally, 38 w.
Main near Broadway.

MILLS, B. & SON Mnfrs and Dealers in
High Class Breech Loading Guns, 55 e.
Main st.

HATTER.

RICHARDSON, JOHN B. Fashionable Hat-
ter and Furrier, 41 e. Main st.

HORSESHOER.

C^IHEVALIER, FRANK Horseshoeing, Plow
J making and Repairing, Wood and Iron,
all work warranted; also Breeder of Pure Poland
China Hogs, Short st. opposite Baptist Church.

HOTELS.

LUSBY'S FAYETTE HOUSE, L. & J. H.
Lusby, Proprietors, 60, (52 and 64 e. Short.
st. See Advertisement.

PHOSNIX HOTEL, C. F. Simonds and Son.
Proprietors, Limestone and Main sts. See
Advertisement.

ST. NICHOLAS HOTEL, Johnson and Seel-
bach, Proprietors, Main st, See Advertise-
ment.

JEWELRY & WATCHMAKERS.

/- CALVERT, THOS. G. Jeweler, 21 e. Main
\y St.

GARNER, GEO. Jeweler and Engraver, 6 e.
Main st.
KROKSING, A, J. Watchmaker and Jewel-
er, 49 e. Main st.
LYON, A. K. Watches, Clocks, Jewelry and
Silverware, cor. Main and Mill sts.

LIVERY.

BROWN, F. H. Livery and Sale Stable,
Hoagland's Old Stand, 108 e. Main st.
TRACY & WILSON'S Livery Sale & Com-
mission Stables, Montague's Old Stand, 91
&. 93 e. Main st. See Advertisement.

LUMBER.

HAMM & GASTINEAU, Carpenters and
Builders Dealers in Lumber, Short st.
near JetJ'erson.

WILLIAMSON & BRO. Contractors and
Builder? & Lumber Dealers at Wholesale &
Retail, 126 w. Main. See Advertisement.

MARBLE "WORKS.

ADAMS, WM. & SONS Importers of Mar-
ble and Granite Monuments, Statues,
Headstones, 37 Broadway.

MARBLE W^ORKS (Continued.)

PRUDEN'S MARBLE WORKS, Country
work of all kinds neatly executed, west
Main near Broadway.

OCULIST & AURIST.

BARKER, DR. A. B. Oculist k Aurist,
Treats all affections of the eye and ear. See
Advertisement.

PHOTOGRAPHERS.

T3ROWN, C. M. Photographer, 19 w Main st.

JOHNS & FAUGHT, Photographers 56 e-
J Main st. See Advertisement.

MULLEN, JAMES, Photographer, Views of
C. S. RR.,5w. Main St.

PLANING MILLS.

ENTERPRISE MILL, F. Bush a d Son,
Proprietors, Sash, Doors, Blinds, Flooring,
etc. Manfrs, Vine and Lower sts.

WOOD, THOS. & BRO. Lexington Plain-
Sash, Doors, Blinds, &e., 21, 23 &25 Vine,
bet. Mill and Broadway.

PRINTING-

TRANSYLVANIA PRINTING & PUB-
LISHING CO. Job Printing. Book bind-
ing and Blank Book Makers. 49 and 51 Main.

SEEDS.

SANDUSKY, H. C. & CO., Wholesale Deal-
ers in Kentucky Blue Grass Seed, 43 to 51 w
Short st.

SPEYEB& BRO., IHides, Furs. Sheepskins,
Wool, i&c. Rags, Iron, Brass, Copper, <fec.
Blue Grass Seed, 22 and 24 s. Broadway.

SEMINARIES.

CHRIST CHURCH SEMINARY, Miss
Helen L. Totten, Principal, Maxwell st.
See Advertisement.

SAYRE FEMALE INSTITUTE. H. B.
MeClellan. Principal, Limestone st. See
Advertisement.

TAILORS.

A DAMS, R. M. Merchant Tailor, 43 e. Main

MANNINI, P. Tailor, Scourer and Repairer,
49 w. Main st.

UPHOLSTERER.

GRAY, SAM'L F. Furniture Upholsterer, 26
w. Main st.

PhcBnix Hotel,

LEXIN GTON, KY,

C. F. SIMONDS & SON,

Proprietors.

Fayette House,

60, 62 & 64 East Short Street,

LEXINGTON, KY.

Terms, $1.50 per day ; Meals, 40 Cents.
First-class Bar and Livery aMached.

L. & J. H. Lusby, Prop'rs.

116 NICHOLASVILLE AND SOMERSET BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

Montague's old stand, Nos. 91 and 93 East Main Street,

I«ivei*3^9 Sale ^ Commission Stables^

Hacks, Buggies, Kockaways, Saddle Horses and all kinds of Wagons for hire.
Gentlemen's Eoadsters and First-class Saddle Horses, Thoroughbreds and Trotters,
at all times for sale.

Special attention paid to shipping and receiving stock.

NICHOLASVILLE BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

BOOTS & SHOES.

DOWNING, B. A. Boots, Shoes, and Gents'
Furnishing Goods, 7 Main st.

CONFECTIONERY.

FBAZEB & WAIiLiACB, Confectionery and
Fancy Grocery and Restaurant, Meals at
all hours. Main st.

DRY GOODS.

C BUTCHER, J. A. Dry Goods, Notions and
Fancy Goods. 11 Main st,
OGWOOD, THOS. S. Main st.

MASTERS & LOGAN, Dry Goods, Notions,
&c., next door to Nat. Bank, Main and
Cross sts.

GROCERIES.

SPARKS, T. T. Dealer in Groceries & Coal,
and Woodyards, Main st.

HARD ^W ARE.

MURPHY, J. H. & CO. Hardware, Stoves,
Tinware &c., 9 Main st

HEMP.

SPARKS, E. R. Mnfr of Double Dressed
Hemp and Shorts, Fine and Co rse Tow, &
Dealer in Kentucky Undressed Hemp.

LIVERY.

NAVE, J. E. Livery, Sale, Veterinary and
Training Stable, s. Main st.

MERCHANT MILIi.

ST. NICHOI.AS MII.I.S, J. W. Buky, Pro-
prietor, Mnfr of Fancy Ky. White Wheat
Flour.

STOVES & TINWARE.

cMAHON, DENNIS, Mnfr & Dealer in
Tinware, Stoves, &c., Main st.

METCALF BROS. Stoves, Tin & Hardware.
Lightning Rods, Pumps, &c.. Main st.

SOMERSET BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

DRUGGISTS.

HARD-WARE.

"P ICHARDSON, J. B. Dr ggist and Dealer
IN. in Paints, Oils, Books, Stationery, Grocer-
ies, &c., Main st.
'VACHARY, C. A. Druggist and Apothecary.

Z^ Prescriptions carefully compounded, see
advertisement.

QAXLEE & BEATIE, Hardware. Stoves,
O and Farming Implements. Main st.

HARNESS MAKER.

DRY GOODS.

T OGWOOD, THOS. S. Main st.

TV/TcBEATH & OWENS, Dry Goods, No-
iVi tions, Groceries, Clothing, Boots, Shoes,
&c.. Main st. under Owens' Opera House.

GENERAL MERCHANDISE.

T>EATTIE & WAIT, Dealers in General
XJ Merchandise, Main st.

TTARVEY&NEWEL,Ii, Tin & Sheet Iron
11. Manfrs of Hardware and Gen'l M'dse, s.
side Public Square.

piONANT, M. A. Harness and Saddle Maker,
\j e. side Public Square.

HOTELS.

TTICKS HOUSE, Sim Hicks, Proprietor, see

Jn. Advertisement.

ATATIONAX, HOTEL, C. Pitman, Proprie-
IN tor, late of Sublimity Springs, see adver-
tisement.

yACHARY HOUSE, C. A. Zachary, Propri-
Z^ etor, Good Livery Stahle, e. corner Public
Square, see advertisement.

WJAVr, G. W. & CO. Dry Goods, Boots,
V V Shoes, China and Glassware, &c. Main st.

NE-WSPAPER.

GROCERIES.

COMERSET WEEKLY' REPORTER,

O Jos. B. Rucker, Editor and Publisher, Pub-
lished every Thursday, Subscription, !f2.00. Es-
tablished 1875, see advertisement.

TTANSFORD, J. M. & CO. Groceries, Pro-
LL visions. Tobacco, Cigars, etc. a specialty.
s. side Public Square.

WILLIAMSTOWN, OOriNOTONA DAYTON BUSINESS DIBEOTOBY. 117

WILLIAMSTOWN.

ATTORNEY AT LAW.

HOTELS.

TTOGAN, HON. O. P. Main st.

TJ OGAN, "W. N. Attorney at Law, Main st.

DRUGGISTS.

JOHNSON HOUSE, W. C. Johnson, Proprie-

J tor. Good Sample Rooms.

PACK'S HOTEIi, Mrs. E. J. Pack Pro-

X prietor, Main st.

JE-WELRY.

/'CONNER, C. C. Watchmake asd Jeweler,

\j Post Office, Main St.

/^'HARA, R. H. Drugs, Patent Medicines,
yj Fancy and Toilet Articles, Cigars, etc.
Main st.

T^HEOBALD, N. V. Druggist, Toilet & Fiiney
i Articles, Paints, Oils, Grlass, &c.. Main st.

DRY GOODS.

LIVERY STABLE.

T ANDRUM, R. W. Livery and Sale Stable,
J— « Rear of Court House.

MARBLE WORKS.

IV'ORACH, I. &CO., Dry Goods, Clothing,
IS. Boots and Shoes, ifec, Main st.
\xrEBB, J. H. Dealer in Dry Goods, Notions,

VV etc.. Main St.

QKEELS, JOHN A. Marble Works, Dealer
O in Monuments, Toombstones, <fec. Main st.

MERCHANT MILL.

GENERAL MERCHANDISE.

T EFFERS, N. H. Dealer in General Merchan-
J dise, Main st.

'VINN, P. T. Dealer in General Merchandise.
A^ Main st.

GROCERIES.

/^UNNINGHAM, D. L. Merchant Flouring
V_x and Grist Mill, Wool Carding, etc.,

POST OFFICE.

pORTER, THOMAS S. Postmaster. Main
r St.

STOVES.

"ITTEBB, GEO. N. Dealer in Groceries,
VV Quee sware. Confections, etc., Main st.

"1%/rOUNT, J. W. stoves. Hardware, Lamps,
JjLL Burial Cases, etc.. Main and Chicago Ave.

HARNESS MAKER.

WHEELWRIGHT.

"p IDDELIi, J. M. Harness Maker and Sad-

XV ler. Main st.

"jy/TcDUFFEE, R. AVheelw ight, Wagon and
ItLL Agricultural Implement Maker, Main st.

REIBOLD'S BECKEL HOUSE,

I5A.YTON, OHIO.

The only first-class Hotel in the city. Being the only one heated with steam, hav-
ing hot and cold water on everv floor, and rooms with baths and closets attached. Pas-
senger and Baggage Elevators. Popular prices :— $3.00 $2.50 AND $2.00 PER DAY.

L.OUI>«$ REIISOL.]>, Prop'r.

COVINGTON.

DAYTON.

BREW^ER.

LANG, CHAS. & CO. Mnfrs of Lager Beer,
also. Maltsters and Dealers in Hops, Lewis-
burg, see advertisement

CIGARS.

BIENZ, J. F. Wholesale Mnfr of Havana &
Domestic Cigars, 338 Scott st.

TAILOR.

BAILER, JOSEPH, Fashionable Merchant
Tailor, 420 Scott st.

MACHINERY.

McSHERRY D. E. & CO. Manufacturers of
McSherry's Patent Grain Drill, e. 3rd. st.
WOODSUM MACHINE CO. Mnfrs of the
Dayton Pitts Threshing Machine, Porta-
ble Engines, Grain Drills and Hay Rakes.

HOTEL.

REIBOIiD'S BECKEL, HOUSE, Louis
Reibold, Proprietor, cor. 3rd & JeflFerson,
see advertisement.

118

HAMILTON BUSINESS DIBEGTOBY.

HAMILTON BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

ATTORNEY AT LAW.

HOTEL.

liriLMAMS, ISKAEL, Attorney at Law,

VV Becket's Block.

CALENDAR ROLLS.

PHILLIPS HOUSE, A. Phillips, Proprietor,
A Cor. High & Front sts. See Advertisement.

HUB & SPOKE WORKS.

TD LACK & CI.AWSON, Mnfrs & Grinders of
Jj Calendar Rolls, cor. Water & Stable sts.
See Advertisement.

T^EINZER, STEPHAN & CO.. Miami Hub,
•. JlJ Spoke & Bending Factory, Water st.

Phillips House,

N. W. Cor. High & Front Sts.,

HAMILTON, 0.

Opposite Court House ; Post-of-
fice in building.

KATES,

$2.00 PER DAY.

A. A PHILLIPS,

Manager.

SCHRODER LOCK CO.

Mannfacturers of WrongM Iron and Store Door and Dwelling House

CO
09

BRASS KNOBS & BRASS AND PLATED UlNGBS.

OFFICE AND FACTORY:

le & IS East Seventh St., Oineinnati, Ohio.

CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENT.

119

DANIEL Decamp.

MICHAEL LEVOY.

THos. L. Decamp.

DeCamp, Levoy & Co.,

WHOLESALE MANUFACTURERS OF

SADDLERY and COLLARS

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

l^os. ox dto 08 ivc^lia Stireet,

BETWEEN THIED & PEARL,

OIIVOIT^N.^TI, - . OHIO.

120 CINGINNA TI AD VEB TISEMENl .

Information Worth Thousands to Those
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IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS OF

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fmmm fmirn mn fmcy

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VAULT WORK.

WDRKS

ITos. 166 to 180 Pearl Street.

PRINCIPAL OFFICE:

Oor. Pearl and Plum Streets,

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