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BERWICKSHIRE

NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

INSTITUTED SEPTEMBER 23, 1831.

“MARE ET TELLUS, ET, QUOD TEGIT OMNIA, C@LUM.”

ALNWICK :
PRINTED FOR THE CLUB
BY HENRY HUNTER BLAIR, MARKET PLACE,
1872.

Ton
th as

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Address delivered at Berwick, on the 30th of September,
1869. By Sir Watter Extiot, K.C.S.I., of Wolfelee.

GENTLEMEN,

I was unfortunately prevented from attending the last Annual
Meeting, at Chirnside, on the 24th of September, and from
hearing the able address of your late President, Mr. Hardy,
on resigning the chair. On that occasion you were pleased
to nominate me as his successor—an houour wholly unex-
pected by me—and to which, as one of the youngest members
of the Club, which I only joined in 1862, I should have felt it
presumptuous to aspire. In accordance, however, with the
standing rule, which allows no option in the matter, it only
remains for me to return my grateful acknowledgment for
this mark of your favour.

For an account of the proceedings of that day I am indebted
to the copious notes of our Secretary, which he has kindly
placed at my disposal.

B.N.C.—VOL. Saif. NO. I. A

1 \ b /

2 Anniversary Address.

“A wet, cold morning prevented many members from
attending; yet sixteen were assembled to take part in the
proceedings of the day, including the President Mr. James
Hardy, the Secretary Mr. George Tate, Mr. D. Milne Home
of Wedderburn, and Mr. Arch. Jerdon. The other members
present were—Dr. C. Stuart, the Rev. Wm. Wilson, Chirnside ;
Mr. Wm. Stevenson, Mr. C. Watson, Mr. Wm. Crawford,
Dunse ; Mr. Roy Borthwick, Mr. Gilbert Stewart, Melrose ;
Mr. Heatley, Alnwick; Mr. G. B. Black, Prior Bank; Mr.
J. Edward Friar, Grindon Ridge; Mr. J. Clay, Berwick ;
Dr. Paxton, Norham. After breakfast, the accounts, which
show a good balance in favour of the Club, were passed.
Seventeen new members were elected, among whom was
Dr. Acland, the eminent Professor of Medicine in Oxford
University, whom we had had the pleasure of seeing at our
Meeting of the 27th of August, at Alnwick. A new rule
was proposed by Dr. Douglas and seconded by Mr. George
Tate, that ‘ Corresponding members, who shall not be called
upon to pay subscriptions, may be admitted into the Club ;
they may be nominated and seconded at any meeting prior to
that held in September, and elected at the Annual Meeting
by the votes of three-fourths of the members present; they
shall be entitled to attend the meetings, to send communica-
tions, and to receive one copy of the yearly Proceedings.” The
resolution was unanimously adopted, and in accordance there-
with, Mr. Wm. Shaw of Guns-green, and Mr. Anderson of
Lintlaw-burn, were elected corresponding members. The
following places of meeting for 1869, were then selected—
Burnmouth, Lauder, Hawick or Castleton (to meet the
Dumfriesshire Club) Howick, and Berwick.

“Mr. Gilbert Stewart read a remarkable paper giving an
account of several new plants discovered on the banks of the
Gala and the Tweed, many of which have been introduced
into the district, from distant localities, by the fleeces of wool
used in the manufacture on Gala water. Afterwards, fine
specimens of red selenite and white fibrous gypsum from the
Tuedian formation on the Whitadder were shown to the

Anniversary Address. 3

meeting by Dr. Stuart of Chirnside. Dr. Paxton of Norham
exhibited a carbonaceous shale, yielding gas and oil, from the
Mountain Limestone formation at Allerdene, in Northum-
berland; and which, it may be observed, contains remains both
of fishes and plants, as well as of the Beyrichia mulitloba.
One imperfect specimen of the rare Crustacean Eulypterus
Scoulert, from the Tuedian formation at Kimmergham, was
shown by Mr. William Stevenson. Dr. Stuart reported that
the Picus major, the Greater Woodpecker, had been seen
at Kyloe, Horncliff, and Monnynut ; and Mr. Greet had found
near Norham, in the Tweed, two stone balls, which would
fit the bore of the Mons Meg. After discussing the several
subjects brought before the meeting, the members visited the
church, a mean-looking structure, but yet retaining character-
istic remains of the old Norman edifice in its western doorway,
near to which hang a few links of the yougs formerly used to
punish scolding, swearing, drunkenness, and similar offences.
They then, under the guidance of Dr. Stuart, strolled down
the banks of the Whitadder ; but the day was unfavourable
for observations. Mr. Tate set off to examine the stone
cover of an ancient British sepulchre, which was discovered a
few years ago on Goat’s-know, Edington hill, formed of
upright slabs of sandstone, but in which nothing was found.
The cist was broken up, but the cover was removed farther
down the hill and there used for the outlet of a drain. This
cover is an unhewn slab of the sandstone of the district, 4ft,
2in. long and 3ft. lin. broad, and on its rough surface remain
artificial markings, the principal form being a round hollow
or cup, from which curves away a groove, extending into a
wavy line 27in. long. From the upper part of this groove
another short groove issues, ending in a small cup. Other
cups and lines can be traced, but not distinctly, in other parts
of the stone. The figures are undoubtedly the work of art,
for the tool-marks are still visible. In Northumberland,
similar figures are associated with concentric circles; and,
though no such circles are traceable on the stone, we may
yet regard the figures as belonging to the same rock symbols

4 Anniversary Address.

as have been described by Mr. George Tate in the Proceedings
of the Club, and by Sir James Simpson in a separate volume.
They belong to a period when the inhabitants of Britain had
advanced so far in art and civilization as to be acquainted with
the use of bronze weapons and instruments, by means of which
these sculpturings had probably been made.

After an excellent dinner at the Red Lion, Mr. Hardy’s
able address was read, and Sir Walter Elliot of Wolfelee was
elected President for ensuing year.”

The first meeting of the year was at Burnmouth, from
which also I was absent, but Mr. Langland’s notes have
enabled me to supply an account of the events of the day.

“The meeting was not large, but numbered Mr. D. Milne
Home, Mr. Hardie, Stoneshiels; Dr. Stuart, Chirnside ;
Dr. Brown, Mr. Shaw, Mr. Robert Douglas, Berwick; Mr.
Wm. Stevenson, and Mr. Langlands. The party visited the
old British camp at Habchesters, on some elevated ground
about 3 miles south-east of Ayton, the height of which was
determined by Mr. Milne Home to be 580 feet by the aneroid.
This camp is surrounded by two very deep, circular trenches,
exhibiting remains of strong masonry, and is divided into
two portions by a wall through the middle. That on the
north side has been for many years under tillage, but the line
of the circular trench may still be traced. On the south side
of the wall the works remain perfect, though it was noticed
with regret that the level portion within has this year been
ploughed up. The trenches are nearly 21 feet deep. The
inner one isabout 45 feet, the outer about 40 feet wide. There
was probably a smaller mound beyond the trench, which may
have been reduced by the plough. The diameter of the whole,
from east to west, is about 340 yards, and that from north to
south about 350 yards. Within the area are several hollows,
indicating probably the sites of dwelling houses. The stones
employed in constructing the mounds are freestone, brought
from a distance.

‘¢ The party then proceeded by the old road over Lamberton
moor to Lamberton kirk, the ruins of which are of httle

Anmversary Address. 5

interest. The eastern part of the wall, 21 by 35 feet, may
possibly have been a portion of the ancient church ; but the
rest of the wall has evidently been recently erected to inclose
some burial places. A number of tombstones are in the
kirkyard, the oldest legible being to James Purdie of Paxton,
1730. Another of 1772 has the following inscription :-—

‘¢ Here lyes John Runciman
Kept within
A prison close in

Adam’s sin. But rests in
Glorious hope, that he

Shall by the second

Adam be set free.”’

Another also of 1772 to John Trotter, has—

‘‘ Vain world, farewell, enough I’ve had of thee,

For now I’m careless what thou say’st of me:

Thy smiles I want not, nor thy frowns do fear,

My cares are past, my bones lie quiet here,

My crimes conspicuous, vain man avoid !

Thine own heart search and then thou’lt be employed.”

The Campbell Renton family still bury here.

** From thence the party went to the caves recently opened
by Mr. Milne Home. The articles found in them were all
of comparatively recent date. They were exhibited last year
at the meeting of the Club at Eyemouth, and merely show
that the place had been used as a distillery. In confirmation
of this, there is a tradition that a man named William Lover
sold spirits here about the year 1752. The caves have pro-
bably been formed by the action of the waves, at a former sea
level. They are now 160 feet, by the aneroid, above the
present tide mark. Immediately below is a circular dwelling
at the foot of the cliff, partly cut out of the rock, partly built,
and on the face of the rock may still be read, rudely carved,
the names of W. Lover, 1763, and John Hankis, 1767.

“From the caves the party walked along the highly in-
teresting line of coast to Burnmouth, noting as they passed

6 Anniversary Address.

the termination of the carboniferous rocks, where they become
vertical at their junction with the other strata, after which
they assembled—now reduced to six in number—at Ayton for
dinner.

*« The opinion was general that the alteration of the day
of meeting from the usual course, has on this and other occa-
sions been found disadvantageous.

‘“‘ After dinner, the names of four new members were pro-
posed, and Dr. Mitchell’s paper in the Transactions of the
Anthropological Society on Blood Relationship in Marriage, as
regarding the Burnmouth fishermen, was discussed. It was
shown that they are a thriving, well-to-do class, and that they
have larger proportionate accumulations in the Berwick Sav-
ing’s Bank than any of the neighbouring inhabitants. It was
alsd observed that physically the men are a fine athletic race,
and the women tall and stout. It is admitted that the care
of the children is generally confided to those very little
advanced above them in years, and that the weaker children
are seldom reared.

“Mr. Stevenson exhibited two celts, one a very large stone
specimen found at Winsheil.

«* Among the plants noticed during the walk by Dr. Stuart
and Mr. Shaw were— Vtola lutea at Habchester camp ; Vecra
sativa, sea banks ; Asplenium marinum ; Arabis hirsuta, in
seed, Burnmouth; Glyceria rigida ; Asplenium trichomanes,
abundant on Conglomerate rocks, near Flemington; Botry-
chium lunaria, onespecimen only near Lamberton race course.”

The meeting at Lauder on the 24th June was very success-
ful. Sixteen of the members and their friends sat down to
breakfast, including the President, Mr. Wm. Boyd, (who, in
the absence of Mr. Tate, detained at home by indisposition,
undertook the duties of Secretary,) Mr. John Boyd, Drs. F.
and C. Douglas, Messrs. A. Jerdon, Wm. Stevenson, C. Black;
and as visitors, Col. Smith, Bengal Army, and Mr. Romanes,
of Harryburn, who kindly acted as our guide during the day.

After breakfast, Mr. Romanes exhibited the silver girdle,
celebrated in story, presented by the second Earl, afterwards

Anniversary Address. 7

Duke of Lauderdale, to the gude wife of Tollies-hill, in
acknowledgment of services rendered to him in the days of
his adversity, and which was kindly lent for the occasion by
her descendant, Mr. Thomas Simson of Blainslee. He also
presented the members with printed copies of the Charter
granted to Lauder by. James IV., 1502, and of a printed
memorandum of the Burgh property, together with an im-
pression of the Burgh Seal, bearing a standing figure of the
Virgin and child, and the legend, “Insignia Burgi de
Lauder,” but apparently of no great antiquity. Mr. Steven-
son showed a fine specimen of a celt, of the Neolithic period,
from the neighbourhood of Coldstream ; after which Mr. Wm.
Boyd read a communication from Lady John Scott, pointing
out the objects of interest in the neighbourhood, which proved
of great use in arranging the excursions of the day.

The Tollies-hill girdle, which was examined with much
interest, is formed of silver wire, twisted in a double-curb
pattern, attached to a round plate chased with arabesques of
foliage, and having in the centre the letters B.C. The other
extremity terminates in a silver cone, with a hook at the end
fitting into an eye under the circular plate, and if need be, into
rings at various lengths of the chain to meet the increasing
rotundity of the dame’s waist as she advanced in years. The
length to the first ring is 25 in., and the next is 2 in. more,
and so on by successive rings, the distances enlarging between
each to 24, 3, 4, 52, and 64in., making in all 512in.; and
with the plate, which is 22 in. in diameter and the cone 24 in.
in length, a total of 57in. The weight is 7 oz. 11 dwts..
The signification of the letters B. C. is not apparent, nor does
the story afford aclue to their meaning. The Rev. J. Walker
of Greenlaw, formerly incumbent of Legerwood parish, who
was well acquainted with the Simson family informed me
that these letters were believed to be the initials of her name,
which could not therefore have been Maggie, and was probably
a household or petname. The incident was first mentioned by
Chambers in his Picture of Scotland, on which Miss Margaret
Corbet founded her story of “‘ Muirside Maggie,” communicated

8 Anniversary Address.

to “Friendship’s Offering” for 1829, and reprinted in
Chambers’s Journal, i1., 331. It was afterwards made the
subject of one of Wilson’s Border Tales, under the title of
“Midside Maggie, or the Bannock of Tollies Hill.” Both
versions are largely embellished by the fancy of the writers, but
divested of fiction, the simple story is sufficiently romantic.
Thomas Hardie rented a portion of Tollies-hill in the skirts
of Lammermoor, known as the Midside Farm. An unusually
late winter told disastrously on his flocks. Many sheep
perished in the snow ; the survivors, weakened by starvation
and hardship, contracted disease, and were still further
diminished by deaths. Hardie was unable to make up his
rent, and in their extremity his young and handsome wife
went to Thirlestane and laid their unhappy case before the
Earl, which she attributed mainly to the snows and frost of so
high and exposed a situation as Tollies-hill. The Earl, to
get rid of her importunity, promised to consider her petition
if, as snow seemed so plentiful at Midside, she brought him
a snowball in the month of June. She took him at his word,
returned home, collected a large snow-heap in one of the
secluded cleughs of Tollies-hill, beat it into a hard mass, and
carefully covered it over to exclude air and sun. When the
appointed time came round a goodly mass of snow remained,
although it had disappeared from the surroundIng hills.
With this she repaired again to Thirlestane, and reminded
her landlord of his promise. Surprised and pleased with her
ingenuity and engaging address, he granted the necessary
relief, by which Hardie recovered his prosperity and became
a thriving and well-to-do tenant. Meantime, Lord Lauder-
dale, a determined royalist, espoused the cause of Charles II.,
and attended him to the fatal field of Worcester, where he
was taken prisoner in 1651, and languished in confinement
for nine years. During all this time the Hardies carefully
laid by the rents, and at last Maggie resolving to show her
gratitude, bethought her of a mode of conveying the accumu-
lation to her benefactor by baking the gold pieces into a
bannock, which she carried to London, and obtaining access

Anniversary Address. 9

to the Tower, presented it with her own hand. Soon after,
through the favour of Monk, the Earl obtained his release
and repaired to Holland, where the timely supply of money,
conveyed in the bannock, proved extremely useful. Shortly
afterwards he returned with the King in May, 1660, and
revisiting his estates in Scotland, he presented Maggie with
the silver chain, and allowed herself and her children to sit
free of rent for their lives,* accompanying the boon with the
remark, which has since become proverbial, “‘ Every bannock
has its mazk, but the bannock of Tollies-hill.”

* The Hardies appear to have been tenants on the Lauderdale estate from an
early period. Their name is found in the earliest accounts extant, viz., that of
1643.

In that year Thomas Hardie paid the parsonage teinds on his farm.

In 1647 £208 6s. 8d. were paid by Andrew Hardie and Bessie Lylestoun in
Tollis-hiil, and £325 fra Richard Hardie thair.

In 1648 Bessie Hardie’s name occurs for £148 2s. 4d., “ her Martinmas maile.”

In the same year kichard and Bessie Hardie pay £149 10s. 8d. as maile.

In 1656-7 three separate leases of Tollis hill are entered in the names of Andw.
Hardie, Richard and ‘!bomas Hardie, and Alex. Hardie, for an aggregate of
£1066 13s 4d., Scots, which continued o be the rent up to 1700, a D.

In 1662 the Farl’s commissioners, in their sederunt at Lethingtoun, grant
among other “ abbaitments ”—

“Item to the possessors of the lands of Tullis-hill three hundred fiftie fyve
pound, therteen shilling, four pennies yearly, from Martimes, 1656, to Martimes,

1659, both inclusive, conform to the English ease, being three years and ane
half—£1244 16s 8d.”

““ Item to be abbaited, fiftie fyve pounds of pension yearlie, from Martimes,
1656, to Whitsunday, 1663, inclusive, be order from the Countes of Lauderdaile,
payable to James Wright and his wife in Addingstoun, to Bessie Hardie and
Bessie Lylestown in ‘Thullieshiels for the said years—£ 285.”

Similar entries cccw in favour of members of the Hardie family down to 1700.
One of the last in “ Discharge’’ of 1699 is—‘ Item. Given down to the three
tennants of Tullos-hill, from the Earl’s verbal order and their receipts, dated 21st
December, 1699—£3138 6s. 8d.”

The statement in the tales, that the name of the heroine was Margaret Lyleston,
is so far borne out by the foregoing accounts, that it was borne by several
members of the famiy, but there is nothing to show that it pertained to the
-heroine of the story. ‘The last payment of a pens‘on to Bessie Hardie occurs in
1672, at which time, Janet Watherstoun (who, from an entry in 1680, appears
to have been adanghter of Margaret Hardie) Bessie Hardie, Bessie Lylestoun,
and Janet Dewar, appear as recipients of a yearly pension of £87.

In 1700 Tullies hill was transferred to the Tweeddale family.

Be N.C MOM. Vi bic NOL IT. : B

10 Anniversary Address.

It is pleasant to meet with this trait of grateful generosity
ina character usually painted in such dark colours as that
of Lauderdale; it confirms the observation that, no one is
so faultless as not to exhibit some failing, nor any so black
as not to possess a redeeming point. But something more
than this may be urged in favour of Lauderdale. He is
chiefly known by the description given of him by his own
countrymen, who remembering that in early life he had
embraced the Covenant, and that afterwards he had become
the willing and even zealous instrument of Charles II. in
forcing episcopacy on his Scottish subjects, have held him
responsible for all the cruelties perpetrated in that endeavour.
But it must be borne in mind that he was warmly attached
to the royal cause, that he risked life and fortune to uphold
it, and that the severities of the Puritans provoked, in some
degree, the excesses which followed the Restoration. In
describing him recent historians rely almost entirely on Burnet,
a personal enemy, who does not attempt to conceal his
dislike; “ He was the coldest friend and the violentest
enemy,’ are his words, “‘ I ever knew; I felt it too much not
to know it;’’* and then he brings together an assemblage of
traits, many of them inconsistent with each other. Hume,t
Macintosh, $ and Macaulay, § follow the Bishop implicitly,
using even his very words. Without desiring to extenuate
his harsh administration of Scottish affairs in execution of
his royal master’s policy, it should not be forgotten that he
counselled toleration in the first instance, persuading Charles
to discontinue the military occupation of the country and to
maintain Presbyterianism.|| When commanded to pursue an
opposite course, he obeyed unflinchingly.. The rigorous and
even cruel measures of repression which signalized his adminis-
tration, repugnant as they are to modern ideas of humanity
aud toleration, were too much in conformity with the spirit of
the times in which he lived.

* Own Times, I, 101, fol.

+ Hist. VIL, 460. VIII... 53, 54., 8vo., 1789.
+ Hist. VIL., 31, 306., Lard. Cyc.

§ Hist. 1., 222, 281., ed. 1859.

|| Hume, VII, 364, 366.

Anniversary Address. 11

Lady John Scott’s paper directed the attention of the meet-
ing more particularly ‘‘ to the ancient site known as the
Harefaulds, on the farm of Blythe, from which a rampart
or wall, called Heritsdyke, formerly ran to the English
Border, but of which the traces are now nearly obliterated.
A camp above Channel Kirk* was also indicated, near
which a stone circle formerly existed, but it has been destroyed
and the materials used for building dykes within the last five
or six years. Camps are also to be found at Admiston, at Hill-
house, above Longcroft or Dod’s Head, and two on Thirl-
stane. Near Edgarshope is a curious place called the Barrow
Stanes, which has never been examined; and a cave, hewn
through the solid rock, was discovered some few years since
at Brailshaw-rig, which has not been fully explored. <A
ruined gable at Thirlstane village, marks the site of Thirl-
stane Convent. The High Cross, where the old London road
began to descend, is supposed to be the place where the
convent first came in sight. On the hill behind Byre cleugh
is a very curious and remarkably-shaped cairn cailed the
Deil’s Mitten, which, according to tradition, marks the
burial place of a Pictish King.” +

These places, embracing too large an area to be visited
in one forenoon, it was arranged in communication with
Mr. Romanes, that the party should proceed first to Thirlstane
Castle, graciously thrown open by the noble proprietor,

* General Roy considers it to have been one of Agricola’s temporary camps.
Mil. Antiq, 61 and Pl. VII.

t This monumentis deserving of more careful investigation. In the old Stat-
istical report of the parish of Longformacus, it is described by the Rev. Selby
Orde, as “a heap of stones 80 yards long, 25 broad, and 6 high, collected
probably by some army, to perpetuate a victory or other remarkable event,”
Vol. I., 71. In the new Statistical report, the Rev. Henry Riddell observes
*‘ that a large heap of s'ones at Byrecleugh, 240 feet long, 76 broad, and 18 high,
appears to attest a similar conflict The stones have been carried to their present
place from a crag half a mile distant They have received the name of mecting
stones, but there is no authentic account of the occasion that led to their accumu-
lation.”” Vol. I1., 94. In Towler’s map of Berwickshire, 1826, they are called
the meeting stones. Being far removed from the line of the excursion selected, it
was impossible to explore the place, but it will be well worth a visit on some
future occasion.

12 Anniversary Address.

and then proceed to Blythe and the Harefaulds, to which
attention had also been called by Mr. Milne Home. A
short walk accordingly brought us to the castle, which
stands in the precincts of the town, and offers a fine
example of old national architecture, evidently built at various
epochs. The family being absent, we walked through the
various rooms, the ceilings of which are richly ornamented, and
the walls covered with family portraits. Among the pictures
is a good collection of Cannaletti’s paintings. The front,
which is symmetrical, consists of a central square tower with
projecting angles, five—and the middle portion six stories
high, flanked by the circular turrets characteristic of Scottish
architecture. A flight of steps leads up to the entrance door,
and on either side are wings somewhat in advance of the
centre, which are three stories high, with quadrangular
pavilion-roofed towers at the angles. This appears to be the
most recent part of the building. ‘The oldest portions are
seen at the back, particularly of the right wing, where the
end gable probably formed part of the original structure.
The building is not of high antiquity; the post appears to
have been fortified about 1548 by order of Somerset the Pro-
tector, in the reign of Edward VI., when following up the
hostile policy of Henry VIII. against Scotland, and the com-
mand of the garrison entrusted to Sir Hugh Willoughby,
but from its vicinity to the more important fortresses of
Dunbar and Haddington, Sir Hugh seems to have been little
disturbed, until the Scots, with the assistance of their French
auxiliaries, recovered their lost ground and besieged Lauder
Fort in 1559. Ere many days elapsed, however, the prelim-
inaries of a peace having been arranged at Boulogne, it was
delivered up to the Scots. No further mention of the fort
occurs 1n history.

In Pont’s map of Lauderdale, 1662, it is noted as Lauder
Fort. An elevation of the house as it then stood, but still
without any change of name, is given in Slazer’s Theatrumy
Scotia, 1673, (Qnd ed., 1718), and represents it as restored
by Chancellor Maitland, the first peer, and still farther

Anniversary Address. 13

improved by his son the Duke, who died 1683. It was pro-
bably about this time that the Lauderdale family removed their
permanent residence from their old family seat at Thirlstane,
and transferred it together with the name to the castle, which
was then greatly enlarged and assumed its present form.

Descending from the back of the house the party proceeded
along a picturesque walk, shaded by fine trees, to the
banks of the Lauder, where Mr. Romanes pointed out the
ruins of the bridge, over the parapet of which the minions of
James III. were hanged in 1442. The bridge no longer spans
the stream, which has left its bed and now flows in another
channel, The parapet at the end next the town alone
remains, from which an old way, now obliterated, ran
directly up to the Kirk Wynd, in which stood the old
kirk, not far from the present site of the castle. It was
in this sacred building, removed in 1617,* that the conspira-
tors were plotting the seizure of the King, when Cochrane,
his principal favourite, lately raised to the dignity of Earl
of Mar, inopportunely for himself, ventured among them.
He was instantly seized by Archibald Bell-the-Cat, stript
of his finery, and hurried off to the bridge. At the
same time his companions, Roger, Hommill, Torphichen,
Preston, Leonard, Andrews, and Ramsay, ‘“ musroomes
sprung upe out of the drege of the comons,”’ were seized in the
King’s tent, and all except the last, who was spared on
account of his youth,f shared the same fate. Tradition states
the bridge to have been near the castle, and in the old Statis-
tical account of Lauder Parish, it is said that the house in
which the King lodged was still pointed out, but this version, if
it ever existed, has perished. All the cotemporary accounts

* Act of Parliament, 28th June. Cha'mers II , 379.

+ He is said to have clasped the King round the waist in the extremity of his
fear. James afterwards knighted him, and conferred on him the Castle and
Barony of Crichton, and he was summoned to Parliament by the title of Lord
Bothwell, On the death of the King at the Batt'e of Saucheiburn, in 1488, he
was proscribed and forfeited, and his estates and title assumed by Patrick Hep-
burn, Lord Hales, the leader of the insurgent lords, and grandfather of the
notorious James, Earl of Bothwell. Ramsay died in obscurity in 1513.

14 Anmuversary Address.

refer to the encampment, to.the seizure of the favourite in the
King’s tent, and to the gorgeous magnificence of Cochrane’s
pavilion, who in vain entreated to be hanged with one of its
silken cords instead of the common hempen rope produced
for the occasion. ‘There is no record nor trace of any other
bridge than the one of which the ruins still remain ; and
when it is considered that the army amounted to 50,000 men,
the encampment must have occupied the whole space between
the town and the Leader, the bridge across which, at the
spot marked by the ruin, offered the readiest and most
convenient place for completing the fell purposes of the con-
spirators. The vengeance, which involved these unhappy
men in a common doom, was not aroused altogether by the
anger of the haughty nobles at the elevation of a set of upstart
favourites. ‘The real purpose of the malcontents was the
dethronement of the King, in furtherance of a plot set on foot
by his brother Alexander, Duke of Albany, to secure the
crown for himself, in pursuance of which design he had fled
from Scotland and obtained the countenance and support of
the English Court, always ready to favour any cause tending
to establish their claim of superiority over the sister kingdom,
James himself, though unwarlike, inherited his grandfather’s
enlightened tastes and love of literature so little suited to the
age. His favourites, chosen not as ministers of his pleasures
but as intellectual companions, were men of cultivated minds,
whose society the King found more agreeable than that of
his rude illiterate nobles.* Cochrane, an architect ; Rogers,
a musician of eminence ; Schevez, Archdeacon of St. Andrews,
and afterwards Archbishop, an able geometer ; Ireland, an
ecclesiastic of great learning, and a distinguished mathe-
matician, educated in France, who had been sent by Louis
XI. as his ambassador to the Scottish Court, were among
those who received the largest share of the royal favour.
Others, as Andrew, a physician, professing a knowledge of

* ‘He was one that loved solitariness and desert, and never to hear of wars, nor

the fame thereof; but delighted more in music and policies of digging than he
did in the government of the realm.”” Lindsay of Pitscottie, p. 115, 3rd.

Anniversary Address. 15

' the occult sciences, studies at that time in great repute, were
less entitled to respect, but several of the victims were doubt-
less deserving and innocent men, whose only crime was the
favour of their prince.*

From the bridge the members proceeded to the East Lodge,
were carriages were in waiting to convey them to Blythe,
four or five miles distant on the Greenlaw road, which skirts
the Boondreigh valley. Two miles brought us to Thirlstane,
the original seat of the Maitland family, now a farm house
by the river side. At the village or steading, close to the
road, is the site of the convent, the only trace of which is an
oblong ruin said to have been the chapel. Above Thirlstane
rises the Hill of Boon, on which a pillar marks the site of the
ancient alarm beacon, and a stone cross on the side of the
hill points out the scene of some former crime. The family
of Maitland, or as it was originally written Mautlant, have
been settled here from a very early period. In the thirteenth
century, Sir Richard Maitland, the third of that name on
record, was in possession of Thirlstane, Blythe, Tullos (Tollis),
and Hadderwick, during the reign of Alexander III. William,
the eighth in succession, is designated of Thirlstane and
Lethington (the latter being that by which they are most
commonly distinguished), and held a charter from Archibald,
Earl of Douglas, of the same lands, dated 1432. Sir Richard
of Lethington and Thirlstane, the twelfth in the line, was
not only a distinguished lawyer and judge, but a successful
cultivator of the muses. On his resignation of his seat on
the bench in 1582, James VI. wrote to him commending his
zeal and integrity in the public service during four reigns,
which would embrace a period of 70 years. Of his two sons,
William Maitland, younger, of Lethington, better known
as Secretary Lethington, played a conspicuous part in the
troubled politics of the period, from the death of James V. to

™ “Among these base men, there was one gentleman of good birth, but he seeing
tbe King’s inclination, had set himself to follow it in all things; wherefore he
had given his daughter to Robert Cochrane in marriage, as a bond of friendship
and societie; his name was Thomas Preston.” Hume of Godscroft; Ho. of
Doug. p. 222, See Tytler Hist., 1V., 257-283. Ed. Tait, 1842.

16 Anniversary Address.

the close of Queen Mary’s reign, whose execution he did not
live to witness, dying before his father. His younger brother
John, alsc a distinguished judge and politician, succeeded to
the estates. fe was much trusted by James VI., who con-
ferred on him the offices of Secretary of State and Lord High
Chancellor of Scotland, after which he was created a peer
and advanced to an Earldom. Of his son, the second Earl,
elevated toa Dukedom, we have already treated. Having
no male issue, the superior dignity lapsed with him. The
family which still flourishes—the present representative being
the eleventh Earl—has given numerous distinguished orna-
ments to the public service in every department of the state.

A little further on, the road to Blythe turns off to the left.
In a field to the right is a cairn of no particular interest,
which has been examined and rebuilt by Lady John Scott.
At the farm house the party separated. The botanical section
turning to the right proceeded in the direction of the Cromwell
glen in the Spottiswood burn, but did not reach it. They
were not rewarded by any discoveries of interest. The rest
took the direction of the Harefaulds, distant about a mile to
the left.

The place so called is a large inclosure, bounded by a ruined
dry-stone wall, situated on a wild moorland, called the
Scawart, which slopes from the north and north-west with
an easy descent towards the Blythe burn, becoming more
precipitous as it nears the stream, which here pursues a south-
easterly course to its junction with the Whitburn, where
their united waters become the Boondreigh. The site com-
mands a fine view of the Cheviots to the south-east and of
the Eildon hills on the west. }

The outer wall, formed of unhewn, uncemented stones,
encloses a space of nearly three acres, of an irregular oblong
or oval shape, divided into two unequal portions by a smaller
wall running east and west. A gateway or entrance opens
into the upper portion from the east side. The walls, though
well defined, are not perfect ; for, unfortunately, they offered
a conyenient quarry for the construction of several stone

Annwersary Address. | 17

dykes recently erected in the neighbourhood, and the place
has suffered grievous dilapidations in consequence. The
fact of the fallen stones being quite free from any growth of
vegetation shows the work of destruction to have been of
recent date. The inner sides of the north and west ends
appear to have been the inhabited portion, and exhibit
numerous foundations of chambers more or less perfect, but
not one entirely so. These chambers appear to have been
circular, oval, or rounded, sometimes two or three opening into
each other, with the remains of the doorway formed by two
larger stones or jambs. The wall of the larger or southern
division was slighter and had fewer remnants of dwellings.
It was probably intended for cattle ; but near the entrance
on the lower side were the remains of a few chambers, and a
smaller inner inclosure which may have been used by the
herdsmen. A tracing, taken from the ordnance survey, shew-
ing the general appearance of the place, was exhibited. It
will be observed, that so late as the execution of that work,
some of the cells on the north and west side appear to have
been perfect. It is much to be regretted that the place had -
not been visited and described previous to the work of demoli-
tion. It may still be worth while to have a careful survey
made of the ruins as they now exist.

Of the rampart called Herits-dyke, no remains were
observed. A more deliberate search, had time permitted,
might have discovered traces of it. Chalmers (Caled. I., 243,
II., 211.) mentions it under the:name of Herrits-dyke, and
attributes it to the Romanized British tribe of Ottadini, who
may have erected it as a defence against their northern
enemies, in the same manner as the Cat-rail, of which he
conjectures it may have formed a part. ‘‘ About the middle
of last century it could be traced 14 miles eastward ” (running
across the parish of Greenlaw, about a mile north of the
town); “and, tradition says, it proceeded as far as Berwick.
It is supposed to have extended westward to a place in the
parish of Legerwood called Boon”—(Boon-hill opposite Thirle-
stane)—‘‘a word, in the Celtic language, signifying ‘ boundary’

B.N.C.—VOL. VII. NO. I. c

18 Anniversary Address.

or ‘ termination.’”’ (Old Statistical account, XIV., 512.) Mr.
Spottiswode, about the same period, according to Chalmers,
traced it from the “ British strength, called the Haerfaulds,
on a hill two miles north-west of Spottiswode, throughout
the country to the vicinity of Berwick, at which time it was
in various places very discernible. In the ascertained track
of this ancient fence are several British strengths, situated as
usual on their several heights,” as at Chesters in Fogo parish,
the fort called Black-castle-rings near Dogdenmoss, near
which a silver chain was found many years ago and given to
the last Earl of Marchmont,* and on our way back to Blythe
we observed the faint traces of a strength not far from the
farm house.

The two parties met again at the farm. The late tenant
Sandie Stewart, appears to have been a character, and many
good stories are current regarding him. Driving back to
Lauder, the museum of a local naturalist was inspected.
Walter Simson is the shepherd at the castle, and has collected
a goodly number of birds, chiefly native, and some few exotic,
together with some mammals and specimens of various sorts.
Among the animals from the neighbourhood were good
examples of a polecat, an otter, a white hare, &c., and of the
birds, a fine buzzard from Edgarshope, a merlin, a hobby, a
little auk, a Canadian goose, a dotterel, &c., all killed near
Lauder. The Rev. Mr. Middleton, the clergyman of the parish,
favoured the Club with his company at dinner. No papers
were read, and after proposing Messrs. Romanes, Broomfield,
Dr. Robertson,and the Rev. Jas. Middleton as new members,
the party broke up highly gratified with the day’s proceedings.

I cannot close this account of the meeting without express-
ing my thanks to Mr. Romanes for the assistance he has given

* TI have been informed by our fellow member, the Rev. J. Walker, of Green-
law, that this chain was found in the dyke near Greenlaw by a woman, and was
so black and oxidized that she gave it to the smith named Matheson, thinking
it to be iron. It lay in the smithy for some time, till Matheson took it to repair
the rig-widdy or chain of a cart-harness, when its true nature was discovered,

and it was sent to Lord Marchmont, who died in 1794. The son of the smith is
still at Greenlaw.

Anniversary Address. 19

me, not only by supplying information, but by procuring the
photographs which have been exhibited.

The morning of the 26th June gave promise of an auspicious

day for the concerted meeting of the Club, at Newcastleton,
with the Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Anti-
quarian Society. ‘The summons issued by the Secrstary met
with a hearty response, and notwithstanding the scanty and
imperfect means of communication, members from Northum-
‘berland,* Berwickshire, and Roxburghshire,t flocked to the
rendezvous to welcome their brother naturalists from the
west. Several visitors favoured the meeting with their
company.§ Upwards of thirty sat down to breakfast, at the
conclusion of which it was arranged that one party should
drive to Hermitage, whence Mr. Langlands and several of the
Northumbrian members determined to walk to Riccarton
junction, without coming back to dinner, as the only means
by which they could catch the return train. Another party
was to proceed on foot down the Liddel, under the guidance
of Messrs. John Elliot and Adam Noble, of Newcastleton, and
after inspecting some antiquarian remains near the town to
separate into two divisons, one party investigating the botany
and geology of the Tweeden glen, the other continuing their
antiquarian researches.

The pedestrians accordingly were first directed to a fine old
cross,|| a little above the road, said to mark the spot where

* From Northumber'and—Mr. J. C. Langlands, Rev. J. Bigge, Rev. J. S.
Green, Rev. P. M‘Dowall, Mr. Heatley, Mr. Allen, Master Bigge.

+ From Roxburghshire—Sir Walter Elliot, Dr. F. Douglas, Mr. Wm. Boyd,
Dr. Robson Scott, Mr. Borthwick, Mr Jerdon Mr. W. Dickson, Captain
M'Pherson, Rev. J, P. Macmorland, Capt. Grant.

{ From Dumfries—Sir Wm Jardine, Bart., President; Mr. Stark, of Tro.
queerholme, Vice-president ; Provost Harkness, of Dumfries; Mr. Arch. Hark-
ness, Dumfries ; Major Bowden, Lockfield ; Mr. Maxwell Witham, Kirkconnell ;
Mr. Witham, Kirkconnell; Dr. Gilchrist, Crighton; Dr. M‘Nab, Dumfries ;
Mr. A. D, Murray, Secretary; Mr R. Murray, St. Catherines.

§ Visitors—Mr. R. Barclay, Secretary, Montrose Nat. Hist. and Antiq. Soe. ;
Mr. R. S. Murray, President, Hawick Archeological Soc ; Rev K, Prescot,
Ponteland; Mr. E. Lyon, of Windlesham Hall, Surrey.

|| It is called the Milnho'm Cross in the Statistical account; but Sir Walter
Scott names the place Langraw. Bord. Mins., I, Ixviis ,

20 Anniversary Address.

the body of a former Armstrong of Mangerton, treacherously
murdered by the Lord of Hermitage, was set down on its way
to the churchyard of Ettleton higher up the hill. Tradition
assigns the crime sometimes to a Soulis, sometimes to a
Douglas, but nothing certain remains on record. The cross
is of elegant design, and is badly figured in the old Statistical
account of the parish (Vol XVI., 86.), by the Rev. James
Arkle, minister in 1798, who states it to be 8 feet 4 in. high,
set on a base 1 foot 4 in. high. A two-handed sword, 4 feet
long, is sculptured on its south face, above which are some
letters and apparently an arm, the heraldic distinction of the
Armstrongs. ‘The letters appeared to be % # but it was diffi-
cult to decipher them on the moss-grown surface.

About 300 o: 400 yards up the hill, is the churchyard of
Ettleton, the burial place of the Armstrongs, some of whose
tombstones, with armorial bearings and long inscriptions,
were examined. On that of Thomas Armstrong, of New
Strongerside (or Stonegarthside), obiit 1769, are three arms
with several hearts, having reference apparently to their
dependence on the Douglas family. Others exhibit only
two and some one arm. According to Nisbet, the general
blazon of the Armstrongs of the south, was “‘ argent a dexter
arm issuing from the sinister side, clothed, gules, holding a
tree eradicated and broken at the top,” or according to others
‘a sword.” But to Armstrong of Mangerton he assigns,
‘argent, 3 tortreaux or pallets (7.e, cakes) azure, representing,
according to John Fern, strength,” and this is the shield
painted on Sir Walter Scott’s hall at Abbotsford, where the
arms of the principal Border families are represented. The only
remains of the church discernible are the foundations of a small
oblong nave in the south-west corner of the inclosure, near to
which lies a piscina lately turned up in digging a grave. A
— little to the north of the churchyard is a piece of ground
called Silver-field, where coins are occasionally found, which
may have been the site of the parsonage or of the old village
of Ettleton, but there are no traces of building, nor is any-
thing known on the subject. A solitary tree about halfa mile

Anniversary Address. 2)

to the south-west marks the site of the old peel of Side, said
to have been the residence of Jock of the Side, brother of the
Laird of Mangerton.

Returning to the foot of the hill, the party separated at the
little bridge over Ettleton burn, the botanical and geological
section proceeding straight to the valley of the Tweeden on the
opposite side of the river, whither Sir William Jardine (who
had visited Ettleton the evening before) had preceded them.
The rest likewise crossed the Liddell a little lower down, and
inspected the ruined tower of Mangerton, the stronghold of
the chief of the Armstrongs. All that now remains is the
ruined lower story, in the west wall of which is a sculptured
stone bearing the Armstrong effigy, not as stated by Nisbet,
but the common one of an arm and two-handed sword, with
the date 1580, and the letters S A and FE or EE, but the
whole too much covered with lichens for the carvings to be
easily distinguished. Sir Walter Scott refers the letters to
the names of Simon Armstrong and Elizabeth Elliot.*

The archeologists, crossing over the high ground above the
Liddel, joined the party which had preceded them at the head
of the Tweeden burn, the rocky banks of which, clothed with
natural wood, were much admired. They then returned
together by a short cut to Castleton, not, however, before
they were overtaken by a heavy shower, which brought cloaks
and umbrellas into requisition. The glen of the Tweeden
offers some good geological sections of the Mountain Lime-
stone, in which Sir William Jardine recognised the following
organisms :—hynchonella pleurodon, Productus giganteus
Terebratula sacculus, Fenestella plebeia, Ceriopora rhom-
bifera, Glauconome pluma, a Polypora, and some others; and
is crossed at its upper end by a trap dyke running north and
south. The waters percolating through the limestone are
impregnated with calcareous matter in solution, which is
deposited extensively on the twigs, grass, and foliage in the
bed of the stream. Large quantities of this petrified deposit
are carried off for ornamental gardening, several tons having
been carted away this year.

* Minstrelsy of the Border, I., 167, first ed.

22 Anniversary Address.

No new plants were discovered. Typha latifolia fringed
the margin of the stream ; Polypodium phegopteris and other
ferns were observed. Cnanthe crocata, which was growing
in several places, attracted attention. Noble, one of the
guides, stated that it was eaten by sheep, an assertion which,
from the known acrid quality of the plant, was received with
doubt. But he maintained the accuracy of his observation,
and there are not wanting grounds to support its correctness.
The poison of Ginanthe resides in the root, and Dr. Johnston
in his Flora observes that, “‘ despite the warning of Gerard
against such practice, modern physicians have given an in-
fusion of the leaves, or the juice of the roots, in leprosy, with
benefit.”** And he adds‘ “ goats eat the plant with impunity.”
The same animal browses freely on the stalks of Euphorbia
tirucalli in eastern countries, so the Border shepherd may be
right after all.

Inquiry was made for the scene of the combat between
one of the Armstrongs and an English champion, of which Sir
Walter Scott has given a vivid description in his letter to Mr.
F. M. Reynolds, editor of the Keepsake, of 1828.¢ But the
spot lying farther down the valley, at a place near Flat, noted
for games of chivalry, and called Turner (quase Tourney)
holm, where the Kershope burn joins the Liddel, was too far
to visit. Sir Walter’s version differs somewhat from the
popular tradition, which makes the duel to have arisen out of
a dispute about some land between William Armstrong of
Greena, a mile lower down, and Forster of Stonegarthside,
on the opposite side of the river. William borrowed his
brother Jock o’ the Side’s famous sword, but was killed by
his opponent, the popular voice says treacherously, for which
Jock subsequently took vengeance. Sir Walter makes Arm-
strong the only son of the aged Jock, who, witnessing the
fall of his boy and the loss of his cherished weapon, survived
the combat only threedays. The fact attested by the Ettletun

* Flora of Berwickshire. I., 70. Dr Johnston had paid particular attention to
this plant, Hist. of the Berwickshire Club, I., 55.
+ Novels, ed. 1832, Vol, XLI., 377, and Border Min.,I1., 72.

Anniversary Address. 23

tombstone of Stonegarthside, although in Cumberland, belong-
ing to the Armstrongs, supports the local version.

The party from Hermitage, with the exception of those
who had gone to Riccarton junction, got back to Castleton
about the same time, but as the Dumfries train left at 3.45,
most of them had to hurry away before dinner. They had
explored the ruins of the castle, the old chapel, and burying
ground, in which grows an ancient ash tree, which, after.
having been blown down by the wind, has thrown out fresh
roots from the procumbent trunk and still maintains its
vitality. Hard by is the grassy mound, 9 feet long, said to
mark the grave of Lord Soulis’ enemy, the Cout of Keeldar,
nefariously slain by him in the pool below, which also passes
by his name.

The castle, which has been greatly enlarged and indeed
rebuilt at different periods, consists of a square keep, to which
four massive towers have been subsequently added. Under
one of these is shown the dungeon in which the gallant Sir
Alex. Ramsay was starved to death, by his old companion in
arms, Sir William Douglas the knight of Liddelsdale. In the
opposite angle is the kitchen and a fine large oven for baking,
similar to those still in use in the south of England. Two
sides of the exterior present the extraordinary appearance of
large and handsome blind arches from 12 to 165 feet high,
which, so far from strengthening the defence, would have
only afforded cover for the assailants to mine or break through
the wall.

It appears, however, that these are of very recent construc-
tion, and have been made in the course of the repairs, which
the late Duke of Buccleugh, with a praise-worthy anxiety for
the preservation of the ruin, caused to be executed about the
beginning of the century. A sketch by Williams,* made
before 1802, shows the condition of the ruin as it then existed ;
and another by William Scott, jun.,t made some years later,

* Border Min., Vol. I., frontispiece. There is also a view of the castle from a

sketch by H. Weber at the same period, in the Border Antiquities.
t William Scott, mason, New Castleton, author of Border Exploits, p. 357.

24 Anniversary Address.

exhibits the farther progress of decay. A comparison of the
latter with a sketch taken last year shows, that the arches
occur at the very places where the breaches were greatest.
Scott’s father, a mason at Castleton, opened the vault or
dungeon in which Ramsay perished some years before
the Statistical account by Mr. Arkle was written, in
1793, and found the bridle and other articles mentioned
by Sir Walter Scott.* His son, by desire of Lord Dal-
keith, when encamped at Hermitage for shooting in 1806,
made some farther excavations, in the course of which he
uncovered a fine paved floor, and among the rubbish found
the large key,t referred to by Leyden in the ballad of Lord
Soulis. This, with an iron ladle discovered on a former
occasion, is in possession of the Duke of Buccleugh. A silver
ring with the Douglas heart and a quatrefoil alternating
round its circumference, and a bugle horn found in the marsh
outside, are probably at Abbotsford, and the bridle bit taken
from Ramsay’s dungeon was presented by Sir Walter Scott
to Lord Dalhousie.t

Considerable interest was manifested by the discovery of
some marks on the stones forming the inner doorways, leading
from the kitchen to the side chambers. These, which con-
sisted chiefly of antique forms of the letter B, were considered
to have some connection with the founder of the Hermitage,
from which the place takes its name, Walter de Bolbeck, or
perhaps from the Bothwells who probably repaired and
enlarged the Castle. But Mr. Langlands more justly con-
sidered them to be masons’ marks, and this view is confirmed
by comparing them with the interesting series of such signs
collected by Dr. John Alex. Smith,t in whose memoir several
examples exactly similar are given from the old Abbeys and
Castles of the Borders.

* Scott’s Border Exploits, p. 357.

+ Antiquities of the Borders, by Sir W. Scott, II., 167.

{ Proc. Atig. Soc. Scot., 1V., p. 548. See plate XXI. South wali and
transept of Melrose Abbey, and in Jedburgh, Arbroath, &c. The letters A and B
both occur, sometimes upright, sometimes prostrate. In like manner those at
Hermitage are found to be erect, reversed, and sometimes upside down.

Anniversary Address. 25

So long as the sister kingdoms were distinct, the valley of
the Liddel offered the readiest access from the one to the other
through the Middle Marches. Hence the command of the
passage was an important object to both parties, and led
to the erection of several fortresses, held sometimes by English,
sometimes by Scottish garrisons, as either side predominated.
The strongest and most valuable of these was the castle at
Hermitage, which was long the key to that pass. The
other strengths were the original castle of Liddel, situated
at the confluence of that river with the Esk, at a spot still
known as “ the moat ;” a second castle of Liddel on a high
bank overhanging the stream, a little above its junction with
Hermitage water, from which the old village of Castleton
took its name, and the castle of Clintwood or the Clints, in the
fork of two streamlets, forming the Boghill-burn, which falls
into the Liddel at Dinlabyre.

The earliest mention of these defences on record occurs
early in the 12th century. At that time a close intercourse
existed between England and Scotland, and many of the
Norman barons held land in both realms and owed allegiance
to both sovereigns.* Several of these were high in the favour
of David I., and supported his cause at the battle of the
Standard in 1138. Among them was Ranulph or Ralph de
Sulis or Soulis, of Doddington, in Northamptonshire, to
whom was made a grant of the valley of the Liddel, cerca
1140-1. To secure his hold on his new possession he erected
the fortress at the moat, which continued to be the residence
of the family, until his nephew and successor of the same
name was murdered by his servants in 1207. This tragic
event probably influenced his son Fulk de Soulis in’ estab-
lishing a new residence at a wild spot on the banks of an
affluent of the Liddel, called the Merching-burn, where a
former baron, Walter de Bolbeck, had established a recluse
named William of Merchingleye, in a cell dedicated to St.
Mary, to pray for his soul and that of his wife Sybilla.t

* Redpath’s Border History, 295.
+ Chart. of Kelso I., 219, 264, 5,6. The date of the endowment is not given;
B.N.C.—VOL. VII. NO. I. D

26 Anniversary Address.

The designation of the stream hence became changed to that
of “the Hermitage-water,” and the castle took the same
name.*

The approximate date of the building is obtained from a
notice of a threatened rupture between Henry III. and Alex.
II. in 1244, at the instance of a Scotch renegade, when
among other pretexts was urged the erection of two “ frontier
fortresses in Lothian and Liddisdale,”’ the latter of which is
stated by Fordun to have been that of Hermitage.

The castle continued in the possession of the Soulises for
nearly a century. The family rose to great eminence, and
held the office of cup-bearer to the king (pincerna regis).
Some of them were justiciaries of Lothian and sheriffs of
Roxburghshire, and the last was styled dutelarius Scocie,
a dignity similar to that of Lord High Steward. Nicholas,
the son of Fulk, a man of high character, was a competitor
for the Scottish crown in right of his descent from a natural
daughter of Alexander II.,t a pretension which ultimately
led to the ruin of the family. They had extensive possessions
in the counties of Dumfries, Roxburgh, and the Lothians,
where their name is still extant in the parish of Saltoun
(quast Soulis toun). An ancient cross at Deadrigs, in the
parish of Eccles, sculptured with their arms,§ points to some
connection with Berwickshire. William the sixth from
Ranulph, after having united with the great barons, in the

but Walter de Bolbeck appears as a witness to the first charter granted by David
Earl of Cumberland (afterwards David I.), to the monastery of Selkirk in 1113.

* Merching-buin was probably a boundary between two estates in the same
manner as the Tweeden-burn, said also to signify ‘‘ boundary,” divides the lands
of Mangerton and Whithaugh.

+ Scoto Chronicon B JX., ch. 61. ‘‘Propter quod coadunato Henricus
Angliz rex, exercitu suo copioso, commissurus bellum contra regem Scotie,
Alexandrum, eo quoddam castel!um erectum fuit per Scotos, in Marchiis inter
Scotiam et Angliam in valle scilicet de Liddale quod appellatur Hermitage.”’

The Scottish traitor who strove to embroil the two sovereigns was William
Bisset, Lord of Aboyne, who for the foul murder of Patrick, Earl of Athole, at
Haddington in 1242, was forfeited and banished. Balfour Ann. I.,1,53-5. Hailes
Ann. 1, 178.

{~ Hailes Ann. I., 180 and 232.

§ Ermine, 3 chevrons gules. Trans, Soc. Antiq. Scot. I., 269.

Annwversary Address. DAT

early part of 1320, in signing a protest to the pope declaring
their resolve to uphold Robert Bruce as their sovereign against
the usurping policy of England, was discovered in August of
the same year to be engaged in a conspiracy against the life
of the king, with the object, according to some, of securing
the throne for himself. He was convicted of high treason,
his estates forfeited, and from this time the name of the family
disappears.*

It is to this William Lord Soulis, “‘ the lord of gramarye,”
that the evil reputation for cruelty, sorcery, and avarice is
attached by popular story. ‘The charge of magic,” says
Sir Walter Scott, “has been transferred from the ancient
sorcerers to the object of popular resentment of every age.
* * * Thus Lord Soulis, Archbishop Sharp, Grierson of
Lagg, Graham of Claverhouse, and Viscount Dundee receive
from tradition the same supernatural attributes.” These
traditions have been woven into the beautiful ballads of Lord
Soulis and the Cout of Keeldar by the muse of Leyden, where
they will long survive the fast-fading stories and recollections
of the Border.

The valley of the Liddel with Hermitage was then given
to the king’s natural son, who bore the same name, and on
his death at the battle of Dupplin, in 1332, they reverted to
the crown.

During the troubled times that followed the death of
Robert Bruce,f and the minority of his son David II., of
which Edward III. took advantage to renew his attempts
against the independence of Scotland, Hermitage was held
sometimes by one side, sometimes by the other, as success
attended either party. At length it fell into the hands of the
Douglases, who long kept possession of it.

Sir William Douglas, warden of the Western Marches,
having been taken prisoner in a skirmish near Lochmaben,+
on the 28th March, 1332, was detained in rigorous confine-
ment for three years by king Edward, who made many

* Hailes Ann. II., 108. Balfour Ann. L., 99.
+ Orig. Paroch. I., 356-8.

~ Rymers Fed. IV., 552. Redpath’s Bor. Hist , 302, 315,

28 Annwersary Address.

attempts to gain him over to his cause. Recovering his
liberty in 1335 he again engaged actively in the defence of
his country. In 1338 he surprised an English convoy on its
way to Hermitage, near Melrose, and following up his
advantage, gained possession of the fortress, which he supplied
with the English stores and garrisoned with his own men.
From this time he is known in history as the knight of
Liddisdale. The following year he recovered Edinburgh
castle through a daring stratagem, devised by his friend and
companion in arms, Sir William Bullock,* and from these
gallant deeds earned the proud title of the Flower of Chivalry.

Meanwhile the other Scottish leaders were not idle. Lord
William Douglas, nephew of the knight (afterwards the first
earl),+ and as chief of the clan, now lord of Jedworth, sum-
moned his family retainers, the men of Teviotdale, and drove
the invaders from Jed and Ettrick forests, while Sir Alexander
Ramsay of Dalhousie, whose estates and influence lay in
Lothian and near Edinburgh, maintained himself at the head
of a band of followers in the neighbourhood of Roslin,
even when the English were in possession of the capital.
Issuing from his fastnesses he incessantly harassed the
English, carrying his ravages even across the Border,
and returning laden with booty. ‘His fame for chivalry
was so high that no Scottish youth was held worthy of esteem
unless he had proved his gallantry by riding for some time in
Ramsay’s band.”+ His crowning exploit was the surprise
of Roxburgh castle on Easter eve, the 30th March, 1342,
which he accomplished under the guidance of one Odo
of Ednam, a man intimately acquainted with the works.
Charmed with his gallantry, the young king, David I1., who
had recently § returned from France, appointed him governor

* Originally an English ecc'esiastic, Bullock came to Scotland with Fdward
Baliol, and discarding his clerical character became a brave and enterprising
soldier. The knight of Liddisdale seduced him from his Engtish allegiance,
and he attained to considerable distinction by his exploits in the cause of

Scotland. Godscroft, 71,76. Tytler’s Hist, I].,57, 61. Redpath, 322, 329.
+ Hailes Ann. IT., 246.

¢ Sir Walter Scott’s Hist. I., 192; also Tyler 11, 55, Chalmers Caled.
§ On the 4th May, 1341.

Annwersary Address. 29

of the castle, and (an office usually conjoined with it),
sheriff of Teviotdale, to the great displeasure of the knight
of Liddisdale, who considered his exploits had given him an
equalclaim.* Their rival pretensions t+ were appeased for the
time by the interposition of mutual friends, but the recon-
ciliation on the part of Douglas was outward only. Watching
his opportunity he repaired to Hawick on the occasion of
Ramsay holding his first court, about three months after-
wards, and approaching him under the guise of friendship he
suddenly assaulted him in St. Mary’s Church on the 20th
June, 1342, slew several of his slender following, and drag-
ging him, wounded, from the judgment-seat, hurried him
away to Hermitage. There thrusting him into the dungeon
under the southern tower, without food, he left him to die
miserably of hunger.

The king was justly incensed at such flagrant contempt of
his authority, but found himself impotent to deal with so
powerful an offender. For three years the knight remained
in disgrace, safely secluded within the strong walls of Hermi-
tage, whence he made occasional raids on the English Border.§
During this interval king Edward again made overtures to
withdraw him from his allegiance, not altogether it was
believed, without success. About the same time Bullock,
his friend and companion in arms, who had been advanced to
the post of Grand Chamberlain of Scotland, fell under similar
suspicion and was seized by the king’s command and com-
mitted to the charge of Sir David Berkley, by whom he was
immured in the castle of Lochendorp, in Morayshire, and
allowed to perish by starvation, in the same cruel manner as
Sir Alexander Ramsay.||

* At the same time William (afterwards Earl of) Douglas received a grant of
the Manor of Liddel, generally held separately from the valley of Liddel and
Hermitage. Chalmers Caled. II., 119.

t+ Several writers state that tbe office of Sheriff was already held by Douglas,
but this appears to be anerror. There is no evidence of any such grant by com-
petent authority, although it is probable enough that the knight had assumed the
exercise of the sheriff’s powers on his conquest of Liddisdale.

t Hailes Ann. II., 229.

§ Redpath, 335.

\| Tytler, If., 66. Hailes Ann., IT., 280,

30 Anniversary Address.

A cessation of hostilities between England and Scotland,
followed by a two years’ truce, had enabled Edward to prose-
cute his invasion of France where he was pushing the
siege of Calais with vigour. The opportunity appeared to be
favourable for an invasion of England, and David, pressed by
his ally the King of France tc make a diversion in his favour,
resolved to break the truce. The need of Douglas’ powerful
assistance was now felt, and a reconciliation having been
effected through Robert Stewart, the king’s cousin, Douglas
was recognised as the sheriff of Teviotdale, and appointed
governor of Roxburgh castle. Three months after this
humiliating concession, the Scottish army crossed the frontier,
destroying. Liddel castle, the original seat of the Soulis’
family, which was razed to the ground, and proceeding onward
to Durham, suffered a total defeat at the battle of Neville’s
cross, on the 17th October, 1346. The king, the knight of
Liddesdale, and many of the Scottish nobility were taken
prisoners, and the whole of the south of Scotland, including
Hermitage, fell into the hands of the English.

The capture of Douglas gave Edward ample scope for again
practising on his fidelity, and now with better success. The
murder of Sir David Berkley at Aberdeen, in 1350, by a
dependent of Douglas, named John St. Michael or Carmichael,
was a symptom of his growing defection. The deed was
universally attributed to his instigation in revenge for the
death of Bullock, and of a John Douglas said to have been a
brother either of the knight himself, or of his nephew Lord
William.*

* The relations of the different members of the Douglas family at this period
are involved in much obscurity. By some the Knight of Liddesdale is described
as a natural son of the good Sir James. According to others he was the lawful
son of Sir John Douglas of Dalkeith or Laudonia, ancestor of the Morton family.
The confusion has been increased by the failure to distinguish on all occasions,
between the Lordship of the Valley of Liddel and the Castle or Manor of Liddel,

which were always he'd separately and generally by different persons.

_ The arguments on both sides are well stated by Chalmers in the Caledonia, vol.
II., p. 117., note v supporting the first view, and by Riddell in his Stewartiana, p.
83, and Appendix III.; onthe other hand, see too Sir Walter Scott’s Prov.
Antiq., I., 58-59.

Anniversary Address. él

Whether he felt that Ramsay’s death had never been
forgiven and that he had still farther compromised himself by
Berkley’s assassination, must be left to conjecture. Certain it
is that he now threw himself unreservedly into the English
alliance and became the sworn vassal of Edward.

The indenture entered into on this occasion, ‘* between the
king on the one part and William Douglas his prisoner on
the other,” is given at length by Rymer. In it Douglas
pledges himself, on being set free ‘‘ pour lui et pour ses Heirs
de servir au Rou et ses Heirs en totes leur Guerres contre
toutes Gentz and en qui conque Pay et dete, sauf contre sa
Nacion d’ Escoce, en la terre d’ Escoce, s’2d ne soit do son bon
gree. Kt serra touzjours le dit Willaume, prest et apparellez
au garnisement d’un mois apres le recette des Lettres quales
seront lessees, au manoir de Hermitage.”’*

In another instrument he bound himself never to give aid
or counsel against the king of England, either secretly or
openly, on behalf of his own nation or any other; also to
allow the English at all times free passage through his country,
and farther to renounce all claim to the castle of Liddel. And
farther he was to make oath for the due performance
of all these conditions, under pain of being held to be a
disloyal and perjured man and a false liar, and he agreed to
give his daughter and nearest male heir to be kept as hostages
for two years in England.

With singular inconsistency after having thus traitorously
yielded every possible concession to the enemy of his sovereign
and his country, he intimates his intention of remaining
dutiful to his natural liege-lord as far as possible! <“‘C’est
Ventencion que le dit Mons. William puisse touzjours faire
son devoir devers son seigneur lige en totes choses que ne sout
contraires a cestes alliances!”” One hesitates whether to
admire most the hypocrisy or the baseness of such a resolution.
Alas! for the Flower of Chivalry.

Accordingly on the 24th July, 1352, Edward granted him
investiture, “‘ quod idem Willielmus habet Terram vocatam

* Rymer, Fed, V., 738.

32 Anniversary Address.

V Ermytage in Scotia, una cum quibusdam aliis Terris et
Locis* ibidem prout indenture, &c.,” and further directed
that “ eodem Willielmo castrum et manerium del’ Ermytage,
cum pertinentibus, &c., * * * liberatis.”

He did not long enjoy the fruits of his treason. Suspected
already of disloyalty, it was not likely that this transaction
should long remain concealed. Too powerful to be dealt with
openly, he was way-laid when hunting in Ettrick forest, and
slain at the instance of his nephew and godson Lord William,
the following year, in the month of August, 1353. There is
little doubt that the deed had the approval, perhaps the in-
junction, of the king, as the only mode by which his treason
could be punished. Lord William, moreover, as warden of
the Middle Marches, must have felt himself powerless to
prevent the incursions of the English so long as Hermitage
was virtually in their hands, and its possessor pledged to allow
them free passage at all times. An ancient monument, no
longer in existance, marked the spot where he fell, but the
site of William’s cross, on Williamshope, is still pointed
out near the Glenkinning: burn, which runs into the Yarrow.t
His body was carried to Lindean church below Selkirk, and
was afterwards interred in Melrose abbey.

As soon as the news reached king Edward he took steps
to secure possession of Hermitage. On the 14th October
Henry de Percy and Ralph de Neville were appointed com-
missioners to treat with Elizabeth, Douglas’ widow, for the
surrender of the castle and the valley of Liddel, on the re-
lease of the hostages, conformably to the indenture executed
by her husband.t The negotiations were not concluded till

* Wiz, half the town of Moffitt, Granton, Polbothy, and other lands in
Dumfriesshire, which seem to have constituted his original estate before he estab-
I'shed himself in Liddisda'e.

+ Godscroft, p.197 and 81, followed by other writers, as Balfour I., 115,
Tytler, II, 82, gives the names of the place as Galsewood or Gladwood, but Sir
Walter Scott, who knew the country well, has rightly named it. He gives the date
13th July, 1354, on whatauthority is not stated. Hist. [., 203. The tale alluded
to by Godscroft of an intrigue between the knight and the countess of Douglas
seems to be quite unfounded.

+t Rymer 760. Who this lady was is not known. Her Christian name only
is preserved in the papers recorded in the Feedera and Rotuli Scotiz.

Anniversary Address. 33

the following year, when it was settled that she should receive
a grant of “the castle of Ermytage and the valley of Liddel”
for her life, with remainder, if she married an Englishman, to
the offspring, if any, of such marriage; failing which they were
to revert to the crown, thus ignoring the children of her late
husband altogether. Meantime she was to receive an English
garrison and an English governor selected by the commis-
sioners, and to restore the original grant made to her husband,
receiving in return an indenture in the terms now concluded,
upon which the nephew and daughter of her late husband,
who were detained as hostages, were to be delivered up.*

In less than a year afterwards she married J.ord Dacre’s
brother, Hugo de Dacre, equerry (waletius) to king Edward,
who thereupon appointed him keeper of the castle, renewing
the grant in their joint names.t

This arrangement continued for about three years, when in
1358 we find Lord William (now created earl) Douglas in
possession ; for on the 6th June in that year king Edward
issued a commission to Thomas Musgrove, Thomas Gray,
and William Heron to inquire whether the castle of Hermi-
tage had been taken by William de Douglas during the period
of a truce that had been agreed upon.t Redpath adds, that
by 1384 he had recovered all the Border strengths except
Roxburgh.§ He died the same year, and was succeeded by
his eldest son, James 2nd earl, in the Douglas estates, while
his second son George inherited the Angus title and property
in right of his mother.

The Border possessions appear to have gone to the Angus
branch soon afterwards; for although eail James is styled
** Lord of Lydalysdale” in 1380-1, during his father’s life
time, it is certain that Jed and Ettrick forests, Bonjedworth,
the lordship of Liddel, the sheriffdom and keeping of Rox-
burgh castle, &c., are all included in a charter granted by

* Rot, Scot I. 771-2. The instrument is dated 8th Oct., 1354.

+ Rot. Scot I. 779, dated 1st July, 1355,

t Rot. Scot I. 826.

§ P. 354.
B.N.C.—VOL. VII. NO. I. E

34 Anniversary Address.

Robert III. to George, earl of Angus, on his marriage with
the king’s daughter, Mary Stewart, in 1397-8.*

From this time Hermitage appears to have belonged to the
house of Angus with few interruptions for near a century.
In 1427-33 William, second earl, was warden of the Middle
Marches by special commission, + and “ Lord of the valley
of Ledell,” Godscroft quotest a bond granted to his son
James, the third earl, by Robert Fleming of Cambernauld,
an old dependent of the family, in which he binds himself
“to enter within the iron gate of the castle of Tantallon or
Hermitage, under pain of 2000 marks, upon eight days
warning * * because he had burnt the earl’s corne within
the baronie of North Berwick, and taken away his cattell
there on Fasting even or Shrove Tuesday.” George, fourth
earl, and brother of the second, adhered to his sovereign,
James II., in his feud with the Douglases. He was warden
of the East and Middle Marches, and in 1452 ** took measures
for keeping good order in his Countrey of Liddesdale, and to
keep his castle of Hermitage safe” for the king. “ He had
for this purpose made Sir Archibald Douglas of Cavers
(sheriffe of Roxbrough), and William his sonne, Bailiffs of
Liddesdale and keepers of the castle.Ӥ For these services
he was created lord Douglas, and took an active part in support-
ing the minor son of James II. after the king’s death at the
siege of Roxburgh castle. No change appears to have taken
place in the reign of James III., during which, Archibald
the fifth earl, better known by his soubriquet of Bell-the-Cat,
possessed Liddisdale and Hermitage; but on the accession of
James [V., that youthful prince, remembering the dangerous
power and influence of the house of Douglas in by-past
times,|| seized the occasion of a casual outrage to require the

* Douglas Peerage I. 432. Orig. Par, I. 358.

+ Douglas Peerage.

4 P. 210, 213.

§ Godscroft, 213, 215.

|| Godscroft, 221.

¥ This outrage was a duel fought between Angus and Spens of Kilspendie, of
which a graphic description is given by Godscroft, p. 235, Spens was slain.

Anniversary Address. 38

earl, who was chancellor of the kingdom and high in the royal
favour, amicably to resign his possessions, including Liddis-
dale and Hermitage, to the crown in 1488. But though he
immediately afterwards conferred them on George, master of
Angus, the earl’s eldest son, he ultimately brought about
a permanent exchange between him and Patrick Hepburn,
earl Bothwell and lord High Admiral, who exchanged the
lands and castle of Bothwell for those of Liddisdale and
Hermitage, an arrangement confirmed by Parliament in
1492.* The connection of the Bothwell family with Hermi-
tage continued without interruption till 1538, and did not
finally cease till 1567.

For some years after the fatal disaster of Flodden, during
the long minority of James V., the Borders were the scene of
the most lawless disorder. The Scottish nobles were split
into parties, struggling to obtain the lead in the national
councils, and seeking for external support, some from France,
some from England. ‘The duke of Albany, cousin to the late
king, was at the head of the French party ; the earl of Angus,
who married the queen mother, was the leader of the English
faction. Lord Dacre, the English warden, fomented these
feuds to the utmost, and under colour of supporting the
English party, made repeated inroads into Scotland, burning,
plundering, and destroying without mercy. Boasting of his
success in stirring up strife, Dacre writes to Wolsey on the
gerd August, 1516: “I have secret messages from the earl
of Angus and others * * * and also 400 outlaws (and
giveth them rewards) that burneth and destroyeth daily
Scotland; all being Scotsmen that should be under the
obedience of Scotland.”+ And shortly before he had boasted
to Henry VIII., “ there never was so mekyll myschefe, robbry,
spoiling, and vengeance in Scotland than there is now,

** Tell my gossip the king,’’ said Angus to his attendant, “ that here was nothing
but fair play. I know my gossip will be offended ; but I will get me into Liddis-
dale and bide in the Hermitage till his anger be abated.”

* Reg., Great Seal XII., 344, dated 6th March, 1492. Orig. Par. I., 358.

t Ellis’ Orig. Letters, 1st series, I, 182. Tytler’s Hist. V. 187,

36 Anniversary Address.

without hope of remedye; which I pray our Lord God to
continue!” * The unhappy inhabitants of the Borders,
abandoned to their fate, nevertheless defended themselves
bravely. ‘‘ I assure your Grace,” writes the earl of Surrey to
Wolsey, in 1523, “I found the Scots at this tyme the boldest
men and the hotest that ever I sawe any nation; and all the
jorney, upon all parts of the army, kept us with so contynuall
skyrmyshe that I never saw the lyke. If they myght assemble
40,000 as good men, as I now saw 1500 or 2000, it wolde be
an hard encounter to mete them.’”’+ But this could not last.
Dacre at length reports the desolation to be complete.
“* Nothing was left on the frontiers of Scotland without it be
part of old houses whereof the thatch and coverings are taken
away by reason whereof they cannot be burnt.”{ All the
inhabitants fled inland, so that the English forays had to be
carried 20 miles inland to find booty. The Liddisdale clans
appear to have retired to the estates of the laird of Buccleugh,
who was powerful enough to defend his own lands; and hence
began that connection which was never afterwards severed,
and accounts for the presence of the Liddisdale men in
Buccleugh’s force, when attempting to deliver the young
king from the Douglases two years later. Of Hermitage we
hear nothing during this turbulent period. It was probably
held by Bothwell’s garrison, who was powerless to interfere.

On the accession of James V., his first act was to introduce
order into the distracted districts. As a preliminary step
Patrick 5rd earl of Bothwell and the other chiefs were
seized and put in ward, whilst the king with a strong force
proceeded to the frontier and made such severe examples of
the freebooters as to secure a momentary return of order and
security. But it was of short duration.§ The weakness of
James’ authority did not allow him to confirm or consolidate

* Tyt. V. 93.

+ Hillis’ Orig. Letters, Ist series, I 214, dated 27th Sept. 1523.

t Dacre to Wolsey, 11th June, 1524. Lllis, 1. 248.

§ Bothwell appears to have given a bond to preserve order at this time. See

Pitcairn Crim. Tri. 1. 245. After a detention of six months he was released
on a bail of £20,000 to return to prison when required.

Annwersary Address. 37

his power. New disorders broke out on the Borders. Eng-
lish and Scotch commissioners were appointed to meet at
Berwick,* who agreed that unless the excesses of the men of
Liddisdale were redressed by a certain date, it should be
lawful for the king of England to issue letters of marque to
enable his subjects to make reprisals untilredress was obtained ;
but aspecial exception was made in favour of Hermitage, which
the English were not to besiege or take.

These measures were deeply resented both by the Borderers
and their chiefs, who thought their former exertions in behalf
of the king deserved more consideration. Bothwell in par-
ticular was highly incensed, and entered into a treasonable
correspondence with the earl of Northumberland. A secret
meeting was arranged, to which he repaired with three
attendants, one of whom was Robert Elwolde (Elliot) of the
Armytage, probably the captain of the hold, whence it may be
concluded that the party set out from the castle. In a letter
to king Henry, of the 27th December, 1531, Northumberland
gives a curious account of the interview, in which Bothwell,
‘* for revenging of his displeasure or relieving of his hart and
stomach against the Skottes king,” engages to serve in the wars
against Scotland with 1000 gentlemen and 6000 commons,
and ends by expressing his expectation that through such
mzans and the help of Angus they should “crowne your
Grace in the town of Edinburg within brief time.”’+ On these
practices reaching the king’s ears Bothwell was again com-
mitted to ward, and remained in confinement for some years,
after which he went into exile. In 1538 he was compelled
to resign into the king’s hands the lordship of Liddel as being
a nest of free-booters, to be held for the future by the king.
By an Act of Parliament passed in 1540, “ the Landes and
lordship of Liddisdale, with the castle of Armytage,” were
formally annexed to the crown. But it appears to have been
virtually under royal control from the time of the earl’s
imprisonment; for in the Lord High Treasurer’s accounts ¢

“ Redpath, 529. See too 475, Rymer, XII, 275.
+ Tytler Hist., V., 200. note.
{ Pitcairn, Crim. Tri. I. 294,

38 Annwersary Address.

there is an entry dated 2lst October, 1534, of £700 to lord
Maxwell * “ for keping the House of Armytage and Rewling
of the inhabitants of Liddisdale be ye space of seven months; ”
and on the 14th February, 1540, a farther sum of £100 is
given to him “ for beting and mending of ye castle of Hermi-
tage.”

The king’s premature death in 1542 allowed Bothwell to
return to Scotland, where he resumed his place in the Parlia-
ment of 1542-3 and procured a reversal of the compulsory
resignation of his estates. The long minority of the infant
princess Mary gave rise to a repetition of the disorders that
had proved so fruitful of calamity during her father’s non-age.
Henry VIII. was anxious to bring about a marriage between
the heiress of Scotland and his son Edward, and with this
object secured a strong party among the Scottish nobility.
But he was foiled by the opposition of Cardinal Beaton, to
whom Bothwell attached himself. Incensed at the failure
of this cherished scheme, Henry resolved to attack Scot-
land in force, and whilst preparations were making he
ordered the wardens of the Marches to organize a plan of
retaliation and plunder until the main army was ready to
move. One of these officers, Sir Thomas Wharton, accord-
ingly reported + that, “upon the Middle Marches, they trust
to burn and make waste all the dwellers in Liddisdale except
within the castle of Hermitage, as also to compel the dwellers
without the said castle to do service to the King’s Highness.”
This policy was so well carried out that most of the Liddis-
dale clans were compelled ¢ to take part in the English

* Robert, fifth lord Maxwell, one of the king’s most faithful and trusted nobles
had married Agnes Stewart, Bothwell’s mother.

+ See State Papers, V. 345. “The opinions of Sir Thos. Wharton, Sir J.
Louther, Jno. Leigh, and Edward Agtionby for annoyance, as they trust to God
shall be done to Scotland this winter by the Marches.” Dated 23rd Sept., 1543.
_ = The Armstrongs, who were the most influential clan in the valley below

Hermitage, appear to have suffered especially at the hands of the English, for
Henry ordered Sir Thos. Wharton at this time to liberate the chiefs of the name who
were then his prisoners . on condition of their ravaging the estates of the Scottish
lords opposed to him.

Letters of the duke of Suffolk to lord Wm. Parr, dated 10th and 11th Sept.,
1543, quoted by Tytler, V. 289, 310.

Anniversary Address. 39

forays, and to wear the red cross badge of England. That
they did not do so from any love of England was proved by
their conduct at the battle of Ancrum moor two years later
(February, 1535), where 600 Border lances tore off their red
crosses and passed over to their countrymen.* But this
transient gleam of success produced little change in the
fortunes of the Border. Even after the death of Henry VIII.
the same policy was pursued by Somerset the Protector, who,
under his former title of earl of Hertford, had wrought such
skaith in previous years. His success in gaining over the
nobles opposed to Cardinal Beaton was proved by a list of
two hundred men of note, bound secretly to the service of
England, which was found in the castle of St. Andrew’s,
when the murderers of that prelate were taken. Among
these the name of Bothwell held a prominent place. He
engaged to deliver up Hermitage and to renounce his alle-
giance to the earl of Arran, now governor of the kingdom,
during the queen’s minority, in reward for which he was to
receive in marriage the duchess of Suffolk, aunt to the
English monarch.t He was immediately Agee into prison,
but was released the day after the battle of Pinkie, 10th
September, 1547. The first use he made of his liberty was
to join the Protector and openly espouse the English cause.
A pension of 3000 crowns to keep up 100 horsemen, with
whom to serve against his countrymen, was conferred on
him, and he was guaranteed against any loss of his Scottish
lands incurred thereby.t His treason does not seem to have
prospered. The Protector’s schemes were foiled by the French
auxiliaries sent to Scotland, and Bothwell, not daring to
return, died in exile in 1556.§

His son, James the fourth earl, attached himself to the
queen mother, now regent and head of the Roman Catholic

* Tytler V. 317. Thesame thing happened to Wharton in February, 1547,
when checked by the earl of Angus in araid on the Western Marches; 2d. VI. 40,

+ Tytler, V. 16, quoting letter to the Protector Somerset, of 18 August, 1547,

in State Paper Office.

} Rymer Fed. III. 173.
§ Douglass peerage, I. 228.

40 Anniversary Address.

as opposed to the Protestant party. He was appointed by
the queen and the dauphin, with Ker of Cessford and Leth-
ington, to settle the affairs of the Borders, on the 8th Aug.,
1559.* The following year he repaired to the court of the
young queen at Paris, and was one of seven lords appointed
by her to be commissioners, for summoning the Parliament
and preparing for her return to Scotland. In 1662 an accusa-
tion of treasonable intentions against lord James Stewart, the
queen’s brother (afterwards regent Murray), was preferred
against him by the earl of Arran, who proved to be insane.
Nevertheless, Bothwell was confined in the castle of St.
Andrew’s in March, brought under a guard to Edinburgh on
the 4th of May, but made his escape from the castle on the
29th of August, and took refuge in Hermitage, and eventually
escaped to France. There he remained three years, and
returning in 1665 found Murray still opposed to-him, but was
reconciled to him through the queen’s exertions. On her
rupture with her brother, after Rizzio’s murder, Bothwell
rose rapidly in favour. He was in the palace on the night
of that crime, escaped through the window, and repaired to
the queen at Dunbar, where on the 17th March he received
a grant of the abbey of Haddington, which had been held by
her late secretary. On the 7th October the queen went to
Roxburghshire, ostensibly to hold an assize at Jedburgh, but
in reality to strengthen her influence against the lords of the
congregation, for which purpose Bothwell had been sent to
his Liddisdale estates some time before, with a commission of
warden of all the marches. The Border clans, however,
which had of late been left too much to provide for their own
safety, entertained a lively remembrance of English vengeance,
and prudently held aloof. Bothwell therefore tried more
stringent measures. Summoning the leading men of the
Elliot clan, who occupied the country nearest to Hermitage,
he detained them in the castle ; but one of the most influential
of their number, John Elliot of Park, having failed to appear,

* Diurnal of Occurents, 538. News letter from Scotland to Cecil, dated 10th
Nov., 1559, ‘Tytler, VI., 389.

Anniwersary Address. AL

Bothwell, on the same day that the queen left Edinburgh,
rode over to Park,* a distance of about eight miles, to induce
him to come in. What occurred is told in the words of
a cotemporary annalist :—

** Upoun the samyn day, James erle Bothwell, lord Hailis
of Crychtoun, being send be our soverenis to bring in certane
thevis and malefactouris of Liddisdaill to the justice air, to
be puneist for thair demeritis, and he being serchand the
feildis about the Hermitage, eftir that he had takin certane
of the saidis thevis and had put thame in the place of the said
Hermitage, in presoun, chancit upon ane theif callit Johne
Eluat of the Park. And eftir he had takin him, the said
Johne speirits gif he wald saif his lyff; the said erle Both-
will said, gif ane assyiss wald mak him clene, he was hertlie
contentit, bot he behuvit to pas to the quenis grace. The
said Johne heirand thay wordis, slipis fra his horse to have rin
away; bot in the lychting, the said erle schot him with ane
dagt in the body and lychtit doun to have taken him agane;
and followand feirselie upon the said theif, the said erle slipit
owre ane souch and tomblit doun the same, quhair throw he
was sa hurt that he swownit. The said Johne persaveand
himself schot and the erle fallin, he geid to him quhair he lay
and gaif him thrie woundis, ane in the bodie, ane in the heid,
and ane in the hand ; and my lord gaif him twa straikis with
ane quhingar at the paip and the said theif depairtit ; and my
lord lay in a swoun. quhill his servantes come and caryit him
to the Hermitage. At his cuming thairto, the saidis thevis
quhilk was in presoune in the said Hermitage, had gotten
furth thairof and was maisteris of the said place, and wald
not let my lord Bothwill in, quhill ane callit Robert Ellot of
the Schaw come and said, that gif thay wald let in my lord
Bothwill, he wold saif all thair lyvis, and let thame gang
hame; and sua thay leit my lord in; and gif he had not
gottin in at that tyme, he and all his company haid bene

* The peel of Park stood on the site now occupied by the Railway station at
Newcastleton. ;

+ Pistol.

B.N.C.—VOL. VII. NO. I. F

42 Annwersary Address.

slane. And the said theif that hurt my lord Bothwill de-
ceissit within ane myle, upon ane hill, of the woundis gottin
fra my lord Bothwill of befoir.’”*

Eight days later, or on the 15th October, queen Mary paid
her celebrated visit to the wounded warden. The distance
from Jedburgh to the castle is 224 or 23 miles as the crow
flies. It has been supposed that she took a somewhat cir-
cuitous road by Hawick ;+ but there is no evidence of this.
I am inclined to believe that she proceeded by the most
direct line, which even now a horseman acquainted with the
country would follow. Thus leaving Jedburgh by the town-
head and passing the castle, she would proceed along the base
of the Dunion across Swinnie-moor into Rule water, thence
across the Earlside-moor to Colifort-hill, crossing the Slitrig
below Stobs and leaving Hawick considerably to the right.
The path would then pass Whitlaw, Flex, and Priesthaugh,
and on between Greatmoor and Caldcleugh-hills to the head
of the Braidlee-burn, where is the morass into which her
palfrey sank, still called the Queen’s-mire. From Braidlee-
burn is but a short and easy descent into the Hermitage
valley. The whole distance must be considerably over thirty
miles, and when it is remembered that Mary returned to
Jedburgh the same evening, and that the shortness of the
days at that season allowed her little time to rest, it is not
surprising that such great fatigue, three months after her
confinement, brought on a dangerous illness. Favourable
symptoms appearing on the 22nd and 23rd, her secretary,
Lethington, wrote to Cecil on the 24th, reporting her con-
valescence,{ but on the 25th she had a relapse, and lay from

* Diurnal of Occurrents, 100.

+ The way by Hawick would have taken her considerably more to the west-
ward, crossing the Dunion to Bedrule and skirting Ruberslaw to the valley of
the Teviot, which she would reach between Denholm and Cavers. Her course
would then lie along the river through Hawick to the Allan water, following
which to the Dod-rig she would reach the Queen’s mire.

The route by Rule water, skirting Windburgh to Langburn-shiels, Whitter-
hope, and Ninestane-rig, though very direct would not strike the Queen’s mire,
and the only other line by the Knot-i’-the-Gate is too far to the eastward.

t This letter is given by Sir Henry James in his Fac-similes of National

Annwersary Address. 43

9 a.m. tol] p.m. ina state of insensibility, from which she
was only restored by the care and attention of Master Nawe
or Nau, her physician. She did not return to Edinburgh
till the 7th December, after which Darnley’s murder, her
seizure by Bothwell, her marriage and the close of her reign
at Carberry, which drove Bothwell into exile with the for-
feiture of his estates and dignities, again brought Hermitage
into the possession of the crown, 29th December, 1567.

Twenty years later James VI. conferred the forfeited
Bothwell titles and estates on his cousin Francis Stewart,*
who by his mother was likewise the nephew of the late earl.
He repaid his benefactor by the grossest ingratitude, and
after a succession of seditious outbreaks and more than one
attempt to seize the king’s person, he also was attainted + and
fled the kingdom. He had married lady Margaret Douglas,
widow of Sir Walter Scott of Buccleugh, and in consequence
of this alliance is said to have made over his Liddisdale
estates to his step-son before entering on his treasonable
courses. Certain it is that Liddisdale and Hermitage next
came into the possession of the Buccleugh family, with which
they still remain.

On the accession of James VI. to the throne of England,
the hostility of the Border clans gradually gave way to
habits of peace and goodwill, and Hermitage, ceasing to be
a place of importance, was abandoned as a post of defence
and fell to decay. It gave the title of viscount to Henry,
third son of Anne duchess of Buccleugh and Monmouth,
created earl of Delorain, viscount Hermitage, &c., by queen
Anne on the 29th March, 1706, which became extinct on the
death of the fourth earl in 1807.

Time did not permit us to visit the site of the old castle and
church, about 3 miles above the present town, which our guides
MSS., part 3, No. lvii. The transcript prints the place from which it is dated as
‘‘TIndbrough,” whereas it is clearly “ Jedbrough,” and this is the more remarkable
as several of Maitland’s letters, really written from Edinburgh, and occurring
both before and after No. lvii., have the name distinctly spelt ‘ Edinbrough.”

* Charter under the Great Seal, 29th July, 1587,
+ 21 July, 1593, Acts of Parl., IV., 8.

44 Anniwersary Address.

described as possessing considerable interest. They informed
us that Cromwell encamped there and halted some days,
during which his soldiers, who had no love for the Presby-
terians, did great damage, destroying the building and carry-
ing off the church-bell to Stanwick, in Cumberland. This
tradition is confirmed by the following extract from the
kirk-session records given in the Old Statistical account of the
parish :—

“17th January, 1649. The English army commanded by
Colonels Bright and Pride, and under the conduct of General
Cromwell, on their return to England, did lie at the kirk of
Castletoun several nights, in which time they brak down and
burnt the communion tables and the seats of the kirk; and
at their removing, carried away the minister’s books, to the
value of 1000 merks, and above, and also the books of session,
with which they lighted their tobacco-pipes, the baptism,
marriage, and examination rolls, from October, 1612, to
September, 1648, all which were lost and destroyed.’’*

Notwithstanding the many defections caused by the in-
exorable railway trains, a large party sat down to dinner, the
President and Sir William Jardine occupying either end of
the table. After dinner an interesting conversation took
place with reference to the early history of the club, of which
Sir William is one of the earliest members. He stated that he
expected to find Dr. Baird at his house on his return, and
all regretted that he had not come in time to attend this
meeting of the club, of which he and Mr. Embleton are now
the oldest surviving members.

Our last meeting at Longhoughton, on Thursday the 26th
August, was extremely interesting. The day was beautiful,
the attendance large, and everything combined to render the
occasion one of the most successful of the season. Pursuant
to the invitation of the Rev. R. W. Bosanquet, the members
assembled at the ancient manor house of Rock hall, where
they partook of an excellent breakfast, after which they

* Vol. XVI, 68.

Anniversary Address. 45

proceeded, under the guidance of Mr. C. P. Bosan-
quet and the Rev. Mr. Cooley, to examine the remains
of the old tower now incorporated with the mansion
house, and the fine old Norman church hard by, which
has recently been restored by Mr. F. R. Wilson, who
was also present to explain the noteworthy features of the
architecture. These, together with the monumental slabs of
the interior, commemorating the families of De Swinhoe,
Salkeld, and others, were examined with much interest.
Particular attention was attracted by an ancient and some-
what defaced monument on the floor near the entrance,
exhibiting a two-handed sword and a foliated cross of peculiar
form. The stem of the latter was interrupted in the middle,
and appeared to pass behind a broad band stretching quite
across the slab and bearing the hilt and upper portion of the
sword. Below the transverse band or division the lower limb
of the cross again appeared, and at the bottom seemed to rest
on two carved scrolls or feet.

Returning to the house the party assembled in the library,
where Mr Bosanquet read an interesting memoir on the history
and fortunes of Rock and its chapel, describing the various
families which had successively possessed the manor, and the
vicissitudes and changes through which they had passed. To
these I need not further refer, as the paper itself will appear
in this number of our transactions.

The thanks of.the club having been communicated through
the President to Mr Bosanquet, for his hospitable entertain-
ment and valuable information, the party drove to Dunstan-
burgh by Craster tower and Proctor stead, where a short
halt was made to enable Mr. F. R. Wilson to point out some
architectural peculiarities in the latter, of which he has since
been good enough to favour me with the following memo-
randum :—

“Near Dunstan isa group of buildings of some interest
called Proctor steads. To the casual observer it consists only
of a modest mansion of some antiquity adjoining an older
tower; but on closer examination remains of three different

46 Annwersary Address.

constructions are found init. The first stage of the tower is
built of the local basaltic stone, and is of much older date
than the super-structure, which consists of three stages of
Edwardian freestone ashlar masonry, of the same character
as that at Dunstanburgh castle. Two of these stages are
perfect, but the third has, in modern times, been frayed away,
course by course, in steps to form lean-to gables, and roofed
over with slates. The window openings are small and rect-
angular, and there are projecting corbels on the eastern side
which originally carried the machicolated defence of the
entrance now blocked up. The old pele measures 18 ft. 8 in.
by 14 ft. 9 in. externally, and the walls are four feet thick.
Against one side of it, and extending beyond it to a length of
36 feet, wing fashion, is a low two-storied Jacobean building
having a third story in the red-tiled roof, very pleasing look-
ing in contrast to the stern old tower. Looking on to the
north front it will be seen that several courses of good
Edwardian masonry have been used up in it, which were
doubtless taken at the time from the ruins of the castle.
Thus we may read that in the days of Duns Scotus there
stood an ancient pele tower ; upon the lower story of which
were added, in a style of architecture corresponding with the
period of his life, three stages in the same material as that
then being used in the construction of the castle close by ;
and after a lapse of three centuries, when the castle was
standing deserted and decaying, the owner of the tower built
a comfortable dwelling house attached toit ; and as he used up
several courses of old Edwardian ashlars, we shall probably
not be doing much injustice to his memory if we assume that
he found.them ready to his hand, as many builders in the
neighbourhood have likewise, in the dismantled castle.”
Of the former occupants of this fortalice no information was
obtained, but the name seems to connect them with the
family mentioned by Mr. Bosanquet as one of the late owners
of Rock. On the lintel of the doorway are the letters J. P.
and the date 1652, but very indistinct and worn from the
effects of the weather.

Anniversary Address. 47

Continuing the drive to Dunstanburgh, and alighting at
the foot of the rocky eminence on which it stands, the party
proceeded to explore the ruins of the fortress, and then seating
themselves on the broken fragments or reclining on the green
sward in the great court under the shade of the lofty gate-
house, listened to a memoir read by Mr. Geo. Tate, descriptive
of the building and its fortunes from its foundation in 1313,
and of the barony of Embleton to which it was attached,
together with notices of the geology of its site, and of an old
legend connected with it, which has been celebrated by a
local poet, James Service, of Chatton.

Having completed their survey of this interesting remnant
of feudal times, the party walked along the rocky shore to
Howick, examining the instructive geological section presented
by it, the distinctive features of which were pointed out by
Mr. Tate.

** Dunstanburgh stands on the Basaltic whin sill, which
ranges northward by Embleton, Newton, Bamburgh, and
Belford, to Kyloe, and southward by Craster to Cullernose,
where it leaves the coast and pursues a south-westward
course, by Howick hall, Ratcheugh, and Greensfield, to the
extremity of the county at Glenwhelt. This basalt rises in
rude columns in some parts, as at Cullernose, 100 feet in
height ; its relation to the stratified rocks 1s seen at Dunstan-
burgh, where it overlies sandstones, shales, limestones, and
coal of the Mountain Limestone formation; and patches of
metamorphosed shales and sandstones also appear above it.
A singular mass of limestone is in the Rumble-churn partly
enveloped in the basalt, and converted into white crystalline
marble. Great displacements of strata at Cullernose evidence
the mechanical effect of this basalticeruption. From Culler-
nose southward there is a good section of the characteristic
beds of the calcareous division of the Mountain Limestone.
Among the numerous fossils are curious marine worms in
sandstone, which were examined with much interest, and
trilobites, which have been described by Mr. Tate.* A small

* Proc. of Ber. Nat. Club., Vol. III. 234, Vol, IV. 163-107.

48 Annwersary Address.

basaltic dike cuts perpendicularly through the strata; and
appears like an artificial wall; and a great fault, near the
village of Howick, has thrown upward the strata on the
north side several hundred feet above those on the south
side.”

‘Leaving the coast the members again mounted their car-
riages and drove to Howick hall, courteously thrown open to
their inspection by earl Grey. The entrance hall contains a
striking marble statue of the late earl. They were conducted
through the suite of public rooms, examining the family
portraits and several fine pictures, and ended with the con-
servatory, which is large and filled with choice plants.

From Howick the party drove back to Longhoughton to
the Blue Bell, where thirty-two sat down to an excellent
dinner, prepared by the landlord, Mr. Murray.

After the customary toasts, the secretary made a statement
of what had been done in the exploration of Edin’s hall or
Etin’s hold, in Berwickshire, a curious pre-Roman fort,
similar to that of Greaves Ash, but resembling also some of
the Burghs or Broughs of Scotland ; several intra-mural cells
had been cleared—an intra-mural stair-case, apparently lead-
ing to upper cells had been discovered—a cannel-coal ring,
an amber bead, and a small perforated stone had been found.
The expense of the explorations would be defrayed by sub-
scriptions, towards which the club gave £5. A report of the
results will be given by Mr. D. Milne Home. Mr. Middleton
Dand sent for inspection an iron spear head, recently found
in the Haddon burn, two feet below the present bed, which,
he thought, might be a relic of the skirmish at Haddon rig,
on August 25th, 1542, between the earl of Huntly aud sir
Robert Bowes. A’ pewter cup, with a curious flat handle of
open work, was shown by Mr. Bolam, which had been in the
possession of a family in the neighbourhood of Wooler for
some years. Various speculations were hazarded regarding
its origin, some supposing, from a fancied resemblance of
certain indistinct figures on the handle to the Somerset arms,
that it might belong to the early part of last century, but

Anniversary Address. 49

Mr. Wilson suggested with more probability, from its re-
semblance to similar vessels in general use in Holland, that
it may have been brought over by a trading vessel from the
opposite coast.

Thanks having been voted to earl Grey for his kindness in
giving access to his house and grounds, the meeting broke
up highly pleased with the events of a very agreeable day.

There were present on this occasion—Sir Walter Elliot,
president ; Mr. George Tate, secretary ; Messrs. C. P. Bosan-
quet, Rock; J. C. Langlands, Old Bewick; Robert Bolam,
Weetwood ; J. Wheldon, London; Wm. Boyd, Ormiston ;
G. Allen, Berwick ; James Grey and Wm. Forster, Long-
houghton; Dr. Bruce, Newcastle; Dr. M‘Kenzie, Kelso ;
Revs. W. Darnell, Bamburgh, W. L. J. Cooley, Reuniugton;
W. Meggison and J. Marshall, Alnwick, R. Henniker, South
Charlton, P. M‘Alister, J. Huie, Wooler, P. G. M‘Dougal,
Kirknewton, G. Thomson, Acklington; Drs. Wilson and
M‘Vail; and Messrs. Robert Middlemas. H. Hunter, EK.
Allen, F. R. Wilson, T. Gibb, T. Tate, and J. P. Turnbull,
Alnwick, &c.

It remains to notice a few matters of interest within our
limits, in the investigation of which the club had no direct
share.

The further excavations at Edin’s hall have already been
adverted to. Several parties have lately been formed to view
the results of the committee’s labours, at one of which, in
company with Mr Milne Home, I was present. After ex-
amining the immediate locality, we walked up to the top of
Cockburn law, distant from 2000 to 2500 yards, the summit
of which has been strongly fortified, especially on the more
open side, which is defended by a triple. rampart and ditch.
Between this height and the hall numerous traces of in-
closures, mounds, and hut circles were observed, leading to
the conclusion that the intermediate space had at one time
been occupied by inhabitants. I took the liberty of suggest-
ing to Mr. Turnbull, the convener of the exploration com-

mittee, that an accurate plan should be made by a competent
B.N.C.—VOL. VII. NO. te G

50 Annwersary Address.

surveyor, of the environs of the hall, within a semicircular
radius of 14 or 2 miles from the river, which might be accom-
plished at trifling cost, on a sheet of the 25-inch ordnance
survey. This would probably throw light on the origin of
the principal edifice, and lead to inferences indicative of the
purpose for which it was erected.

The most remarkable relic discovered in clearing out the
ruins 1s an octagonal bronze fibula or brooch with a chased
pattern, which has been submitted for the opinion of Mr.
Albert Way.

Several ancient burial places have been examined during
the season in the neighbourhood of Hawick. In February
last Dr. Brydon of Hawick, assisted by Lord Rosehill and
some members of the Hawick Archzological Society, opened
some ancient burial places on the farm of Tiendside, on the
Teviot, about five miles above the town. Their examination,
which was prosecuted on two several occasions, disclosed a
group of-four regular cists, and a fifth of somewhat different
form. In one of the former only the remains of a human
skeleton were found, which had been deposited in a sitting
posture, with some bits of charcoal. Ina second they met
with a ¢erra cotta vessel about six inches high, incinerated
bones of some animal, a flint chip or arrow head, a piece of
radiated iron pyrites, and some black mould. Of the con-
tents of the third and fourth cists, little was discovered to
show the purpose for which they had been used. The whole
four occupied a semicircular space, at the back of which was
the last-mentioned cavity, containing a large quantity of
charcoal and burnt bones, among which were five human
teeth in good preservation, part of a pelvis and a thigh-bone,
which crumbled to pieces, a small flint knife and some flint
chippings, the fragments of an earthen vessel, &c. ‘ The
whole floor was paved with flint stones, which were covered
with a continuous layer of charcoal. From this it appears
that the body, having been surrounded by firewood, was
burned in a sitting posture.’’*

* Trans. Hawick Arch, Soc. for April, 1869.

Anniversary Address. dl

In July and Angust Dr. Brydon explored a second and
more remarkable deposit at the farm of Shaws, in the confines
of Selkirkshire. In front of the farm-house is an eminence
called the Middle hill, overlooking the lochs forming the
sources of the Ale; and on this is a mound known by the
name of the Sleepy knowe, which was resorted to by some
workmen, about four years ago, in search of stones to build
a march-dyke. On breaking into the mound they came upon
a cist containing a skeleton, on which Mr. Gibson, who
occupies the farm, at once, with a rare, and therefore the
more praiseworthy, intelligence put a stop to the work. It
remained in this state till Dr. Brydon, becoming acquainted
with the circumstance, resolved to prosecute the search.

The Knowe, as its name implies, was a circular mound,
108 feet in circumference and 5d to 6 feet high, covered with
fine short grass. On removing the soil the structure was
found to be formed of 3 to 4 tiers of large stones “ sloping in-
wards and downwards, like a low wall all 10und,” on the
edge of which rested ‘‘ another layer of unequal thickness,
the direction of which was inwards and upwards.” The
general character of the edifice appears to have been that of
a rude vaulted dome, paved throughout with large water-worn
stones, resting on what appeared to be a layer of peat ashes.
The interior was occupied by several cists and smaller cavities,
at different depths, separated from each other by large stones
apparently cast in without any regularity. Above the whole
was a layer of larger water-worn stones, surmounted by
smaller shingle, completing the structure. There seem to
have been three sepulchral cists ; the first, which was opened
four years ago, was inches 24+18x2], and appears to have
contained the skeleton of an adult male in a recumbent or
crouching posture ; the second, in which was found the frag-
ments of a large, coarse earthen vessel, which probably filled
the whole cavity, was of oblong form, inches 20x12x88.
This urn, which had a beaded rim and cord-drawn lines,
seems to have covered a heap of burnt bones, among which
was found the frontal bone of a dog. The third cist was

52 Anniversary Address.

empty. Besides these there was a vaulted chamber in the
centre of the mound, in which was found a sculptured square
slab, inches 39X21x10, supported by three stones resting
on the floor. The upper surface exhibited several incised
lines and cavities, the former covering a space of inches 6x21,
three of them being parallel and joined at either end by an
oblique line. On the under surface were “ five incomplete
cavities,’ and round the four sides a series of cups, 3, 4,
4and 2. There was also found a large, flat, upright stone,
imbedded in the natural soil, which was conjectured to have
stood there before the erection of the barrow. Near it were
an antler and fragments of palmated deer horns. Several
deposits of bones of animals, with black mould, broken
pottery, and charcoal, were met with in the course of the
excavation, and near the top the fragments of a human skull,
with the mastoid portion of one of the occipital bones in a
good state of preservation. No implements or weapons of any
kind were seen.*

Among the papers published by kindred societies, which
possess a local interest, may be instanced

“On the aculeate Hymenoptera of Northumberland and
Durham. By J. Bold. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. and
Durh., 111.”

‘‘On the Crustacean Fauna of the salt marshes of North-
umberland and Durham, 2 plates. Nat. Hist. Trans. North.
and Duth., iii.

‘“ Notes on various species of Ctenodus obtained from the
Northumberland Coal fields, 3 plates; remains of some
reptiles and fishes from the same. Nat. Hist. Trans. North.
and Durh., iii. By A. Hancock and T. Athey.”

On a new Labyrinthodont Amphibian from the Northum-
berland Coal field; two papers ;—on some curious fossil
Fungi from the black shale of the Northumberland Coal
field, 2 plates ;—on the generic identity of Climaxodus and
Janessa, two fossil fishes related to the Rays, 1 plate. Ann.
Nat. Hist., 4th series, iv.”

»* Abridged from the Trans. Hawick Arch. Soc. for Oct., 1869,

Anniversary Address. 53,

As a subject possessing a general interest for our botanical
members, I may refer to “a monograph of British roses, by
J. G. Baker, F.L.S.,”? in which he reviews the numerous
varieties of the genus Rosa described as distinct, reducing
the whole to 12 species, and eliminating the numerous
synonyms appertaining to each. Proc. Linn. Soc. xi. 179.*

The club continues to flourish with unabated vigour. The
list of members last year included—

Ordinary Members, Honorary Do. Oorresponding Do.
228 4 2

During the year two vacancies have been caused by death,
and five members have resigned. At the meeting this morn-
ing 12 new members were elected, together with one honorary
and one corresponding member, leaving the total members as
follows :—

Ordinary Members. Honorary Do. Corresponding Do.
233 ) 3

Of those who have been taken from us by death, a tribute is
due to the late Rev. Martin Carr, vicar of St. Paul’s, Alnwick,
to which he had been presented only a few months before.
Cut off in the prime of manhood, his untimely loss has been
deeply felt by the many friends to whom he was endeared by
his genial temperament, his playful wit, and his liberality of
mind.

* Since this address was delivered, I have observed a notice of the occurrence
of the wild cat in the Keeldar district, during the present century, and of their
fierceness and courage in attacking man. Gentlemen’s Mag. for Jan. 7.

I may take this opportunity for adding that, with reference to Mr. George
Tate’s notice of the recent introduction of the squirrel into the Border districts,
T have ascertained that the first individual seen in Rule water was discovered by
James Notman, now 42 years of age, a hedger at Wolfelee, in 1829. He
observed a new form of animal, to which he gave chase, and being joined by
the gamekeeper and others, it was pursued and taken, to the surprise of all who
had never seen one before.

Puiate I.—View of Hermitage castle, showing its ruined con-
dition at the beginning of the present century.

PuatE II.—View of Hermitage castle after the repairs executed
by order of the Duke of Buccleugh.

d4
On Carex Muricata. By James Harpy.

Carex muricata, from being a member of both the Edinburgh
and Northumberland and Durham Floras, might be expected
also to belong to the country intervenient. In Winch’s time,
its known distribution was restricted to the vicinity of Dar-
lington; but the editors of the “New Flora” inform us
that it is “ frequent on dry banks,” in all the subdivisions of
the district. For my part, I have not found it so prevalent,
or may have overlooked it ; having neither observed it on the
magnesian limestone of the sea-coast of Durham ; nor near
Newcastle, and other places which I have visited. For some
years I have observed it as a Berwickshire plant, growing,
but not in quantity, in dry fissures of greywacke rocks in the
dean near St. Helen’s church, Oldeambus. Again, in North-
umberland, it is pretty abundant in Hazelton-rig wood, above
Alnham, on the bare gravelly out-crop of porphyry, at about
the height in which Mr. Baker gathered it at Alwinton, viz.,
750 feet. Another station is on the road-side going to Lang-
leyford, near the foot of the bank, below Middleton Hall
shepherd’s house ; and there is a Carex with similar foliage
among dry rocks, near the Pin well, behind Wooler. It is
thus represented in the Border Flora on both sides of the
Tweed.

Carex muricata is an old constituted species, having been
first indicated, but not thus named, by Caspar Bauhin in his
« Pinax,”’ “ Prodromus,” and “‘ Theatrum Botanicum ;” and
he comprehended under it four varieties. He had remarked
it near Basil before 1578, for in that year he found it for the
third instance in moist places at Padua. He was then in the
eighteenth year of hisage. Padua, where he studied anatomy
and botany 1577-8, was then much resorted to for its Univer-
sity, ‘famous for Physitians, who had here a garden for
Simples;” the garden having been established in 1533. The
superintendent of the physic garden, at this period, was
Guilandinus or Wieland, a distinguished. man, who had
travelled over the Levant as well as Europe, cut his name
upon the Pyramids, and been redeemed from Moorish cap-
tivity ; who had supplemented his hard bought experience
with all the recondite lore of the age; and was thus capa-
citated to speak with authority, as was then the fashion, on
the medical plants of the ancients. Our eager student brought
the Carex to his professor, and was. told that it was the

Mr. James Hardy on Carex Muricata 5d

Ischemon of Pliny (Hist. Nat. Lib. xxv. c. 45 or c. 8 in
old editions); an unfortunate decision, from which Bauhin
takes care to express his dissent. Guilandinus was rather
headstrong. ‘ Audaculus,” says Haller, “ neque absque
erroribus.”” The Ischeemon, a Thracian plant, was thus
named from its property of stanching blood, and was “an
herb like a Mylet or Hirse,* having sharp leaves and mossie.”
On Sprengel’s authority it is the Andropogon Ischemum of
Linnezeus, Syst. Plant, 1483, 16 ; the ““Gramen Dactylon spicis
villosis”’ of C. Bauhin, &c. The superstitious old Romans
wore about the person portions of the Italian sort as an
amulet against hemorrhage. In the subsequent year, 1579,
Bauhin proceeded to Provence and Languedoc, and in the
marshes near Montpellier (he mentions having been there in
the beginning of summer), he again detected a smaller state of
his ‘‘ Gramen Cyperoides ; ” this name being given to it by the
learned men there. Montpellier was also a noted University
‘for the study of Physick, and for that happily seated, the
country round about affording great variety of medicinal
herbs.”+} With whom Bauhin conferred there on plants does
notappear. Rondelet, the first lecturer on Dioscorides in that
seminary, died in 1566. He imbued his pupils with his
own zest for botanical research. Among the more eminent
were Rauwolf, the Oriental traveller; J. Molinzus, the coad-
jutor of J. Dalechampius, in the ponderous Herbal “ Historia
Lugdunensis ;’’ and Peter Pena, conjunct author with Lobel
of the “ Adversaria.”§ P. Pena mentions ‘‘ quibusdam non
parum eruditis Medicis, ut Rondeletio et Assatio preeceptoribus
exercitatissimis,” who were of opinion that Ischemon was the
grass, now known as Panicum sanguinale,L. These may
have been the notables of the Montpellier school; the Mons-
pelienses, elsewhere referred to by him, and by both the
Bauhins. The Montpellier physic garden was not established
till 1598, and was first presided over by Peter Richier de
Belleval, an Italian, who published a catalogue of its con-
tents in that year; but this was nearly twenty years posterior
to Bauhin’s visit. ||

_* “Serpit € terra milio similis, foliis asperis et ‘anuginosis."—Plin, * It
coucheth and creepeth low by the ground, and is like unto Millet, but that the
leaves be rough and hairie.” Phil. Holland.

ft Feylyn’s Cosmography by Bohun, p. 176. London, 1768, fol.
{ Tournefort Isagoge in Rem Herb., p, 31.
§ Stirpium Adversaiia Nova. p. 4. ntwerp, 1576, fol.
: || Tournefort’s Isagege, in Inst. Rei Herb. p. 42. Baler Bibliotheca Botanica,
. p. 322,

56 Mr. James Hardy on Carex Muricata.

Magnol (Botanicum Monspelienses, p. 117, 1688) merely
confirms Bauhin’s statement.

The transition is abrupt in the pursuit in the history of a
harsh, uncomely grass, from the rude wilds of the Border-
side, and the ever-circling present, back to the dawn of
modern culture and scientific ideas, three hundred years ago,
in the grand old cities of Italy and France, ‘‘ where all good
literature was professed.”’ But there are other plants of as
little mark or likelihood, if we were to follow them through the
heavy tomes in which they are recorded, that have a lifetime
not less lengthened and varied ; intermingling with the course
of great events, and the actions and thoughts of wise and
venerated men: and with places and tracts of country that
form some of the stand-points of history, share some of the
interest and a reflection from their glory.

Linneus in the “ Flora Suecica,” gives Pigg Starr, z.e.,
prickly sedge, as the Swedish name of this Carex. Starr, in
Swedish, is strong, robust, hard; and in this country, in the
North of England, is still used for stiff; in which sense it also
occurs in Gawin Douglas. Still more interesting it is to
know that the term, as a substantive, is still, in Lancashire,
applied to sand-reeds, and apparently likewise, to rough
kinds of sedge. ‘“‘ Stare, sedge, grass of the fens.” (Halli-
well’s Archaic and Prov. Words, Il. p. 798). ‘* Bent or
starr, on the north-west coast of England, and especially in
Lancashire, is a coarse, reedy shrub—like ours perhaps—of
some importance formerly, if not now, on the sandy blowing
lands of those counties. Its fibrous roots give some cohesion
to the siliceous soil. By the 15 and 16 Geo. II., c. 53rd,
‘ plucking up and carrying away starr or bent, or having it in
possession, within five miles of the sand hills, was punishable
by fine, imprisonment, and whipping.’” (Moor’s Suffolk
Words).

Our plant is not typical of C. muricata, in its luxuriant
state, but is a dwarf form, the Var. of Smith, Flora Brit.,
and Eng. Flora; represented in Micheli and Scheuchzer’s
figures, there cited ; and the term “‘ Greater Prickly Carex,”
got, 1. suppose, from its resemblance to C. vulpina (Great
Carex), is inapplicable to any of the examples.

The herbage of C. muricata, being more green and succu-
lent than in most sedges, is cropped both by cows and sheep.
This happens also to C. vulpina, which, in sheep pastures on
the sea-coast, is often entirely eaten down.

57
Rock Hall. By the Rev. R. W. Bosanauet, A.M.

Tuer remarks I have to make on this old place I will divide
into two portions, viz. :—

1. That which relates to the building, the actual structure
of what I believe to be properly called ‘* The Old Hall.”

2. That which concerns the inhabitants of the same, from
time to time, during several centuries.

I have some notes by me relating to the ancient Norman
chapel and the apparent changes in the constitution of the
chapelry, but they cannot conveniently be brought within the
compass of the present paper.

PART I.

About the nature of the actual structure of the Old Hall
at Rock, what it has been and at what time probably formed,
I cannot find in any of the lists of castles or towers which
are to be met with in Mr. Hodgson’s History of Northum-
umberland and in other places, that there ever was either
castle or tower registered as such at Rock; and Mr. Tate’s
experience on this point, I believe, is the same as my own.
So far as I know, Greenwood’s large map of Northumber-
land, published previously to the Ordnance Survey having
been made, is the principal or the best known place in which
the name of Rock castle is to be found. I also find that Sir
Bernard Burke, in his Pedigree of Lawson of Brough, speaks
of Swinhoe of Rock castle; but in a point not bearing upon
pedigree, I should not consider that circumstance of any
great weight. I do not recollect ever to have heard the
inhabitants of the country, either gentry or labourers, speak
of Rock castle, and had there really been a castle here the
tradition would have hardly died out. Well, then, if the old
building has not been, and is not either a tower or a castle,
what is it ? and what is the date of it? I think there is
every reason to believe that itis a very ancient mansion ;
and considering first, its position with respect to the Scottish
Border, and secondly the solidity of the central, which is the
most ancient, portion of the structure, that it was built with
a view to self-defence. It is quite probable that in very
ancient times there was here one of those solid rectangular
pele towers, with which the Border country was studded till
after the union of the crowns; but that having been early
added to, and having become the constant residence of a

B.N.C.—VOL. VII. NO. I. H

08 Rey. R. W. Bosanquet, A.M., on Rock Hall.

gentleman’s family, it lost its peculiar character as a Border
tower in that of a mansion. There are indications of its
having been inhabited by good families at so early a date,
that it is probable that its foundation took place in the time
of the Norman kings. Though I do not at this moment
enter upon the history of any inhabitant of the place, I will
just mention that, in the 6th year of Edward I. (1278), 1
find the name of Thomas de Rock in a list of good names of
persons holding 20 librates of land, some in capite (as tenants
in chief under the king), and some not,* “ all of whom ought
to be knights and are not;” and “ all of whom are obliged
to find suretiest for their becoming knights before the follow-
ing Xmas.” Therefore we may conclude that Rock at that
time was respectably inhabited ; and the first of the extracts
with which Mr. Tate has kindly furnished me from the Testa
de Neville, shews that in the first half of the same 13th cen-
tury, between 1219 and 1252, “ William de Rok held Rock
under William de Vescy ” (who was tenant 7 capite and
held direct from the king) “ by service of half a knight’s
fee of ancient feoffment (that is a feoffment prior to 1135, the
time of the death of Henry I.) This throws the first valua-
tion of Rock back quite to the time of the Norman kings, and
there is no reason to suppose that it was not inhabited as a
mansion at that early date; for the service by which it was
held, viz., half a knight’s fee, appears to have remained the
same down to the time of Thomas de Rock, 1278, when Rock
was worth £20 a year, and Thomas ought to have been a
knight and was not. My only object in mentioning these
individual tenants of Rock is to support my notion that
there was probably a mansion existing and inhabited here,
even in the time of the later Norman kings, say Stephen,
and that there certainly was so not long afterwards.

My mention of the time of Stephen as a Norman date
reminds me of a very strong argument in favour of the proba-
bility of there having been a mansion at Rock in those early
times. I have been accustomed to hear it said, by persons
of architectural skill and knowledge, that the west door of
our little church here, with portions of the mason work in its
vicinity up to the string course, and considerable portions of
the side walls, are probably not of a later date than Stephen,

* The names of two of Thomas de Rock’s sureties are “‘ [vo Rockard of Rock,
and John, son of Ralph, of the same.
+ Hode. Hinde’s vol. of History, p, 296, from the Harleian collection.

Rev. R. W. Bosanquet, A.M., on Rock Hall. 59

who is usually considered the last of the Norman kings.
Now, it appears to me very improbable that a chapel of so
finished and ornamented a kind as this must have been
when first it was built, should have been placed in so poor
and insignificant a hamlet as Rock, unless there had been
an inhabited mansion here by which the population would
be increased, and additional population encouraged, as well
as architectural beauty in the chapel appreciated and valued.
We must not go off to the subject of the chapel at present,
but one may, I think, observe that the quality of the building
of ecclesiastical edifices is in almust all instances influenced
by the wealth and taste of those for whose use they are
designed ; and Rock chapel in its pristine beauty must have
indicated the vicinity of some who had both money and taste
to bestow upon it.

Now, to return for a short time to our mansion, I am well
aware that professional architects, and others who havea
good knowledge of the different styles of ancient buildings,
are of opinion that there is nothing in the distinctive archi-
tectural features of “‘ The Old Hall” that indicates any great
antiquity. Jam told that, neither the door-head and jambs
of the low door on the east side, over which the Salkeld arms
and legend are placed, nor the corresponding parts in the
principal doorway by which we now enter, indicate any
greater antiquity than the time of Elizabeth; and that if we
were to judge of the date of the whole by those marks, that
must be taken to be the date of the mansion.

Having already stated reasons for believing that there was
a mansion here at a very early date, I will not go into that
subject again, but I will just observe that there is a great
reason to suppose from the fact of the Salkelds, probably
Col. Salkeld himself, having placed their arms and legend
over the head of the low door on the east front, and having
also placed at least three sun-dials, each of them bearing
their arms and a date, on the different fronts of the house,
that they made considerable improvements, if not additions,
to the house; and the style of those ornamental portions to
which I have alluded, points them out as especially likely to
have been added by them. The Salkeld family appear to
have reigned from 1620 to 1705, and though the colonel
-himself, as we shall have occasion to notice more particularly
presently, was out in the Civil war of the period for many
years, and, as his monument tells us, went over to Ireland

60 Rev. R. W. Bosanquet, A.M., on Rock Hall.

and there fought for king Charles the 2nd for ten years after
the Restoration ; yet it appears that he had subsequently a
permanent residence here of 35 years, from 1670 to 1705,
in the course of which, so active a man may well be supposed
to have employed himself in building and planting and other
domestic works ; as, indeed, either he or some other of the
family must have done in the course of that century, other-
wise the very old trees which my father was obliged to cut
down, to the number of nearly 1000, I believe, mostly ash-
trees, when he first came down, and which were even then
too old for good use, as well as those pretty numerous old
trees which still remain, could never have been planted.
They certainly were not planted in the course of the last
century, for the place was a desert.

A word or two may be added here upon the more recent
history of the mansion, 7. ¢., since the death of Col. Salkeld
in 1705. He was succeeded by the family of Proctor, then
of Shawdon. John Proctor was the head of the family; and
he appears to have carried out a marriage in 1695 between
his own eldest son Thomas, and Elizabeth the grand-daughter
of Col. Salkeld ; at which time it also appears that the Proc-
tors nearly or quite bought out Col. Salkeld’s interest in the
Rock estate, excepting so far as his possession of the mansion
and a provision for himself during his life were concerned ;
and they also got power to settle the estate upon themselves
in tail male, in the place of Shawdon, which they then no
doubt released. Thomas Proctor had nine children; he
states himself to have greatly improved the estate, viz., from
£330, which was its annual value in 1695, to above £600
annual value in 1715, the time at which the act was applied
for. (See the Act of Parliament).* However, he seems very

* Amongst the papers connected with the Rock estates there is the copy of an
Act of Parliament “to enable Thomas Proctor of Rock, in the County of North-
umberland, Esqr., to raise the sum of four thousand pounds for payment of his
debts and making provision for his younger children,” in the preamble of which
it is recited that “in the year 1695, in consideration of a marriage then lately
had and solemnized between Thomas Proctor, and Elizabeth grand-daughter of
the said John Salkeld, and of the sum of two thousand pounds, advanced and
paid by the said John Proctor to or for the said John Salkeld, and other con-
siderations therein mentioned. * * * John Salkeld, late of Rock, in the
County of Northumberland, Ksqr, John Proctor, late of Shawdon, in the said
county, gentleman, Martin Fenwick of Eglingham, in the said county, gentle-
man, and Elizabeth his wife, did...... grant end convey unto John Clennel and
John Story, gentlemen,” the Mansion and Estate of Kock for different temporary
uses, the result of which wou'd be the entailing of the whole on the heirs male of
Thomas Proctor and Thomas Fenwick.

Rev. R. W. Bosanquet, A.M., on Rock Hall. 61

soon after this to have got into serious difficulties ; and the
end of it was that the mansion was deserted (I am unable to
say in what year), and in 1732 the whole of the estate (which
was by that time deeply mortgaged) was sold to lord Jersey,
at which time it was worth £600 or £700 a year. Though
the mansion, however, was deserted (I do not find any reason
to suppose that lord Jersey ever visited it), yet it was not, so
far as I know, injured, until the fire broke out in it, which
reduced it to the state of a ruin; therefore, the sketch of the
Old Hall in the corner of the old parchment plan of the estate
is probably a fair general representation of the nature of the
building, though it is divested of ornament, and is decidedly
not picturesque. About twenty years, however, after the
property had changed hands from the Proctors to lord Jersey,
a great misfortune befel our “‘ Old Hall ;” for it was so nearly
destroyed by fire that it became a ruin, and it so remained
about seventy years, during which time the walls got
saturated with wet, and the ivy grew upon it in the form in
which it was about five and forty years ago. That which
has now taken possession of the walls is, for the most part,
Irish ivy, which was first introduced by ourselves, and which
has assumed a somewhat different appearance to that which
characterized the old ivy.

The only published account I have seen of the fire is
“‘Richardson’s Local Historian’s Table Book,” in which,
under the date of May loth, 1752, it is stated that a
‘fire broke out in Rock Hall, near Alnwick, formerly the
seat of Proctor, Esq., but at that time tenanted by some
farmers, by which it was entirely consumed, and some of the
families escaped with their lives so narrowly that they saved
nothing but their shirts upon their backs.” Vol. IT. p. 438.

From that time it remained in a ruined state, till it occurred
tomy father, Mr. Charles Bosanquet, after he had divided
the estate into farms, and in some degree put it in order,
which was about the year 1819, that it would be desirable,
instead of building a mansion upon a new site, to fit up so
many rooms in the old ruin as would enable the proprietor

_to lodge there when he came down to look after his estate ;
which idea he proceeded very gradually, in the course of years,
to carry out. Meanwhile, the estate had again changed hands,
having been bought of lord Jersey in 1794 by my grandfather
Mr. Peter Holford, of Gloucestershire, a Master in Chancery,
who never saw it, I believe, and who, about ten years after

62 Rev, R. W. Bosanquet, A.M., on Rock Hall.

the purchase, made it over to my mother as an addition to
her previous marriage settlement.

PART II.

We ought now to revert to such historical notices as may be
found scattered through local records concerning the inhabi-
tants, from time to time, of our old mansion. And in this
part of the paper Mr. Tate has relieved me of a great deal of
labour by furnishing me with notes relating to our subject,
extracted from the “ Testa de Neville,” the “ Inquisitiones
post mortem,” and other medizeval sources ; and these notes
I will insert without interruption down to “ William Lawson,
son of Margery and Robert Lawson, who inherited Rock,
and who appears in the Heraldic Visitation of 1575.”

NOTES REGARDING ROCK.

‘¢ The earliest notice I find of Rock is in the Testa de Neville,
in which it is said that, between 1219 and 1252,

William de Rok held Rok under William de Vescy, Baron of
Alnwick, by service of halfa knight’s fee of ancient feoffment
(that is prior to 1135). (Hist. of Alnwick, Vol. I. p. 73).

1289.—Thomas de Rocke held Rocke under John de Vescy, by
service of half a fee and an yearly rent of 6s. 8d.; it was worth
£20 a year, and was assigned (as dower) to Lady Agnes de
Vescy. (Inquisition. Hist. of Alnwick, Vol. I. p. 89).

1314.— Thomas de Rokk held the vill of Rokk by service of
half a fee, and by yearly payment of 6s. 8d. for Castle Ward ; it
was worth yearly £30. (Inquisition). Roger de Roke and
Henry de Swynton were jurors at this Inquisition.

13846.—Robert de Tughalle held the vill of Roke by service of
a quarter of a fee, and by payment for Castle Ward of 6s. 8d. ;
the yearly value was 100s. (Inquisition).

1352.—Robert de Tughalle held Roke as in 1846. (Inquisition).

1368.— Robert de Tughalle held Rock by service of one fee, and
payment for Castle Ward of 13s. 4d. (Inquisition. Hist. of
Alnwick, Vol. I. p 1389). .

1359.—Bishop Hatfield gave permission to Robert de Tughale
to cause divine service to be performed in his Oratories of Rock and
Scremerston. Raine’s North Durham, p. 236. In 1320 Bishop Beau-
mont confirmed to Robert de Tughale a sixth part of the Manor
of Scremerston, which he had acquired from Richard de Screm-
erston; and in 1355 Henry, son of Henry de Langton, remitted
to Robert de Tughale his interest in the lands of Scremerston,
which the said Robert had acquired from Henry Langton, his
father. In 1886 William de Swynhoe died seized of the whole
vill of Scremerston, and as his grandson Robert de Swynhoe is,

Rey. R. W. Bosanquet, A.M., on Rock Hall. 63

in an inquisition, described as of Scremerston and Rock, it is
probable that the Swynhoe family obtained Rock through the
heiress of Robert De Tughale marrying William de Swynhoe,*
(see Raine, p. 236). Rock continued in the possession of the
Swynhows till about 1537, when John Swynhoe of Rock and
Scremerston died without issue, and Rock passed to Margery,
his sister, who had as her first husband Edmund Lawson of
Newcastle (of the family of Cramlington), and as her second
husband Robert Lawson of Usworth, who was afterwards of
Rock, and who died in 1565. William Lawson, son of Margery
and Robert Lawson, inherited Rock, and appears in the Heraldic
Visitation of 1575. The name of ‘‘ Robert Lawson of Rock ”
appears in a list of gentlemen living in Bamboroshire in 1560,
extracted from the second volume of Sir Ralph Sadler’s State
Papers, by Hodgson Hinde, in his Vol. of History, p. 374.

Thus we bring down the notice cf the Lawson family to
William Lawson, the son of Margery and Robert Lawson, who
inherited Rock, and who appears in the Heraldic Visitation of
1575. But a good deal of change appears to have taken
place in the Lawson family between 1575 and 1620; for
though no connexion can be traced between the families of
Edmund Lawson, of Newcastle, of the Cramlington family,
Margery Swinhoe’s first husband, and Robert Lawson, of
Usworth, her second husband; and though William, the son
of Robert Lawson, of Usworth, inherited Rock and appears
in the Heraldic Visitation of 1575, yet by the year 1620 the
property appears to have reverted to the other family, the family
of Edmund Lawson, olvm of Cramlington ; for in that year the
manor of Rock and all its appurtenances were conveyed by
** Sir Raphe Lawson of Burgh (or Brough) in the county of
York, Knight,’ (he was knighted in the first year of
James the First), ‘‘ Marmaduke Lawson of the same place
Esquier, and Thomas Fenwick of West Matfen in the County
of Northumberland gent.,” to “ John Salkeld the younger of
Hull Abbey in the County of Northumberland.” Ralph
Lawson was, (as I am informed by Sir William Lawson from

* See the Vol. of Wills and Inventories, published by the Surtees Society in
1835, at p. 116, speaking of an unpublished marriage settlement of the family
of Grey of Horton, the editor speaks of the lady as of a young lady of rank, and
adds, ‘ she was of the great family of Swinhoe of Rock Castle.”’

+ Sir William Lawson of Brough, in a paper which he sent me on the subject
of the pedigree of his family in 1868, says, ‘‘I have taken great pains to connect
the Lawsons, olim of Cramlington and subsequently of Brough, with the Law-
sons of Usworth (from whom the Lawsons of Cumberland, Baronets, descended),
but I cannot make out any connexion.”

64 Rey. R. W. Bosanquet, A.M., on Rock Hall.

his family papers), the second son of Edmund Lawson, Mar-
gery’s first husband, and became his father’s heir by the
death of his eldest brother James. He married Elizabeth,
sole daughter and heiress of Roger Burgh of Brough, and
appears from the family papers to have had four sons, of
whom the eldest, Roger, married Dorothy, daughter of Sir
Henry Constable, of Burton, in the County of York, and the
fourth, Marmaduke, joins in the conveyance of Rock.

The man to whom the Rock estate is conveyed by the
Lawsons is described in the deed as “ John Salkeld, of Hull
Abbey, in the County of Northumberland, gent. ;’”’ and I see
in the schedule of “ Rentals and Rates ” of the year 1663,
given in the fifth volume of Hodgson’s Hist. of Northumber-
land, p. 339, a John Salkeld answered both for Rock and
Hull abbey, paying upon £200 a year for Rock and £60 for
Hull abbey. However, this is not the man who bought the
estate of the Lawsons; for we learn from a brass in the
church, which is unfortunately all that remains of his monu-
ment, that John Salkeld died on the 10th of November, 1629,
nine years after the date of the conveyance, at which time, the
man who- was known afterwards as Col. Salkeld, and who is
represented in the inscription upon his monument as having
been an active soldier until ten years after the Restoration,
was a boy of only 13: years old; for we learn from the same
source that he died at the age of 89, in the year 1705; he
must, therefore, have been born in the year 1616. As the
inscription on the monument of Col. Salkeld, to which I
allude, is of rather a quaint character, and states one or two
facts which may not be generally known, I will transcribe it
in this place:

‘¢ Here lies in hope of a blessed Resurrec the body of ye truly
valiant and loyal Gent. Col. John Salkeld, we serv’d King
Charles y° 1st with a constant, dangerous, and expensive loyalty
as voluntier Captain and Collonell of horse. And for the service
of his King and Country he took in Berwick-upon-Tweed and
Carlile, which was a rice to the warr of 48. He afterwards
served in Ireland under King Charles, and King James y¢ 2nd as
Lieutenant Coll. He was Justice of ye Peace 35 years, and aged
89 he departed this life June the 2nd, 1705.”

Now, with regard to the taking or taking in of Berwick-
upon-Tweed and Carlile, which the inscription seems to claim
as the colonel’s own doing, and which is said to have given a
rice, or a vise as we should call it, to the war of 1648, it is

Rev. R. W. Bosanquet, A.M., on Rock Hall. 65

perfectly true, as we learn from Rushworth’s collections,
relating to the year 1648, that on the 2nd of May
“came letters”’ (to the House of Commons) to the effect
that Berwick was surprised by Sir Marmaduke Langdale
and Sir Charles Lucas with a party of 120 horse, who
pretended a commission from the prince of Wales for
that purpose. The mayor endeavoured to get strength to
oppose them, but could not; so that they have possession of
the whole town.” And under date of May 8th, of the same
year, we learn from the same authority that “‘ letters from
the North signify that Sir M. Langdale has taken Berwick
and Sir Thomas Glenham and Sir Phil. Musgrove Carlile.”
* * * Then a little further on “‘ Langdale pretends to be
general (by commission from prince Charles) of the five
northern counties, where he is now arming and giving com-
missions. Colonel Grey is to be Lieut.-General; several
gentlemen of the county are made Colonels.”” This is coming
pretty near home, and John Salkeld may easily have been
made colonel, either by his own merits or by the influence of
the new lieut.-general. Rushworth’s Collections, 1646 to
1648, Vol. VI. p. 387, 389.*

With regard to these enterprises against the towns of Ber-
wick and Carlisle having been a “rise to the warr of 748,” I
find in a life Cromwell, published in 1725, that the war of
1648 was spoken and treated of as “ the second civil war,”
and in speaking of its commencement the following passage
soon occurs. “ But the fiercest storm threatened from pre-
parations in the north, where Sir Marmaduke Langdale and
others of the king’s party having surprized the strong town
of Berwick, and Sir Thomas Glenham that of Carlisle, had
raised a considerable body to join with the Scots, were now
about to enter England with a powerful army.” The Life
of Oliver Cromwell, &c. collected from the best historians,
second edition, London, 1725, see pp. 79-80.

It may not appear to be a very important question whether
this Col. Salkeld, whose epitaph we are considering, was the
son or the grandson of that John Salkeld the younger, who
bought the estate in 1620, and died in 1629; but it so
happens that the question bears upon a piece of antiquity of
some little interest, viz., the foundation stone of what used

“ These passages from Rushworth and the life of Cromwell, which elucidate
the meaning of certain expressions in the epitaph on Col. Salkeld’s monument,
were brought to my notice by my son, Mr. C. B. P. Bosanquet.

B.N.C.—VOL. VII. NO. I. I

66 Rev, R. W. Bosanquet, A.M., on Rock Hall.

to be called ‘‘ the Middle Hall,” which, till the year 1855,
stood as nearly as possible upon the site and in the position
of the present Sunday school, only it had a bed-room floor
above, which could only be approached by an outside stone
staircase, and some cottages attached to it at the north-east
end, which may at some time have been used as offices to the
main building.

This building having become quite ruinous, at the time I
speak of, had to be taken down to prevent its falling in.
There was then a sun-dial on the south front, the very same
which oceupies the corresponding position on the south front
of the Sunday school; and, on removing the sun-dial, there
was found, about six inches behind it, that stone and inscrip-
tion which is now set up over the door head of the Sunday
school. The stone, being nearly square, is divided by lines
into three parts, the upper part being occupied by the date,
1623, the middle by the initials TS||AS, and the lower part
by an ornamental design resembling niches NNNN. That date
was three years after Mr. John Salkeld bought the estate ;
and we conceive that this old house, the Middle Hall, may
have been put in order or even built (but it had never been
well built) by Mr John Salkeld for his eldest son, whose
name may have been Thomas, and who may have been the
father of the Col. John Salkeld of the monument. We are
all aware that it has been a very generally prevailing custom
for grandsons to bear the Christian name of their grandfather,
but of course in this case, whether it was or not, must simply
be conjectural.

There are still some notes of very considerable interest of
a historical nature connected with Rock, and, like the others,
communicated by Mr. Tate, which I will introduce here,
though the first two of them will take us a little way back
in point of date :

1538.—Rock sent 19 men to the military muster on Abberwick
Moor. Hist. of Alnwick, I. p. 225.

1552.—The town of North Charlton and Rock to keep watch
with three men nightly at the Hinding Gate. Hist. I p. 220.
_ The town of Stanford and Rock to keep watch with three men
nightly at the Scotts Close-nooke. did.

1664.—John Salkeld of Rock was a free tenant of the Manor,
Hist of Alnwick, p. 349.

1702.—Rock paid 8d. yearly to the Lord of the Barony for
Bondage work. P. 334

Rey. R. W. Bosanquet, A.M., on Rock Hall. 67:

1704.—John Proctor of Rock and John Salkeld of Rock were
free Tenants. ~ (Court Rolls).

In 1681 Ralph Thoresby, ‘‘a woollen draper, an antiquary,
and the historian of Leeds’ had property at Rock, which caused
him occasionally to visit the district. He hasa note to this effect :

‘“‘By Rock where I found the old Tenants repenting their
unkind feelings, and continual murmerings for abatements, which
hastened the sale of the Estate, and now they would gladly have
the same lands at the ordinary advancement.”

It is difficult to reconcile this statement with what we
know of the possession of Rock by John Salkeld in 1663,
as shewn by the Rentals and Rates for that year, and again
in 1695, when after the marriage of Thomas Proctor with
Elizabeth the grand-daughter of Col. Salkeld, the settlement
of the estate took place in favour of the Proctors.

In the Miscellanea relating to Capheaton, published by
Hodgson in the 2nd part of Vol. I. of the History of North-
umberland, there is a very strange account of the murder of
Mr. John Swinburne, of Capheaton, near the Gates of Meldon
by Captain John Salkeld, of Rock, under the date of Feb.
13th, 1643, which, as it is in some degree illustrative of the
manners of those times, it may be worth while to extract.

14 a. Feb. 18, 1648.—‘‘ Wee, Jurors p‘sent upon oath, that
upon the thirteenth day of February in the eighteenth yeare of
our Sovereign Lord King Charles about three of the clocke in
the afternoon of the same day, Captain John Salkeld of Rock
did out of p‘meditated malice assault Mr. John Swynburn of
Capheaton, Gent., at a place nigh unto Meldon-gates, in the
County aforesaid, and with a rapier sword in his right hand to
the value of five shillings sterlinge, did then and there give unto
the said Mr. John Swynburn one mortal wound in the right side
of his belly of the depth of an inch or two, and in breadth
about an inch, of which mortall wound the aforesaid John Swyn-
burn did languish, and languishing, lived from the aforesaid day
untill the fifteenth day of the said month of February, beinge
Wednesday, and then and there at Meldon aforesaid hee the said
John Swynburn died about 12 of the clocke in the afternoone:
and thus wee find Mr. John Swynburn to bee wilfully murdered by
the said Captain John Salkeld in maner and forme aforesaid at
the time and place aforesaid, and noe otherwise. In cujus rei
Testimonium etc., Noia Juratorum.

Alex. Forster, Coron.”

14 d.—‘* Henry Brown deposeth that he was present with others
at Meldon when Mr. Swynburn was slane by Mr. Salkeld.. Mr.

68 Rev. R. W. Bosanquet, A.M., on Rock Hail.

Swinburn being riding upon his hors at Meldon Gaits, intending
to ride home after his wife who was gone a little afore to Capheton,
Salkeld stept afore him and would have him to light and drinke
more. Mr. Swinburn refused. Salkeld told him he should light
and dringe a cup more; but still Mr. Swinburn refused, where-
upon Salkeld stept afore him and drew his raper ; made a thurst
at him and hurt his horse: whereupon Mr. Swinburn seeing his
hors hurt alighted, and as he was letting his cloike fall from
him, profering to lay his hand on his sword, where upon I being
present and his servant, run in hastely fearing my Master Mr.
Swinburn should have drawn his sword. I cacht hould of him,
and in y® intrem Salkeld came running in and thurst him in the
belly, which wound was his death.” H. Brown.”

“‘It: he is gilte of murder since.

It: there was a former quarrel. witness D. Wilson.

It: he fled y* night into another Counte.

It: he is found gilty of murder by the Co. quest. Mem. to
send for H. Lambert and for W. Mostrope.’’—other
persons were present at the transaction, whose deposi-
tions were taken.

It is hardly possible to doubt that the Captain John Sal-
keld, of Rock, here referred to, is the man who was afterwards
known as Col. Salkeld, and who lived to the age of 89; he
would have been 27 years of age at the date of this transac-
tion. It is indeed marvellous that the murder of so important
a person as Mr. Swinburn should have passed off unavenged,
but there is no mention in the Miscellanea of Salkeld’s having
been taken; and the mention of the precise value of the
yapier in the verdict of the coroner’s jury, looks as if they
thought that a deodand would be exacted, as was usual till
a much later period in cases of manslaughter or death by
misadventure. It is also to be observed that “ he fled that
night into another Counte,” which in those days was often a
prelude to an escape altogether. Still an explanation upon
the subject is much wanted. :

In a copy L have of the second edition of Patten’s History of
the Rebellion in 1715, there is inserted at the end a manuscript
note by a later hand, relating at length a serious occurrence
which is only shortly mentioned in the book itself, in which
two individuals closely connected with this county, one
Fenwick, of Rock (or stated to be of Rock), and one of the
Forsters, of Bamborough lost their lives. ‘In the Assize
week of the year 1701, when William Ramsay was mayor
and William Boutflower sheriffe, on the 22nd of the month

Rey. R. W. Bosanquet, A.M., on Rock Hail. 69

of August, when the principle gentry of the county were
assembled at Newcastle, John Fenwick of Rock, in the
County of Northumberland, killed Ferdinand Forster, one of
the Members in Parliament, and youngest son of ————
Forster, of Bamborough.* It appeared that Fenwick had long
had an inveterate enmity against Forster relative to some
family matters, and while the latter was at a late dinner or
supper at the principle inn of the town, the Black Horse in
Newgate Street, John Hall, of Otterburn called Forster out.
Forster returning said, Hall has just brought a challenge
from that villain Fenwick who thirsts after my blood: I may
as well meet him now, which he did, and the company fol-
lowing (by the light of the moon) saw Fenwick standing
near the White Cross, about half way between that and a
thorn tree which grew in the said street. He drew his sword
and Forster the same, but slipping his foot he fell on his
back, and Fenwick stabbed him through the heart when
lying on the ground. Fenwick made off, but was soon taken,
for which there was an order of the Common Council, 1701,
to pay 40 shillings to the officers that apprehended him. He
was tried, and was executed at the White Cross for the
crime on the 25th of September following. During the exe-
cution all the gates of the town were shut, for fear of a rescue
from the people of the North, with whom the name of Fen-
wick was held in great veneration. Mrs. Fenwick, wife of
T. Fenwick, was in court at the trial; though great with
child, she threw herself at the judge’s feet begging her
husband’s life. ‘The judge raised her up saying, ‘ Madam, I
am sorry for you, but it cannot be granted; we are not to
have our members of Parliament murdered in our streets
unnoticed.’ ”

There is an entry in St. Andrew’s register concerning this
unfortunate business ; and Brand in his History of Newcastle,
Vol. II. p. 104, mentions it.

Amongst the papers connected with the business of the
estate in the course of the last century, there are a few which
may possess some interest, either to the geologist or to the
general observer of habits and manners. Amongst the first
may be placed a ‘*‘ Report on lord Jersey’s lead mine at Rock,
dated August 22nd, 1767.” <A colliery had been worked for

* No Christian name is given in the manuscript note, but it appears from the
pedigree of Forsters, in Raine’s History, that he was the third son of Sir William
Forster, of Bamborough and Blanchland,

70 Rev. R. W. Bosanquet, A.M., on Rock Hall.

many years before that date between this house and Rock
Moor house, which is entered in all the schedules of Rentals
and Rates in the course of the 17th century, and of course
levels had been run to carry off the water from the lower parts
of the colliery, which are the levels herein alluded to.

‘‘The vein or Dyke discovered at Rock in Lord Jersey’s Estate
is a vein of tolerable strength running pritly near south-west and
north-east, is discovered in working the Coal upon a bed of Stone,
called in that country the Thill (i.e) a grey Hazel or freestone sill,
and isin a place one would not have expected any Ore would
have been found, being too near the coal. The beds above the
Thill, as far as I could see and learn from the nature of them,
are not likely to bear Ore where she is discovered, and the Thill
is under water. Yet I think if his lordship would let a lease of
the Vein for Twenty-one years, containing twelve hundred yards
in length, and forty yards in breadth on each side of the said
vein, subject to the payment of one eight of all the Ore raised in
it, well washed, and fit for smelting, it might be worth while
for people to venture to work the vein upon those terms. Though
two things are very discouraging, viz., the beds or sills the Ore
is to be expected in are under water (or level), and the veins in a
country where lead has never been found but in trifling quan-
tities. ‘The vein may perhaps deserve a higher duty, but it is
more probable it will not. So I would advise his Lordship to
offer the above terms, as twelve hundred yards in length will
take up but a small part of his Lordship’s liberty, and he may
let the rest higher if this turns out well. The ore does not yield
lead well (affording only ten ounces of lead from sixteen ounces
of ore made perfectly clean and essayed) and scarce any silver at
all.” Viewed Augt 22nd, 1767, by

Wma. WEstTeGARTH.

I find from a letter of Lord Jersey’s that some parties
applied for a lease, and appear to have agreed in the first
instance to the terms above mentioned ; but before the works
were actually commenced they begged to be relieved of their
bargain, and as far as I know nothing farther was done in
the matter. '

For the general observer of the progress of habits and
accommodations as connected especially with the labouring
classes, the following may have some interest :

‘¢ Memorandum for Mr. Craster concerning the Rock Estate,”’
by Lord Jersey ; date about the middle of last century.

‘‘Lord Jersey thinks that the cottages should be thatched
instead of covered with turf, the weight of which was thought to
break in the roof; but this Lord Jersey will leave to Mr. George
Craster’s determination.”

Mr. Charles Stuart’s Botanical Notes. vel

In Mr. Craster’s reply to various questions in the memor-
andum is the following :—‘‘ In regard to covering the Cottages,
wd advise Turf and rushes instead of Thatch, provided it’
(be) ‘well done, the weight not being any consideration, yr
Lordship having wood sufficient (and as straw is very scarce in
the North), nor do they understand thatching so well as in the
South.”

In an answer to a query about the state of the mansion, it
is shortly stated that “‘ The Old Wall is too ruinous to be
examined.” This answer may probably have been given not
long after the fire, when some of the walls which had been
shaken by it had not ceased to crumble down or shew symp-
toms of falling.

Botanical Notes on Central Berwickshire. By CHARLES
Stuart, M.D., Chirnside.

Brine desirous of seeing the Linnea borealis, that most
interesting of Northern plants, when in flower, in its Berwick-
shire habitat, I took the rail to Gordon station on the morning
of the 2nd July; walked across the moors to the farm of
Lightfizld, and pushed on to a Scotch fir wood, which
appeared to be the station indicated in the Natural History
of the Eastern Borders. I had no idea as to the exact spot
where it is said to grow, and consequently had to find it out
for myself after a hot walk of four hours. I was on the point
of giving up my search when I fortunately walked into the
middle of a very extensive patch of it, having passed and
repassed the locality more than once.

While searching for the Linnea I came upon several
specimens of that somewhat rare Oréhid, the Goodyera repens,
and, as far as I know, this station is a new one in the county
for this plant.

The Linnea was in full flower, and the ground was
carpetted with its elegant prostrate trailing stems for a space of
eighty paces in circumference. This is undoubtedly the
sweetest and loveliest of our native flowers, and is esteemed
alike for its beauty and its rarity. The whole plant is so
level with the ground, and so curiously trailing among the
moss, that it may easily be overlooked notwithstanding its
profusion. The leaves are in pairs and opposite; and the
peduncles are axillary, long, and erect ; and the flowers in
pairs. The corolla is pinkish, tinged with yellow inside,

ae Mr. Charles Stuart’s Botanical Notes.

bell-shaped, graceful, fragrant, and drooping. The foliage
seems almost evergreen from its glossiness. No description
which I can give can come up to the exceeding beauty of this
plant,'as I had the good fortune to see it on the 2nd of July;
and I will not deny “that I felt a certain degree of botanical
enthusiasm when resting on the occasion, after a fatiguing
walk, among its fragrance, and calling to mind the associa-
tions connected with its name. Linnzus selected this little
Northern plant, “ long overlooked, depressed, abject, flower-
ing early,” as most appropriate to transmit his name to
posterity.

Associated with Dr. Maclagan we visited Gordon a fort-
night afterwards, and found the Linnea still in flower but
beginuing to fade. We subjected the fir wood to a close
examination, and again found the Goodyera repens in pro-
fusion, and also the Listera cordata in company with its
relative in abundance. The Listera cordata is by no means
a common plant anywhere, but in this wood it seems to be
more plentiful than in any other station I am acquainted
with. After a long walk in the woods we set out to examine
the Gordon bogs, where a number of good plants were obtained,
a list of which I have appended. Mr. Hardy informs me_
that the moors between Gordon and Lauder have never been
carefully explored, and are well worthy of farther examina-
tion. In another season some notes from that quarter may

prove interesting.
LIST OF PLANTS.

Linnea borealis, Listera cordata, and Goodyera repens in
a fir wood due south of the farm-house of Lightfield. In the
bogs to the north of the farm-house and along the sides of
the railway are to be found :—

Ranunculus sceleratus Penguicula vulgaris
R. hederaceus Myosotis palustris
R. flammula M. sylvatica

R. aquatilis Mentha hirsuta
Hippuris vulgaris Eleocharis palustris
Stellaria glauca K. pauciflora
Genista anglica Parnassia palustris
Montia fontana Hypocheeris radicata
Cuicus palustris Viola palustris .
Comarum palustre Habenaria bifolia
Crepis paludosa Orchis latifolia

Sparganium natans O. mascula

Mr. Stuart’s Account of some rare Plants. 73

Sparganium simplex Glyceria aquatica

S. ramosum Triglochin palustre

Briza media Narthecium ossifragum

Melica coerulea Carex glauca
Typha latifolia C. leevigata. Gordon bogs
Potamogeton oblongum C. teretiuscula. Allanton banks
P. natans C. riparia. Do.
Hydrocotyle vulgaris C. pulicaris. Gordon
Menyanthes trifoliata C. ceespitosa. Gordon

Phragmites communis

From the foregoing list it will be perceived what a good
botanical field the central district of Berwickshire affords,
and I feel convinced that, with still farther research, many
rarities are yet in store to the man with “the keen crypto-
gamic eye.” In conclusion I found the Epipactis latifolia in
tolerable abundance in the Blackadder woods this summer,
and Dr. Maclagan found the same plant at Broadmeadows,
in the parish of Hutton, both new stations for this plant in
Berwickshire. I picked two specimens of the Trollius
Europeus near Broomdykes ; but I am sorry that the plant
is now all but exterminated from a place where the late Dr.
Johnston reports it associated with the Galium boreale in
his Natural History of the Eastern Borders. The latter
plant is still plentiful.

Account of some rare Genera and Species of Plants found
by the sides of the Tweed and Gala, in 1868. By G.C.
A. Stuart, Student of Medicine, Edinburgh University.

(Read at the Chirnside Meeting, September 24th, 1868).

During the course of my botanical rambles round Melrose
I have found a considerable number of plants, which have
not been recorded as occurring in the district, and amongst
these several, which one would not expect to find here, but
which, in fact, must have been recently introduced. Reserv-
ing the more extended list of Phanerogamous plants and Ferns
for publication in another year, I shall in this paper give an
account of the strange plants of recent introduction.

Menpicaco.—Mr. A. Jerdon in July last found Medicago
denticulata at Highfield among gravel, which I believe had’
been brought from the Tweed ; ; and subsequently Mr. A.
Curle, along with Mr. Wm. Boyd, found Medicago in ini

B.N.C.—VOL. VII. NO. I.

74 Mr. Stuart’s Account of some rare Plants.

below Melrose cauld, and stated that, in his opinion, the
bur-like pods had been brought from the south and from
other countries to the district along with the wool manu-
factured at Galashiels and elsewhere. This view was strongly
supported by the fact that these plants occurred only in the bed
or on the banks of the stream; and, considering the number
which has been since found in like situations on the Gala,
Tweed, Ettrick, Teviot, and Jed, I have no hesitation in
saying that this opinion or theory is correct. Afterwards,
when walking along the banks of the Tweed and Gala, I
picked up what I took to be another species of Medicago ;
but Professor Balfour tells me, that Mr. Bentham agrees with
him in considering it only a small and peculiar variety of
M. denticulata; its habit and appearance, however, even
when growing, are very different from the normal form, and
it may probably be the variety, M. apiculata, although the
spines area little hooked. I have looked over all the English
Medicagos in the Edinburgh University Derbarium, and seen
nothing there in the least resembling it. I found also both
the other Medicagos in great abundance, and though the
peculiar one mustered in great force in some places, it was
not quite so abundant as either of the others.

XANTHIUM sPINosuM I found below the cauld at Melrose.
This plant was so determined by Professor Balfour ; and on
reference to English Botany, Vol. V.,it appears to have been
found before at Hereford by Dr. H. Bull and Mr. G. S.
Wintle, and by the first named gentleman in Wales. Pro-
fessor Balfour and his party found it this year at Dumfries.
Mr. Syme, F.L.S., says, “it is too tender to have any chance
of becoming permanently naturalised in Britain.”

TiLtL#A.—In two or three places on the banks of the Gala
I found a plant agreeing in every respect with this genus.
It has 4 sepals united at the base; corolla of 4 petals, free
from each other; stamens 4; I-cannot distinguish any
hypogynous scales at the base of the carpels, but as I have
not had it under any glass more powerful than an ordinary
lens, they may still possibly be present; however, as they
are not a constant character, their presence or absence is
immaterial ; follicles 4, distinct, 2 or many seeded.

There is only one British species, viz., Zillea muscosa, L.,
a very rare plant found only in one or two places in the south
of England; but as my plants differ in many respects from the
descriptions of muscosa which I have seen, and also from the

Mr. Stuart’s Account of some rare Plants. 75

plant figured on plate No. 524, in Sowerby’s English Botany,
I have come to the conclusion that it is an exotic.

The principal points of difference between the plant de-
scribed by Babington and Syme and the plant I have found,
may be shortly enumerated. TZ//ea muscosa has its stem
branched only at the base; the stem of my plant is branched
throughout. The flowers of muscosa are axillary, sessile,
solitary, and trimerous, rarely tetramerous; those of my
plant are axillary, stalked, one or more together, and
always tetramerous. Babington says that muscosa is about
an inch long, my plant is nearly three inches in length.
The leaves of muscosa are opposite, oblong, connate,
apiculate, on my plant they are opposite, narrowly oblong,
sub-sessile, blunt without a mucro-point. The seeds, instead
of 2 in each follicle as in muscosa, vary in numbers from
2 to 5 or 6. Taking then into consideration all these differ-
ences, it would appear to be a foreign species.

LytHRUM uyssoPIFoLiumM, L., I found on the banks of
the Gala. It has, I believe, never been found in Scotland
before. Mr. Syme says it is very rare, and gives near Roches-
ter, Kent, several places in Cambridgeshire, “ Cholsey,”
Berks (Soc. Bot. Ed.), and Wallingford, Oxford, as the only
localities he knows for it.

SETARIA viRipis, Beauwv., grows in considerable quantity
on the river banks all the way between Melrose and Gala-
shiels. It has never been found in Scotland before, and the
only stations given for it in England are London, Mitcham,
and Norwich. I have myself gathered it at the two first
mentioned places.

A Herniaria, which I at first thought might be cclata,
I gathered in the same locality; but subsequent examina-
tion shewed that it did not completely agree with any
described British species. It partakes to a certain extent of
the characters both of ciliata and hirsuta, combining the
habit, colour, and ciliations of the former, with the bur-like
calyx, and almost the leaves of the latter. The hairs on
the stem, too, are intermediate between those of czlzata and
hirsuta, being neither completely straight as in Aersuta, nor
decurved as much as they should be in ccliata.

An ILLEcEBRUM I picked up, but it also is an exotic,
differing very considerably from verticillatwm, which is the
only British species. The stem is certainly procumbent and
filiform, as in vertie/llatum, but it is not at the same time

76 Mr. Stuart’s Account of some rare Plants.

glabrous as in that plant; and the leaves, though very variable
in size, being often as one to four or more, are never shorter
than the flowers, and instead of being roundish as in vert?-
cillatum they are oblong-lanceolate in form, and generally
about three times as long as broad.

PHALARIS CANARIENSIS, L., grows in great abundance at
Melrose, Galashiels, Selkirk, and Hawick. This belongs to
the same category as the others.

APERA SPICA-VENTI, Beauv., (Spreading silky bent), a
rare English grass | have found in profusion in some places
near Galashiels ; it is exceedingly pretty, and as it has never
been found in Scotland before, it is a most interesting addition
to our Flora. It is remarkable for its long awns, they being
many times as long as the spikelet. It is found chiefly in
sandy fields near London; and I once gathered it before
at Thames Ditton, in company with Mr. Naylor, when it was
pointed out to us by Mr. Watson, author of the Cybele
Britannica.

PoLYPOGON MONSPELIENSIS, Desf., a light and elegant
grass, I found in abundance all the way from Melrose to
Galashiels, growing along with Setaria viridis; but it is
much more abundant than the last named grass. Ann
Pratt says: “its dense silky panicle is, in July and August,
beautifully tinted with different shades of green and pale
greyish purple, and is one or two inches long, on a stem
about a foot high. It has slender hairy leaves, and is a very
common grass in southern Europe.” Sheadds: “ itis found
only in a few moist meadows near the sea, in Hampshire,
Essex, and a few other counties.” Babington gives it in salt
marshes near the sea, both in England and Scotland.

ERYSIMUM ORIENTALE, &. Brown, I picked up whenin com-
pany with Mr. Borthwick, but it had been very much destroyed
by the water, the river having been flooded a day or two pre-
viously. It isa plant, which is said by Mr. Syme, to be
scarcely naturalised even in England ; but it has been found
on cliffs and fields near the sea, at Harwich, as also at
Bawdsey, near Orford, Suffolk, in fields near Godstone
and Marshfield, Sussex (Huds.) ; and it is also said to have
come up spontaneously in a field that had been ploughed to
form a garden, in the centre of the new square at Plymouth.

LEPIDIUM RUDERALE, L., | found growing in two different
places in the bed of the Gala. It is rather uncommon,
though not quite new to Scotland, having been frequently

Mr. Stuart’s Account of some rare Plants. 77

seen on ballast hills on the Fife coast, in which county I have
myself gathered it at Ele. As the name denotes, it is gene-
rally found growing amongst rubbish, and so is quite at home
on a ballast hill; and, were it not for the frequent floods by
which the places I found it on must be devastated, I doubt
not it would make a permanent residence amongst us, for
looking to its ‘rubbish’ requirements only, no place could
be more suitable than the bed of the Gala.

LEpPiptum sativum, Z., is not unfrequent about Melrose
and Galashiels ; at the latter place it is in fact common, and
appears to be quite naturalised in the bed of the stream. It
is a native of the East, but is now quite established in many
places in this country. I have gathered two varieties of it
this year:—1. The ordinary plain-leaved variety grown in
gardens as a salad. 2. The curled-leaved variety, which is
principally used as a garnish.

Matacuium aquaticum, Fr., I found in one place only
on the north bank of the Tweed a little above Bridge End.
Mr. Syme says: “it is rather uncommon. Pretty widely
distributed in England as far north as Yorkshire and Cheshire,
but not known to occur in Scotland.” (S.E.B.) I find,
however, that it is included in the list of plants found in
Roxburghshire, which is published in Jeffrey’s History of
that county ; but the writer of the list says that he never saw
it himself, and he adds “ if it exists at all it must be very rare.”

This plant resembles Stellaria nemorum at first sight pretty
closely, and it is also not unlike some of the larger forms of
Stellaria media, but by the generic characters it can be at once
distinguished from either of these plants. Besides the scien-
tific characters there are some empirical ones which may be
given. From Stellaria nemorum it may be distinguished
by its smaller flowers ; by its prostrate stem, which is much
branched; by its shorter barren shoots, and by its having
more of its leaves sessile. From Stellaria media on the other
hand it is known by its Jorger flowers, by its always having
ten stamens, and by the stem being usually hairy all round.
The hairs are gland tipped in Malachium, and are not arti-
culated as in Séellaria.

ERopiumM moscuHatum, Sm., was found by Mr. Borthwick
and myself in a field among rubbish, not far below Galashiels.
It bears a considerable resemblance to its congener cicutarium,
but is a larger and coarser plant, checked though it be by our
crabbed northern climate. In the south of England and in the

78 Mr. Stuart’s Account of some rare Plants.

Isle of Wight, where I have also gathered it, it attains to two
or three times the size it reaches here. In the month of
August, when I first found it, it was in seed; but in the
month of September it came again into full flower, and, not-
withstanding all the frost and cold weather we have had,
it was still, on October 20th, as healthy and strong and
as fully in flower as it was in the warmest part of this
exceedingly warm summer. Should the place on which
it at present grows remain untouched by the improver’s hand,
it is, I feel confident, certain to become permanent in this
district ; in fact it has all the appearance of an established
plant already, there being at present several hundreds of
good strong plants bearing flowers and fruit. It has not, I
believe, been gathered in Scotland before; and Mr. Syme
says: “it is probably only truly wild in the south-west of
England and in Ireland, though it has been found as far north
as Yorkshire.”

Daucus cummiFrER, Z., I have found by the river side
here; it is a very rare plant growing on the sea shore of the
south of England ; itis unlikely that it will become permanent
with us. °

Of Gatium anciicum, Huds., Dr. Dewar and myself
found one specimen growing among the shingle by the side
of the Tweed on Low Wood estate. It is a rare plant,
apparently confined to the counties of Kent., Essex, Suffolk,
Norfolk, and Cambridge.

Of VALERIANELLA ERIOCARPA, Desv., I found a solitary
specimen in the bed of the Gala a little below Galashiels.
Mr. Syme says: “‘ it is very rare, and perhaps only accident-
ally introduced into Britain.” Babington and Sowerby give
only one place for it, viz., Henley castle and Barnard Green,
Worcestershire.

CENTAUREA soLsTITIALIs, L., I found growing among
willow bushes on the banks of the Tweed, not far from Mel-
rose. There were but two plants, the larger being at least two
feet high, but neither of them unfortunately was fully in
flower. It has never been seen in Scotland before, and
though found in two or three of the southern counties of
England, Kent is the only one where it is persistent. Bab-
ington says, “ probably introduced.”

Sotanum nicrum, L., I found in two places in this dis-
trict ; once on the banks of the Tweed not far from Melrose,
and again on the Gala not from Galashiels. Mr. Syme says

Mr. Stuart’s Account of some rare Plants. 79

that it is “rare in Scotland, and apparently confined to the
sea shore in Wigtonshire and Ayrshire.” He adds, “ it has
also been found in Fife, but no doubt introduced.”’

AMARANTHUS BLITUM, L., was found by Mr. Borthwick
and myself in two or three places on the banks of the Gala.
As it is an annual and not indigenous to this country,
though sometimes found about waste places near houses in
England, I am afraid it has little chance of becoming per-
manent in this district. It has not been recorded in Scotland
before, however, and so possesses some slight interest.

PoLYCARPON TETRAPHYLLUM, L., Mr. Jerdon found, about
the beginning of August, growing as a weed in his garden, at
Highfield, Darnick. Ten or twelve days afterwards Mr.
Borthwick and I came upon two fine plants of it not far from
the mouth of the Gala. It is stated in English Botany to
be rare. ‘‘ Confined to the south-west of England, where it
occurs in the counties of Cornwall, Devon, and Dorset. It
has also been reported from Glamorganshire ; but this exten-
sion of its northern limit requires confirmation.” It is the
only known plant of the genus.

PoLyPpocGon LirroraLis, Sm., I found in the bed of the
Gala. I believe it is quite new to Scotland. Its habitat is
in muddy salt marshes in the south of England. It is very
rare.

Carpuvus Benepictt I gathered a little below Galashiels.
It is a native of southern Europe, and is found abundantly on
the coast of the Mediterranean. It is not of course likely to
become permanent here.

GASTRIDIUM LENDIGERUM, G'aud., was gathered by Mr.
Borthwick and myself in two or three places near Galashiels.
This very rare grass, which has not been found in Scotland
before, is confined, I believe, to the maritime county of Corn-
wall and to the Isle of Wight.

Of ErtcEron acris, L., | found one plant near Galashiels.
It is common in England, but in Scotland it is not known to
occur except on the sands of Barrie and Arbroath links, For-
farshire. (KE. B.)

CHENOPODIUM MURALE, L., is quite common about the
river side near Melrose. Babiugton gives it is as found in
E. 8S. I., but I have never seen it in Scotland, and it is not
included in Balfour’s Flora of Edinburgh.

Of CaMELINA SATIVA, one plant was gathered near Gala-
shiels.

80 Mr. Hardy’s Entomological Notices for 1869.

Festuca uNIcLumis, Sol., was by no means uncommon in
the beds of the Gala and Tweed this season; whether it will
become permanent or not, another year will shew ; but, as it
is an annual, it is by no means unlikely that it may disappear.
It has not been gathered in Scotland before, and is, I believe,
found only on the sandy sea shores of England and Ireland.

CANNIBIS SATIVA. Melrose and Galashiels.

ATRIPLEX DELTOIDEA, Bab. Joppa.

Rumex scuratus, £. Galashiels.

ARTEMISIA compacra. ‘Tweedside, Melrose.

ASTER SALIGNIs. ‘Tweedside, Melrose.

On some Turnip Insects, and other Entomological Notices for
1869. By James Harpy.
In the beginning of October, Mr. Langlands informed me
that his attention had been drawn to some disagreeable look-
ing insects that had attacked his Swedish turnips. At Old
Bewick they were confined to the headlands, and affected the
Swedes in large round patches, and destroyed the leaves,
giving the plants the appearance of dying off—the bulbs
becoming dry. ‘To prevent them from spreading, Mr. Lang-
lands covered them with quick lime and lime water, which
made an end of them; and at the close of November, the
plants thus treated were still living and attempting to throw
out fresh shoots. The same kind of insects had prevailed in
many places around, occasioning numerous withered patches
in open fields, as well as by the sides of the field. The
turnips, notwithstanding, especially the Swedes are, this
season, a heavy crop in that quarter. On obtaining from
Mr. Langlands examples of the insects, I found they admitted
of some variety. The most prevalent, and at the same time
the most disgusting, was a bluish green, white powdered
Aphis, clustered in a vast association of all ages and sizes
beneath the leaf. This was the Aphis brassice. It fre-
quents cabbages, but its wild plant hereabouts is the Raphanus
raphanistrum, or “runch.” More scattered in its diffusion
was a green or pink Aphis, which was the Aphis dianthi.
Like other vagabond species it delights in aliases ; it is Aphis
rape, A. vastator, A. vulgaris, &e.; but Aphis dianthi is
the oldest and most legitimate nomenclature ; and it is like-
wise the “Green Fly” of the conservatory. Although the
child of heat, it rises toa higher altitude than the other,

Mr. Hardy’s Entomological Notices for 1869. 81

being found in some seasons in very exposed upland fields
on turnips of all sorts. Closely applied to the leaf, and
placed among the densely packed myriads of Aphides, were
several leech-like larve. These “ Aphis-lions,” for such in
effect they are, although blind, grope about, seize hold of the
lazy Aphides and suck them to death ; never leaving off ex-
hausting victim after victim till they are full grown. After-
wards they take the form of a straw-coloured tumour ; and
finally develop a gayly banded fly of the genus Syrphus; a
fly often seen hovering in the sunshine over the summer
wild flowers. Useful as they are, they are quite inadequate
to keep within bounds the swarms of living young at the
inordinate rate with which the Aphides increase. At the
period when I received them, the Aphides had arrived at
the last living generation for the season. They were acquir-
ing wings preparatory for migration; and that winged race
deposits eggs, and not living offspring, to perpetuate the
species. ‘They and all the wingless forms perish in the early
frosts. In my own vicinity there has been a scarcity of
Aphides ; and what is somewhat singular we have had no
autumnal migratory flights of any kind of these insects.

The other occupants of the leaves were the caterpillars of
the common Cabbage Butterfly (Pontia brassice), and the
green caterpillar of the small White Butterfly (Pontia rape).
From the monthly notices in the “ Entomologist,” it appears
that the large White Butterfly has been scarce this summer
in the south of England. There was no deficiency here-
abouts ; but the caterpillars were more numerous in 1868
than in 1869. About the beginning of harvest there suddenly
appeared large numbers of the Pontia rape in the turnip-
fields. They left a few caterpillars, but little damage resulted.
This had not been an instance of local increase, for my friend
Mr. Bold writes me from the neighbourhood of Newcastle :
On the 24th August we had a sudden appearance of hosts
of small White Butterflies, all Pontio rape. The gardeners
turned to and slew them in thousands ; my brother killed all
day, and said that a hundred individuals were often in view
at one time in one small garden.”

We were not affected this year with the small green cater-
pillars of the Diamond Moth (Plutella cruciferarum), which
make such havoc on the leaves, by cutting them up into
small holes during the drought of summer, when growth is
atastand. I have remarked that, about that period flocks

B.N.C.—VOL. VII. NO. I. L

82 Mr. Hardy’s Entomological Notices for 1869.

of Lapwings begin to frequent the turnip-fields, which doubt-
less do good service in thinning this as well as other concealed
vermiform marauders on our green crops.

With regard to Butterflies: of the Painted Lady,a periodical
species, I did not see a single instance. In 1868 I observed
it on the summit of Eildon hills and along many of the sea-
cliffs; and elswhere it was general. This season common
Blues were numerous; Artaxerxes less common, being con-
fined to the region of its food-plant, the dwarf Cistus (near
Coldingham lough and on the Ale water); small Copper,
scarce; ‘Tortoise-shell, abundant ; Red Admiral, very rare ;
Fritillaries, almost nowhere ; Alsus, not seen ; Wood Argus,
frequent in woods on the Ale; Grayling, Ringlet, Meadow
Brown, and Heath, copiously.

In August I noted a new fact about the food of Steropus
madidus, a beetle reckoned pre-eminently carnivorous. But
on this occasion it was engaged eating into the pith of a
green but full grown bean which had been crushed, a pod
having fallen on a pathway and been trod upon.

Acanthosoma dentatum, one of the finest of the larger tree-
bugs, was taken in autumn, under trees overhanging the
public road at Old Bewick. I have another Northumbrian
example, I believe from the Wooler district.

Autalia puncticollis of Sharp, a Staphylinid new to the
district, was gathered in the Dunsdale ravine, Cheviot.
Hitherto it has only been found in Scotland.

Caterpillars of the Death’s Head Moth have occurred in
various localities. A Migratory Locust was captured at
Coldingham.

Note on Pp. 55.—P. Richer de Bellaval was a native of
France, not an Italian. I was misled by Tournefort’s indefi-
nite term “ Campanum.” He belonged to “ Catalauno-
Companiensi,” 2.e., Chalons in Champagne. (Sprengel,
Hist. Rei. Herb. II. p. 107).

83

Notices, Botanical and Ornithological. By JAMES Harpy.
I.—BOTANICAL.

1. On some knobs at the roots of an Equisetum.—In a
recent part of the Club’s Transactions, I called attention to
some excrescences, black without and white and fleshy within,
and about the size of a hazel nut, attached to the roots of an
Equisetum, in a section of one of the clayey banks of the
Common burn, in the Cheviots. In May, 1869, I was enabled
to trace these to Eguisetum arvense. They are probably
reservoirs of nutriment in a soil subject to drought, as
although backed by a marsh this clay is during summer,
being based on a rock with intervening streaks of gravel.

In searching for them, as yet unsuccessfully, in other
sections of clay, I have been struck with the resemblance
between these dark Eguitsetum roots, as well as the close
net-work woven in clay by those of the common bracken,
to fossils of the coal formation. Another similarity of the
kind is presented by the kelp sea-weeds, when spread for
manure on clayey soil. They do not rapidly waste and
disappear like the Tangles and Floridee, but are ploughed
up, not greatly altered after lying a year imbedded in the
pale coloured clay, having all the black, broken appearance
seen in a slab inlaid with fossils. May not one hence infer,
that the original colour of many fossil plants was peculiarly
lurid? and that it is owing to this as much as the effects of
carbonization, that so many fossil vegetables are inky hued ?
in other words, that the coal formation, even in its infancy,
was as now—a “ region of horror” and of ‘‘ doleful shades.”’

2. Floating Sea-borne Reeds, &c.—In the winter months
(December, January) long streams of broken reeds, bull-
rushes, and stalks of reed-mace, mingled with remains of land
plants, are drifted by the sea upon several parts of the
Berwickshire coast. There are certain landing places where
most of this light freight gets embayed, to remain and fritter
away during the summer ; where if it were to be silted up,
and a section afterwards laid bare, the false appearance of a
local lacustrine deposit would be presented; whereas it is
wholly marine, and the plants that would compose it had
grown in lakes and marshes traversed by the Tay and other
Highland rivers, many leagues across the sea. Estuaries are
thus in the condition of land-locked lakes, the waves and
currents intermix the productions of opposite shores.

84 Mr. Hardy’s Botanical and Ornithological Notices.

II.—ORNITHOLOGICAL.

1. Disappearance of Hirundo Urbica.—I formerly noticed
the disappearance of the Martins from the rocks on the sea-
coast here, which they had frequented for ages (one of the
cliffs being named from them), owing, I believe, to a colony
of Jackdaws having taken possession of the rocks on all sides of
them. For the two years bygone their visits to their old
haunts have entirely ceased. Amidst such deliberate pilferers
of eggs, the poor Martins had little chance to thrive. Had
the raven and the peregrine-falcon remained to build here as
they did in times past, they might have kept their domain
private from intruders, while their lively summer visitants
might have thriven disregarded by them in their helplessness ;
but the Jackdaw is an ignoble rogue who permits of no re-
tainers, even although gentle and playful as butterflies.

2. Larus minutus, or Pigmy Gull.—Mr. Andrew Wilson
writes me, that a specimen of this rare occasional winter
visitant was procured at Coldingham, during the stormy
weather in the end of December, 1869, and is now in his
collection. This gull is only a castaway on the British
coast ; its native country being the east of Europe and the
north-east of Asia, having been first described by Pallas. In
winter it frequents the shores of the Caspian sea and the
banks of its affluents; migrating in summer up the Volga,
northwards (Gmelin), where it reaches the tributaries of the
Baltic. In Britain a solitary instance now and then occurs.
The first Scottish specimen is that presented by Dr. Neill to
the Edinburgh Museum, “shot in autumn, 1824, on the
shore of the Solway Firth.” (Fleming Brit. Animals). In
the Ist Vol. of the Club’s Transactions, p. 232, Mr. Embleton
records and describes a young example, “shot on the beach
at Embleton, during severe weather in the beginning of
1838 ;”? and Mr. Selby notices (p. 262) a specimen killed at
Holy “Island, October, 1840. In the ‘‘ Mag. of Zoology and
Botany,” I. p. 491, Mr. Albany Hancock notifies a bird in
the first plumage, killed at the mouth of the river Tyne,
September 1836. In April, 1847, one of Mr. C. St. John’s
sons killed one near Loch Spynie, the only instance of its
being seen in the district of Moray. (Nat. Hist. and Sport
in Moray, p. 112). These appear to be the examples of more
immediate interest to us. In England it has occurred at
Yarmouth and elswhere (Jenyns) ; in the Thames (Montagu) ;
and in Cornwall, “ two or three specimens in the plumage of

the first year.”” (Couch).

85

Dunstanburgh Castle. By Grorce Tarts, F.G.S., &c.
(Read at the meeting at Dunstanburgh Castle, August 26th, 1869).

Dunstanburgh Castle, though having but a short history,
and being now but a ruin, has nevertheless many attractions
to the archeologist ; and standing on pillared basaltic rocks,
rising one hundred feet above the shore, it forms a picturesque
scene, which has been idealised by the genius of Turner.

This basalt is part of the Whin Sill, which, in its course
southward, curves inland from Newton Point, and sweeping
round by Embleton appears in great crags at Dunstanburgh,
with high cliffs on the north and west, and a rapid slope into
the sea om the east; it extends southward along the shore
for two miles as far as Cullernose, where it bids adieu to the
coast, and passing by Howick Hall, Longhoughton, and
Ratcheugh, pursues a south-westward course through the
county of Northumberland.

When of considerable thickness, this basalt has a rude
‘columnar structure, which is well shewn in the northern
cliff, in the detached pillars on the west side, and in the
gut of the Rumble-churn on the east, where the columns
are so distinct, as to resemble the more regular forms
at Staffa and the Giant’s Causeway. Crystals of quartz,
some white and transparent and others of a violet hue, have
occasionally been found in cavities of the rock in the eastern
part ; and, as such minerals are not common in Northumber-
land, they are popularly celebrated as Dunstanburgh diamonds
and amethysts.

The relation of the basalt to the stratified rocks is shewn
in the northern cliff, where the columnar basalt, which is
above forty feet in thickness, overlies beds of sandstone, shale,
and coal, belonging to the Mountain Limestone formation.
A little northward of the cliff on the sea shore there is a con-
torted limestone, which has a sharp anticlinal axis, and has
hence been called the Saddle-rock ; it dips away south-east-
ward towards the basaltic cliff, under which it passes ; and
it extends also to the sea bank, where it is covered’ by the
Boulder Clay, in which are large glaciated blocks, and where
its upper surface is polished, striated, and grooved, some of
the grooves being a quarter of an inch in breadth and running
in parallel lines in the direction of north-west to south-east.

Both the chemical and mechanical action of the basalt on
adjacent rocks is seen here ; in the Rumble-churn the basalt

86 _ Mr. Tate on Dunstanburgh Castle.

covers and indurates sandstones and shales; and a mass of
limestone, nearly enveloped in the basalt, is converted into
white crystalline marble. On the top of the basalt, too, are
patches of indurated shales and sandstones; and near the
east point of the cliff there is a fissure, filled with highly
inclined metamorphosed shales. At Cullernose, however,
more extensive displacements of strata have been effected by
this basaltic eruption. Bamburgh Castle stands on a similar
craggy eminence of basalt, which is there 75 feet in thick-
ness, overlying strata of sandstone.

Leaving the geology of the place we turn to its history.
Dunstan was a member of the barony of Emeldon, or as it is
now erroneously written Embleton, which was granted to
the family of le Visconte by Henry I. by service of three
knights’ fees ;* and in that family it continued till the death
of John le Visconte in 1244, when it passed to his daughter
and heir, Ramet, the wife of Everard Teutonicus.t After his
death, she along with her second husband, Hereward de
Marisco, sold the barony to Simon de Montfort, the great
earl of Leicester; + with whom, however, it did not long
remain, for, rebelling against the king, his estates were for-
feited and the barony of Emeldon was granted to Edmund,
younger son of Henry I1I., who created him earl of Lancaster.
Thomas, the eldest son of Edmund, succeeded to his father’s
estates in 1294, and by him Dunstanburgh Castle was built.
From the name Dunstan, which may mean, the stone fortress,
it has been supposed that there had been on the site an
Ancient British Camp; but of this there are no traces, and
the name most probably signifies stony hill.

The hamlet of Dunstan has the honour of having been the
birth-place of John Duns, who was called Scotus, because he

* Testa de Neville, p. 383. The barony then included Emeldon, Burton,
Warnham (Warenton near Belford), Craster, and Dunstan

+ Rot Fin. I. 28., IT. 104.

t~ The Court of the Manor was held at Staunford or Stamford, ‘to which town
came Sir Richard Marin and in the presence of Ramet and of her husband
Everard de Marisco and of the whole court of Staunford took possession of the
whole barony of Emeldon, on the behalf of Simon de Montford Ear] of Leicester, to
whom they released the barony.” According tothe Fscheats, 30 Edw. III, Stam-
ford Manor included Emeldon, Dunstan. Burton, Warndam, Shipp'ey, Craun-
cestre, Fenton, Newton-on-the-Moor, and Cartington. At the present time it
comprises Warenton, Cocklaw, Cartington, Whittle, Dunstan, Christon Pank,
Embleton, Low Newton, Shipley, Newton by-the-tea, Dunstan Hill. and Stam-
ford ; and it is singular, one house in Alnwick is within this manor, and the
owners of it were regularly summoned to atiend the Courts of stamford,

Mr. Tate on Dunstanburgh Castle. — 87

was, it is said, descended from Scotch parents. He was
educated at Merton College, Oxford, to which the tithes of
Embleton and the patronage of the church belong at the
present time. Of that college he became a fellow ; and so
proficient was he in logic and school divinity, and so great
was his fame, that, when professor in Oxford University,
incredible numbers attended his lectures. He was the
founder of the sect of Scotists. Few men have been more
extragavantly lauded; he could, it is said, have invented
philosophy, if it had not existed before ; his knowledge of the
mysteries of religion was rather intuitive certainty than
belief ; and he was the most ingenious, acute, and subtle of
the sons of men. He died on November 8th, 1308; and, as
it was believed that he had been buried before he died, it was
quaintly said: “he rendered all things dubious while he
lived, and died in a dubious condition, but death put his case
out of doubt.” That Dunstan was his birth-place rests on
the authority of a note at the end of one of his own manuscripts
in the library of Merton college: ‘‘ Here endeth the lecture
of John Duns, called the subtile Doctor in the university of
Paris, who was born in a certain hamlet of the parish of
Emildon called Dunston in the county of Northumberland,
belonging to the house of the scholars of Merton-hall in
Oxford.” * .

From documents among the public records the date of the
building of Dunstanburgh Castle is known to a year; and
this is of some archeological value ; for as the remains left
belong to the original structure, its architectural characters are
a key to the determination of the age of some other castles, re-
garding which there is not documentary evidence. When the
Edwardian portion of Alnwick Castle was about to be re-
stored by Algernon duke of Northumberland, the character-
istic features of Dunstanburgh were carefully studied and
copied. A Compotus,t or an account, was rendered before
auditors at Pontefract by William Galun, the bailiff and
receiver of Emeldon; and from this we learn that the build-
ing of the castle was commenced in 1313, and was still in
progress in the following year. Some of the particulars are
of interest and indicate the character of the structure. For
making sixteen perches of the foss, of the breadth of eighty
feet and depth of eighteen feet, between the site of the

* Camden Britannia, 4th ed. II. p 213.
} Printed in Hartshorn’s Feudal Castles Appendix, p. cxxxv.

88 Mr. Tate on Dunstanburgh Castle.

castle and the field of Emeldon on the west, -and for four
perches of the same foss, in breadth forty feet and in depth
four feet, £21 19s. 7d. are charged ; wages for various persons
for quarrying and carrying stones amount to £20 16s. 14d. ;
two cart horses cost 22s.; for 49 stones of Spanish iron
48s. 54d. were paid; wages of carters amount to £7 19s. 8d;
hay and corn for horses and oxen cost £12 5s. 11id.; 159
stones of Spanish iron for hatchets, trowels, chisels, &c.,
amount to £4 13s.; other expenses are for lime, coals, &c. ;
and £65 10s. were paid to Master Elia, the mason, in part
payment of £254, for making the gate-house of the height
of eighty feet, with one tower on each side of the gate. There
is no mention of a dongeon or keep. Three years after the
commencement of the building the earl, in 1316, obtained a
license from Edward II. to crenelate or fortify his mansion
of Dunstanburgh ;* and soon after this the whole had been
completed. At the same period, or it may be three or four
years earlier, Alnwick Castle was repaired and partly rebuilt
by the first lord Percy of Alnwick, in the style of the period ;
and indeed it seems that, part at least of both, had been built
by the same masons; for many of the masons’ marks on
the stones are, according to Hartshorn, the same in both
castles.

The builder of Dunstanburgh was an important historic
personage—of royal descent, and distinguished above all sub-
jects by the extent of his possessions, as he held, at the same
time, the earldoms of Lancaster, Salisbury, Leicester, and
Derby, besides being the lord of Pontefract Castle. He
became, however, a keen opponent of the weak favouritism
of Edward II. ; and joining other barons to drive the Spencers
from power, he was made general of the confederate army ;
but being defeated by the king at Burton-on-Trent in 1321,
he endeavoured to seek refuge in his castle of Dunstanburgh,
in hope of receiving aid from Scotland. Intercepted in his
northward march at Borough-bridge, he was taken prisoner
in March, 1322, by Sir Samuel Ward and Sir Andrew

* Cal. Rot. Pat. 9 Edw. II. m. 25, p. 79. The following is a copy :—Pro
Thoma Comite Lancastriz.—Rex omnibus ad quos etc. salutem. Sciatis quod
de gratia nostra speciali concessimus pro nobis et heredibus nostris dilecto
consanguineo et fideli nostro Thome comiti Lancastrie, quod ipse mansum
suum de Dunstanburgh in com. Northumbr. muro de petra et calce firmare et
Kernellare, et illud sic firmatum et Kernellatum tenere possit sibi et heredibus
suis imperpetuum, sine occasione nostri vel heredum nostrorum, ballivorum seu

ministrorum nostrorum quorumcumque. In cujus, ete. T. R. apud Linc-
[olniam], 21 die Aug.

Mr. Tate on Dunstanburgh Castle. 89

Harckla, and was conducted to his own castle of Pontefract,
where he was condemned of treason and executed. Venerated
by some as a martyr, he was canonised about half a century
after his death, and the hill on which he was executed was
called St. Thomas’ hill.

Soon afterwards the custody of the castle and of all the
lands and tenements, which belonged to the earl in North-
umberland, was committed to Richard de EKmeldon;* and
Roger de Horsele was commanded to deliver up to him
Dunstanburgh castle. In the same year the new custodier
sent sixty-eight hobelars, part of the garrison, to aid the king
in his expedition against Scotland. John de Lilleburn and
Roger Manduyt were then constables of the castle; and
from the former it is probable that the Lilburn tower took
its name. He had been a person of importance in the north;
for when the king, in 1326, ordered Dunstanburgh, along
with other ports, to provide ships against the attacks of the
French, he was one of the commissioners to superintend this
business.

On a petition to Parliament, the castle and other posses-
sions of the earl of Lancaster were, in the reign of Edward
III., restored to his brother Henry; and from him they
passed to his son Henry, who died without male issue; but
his estates were divided between his daughters Blanch and
Maud, the former of whom obtained, as part of her share,
the barony with Dunstanburgh. She married John of Gaunt,
earl of Richmond, who was created duke of Lancaster ; and
her possessions descending to their son Henry of Bolingbroke,
who was afterwards king Henry IV., the castle became the
property of the crown.

During the latter period of the reign of Henry VI., Dun-
stanburgh figures in the page of history, in connection with
the war of the Roses. After the battle of Towton, where
the Lancastrians were disastrously defeated, attempts were
made in Northumberland to retrieve the fortunes of the fallen
king ; for in the northern counties there was a strong feeling
in his favour. The records of this period are confused and
somewhat contradictory; but on examining the various
accounts, I find that in 1462 queen Margaret obtained posses-
sion of Alnwick castle, either through the treachery of the
governor or for want of provisions, and that Bamburgh and

? Rob. de Emeldon, his progenitor, held 40 acres of land in Emeldon, from
John de Visconte on socage tenure, on payment of 12d. yearly.— Testa de Neviile.

B.N.C.—VOL. VII. NO. I. M

90 Mr. Tate on Dunstanburgh Castle.

Dunstanburgh also fell into her hands. ‘They,’ says Wark-
worth in his Chronicle, “were victualled and stuffed with
Englishmen, Frenchmen, and Scotsmen.” A large army
raised by Edward IV. commenced in December, 1462, the
siege of these castles. Dunstanburgh had a garrison of 120
men, and was besieged by the earl of Worcester and Sir
Ralph Grey ; but this, as well as the other Northumbrian
castles, was soon given up to king Edward. So that, “he
was then possessed of all England except a castle in North
Wales called Harlake.’*

Another effort was made in Northumberland in 1464, by
the heroic queen Margaret, at first with fair prospects of
success, to restore her husband to the throne; Alnwick,
Bamburgh, and Dunstanburgh castles fell into her hands ;
but at the battle of Hexham, fought on May 1dth, 1464, the
Lancastrians were totally defeated; and soon afterwards, on
June 13th, 1464, the earl of Warwick, “ with the puissance
came before the castle of Alnwick and had it delivered up to
him by appointment; and also the Castle of Dunstanburgh,
where my said lord kept the feast of St. John the Baptist.t+

Tradition says, that queen Margaret sought refuge in this
castle and occupied the south-eastern tower, which has hence
been called St. Margaret’s tower; and that she embarked
from the narrow rocky cove beneath the tower, and escaped
in a fishing boat into Scotland. Historical evidences do not
confirm this tradition ; but it is probable that, while in the
north, in 1462, she may have visited the castle and occupied
apartments in the tower, which bears her name. Injured by
the sieges it had sustained, the castle, after this period, became
ruinous.

Being a royal castle, it was surveyed along with Wark-
worth, Harbottle, and Bamburgh castles in 1538, by Bellasis,
Collingwood, and Horsley ; and from this survey we learn,
that Dunstanburgh was then a very ruinous house and of
small strength; there were no lodgings standing but the
dongeon, which had two little towers joined on either end,
the dongeon being 35 yards long and 12 yards broad; the
roofs of the whole required “ the lead to be new casten and
made with guts, spouts, and fillets;’? but a roof and two.
floors were needed for one of the towers, the timber for which
must be had in Chopwell wood and framed in Newcastle ;

* Warkworth’s Chronicle, p. 2.

+ MS, College of Arms L, 9, Warkworth’s Chronicle,

Mr. Tate on Dunstanburgh Castle. 91

the Lylborne tower had very good walls and a good roof of
timber, which must be covered with lead; the walls of the
dongeon, and battlements of the inner ward, with a piece of
wall above the outer gate, and in divers places the great wall
that compasses the whole castle, must be amended, “and
pynd with stone and rowthe cast with lyme; ” there must
also be an iron gate for the inner ward 32 yards high and
3 yards broad; there was a draw well in the inner ward,
which was very deep. The total cost of these reparations
would amount to £106 18s.

Nothing seems to have been done at this time to repair the
ruined castle ; for in another report on the state of the Bor-
ders, made by Sir Robert Bowes, Knt., in 1550, it is said—
«The castle of Dunstanbrough is in wonderfull great decaye
and the inner wall thereof might be repayred with no great
charge and also the gatehouse and a house for the constable.
And then surely it would be refuge to the inhabitants of these
partes, yff enemies came to annoye them either arriving by
sea or coming by lande out of Scotland, soe that they brought
no great ordynance or power to remayne any long time
there.”’* No reparations followed from this report ; and the
time soon came when such castles were not required for the
defence and security of the Borders, and they were either
destroyed or allowed to remain as picturesque objects—remi-
niscences of troubled and bye-gone times.

Dunstanburgh castle continued in the possession of the
crown till February 6th, 1625, when it was granted by
James I. to Sir William Grey, baron of Wark; and this
grant was confirmed by William III. on 20th December,
1694. ‘The castle passed to his descendants; but Ford lord
Grey his grandson, who died in 1701, left no male issue, and
his only daughter Mary, who had married Charles Bennet,
the first earl of Tankerville, claimed all the estates as heir of
her father. Ralph Grey, Ford’s brother, however, succeeded
to the title of lord Grey ot Wark, and also claimed the estates
from a settlement of the first lord Grey. After some litiga-
tion, the dispute was compromised by agreement, which was
confirmed by Parliament in 1704; and the estates were
divided between the parties,t and Stamford and Embleton
with Dunstanburgh castle fell to the share of lady Ossulston,

* Hodgs. Hist. North. p. 207.
+ Grose III. p. 86.
ft Raine’s North Durham p. 218.

92 Mr. Tate on Dunstanburgh Castle.

and they continued in the possession of her descendants till
they were sold by the present earl Tankerville in June, 1869,
to “‘'The Hyres’ trustees” of Leeds, for £155,000.

We shall now look more particularly at the site and at the
ruins ; and after a general survey we find that, with little
exception, all that remains of the castle belongs to one period,
and presents the architectural characters of the early part of
the fourteenth century: but the general arrangements differ
from those of the Norman castles of the preceding age, and in
some respects also from those of the Edwardian period. There
was no great keep, nor was the area enclosed within the walls
divided into separate wards or baileys; an inner ward is
referred to in the survey of 1538, but this had included the
space enclosed by the walls; w hile the outer bailey had been
outside of the walls to the southward.

The hill on which the castle stands is washed by the sea,
on the north and on the east; and it is cut off on the west
and south-west by low, swampy ground, from which it rises
more or less steeply. Probably the sea, at a period subsequent
to the Boulder Clay era, flowed through this swamp and con-
verted the hill into an island. Only the northern part of the
hill is occupied by the castle; and the southern portion had
been an outer bailey or barmakyn, partly defended by the
escarpment of rocks, and partly by a rampier, of which there
are traces, and probably, too, by a stockade ; thus enclosing
a protected area of about fifteen acres for cattle and the growth
of corn.

The ground plan of the castle (Plate ITI.) is somewhat
rectangular, and includes an area of 10ac. Or. 25p. Securely
defended on the north by high perpendicular cliffs, there was
no wall on the north side; but on the east, where the rock
slopes into the sea, there was a wall about six feet thick, of
which there are yet some remains. On the west side, where
the escarpment is steep but somewhat sloping from the fall
of debris, there were not only a wall and towers, but also a
ditch, which in some paits was 18 feet deep and 80 feet
broad. On the south side, which was the weakest, besides
the wall and towers and great gateway, there was a ditch,
traces of which, cut into the basalt, are yet to be seen.

The chief mass of building left is the entrance gate-house
(Plate IV.), with its two great semicircular towers, which,
at the height of about thirty feet, are converted by means of
skilful corbelling into square towers, and which, when com-

Mr. Tate on Dunstanburgh Castle. 93

plete, rose to the height of eighty feet above the ground.
(Plate 171. a. and Plate IV.) This indeed had been the
keep of the castle—there are traces of no other, and in the
survey of 1538, it is called by the equivalent name of the
dongeon. ‘There are three storeys in the circular portion of
the towers, the lowest one being vaulted. The doorways,
windows, and fire-places, shew the characteristic style of the
Edwardian architecture ; some windows are double, narrow,
and pointed; other windows and doors and a fire-place have
shoulder or contracted headings ; and the same characteristics
mark the other towers. A large portion of the south wall
is still in a good condition. It had been defended by four
other towers. A little eastward of the gate-house a small
tower projects from the upper part of the wall supported by
corbelling; further eastward is another large tower three
storeys in height, in a good state, with double, narrow pointed
windows; and next appears another small tower. On the
south-east corner stands St. Margaret’s tower, of three storey
height, overhanging a high cliff and looking down into the
Rumble-churn.

On the west side the most remarkable object is Lilburn
tower (Plate V.), standing on a steep hill, and rising grandly
from the midst of detached columns of basalt, which seem
to protect the base. This tower, being well built of large
ashlars, has by some been regarded as the work of a later age ;
but its double, narrow pointed windows and shoulder-headed
doorway shew that it is of the same period as the other por-
tions of the castle. It is of four storeys height, with a small
tower rising above them at each corner. Another small
mural tower is between this and the gate-house ; and near to
the south-west corner there had been a gateway about 11 feet
in width, near to the inner court yard.

Behind the gate-house are walls and mounds of debris, but
of no great extent—the remains of offices enclosing the court
yard, within which was a draw-well, now partly filled up,
but which is described as being deep ; for here the thick
overflow of basalt would have to be pierced before reaching
water-bearing strata. A similar draw-well supplied Bam-
burgh castle, where 1t was within the great keep, and was
sunk through 74 feet of basalt and 60 feet of sandstones. The
most distinguished remains within the castle area are the
walls of what seems to have been the chapel, which is about
33 feet long and 13 feet broad, standing directly east and

94 Mr. Tate on Dunstanburgh Castle.

west by the compass; and with an entrance on the west, and
another on the south into the chancel. Such remains are
confined to a,limited space near the gate-house ; and scarcely
any other traces of buildings appear, excepting foundations
on the eastern part, most probably enclosures for cattle.
From the limited amount of accommodation within the castle,
it appears to have been less fitted for the residence of a great
baron than for defence and occasional refuge; but when
garrisoned by a large number of soldiers, there would be
temporary wooden erections for lodging them.

The scenery connected with the castle is impressive from
the dark frowning high cliff—the great pillared rocks—the
deep gully up which rushes the sea, producing a crashing
gurgling sound, not only from the break of the waters, but
also from the rolling of stones over each other. When, how-
ever, the sea is lashed into a storm, it breaks with fearful
violence on the rocks and throws up great masses of water,
white with foam, which on some occasions is driven over the
castle walls. Fit scene this to excite the imagination and
give birth to, or localise romantic legends. Our own utili-
tarian age has lost faith in marvels; but the time has
not long past, when a solitary antiquary or tourist, rambling
among the ruins of Dunstanburgh in the gloaming, would
have been regarded as the Wandering Knight, who haunted
the castle, always seeking but never finding the object of his
love. Thus briefly runs the legend, which has been told in
verse by G. Monk Lewis, and by James Service of Chatton.

The knight Sir George Guy, having lost his way in a
stormy night, sought refuge in the ruined gateway of the
castle. He had tied his horse to a lonely yew, and was
leaning on the side of the archway gazing on the raging
tempest and listening to the hoarse bellowing of the Rumble-
churn, when a mystic hand holding a lighted lamp appeared,
and a hollow voice called upon him, if he wasa brave knight,
to attempt the deliverance of a spell-bound fair lady. Guided
by this hand he ascended a winding stair leading into a
magnificent hall, in which were a hundred marble armed
knights, sitting on a hundred brazen steeds, tied to a hundred
marble columns ; and in the centre of the hall was a crystal
tomb, in which was confined an enchanted lady of great
beauty, guarded by a gigantic marble hunter, on whose side
was a sword and around whose waist was a horn. The
hollow voice told Sir Guy to dissolve the spell, either by

Mr. Tate on Dunstanburgh Castle. 95

drawing the sword or blowing the horn ; but he must beware,
whichever he chose, not to cast it away. After a pause he
drew the sword ; and then the giant sprung to life, and blew
a blast with his bugle, and every marble knight drew his
sword and every horse pranced on the floor and rushed
towards Sir Guy, who, on seeing the mystic sword turned
into a living serpent, quailed with fear, and cast it aside and
drew his own blade, and thus failed to break the spell. A
shriek of anguish was heard from the tomb, and the hall
became dark and silent, and a blow from the giant hunter
struck down the knight senseless, who, when he came to life
again, found himself lying in the ruined gateway, his steed
gone and the aged yew blasted ; while he was thenceforth
doomed to wander for ever, in fruitless search of the fair one
whom he had failed to deliver from the crystal enchanted
tomb.
Nor sun nor snow, from the ruins to go
Can force that aged wight,
But still the pile, hall, chapel, and aisle
He searches day and night.
But find can he ne’er the winding stair
Which he passed that beauty to see,
Whom spells enthrall in the haunted hall
Where none but once may be.—G. M. Lewis.

This legend is one of the stories originating in the middle
ages, which cluster round the cycle of romance relating to
king Arthur and the knights of the Round Table. It is
localised with variations in other places in Britain, but always
with the incident of the sword and the horn. Elsewhere in
Northumberland it is connected with Sewingshields’ Pele,
which stands also on basaltic rocks, and this version has been
well told by Mr. James Hardy of Oldeambus. 4

* Table Book, II. p. 37.

PLATES.

Pratt IIT.—Plan of Dunstanburgh Castle.
» 1V.—Great Gate-house and Dongeon of Dunstanburgh
Castle.
» V.—Lilburn Tower—Dunstanburgh Castle.

Scaphander lignarius : Holy Island, June, 1869. A living
specimen of this addition to the Mollusca of the Eastern
Borders was sent to me by my sister; unfortunately the
animal was extracted. It is not mentioned by Mr. Alder.—
Robert C. Embleton.

96 Mr Smail’s Zoological Notes in 1869.
Zoological Notes in 1869. By Jamus Sait, Galashiels.

April 15th.—Martins were seen by me, for the first time
this season, at Cowdenknowes.

April 22nd.—The Cuckoo I heard on Buckholm hill, and I
do not remember ever hearing it in April before. Apropos of
the Cuckoo. On 24th of May, 1866, I saw twelve Cuckoos
in the course of a walk of two and a half miles, in the glen
of Blyth water, in the basin of which stand the remains of
the Hare-faulds. The glen is very wild; and in that part
where the Cuckoos were so numerously seen, there are many
clumps and thin patches of natural wood, principally birch
and ash. It occurred to me that these birds might have very
recently arrived at this favourite retreat, and that, when
pairing was effected, they would nearly all disperse, and by
their ‘“‘ wandering voice ” make their presence known in other
favourite spots in the district. The Cuckoo is now seldom,
if ever, heard in the low-lying districts about towns. Thirty
years ago I have occasionally heard it in old orchards at
Jedburgh. In the Border counties it has taken almost entirely
to the solitary upland woods within the last twenty years or so.

May 28th.—I found a Robin’s nest, containing young, in
the remains of a whale’s jaws, lying in an unfrequented
corner among nettles, in the policy of Major Scott of Gala.
The nest was in a hole in the thick end of the jaw-bone,
and was inserted so far that the darkness of the hole prevented
it from being seen.

A Blind and Lame Lark.—A relative has at present (22nd
June) a Lark twelve years of age, which is stone blind and
has only one leg. It has been blind for seven years, and it
is as jovial a songster now as it was eleven years ago; and
being blind it sings as much during the night as in the day.
Some months ago, when it was enjoying a run on the floor,
it was trampled upon, and by this mishap one of its legs was
totally severed and one of its wings somewhat injured. It
speedily recovered, however ; for in three days it began to
sing with its wonted spirit, maugre its blindness and the loss
of a leg.

J ine 28th.—I found anest, with three young, of the Ring-
Ousel, in Erncleuch glen in the Lammermoors. The nest is
somewhat larger than the common blackbird’s, but built of
nearly similar material. Both parents were in a great state
of chatter and excitement, and showed a great deal of boldness

Mr Smail’s Zoological Notes in 1869. 97

by flying at me repeatedly as I handled the young, which
were just ‘ripe.’ The cock flew oftenest at me, but of course
both birds swerved when they neared my face. I should
state that the nest was placed under the branches of a large
bush of heather growing on the top of a rock, which stands
about ten feet above the burn in which I was fishing.

Litter of Hedgehogs.—On 23rd June, a Hedgehog, which
had been put into a friend’s garden a few days before, pro-
duced three young. The nest was made of a large lot of
tangled grass-roots, and was placed in a hole made by the
animal, between a large sheltering flower-bush and the garden
wall. It was well hidden. The young were at three days
old covered on the back only, the bristles being nearly as soft
as grass. The head, legs, and belly were quite bare, and of a
dull cream colour. At nine days one of them partly opened
an eye; but in a few days more the mother, doubtless terri-
fied or irritated by being so frequently disturbed, killed the
progeny and partly devoured them. For a time she left the
young, covered up, during the day, and hid herself in another
hole which she made. An egg and milk were put near the
nest at night, and these were, with one or two exceptions,
eaten ere morning.

Note on Lampris guttatus, Retz,—the Opah or King-fish.
Communicated by the Rev. J. Dixon Clark, Belford Hall.

A specimen of this rare fish was washed ashore near Budle
Bay, in the month of February. When first found, it was in
a perfect state, but some boys not knowing its value greatly
disfigured it. It is of a beautiful gold and silver colour, with
large spots; and is about 36 inches long, 22 inches across the
back, and 4 stones weight. It is a native of the seas of China
and Japan, and has seldom been seen in northern waters.
Pennant, in his British Zoology, gives an account of one
having been found on the sands at Blyth, in Northumber-
land, in the year 1769.

98

Rain Fall in 1869 at Glanton Pyke, Northumberland ; com-
municated by Frup. J. W. Cottinewoon, Esq.: And at
Lilburn Tower, Northumberland ; communicated by Epw.
J. CoLLInGwoop, Esq.

GLANTON PYKE. LILBURN TOWER.

Inches. Inches.
January . . 3.140 January . - 2,132
February . L897 February . . 1.228
March ? . 1.652 March : . 1.809
April 4 . 1.265 April , . 0.887
May ‘ . 2.665 May ; . 2.606
June i . 2.200 June ; ~ 2.248
July ’ . 0.990 July : . 0.772
August. . 1.410 August. . 1.433
September . 3.480 September . 3.722
October. . 2.050 October . . 2.031
November . . 1.750 November . 2.110
December . . 2.640 December . 2.993
Total . 25.139 Total -. 23.971
Rain Guage—Diameter of Rain Guage—Diameter of
Funnel,- 8 inches; Height of Funnel, 10 inches; Height of
Top above Ground, 4 feet 33 Top above Ground, 6 feet;
in. ; Above Sea Level, 534 ft. Above Sea Level, 290.

Rain Fall at North Sunderland Vicarage, in the Year 1869.
Communicated by the Rev. F. R. Stmpson.

Months | Depth, | im 24 hours. | 01 or
auulichuee
Inches. | Depth.| Date.

January 2.61 | .57 |} Ist 17
February 7 | .22 | 10th 14
March 1.00 | .17 | Ist 16
April 76 | .16-| 2nd 9
May 1.99 | .86 | 6th 14
June 1.56 | 1.16 | 15th 10
July 64 | .34 | 28th 8
August 1.37 | .36 | 3rd 9
September | 3.48 | .72 | 12th 19
October 2.03 | .46 | 28th 18

November 1.85 | .48 | 13th 18
December 2.03 | .33 | 16th Q1

Total | 20.09 | 5.78 173

Rain Guage—Diameter of Funnel, 8 inches; Height of Top above Ground, 1
foot 2 inches; Above Sea Level, 60 feet.

99

General Statements.

The following were elected at the Meeting held at Berwick :—

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Rev. A. R. Ashwell, Sone of the bapa ue 1869.

Durham Sept. 30.
George Allen, Berwick - - - i
Rev. James Middleton, Manse, Lander - - Ps
Robert Romanes, Harryburn, Lauder’ - - is
W. B. Robertson, M.D., Lauder - - - a
Thomas Broomfield, Lauder - - - ‘s
John Brown, Hallidean - - - -
John Bolam, Chathill - P
Rev. H. M. Oswald, St. Paul’s Vicarage, Alnwick - 45
Rev. James Marshall, Alnwick - m4
Rev. Wm. Meggison, Chatton - - - by
Alex. L. Gracey, M.D., Berwick - - - hs

CORRESPONDING MEMBER.

Thomas Gibb, Alnwick - - = 2 a

HONORARY MEMBER.
Miss Mary Rachel Tate, Alnwick - - = i

Places of Meeting for the Year 1870.

Kyloe Pg an Wednesday, May 20.
Edin’s Hall s% a Thursday, June 30.
Doddington ne 7 2 July 28.
Whitburn a oe te August 26.

Coldstream = aie os September 29.

100

The IncomE and EXPENDITURE have been :—

£at8: Ge
Balance from last year .. 42 4 2
Arrears tecerved........ 31° 6. 0
Subscriptions for 1868 .. 87 16 0
Do. 1869... °0 18) 0
£112 4 2
EXPENDITURE.

For Printing, Gc... of 20. 2
For Subscription to Ex- 5 0 0
ploration of Edin’s Hall

BALANCE—

Deposit in Alnwick

and County Bank | ae

Cash in hands of
the Secretaries -

55 7 10
\ 5 7 10

£112 4 2

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Address delivered at Coldstream, on the 29th September,
1870. By the Rev. Gzorcze SELBY THomson, A.M.,
Rector of Acklington, President.

GENTLEMEN,
I must throw myself on your kind and lenient judgment, as
I feel myself utterly unworthy of the high honour you did
me in electing me your president for this year. It was
entirely unexpected, and it was with some trepidation that I
received the announcement. When I look back on the dis-
tinguished men who have preceded me, bright lights in
various fields of science—Dr. Johnston, Sir William Jardine,
my revered and dearly loved relative, Mr. Selby, Mr. Baird,
Mr. D. Milne Home, Mr. Embleton, Mr. Tate, and last,
though not least, one who has served his Queen and country,
with such great ability and efficiency, as to win the knightly
cross of the most exalted Star of India, Sir Walter Elliot—T
feel that the mantle of these eminent men has most unworthily
B.N.C.—VOL. VI. No. II. N

102 Anniversary Address.

fallen on so humble an individual as myself. But as the rules
of the Club are somewhat akin to the inexorable laws of the
Medes and Persians, I accepted the honour which I could
not decline, hoping that the members would be “ to my fail-
ings ever blind,” and to the imperfect performance of my
duties ‘ever kind.”

Our field meetings, this year, have been most successful.
The weather, on which enjoyment so much depends, has
been beautiful on every occasion. Our rambles over hill and
dale, and the charming beauties of Nature have been most
enjoyable and conducive to the health and benefit of both
body and mind; we have had the pleasant interchange of
thoughts and ideas, in friendly discussion, and social har-
mony, and altogether we have enjoyed, to a great extent, the
“* feast of reason, and the flow of soul.”

I was not present at the meeting in Berwick, in Septem-
ber last, but Mr. Tate has kindly sent me notes of that: meet-
ing, of -which I will avail myself, and I must express my
sincere thanks and obligations to him for his great kindness
in sending me notes of the other meetings during this year.

The last meeting of the year 1869 was held at Berwick, on
September 30th, when there were present—Sir Walter Elliot,
president ; Mr. Geo. Tate, secretary ; Messrs. D. Milne Home,
J. C. Langlands, James Tait, Robt. Douglas, James Heatley,
J. E. Friar, Archd. Jerdon, A. Borthwick, Wm. Stevenson,
Robt. Graham, Thos. Allan; Drs. C. Brown, R. Fluker, R.
Hood, H. Fawcus, Francis Douglas, David Cahill; Revs.
P. G. McDouall, David Donaldson, J. Irwin, W. Darnell,
W.L. J. Cooley, P. McKerron, and J. G. Rowe; Mr. Matt.
Young, Mr. Geo. Young, Mr. James Purvis, Mr. Chas. Dar-
nell, and Mr. Thos. Brown. After breakfast at the King’s
Arms, the accounts were audited and passed, and the follow-
ing members were elected :—Rev. A. R. Ashwell, Principal
of the Training College, Durham; Dr. Gracey, and Mr.
George Allen, of Berwick; Rev. James Middleton, Mr. R.
Romanis, Mr. Thos. Broomfield, and Dr. W. B. Robertson,
Lauder; Mr. John Brown, Earlston; Mr. John Bolam,

Annwersary Address. 103

Chathill ; Rev. H. M. Oswald and Rey. James Marshall, Aln-
wick ; Rev. W. J. Meggison, South Charlton; and, as a
corresponding member, Mr. Thos. Gibb, Alnwick. On the
motion of the President, seconded by Dr. Francis Douglas,
Miss Mary R. Tate was elected an honorary member. Of
honorary members there are now five—all ladies—connected
with the Club.
The following places of meeting, for 1870, were appointed :
Kyloe Crags and Lowick, in May.
Edin’s Hall, near Abbey St. Bathan’s, in June.
Doddington, near Wooler, in July.
Whiteburn, near Gordon, in August.
Cornhill, in September.
All on the last Thursday of the respective months.
Business over, the members visited the Berwick museum,
and after examining the various departments, high satisfac-
tion was expressed that so many objects, illustrating the
Natural History and Archeology of the district, had been
collected and arranged during the short period the museum

had existed. No little of its value is due to the presentation,
by Mrs. Johnston, of the collection made by the late Dr.

Johnston, the founder of the Club. The botany, especially,
is nearly complete; of 146 birds, 30 have been presented by
Mrs. Johnston, Some rare and fine mountain limestone
fossils are the gift of Mr. Robt. Douglas, Town Clerk of Ber-
wick. The scheme of collecting local objects—so well begun
—is deserving of encouragement and support.

The members afterwards visited, in succession, Mr. Young’s
oil and oil cake manufactory, Mr. Thos. Allen’s saw mills,
and Messrs. Crossman & Paulin’s super-phosphate manu-
factory, with all of which the members were much interested,
as the respective proprietors explained the machinery and the
manufacturing processes.

The party returned to the inn, where the interval before
dinner was spent in examining and discussing various Anti-
quarian and Geological objects. The President showed
ancient copper spear-heads and daggers from India, one of

104 Annwersary Address.

which was found thirty feet below the surface of the earth ;
bronze-socketed celts from Rule Water, in Roxburghshire,
and a small stone celt from Bellingham ; bronze pots with
flat horizontal handles, and other relics, found while draining
near Ruberslaw. ‘The Mayor of Berwick shewed stone
cannon balls, fourteen inches in circumference, and one of
iron, sixteen inches in circumference, found in the well of
Edrington Castle; and Mr. D. Milne Home brought before
the meeting pieces of coal, and other rocks out of the boulder
clay of Berwickshire.

An excellent dinner was provided by the host of the King’s
Arms Inn, to which a company of thirty did justice ; after
which the president, Sir Walter Elliot, read an able address,
giving an account of the proceedings of the several meetings
held during the year, with historical notices of the places
visited. He then nominated the Rev. George Selby Thom-
son, Rector of Acklington, as president for the ensuing year,
a proposal which was unanimously agreed to. Mr. D. Milne
Home and Mr. George Tate afterwards gave an account of
the result of the recent exploration of Edin’s Hall, and it was
resolved on the motion of Dr. Francis Douglas, that the
Secretary be authorised to aid, by an additional contribution
from the funds of the Club, the further exploration of that
curious ancient fort.

After the proceedings of the Club were finished, several of
the members adjourned to the Assembly Rooms, to take part
in a public meeting in connection with the Berwick museum,
Twelve nominations for membership were made, and seconded.

The first meeting of the Club, for this year, was held at
Kyloe Crags, on Wednesday, May 25th.

Twenty-one years ago, the Club explored Kyloe Crags,
when a special interest was given to the meeting by the re-
discovery of the rare Convallaria polygonatum, which had
first been observed there by A. Bruce. The Rey. John Baird
first noticed here the Asplenium septentrionale, and in 1853,
Dr. G. R. Tate discovered the very rare Asplenium germani-
cum growing among the debris of the crags,

Anniversary Address. 105

There were present at the meeting—the Rev. G. 8. Thom-
son, president ; Mr. Geo. Tate, secretary ; Sir Walter Elliot,
Revs. J. E. Elliot, P. G. McDouall, J. G. Rowe, and James
Marshall; Drs. F. Douglas, J. Robson Scott, D. Cahill, H.
Fawcus; Messrs. W. Boyd, R. G. Huggup, G. Hughes, F.
R. Wilson, R. Douglas, J. Heatley, E. Allen, R. Middlemas,
A. Marshall, J. Purvis, E. Friar, H. Hunter, G. Young,
Geo. Allen, J. Dunlop, J. Clay, H. Hardie, Wm. Richard-
son, Geo. Busby, Master Heatley, and Master Elliot.

After breakfast, the party started on the walk of the day
to visit Kyloe church, the old pele tower, Kyloe crags, and
dyke. ‘The weather was bright and sunny, with just suffi-
cient breeze to make travelling on the hills agreeable. The
beautiful and extensive view across the clear blue sea and to
Holy Island, the Farne Islands, Bamburgh and Dunstan-
burgh Castles, attracted the admiration of all. The rugged
and pillared crags were lighted up with beautiful brilliancy
by the sunshine. The members reassembled at the Plough
Inn, at Beal, where an abundant and excellent dinner was
provided. After dinner, “ Ornithological Notes,” from Mr.
Thomas Gibb, a corresponding member of the Club, were
read. Mr. Pringle Hughes, Dr. McVail, and Rev. D. Paul
were nominated for membership, and reports were made of
the observations of the day.

The name Kyloe has been derived from ci, celtic, a@ recess
or retreat, designating the secluded places of Druidical wor-
ship, and applied to the cells or chapels of Christian mission-
aries; and from how, a Saxon word, @ Aill,—the church on
the hill. The name, Kylhowe, thus appears in a survey in
1560 ; but the earlier forms are different—in 1386 we have
Kelay, and in 1425 Kylay. Kyloe was part of the parish of
Holy Island, which, in 1082, was given to the monks of Dur-
ham, and it was one of the five chapelries formed out of that
parish. A chapel was built sometime between 1082 and 1145,
when Kyloe Chapel was confirmed by charter to the mother
church of Holy Island, which was held by monks sent from
Durham. The tithes belonged to the mother church—the

106 Anmversary Address.

chapelry had no property of its own—and the services were
performed by stipendiary priests appointed, controlled, and paid
by the convent of Holy Island. The stipend of the priest of
Kyloe was, in 1385, £2 13s 4d yearly. After the dissolution of
monasteries, their possessions were seized by the king; but
when the possessions of the monastery of Holy Island were
leased in 1579 to Sir William Reed, £10 annually were re-
served as a stipend for the curate of Kyloe. Since that time
the stipend has been augmented at various periods and from
different sources, and very recently by the grant of a certain
portion of the tithes, till it now amounts to about £300 a-year.

The old Norman church continued to be used for religious
services till 1792, when it was so ruinous that it was entirely
taken down ; we learn, however, that it had a nave fifty-five
feet long and fifteen feet broad, a north aisle, and a chancel
twenty-nine feet long. With its one aisle it resembled the
church at Edlingham, and some other churches belonging to
the same Norman period. A new church, erected on its site
in 1792, was a plain structure almost devoid of ecclesiastical
features, and with a low tower, which, standing on high
ground, was a landmark for seamen. Within the last few
years it has been considerably altered and improved under
the able direction of Mr. F. R. Wilson; the oblong house
windows having been replaced by others of the pointed style,
with geometrical tracery ; a new chaneel has been built, and
the interior has been very neatly renovated. The low tower
remains unchanged, but requires alteration to harmonise with
the modern improvements.

The superior lord of Kyloe was the Bishop of Durham ;
and in 1272 the Vill, along with Berrington and Low Lynn,
was held of the Bishop on “ thaynage and payment of nine
marks yearly by Eustace de Kilei ;’’ subsequently Emeric de
Hauldon and Sir John de Kynmouth held it, in right
of their wives, Isabella and Mary, probably heiresses of the
Kilei family ; but becoming rebels, and assisting Robert
Bruce in his depredations on the English border, their pro-
perty was forfeited and granted, in 1527, to Sir Robert

Anniversary Address. 107

Manners, who died in 1350, seized of this estate. Soon after
we find Sir Thomas Grey in possession of two-thirds of the
manor of Kyloe, which continued in possession of his
descendants for two centuries. He was of Heaton, and the
ancestor of the Chillingham and Howick Greys, and died in
1369. Another branch of the family of Grey, John Grey, a
burgess Of Berwick, held lands in Kylay in 1386, and his
descendants have been owners of more or less of Kyloe down
to the present time. According to a survey, one-third of
Killhowe belonged in 1560, to Thomas Grey ; but the whole
of it was in possession of Ralph Grey in 1630, when he
sold it to his uncle, Henry Grey, of Morpeth, who subse-
quently resided at Kyloe; but who, having no sons, left it to
be divided amongst his six daughters. One of them,
Catherine, married Bryan Grey, of Wark, who was connected
with the Greys of Howick, and he became, by right of his
wife, owner of one-fifth of Kyloe, and subsequently, by pur-
chase, acquired other two-fifths. ‘The last male descendant,
Marmaduke Grey, died on February 3, 1823, unmarried, and
his nephew, Charles Bacon, who took the name of Grey, son
of Dorothy Grey and Charles Forster Bacon, succeeded to
the three-fifths of Kyloe under his uncle’s will. At that
time the other two-fifths of Kyloe belonged to Sir Carnaby
Haggerstone, Bart.

Kyloe pele tower, the ancient residence of the Greys, is at
West Kyloe, about a mile and a half from the church, and is
a roofless ruin, but with the under story in good preserva-
tion. I1t belonged to David Grey, who died in 1450, and in
the survey of 1560, it is said to be “in good reparacions.”’
It was a small fortified tower, but of great strength, the walls
being eight feet in thickness, and well built with large
stones. The entrance is on the south, through a pointed
archway into a vaulted chamber, only twenty-three feet long
by seventeen broad, in the walls of which, at the spring of
the arch, are inserted stone corbels, whereon joists might
rest to divide the place into an upper and lower chamber.
It is lighted by two narrow long slits, splaying inwardly to

108 Anmversary Address.

the width of five feet. A stone staircase, in the thickness of
the wall, led to an upper story, which is now in a ruinous
condition. Stone corbels, with rudely carved heads on the
ends, project from near the top of the wall on the west side ;
similar corbels may also have been on the other walls, of
which the upper part is now broken, and they would be used
to support wood erections, from which to annoy an enemy
attacking the place. The district around was studded over
with such fortified towers. I remember one nearly perfect at
the Lee, near Rothbury. It had, on the ground floor, a
vaulted chamber, of which the walls were six to eight feet in
thickness, into which the cattle might be driven, when there
was a fear of an invasion from the Border raiders. From
this chamber a spiral stone staircase, within the thickness of
the wall, led to an upper chamber, where the family lived.
Above the doorway, from the roof, projected a stone shield,
about six feet high and three feet broad, sufficient to cover a
person standing behind it, and at his feet, between the shield
and the wall was an aperture, through which he might hurl
down stones and other missiles on the heads of the assailants,
and immediately above the door was another aperture com-
municating with the upper chamber, through which the in-
habitants might pour down molten lead or other destructive
liquid material. After the union of the crowns of England
and Scotland, these pele towers were abandoned for more
convenient dwellings. The Kyloe pele was inhabited till
1633, after which the Greys dwelt in a mansion house near
to the church.

Kyloe crags are pillared basalt, reaching a height of five
hundred feet above the sea level, and they form the northern
termination of the Great Basaltic Whin Sill, which ranges
through the county; but perhaps the basaltic crags at Hume
castle, in Berwickshire, twenty miles to the westward, may
belong to the same eruption, as the rock is similar in mineral
and structural character. The basalt overlies a thick sandstone,
which boldly crops out of the west end of the crags, and is
called the Collier Heugh Crag. Coal seams are in the

Annwersary Address. 109

narrow deep valley, which intervenes between these crags
and the high sandstone hill to the south called the Shep-
herd’s Crook Hill, which rises to a height of six hundred feet.

A basaltic dyke with some peculiarities has been quarried
for road stones, about a quarter of a mile northward of the
church. It has a direction of west by south to east by north,
and is in a line with that of Holy Island, which extends two
miles seaward as far as the Plough and Goldstone rocks. In
a westerly direction this dyke cuts through the Lowick coal
field, and is traceable as far as Leitham, the whole ascer-
tained course being about fourteen miles. At Holy Island
large blocks of the Mountain Limestone are enveloped in the
basalt, and highly metamorphosed ; and at Kyloe, where the
dyke is sixty-nine feet wide, but narrowing towards the top, it
is overlaid in one part by sandstone, and in another by shale ;
but as the shale beds are shattered and irregular in their
position, it may be inferred that the protrusion of the dyke
was subsequent to the deposition of the shale. All the beds
cut through by the dyke belong to the Mountain Limestone
formation. Coal beds and shales near to it are seen sloping
to the eastward, and a shale contains remains of land plants
intermingled with those of marine animals. Aloug with a
fine specimen of the fern Sphenopteris Johnstoniana species
of Spirifer, Aviculopecten, Orthis, and Fenestella occur ; and
a similar association of organisms is in the Posidonia schist
at Budle bay.

As the crags have often been searched for plants, botanical
discoveries, except among Crypsogams, could scarcely be ex-
pected ; the Convallaria polygonatum was seen flourishing
high up in the cliffs; the Asplenium septentrionale was
found, but sparingly, in the clefts of the rocks; the Thalc-
trum nunus was gathered; and the following mosses were
observed :—Grimmia ovata, Ptychomitrium polyphyllum,
Orthotricum phyllanthum. Myr. William Richardson picked
up, on the moorlands, Pyrola media, but not in flower.

At the meeting at Edin’s Hall, held on June 30th, 1870,

there were present—Rev. G. 8. Thomson, president; Mr. G
)

110 Anniwersary Address.

Tate, secretary; Sir Walter Elliot, Drs. F. Douglas, C.
Douglas, W. B. Robertson, W. Campbell, and D. MeVail ;
Messrs. J. Turnbull, John Boyd, William Boyd, D. Milne
Home, W. Stevenson, C. Watson, J. Paxton, J. C. Lang-
lands, Campbell Swinton, James Tait, H. Hunter, John
Brown, A. Jerdon, Middleton Dand, J. Waite, R. Romanis,
C. Black; Revs. J. S. Green, John Bigge, J. E. Elliot, D.
McAllister, J. Irwin, P. G. McDouall, F. R. Simpson, John
Walker ; Captain Macpherson, Captain Simpson, Rev. A.
Crowther, Messrs. J. P. Turnbull, Edmund Carr, James
Wood Elliot, and Principal Dawson of Montreal University.

The members proceeded by conveyances from Dunse to
Edin’s Hall, where Mr. J. Turnbull, of Abbey St. Bathan’s,
read an able and interesting report on the result of the ex-
ploration of Edin’s Hall, and exhibited the relics which had
been found. He also read a notice of the excavation of a
chapel at Abbey St. Bathan’s. After examining the various
portions of Edin’s Hall, exposed by the recent excavations,
it was considered, that while sufficient had been done in the
exploration of the great Hall, there were several hut circles
within the camp, and other antiquities in the immediate
neighbourhood, which ought to be also explored. The
following resolution, proposed by Mr. Tate, and seconded by
the President, was unanimously passed :-—

“That the members express their approval of the work
which the Committee, conducting the exploration of Edin’s
Hall, had done, and their thanks to Mr. John Turnbull, con-
vener of the Committee, for his lucid exposition of the results
of the exploration, but they also urge the Committee to com-
plete the investigation, by clearing out the circles within the
rampiers of the camp, and by examining any other of the
antiquities on Cockburn’s Law, which would be likely to
throw light on the history cf Edin’s Hall.”

The members afterwards rambled over Cockburn’s Law,
and viewed various camps and barrows, and then returned to
Dunse to dinner, at which forty-four were present.

After dinner, Sir Walter Elliot read Ornithological Notes,

Anniversary Address. 111

communicated by Mr. Wm. Oliver, of Long Raw. In ad-
dition to the customary toasts, the health of Principal Daw-
son, a distinguished American geologist, who had favoured
the Club with his presence, was proposed by the President.

The following nominations for membership were made :—
Mr. J. P. Turnbull, by Mr. Tate, seconded by Mr. Lang-
lands ; Captain Simpson, by Rey. F. R. Simpson, seconded
by the President ; Mr. James Wood, by Mr. Wm. Stevenson,
seconded by Dr. C. Douglas; Rev. Augustus Crowther, by
the Rev. J. Irwin, seconded by the President.

Six years ago the Club published an elaborate account of
the ancient British Sculptured Rocks of the Eastern Borders,
with notices of other kindred sculptures in other parts ; and
since that time active research has been made after other new
forms, and there has been much speculation as to their age
and meaning. That the members might-have an opportunity
of examining these sculptures, the third meeting of the year
was held at Doddington, on Wednesday, 27th July, at which
there were present—Rev. G. 8S. Thomson, president ; Mr. G.
Tate, secretary ; Sir Walter Elliot, Messrs. John Turnbull,
J.C. Langlands, F. J. W. Collingwood, Thos. Friar, Wm.
Henderson, R. G. Bolam, W. Wightman, M. T. Culley, J.
Paxton, R. Middlemas, J. Heatley, EK. Allen, J. P. Turn-
bull, C. Atkinson, W. Lyall, A. Marshall; Revs. W. Procter,
W. Procter, jun., W. Darnell, P. G. McDouall, J. S. Green,
W.L. J. Cooley, W. J. Meggison, E. Ormsby, J. Marshall ;
Drs. John Marshall, J. Robson Scott, and D. C. McVail.
The members were hospitably entertained with breakfast by
the Rev. W. Procter, who, before leaving, delivered an im-
pressive address, and argued, from the presence of so many
of the clergy at the meetings of the Club, that they had no
fear of the results of scientific research invalidating the truths
of revelation, and he pointed out how the discoveries of
geology can be reconciled with the Mosaic account of the
creation.

After this the members visited the church, most of which
is of modern work; but there remains a north aisle, with

112 Annwersary Address.

piers, arches, and windows belonging to the early English
style of architecture, and dating backward to the thirteenth
century. The members next visited the pele tower, which
is a good example of one of the latest fortified houses. <A
stone panel in the wall tells us that it was erected by Sir
Thomas Grey, in 1584. The township of Doddington now
belongs to the Earl of Tankerville, who is a descendant of
Ford, Lord Grey of Wark. There was, however, formerly,
a large number of small proprietors, who owned houses,
lands, and who had rights over a large common in Dod-
dington on copyhold tenure, one of the conditions of
which was the payment, yearly, of a hen or capon. For
election purposes thesé copyholds were converted into free-
holds a little before the contested election of 1734; and
in 1748, when Lord Ossulston was the Whig candidate,
thirty-four lairds of Doddington voted for him. It is a
reminiscence of the ancient glory of this place, that forty of
these lairds, each mounted on his own horse, attended the
funeral of a deceased laird. All now have disappeared, save
one, who is non-resident. Mark tells us that in 1734, Dod-
dington “ was remarkable for its largeness, the badness of its
houses, and low situation, and perhaps for the greatest
quantity of geese of any in the neighbourhood.” The cottage
houses are still bad ; but “‘ decay’s effacing fingers ate sweep-
ing” over the place, houses are tumbling down and destroyed,
and the population is decreasing. It is still remarkable, as
in Mark’s time, for “ one of the largest, and best springs in
the country, which sends out a current sufficient to turn a
mill.” The Dod Well yields seventy gallons per minute of
pure water. A popular song celebrates this well, but only
one line is preserved—

‘‘ The Bonny Dod Well, with its yea pointed fern.”’
Leaving the well, the party proceeded to the great inscribed
rock at Roughting Linn, situated at the edge of wild, dreary
moorlands, about midway between Doddington and Ford, by
the side of a burn, which tumbles over a sandstone cliff some
thirty feet in height into the linn or pool at its bottom.

Annwversary Address. 113

This rock is within an ancient British camp, and not far
from a. barrow, which covers the remains of some ancient
Briton, to whom the mysterious inscriptions had a definite
meaning. On this rock sixty figures are now traceable,
scattered over a rough, untrimmed surface sixty feet from
east to west, and in one part forty feet in breadth. After
the various forms were examined, Mr. Tate, standing on the
top of the rock, with the members seated on its slopes, read
a description of the stone, and of the camp ;—Sir Walter
Elliot followed, and expressed his view of the camps of the
district, which he regarded as the towns or villages of the
ancient inhabitants. Some of the members wandered down
the deep, narrow dene, extending for a short distance from
the linn—but though the Osmunda regalis formerly grew
there, not a single frond of this noble fern could be seen, so
ruthless have been the fern collectors.

After viewing the inscribed rocks on Dunter’s Moor, the
party returned to the Doddington and Horton Moors, and,
under the guidance of the Rev. W. Procter, jun., visited the
several sculptured rocks in their route. They passed by a
stone circle, of which five stones are remaining, two of them
standing upright in their original position, and the others
lying prostrate ; marking the burying place of some ancient
chieftain. Five camps, or rather fortified towns, are within
the district, the principal of which are the Ringses, of circular
form, on high ground, commanding an extensive view, and
defended by three great rampiers ; and two others on Dod
Law of a similar character, within all of which can be traced
hut circles, the remains of the dwellings of the people, who
have left their symbolic sculptures on the rocks around. The
party paused here to enjoy a magnificent view over the Muil-
field plain, bounded by the Cheviot and Hedgehope, Humble-
don, Yeavering, Flodden, and other sites of historic interest.
After a visit to Gled Law, where the largest and one of the
most remarkable sculptures is to be seen, consisting of two
great groups of concentric circles connected with each other,
one of them having three radial lines and eight concentric

114 Annwersary Address.

circles, with part of a ninth, and measuring forty-five inches
in diameter, the party returned by Cuddy’s Cove to Dod-
dington.

The dinner, which was served in the school room, and
supplied by the Red Lion Inn, Wooler, was abundant and
excellent. After the dinner was concluded, three new mem-
bers, the Revs. James Noble, Wm. Procter, jun., and E. B.
Trotter, were nominated ; the Rev. W. Procter, jun., read a
paper on the “ History of Doddington,” which will appear in
the proceedings of the Club; and Mr. G. Tate laid before the
meeting several sketches of sculptured rocks, and gave an
outline of a supplemental paper, which would contain an
account of sculptures discovered since 1862, and a notice of
the several attempts made to explain their age and meaning.
After glancing at the opinion of Professor Nillson, that Stone-
henge and the Northumbrian inscriptions were the work of
Pheenicians and sun-worshippers, he noticed the speculation
of the Rev. R. H. Vickers, who also connects these inscrip-
tions with sun-worship, and considers them to have been
derived from forms on debased ancient British coins, which
originally represented the head of Apollo, the Sun God,
copied from ancient Greek coins. He concluded by reading
a most interesting letter from the late Mr. H. Ormsby, of
the Indian Geological Survey, who, when in England, in
1868, was struck with the resemblance of some of the North-
umbrian sculptures to markings on rocks in Lower Bengal.
The district of Manbhoom, Chota, and Nagpore, are inhabited
by original tribes, called Coles, Hoes, Sonthals, &c., who
differ essentially in colour, language, habits, and religion
from the other nations surrounding them. ‘Their religion is
a sort of Fetishism, a worship of what they most fear or most
love. They venerate the sun, and the moon, running water,
the hills, and the trees, but they fear the elephant and the
tiger, and therefore worship them. ‘The hills are formed of
porphyritic gneiss, which rise abruptly from the plain to the
height of 100 to 200 feet; each hill is supposed to be the
residence of a deity, and they cut upon the rock a figure, with

Annwersary Address. 115

two concentric circles, forming a slightly raised and depressed
border around a flat-area, with the border produced from one
side of the circles in straight lines, and terminating in a
smaller circle, with a round hollow or cup, like those on the
Northumbrian stones. To propitiate the deity of the hill,
those aborigines place within the larger circle an offering of
sweetmeat, and in the cup a lighted stick to drive away
jackals from eating the offertory. Mr. Ormsby proposed to
make further inquiry into this usage, and to favour the Club
with the result, but he died soon after his return to India.

Sir Walter Elliot thought the communication of interest,
and said he would endeavour to induce some of his friends in
India to prosecute the inquiry. The Rev. J. 8. Green after-
wards spoke in favour of an explanation proposed some time
ago by the Rev. Francis Thompson, of Durham, that the
circular markings were sun-dials, whereby the shepherds
could tell the hour of the day.

The President, in proposing the customary toast, ‘* Success
to the Club,” begged to be allowed to transgress the
rules of the Society by joining with it the health of the
secretary, Mr. George Tate: He said “I am assured
that I only represent the unanimous feelings and senti-
ments of every member of the Club, when I express their
cordial thanks and deep gratitude for the zealous and inde-
fatigable exertions of their much-esteemed secretary. He
was the very decus et tutamen of the Club. By his ex-
tensive and intimate knowledge of, and research into, the
various branches of science and natural history, he shed
a lustre on its transactions, now so well known, and so
widely diffused, while he was ever ready and willing, with
the kindest courtesy and greatest ability, to illustrate and
explain the various objects and places of interest, which
they met with in their delightful rambles and field meetings,
and thereby afforded so much instruction and pleasure in
their social gatherings. In all the arrangements for the
working of the Club, in all its minor details and financial
affairs, which involve a great amount of trouble, he has

116 Anniversary Address.

shewn the most careful anxiety for its welfare; his whole
heart and mind have been in the work, and the result has
been a complete triumphant success. He was the friend and
companion of my early years, “‘ when the heart promised
what the fancy drew,” and it is a great pleasure to me to
have the opportunity of unloading my mind of a burden
which has long hung heavily upon it, of tendering from this
chair our unanimous and most cordial feelings of grateful
appreciation of the meritorious services of our honorary
secretary. Long may he live, for it will be a very difficult
thing to find his like again.” The Secretary responded in
most feeling terms, and felt assured that when his mantle
fell from his shoulders there would be many able and worthy
to put it on.

The fourth meeting of the Club was held at Whiteburn, on
August 25th, 1870, when there were present—the Rev. Geo.
Selby Thomson, president; Mr. G. Tate, secretary ; Dr. F.
Douglas, Dr. W. B. Robertson; Rev. M. H. Graham ;
Messrs. R. Romanis, J. Scott Dudgeon, Sholto Douglas,
James Wood, John Douglas, and M. Milne.

After breakfast a note from Lady John Scott was read,
dated Cawston, Rugby, Warwickshire, August 10.

“Lady John Scott presents her compliments to Mr. Tate.
She has written to her bailiff at Spottiswood to shew the
visitors all that can be seen, but she regrets, that most of the
antiquarian relics found in the neighbourhood are locked up ;
had she been at home, she should have been very glad to
have shewn them. Coming from Whiteburn, they will pass
near ‘ Clach Hairie,’ a cairn examined some years ago by Mr.
Spottiswood and Lady John, with very interesting and
- curious results. A great number of the short stone cists—a
beautiful urn, containing burnt bones, human, animal, and
of birds—sling stones, flints, and near it remains of hut
habitations. ‘ Hartlaw House,’ on a farm at Spottiswood,
was opened with similar, and even more, curious results,
but the accounts of each were read by Sir J. Simpson
and Dr. Stuart, at a meeting of the Antiquarian Society.

Annwersary Address. 117

The Twinlaw cairns, on the top of a hill, also on Spottis-
wood, were opened by Mr. Spottiswood, and in each a stone
cist was found, A cairn was also opened in a field at Spottis-
wood (Brotherfield), in which was a cist, an urn, and some
curious bronze weapons. Lady John regrets not being in
Scotland, but has written to desire that every attention
should be paid to the visitors in all ways. The curious
plants are few now. There used to be plenty of Trientalis,
Pyrola, Moonwort, Sundew, and of Gentian, but they have
all become scarce in Lady John’s recollection.”

Under the guidance of Mr. Milne, Lady John Scott’s bailiff,
the members proceeded first to a bog, occupying the site of
an ancient lake, near the Three Eyes of the Whiteburn.
A considerable portion of the peat was sometime ago re-
moved, and at the depth of three feet from the surface, a
number of small stems of trees were found in the peat, lying
parallel and horizontal, and were supposed to be the floor of
a lake dwelling, but the evidence for this did not seem suffi-
cient; for relics were not seen, nor were there any piles or
substructure to support a hut. The party then rambled
through the woods and gardens of Spottiswood, which are
laid out with much taste, and present many scenes of great
beauty ; and that is the more remarkable from their elevation,
being eight hundred feet above the sea level. The members
were conducted through Spottiswood House, which is a fine
specimen of modern Scottish architecture, and were shewn
several objects in art, natural history, and antiquity of con-
siderable interest. Before leaving the house the party were
hospitably entertained.

Harefaulds camp was next visited, situated on a high hill,
where the highly inclined Greywacke strata protrude through
the thin covering of sand. ‘Those members who recently saw
the excavations at Edin’s Hall viewed, with great interest,
this large camp or Ancient British oppidum or town ; for with-
in the thick wall enclosing the inner area, there are cells
similar to those in the wall of Edin’s Hall. The structure,

however, both of the wall and the cells is much ruder. There
P

118 Anniversary Address.

are some other important differences. Edin’s Hall stands
within a camp, and is only about ninety feet in internal
diameter, while the diameter of the area enclosed by the wall
at Harefaulds is above five hundred feet, and some of the
cells open into hut circles which come close to the wall. The
cells at Harefaulds are undoubtedly coeval with the camp ;
but it has been suggested that Edin’s Hall may be of later
date than the camp within which it stands. Perhaps, how-
ever, the occurrence of cells within the great wall of Hare-
faulds helps to fix the age of Edin’s Hall as coeval with the
camp of which it forms a part. Search was made for inscrip-
tions on the stones, and round hollows were observed on rocks
in situ near the entrance, but those appeared to be the work
of nature and not of art.

After dinner, Dr. F. Douglas read a note from Mr. A.
Jerdon, in which he says: “ I have gathered, this summer,
Fumaria micrantha in some abundance, in a corn field near
Jedburgh; also Carex limosa in Gattonside Moss. The
specimens of this were all small and somewhat starved, having
generally only one fertile catkin.”’

Dr. Douglas also showed a printed war bulletin from Staf-
ford, being the substance of an express that came to the hon.
committee of the Corn Exchange. The following is a copy :—

“GREAT NEWS
FROM THE DUKE OF CUMBERLAND’S ARMY
IN THE NORTH.
SrarrorD, Dxc. 4, 1745, Between 11 and 12.

The Rebels instead of Marching to give our Forces Battle, are
Part of them to the number of about three thousand gone to
Leeke. The remaining Part of the King’s Forces, that are in
this neighbourhood and Baggage with the Forces, returned to
Stafford last night, and are all hereabouts watching the motions
of the Rebels. I am apprehensive now it will be some time
before any of our Forces can come at them to give them Battle.
By all intelligence I can get, have no certain account where
General Wade is.”’

Afterwards Dr. Robertson submitted for examination a
silver coin, in good condition, of David II., of the Edinburgh
mintage, coined in the neighbourhood of Lauder. Besides

Annwersary Address. 119

the customary toasts, the President proposed the health of
Lady John Scott, which was drunk with all the honours ;
and thanks were voted for her liberality in allowing the
members to see the grounds and house of Spottiswood, and
for their hospitable reception at the mansion.

Sir Walter Elliot, K.C.S.I., and D. Milne Home, L.L.D.,
were appointed as Delegates to represent the Club at the
ensuing meeting of the British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science; and thus ended a day, which, though at
first threatening, proved most pleasant, enjoyable, and full of
interest to the membets present.

I would, with all deference, draw your attention to some
works by members of the Club, locally connected with the
district, which contain most valuable and instructive informa-
tion, and are the results of great labour and research. I
would refer especially to the very able chapters on Natural
History and Geology in the History of Alnwick by our
worthy secretary, Mr. Tate, which must have cost him many
years of toil, and accurate enquiry ; and to Mr. Milne Home’s
learned and interesting papers on the Boulder Clay of Europe,
in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

We have to deplore the loss of four members, who have
been removed from amongst us by the stroke of death during
the past year :—Sir James Y. Simpson, Bart., M.D., became
a member of the Club in 1862, and died May 6, 1870. He
enjoyed a world-wide reputation, and contributed vastly to
alleviate the sufferings and sorrows of humanity by the dis-
covery of chloroform. James Falla, M.D., of Jedburgh,
entered September 25, 1862, and died in December, 1869.
Patrick Johnston, entered July 26, 1866, and died Febru-
ary 26, 1870. The Rev. J. Dixon Clark, of Belford Hall,
entered December 15, 1840, was president in 1845, always
took a lively interest in the proceedings of the Club, and as
long as he was in good health, attended most of the meetings ;
he died in September, 1870.

T have trespassed so long on your attention, that I will
only say a few words in conclusion. In all our delightful

120 Anniversary Address.

rambles over hill and dale, over mountain and moor, in all
our charming intercourse with each other in social brotherly
kindness, one thought has ever come over me, how much,
how infinitely much, Nature’s God, our loving Father, has
given us to enjoy in this bright world of ours; how much
reason we have to say in the deep emotion and solemn fervour
of our hearts, “ God is love.”? He has brought us into a
world full of beauty and loveliness, and He has given us
senses duly fitted to relish and enjoy it. He has given us the
eye, with its exquisitely delicate mechanism, to revel with
pleasure in beholding the fairy forms, the glorious colouring,
the fine proportions of animate and inanimate creation—in
viewing landscapes and scenes, which make the heart dance
with joy—the quiet beauty which sleeps in the sequestered
glen, or the bold grandeur which towers in the majestic
mountain ; and when we turn the eye to the starry heavens,
what brightness and glory meet its gaze, to charm, to
astonish, and to sink into the inmost soul with the deepest
and most earnest adoration of the power, the wisdom, the
goodness of the Maker. He has given us the ear, to drink in
the rich melody of sweet sounds, the simple, cheering,
gladdening music of the woods and groves, the gentle purling
of the limpid stream ; and to enjoy enlightening converse and
friendly communion, one with another. He has given us the
hand, to follow the motions of the will and to obey the com-
mands of thought, to execute marvellous works of art and
science, which give such pleasure to the mind which planned
them. He has given us the bright lamp of reason, to examine
into the nature and causes of things, to make inventions and
discoveries, to discriminate between right and wrong, and un-
fold to us the subtle and intricate workings of the mind itself.

These are Thy glorious works, Parent of good,
Almighty! Thine this universal frame,

Thus wondrous fair; Thyself how wondrous then!
Unspeakable, who sitt’st above these heavens,

To us invisible, or dimly seen

In these Thy lowest works; yet these declare

Thy goodness beyond thought, and power divine.

121

Find of Groats at Embleton, in Northumberland, ranging
Jrom Edward III, to Edward IV. By W. H. Dyer
LoNGsTAFFE.

In the York museum a drawer contains the coins found
in the tomb of Archbishop Scrope, a local traitor, martyr,
and saint, ‘‘ or some or one of them,” as lawyers say. He
was beheaded in 1405, and those coins, in cotemporaneous or
subsequent circulation, range back to the reign of Edward I.
That same Edward died about a century previously, to wit,
in 1307. His coins are much worn, as might be expected,
but indeed none of the pieces in that singular find are in
good condition.

Another little bit of evidence as to the duration and state
of circulation has just occurred.

Embleton churchyard, on its eastern side, has some three
feet of soil on a bed of rock. At two feet from the surface, in
that part of the cemetery, on a bed of sand, surrounded by
three stones and hard soil, three rows of groats, and groats
only, set edge-up, have been discovered. ‘There were two
rows at the bottom, and there was one row above them. The
coins number 94. There is not what a London collector, or
dealer, would call a good coin, among them. But to numis-
matists, this little find, as a find, is not devoid of interest.

The coins commence with the common types of Edward
IIl.’s groats, and end with No. 6 of Hawkins’s types of
Edward IV.’s light groats. Edward III. commenced to coin
groats in 1351. Edward IV. reduced the weight of the coin-
age in 1464. So that, as we saw by the Scrope tomb, the
hammered coins of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
continued in use for upwards of a century.

Let me say something in this place about each end of the
series. Edward III.’s groats are clipped and rubbed enough,
and, on the whole, the impressions of Henry VI.’s are
sharpest. Yet, with all the clipping, which could hardly be
dishonest when it was only intended to bring ancient coins
to the weight of the reduced ones of later days ;—with all
the clipping, some of the groats of Edward III. outweigh many
of those of the Henries, and are within a couple of grains of
the heaviest one of Edward IV.; while the last coin of the
deposit, Hawkins’s No. 6, as aforesaid, is in such a plight
that I can positively balance some of my half-groats of Edward
Ill. with it. It is, 1 think, the lightest of the whole lot.

122 Mr. Longstaffe on Groats found at Embleton.

For reasons, which will be obvious on a perusal of my
description of this coin in the list appended, it must be one
of the very earliest of Edward 1V.’s light coins. The probable
date and circumstances of the deposit having their interest,
and local events suggesting a time during the heavy coinage
of Edward IV., I considered the possibility of locating the
type during that time, for I knew not the state of the
coins quoted by Hawkins. But, taking a groat of Henry
VI.’s rosette coinage which had weighed sixty grains when
struck, clipped,.as this of Edward IV.’s., which had weighed
forty-eight grains, closely to the second circle, so closely that
the outer legends of neither coin can be read, I find a difference
of six grains between them. ‘This is what we ought to have,
or thereabouts. Perfect groats of the two coinages differ by
twelve grains, and the wretched specimens I compared, no
better than good half-groats of the great Edward, may very
well differ by half that weight, or so. Taking also one of
Edward IV.’s heavy groats in almost as bad a state, I find a
difference of ten grains.

From this, I conclude that the groat, in question, was in-
disputably. coined after the indenture of 13th August, 4
Edward IV., 1464, establishing the change of weight, which
was followed up by a proclamation of 29th September, in the
same year. And I conclude further that we are not likely to
obtain any probable clue to the causes of the burial of the
coins. 1 will not speak of the reasonableness of supposing
that some little time ought to have elapsed, even in North-
umberland, so near the land of light coin, for bringing light
King Edward’s money, of forty-eight grains, down to thirty-
seven (that is the weight). One might assume that some
villain had pruned the edges of our depositor’s last acquisition
a few days after its issue. But the coin is otherwise ina
bad state. Had it not been for these circumstances, I should,
at once, have adopted the happy suggestion of the Vicar of
Embleton, that the coins were buried for safety during the
events at Dunstanburgh Castle (in the parish of Embleton),
which arose out of the Wars of the Roses. The details of
these need not be stated here. The matter was ended by the
execution of Sir Ralph Grey, in July, 1464, and Dunstan-
burgh Castle had been delivered to Edward, the month before,
in sufficient time to allow the king-maker to keep St. John’s
day there. Now, the new coinage, which must have pre-
ceded the burial of the groats in consideration, could not be

Mr. Longstaffe on Groats found at Embleton. 123

in existence before 15th August, in the same year.

Abandoning, therefore, all hope of retrieving the dead story
of that burial, I shall only add a few remarks on their inde-
pendent interest.

Their centurial range, as to duration of circulation, has
already been mentioned, but their respective dates are note-
worthy. It is plain that some coinages were more dispersed
over the country, and, I suppose, were much more extensive,
even at London, than others. The uncommon coins of
Richard If. and the really scarce ones of Henry IV. are not
represented at all. I thought, at first sight, that we had a
single specimen of Richard, but it turned out to be one of his
predecessor’s later coins. Still it has its interest. How is it
that Edward’s previous coinages (save his earliest and rarest,
which does not occur,) are so overwhelming in numbers ?
Henry V. is decently represented. The great annulet coinage
comes out in force, as usual; so does the mint of Calais, for the
succeeding period. Then we come to the unsatisfactory coins
of Henry VI.’s unhappy times, poor in execution, and as
numerous and perplexing in types (two coins seldom being
alike) as Charles I.’s. _ Lastly, we have three of Edward
IV., only one of which is in tolerable preservation.

I will now proceed to enumerate the coins with a minute-
ness which the difficulty which has been felt as to the
marshalling of the coins of the Henries may, perhaps, justify.
The details must, of course, be regarded as merely supple-
mental to the ordinary books on the subject ; and the view of
Pownall, Neck, and myself, (heretics all, as to English nu-
mismatics,) on the grand question, will be found in recent
numbers of the Numismatic Chronicle.

EDWARD III.
French and Trish titles.

The following groats are in a worn, clipped, and miserable
state. None of them are of the early coinage with the Roman M

in the outer margin.
Number
of
Coins
, found.
1.—Cusps above crown fleured. The old c without the line
uniting the points retained. The A in LONDON CIVITAS
crossed. : 3

2.—Same, but with blundered reading crot-ras, It has been

124 Mr. Longstaffe on Groats found at Embleton.

supposed that the quarters of pennies may have been

punched with three letters at once, and thus we have

such blunders as cANn-Tas, for can-TorR, but this groat

shows that such cannot have been the case with groats. 1
38.—Same, but no blunder. The Irish title has HyBE, and

the final members of the fleured cusps form knobs of

the crown. The same is perhaps the case with No. 2. 1
4.—No fleurs above crown. LonpDon crviTas. Three varieties.

a. With the old a and c retained asin theabovecoins 3

6. With the new aandc .

c. Same, but with a fleur de lis on the King’s s breast 2-14
5.—Same as 4 8, but EBORACI CIVITAS. 1
6.—crvi1ras LonDon. Something like a dot among the pellets

under orvi, and SPEER an annulet among them

under LON. : : .

Irish and gene idles

7.—Double annulets between words on obverse. Fleured
cusps above crown. LONDON CIVITAS. . : an |

22

_ No coins of Richard II. and Henry IV.
HENRY V.

8.—No fleurs on cusps above crown. No star on breast.
Head resembling that on early half-groats. Nothing
after Posvi, but a small Baroy in the next ee
before DEVM.

9. —posvi—quatrefoil. Star on left breast. Allread anor, 4

10.—Same, but FRANCE instead of FRANC. . : ae

6

———

HENRY V.—VI.
Annulet coinage. Calais mint.

11.—Henry Y.’s head. Cusp on breast fleured. ANGLIE.
Annulets, as if broken, on the dexter side, but the coin
is partly double-struck, and in a poor state. eel
12.—Same. Annulets perfect. ; 7
13.—Same. antiz. The condition does not ‘allow me to say
whether there is a fleur on the cusp under the breast. 1
14.—Same. ANncGLIE. But no fleur on that cusp, and breasts

more like Henry VI.’s : - : aa
15.—Same. ANGL. : ~ A
16.—Same, but with heavy head of Henry VL : . 36

28

Mr. Longstaffe on Groats found at Embleton.
HENRY VI.

Rosette coinage. Calais mint.

17.—No rosettes or mascles on obverse. Reverse, PosvI rosette,
VIL open mascle, and CALISIE rosette. . : -

18.—HENRIC’ rosette, GRA open mascle. :

19.—HENRIO’ rosette, DI’ rosette, GRA rosette, REX close masele.

20.—Cross patonce introduced as mint-mark. The mascle
after REX is open. , : é

Transition.

21.—Reverse same. Obverse with cross patonce as mm.
HENRIC’ stalked cone, D1 stalked cone, GRA stalked cone.
REX close mascle, &c. . - :

Stalked-cone coinage.

22.—Same obverse, but the mascleis open. Reverse Posvi
stalked cone, CIVITAS open mascle, LONDON stalked cone.
23.—Same type, Vie open mascle CALISIE stalked cone.

Late coinages at London.

a. Without dots at the sides of the crown, and without
fleur on the cusp under the breast.

24.—Obverse. Cross patonce HENRIC’ trefoil Di’ trefoil GRA trefoil.
Trefoil on each side of neck. Stalked cone on breast.
Reverse. Cross posv1.—Stalked cone LONDON trefoil.
25.—Obverse. Cross patonce HENRIC’. Di’. GRA’. REX: ANGL’. Z.
FRAN. ‘Trefoil on each side of neck, and stalked cone
on breast.
Reverse. Sawe, but nothing before or after Posy and
Loypon. A dot outside the pellets under crvi and Lon.
26.—Obverse. Cross HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX open mascl? ANGL.
Z. FRANC. Something like an ermine spot under the
breast.
Reverse. Cross patonce PosvI.—LoN : DON—No dots
among pellets

b. With dots at sides of crown, and oe on the cusps
under the breast. Nothing in the CIVITAS LONDON circle
except where indicated.

a7. —Obverse. Cross patonce HENRIC open masele DI GRA open
mascle, REX, &c. Small saltire on neck.
Reverse. Nothing before or after posvi. No dots near
pellets. . : . : > :
28.—Obverse. Cross patonce HENRIC close mascle DI GRA open
mascle EX [ sic | ANGLI. Z FRANC.—Small saltire on neck.
Reverse. Posvi mullet.mDot outside of pellets under
CIVI and LON. : :
Q

125

= A pe

126 Mr. Longstaffe on Groats found at Embleton.

29.—Obverse. Cross patonce HENRIC. DI GRA: KEX ANGLI. Z.

FRANC.—Leaf on neck.

Reverse. Posvi pierced mullet.—Dot outside of pellets

under TAS and Don. : : . 5 :

30.—Obverse. Same.

Reverse. LON: DON.

This coin has the outer circle almost completely cut off,
but there is room for a mark after posvi. ‘The stops
in LON: DON are little crosses, like those in some
groats of Henry VII., not small quatrefoils or saltires.
The object on the breast is stalked, and may be a

cone. : : 1
31.—Obverse. Same.
Reverse. Dot under pon only. No other marks. No
stops in CIVITAS LONDON. : : : el
32.—Obverse. Legend same. Leaf on breast instead of on
the neck. A small saltire at each side of the neck.
Reverse. Same as last. : ; : ak
33.—Obverse. Legend same. Fleur-de-lison neck. Nothing
at each side of neck.
Reverse. pon:—Dots outside of pellets, under TAs and
DON. : : : . : : 1
34.—Obverse. No mint mark. Nothing on neck.
Reverse. No marks whatever. Much clipped. 5 |
31

EDWARD IV.
Heavy Coinage.

35.—Obverse. As 33, with change of name.

Reverse. Small saltire before posvi. No dots near
pellets. 3 : . : : :

36.—MM. Rose on both sides. No dots. No marks in
CIVITAS LONDON. The termination of the cusp under
the breast is one of the small trefoils which are frequent
on all the cusps of the light groats. Quatrefoil on each
side ofneck. . ‘ ae ‘ : ad

Light Coinage.

37.—A poor specimen of Hawkins’s No. 6.. The mm. given
by him is a rose. The cusp on the breast seems to
have a fleur of the old character, and the crown re-
sembles that of the heavy groats. Annulet at each
side of neck. Open lozenge enclosing a dot after crvrTAs.
This coin is so much cut down that it barely outweighs
my specimens of the half-groats of Edward III. a

3

Mr. Oliver’s Notes on Natural History. 127
DOUBTFUL COINS.

All miserably covered with green incrustation.

38.—Of the old weight 1
39.—New weight in its present state, but with old crown.
Quatrefoil on each side of neck. 1
40.—Groat of one of the kings of Scotland, named James 1
41.—Another é : ; 1
4
SUMMARY.
Epwarp III. - - - - 22
Henry VV. - = : = se 6
Henry V. VI. - - - - 28
Henry VI. - = = 2 Sahai
Epwarp IV. - - - = 3
DovsrruL - - - < - 4

Notes on Natural History, by Wit11am Ottiver, of
Langraw. Read by Sir Water E.Liort.

Forty years ago a starling was rarely seen in this neigh-
bourhood except in flocks in autumn, when they appeared to
be passing to the south. Now, they are not uncommon, and
build in hollow trees, unused chimneys, and the roofs of such
houses as afford them secure places for their nests.

I have not seen or heard a lark in my fields this season,
or, so far as I can recollect, for years. When I was a boy
they were in such numbers that, in spring, their song scarcely
ceased from daybreak till night. At the time when they
were so abundant it was noticed that the crane-fly [ Zipula ?]
or daddy-long-legs abounded to such an extent that a person
walking through the grass was accompanied by a constant
cloud of them; now, one may go out and not see any. Can
the lark and the crane-fly have bearing upon one another?
The farm at the time was cultivated very much as it is at
present, though possibly the sorts of grasses produced may
have been altered by artificial manures which are now applied

128 My. Oliver’s Notes on Natural History.

in addition, be it remembered, to the manure then, and
still, raised on the farm.

Is it not possible that the ravages of wireworm, and of
some other insects, may have been increased by our destruc-
tion of moles? We have got nearly rid of moles, and the
ravages of wireworm seem to increase. The mole is well
known to be a voracious feeder, and when in large numbers
must have destroyed a great quantity of worms, insects, &c.
The rook, no doubt, will come in for a share of what the
mole took; and thrushes and blackbirds have certainly in-
creased largely in numbers, in this district, since it has be-
come so much more covered with wood than it was. At one
time I had a cherry tree which afforded fruit sufficient for all
our wants, as well as for those of our feathered friends, who,
however, eventually became so numerous that they not only
did not leave us any cherries, but even pulled them all before
they were ripe ; and not only that, but by the time the cherry
raid was over, the gooseberries were so far ready as to render
it needless for the birds to gc elsewhere. Other small birds,
chiefly the chaffinch I think, have grown more numerous,
and this may be keeping up a balance.

It was always considered in my young days that the red
grouse never fed on corn, but if that was true I believe that
it is so no longer, and that the bird does now feed on oats.
There is an old saying, the terms of which I have forgotten,
in which the grouse either lauds himself or is lauded on ac-
count of his feathered legs and hardihood, making him inde-
pendent of corn and cultivated fields.

Partridges now feed on turnips—Swedes principally—
during hard weather in winter. I first noticed that they did
so about ten years ago.

About forty years ago a pair of ravens built yearly on an
inaccessible part of the rock on the top of Ruberslaw, and the
bird was not uncommon on the Border hills.

Humble bees are much fewer than they were, and one sort
seems to have disappeared altogether, viz., a black bee with
a crimson hind end, and which had its nest in the earth like
the common bee. There still remain a very few of a brown
bee (the foggy) which makes its nest on the surface some-
what like the nest of a mouse, and I am sure that forty years
ago twenty such nests might have been found in one small
bog here. So numerous and troublesome were they that it
was with difficulty the grass could be mown for them.

129

story of the Wolf in Scotland. A Supplement. By
James Harpy.

In my “ History of the Wolf in Scotland,’ I gave such
local traditions of the existence of that animal as a native, as
I could find on record. Some others, which I now bring
under notice, supply further details. The first is nearly in
the simple language of the old Highlander, from whom I
took it down.

A boy travelling through the wild country between In-
vernessshire and Argyle, at the head of Glencoe, lost himself
in the moors, in a misty day. At the last he came to a shed
or hut, and ventured into it, and there was a bit loft or nest
in it where straw was laid, and a bit ladder to go up. He
goes up the ladder and rolls himself up amongst the straw,
and keeps his eye on what was below. In time, there came
a great big fellow—who, he understood, was a robber—who
struck a light to kindle a fire, and was seen to have plenty of
venison, of which he made ready his supper. He then
stretched himself “ on the breid o’ his back” and fell asleep.
In time, an animal, that the boy took for a big dog, pushed
into the hut, and though the fire was still ‘‘ open”’ he saw the
beast’s eyes glancing in the light. It stood a while, and then
came stealing up to the big man’s feet, and slipped along
till it reached his neck; when, in a moment, it laid hold of,
and rove at his throat, throwing itself at the same time on to
his breast. The man gripped it also, and fought with it, but
he could not rise, and it was all over with him, and the great
dog “‘sookit his bluid.”” It then looked up to the loft, and
the boy was terrified lest it should come up and worry him
also. But it got out at the door, and set up “ two or three
great gowls,” and he “ saw it no more that night.” In the
morning the mist had scattered, and the boy afraid to be
beside a dead man, took to his heels. In escaping he met
“the herd,” to whom he told what he had seen. He then
returned to his home and advised his father of what had-
happened. “Oh! you silly fool,” cries the father, ‘‘ what a
prize is lost, it would make you and me right all the days of
our lives.” But when they went back to search the robber’s
pockets, there was not a copper left. Not long after “ the
herd ” took a farm, and became wealthy. But now for the
wolf (for such it was); the country was roused, and they
tracked him with dogs through the Deil’s Stairs (the Devil’s

ny

130 Mr. Hardy on the Wolf in Scotland.

Staircase in Argyle, on the borders of Invernessshire) and
over the “ Speckled Mountains,” and found, and slew him,
and there never was a wolf in Scotland more. The narrator
also gave me these bits of traveller’s lore. Wolves, he said,
are the best of companions (they don’t hurt one, he meant,)
walking alongside, if you let them alone, and are not sus-
picious of them ; but if you lose confidence they will seize
you instantly. If a pack of wolves come on you, and you
carry a stick, if you trail the stick behind you, they will all
turn tail and flee. This is worth knowing—if true.

**'There are two races of McDonalds in Braemar,” says
Miss Taylor, ‘‘ each with its own distinctive legend. One
of them states that a little boy of the name of McDonald
was carried away by a wolf from Glen Cluny ;—wolves being
at that time very plentiful. After carrying him off, the wolf
did not destroy him, but treated him, instead, as one of her
own cubs. So he grew up a veritable wild man of the woods,
and not unfrequently joined the wolves in their predatory
expeditions. With such companionship and designs he often
visited the house of his mother, and was hounded off by the
dogs. By some means it was discovered who he was; and
his relations, having traced him out to his lair, succeeded in
communicating the circumstances of his birth and abduction.
They prevailed on him also to leave his sylvan life, and settle
down in asomewhat tamer manner. He never would return
to his mother, however, being apparently unable to get over
the fact that she had hounded him off with dogs; and he
often reproached her, it is said, in some Gaelic rhyme, which
is a little too coarse for translation, He married at length,
and from him proceeded the race known as the ‘ Sliochd a’
Mhadaidh Alluidh,’ z.e. ‘the Race of the Wolf.’ ’’*

“Between Brabster and Freswick, in Caithness, at a
hollow called Wolfs-burn, there is a tradition that the last
wolf in the country was killed.”+ Dr. Robert Brown, who
called my attention to this passage, has also informed me,
that in connection with a tradition of great woods having
once existed in Caithnessshire (as indeed the endless re-
mains in the bogs abundantly prove) ;—that those in the
vicinity of Wick were said to have been cut down by the en-
raged inhabitants, on account of their harbouring wolves.

* “Tales and Traditions of the Braemar Highlands,” p. 71, 110, 111.
t “New Statist, Acc. of Scotland,” vol. xv., p. 24

13]

Notes on Chapel at Abbey St. Bathans, by Joan TuRNBULL,
Abbey St. Bathans. June, 1870.

A FIELD, about quarter-of-a-mile from the church and
ancient priory of Abbey St. Bathans, has always been known
by the name of “The Chapel Field.” Sir John Sinclair’s
Statistical account says—‘‘ About a quarter-of-a-mile from the
nunnery, on the same side of the water, lie the foundations
of a small chapel and yard holding that name, but there are
no marks of people having buried in it.” And the later
Statistical account adds—“ 'These foundations have now been
removed, on account of the obstruction they presented to the
operations of agriculture, but the field that contained them is
still called the Chapel Field.”

No person, now alive, recollects the ruins. From time to
time, however, in ploughing the field, stones have been turned
up, which apparently had formed part of the building, and
thus the site of the chapel was pretty nearly ascertained, but
it was only in the course of draining the field this summer
that the foundations were discovered, and they have been
fully traced, and are now exposed. The building is rectangu-
lar, forty-six feet six inches in length externally, and thirty-
eight feet internally, twenty-one feet in breadth externally,
and fifteen feet six inches internally. The north wall is
three feet thick, the east and south walls are about three feet
six inches thick, and the west wall is five feet thick. The
door has probably been in the middle of the west end, but
partly from nothing except the foundations remaining, and
partly from a drain haying been cut through it before the
nature of the building was known, no trace of a door can
now be found. In the southern half of this west end wall
there is apparently a passage one foot eight inches broad and
about six feet long, entering probably from the doorway, but
it is difficult to see what could be the object of it, unless it
might lead to the stair of a belfry. On the south side, near the
west end, is a window three feet seven inches wide externally,
the sides of it being formed of free stone, well but roughly
dressed ; only two courses of these stones and the window-sill
remain. ‘The sill must have been on the level of the ground.
Lime has been used in the erection of this window, but it seems
doubtful if the other parts of the structure have been so built.
The east end has been contracted by a two feet wall in each
corner, so as to form a small chancel ten feet wide by four

132 =Mr. Turnbull on Chapel at Abbey St. Bathans.

feet six inches deep. In front of this chancel is a flat grave
stone, five feet ten inches long, one foot eight inches broad
at the head, or west end, and one foot five inches at the foot,
or east end. A bevel of about one-and-a-half inches has been
cut on the edges. This grave stone differs im shape from
most, if not all, others in this immediate district, which, so
far as I recollect, are always rectangular. There is no in-
scription or sculpture on it. It is well dressed, but the tool
marks on it are apparently those of a pick, not of a flat chisel.
In the building were found a few dressed stones for lintels,
and a good many pieces of what probably has been a font
about two feet in diameter. Some pieces of oak and large
iron nails have also been found ; the wood is much decayed
on the outside, but the heart of it is sound and hard.

About thirty-five yards north-west of the building there
was found a stone coffin. It must have been a good deal
broken when it was deposited where it was recently found,
and, unfortunately, it was very much broken by the man who
dug it up, and who called out to another workman to come
and see what fine freestone rock he was hewing through.
The coffin is one of those cut out of a single stone,-and in
which the form of the head and shoulders is preserved, but
the greatest depth of the hollow is now hardly six inches, the
upper edge having been broken away, although not recently.
It is very coarsely “ scabbled”’ witha pick. This coffin was
found turned up-side down, and on it another coffin was
formed by flat stones being set up on edge. No remains
were found in either of them. The direction in which it lay
was nearly N.W.and 8.E. In the same part of the field was
found a stone whorl, an inch and three-quarters in diameter,
flat on one side but rounded on the other, and the rounded
surface ornamented with circular grooves cut in it. Whorls
of this shape are, I believe, understood to have been fixed on
the end of the spindle to prevent the thread, wound on it,
from slipping off. There was also found an instrument of
lead six-and-a-quarter inches long, four-tenths of an inch
thick at the thickest part, terminating in a point at one end,
and in two pointed prongs at the other end. These prongs
are about two-and-a-quarter inches long. It has been sug-
gested that this 1s an instrument on which votive candles have
been stuck to be burned.

The Statistical account says—“ Besides the church and
priory of St. Bathans, a chapel was founded in this parish, but

Mr. Tate on Stature, &c., of Northumbrians. 133

by whom, or at what time, does not appear.” I have lately
made some little investigation, but as yet, with no better
success than the author of that account had met with.

On the Stature, Bulk, and Colour of the Eyes and Hair of
natiwe Northumbrians. By GrorceE Tate, F.G.S., &e.

Dr. John Beddoe, president of the Anthropological Society,
who had been long investigating the physical characters of
Man in the British Islands, applied to me to procure informa-
tion regarding the height, the weight, and the colour of the
eyes and of the hair of the natives of Northumberland. For
this purpose, I obtained returns of the Northumberland
Militia, and of the Volunteer Corps in the northern part of
the county.* In Dr. Beddoe’s recently published valuable
memoir “On the Stature and Bulk of Man in the British
Islands’ use has been made of this information ; but as the
facts gathered are of local interest, and furnish reliable
materials for estimating the physical characters of Northum-
brians, I have carefully analysed these returns; and I now
lay the results before the Club as a contribution to an im-
portant section of Natural History, which has not, hitherto,
been treated of in our proceedings.

The several returns include a total of 996 men—441 being
in the Militia, 428 in the Percy Artillery Volunteers, and
127 in the Rifle Volunteers ; but striking off 80 men not be-
longing to the county, we have left 916 natives of North-
umberland. The generalised results appear in table A, on
the following page.

In this table the militiamen are from the age of 23 to 50
years; but several both younger and older than these ex-
tremes are included among the volunteers. As, however, the
colour of the eyes and hair does not alter much within the
youngest and oldest ages in these returns, the whole is given,
as affording fuller materials for forming an opinion of the
prevailing complexion of native Northumbrians.

* Tam indebted to Major Holland for information regarding the Percy
Volunteer Artillery Corps; to Captain Robt. Douglas for the Berwick Rifles ;
to Sergt.-Major Treble for Belford, Wooler, &c., Rifles; to Mr Blair for the
Alnwick and Morpeth Rifles; and to Sergeant O’ Flynn for the Militia.

R

TABLE A. NATIVES OF NORTHUMBERLAND.

In this, and in the other tables, the height is given in feet, inches, and decimals of an inch; and the weight in pounds and

decimals of a pound. The height is without shoes and stockings, and the weight without clothes.

CoLovuR oF THE Eyzs, CoLouR OF THE HAIR.

No
* |Average|Average|Average

CORPS. | of | Age. |Height.| Weight| ao =
or | Dark|?7°Y"| Light! Dark Light Dark | Light Red 5
very |brown es brown| blue. | B@e-| pine, | Stey-| Black) Dark.| own Ibrown|22°Y|prown| Red. | Fair. | Grey.
dark, A

Years.|ft. in.| Ibs.
Militia | 390| 26.95 |5 6:30 1 4/ 91} —| —]| 839 | — | 256 5] —| 81) 54 | 286 1 9 4 i

Artillery 404 | 29.10 |5 8:20) 159°5] 74] 12) 62 5 9|133 | 17 | 92] 36} 40] 82] 52)104] 20 3 | 66 4

Rifles ..) 122 | 29.56 |5 9:00} 158°5

Mr. Tate on Stature, &c., of Northumbrians.

916 | 28:20 |5 7:50

134

Mr. Tate on Stature, &c., of Northumbrians. 1385

Dr. Beddoe, and other anthropologists, considering the age
of 23 years as the period when the human frame generally
attains its full development, and the age of 50 years as the
period when it begins to decline, have fixed on these limits
within which to estimate the stature and bulk of man.
Eliminating, therefore, from our returns all below 23 and all
above 50 years of age, we have left of native Northumbrians

$90 militiamen and 400 volunteers, yielding the results given
in table B.

Table B. Northumbrians from 23 to 50 years of age.

No. of Average Average
CORPS. Mon. Height. Weight.
5.) im; lbs,
Militia - - - - 390 5 6:30
Artillery Volunteers - 293 5 9:10 163°1
Rifle Vclunteers - - 107 5 9:00 160:2

isi ieie)fajsisieisl® 5 7°56 162°3

From this table we may form an estimate of the stature of
native Northumbrians. There is a marked difference between
the militiamen and the volunteers; the latter being very
nearly 22 inches taller than the former. Neither, by them-
selves, would, however, yield a fair average. There are few
short men in the volunteers—only six below dft. 6in. in
height ; while, on the other hand, the militiamen belong
chiefly to Newcastle, and the other large towns on the Tyne,
where they have been reared under conditions unfavourable
to physical development. Few, in that regiment, now are
taken from the rural districts; and these few, it will be
observed, from table C, have a better physique than the
urban population. Formerly, the Northumberland militia
was, to a great extent, formed of the peasantry who lived in
the open country ; and at the termination of the war in 1815,
it was one of the finest bodies of men in the service; and
when ranged in line stood on more ground, from the breadth
of the men across the shoulders, than any other regiment.
Employment now, however, is abundant in the rural districts,
and wages are high, and hence few countrymen can be
tempted to enter the militia, which is now chiefly filled by
the lighter and shorter men from the large towns on Tyneside.

136 Mr. Tate on Stature, &c., of Northumbrians.

By taking into account the returns both of the militia and
volunteers we may, with some confidence, conclude that the
average stature of native Northumbrians is fully ft. 74in. ;
and this accords with Dr. Beddoe’s estimate of the average
height of Scotsmen, which is nearly an inch higher than that
of Englishmen,—-the former being oft. 74in. and the latter
d5ft. 62in. The average height, in 1860, of British recruits
was oft. 61in.; of the French army, dft. 52in.; and of the
Belgian army, dft. 6iin.; but the recruits in New England
North West States, in America, almost rivalled our volunteers
in stature, for they reached the average height of 5ft. 84in.
If, however, we confine ourselves to North Northumbrians,
their average height cannot be estimated at less than 5ft. 8in.

Of the bulk of Northumbrians we cannot form an exact
judgment, as we have no returns of the weight of the militia-
men. The volunteers yield an average weight of 162°3 lbs.,
which exceeds the averages both of England and Scotland ;
Dr. Beddoe estimating the former at 145 lbs. and the latter at
155 lb. Probably the bulk of Northumbrians is about that
of Scotsmen.

Some peculiarities in different districts, and in some cases
the difference between the militia and volunteers, are shewn
in the following table C.

Table C of the Height and Weight of Northumbrians in
particular districts of the County.

No. of | Average | Average

Names or Praces anv Districts, Mp Hdiehi, | Aeron:
ft. in. lbs.
1. Newcastle, Gateshead, & Shields Militia | 323 5 611
= Artillery Volunteers - - 14 5 7:64 157°70
2. Morpeth, Militia and Volunteers - 26 5 8°60
3. Alnwick, Militia - - - - 24 5 7:00
4, 56 Volunteers - - 72 5 9:10} 162-00
Total, 3 and 4 - -| - 96 5 8:57
5. Rothbury and Thropton Volunteers 28 5 8:86 159°46
6. North-Eastern Northumberland, from
Amble to North Sunderland, Volun- E
teers - - - =}. 241 5 9°41 166°70
7. Belford, Chatton, Wooler, &c., Volunteer
Rifles - - - - 49 5 9:30 161:00
8. Belford, &c., Volunteer Artillery - 52 5 8°65 153°21
Total, 7 and 8 - -| 101 5 8-96 157:00
9. Berwick, Militia - - - 21 5 7:00
10. ,, Volunteer Rifles - - 20 5 8:25 152°2
Total, 9 and 10 - 41 5 7°60
11. Rennington, Volunteer Artillery - 15 5 9:80 | 168°00
12. Boulmer, a fishing village, Volunteers 26 5 8:74 16600

My. Tate on Stature, &c., of Northumbrians. 137

1t will be seen that the natives of the northern districts
are taller and bulkier than those of the southern. The militia-
men of Newcastle are only dft. 6-1lin. high, while those of
Alnwick and Berwick reach 5ft. Tin. We have but few
returns of volunteers from the south; but those few yield
an average of 5ft. 7°64in., which is nearly 14 inches below
that of the north. In some districts the men are very large—
those along the coast from Alnmouth to North Sunderland
are Oft. 9°41lin. in stature, with a weight of 1664 lbs, being
about 3 inches taller and 21 lbs. heavier than the average
of all England. At Rennington, a village four miles north-
east of Alnwick, the men average Oft. 9°8in. in height and
168 lbs. in weight.

Returning again to Table A, we find grey the predominat-
ing colour of the eyes, forming a little more than ¢ (or -42)
of the whole ; blue occurs in more than a } (‘27) but it pre-
vails more in the north than in the south ; brown appears in
a little more than ¢ (-22); but of black, or very dark eyes,
the proportion is only about +; or ('088).

Of hair, brown everywhere is the prevailing colour, form-
ing nearly 2 (‘74) of the whole; black and very dark colour
yield only vo (11); fair or light hair occurs seldomer than
was expected, and chiefly in the northern district, the pro-
portion being 1z (85); and of red and red brown there is
only zs (05).

Dr. Beddoe remarks that, “in most parts of Britain, the
average stature of fair-haired is higher than that of dark-
haired men; but in several districts the men who combine
light eyes with dark hair carry off the palm.” I have tested
our returns to see what light they throw on the question ;
and I find that out of 63 of the tallest Northumbrians of the
height of oft. 10in. and upwards, nearly one half (-48) had
blue eyes and brown hair, while those, with dark eyes and
dark hair were only + (14) of the whole. Light brown and
fair hair formed about 4 (°3).

In the following Table D, both voluuteers and militiamen
are arranged according to occupations, and the average
height of the militiamen and the average height and weight
of the volunteers are given, so that we may see what relation
there may be between the different kinds of employment,

and the physical characters of the men respectively engaged
in them.

138 Mr. Tate on Stature, &c., of Northumbrians.
TABLE D. OCCUPATIONS.

VOLUNTEERS. MiInitTia.

OccuPATIONS. SS SSS
No. of | Average | Average | No. of| Average
Men. | Height. | Weight. | Men, | Height.
itty eaboe Ibs. ft. in,
1. Farmers - - - 28 5 10:28| 170°:00
2. Husbandmen - 14 | 5 10:30) 169°60
Total of land2 -] 42 5 10:29) 169-86
3. pbc? game- } 13 5 9401 161-00
eepers, &c.
4, Quarrymen - - 8 | 5 9:37] 162:00
do. Labourers - - 3l do 8:92 158°60 79 5 «6-626
Total of 3, 4, 5 52) id SEOs Sako - 72
6. Fishers - - -| 24 5 10:00] 172°80
7. Masons - - 84 | 5 9:00] 161:20
8. Other out-door Me- : : :
he oY \ 31 |5 884] 15987 | 63 | 5 6-00
9, Joiners’ - - -| 26 5 9:20] 164-00 17 | 3.7 G00
10, Cabinet-makers - 9 Dn 0:22) el aee22
11. Smiths - - - 14 0 9:26 163:40 17 5) 6 00
12. Tailors - - 23 Seem eO 150°40 6 5 = 638
13. Shoemakers - -| 16 5 8:50} 155°70 16 | 5 6:00
Retalrotal 213 —aiaeso 5) 418'00)|5 152-60 22.|5 6:09
14. Inn-door Mechanics 30 Oo” 8'00)| lo 00s) 103) =\fomemowle
15. Colliers - - - 15 5 9°60 163°86 9 i) T77
16. Tradesmen, clerks, &c. | 34 | 5 9:71] 161°52

Little difference in stature appears from occupation among
the militiamen. Colliers stand highest, being fully 14 inches
above the others. We find, too, that colliers, chiefly at Shil-
bottle, are, among the volunteers, both tall and heavy, their
stature being 5ft. 9°6in. and weight 163°86 lbs. The volun-
teer returns shew greater differences connected with occupa-
tions than appear among the militia. As a general rule
out-door employment in the country is most favourable to
physical development. Farmers and husbandmen are the
tallest, and with one exception, the heaviest men; they reach
the average height of 5ft. 10°29in. and weight of 169-81 lbs.
Fishers, chiefly at Alnmouth and Boulmer, are the heaviest
of all, and are next in height, being dft. 10in. high, and
weighing 172°8 lbs. Gardeners, gamekeepers, and country
labourers have an average height of dft. 9:llin., and weight
of 159°72 lb. Out-door mechanics, such as masons, slaters,
and others, partly out-door and partly in-door, such as
joiners, smiths, &c., range pretty nearly with the gardeners’

Mr. Tate on Stature, &c., of Northumbrians. 139

class. In-door mechanics are somewhat less, their average
height being dft. 8°55in. and weight 157 1b; but tailors stand
lowest in physique, their height being 5ft. 7-7in., or about
13 inches below the average of other occupations, and their
weight 150°4 lbs, or about 10 lbs. below the general average.
Tradesmen, clerks, &c., are pretty tall, their height being
oft. 9°‘7lin., and though not so heavy as other classes, yet of
fair bulk, their average weight being 161°52 lbs.

No information regarding the stature and bulk of man has
been obtained from Roxburghshire; but from the other
Border county, Berwickshire, Dr. Beddoe received a few
returns, chiefly from Dr. Charles Stuart, one of the members
of the Club; and in order-to complete the information we
have on this subject relating to the Border land, we genera-
lise, in Table E, the results of the Berwickshire returns.

TABLE EH. BERWICKSHIRE.

No. of| Average | Average

Locatiry. OccuPATION. Men, | Height, | Weight.
Chirnsid Farmers and persons \ 25 4 Haan ee

ee “ | of pure local descent

Rural population -| 15 | 5 8:45

Burnmouth - | All fishers - - Siri) Onm eS:2.0))| el 6S:6
Eyemouth - - | Mostly fishers - - peel ie eer (zen Waa
Eastern and
Middle Marches, }| Miscellaneous - = [el 5) ) 8850-1") 1669
and Lothian.

Total - -| - - - * Fe Chee | Siotameskeke

Of 58 the weight is given, and the average is 165°51 Ibs.
Blue eyes and fair hair (light shades of brown chiefly) pre-
dominate. These returns are too scanty to warrant general
conclusions ; but they evidence, so far as they go, that the
Berwickshire physique differs but little from that of North
Northumberland.

The Northumbrian and Berwickshire men appear indeed
to have had a common origin; not only are their physical
characters similar, but we also find, that most of the names
of places in both counties are constructed in the same manner
and derived from the same language; even the common
speech, or patois, of Berwickshire is similar to that of
North Northumberland, though the pronunciation is some-

140 Mr. Tate on Stature, &c., of Northumbrians.

what different, being broader, and free from the peculiar
Northumbrian burr which seldom passes north of the
Tweed, but which extends a little southward of the Tyne.
No doubt different races have contributed to form the pre-
sent population; chiefly, however, the Angles, who, in the
middle of the sixth century, conquered the Celtic race, and
spread over the north-east part of Britain as far as the
Firth of Forth. From these Angles have come the tall
and powerful forms, and the fair and ruddy complexion,
and light eyes of the Eastern Borderers. It is not pro-
bable that the original inhabitants would be exterminated ;
many of them would be spared, as servants and wives; and
possibly to this source we may attribute the shorter forms
and darker complexions, which, in some districts appear.
Less effect has resulted than has been generally supposed
from the Norse-men or Danes, who ravaged Northum-
berland in the ninth century. Though they attained the
mastery of England, and settled in considerable numbers in
some counties, yet, judging from the impress of race, left
in local nomenclature, the evidences of their settlement in
Northumberland, as now restricted between Tweed and Tyne,
are very slight; for taking the termination by, the Danish
name of a town or village, as a test, we find that the Danish
population was chiefly located in Lincolnshire, Yorkshire,
Westmoreland, and Cumberland; and that, as we recede
northward on the eastern side of the island, the traces of the
Danes become fainter ; in Lincolnshire there are 212 names
of places ending in by, in Yorkshire 167, in Durham only 7,
and in Northumberland not one. Additional information, as
to race, may be gained by a critical examination of the head-
forms of the Border population ; and when more measure-
ments of their crania have been obtained, we may arrive at
more definite conclusions. It is hoped that this will be
achieved ; and also that some of our Roxburghshire members
will gather materials to illustrate the physical characters of
the people of that Border county.

The subjoined instructive notes written, at my request, by
Mr. Carr of Hedgeley, will be read with interest, because
coming from one who, while possessing a special knowledge
of the linguistic peculiarities of the North, has also been a
careful observer of the characteristics of our native popula-
tion.

141

The Northumbrians between Tyne and Tweed. By Raupu
Carr, of Hedgeley.

Tue people of the present county of Northumberland, the
earldom of Saxon times, lying between the Tyne and the
Tweed, are quite a different race from those of the county of
Durham and the whole of Yorkshite, though all these dis-
tricts were comprised in the former Northumbria, or region
North of Humber.

The people of Yorkshire and Durham (except the Durham
banks of the Tyne) are Dano-Saxons by dialect and by
physical aspect. The physical characteristics of the York-
shireman are well known, also his speech, and the men of
Durham are like him.- The topography of Durham and
Yorkshire is full of names with Danish affixes, and so is that
of Westmoreland and Cumberland.

But in the earldom of Northumberland between Tyne and
Tweed hardly any such occur, and the whole speech of the
people and the cadence of its utterance is completely different.
A man of Darlington at Morpeth or Alnwick is as mucha
stranger in his tongue as an Irishman speaking English with
a strong brogue. ‘The man from Darlington or York speaks
with a cadence never used in Northumberland, and he mis-
places or omits the letter 2, which the Northumbrian and the
Scotsman never misuse. The Yorkshireman pronounces the
r properly, but the Northumbrian replaces it by a slovenly
burr in his throat, most offensive to all but himself.

Physically, the Northumbrian hind is a tall and handsome
man. The head of middle formation, neither brachycephalic
nor macrocephalic, but perhaps inclining to the latter, if any-
thing. His hair oftener light brown or dark brown than
either white or black, or cold gray. His eyes very often
hazel, often dark blue, often grey, not often ight blue. His
complexion ruddy and sun-burnt. His gait a long active
stride, less martial than the walk of the Scot, but totally unlike
the heavy waddling roll of the Southern peasantry.

The Northumbrian hind eats but little meat, his farinaceous
diet of porridge, bread, potatoes, (all consumed with milk)
being varied by a slice or two of his own bacon only, and
that not every day. He drinks beer very seldom, chiefly on
a market-day. He is hardly ever corpulent, but generally
stalwart and equal in power to any of the British races,

s

142 Mr. Hardy on Turnip Insects during 1870.

unless, perhaps, surpassed by some of the Lowland Scots.
Trained to arms he readily becomes a first-rate soldier.

The Northumbrians between the Tyne and Tweed are, it
may be said, nearly of pure Anglican race, with very little
intermixture, save in Tyneside, where the people are more
mercurial, more excitable, more restless, showing signs
of a Cymiric interblending. These men are rather less
stalwart, but very active, great runners, and often good
wrestlers. Of the same type are the townsmen of Newcastle
and Hexham. Many of the Tyneside men and the towns-
men have dark hair and eyes. Dark brown hair predominates
in many families. There is certainly Cymric blood, perhaps
to the extent of 1-4th in Tyneside.

On Turnip Insects during 1870. | By James Harpy.

Durine the summer of 1870, the Turnip Beetle, or “ Fly,”
( Haltica nemorum), has been a complete scourge throughout
the Border counties. 'Turnips might be sown early or very
late, in either extreme, there was no palliative, so long as
drought prevailed, and plants, insufficient in force for the
maintenance of the devouring myriads, kept up merely a
feeble and struggling existence. It was only through the
advent of showers long delayed, and a mild atmosphere, that
the crops got established, and at length out-grew their per-
sistent persecutors ; for not only did they swarm on the seed
lobes, but continued to perforate the foliage and delay the
growth, long after the plants were singled out ; some even
lingering in the fields till there were sizeable turnips. Near
the sea-side the damage was not so great as further inland.
My own Swedes did not require to be re-sown ; but as for the
white turnips, it was by mere dint of persevering sowing that
the ground got covered at all. Some parts of the fields, here,
produce wild mustard, or ‘‘Runch,” (Stnmapis arvensis).
This was found to be a great preservative to the young turnip
plants, in allowing them to assume the rough leaf unbitten.
The beetles took as readily to the mustard as to the turnip,
it being their natural food; and I noticed that when the
Swedes were nearly forward for thinning, the mustard
obtained the preference. Owing to this, although the insects
in some places lay on the plants hke gunpowder ; after side-
hoeing and thinning, the blanks were very few. I have

Mr. Hardy on Turnip Insects during 1870. 143

heard that in other places where mustard is in the soil, this
also happened ; so that it is not an unmitigated evil; being,
in such seasons as the present, equivalent to thick sowing in
fields not liable to this weed.

I had previously remarked that the cruciferous wild plants
(Arabis and Cardamine) on the dry banks were unwontedly
frittered away during the present dry spring; but had no
conception that such assemblages would spring, as it were,
out of the dust so suddenly. If these feeding grounds did
not furnish all, they, at least, augmented the bands that
gathered in on every side to invade the cultivated lands. It
is wonderful, after all, that such a favourable crop has been
realised. The disastrous outset in this district was, with the
exception of the partial loss of the Swedes, in some measure
repaired ; and it was only some stubborn clayey fields that
continued bare fallow, in spite of the master’s skill.

Mr. Langlands has kindly furnished a notice of what
happened to the crop in Northumberland. “ The ordinary
Turnip Fly was prevalent over all this district, with scarcely
an exception, last summer. Its ravages were greater, and it
continued them for a longer time than I ever remember. In
ordinary years it has generally attacked turnips—Swedes,
especially, which have been sown early, and where the soil
has not been in the most perfect tilth. This was not the
case this season; the plants came away very well, and at
first appeared to grow vigorously ; when they were attacked
by the Fly, and withered off, leaving long stalks in many
instances; the frosty nights completing the destruction. The
flies continued to sweep off every fresh sowing—one, two, three,
and sometimes even four—even after the middle of June; at
which period we have, hitherto, always found the plants safe.
Most of the Swedes were destroyed. I have a very few of
the second sowing which escaped. The white turnip and
hybrids that succeeded were also two or three times sown,
and afterwards came away vigorously ; and hereabouts have
done well, mainly owing to the showers in August.”

The turnip leaves were remarkably free from caterpillars ;
even the small caterpillar of the Diamond moth, was absent.
In a few spots bordering the outcrop of rocks, which had
supplied secure breeding places, I had a space of several
yards breadth, entirely eaten off by Earwigs. They stripped
the leaves, after the plants were thinned, leaving only the
skeleton ribs; weeds and potatoes all went in the same way ;

144 Mr. Hardy on Turnip Insects during 1870.

till some change took place, perhaps the acquisition of wings
by the young broods, when the nuisance abated. They fed
only at night, and used to hide during the day in the soil,
the fork at the tail being visible here and there at the sur-
face ; or clustered under clods and small stones. The workers
killed numbers with their hoes, and for a few days the rooks
and jackdaws held a high feast over the spot. ‘This happened
also at the sunny-side of stone walls, the turnip leaves being
holed for some distance off,

But a still worse source of mischief lurked in some of the
fields, and began to develop itself to an enormous extent
towards autumn; viz., the Turnip Louse, or Apis, of which
a notice was given in the Club’s Proceedings of last year. IT
first noticed them here among the Swedes, (Aphis Brassice
was the species,) about the middle of September, on a few
plants ; whence in the drought of the last fortnight of that
month, which was the most hurtful of all, they spread them-
selves in spots here and there, but did not occasion much
hurt in this quarter. The worst effects of them any where
that I witnessed was on Swedes, on the gravelly and sandy
soils about Wooler. The Aphides had begun to predominate
there, when the turnip casts its outer leaves, and while the
drought and the mildew kept back the young foliage ; and
the consequence was most disastrous. The sickly leaves,
oppressed with disgusting insects, hung flagging on the
eround ; and the plants drained of sap grew weaker every
day. ‘The smell of decaying turnips rose from the fields, fit
to corrupt the air. The white and yellow turnips at the
same time were infested with the green and pinkish Aphis
vulgaris, called also A. Rape; and the fields wore as many
tints of green, yellow, and brown, as the woods in autumn.
I was told that in one enclosure the turnips were so dis-
agreeable that sheep refused them. Other fields were being
stripped of their produce to give to the cattle; thus losing a
month or two’s growth. One farmer told me, that as soon as
the presence of the insects was manifest, he, in order to
starve them, had got the tops of the Swedes cut of ; and that
they were sprouting again, and growing healthy. Crops
that were kept growing were certainly best off, such as those
latest sown, or those among the hills, on which only a few
insects were present, while the earliest fared worst ; but the
proposed remedy is a desperate one, ‘‘ more to be honoured in
breach than the observance.”

Mr. Hardy on Turnip Insects during 1870. 145

I have again recourse to Mr. Langland’s report. ‘In the
beginning of September, the Turnip Louse, (Aphis Brasst-
c@) made its appearance, and its ravages on the early sown
Swedes, which had escaped the Fly, were most pernicious. I
was in the fine turnip district near Thirsk—and also on the
Tees, at this time, and then first noticed the louse, which
had already affected some fine fields of Swedes to a great
extent. I found it appearing in this district, on my return,
and it soon assumed a very destructive character. ‘The early
sown Swedes on the gravels and on strong land, seem to have
gone off entirely. My own Swedes were partially affected
only ;—but this I ascribe to the fact of being all later sown ;
and having suffered less from the drought. The Aphis pre-
vailed with me—and did last year in circular patches ;—and
not to any greater extent this year than last. I hear that
East Lothian has suffered much. The worst here-abouts is
near Wooler; and those I saw on the Tees were also very
bad.”

From East Lothian I have a communication from a com-
petent authority, Mr. R. Scot Skirving, of Camptown. He
is of opinion, in which I join him, that in Scotland, we have
little to fear from the ‘ surface-grubs ” of the lepidopterous
genus Agrotis, which Mr. Newman, in The Feld, and The
Entomologist, considers to be so hurtful to the turnip. A
much more deadly “ grub” is that of the Zpula oleracea, or
“Crane fly,” which eats through the root just below the sur-
face, and soon clears half a field. From this grub, this
season, Mr. Skirving has lost, at least, thirty acres of turnips.
He goes on to say, ‘‘ The ‘ fly’ took the first sowing, the
drought the second, and the crane grub the third. From
Tranent to Edinburgh, and all round Portobello, the turnips
looked magnificent up to the end of August ; and they almost
caused me to ‘ envy and grieve at the good of my neighbour,’
as I travelled on the railroad; but the Turnip Louse came
and destroyed the Swedes, root and branch, and the fields
became bare ; whilst the soft turnips became bright orange,
then dirty yellow, and withered up as if scorched by fire.
This seemed rather disease than insect work. Farms be-
tween Tranent and Edinburgh seem peculiarly lable to this,
though I have seen it come all over the lower half of East
Lothian. It does not attack Swedes.”

The migrating epoch of the turnip Aphids, took place in
the end of September, as soon as the wings had developed ;

146 Rev. Wm. Procter, jun., on Doddington.

and for more than a week, during the calm and genial
weather, they rose in succession from the turnip fields along
the valleys of the Till and Glen, till they became almost in-
corporated with the air, so intensely crowded they became.
They grew very troublesome to those who had to go out.
One had almost to breathe them. At night, or during dull
days, they stuck to the threshold, to the grass by wall-sides,
or gathered upcn hedges or trees. Many fell into the waters,
or were swept from the grass on the brink. Beating the
bushes for insects at Heathpool, I got my umbrella so filled
with the roosting Aphides, that I had to desist. Subse-
quently I saw that the flights had extended to Goldscleugh
and Langley Ford, among the hills; several having been
drowned in the burns. The “ plague of midges,” as they
were called, was universal. At length came some heavy
showers of rain and hail, which cleared the air, and perished
and scattered the insects ; and the turnips got up their heads
again.

Doddington. By the Rev. Wiit1am Procter, Jun.

Tue village of Doddington lies at the north-western ex-
tremity of the Dod Law, a hill belonging to the sandstone
range which runs northwards from Alnwick Moor to the
Tweed, and south-westward from Alnwick Moor to the
Simonside, at Rothbury. The highest point of the Dod Law
is 654 feet above the level of the sea. The present site of
the village is low, at the average height of 150 feet above
the sea level—while the river Till runs through its wide green
haughs to the south and west of Doddington—at the height of
100 to 115 feet above the sea level. I believe there is no more
healthy spot in the world ; we may attribute this to the fact
that the village is so well sheltered from the cold north and
east winds, that the soil on which it is built is very dry
and sandy, and most of all, to an unfailing supply of the
very purest water, in great abundance.

The Dod Well, a fountain of health and comfort to the in-
- habitants, seems to claim the attention of the Naturalists’
Club. A hundred years ago it issued from the side of a
natural rock into a natural basin above the level of the
ground. Round the basin were seats, naturally formed by a
ledge of the rock; and above, the rock was crowned by a

Rev. Wm. Procter, jun., 0 Doddington. 147

“‘ yea-pointed fern,” which died down in winter and reap-
peared every spring—much admired by the villagers. When
the new farm house and offices were built for the South Farm,
the contractor, having leave to get stone from any part of the
estate, broke down the Dod Well rock, situated within a few
yards of the building. Hence the water, which had before
poured over the rock above the level of the road, now sprung
up as much below that level; and, its natural spout and
trough being destroyed, the supply of water for man and
cattle was to be sought in the same pool, which was polluted
by many impurities. To remedy, in some degree, this
barbarous desecration, the present fountain was erected,
mainly at the expense of the Earl of Tankerville, in 1846.
First, a strong wall was built inclosing a square of 11 feet in
the side, within which bubbled up the outlets into which the
noble spring had been broken up by the quarrymen ; when
the water had been raised to the average height of two feet
within this wall, it was allowed to escape by three stone
spouts—and then the reservoir was covered over by solid
masonry, in the form of a Cross of Calvary, thus substituting
an ornament of a Christian character for the fine old fern
which had presided over the fountain for centuries before its
demolition. There was a song current in the village in days
gone by, the burden of which was—
‘The bonny Dod Well and the yea-pointed fern.”

which is all that is now remembered of the song.

The Dod Well yields 72 gallons of water a minute—tem-
perature, 47° Fahrenheit—never varying in temperature, or
in yield, in summer or winter. It is soft, and lathers well
with soap.

About sixty yards east from Dod Well, is Cuddy’s Well.
It takes its name, as far as can be ascertained, from an old
inhabitant of that name, who lived near it and took interest
in keeping it clean and pure. It yields about 20 gallons a
minute, of water precisely similar to that of Dod Well; and,
doubtless, comes from the same subterranean reservoir.
There are two other springs, equal in yield and quantity to
Cuddy’s Well, near the village—one, the Blunty, or Blintie
Well, yielding 24 gallons a minute. There are also several
smaller wells ; one of which, the Blind Well, now disused,
springs up close to Mr. Rea’s pond. ‘This, though a some-
what feeble spring, was once considered the best drinking
water in Doddington, and that for an unanswerable reason,
namely, that it runs to the south.

148 Rev. Wm. Procter, jun., on Doddington.

To pass from the natural features of Doddington to a brief
notice of those who have occupied it, and of the remains and
traces of their occupation, we must mention first the people
who, in prehistoric times, lived in the camps or fortified
villages on the top of Dod Law and other high points close
by ; who carved the cup and ring markings on the adjoining
rocks, and whose remains, together with their urns and flint
weapons, we find in the stone cists which are from time to
time brought to light, and under the barrows which protect
them. It is for others to say of what family they were.
They have left many indications of an eastern origin, and it
is interesting to find that some of the Hill Tribes of India, to
this day, inscribe on 1ocks, which they wish to mark as
sacred, figures very like those which these ancient inhabitants
of Britain cut upon the rocks connected with their habitations.
There are four large camps on Doddington ground—one on
the top of Dod Law, a double camp; the two parts being
nearly contiguous. There is also a large enclosure, joining
the principal part of the camp, and there are several hut
circles in it and round it. The other Doddington camps are,
the Ringses camp, about a mile north from the Dod Law
camp; the Wrangham camp, a mile north of the Ringses ;
and the Routing Lynn camp, three miles north-west from
Wrangham. Near the Dod Law camp, are two smaller
ones on Horton ground. Within a few yards of one of these,
on the Doddington side of the march dyke, are three stand-
ing stones, the remains evidently of a ‘‘ Druidical”’ circle.
Within a very short distance of these Doddington camps, are
the camps at Weetwood, Nesbit, and Fenton Hill. There
are several barrows on the Dod Law, and adjoining hills;
some have been opened recently, but. probably not for the
first time, as no traces of burial have been found; but from
one, close to the Dod Law camp, a stone, forming” part of a
cist and marked with the ring and cup carving, was taken,
and is now at Alnwick Castle. Of other remains, found in
cists, there is little to record. ‘Two cists, with unburnt
bones, were found about twelve years ago near Lord Durham’s
woodman’s lodge. On the Gled Law, two urns have, I know,
been found—one long ago, which I only heard of as having
been broken up summarily ; another, much injured by having
been ploughed over, I picked up in 1864. 1 have still the
remains of it. It contained dark soil and pieces of charred
wood and unburnt bone. In 1867, a cist was uncovered by

Rev. Wm. Procter, jun., 0» Doddington. 149

the plough in a field near this, quite close to ‘ Cuddy’s
Cove.” It contained an unburnt body, an urn, a flint arrow
head, and two small fragments of flint. I heard also of a
piece of “ leather” which mouldered away on being touched.
The skull, urn, and flints were sent to Mr. Greenwell, of
Durham. I may add, here, that two ponderous stone ham-
mers have been found of late years—one is at Alnwick
Castle ; the other belongs to Mr. Greenwell.

The only other trace of the aboriginal inhabitants of Dod-
dington, is in the sculptured rocks ; prominently brought into
notice by this Club, and ably treated of by Mr. Tate, in its pro-
ceedings for 1864, These have been found in fourteen distinct
places on Doddington ground ; with these, the incised stone
at Ford Hill is associated, as closely connected with the
Routing Lynn camp, and the series of markings on Horton
moor, which are within a hundred yards of the Ringses camp.

There are thirty-four distinct rock faces in these sixteen
localities, more or less covered with markings; the number
of figures, of all varieties, is two hundred and twenty, besides
a great number of cups or hollows connected with them.

There are no Roman remains at Doddington, though the
great Roman road, commonly called “ The Devil’s Cause-
way, skirts the Doddington ground for some distance,
passing through Horton and Vetton ground.

The Saxons, or English, were probably the first to occupy
the present site of the village, which they have occupied un-
disturbed ever since, ‘There seems never to have been any
Norman keep; and, as far as we can learn from records,
those who owned the soil from the date of the conquest did
not reside upon it. Doddington belonged to the Barony of
Alnwick, from a very early period. In the “Testa de Nevil”
“ Dodington cum Nesebit membro suo,” are enumerated
among the lands which William de Vescy held in chief of
the King. This was in the reign of Henry III., about
1250, A.D.; and in the various inquisitions since that time it
is named as of the Barony of Alnwick.

In the forty-sixth year of Henry II1., 1262, Hugh de
Bolbec held, from William de Vescy, Baron of Alnwick,
Dodinton maner’ extent,’ Nesbite villat, Wetunde villat,’ &c.

In 1289, the heirs of Bolbec held Doddington, with its
members, paying lds. 4d. yearly ; the annual value being
one hundred marks.

In 1362, Thomas de Horton, and in 1368, Sir Thomas
T

150 Rev. Wm. Procter, jun., 0” Doddington.

Grey, probably the same person, held Doddington and Weet-
wood as subfeudatory to Henry de Percy for half a knight’s
fee, the annual value being a hundred marks, and lds. 4d.
yearly was paid for Castle Ward.

From this date the family of Grey are mentioned in the
various inquisitions, &c., as holding Doddington. In the
tenth year of Elizabeth, 1568, Sir Thomas Grey, of Chilling-
ham, a minor, inherited it, with other lands, from his father,
Sir Ralph Grey.* Lastly, William Grey holds Doddington,
Nesbit, and Eworthe, as freet tenants from the Barony of
Alnwick, in 1664.

The extent of the village must have been considerable in
these early times. As in other ancient manors, the villans,
or villagers, acquired a right by their service, on the payment
of some small due, to the cottage and plot of land which they
occupied ; and these lands they and their representatives
held perpetually, with power to leave by will, or alienate by
sale.t ‘ For though in general, they are still said to hold
their estates at the will of the lord, yet it is such a will as is
agreeable to the custom of the manor, which customs are
preserved-and evidenced by the Rolls of the several Court’s
Baron in which they are entered, or kept on foot by the con-
stant immemorial usage of the several manors in which the
lands be.”” The owners of such property are the ancient
customary freeholders, sometimes called copyholders, because
they shew as title to their property, the copy of the entry in
their Court Roll, which describes the land, and the “‘ custom”’
by which it is held.

My information about these ancient “ holdings,” in Dod-
dington, is vague and traditional. It is said that one Culbert-
son saved the life of a Grey at Flodden Field, who granted
him, in reward, a piece of ground adjoining the Till near that
bridge which is still called “‘ Cuddie’s Bridge,” because it was
built on Culbertson’s holding. Another tradition says, that
on the occasion of a Doddington man dying at Belford, forty
lairds of Doddington, each riding his own horse, went over to
attend his funeral. By degrees these old holdings have
become extinct. Within the last hundred years the large
common, to the north and east of the village, has been en-

* Eschaet de anno., x Eliz,

+ A.D. 1660, the year of the Restoration, feudal tenures were converted
into Freeholds by Statute 12, Ch. II., c. 24; Copyholds were not included.

{ Sims’ “ Manual,” p. 86.

Rev. Wm. Procter, jun., on Doddington. 151

closed by the Lord of the Manor. Thus the holdings became
insufficient to maintain their owners—who were glad to give
them up for a consideration to the Lord of the Manor. In
some cases, a slight change made in the “ rent”? was enough
to break through the * custom” by which the land was held.

In 1834 there were cight of these customary freeholders
in Doddington, not all resident ; and still there is one.

A few short notes may illustrate the former condition of
Doddington :—

1.—In the fifth year of Richard II., 1382, Adomarus de
Athol and Radulphus de Eure were elected to Parliament
for Northumberland. Glendale Ward contributed to their
expenses 74s. 4d., of which Doddington and Nesbit paid 4s,
Wooler 3s. 4d., Homildon 2s.

2.—In 1734, George Mark, in his survey, says—* Dod-
dington (Parish) comprehends 202 families and 7 villages,
the principal of which is Doddington, situate at the foot of a
hill called Doddington Dod Law, quarter of a mile from the
River Till, and on the east side thereof. It is remarkable
for its largeness and badness of its houses, and low situation,
and perhaps for the greatest quantities of geese of any of its
neighbourhood, and is distinguished from all the rest of the
county, except Branxton, for having the chapel covered with
heather and straw. It stands at the distance of a gunshot
from the towne, and has a very good Bell. Here is one of
the largest and best springs of this county, which sends out
a current sufficient to turn a mill,”

3.—A weekly cattle market was once held here, and a
market cross stood behind the old Pele Tower, opposite to
the road to Nesbit.

4.—The population of the village, in 1801, was 339, of
whom 80 were employed in agriculture, and 29 in trade.
In the days of hand-loom weaving, the village was noted for
the number of its weavers. ‘The number of houses occupied
in 1801 was 76, by 78 families. In 1870, the population is
272; 100 are employed in agriculture, 17 in trade, 8 as
grooms, road-makers, &c. The number of houses occupied
is 56, by 57 families. There are five townships in the
Parish, viz.: Doddington, Nesbit, Ewart, Humbleton, and
Yearle. The population of the whole Parish, in 1801, was
134; in 1870 it is 787,

The Pele Tower.—Vhere is no mention of a tower at Dod-
dington in a list of “ Nomina Castrorum et Fortaliciorum

152 Rev. Wm. Procter, jun., on Doddington.

infra comitatum Northumbrie,” compiled about A.D. 1460.
Nor is Doddington mentioned in a view and survey of the
East and Middle Marches, with a description of the state of
the castles, towers, barmekyns, and fortresses, by Sir Robert
Bowes and Sir Raufe Ellerker, knights, commissioners, 2
Dec., 1542, 33 Hen. 8.

In 1582,—24th Elizabeth—Parliament passed a Bill for
the better defence of the Marches, and the building of towers
and fortresses. In consequence of this, Sir Thomas Grey, of
Wark and Chillingham, instead of repairing the old towers
at Fenton, and at Nesbit, built a new tower at Doddington ;
which is still standing almost as it stood when the following
inscription was built into the wall of its battlements :—

T. G. MILES HVIVS STRVCTVRE
SVPTVM FECIT. A.D. 1584.

The building has a large room on the ground floor, and three
stories, one large room in each, extending the whole length,
and reached by a spiral stone staircase built on to the south,
and covered. The roof is now covered with red tiles, and
has a battlement to the north and south. Before the build-
ing of the North Farm House, it was occupied as a residence
by the first separate tenant of the North Farm ; afterwards
as a granary and wool store. Now, the decayed state of the
upstair flooring renders it of little use.

The Church.—But by far the oldest and most interesting
building in Doddington is the church. That there existed a
chapel here before the year 1224, is certain; for the chapel of
Doddington is mentioned as belonging to the church of
Chatton, in a deed settling the temporalities of the church
of Chatton and its chapels, between the vicars of Chatton and
the abbot and convent of Alnwick, by Richard de Marisco,
Bishop of Durham, in the eighth year of his episcopate; of
which the first year according to Raine, was 4.p. 1217, and
therefore his eighth year would commence A.p. 1224. This
original chapel had probably been built atthe instance of the
monks of Holy Island before the Norman conquest; but
nothing remained of it at the beginning of the present in-
cumbency, lst December, 1834. All that then remained was
the double nave, mutilated, as it still is, of half its northern
wing or aisle, and the additional nave, or baptistery, west of
the large arch. This arch, and the three arches dividing the
main nave into north and south aisles, are good specimens of

Rev. Wm. Procter, jun., on Doddington. 153

early English architecture of the 13th century; and it is
probable that the double nave and baptistery were built at
the instance of Lord Richard de Vesci, who was vicar of
Chatton with Doddington at the time of the Ordinatio in
A.D. 1224. The old Saxon chapel was probably then con-
verted into a chancel, as had manifestly been done at a
very similar extension of Kirk Newton church, in the
same style of architecture, and therefore about the same
time. Churches and castles were then built on plans pro-
vided by the community of Free Masons, and executed under
their auspices, which accounts for the same style of archi-
tecture prevailing over Europe at the same period of time.
The old chancel had quite disappeared before the year 1834,
but men were then living who remembered its walls stand-
ing above the ground. In 1838 their foundations were
uncovered, and the present chancel built upon them, but
only to two-thirds of their length. In cutting out the present
plain arch between the nave and the new chancel, the
masons came upon a rounded arch, reaching about ten feet
above the old floor of the church, which was, unhappily,
quite demolished before Mr. Procter saw it. This, of course,
was the original communication between the nave and the
chancel; but as the floor was now to be raised three feet,
nearly to the level of the ground outside, this round arch
was much too low for communication with the new chancel.

Olergy.—In May, 1775, Robert Thorpe became curate of
Doddington. He was the first incumbent who held Dod-
dington separate from Chatton. Being also vicar of Chilling-
ham, he never resided at Doddington. He served the parish
personally for two or three years, and afterwards by a resident
assistant-curate. In 1782, he became rector of Gateshead,
and soon after archdeacon of Northumberland and rector of
Ryton. He was senior wrangler at Cambridge in 1758, and
“coached” Dr Paley, who was senior wrangler in 1763.
Robert Thorpe was succeeded at Doddington, in 1782, by
Nathaniel Ellison, who died in 1798, and was succeeded by
William Augustus Cane; on whose death William Procter
succeeded to the incumbency Ist December, 1834. Neither
Mr. Ellison nor Mr Cane ever resided at Doddington, so that
Mr. Procter is the first resident incumbent. He is also the
first vicar of Doddington, perpetual curacies having been
made vicarages, in name, though in no other respect, by a
very recent Act of Parliament.

154

Botamcal Notices. By James Harpy,

1.—On Sparganium simplex, Hudson.

There is only one recorded Berwickshire locality for this
plant. During the present dry summer, when the mill-pond
at Oldcambus Townhead, was nearly dried up, there were
beds of it in blossom. Being usually submerged in stagnant
waters, it is perhaps mostly in dry years that it becomes con-
spicuous ; and hence may be more genetal than it appears to
be. Peplis portula and Litorella lacustris accompanied it ;
and as this pond is quite modern, these water plants in some
way or other must have been recently introduced. 8S. simplex
is said to grow ‘especially on heaths and commons in pools
of water made by digging gravel;” and the bottom of this
pond is nearly in that condition, the soil having been re-
peatedly carted off.

The disposition of the upright Spargania into “ ramosum
et non ramosum,” or something equivalent, was early recog-
nised among the botanists preceding Linnzus. ‘That great -
systematist, as well as Haller, arranged them as varieties of
each other. Not only did Linneus not distinguish the two,
but Sir J. E. Smith is persuaded (‘‘ Lapland Tour,” i1., p.
126, 127) that ‘he confused the semplex with the natans in
his Lapland Tour, as well as in his herbarium, where the
original specimens of the two are pinned together.” Several
other plants besides the modern Sparganium have been
brought forward as the Sparganion of Dioscorides. The first
on the present track is a medical composition, much esteemed
in the age of Charlemagne (a.p. 742—814) ; which has been
edited by Eckhard, in his “Comment. de Reb. France. Orient.”
(i., 980.) In this Sparga is mentioned, which Antonius
(‘** Hist. Oeconom. Germ.”) considers to be Sparganium
ramosum. The Bohemian name of the plant, it is to be
observed, only adds another letter—‘‘ Spargan” or ‘‘ Spar-
han ;” and may either be traditional, or- an adaptation.
Bock, or as he is latinised, Tragus, in the “ Kreuterbuch,”
(1546) p. cclviii., (or Tragus by Kyber, p. 676, &c.) identifies
Sporganion with the “ Riedt” or ‘‘ Ried” of the Germans.
Valerius Cordus, who died in 1544, in his “ Annotat. in
Dioscoridem,” (1561) fol. 63, makes it the ‘ Degenkraut,”
(sword-pla.t) of the Germans, another local tame for Spar-
ganium. About the same period Matthiolus (French edit.,

ce

Mr Hardy’s Botanical Notices. 155

Lyon, 1642, p. 375) figures S. ramosum for Sparganium ; but
he was not quite convinced that this application, which
began to be taken up in his time, was the correct one; so
that those writers were wrong who afterwards cited him as
strongly upholding this opinion. One of these was his
inimical critic, Amatus Lusitanus ; ** Comment. in Dioscorid.”’
p- 600 (a.p. 1558). I refer to him, in order to cite the note
of the learned physician, Robt. Constantine, as it reveals to
us a distinguished foreigner as botanising in this country in
early times, of whom previously we were unaware. He says,
he had a thousand times seen both Sparganium and Spatula
fetida (the other claimant for the title) both in England and
other places; and had frequently compared them with the
description of Dioscorides, and was quite willing to subscribe
to Matthiolus. The French name, according to him, is
* Pillette.” Dodonzeus (“‘ Pempt.” p. 602) while he has a
theory of his own, points out that S. s¢mplex corresponds
better with the Sparganion of Dioscorides than S. ramosum.
S. ramosum, however, is the adopted plant of the Pharma-
copeeias, (‘ Stokes’ Bot. Mat. Med.,” iv. p. 335). Dale-
champ also, (“ Hist. Gen. des Plantes,” ii1., p. 888, Lyons,
1653) sets forth S. semplex for Sparganium. In modern
times, Dr. Adams, in his “‘ Paulus Aigineta,” (iii., p. 350)
decides for S. simplex; at the same time, he remarks that
S. ramosum “ is still kept in the shops with the reputation of
curing the bite of the viper ;” for which the root was recom-
mended by Pliny (“ Nat. Hist.” xxv., c. 63), almost in the
words of Dioscorides.

The English “ Bur-reed”’ was of Gerard’s invention ; ‘I
call them Burre-reede ;’”’ but this term did not arise sponta-
neously. Dodonzeus, in an early work, “De Stirp. Hist.
Commentariorum,” p. 51, a.p. 1559, figures S. ramosum as
the Carex of Virgil, and the “ Rietgras” of the Flemings
Lyte in 1578, translating this writer’s “ Hist. of Plants,”
makes it ‘‘ Reede Grass ;”’ “ with the which,” he tells us of
himself, “it hath no likenesse”’ (p. 515). Gerard added
burr,’ and dropped “grass.” Johnson, the editor of
Gerard, in one of his peregrinations, names it “ Burre-
flagge ;” (“Johnsoni Opuscula,’”’) which is perhaps nearer
the meaning, than the English “reed.” For it is question-
able whether this popular “ Rietgras” was not traditional of
the ‘ Calamogrostis,” or “Gramen arundinaceum” of the
Greeks and Romans ; or whether, as is fully as likely, it may

156 Mr. Hardy’s Botanical Notices.

have been a common name prevalent among several people,
which caught up from a vulgar, had become transmitted in a
classical channel. In Tragus, the German name for Spar-
ganium is “ Ried” or “ Riedt.” He has also “ Riedt-gras ”
for several rough grasses, inclusive of Carex, This word is
still in use in England, in the form of “ Reits,” expressive
of sea or river weeds, of which it is also significative in
modern German. We have it in the Scottish form of “Reyss,”’
¢.e. coarse grass in marshy places, or on the sea-shore. Thus,
Blind Harry, in Wallace—
«Thai trowit that bog mycht mak thaim litill waill,
Growyn our with reyss.”’ (New Hdit. p. 123).

There is also the Anglo-Saxon “risc,” a rush; “ reisk,”
Scotticé, grass that grows on downs, &c.; “reezlie,” cold
land producing coarse grass; whence, perhaps, the first
syllable of Riselaw, a Berwickshire farm. The modern
German “ Rieth”’ comprehends the most of those meanings ;
as well as “‘ reeds,” and “ canes,” and “ flags.”

The Germans have other good names for Sparganium ;
“‘Tgelsknospen,” (hedge-hog buttons); ‘‘ Schwertel-Riet,”
(Sword-reed) ; and such like. A Flemish name, ‘ Candel-
aers,” the chandilesr, is sufficiently picturesque. Another
Belgic name is, “ seer snydende drycantich Lisch,’* almost
Lowland Scottish; its exponent in English being, “sore
cutting triangular flag.” ‘This reminds us that the “ Bouto-
mos” of Theophrastus has strong claims to be regarded as
Sparganium ; and of several ingenious etymological misses
recorded by J. Bodeeus a Stapel, in his edition, Amst., 1644, p.
462; none of them being the obvious explanation of De
Theis, that it is so called because the sharp leaves bleed the
cattle’s mouths which eat it. (“ Spiegazione Etomologica,
&c., Vicenza, 1815.)

That the broad leaves of Sparganium ever formed swaddling
bands for Grecian nurses to strap their children, as some of
the older botanists (C. Bauhin, “ Theat. Bot.” p. 227) allege
from the etymology of the word, I do not believe. The word
was taken metaphorically from some fancied resemblance ;
and here De Theis also agrees. It is true that its leaves
when withered become pliant and innocuous, and may have
thus become adapted for tying. The female ‘“ Butomos” of
Theophrastus was “ad nexus utilis.” C. Bauhin (“ Theat.

* The Belgic isch agrees with the Italian Jisca, a reed; and the A. 8. risca
and our rush appear to be other forms of the word,

Mr Hardy’s Botanical Notices. 157

Bot.” p. 232) informs us that mats and rugs were woven with
it by country folks in the olden time. Ruellius, who wrote
in the time of Francis I., of France, (“‘ De Natura Stirpium,”’
1537, p. 441), and Gesner assents to him, says that Sparga-
nium (or Butomus of their nomenclature) was by the herbaries
and the apothecaries called ‘ Juncus Cabacinus ” (7.e. basket-
rush); for the reason that from the leaves mats and slight
baskets were constructed, like those plaited from Esparto-
grass. The baskets (Corbulas) in which figs and raisins were
kept, were then ordinarily called Corbas or rather Cabas ;
(hence cabacinus). In Charles Stephens’ work “ De Vasculis,”
Paris, 1544, p. 50, “Cabatz de figues” is given as the
Venetian name for the baskets in which figs were carried.
This word is also the same as our Cord, a basket in which
coals were carried from the pit; and the Cordis of the days
of Cicero and Propertius—then composed of willow wands,
and associated with the labours of the harvest-field. These
appear to be the more prominent facts and coincidences
brought out by the history of Sparganium.

2.—0n Milium effusum, L.

This grows in the oak wood below Old Middleton, which
faces the Wooler water, among one of those collections of
detached stones, so frequent on Northumberland hill-sides.
It is new to the “ Eastern Border Flora,’’ as constituted
by Dr. Johnston ; but not to the Club’s field, being found in
““Rugley wood, rare,” (“‘ Hist. of Alnwick,” 11., p. 430). In
October, my eye was attracted to it by its peculiarly dark-
green corn-like foliage, still fresh and lively among the droop-
ing and faded sward in other parts of the wood. Un-
fortunately, I have never yet seen it in the gracefulness of its
summer growth. Dr. Withering’s notice of it is worthy of
the old botanists. ‘‘ Panicles tall and wide-spreading, very
much scattered from the various lengths of the secondary
fruit-stalks, which grow in whorls, and give the whole plant
an airy, light, and elegant appearance.” Join to this the
picture of Parkinson ; “‘ The common Millet Grass riseth up
with a joynted slender stalke, with two or three somewhat
larger leaves thereon, and at the toppe, a bushy spreading
tufte of many long featherlike sprigges, consisting of man
small chaffie husks within which lye small seede, which the
small birds greedily devoure.”’ Add also from Gerard; “the
stalke or leaves do resemble the bents, wherewith country

U

158 Mr. Hardy’s Botanical Notices.

people do trimme their houses.” These men saw how
admirable it was; but it remained for Linnzeus to pronounce
its eulogium, ‘‘ Whose stature, size, or sweet odour, if any
one considers, he will allot to it the foremost place among all
the grasses.”” (“‘ Flor. Lapp.,”’ p. 23).

Gerard is so good as tell us that “ the chaffie heads” are
“like to ‘Milium’ or Millet, whereof it tooke the name.”
But it had no name in English till he translated the “ Gramen
miliaceum” of Lobel; which is an adaptation from the
German “ Hirse” or ‘“ Hirsengras.” (Hirse, ¢.e. Millet.)*
Lobel also calls it ‘‘Saet-gras ;” seed or corn-grass; the
shining seeds being like a diminutive sort of grain.

The dried grass retains for a long time an agreeable odour,
which Linneus compares to that of Melilot. (‘ Flora
Suecica,” Ed. 2, p. 21). The poorer Swedes who could not
attain the rich perfumes of foreign lands, appear from the
choice names they give them, to prize their own woodland
scents. They call the Milium, ‘‘ Myskegras,” 7.e. wood-roof
grass; and “ Lukt-gras,” or scented grass. In Oeland, the
Asperula, and Milium, together with Melilot seeds are wrapt
up in their clothes by the peasants to dispel moths or bacon-
worms. Mites also are a sore evil, which it is employed to
get rid of. (“ Linné Reisen durch Oeland,” &c.,1., p. 69,
Halle, 1764). The contents of the scent-bag of the Lapland
maidens is a mixture of Millet grass and tobacco. (“ Flor. .
Lapp.,” p. 23). Itis also the Swedish “‘ Hazel-brodd,” 2.e.

4 Of the unusual word Hirse, the root-term Las been given up as hopeless by
Dr. Prior in his ‘‘ Popular Names of British Plants,’ p. 115; he only being
able to suggest cerevisia, “ from ale being brewed fromit.”’ This willnct bear
looking at, The Greek for Millet is Cenchros (Kengchros), or Cenchrys
(Strabo); (” being equal to gy); a word with which we are familiar in
Cenchrea, the port of Corinth. Kenchrimides were the numerous grains of the
fig, or the nuclei of the olive, (“‘Suidas Lex.” i., p. 1428); and P na and
Lobel, (‘ Stirp. Advers.,”’ p. 13), imagine that this is the primary application
of the term. There is, at least, a mutual likeness in each, The German
hirse, Belgic hirs, hirrse, heers, (“* Kilian”’) and Danish his, appear to me still
to represent this Greek name; the initial portion has either perished or has
dwindled to an aspirate; but the bones remain in the latter part. There isa
still stronger Flemish form in gers, found in Gerard Vossius (‘‘ Etymolog.
Ling. Lat,’’), and in Dutch dictionaries. ‘“‘ Lewers, geguers, or giawres,” of
Matthioli; or jevers, gegvers, giavers, as Menzel prints it, shew the out-
goings of the word in a different direction. These terms of the Arabian
physicians, manifest modifications of the Greek name, and almost the counter-
part of the Teutonic hirse and geers, are excellent proofs of the source from
which the latter also emanated. Millet, comprising a variety of similar
grains, in penetrating Germany, through the ramifications of Greek commerce,
or the extension of cultivation, lost the half of its name by the transition.
Similarly, rice is oryza, lopped off at both ends,

Mr. Hardy’s Botanical Notices. 159

Hazel-blade ; and no doubt we ought to look for it especially
in old hazel copses; in those ‘“Sylvis humosis, nemorosis,
quietis, densis et intactis,” painted by the master.

3.—nanthe crocata, L.

In Sir Walter Elliot’s Presidential Address, it is left doubt-
ful whether, or not, sheep eat of this suspicious plant. I
may mention that sheep on the sea-banks do crop the leaves
in spring and autumn; but they do not keep it down, which is
conclusive that they do not relish it. According to the experi-
ments in the “‘ Amcenitates Academice,” i1., p. 244, (Amster-
dam, 1752), sheep eat it, while cattle and horses reject it.

4.—Scandix Pecten-Veneris, L.

No where are there more local names for this weed, than in
Berwickshire. Among others of my gatherings contributed
to Dr. Johnston’s Flora, it is signified that the local name is
‘* Witches needle ;”” and moreover that “ some of our country
women call the long-beaked fruit, the ‘Deil’s Darning
Needle,’ and others ‘ Adam’s needle,’ from their unlearned
conjecture that therewith our first parents stitched the
primitive robe.” I have recently heard it called “ Elshins,”
v.e. awls; and the “ Deil’s elshin.” It impairs the quality of
the grain with which it is mixed, from the difficulty of
separating the husks from it.

5.—Digitalis purpurea, “L.

A smooth green gall about the size of a vetch made its
appearance, hereabouts, this season, on the mid-rib of the
fox-glove, of which there is nothing on record. I could see
no inmate, but its structure and appearance lead me to think
that it is a blister raised by mites.

6.—Teucrium Scorodonia, L.

Mr. Wightman gave me a remarkable monstrous state of
this plant in blossom, which he and Mr. Middlemas had got
among the rocks below where the Common and Broadstruther
burns unite. This is a conversion of the exterior floral parts
into small pale green ciliated leaves ; the tubular calyx, as
well as the pouched corolla, being decomposed into their
components, excepting here and there a welding in some at
the base ; showing that flowers are but modifications of a
whorl of leaves. ‘The stamens and pistils are either abortive,
or they have undergone duplication. The spikes are either
close and cylindrical, or clustered into a dense ovate mass.

160

Contributions to the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. By
JAMES Harpy,

BryonpD what is recorded in the “ Catalogue of the Insects
of Northumberland and Durham,” little has been done to
work out the Entomology of the Cheviots, or of the subsidiary
hills and vales that hang round the skirts of the principal
mountains. Since that publication one naturalist after
another has carried off a rarity ; but there has been no syste-
matic exploration. Thus, one discovers Leistus montanus,
but whereabouts is uncertain; Mr. Hislop takes Stenus
glacialis of Heer, in August, 1865—-very rare here as well as
in Switzerland; and Mr. G. R. Crotch finds Hydroporus
celatus of Clark, “in a little stream on a hill near Cheviot.”
On several occasions I have picked up insects in that district,
without putting them on record; but I am now induced to
undertake that duty, in consequence of the considerable
collections that I have made during the beginning of June,
and in the end of September and beginning of October, 1870,
for the purpose of contributing to my friend Mr. Bold’s re-
vision of the ‘‘ Catalogue,” already mentioned ; which, now,
after nineteen or twenty years’ study and labour, he is well
entitled to as his own. Mr. Bold has kindly aided me with
names and otherwise to adapt this local list to the present
state of science ; the nomenclature being very much altered,
with the progress made in recent years. I have always
endeavoured to group forms under as few heads as possible ;
the tendency at present is in a different direction ; and species
are raised on trivial distinctions ; but I am not prepared, at
present, to rate the value of these, from having had little
practical experience for a long period.

As the result of my late operations several good insects
have come to light ; some of them new to Northumberland ;
others never found so far to the north or south before, as this
midland region ; and not a few never yet entered as belong-
ing to the fauna of the Eastern Borders. Thus much may
be said safely, but at the same time there is yet a great deal
to do, before effectually breaking up such an extensive tract.
However, I do not look on Cheviot itself favourably, as likely
to be very productive. Peat predominates too much; and
the immense uniformity of heath and mountain grasses is ad-
verse to variety. The subsoil, also, is a bare barren grit or

Mr. Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. 161

gravel, or the porphyritic rock itself, and yields no shelter ;
while the streams rapidly overflow and sweep off the debris,
in which insects might harbour. The sides of the ravines are
roughened with crowded patches of angular stones, loose and
shifting,—in summer, arid as a desert; which also enclose
the bases of the precipitous rocks, where a little cool shelter
might be obtained, being merely at places hidden from the
view by a poor scanty soil. The trees on the outskirts are
too few and open to modify the general bleakness. As a
whole it does not differ much from moorland of much less
elevation.

My first attempt to look up the north and north-east back
of Cheviot was rather discouraging. I was led to make it in
July, 1869, being flattered by the capture, in the spring, of
two of Carabus glabratus, which were rambling about the
banks, below the rocks at the Bizzle. I made trials of both
the Bizzle and Dunsdale, and it was more easy not to find,
than to capture anything worth carrying off. I present the
list as a starting point.

Coleoptera.
Cychrus rostratus. Tachinus lJaticollis.
Steropus Aithiops. Quedius fulgidus.
Calathus micropterus. i. molochinus.
i melanocephalus, dark | Othius leeviusculus.
mountain variety. »» | myrmecophilus.
Autalia puncticollis, Sharp. Oxytelus sculpturatus.
Homalota longicornis. Byrrhus pilula.
5 atramentaria. Cercyon, three common.
5 fungicola. Aphodius subalpinus, numer-
$ elongatula. ous.
Tachinus humeralis. », putridus, scarce.
» ’ marginellus. Otiorhynchus maurus.
Hemiptera.
Nabis apterus. | Sphyrocephalus ambulans.
Homoptera.
Acocephalus bifasciatus. | Hupteryx flavipennis ?
Ants.
Formica fusca. | Myrmica ruginodis.

In the Bizzle I came upon a field-mouse or vole, Arvicola
agrestis, from which 1 got, Pulex Talpe, Curt.; and an

162 Mr. Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills.

Ixodes, species not determined. At the same period I took
on the sandy road side, leading to Whiteside or Whitsunbank
Hill, near Wooler :

Bees.
Colletes succincta. Halictus tumulorum, Z.
Halictus rubicundus. Andrena fulvicrus ?
Fossores.
PomMPiuvs sp. | MELiinvs ARVENSIS.

One spring, in visiting Heathpool Linn, I observed Stlpha
thoracica, not a common insect thereabouts. Gyllenhal
notices its vernal habits. The result of a short attention, one
hot summer, to a shallow peaty pool, on the neck of Hedge-
hope, was the discovery of Agabus arcticus, which was
attended by A. congener, Payk. Some hasty surveys of the
peak of Cheviot shewed that it and Hedgehope agreed in the
character of their insect habitants, such as—Pferostichus
Orinomus, Homalota tibialis, Calathus micropterus, Antho-
phagus alpinus, Arpedium brachypterum, Otiorhynchus
maurus, &c., common to both. From a pool near “the
pole,’ I landed, Hydroporus melanocephalus, Gyll.; and H.
nigrita, Fab. (female)=H. glabellus, ‘Thomson.

In June, 1870, my object was to investigate Cheviot itself,
commencing with the ravine above Goldscleugh and then
ascending to the top. I made the ascent twice, but both days
terminated in mist and rain. Ona third attempt, 1 looked
into Henshole, but did nothing more than turn over a few
stones, and shake out some moss. ‘There was a general
drought, and not much to be got. Broadstruther Burn, Cold
Martin Moss, Wooler Water, and the Till, were also over-
hauled.

Coleoptera.

CARABUS GRANULATUS and vioLaceus. Both on the top of Cheviot.
», NiITENS. One on the moor between Broadstruther and

Cheviot.

NoTIoPHILUS AQUATICUS and BIGUTTATUS. On the top of Cheviot,
as well as Hedgehope.

Parrosus Excavatus. Plentiful on Cheviot, up to the apex. No
trace of the Scottish mountain species asszmilis.

CALATHUS MELANOCEPHALUS, nearly all of the black variety.
Cheviot.

CALATHUS MIOROPTERUS. Cheviot.

Mr. Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. 163

ANCHOMENUS FULIGINOSUS. Cheviot.
Prerosticuus Ortnomus. Cheviot.
> DILIGENS, Sf. Henshole and Cold Martin Moss.
AMARA LUNICOLLIs. Henshole.
Harpatus &ZNEvS. Top of Cheviot.
BRADYCELLUS PLACIDUS. Beneath rubbish, on the Till.

o coenaTus. Base and top of Cheviot.
5 coLLARIS. Ascent of Cheviot.
* stmILIs. Cold Martin Moss, under heather.

TRECHUS OBTUSUS. Cold Martin Moss, and Cheviot.
BEMBIDIUM MONTICOLUM and DECORUM. Broadstruther Burn.

9» . PuNcTULATUM. Wooler water above Earl Mill.
sy PALUDOSUM. On the Till.
aD Scuvupretv. On the Till.

HyYDRoPORUS PARALLELUS, Sharp. Cold Martin Moss.
OcALEA RUFILABRIS. Under leaves in a marsh, Broadstruther
wood.
Tacuyusa constricTA. Till, below Weetwood Bridge.
a sciruLA. Cold Martin Moss.
= FLAVITARSIS. ‘Till.
OxyPoDA LonaIuscuLA. Broadstruther Burn.
=f) RUPICOLA, Rye. Cheviot. Hitherto only found in
Scotland.
Mytimna ELoNGATA, Matthews. Gravel of Broadstruther Burn,
and on the Till.
Homatota currAx, Kraatz. Borders of Wooler water, and
Broadstruther Burn.
- tInsEcTA, Thoms. Channel of Broadstruther Burn.
New to Northumberland. Of this Dr. Sharp says, ‘‘ generally
distributed but uncommon.”

one cAmBRIcA, Wol. Beneath stones; channel of Wooler
water below Harthope Linn; Broadstruther Burn.
5 ELONGATULA, Gr. Cold Martin Moss.

BS voLans, Scr. Broadstruther Burn, and Cold Martin
Moss. Mr. Bold says this is common in Northumberland.

“ cLAVIPES, Sharp. Henshole. New to England.
‘‘ Found hitherto only on the higher mountains of Scotland ;
Ben Lomond, Mamsoul,” &. (Dr. Sharp.)

7 TIBIALIS, Heer.—nivalis, Aves. and Cat. of Coleopt.
Northd. and Dur. Cheviot and Henshole, numerous; also in
Cold Martin Moss. Dr. Sharp finds it, ‘‘common on the hills
of Scotland, North of England, and Wales.”

9 GREGARIA, Hr. Cheviot.

a vicina, Kirby. Broadstruther wood.

= GRAMINICOL:, Gr. Cold Martin Moss, and elsewhere.
. CIRCELLARIs, Gr. Common.

i EREMITA, Rye. Cheviot, Henshole, and Cold Martin

164 Mr. Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills.

Moss, in plenty; shaken from moss.

HomatoTa cuRTIPENNIS, Sharp. Several from Henshole. New
to Northumberland. ‘I have only found this species in Scot-
land; Rannoch, Pentlands, Thornhill.”’ (Dr. Sharp.)

a ANALIS, Gr. In moss on moors.

ae SUBHNEA, Sharp. Wooler water, and Broadstruther
Burn. ‘In wet places on the banks of the Scotch rivers, and
in England rarely.” (Dr. Sharp.)

59 succicoLa, Thoms. Cold Martin Moss.

a ATRAMENTARIA, Gylil. Common.

5 Funer, Gr. Rubbish by the sides of streams.

Hyvocyrrus Ltaviuscutus. Cold Martin Moss.

TACHINUS COLLARIS. Ditto.
TTACHYPORUS TRANSVERSALIS. Ditto.
MyYcETOPORUS LEPIDUS. Ditto.

QUEDIUs FULVICcOLLIs. Cheviot.
», SEMIZNEUs, Steph. Cheviot.
PHILONTHUS UMBRATILIS, FIMETARIUS, NIGRITULUS and RUBRIPENNIS.
Channel of Careburn, opposite Hell-path.
iis PROCERULEUS. Henshole.
OTHIUS MELANOCEPHALUS. Cheviot.

») | MYKMECOPHILUS. Do.

Stenvus JuNO, BUPHTHALMUS, LATIFRONS, NITIDIUSCULUS, and LATI-
CoLLIs(== brunnipes.) Henshole.

»» BREVICOLLIs. Henshole, and by the Till. New to North-

umberland.
»,» FEuLvicornis. Henshole.
»» IMpREssus. NHenshole and Broadstruther water.
») IMPRESSIPENNIS (= Ossium.) Cold Martin Moss.
BLEDIUS SUBTERRANEUS. Burrowing in sand, on the Till.
TROGOPHLEZUS PUSILLUS. Among gravel, Broadstruther Burn.
ANTHOPHAGUS ALPINUS. One only, Cheviot, but low down the
hill, above Woolhope Crag. In Sweden it frequents bushes,
but here it shelters under stones. JI have met with it several
times at the tops of Cheviot and Hedgehope.

LestTEvA BIcoLoR. Marshes.

LatTuRIMZUM ATROCEPHALUM. Ditto. Notso frequent as I have
seen it elsewhere.

ARPEDIUM BRACHYPTERUM. Henshole and the top of Cheviot.

MEGARTHRUS SINUATOCOLLIS. Rubbish.

CRrYPTOPHAGUS sETULOsUs. This pretty species found under a
stone, among heath, on Cheviot, near Bellyside ravine.

CytILus varius. Henshole.

HETEROCERUS MARGINATUS. Side of Till.

HELoPHorvs opscurvs. Cold Martin Moss.

Hyprana R1IparRIA. Marshes on Till.

LIMNEBIUS TRUNOATELLUS. Ditto.

Mr. Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. 165

APHODIUS sUBALPINUS. Cheviot top.
Limonivs cyEInDRicus. Flying about in Henshole.
CorYMBITEs CUPREUS. Broadstruther.
HELODEs MARGINATUs and TELEPHORUS PALUDosUS. Marshes.
StRopHosomus oBEsus. Whiteside road
Srrones tinEAtus. I found a considerable number of fresh
specimens hid under stones at the top of Cheviot; a strange
place for this frequenter of beans, peas, and vetches, in
cultivated grounds. It may have been shifting camp, and
soared too high, in a warm current of air. In October, I saw
others about the top of Hedgehope, in a migrating swarm of
insects crossing from the low country. From notices in ‘‘ The
Entomologist,” it has, this season, been so prevalent in the South
of England, as to destroy several crops of garden peas. In
harvest, I noticed hundreds of this insect collected beneath the
plate covering the knives of a reaping machine, engaged in
cutting beans and vetches.
OTIORHYNCHUS LIGNEUS. Lge not marked.
mMAURUS. Below stones among clumps of bilberry,
on the back and top of Cheviot; also at the top of Hedgehope,
in October.
CEUTORHYNCHUS QUADRIDENS. JBroadstruther Burn, on Carda-
mine sylvatica.
5 Ertcm. Cold Martin Moss.
Cronus ScropHULARIm. On Scrophularia nsdosa. Banks of the Till.
Puarpon Armoractm. Broadstruther wood.
Prasocuris Beccasunem. On Anagaillis aquatica, in pools near
Earl Mill, cutting the foliage into shreds.
Psyuuiopes Nari. On Cardami.e sylvaiica, side of Care Burn at
Hell-path.
Myiopuira Muscorum. Shaken out of dry moss in the lower
part of Henshole.
CorticarIa FuscuLA, Gyll. Cold Martin Moss, Cheviot, and
Henshole, among heather and moss.
Micropepius porcatus. Cold Martin Moss.

Hemiptera and Homoptera.

SALDA STELLATA. Broadstruther Burn.
» PALLIPES. Wooler water.

ScoLoposTETHUS AFFINIs. Among heather, Cold Martin Moss, and
Broadstruther.

Dipsocoris anienA. Among gravel, side of Care Burn, opposite
Hell-path.

AICRONA CHRULEA. Among heather, Whiteside Hill.

Lipurnia Discotor. Near Broadstruther Burn.

Uxopa oprecra. Among heather, Cold Martin Moss.

ACOCEPHALUS AGRESTIS. Cheviot.

166 Mr. Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills.

Bees.

ANDRENA EXTRICATA (males). New to Northumberland. White-
side road.
ee cINGULATA. Several. Whiteside road.
SPHECODES EPHIPPIA. Ditto.
Hauicrus Tumutorum, £. Large and small form.
», 4RATUS. Wooler water, beneath stones.

In the end of September and the beginning of October the
ptincipal success was obtained among the Coleoptera that
frequent Agarics and tree Fungi. Several insects were also
collected in marshes, and by the sides of sykes and rivulets,
and iu dried-up moss pools, where the Sphagnum peeled off
like arug. Dry ground at this period is almost deserted. I
explored most of the clumps of natural wood on Wooler
water, chiefly of Alder, from Langlee down to Coldgate Mill;
Broadstruther wood ; Cold Martin Moss and Trickley wood ;
Heathpool Linn ; Hedgehope ; Goldscleugh wood, in passing ;
and part of the Lill Burn on Middleton ground; besides
other spots which were unproductive. The more choice in-
sects were from the corky fungus of the Alder (Polyporus
radiatus) and from Agarics growing on decayed trees, mostly
of Alder also; the abundant Agaricus fascicularis ex-
cepted, which was nearly unoccupied, probably owing to its
acridity, which even penetrated the hands when crumbling
it. The return of scarce and noteworthy insects was more
favourable than might have been expected from the lateness
of the season, and the long continuance of dry weather.

Coleoptera.

LEISTUS FULVIBARBIS. Among damp grass, and in a ditch, Middle-
ton side of Wooler water, opposite Middleton Hall.

DRoMIUS NIGRIVENTRIS, Thomson. (= fasciatus). Shaken from
heather, ditch bank, Whiteside Hill. This is far from the in-
fluence of the sea-side, which the insect usually frequents.

CALATHUS MELANOCEPHALUS. Dark mountain variety. Top of
Hedgehope.

BEMBIDIUM GUTTULA. Wet grass, side of rivulets on Wooler
water.

yy ManneruHeimt, Sahlb. Beneath leaves and long
grass, Alder swamp, near Wooler water, below Care Burn
bridge. A rare species. Mr. Bold has found it among leaves,
&c., at Gosforth; and also at Tain, Rosshire.

Hyproporus MonTICOLA, Sharp. One in Cold Martin Moss under
Sphagnum.

Mr. Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. 167

Hyproporus ozssourus. Ditto.

AGABUS CHALCONOTUs. Jitto.

AUTALIA IMPRESSA. In agarics, plentiful.

BoxirocHara LUCIDA. One at the base of Polyporus versicolor, on
a decayed tree, in a wood on Wooler water, above Coldgate
Mill. New to Northumberland.

“ oBLIguA. With the preceding.

OcaLEA RUFILABRIS. Swampy ground in Alder woods, on Wooler
water.

», BADIA. One in a birch fungus (Polyporus betulinus)
along with a Rhyzophagus, in Goldscleugh wood, base of
Cheviot. The fungus, however, was touching the ground,
whence the insect may have reached it.

Leprusa Fumipa, #r. Beneath bark fungi.

»» RUFICOLLIS, Hr. With the preceding. The two often
occur together under bark. ‘They form my Homalota rufescens
and its*var. I had, it seems, mistaxingly referred them to
Aleochara rufescens, Kirby.

OXYPODA sPECTABILES. One from woods on the lill Burn. Rare.

», ALTERNANS. Numerous in agarics.

Puia@orora REPTANS. Bark of Scotch firs, Trickley planting, on
Whiteside Hill.

Homatora 1nsecTa. Channel of College water below Heathpool
Linn, among gravel; very difficult to secure; many examples got.

44 pavens, Hr. Border of a syke on Wooler water,
Middleton side. ‘This isreekoned ‘‘notcommon.’’ One of the
finest of the genus.

ae voLans. Agarics, several.

. cLavieEs, Sharp. Hedgehope, and probably Cold
Martin Moss. 6 specimens.

as TipraLis, Heer. Cold Martin Moss, and the hills.

Plentiful.

a GREGARIA, Zr. Two examples.

a vicina, Sfeph. (= umbonata, Er). Two examples.

- occuLta, Hr. One from fungi.

“i PICIPES, Thomson, (= fuscofemorata, Waterh.) Many
from agarics.

. CIRCELUARIS. Dry moss on Wooler water.

“A CURTIPENNIS, Sharp. Hedgehope.

om ANALIS. Common.

4 ZENEICOLLIS, Sharp. Agarics, a few.

- XANTHOPTERA, Steph. Ditto.

. FUNGICOLA, Thomson, (= nigricornis, Waterh). Plenti-
ful. All three are said to be “ common in fungi.”

ra IGNoBILIs, Sharp. In agarics in all the localities ex-
amined; 60 taken. Dr. Sharp has only found it rarely aé
Croydon and near Edinburgh. (Entomolog. Soc. Trans.)

168 Mr. Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills.

Homatota sopauis, Zr. Two in agarics. Said to be ‘not un-
common in fungi in summer.”

me VILLosULA, Kraatz? Two examples.
35 ATRAMENTARIA. One. Common.
* FUNGI. Four examples. Marshes.

GYROPHEZNA GENTILIS. In the gills of agarics. Woods on Wooler
water, and on the Lill Burn.

Mytrmna Etoneata, Matth. Among moist stones and under
moist rubbish, Wooler water; also under Sphagnum in Cold
Martin Moss, in dried-up peat pits, rapidly gliding off and con-
cealing itself in chinks.

u BREVICORNIS, Matth. Among grass in swamps, aad by
the sides of sykes. Wooler water.

GyMNUSA VARIEGATA, Aves. Among wet grass at the mouth of a
syke, in an Alder wood, on Wooler water, opposite Middleton
Hall shepherd’s house. New to Northumberland.

TAcHINUs Proximus, Araaéz. In decayed Boletus luteus, in a dark
glen leading to Langleyford ‘‘backwood”’ (a little below
Langlee), on Wooler water; three taken, but more seen.

_ COLLARIS. One from agarics.

BoLETOBIUS ATRICAPILLUS, TRINOTATUS, and PycMzus. In agarics
in many _ places.

QvuEDIUs umBRiINUs, Hr. In marshes. There were likely other
species, but I passed them over.

PHILONTHUS ATEKRIMUS, and P. succicotaA, Thoms. (= sordidus).
Agarics, &e. The Philonthi were not attended to.

LATHROBIUM QUADRATUM. Among moss and grass. Old peat
pits. Cold Martin Moss.

Dianous carurEscens. Side of a hill streamlet half way up the
east side of Newton Tor.

STENUS BUPHTHALMUs and 8. BREVICOLLIS. Cold Martin Moss.

»» Nivrpruscuuus and S. IMPREssIPENNIs. Swamps and sides
of sykes on Wooler water.
» GguTTuLA. Among gravel, Heath-pool Linn.

SyToMIuM ZNEUM. Among moss.

LestevA puncTaTA. Cold Martin Moss, and in swamps on
Wooler water.

OLoPHRUM PICcEUM. Swamps on Wooler water.

LATHRIMHUM UNICOLOR. Under moss, damp place near an Alder
swamp, Middleton side of Wooler water, opposite Middleton
Hall shepherd’s. house.

De.ipurum TecTuM. Dead rabbit.

HomAnIuM RIvuLaARE. In agaries, plentiful.

me AxsietInuM, Zhomson. Beneath Scotch fir bark in
Trickley planting. This is a split from H. pusillum.

» Auardi. Agarics, one. This is my H. Oxyacanthe.

¥ ExIcuUM. Agarics.

Mr. Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. 169

HoMAtium concinnum. Agarics.

a vitE, Hr. Twelve specimens, in agarics, on trees

a BREVICORNE, Hr. Hight specimens. On the underside
at the base, z.e. between it and the bark, of fresh growing
Polyporus radiaius on Alder, near Langlee, and also on the
Lill Burn. Mr. Rye writes me that this is on the British list
—but not generally known. He has two Fifeshire specimens
given him by Dr. Power, which Fauvel had erroneously named
gracilicorne. The examples now obtained serve to clear up the
species. The island of Sardinia is the locality given by Erichson.

Cnoneva LonaunA, Kelner nec Murray. In agarics, Middleton
banks on Wooler water.

» coractna, Kelner. In a dead rabbit. Ditto. New to
Northumberland.

5, Monro. Ditto.

» GRANDICOLLIS. One. Ditto.

» Kirst. Several. Ditto.

» wTRistis. Swarms. Ditto; also in agarics.

», Warsonr. Three. Ditto.

» SERICEA. Under a stone, top of Hedgehope.

Obs. Some of the Choleve were found under agarics, but
they were all placed together.

SPHERITES GLABRATUS. One in the centre of a deliquescent
B.letus luteus. Almost the last insect to come forth, and very
unwilling to move when it did tumble out. In a dark glen on
Wooler water, near Langlee, and leading to Langleyford
‘“‘backwood.”” This is new to England. The Berwickshire
example was found under rubbish, in a still more shaded dean.
Of late years several examples have been taken in the N. W.
of Scotland. It seems that the name Sarapizs was first pro-
posed for this insect, but the description of it perished in the
conflagration of Moscow, in 1812. (Gyllenhal, Ins. Suec. IV.,

. 805).

Gardens DEPRESSA. One in an Agaric.

RHYZOPHAGUS DEPRESSUS. Under bark of Scotch pine, Trickley
planting.

- DISPAR and BIPUSTULATUS. Both of these occurred
in tree fungi, as well as under bark.

CryptopHacus Scanicus. In dry old agarics on trees. Heath-
pool Linn, and on the Lill Burn.

< Pitosus, Gyll. On decayed Alder fungi; Wooler
water, near Langlee. Rare.

be DENTATUs. Several curicus high-coloured varieties.
With the preceding, but more numerous. Heathpool Linn,
about Langlee, and on the Lill Burn.

Mycrtoruitus Muttieuncratus. In the corky fungus of the
Alder (Polyporus radiatus); occasionally also in tree agarics on

170 Mr. Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills.

that tree. This is now recorded for the first time, for the N.
of England. Many examples. Broadstruther wood, woods
about Langlee, and on the Lill Burn.

PHILHYDRUS NIGRICANS. Cold Martin Moss.

a MARGINELLUS. Ditto.

Cis Bonetr and C. restiyus. The first in Polyporus versicolor ;
the second in that fungus, and P. vulgaris also. Broadstruther
wood; Lill Burn.

OcroTEMNUS GLABRICULUS. With the preceding.

OrcHEsIA MIcANs. Corky fungus of the Alder (Polyporus radiatus) ;
scattered and not numerous. Broadstruther wood; woods
near Langlee; woods on the Lill Burn. The last is the locality
where I first obtained the fungi, from which I bred it. The
rarer Carida flecuosa, which I then observed, did not occur on
this occasion. O. micans jumps like a flea (‘‘ citissime saliens”’) ;
but I remarked that as soon as it concealed itself under a frag-
ment of the fungus, which had to be cut or crushed to pieces,
it became quiet.

ANASPIS RUFICOLLIS. I remarked numbers of this insect drowned
in fir rosin, on old tree stumps.

SaLprncus FovEeotatTus. Mr. Bold remarks that this is new to
Northumberland; and that another example occurs in Mr.
Boyd’s collection. This was found about Langlee, in the Alder
woods.

Metanortus FuLvipEs. Larva only in decayed Alder, near Langlee.

Apion vorax. ‘This lives on plants of the vetch kind, but at
Broadstruther I shook great numbers from a birch tree. I
once, at Lobley hill near Ravensworth, got numbers of it on
heather.

SrropHosomus CorYUt, RETUSUS, and LIMBATUS; various localities.

GRAPTODERA LONGICOLLIs, Allard. This is formed at the expense
of the old Haltica oleracea. From heath on Whiteside (or
Whitsunbank) Hill. The insects were only clustered on cer-
tain bushes of the heather, and there were more females than
males. If this disproportion of the sexes is general, may not
this be the reason for the gregariousness, which renders the
Halticee such pests? They associate to pair, but at the same
time must feed, and in congregating eat up everything. I
observe that Haltica Nemorum (the Turnip Fly), this summer,
after its destructive career was closed, has fixed itself on some
grown turnips, rather than others; and that these ‘‘ trysting ”
plants (if such they are) are miserably defoliated; the bulb
sometimes only left. The same congregation on certain choice
plants may be also remarked in the Thyamis of the Ragwort ;
and perhaps the most of the social Chrysomelide. With
regard to G. longicollis, Mr. Langlands, of date August 4, 1870,
sent me anumber of its larve, which feed in bands on the

Mr. Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. 17)

heather, as well as on the wild rock-rose (Helianthemum vulyare).
‘Last year the heather on my hill farms was blighted, as we
thought, by a spring frost; but these larve afterwards were
noticed, to a great extent, by my shepherd, feeding and destroy-
ing the plants. When he called my attention to them they
were passing away; this year, however, we have kept a look
out for them; but they are not so numerous.”

THYAMIS MELANOCEPHALUS, FUSCICOLLIS, and sUTURALIS. On Rag-
wort, Humbleton dean, &c.

TrIpLaAxX “NEA. On the Polyporus and agarics of the Alder,
Broadstruther wood ; woods about Langlee, and downwards on
Wooler water; and on the Lill Burn. Also on an oak fungus,
old Middleton wood. This is considerably farther north in
Northumberland, than it has been previously observed. It
will probably cross into Roxburghshire. It is not recorded in
Mr. Murray’s ‘‘ Catalogue of Scottish Coleoptera.”’

Lataripius Nopirer. In dried-up agarics on Alders, and on
others on the ground under the shade of those trees. Dark
glen near Langlee; and more abundant in South Middleton
dean, where it joins the Lill Burn. Numerous; otherwise a
rare insect.

35 MINuUTUS. With the last, but much less frequent.

PHAEpon CocuLpart®, (= Betule, Curt.). Marshes on Wooler
water.

Rurizostus Litvra. Found by shaking moss, and Eleocharis
cespitosa, over paper, in Cold Martin Moss. I suppose it is
there parasitic on a small white powdered Coccus, which
abounds about the roots of the Eleocharis or ‘‘ Deer’s Hair.”
More usually it occurs on sea-side sand-hills.

CoccrsELLA 7-puycTATA. Of this, the common ‘Lady Bird,” I
turned out one from under a stone, at the top of Hedgehope.
It is gifted with long wings, but one would scarce expect that
it would soar so high; 2348 feet. Cheviot, where I found
another lowland species (Svtones lineatus), is 2676 feet in height.

In connection with the elevation attained by this insect,
quite beyond the area of its food, I may mention a wonderful
migration of midges, which I passed through in my October
ascent of Hedgehope. The air, which was unusually soft and
balmy compared with its wonted keenness on this windy pro-
montory, was crowded with them ; and at first I thought I had
encountered the upper stratum of the clouds of Aphides that
then hung over the cultivated tracts, which I had been free
from, as soon as I got amongst the hills. They were not
Aphides, but an infinitude of Sciara vitripennis, mixed with
males of a reddish brown ant (.Wyrmica ruginodis), a few of
Sitones lineatus, and a stray field bug or two, Lygus campestris.
The Red Admiral Butterfly had also joined the trip of these

172 Mr. Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills.

minims to these dreary upland moors. But the Sciarz formed
the main body, which kept streaming away, in a gleeful dance,
like a fairy raid, over the eastmost corner of the hill, towards
he great gulf that intervened between it and Cheviot. If this
goes on in the summer atmosphere, no wonder that swallows
feed high. To one standing at the base, small birds would be
out of sight, so far aloft. On this subject Mr. R. Scot Skirving
furnishes me with something appropriate. In September, the
small dung beetle (Aphodius) appeared in myriad swarms in
East Lothian. ‘‘ They filled the whole air, and covered all the
cow and horse dung on the roads and fields. They must also
have flown very high in the air. I saw, for a week, a cloud of
the Black-headed Gull darting about high in the air. They
did not light. At last I shot one, and found it full of these
beetles.”

Hemiptera.
Scolopotothus affinis. Etorhinus angulatus. On
Peritrichusluniger. Lill Burn. Alder.
Trapezonotus agrestis. Wooler | Lygus campestris.
water, in moss. Anthocoris nemorum.
Drymus sylvaticus. Ditto. Salda saltatoria.

» brunneus. Ditto. », pallipes.
Stygnocoris sabulosus. Ditto. | Pantilius tunicatus. One.
Monolocoris Filicis. On Aspidia. :

Homoptera.
Liburnia limbata. Acocephalus bifasciatus.
Ulopa obtecta. Aphrophora Alni.
Idiocerus Populi. OntheSallow. | JIassus mixtus. One.
ns fruticola. Birches, », 6-notatus.
&e. Eupteryx citrinellus.

In the end of September I found the burrows of the
solitary bees quite deserted by the diligent population that
rendered them so lively in summer. Only a few of Halictus
Tumulorum lingered at one spot, and they deserve notice, as
this was their latest date. Some remnants of the yellow
blossom of Hypocheris radicata had kept them from starving
till then. Born with the spring dandelions, they perish with
the autumnal, But the spring and summer banks will be as
populous as ever, and the passer by will take these for his.
friends of the bygone year. They were all killed off, without
exception ; and these are the offspring for which they toiled
throughout every blink of sunshine, under a terror of dark
clouds, and for whose preservation they expended so many
instinctive wiles. To observe bees that don’t sting, one has
only to betake himself to the sunny bank of a sandy road.

173

Notice of a remarkable Meteor seen at Coldstream, on
August 15th, 1870. By Grorce Epwarps.

Two extraordinary meteors have, this year, been visible in
Great Britain, one on the 15th and the other on the 20th of
August, about the same hour of the night. That on the 15th
was first seen at Coldstream about 8.45 p.m., and remained
visible about thirty minutes. The Duke of Argyll describes
one as appearing on the 15th at Inverary, in the N.N.W.
“The sky was cloudless, suddenly a large star appeared,”
&c. As it may not have been witnessed by any of the
scientific members of the Club I have thought that the
evidence of a less-learned witness might be useful.

I was near the monument, at Coldstream, on the evening
of August 15th, when about 8.45, a large star—about the
size of the Evening Star—appeared in the N.N.W. It had
a dull hazy appearance, and when first seen was round, but
soon altering in shape, it gradually got a tail, which had a
peculiar oscillatory motion. The ball gradually grew up,
and the tail became curved, and after taking a form almost
like a horse shoe, a ball appeared at each end, and the whole
looked not unlike a great chandelier. The curve and two
balls kept moving, as if the balls were coming and going to
each other, the curve being greater or less as they advanced
or receded. After being visible for nearly half-an-hour, it
gradually faded away.

Notice of Orchis pyramidalis. By Cuarxzs Sruart, M.D.,
Chirnside.

In July, 1869, one of my sons brought me specimens of an
orchid, which I had never before seen, and which he had picked
in the pastures at Whitehall, in Chirnside parish. Upon
examination I found that it could be no other than Orchis
pyramidalis. After a careful search over the ground indi-
cated, | did not succeed, that year, in finding other specimens ;
but in July of 1870, the period when the plant flowers, I
succeeded in getting several good specimens, one of which I
sent to Professor Balfour, of Edinburgh University, and he
at once verified the identity of the plant. As the ground on
which the plants grow is pastured by cows, its present
scarcity may be due to the chance of being eaten over, and

174

to its showy flowers being plucked by the persons who milk
the animals. This plant has been previously found within
the area of the Club, and is recorded in Tate’s History of
Alnwick, vol. 11., p. 428, as found in a field near Embleton.
I am not aware that it has ever been found before in
Berwickshire, and Professor Balfour writes me that it is rare
every where in Scotland, so that it is a welcome addition to
the flora of our district.

Notice of Night Heron; Ardea Nycticorax, Lin.
By T. H. Giss, Alnwick.

AN immature female of this rare bird was shot, on Nov.
24th last, near to the confluence of the Cawledge burn with
the Aln, by one of Major Browne’s under-gamekeepers. The
specimen was brought to me, by him, two days afterwards ;
and he informed me it had been observed during the preceding
three weeks in the immediate vicinity of the place where it
was killed.

The species is of rare occurrence in Britain. It is recorded
as an occasional visitant, by Selby, in his ornithology of Ber-
wickshire, printed in the Club’s Proceedings, 1841, a fine
specimen having been killed in the Hirsel. This is but the
second time of its occurrence with the area of the Club.

Places of Meeting for the Year, 1871.

Maxton oe Efe He Thursday, May 11.
Whalton Ate wth mas és June 29.
Cockburnspath 55 July 27.
Alnmouth, on or about 31st August, 2

according to the state of the tide.
Berwick i ae ae 3 September 28.

178

Rain Fall at Glanton Pyke, Northumberland, in 1870 ; com-
municated by FREDERICK J. W. CoLtinawoop, Esq.: And
at Lilburn Tower, Northumberland ; communicated by
Epwarp J. Cottinewoop, Esq.

GLANTON PYKE. LILBURN TOWER.

Inches. Inches.
January . & 1696 January . 4 ANSTZ
February . 3 3306 February 224138
March ; ford eel Fs March . . 1.185
Polis Bt. 69... 0.72 April . . 0.623
May E 1.62 May ; sy) 12622
June : . 1.538 June : . 1.2638
July ‘ . 0.83 July ; . 0.631
August). . 1.68 August . . 1.915
September eG September . 20o8
October . . 4.00 October . . 9425
November . . 38.10 November . 2.442
December . ~ 4,54 December . 4.480
Total . 25.38 Total . 23.247

Rain Guage—Diameter of Rain Guage—Diameter of

Funnel, 8 inches; Height of Funnel, square, 10in ; Height

Top above Ground, 4 ft. 4in ; of Top above Ground, 6 ft. ;

Above Sea Level, 534 ft. Above Sea Level, 300 ft.

Rain Fall at North Sunderland, Northumberland, in the Year,
1870. Communicated by the Rev. F. R. Simpson.

é _ | Days on
Month) Dept dd tous MOL ot
exons
Inches. | Depth. | Wate.
January 1.53 | 42 7th 16
February 2.78 | 47 7th | 25
March ie 24 Ast 7
April 40 | .08 | 29th 9
May P99" AG. | tTth 14
June 1.25 ; .26 | 24th 12
July 1.07 | .69 | 10th 9
August 1.03 | .20 oth 11
September 84 | .21 8th 12
October Qiao |id | 12th 17

November 4.00 .86 | 10th 12
December 4.96 83 9th 25

Total | 22.57 | 5.49 179

Rain Guage—Diameter of Funnel, 8 inches; Height of Top above Ground, 1
ft. 2in.; Above Sea Level, 69 ft,

176

GENERAL STATEMENTS.
Accounts—Sept. 28, 1870.
The Income and ExPEenpDITURE have been :—
Balance from last account in hands of

Cosmud.
Mr Embleton 204 sso Ll? “6
Mr Fate: Ve Pa. eae, Leos "4

—— 5 710

AUTTEAYS TECEIVER Hs) Fs. s1c seehtes is COL OmAU

dimtranee fees; . Gis. 2. issmieee eso: £Or LO

Subscriptions for 1869 ..........40 4 0

Do. ASO) Cyc pee OES 0

Interest on £50 Bank Deposit .... 1 0 10
———78 10 8

EXPENDITURE.
Paid for Printing and Lithographs, 38 10 6
Expenses at Meetings, i clan 19 6 8
Carriage, &e. -
Balance in hands of
Mr Emibleton.......... 9 12° 6
Mi Tiles se en 1 op eee
78 10 8

The following were elected members at the meeting held at
Berwick, September 29th, 1870.

Rev. Augustus Crowther, Dunse.

John Dunlop, Berwick.

Pringle Hughes, Surgeon, Middleton Hall, Wooler.
Rev. Wm. Merrilies, Berwick.

David C. McVail, Surgeon, Infirmary, Alnwick.
David McGrubbin, C.A., 14, Buchanan Street, Glasgow.
Rev. James Noble, Castleton.

James Purvis, Berwick.

George Paulin, Berwick.

Rev. David Paul, Morebottle.

Thomas Patrick, Berwick.

Rev. Wm. Procter, jun,, Doddington.

Rev, John George Rowe, Vicarage, Berwick.

John Scott, Berwick.

Captain Simpson, North Sunderland.

John Pringle Turnbull, Alnwick.

Rev. E. B. Trotter, St. Michael’s Vicarage, Alnwick.
James Wood, Galashiels,

George Young, Berwick,

Matthew Young, Berwick:

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

_ Address delivered to the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, at
Berwick, September 28th, 1871. By Witxiam B. Boyp,
Esq., of Ormiston.

&

GENTLEMEN,
Brrorz retiring from the honourable position of President, I
proceed, according to rule, to give an account of the doings of
the Club during the past season.

The anniversary meeting of last year was held at Cold-
stream, on Thursday, 29th September. The members
present were—Rev. George Selby. Thomson, President ; Geo.
Tate, Esq., Secretary ; Revs. P. Mearns, D. McAllister, S. A.
Fyler, J. S. Green, P. G. McDouall, J. E. Elliot, Sir Walter
Elliot, Capt. McLaren, Drs. F. Douglas, Chas. Douglas, M.
J. Turnbull, A. Brown, Paxton, Fluker; Messrs F: J. W.
Collingwood, R. G. Huggup, J. C. Langlands, T. Y. Greet,
R. Douglas, W. Cunningham, J. Cunningham, Arch. Jerdon.
Visitors—J. Mearns, — Huggup, jun. Breakfast was at the
Newcastle Arms, after which the Secretary made a statement
with regard to the funds of the Club, which were found to be

B.N.C.—VOL. VI. NO. III, A

178 Annwwersary Address.

in a highly prosperous condition ; he also read a list of twenty-
two names of gentlemen, who had been nominated at various
meetings during the year, all of whom were admitted mem-
bers. Rev. J. E. Elliot proposed, and Mr Archd. Jerdon
seconded, that the Club extend its investigations as far south-
wards as the river Blyth. Mr Tate moved, in accordance
with the above proposition, that one meeting be held this
year at Whalton, which was unanimously carried. A letter
from Miss Hunter was read, giving an account of an ancient
monument still standing in a good state of preservation, on
the site of the extinct village of Deadrig, in the parish of.
Eecles. The following meetings were fixed upon for next
year:—Maxton, Thursday, May 11th; Whalton, Thursday,
June 29th; Cockburnspath, Thursday, July 27th; Aln-
mouth, Thursday, August 3lst; Berwick, Thursday, Sep-
tember 28th. A number of coins recently found at Embleton,
of the reigns of Edward IIT. and IV. were exhibited, and a
descriptive paper read by the Secretary. Mr Langlands read
a paper, by Mr Hardy, Oldcambus, on the turnip insect, and
on an allied species (Graptodera longicollis) which is
destructive to heather. The Club visited several places of
interest in the town and neighbourhood. They first in-
spected the collection of minerals and fossils at Lees Cottage,
belonging to Mr Edwards, and afterwards visited the site of
the old abbey. They then visited Lees House, where several
objects of interest were shewn by Sir John Marjoribanks ;
among others autographs of General Monk, duke of Albe-
marle, and Robert Burns. The Club next visited Hirsel
House and grounds. A chair and table of strong oak, from
the ancient castle of Hume, excited much interest. A few
of the members visited the monument at Deadrig. The
party returned to dinner at four o’clock ; after dinner the
President read his annual address. Rev. P. Mearns, Cold-
stream, read a paper by Mr Edwards, Coldstream, descriptive
of a remarkable meteor seen at Coldstream, on the 15th
August. Mr William B. Boyd was proposed by the retiring
President, and unanimously chosen President for next year.

Anniversary Address. 179

The first field meeting of the year was held at Maxton, on
Thursday, 11th May. The members present were—Mr W.
B. Boyd, President ; Revs. M. H. Graham, G. S. Thomson,
John F. Bigge, P. G. McDouall, J. S. Green, — Graham,
W. L. J. Cooley, Jas. Marshall, H. M. Oswald, S. A. Fyler ;
Drs. Dewar, Robertson, Brown, F. Douglas, C. Douglas, J.
M. Turnbull, Mackenzie, Robson Scott; Messrs John Ord,
R. Bolam, John B. Boyd, F. J. Roy, C. Anderson, Charles
Rea, Archd. Jerdon, Purves, Stewart, Wood, Brown, Young,
Geo. Allan, Russell, Stevenson, Sholto Douglas, Capt. Mac-
pherson. Visitors—Rev. Thomas Johnston, St. Boswell’s
Manse ; Rev. T. Rogers, canon of Durham Cathedral; Rev.
Mr Paul, Mr Chisholm, and Mr James Boyd. The Club
was most kindly and hospitably entertained to breakfast, by
the Rev. M. H. Graham and Mrs Graham, at Maxton
Manse. Mr Graham then favoured the company with a
pleasant paper on the geology and antiquities of the parish,
illustrated by fossils, carved stones, &c., laid out on a table
on the lawn in front of the Manse. The members then
divided into two parties. One party directed their way to
Littledean Tower, under the guidance of the Rev. M. H.
Graham, who kindly contributed the following notes :—
** After loading and firing our pipes at the Manse, some eight
or nine of us set off on our walk to rejoin the others at
Mertoun House. We skirted the Glebe lands on the heights
close by the river Tweed, and then dropped (literally) into
the Duke of Roxburgh’s property ; concerning whose salmon-
fishing rights ex adverso of this field, there was that great
law-suit which in its issue is said to have ruled half of the
salmon-fishing possessions in Scotland. Midway across the
said field, you come suddenly and unexpectedly on one of the
richest views and finest stretches of our noble river. Some
thirty years ago or so the land gave way here, and in its fall,
carrying away trees and rocks and thousands of tons of soil,
made a tremendous slip; but unlike slips in general, this one
was a great gain to society, for it opened up a bit of almost
matchless scenery. At last we reached Littledean Tower,

180 Annwersary Address.

the chief object of our walk, and one of the subjects of my
‘Notes’ read in the morning. My party were greatly shocked
—as I foresaw—with the state of matters here, and I seized
the occasion to request those present to request me, in the
name of the Club, to bring it to the notice of the proprietor
of the tower, What we desire is that something shall be
done immediately, not only to remove recent accumulated
masses of earth which conceal some fine portions of the
structure ; but also to prevent the further destruction by ruth-
less visitors, of the fast-crumbling ruins of this once splendid
and most formidable Border Pele. Saddened but deeply
interested by what we saw, and recalling to each other’s
remembrance the historical associations which still fondly
cling to these ancient fortified homes, we entered the boat
kindly provided by Lord Polwarth, and glided across the
Tweed, which here speeds swiftly along the base of the richly
wooded knoll, on which stands the grand old tower. We
then made our way by the river side to the parish church-
yard close by—as sequestered and eerie a ‘ God’s-acre,’ as
human we could desire. Here, within a handsome mauso-
leum, repose in richly-carved coffins arranged in orderly tiers,
the remains of the Scotts of Harden, once a rather disorderly
old Border family, but now represented by the present Lord
Polwarth.. Pushing on, we joined the other party on the
brink of that frowning precipice, which the tear and wear of
ages is rapidly rendering dangerous; but from the top of
which, as we will not readily forget, the lover of Nature
obtains one of those magnificent views of Tweed’s. silver
stream, and the gorgeous scenery around, which lingering
long in his delighted recollection repays him amply for his
pilgrimage here.”

The other party, of which I formed one, proceeded from
the Manse by the base of the cliffs towards Mertoun, where
we were trysted to meet the division gone to Littledean
Tower. We were principaliy on the outlook for spring
flowers, but failed in finding anything new in this part of our
walk. There were, however, noticed in the woods, Adoza

Annwersary Address. 181

moschatellina, Allium ursinum, Stelleria holostea; and on a
fine rocky knoll near the Suspension Bridge, glittering
masses of Geranium lucidum intermixed with Fedia olttoria.
Passing on by the Suspension Bridge, we arrived at Mertoun
House, where we were most kindly conducted by Lord Pol-
warth through his beautiful gardens and grounds. The
gardens are most unique, situated on the corner of a steep
bank ;—the remains of old Mertoun House standing on the
top, entirely surrounded by the garden. This is now occu-
pied by Mr Fowler, the head gardener, who accompanied the
party through the grounds for the purpose of explaining any
matters of interest connected with the place. Along the
banks of the Tweed, on the Mertoun side, we noticed
Doronicum pardalianches, Epipactis latifolia and a consider-
able quantity of Lathrea squamaria growing at the roots of
willow trees. After leaving Mertoun the Club kept along
the banks of the Tweed to Dryburgh Abbey, where a con-
siderable time was spent in admiring that very beautiful ruin.
The ruins of this monastery are situated on a richly-wooded
peninsula, formed by a bend of the river Tweed. Many
trees of large dimensions surround the abbey ; one overgrown
yew is said to be coeval with it. There is reason to con-
jecture that on this spot there had been a Druidical temple ;
for the Celtic etymology of the name Darach-bruach, Darach-
burgh, or Dryburgh, is by interpretation, the bank of the
sacred grove of oaks, or the settlement of the Druids. The
new abbey of Dryburgh was founded by Hugh de Morville,
in 1150, for monks of the Preemonstratensian Order, brought
from Alnwick Abbey in 1152. In 1823 the abbey was
burned, and a considerable portion of it destroyed by the
English, in the reign of Edward II., and was repaired at the
expense of King Robert Bruce. It was, however, again
destroyed by the English under Sir George Bowes and Sir
Bryan Laytoun, in 1544; from which time there has been no
attempt to restore it. This ruin is chiefly in the Saxon style
of architecture, and the only remains are the western gable
of the nave of the church, the ends of the transept, part of

182 Anniversary Address.

the choir, and a portion of the monastic buildings. The
principal door in the west gable is a masterly work, display-
ing a semicircular arch, with four single shafts. The south
transept is of considerable height, and has a large window of
exquisite design, with a division of four mullions. St. Mary’s
aisle on the north, the arched roof of which springs from a
variety of clustered columns of admirable construction, is the
finest section of the ruins. Sir Walter Scott was buried here
on the 26th September, 1832.

Several plants of interest were found in and around the
enclosure at Dryburgh ; amongst them were Tulipa sylvestris
growing in quantity, and Petasites fragrans, which, how-
ever, was supposed to have been an outcast from the old
garden of the monks; Chetranthus Cheri was covering the
ruins, and Clematis Vitalba running along the ground and
clasping the pillars in its grasp. A quantity of morells,
Morchella esculenta, were got growing within the abbey pre-
cincts, which, along with a supply kindly sent by Sir Geo.
Douglas, from Springwood Park, were cooked for dinner,
and were much appreciated by the members of the Club.
Dinner was at the Buccleugh Arms, St. Boswell’s Green.
After dinner the following new members were proposed :—
Rev. Thomas Johnston, St. Boswell’s Manse; Rev. Thomas
Rogers, Durham ; Rev. R. Paul, Coldstream ; Mr R. Grieve
Thomson, Rutherford ; Mr Francis Walker, Nesbit; Rev. T.
S. Anderson, Crailing ; and the Rev. D. Yair, Bunkle Manse.

On the proposition of Dr Francis Douglas, the Rev. Thos.
Brown (a son of Mr Thos. Brown, one of our oldest mem-
bers), was unanimously elected a member of the Club, at the
present meeting.

The President exhibited specimens i Petasites vulgaris,
with fertile florets, and also specimens of Convallaria Poly-
gonatum. Mr Stewart exhibited specimens of Tulipa
sylvestris in flower.

The second meeting was held at Whalton on Friday, 30th
June. The members present were—the President; Sir

Walter Elliot, Sir George Douglas, Drs. F. Douglas, C.

Anniversary Address. 183

Douglas, Robert Wilson, D.C. McVail; Revs. J. C. Bruce,
L.L.D., G. 8. Thomson, W. L. J. Cooley, Wm. Proctor, P.
G. McDouall, John F. Bigge, J. R. Simpson, J. Wilkinson ;
Capt. Simpson; Messrs F. J. W. Collingwood, Arch. Jerdon,
J. C. Langlands, Henry Hunter, James Heatley, Edward
Allen, Robert Middlemas. Visitors—Messrs John Philip-
son, William Brown, Thos. Arkle, Rev. M. Roach Jones and
Miss Jones.

By the invitation of the Rev. J. Elphinstone Elliot the
members were kindly entertained to breakfast at the Rectory.
Notes of this meeting were kindly supplied by Mr Elliot and
Mr Middlemas.

After breakfast, the Rector read an elaborate paper entitled
** An Archeological sketch of Whalton and its vicinity.” He
also exhibited some local antiquities and objects of natural
history, which were viewed and discussed with some earnest-
ness. The party next inspected the Rectory, part of which,
formerly constituting the Pele Tower, and consisting of two
vaulted apartments with strong arched stone roofs, still re-
mains in its original state; from the inner one the remains
of a spiral staircase may still be seen, which had originally
led to the upper rooms and battlements. They next visited
the grounds of Mr Moore, opposite to the Rectory, where the
tombstone of a former member of the family who, in conse-
quence of his having adopted the opinions of the Covenanters,
Was excommunicated, and refused burial in consecrated
ground in 1684, still testifies to the religious difficulties of
those times. The Club was next conducted to the old Parish
Church, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, a fine specimen of
the transition period, from the Saxon to the Norman style of
architecture. Of the former, a semicircular-headed tower
arch is still standing; but the date of the original Saxon
church is not known. It is, however, certain that the build-
ing was entirely remodelled in the 13th century ; which has
had the effect of marring and destroying much of the beauty
of the earlier work. Out of this Rectory there was a pay-
ment to the Tynemouth monks of one mark yearly ; they

184 Anmwversary Address.

also, for some time, held the advowson. On the suppression
of the monasteries, this right was vested in the crown, but
since the reign of Elizabeth, it has rested in the family of
Bates of Milburn.

The party then resumed their conveyances and proceeded
to Belsay Castle, which, by the courtesy of Sir Arthur
Monck, was shown to them by his land agent, Mr Goddard.
It consists of a square tower or keep, with four tiers of apart-
ments, 564 feet by 47 feet 3 inches. At each of the corners
of the battlements is a turret, projecting considerably over
the walls; three of these are round, and the fourth over the
south angle is square, and contains the staircase. The view
from the battlements was wondrously fine, and the
party enjoyed it for some time. This old castle is (as Mr
Hodgson says) certainly one of the most perfect, and by far
the most imposing specimen of castellated architecture in
Northumberland. The family tradition is, that it was
erected in King John’s reign ; but Hodgson, in his “‘ History
of Northumberland,” thinks that it was in that of Edward
III. The family of the Middletons of Belsay is of very
ancient origin, dating at least as far back as 1160. In 1278
they were honoured by a royal visit from Edward I. In the
succeeding reign, however, of his feeble successor, Edward
II., Sir Gilbert Middleton, the then representative of the
family, quarrelled with the Crown, raised a large army of
Border riders, ravaged Northumberland and Durham, and
seized upon two Romish Cardinals and the Bishop elect of
Durham, whom they were about to induct into his see, and
exacted from them a heavy ransom. He was, after consider-
able trouble, at last defeated and put to death, and his lands
confiscated. ‘They were afterwards, however, recovered by
the marriage of one of his descendants with the heiress of the
grantee of the Crown, daughter of Sir John de Striveling.
Another member of the family married the heiress of the
Lamberts of Craven, descendants of William I.; and another
married the heiress of the Moncks of Caenby, in Lincolnshire,
by whom respectively the names of Lambert and Monck

Anniwersary Address. 185

came to be adopted by the family. General Lambert, the
great Cromwellian leader, was of this ancient family. The
new mansion and grounds were next visited ; the former was
built by the late Sir C. M. L. Monck, Bart. It is a building
of the most substantial character, has a solid appearance, and
is of the purest Grecian architecture. The entrance hall was
only viewed ; and perhaps the description uttered by one of
our members, well qualified to judge, conveys best the im-
pression made upon the company at the time—‘ Chaste,
severe, but cold.”

A pleasant walk through the grounds, fernery, and quarry,
from which the stones were obtained for the new mansion,
and which has been converted into a rockery and wilderness
of the most fascinating kind, where the Allosorus crispus and
Anchusa sempervirens were growing in friendship with the
exotic palm, brought the party to their carriages, After ex-
amining some of the best specimens of the Auwracaria imbri-
cata and other exotic trees that are to be seen in the county,
the party resumed their seats and drove to the quaint little
village of Harnham, situated on an abrupt rock of freestone
slate. It was formerly, in the time of Henry V., occupied by
a fortalice, of which there are now no remains. Old trees
and recent walks and shrubberies skirt the foot of the rock,
and ivy and fumitory hang upon its sides; Alliwm oleraceum
also grows abundantly on the ledges. The party were kindly
received by the proprietor, who shewed us the garden, which
contains the tomb of the celebrated beauty, Madam Katherine
Babington. It is hewn out of the solid rock, on the side of
which is cut the following inscription :—

“Here lyeth the body of Madam Babington, who was laid in
this sepulchre on the 9th September, 1670.”

“My time is past, as you may see,
I viewed the dead as you do me ;
Or long you'll be as low as I,
And some will look on thee.”

This Madam Babington was a daughter of Sir A. Hazelrig,
AQ

186 Annwersary Address.

and married Major Babington, the possessor of Harnham.
She was said to have been so remarkably distinguished for
personal beauty, that when she went to Durham the magis-
trates were obliged to require her to eat her luncheon in a
back room of the confectioner’s, which she visited for the pur-
pose, in order to prevent the crowds who assembled to look
at her from blocking up the street. The reason of her burial
in this extraordinary sepulchre, was her excommunication on
account of her Presbyterian opinions, which were so strong
that she instigated a son of the blacksmith at Bolam, to pull
the vicar out of his pulpit, when he was ousted from his
living at the beginning of the Long Parliament in 1643.

After another pleasant drive the party arrived at Bolam
church. Seated on the low wall of the churchyard, and sur-
veying the massive tower before us, the mind is carried back
a thousand years, when some Saxon lord to record his piety
and defend his people here founded a church, and built that
sturdy tower. The structure became ruinous, and the Nor-
man victor repaired the handy-work of his vanquished foe.
Centuries elapse—ecclesiastical art has developed—strength
and simplicity have given way to elegance and decoration.
The church at this period is again repaired, so that this in-
teresting relic is an embodiment of the handy-work of masons
who lived centuries distant from each other. The eccle-
siastical antiquary may well linger on the spot, for as Mr F.
R. Wilson has accurately and feelingly written, “ the place is
so hoary, so earthy, so venerable and crumbling, so veritably
a priceless relic of high antiquity, that as we look upon it
there comes to us a sense that we should put off our shoes
from our feet.” As we entered our conveyance, the Rev.
Septimus Meggison, the worthy vicar, came to his garden
gate, and while bowing our parting acknowledgments, we
heartily wished health and happiness to the venerable
gentleman, who was inducted to this living fifty-four years
ago. A few minutes after four o’clock the party arrived at
Morpeth, and sat down to an excellent dinner at the Queen’s
Head.

Annwersary Address. 187

The third field meeting of the season was held at Cock-
burnspath, on Thursday, the 27th July. I was unfortu-
nately prevented from being present, and for the following
notes I am indebted to Mr Hardy of Oldcambus. A
fine day attracted the attendance of a large number of mem-
bers ; no fewer than twenty-one sat down to breakfast, and
the number was increased to twenty-six at dinner. After
breakfast Mr Hardy gave a narrative of the principal events
that had occurred in the history of the district, especially in
connection with Dunglass, which was the chief object of the
visit of the Club. Under his guidance the members then
passed through Cockburnspath, inspecting an ancient cross,
which stands in the midst of the village, sculptured with the
Scottish thistle ; Cockburnspath lordship having been a regal
appurtenance, and the dowry land of the Scottish queens.
Thence they proceeded to the shady recesses of Dunglass
dean, about half-a-mile distant, which had been opened to
the Club, by the permission of Sir James Hall. The dean
was traversed upwards for nearly a mile, the beauty of the
scenery, consisting of fine trees and noble rocks, with a clear
rivulet running at the bottom of the glen, being the subject
of general admiration. Walks have been judiciously made,
and shrubs planted to heighten the effect. The growth of
ferns was superb, many rivalling oriental forms in size and
beauty. A few plants of interest were observed, particularly
Neottia nidus-avis and Veronica montana, the latter dis-
covered here about seventy years ago by the celebrated
botanist, Dr Parsons. A hurried visit was then paid to the
grounds immediately round the mansion house, including the
Collegiate church. The ancient village of Dunglass stood in
the neighbourhood of the old church, but the only remnant
of the village consists of an ancient sycamore tree, which is
still known as the Tron’ tree, z.e., the place where articles
bought and sold were weighed as in a public market. The
party then proceeded towards the pond, where the Anacharis
alstnastrum was gathered, having been introduced there, it
is thought, for the purpose of feeding tench ; and were then

188 Anniwersary Address.

admitted to the garden, which contains a lovely border of
herbaceous plants. ‘Thence the party descended towards the
sea, passing the hamlet of Billsdean, almost hid in a hollow ;
viewed the waterfall which, like that of Niagara, is wasting
away below by the agency of rushing water and gusts of
wind ; and reached the coast at an old low arched bridge,
not far from which were noticed some fortifications that had,
in warlike times, blocked up the passage to the inland
country. Myrrhis odorata and Anchusa sempervirens grow
at the bottom of the ravine. The waters here have a
petrifying property, and a large block of calcareous tufa
was passed, called the “ Ballabus Rock,” 7.e. the alabaster
rock; and there are many such with the upper part
still in process of formation. Ever since crossing
Dunglass Burn the Club had been sojourning in Kast
Lothian, and they went here still further along the
coast to view some fantastic, cavernous, and detached sand-
stone rocks, bearing many an impress of the quaint chiselling
of Time, and the evidence of mighty disruptions; and the
commencement of the Mountain Limestone was noted, and
the intervening beds of shale and imperfect coal, which
hereabouts succeed in ascending order to the Calciferous
Sandstone. The coal was, about the beginning of the
18th century, used in manufacturing salt; and the re-
mains of the buildings connected with the work are still
traceable. Between the mouths of Billsdean and Dun-
glass Burns, the Sea Buckthorn adorns the banks, and is
spreading. After reaching the mouth of Dunglass dean, it
was ascended as far as the bridge over the post road.
A clumsy old bridge was passed at the mill, consisting of
ever so many roods of blank wall, perforated by a small
aperture. Till within recent times, all the traffic of the
country, 2.e. of Scotland, passed along it. Above this,
down in the dean by the waterside, near the remains of
an ancient mill, grew the peppermint and spearmint, and
Anchusa sempervirens of some old garden; along with the
authentic aborigines of the spot, Hupatoria cannabinum,

Anniversary Address. 189

Carex pendula, and Carex remota, the last noted for the first
time here. Gaining the post road, the members wended
their way through shady walks, or across fields, to the
village Inn. After dinner, new members were proposed, in-
cluding T. C. Jerdon, Esq., the distinguished ornithologist,
who was present and accompanied the Club during its pre-
sent walk. Mr Hardy exhibited examples of the ‘‘ Devon-
shire gall’? of the oak, which has recently made its advent
in Berwickshire, Roxburgshire, and Northumberland; also,
specimens and drawings of the fly, Anthomyza Tritict, which
has this and last year proved so destructive to the wheat
crops in East Lothian, Fife, and Berwickshire ; and speci-
mens of the wheat Chlorops which he had reared from the
common quicken, Triticum repens ; and he also gave in a list
of insects gathered in the Cheviot district during the pre-
sent summer. There were also handed round some beautiful
drawings of some of the rarer British mosses; some of them
from Border specimens, made by W. C. Unwin, Esq., of
Lewes. Sir Walter Elliot made a communication on
ancient graves in Roxburgshire. Altogether, the members
spent a very enjoyable day, the only drawback being the in-
exorable train, which was to bear some of them to the
distance of 40 or 60 miles before they could reach their
homes, and which, therefore, curtailed the papers and com-
munications intended to have been made. After the others
had departed, the remaining members proceeded to Cockburns-
path Tower, a ruined castle of the Dunbars, Earls of March,
above a mile to the east of Cockburnspath. It was remarked
that more than one style of arch had be2n employed in this
structure, including the adjacent offices; one of them of a
more modern appearance. ‘There is, however, no evidence of
its being of recent construction, nor of its being tenantable
since the old Border period. The approach to it from the
east had been from a curious old bridle bridge, of which few
suspect the existence; being hidden in the depths of the
dean, a little above the modern bridge. Further on, the
Pease Bridge and dean obtained a few summary glances, for

190 Annwersary Address.

timed-work allowed little else. Pushing on, the coast road
was gained at the “ Old Pease,” so memorable in history for
the obstructions here interposed by the steepness of its vary-
ing paths (whence the name “ pethes,” corrupted into Pease)
to the passage of armies, and reached the Railway Station
timeously. Such snatches are not fleeting; scenes of per-
manent interest make their due impression, however hastily
viewed—and these were unexpected and new to most, and
valued accordingly.

The next meeting was held at Alnmouth, on Thursday, the
3lst August. The members present were—Mr W. B. Boyd,
President ; Messrs F. J. W. Collingwood, C. H. Cadogan,
Thos. Clutterbuck, W. P. Bosanquet; Revs. 8. F. Fyler, W.
Darnell, John Elphinstone Elliot, W. L. J. Cooley, H. M.
Oswald, Thomas Leishman, George Selby Thomson, David
Donaldson, David Paul (of Morebattle), F. R. Simpson, J.
W. Dunn, A. O. Medd, M. Hepple; Messrs Edward Allen,
Thos. Robertson, Wm. Dickson, J. Richardson, Lee Smith,
Henry Hunter ; Captains Simpson and Darnell; Messrs J.
Heatley, M. H. Dand; Drs. R. Wilson and D. M. McVail ;
and Robert Middlemas. Visitors—Messrs J. Harrison, H. H.
Blair, J. Heatley, jun., W. Robertson, and W. Cadogan, jun.

The members breakfasted at the Schooner Inn ; and after-
wards proceeded to visit the gardens of Wm. Dickson, Esq.
The comparatively small space available for garden ground
has, with great tact and taste, been laid out to display
great variety and profusion of form and colour; and reflects
great credit on Mr Newton, the a who accompanied
the party over the grounds.

The party then crossed the river to visit the new steam saw
mills of Messrs T. Robertson & Son. Here new and power-
ful machinery was exhibited in active operation for sawing,
planing, grooving, and preparing wood for joiners and builders.
Messrs Robertson attended and explained the various machines
and their method of operation. The party crossed the marsh,
in which the Salicornia herbacea grew abundantly, to visit
the Church Hill. This was formerly the site of a chapel, the

Anniversary Address. £91

walls of which were standing in the time of Grose, and are
figured in his work. Here was the burial place of the village,
but about the year 1806. the river Aln made a breach, which
it gradually extended until a new course was formed ; and,
what was formerly a part of the main land, is now an island,
the river running on the north side of the Church Hill in-
stead of the south. There are no remains of the old chapel.
A few tombstones are scattered over the hill; one records a
death and burial in 1724. No burials have taken place of
late. A neat mortuary chapel, in the Norman style, from the
design of Mr T. Robertson, has been lately erected, at the
expense of Major Browne and Mr Dickson. The history of
Alnmouth has been written by Mr Dickson. The plants
noticed on the Church Hill were Cahkile maritima, Echium
vulgare, Lycopsis arvensis, Cynoglossum officinale ; and
Aster tripolium gathered by the river side.

The party re-crossed the river, and embarked for Coquet
Island in a steam-boat, kindly placed at the disposal of the -
Club by Mr Joseph Harrison, of Radcliffe House, Amble.
The distance from Alnmouth to Coquet Island is about five
miles, and after a voyage of half-an-hour, not without the
usual incidents attending a maritime excursion, the party was
landed safely.

As the island has not before been visited by the Club, it
deserves some notice. It is part of the Northumbrian coal
measures, composed of sandstone, resting on thin strata of
coal and shale. Specimens of the latter readily burned. The
island seems to have been a residence for monks, at an early
period, for in St. Cuthbert’s time they had founded a cell
here. It was in possession of the Benedictine monks of
Tynemouth, in the reign of Henry I., and with the exception
of a short period when it was held by the mother church of
St. Alban’s, it continued in possession of the Tynemouth
monks until the suppression of the monasteries. It is now
the property of the Duke of Northumberland. The remains
of the Benedictine cells are incorporated with the keeper’s
house. It is the station for an excellent lighthouse, which

192 Anniversary Address.

was inspected with much pleasure by our party, who listened
with great interest to the explanation of the keeper as to the
construction and mode of lighting. - The first light was ex-
hibited on the Ist October, 1841. The island, with the
exception of a small garden attached to the keeper’s house, is
in pasturage. The ragwort grew most abundantly throughout.
The party re-embarked and crossed to Amble, about a mile
distant ; and entering the harbour proceeded up the Coquet,
to the old granary, where they landed. After a walk of half-
a-mile, Warkworth was reached. This is ever an interesting
locality, from its historical and traditional associations ; but
the time was too short to admit of further investigations.
The party assembled at the Sun Inn, prepared to do ample
justice to a most excellent dinner. After dinner, a few mem-
bers left to catch the express for the north.

The Rev. J. W. Dunn, the worthy vicar, whose contribu-
tions to the History and Traditions of Warkworth, have
appeared in our Proceedings, read an excellent prose version
of the “ Story of the Hermit of Warkworth.” After dinner
some of the more determined members of the Club visited
the castle and church, under the guidance of Mr Dunn, and
were heartily pleased with his description of the antiquities
of these time-worn edifices.

It is with sincere regret that I have to notice the departure
from among us of several of our members, since our last
annual meeting.

Our first heavy loss that we have to deplore, is the death,
at Alnwick, on the 7th June, of George Tate, Esq., F.G.S., |
aged 66. He was one of our most distinguished and hard-
working members. He has supplied our Proceedings with a
large number of most valuable contributions, and besides he
has acted as our secretary and treasurer for many years ; for
which gratuitous services he well deserved the Club’s
warmest recognition. He was also the author of the follow-
ing works, or scientific articles :—“‘ History of Alnwick,”
“On the Geology of the Roman Wall,” as an appendix to
Dr Bruce’s classical work ; “‘ Account of the Geology of

Annwersary Address. 193

Northumberland,” as an introductory paper to Baker and
Tate’s “* New Flora of Northumberland and Durham;” “ The
polished and scratched rocks in the neighbourhood of Aln-
wick, viewed in connection with the Boulder Formation of
Northumberland,” “‘ Sketch of the Geology of the Howick
Coast and the Ratcheugh Crag,” “Fossil Flora of the
Mountain Limestone formation of the Eastern Borders, in
connection with the Natural History of Coal.”

We have also to deplore the death of Mrs Johnston, of
Berwick, who was one of our honorary members, and widow
of the late Dr Johnston. Mrs Johnston assisted largely
in rendering popular Dr Johnston’s great works on
British Zoophytes and Sponges, the illustrations having, for
the most part, been engraved from Mrs Johnston’s drawings ;
we have also several of her drawings, as illustrations, in the
earlier numbers of our own Proceedings. In the “ Flora of
Berwick,” as well as his many other writings, she has lent
her pictorial aid to enhance his favourite studies. Her name
will descend to posterity, connected with a distinct and
elegant species of Coralline,—Plumularia Catharina, dedi-
‘cated to her by her husband, (See “ British Zoophytes,”
vol. I., p. 99). Micralymma Johnstonis, the title of a small
marine beetle found in shale, &c., between tide marks, at
Berwick, was also intended by Prof. Westwood to com-
memorate this lady; but the name has been superseded by
an older epithet (Omalum brevipenne, of Gyllenhal), of
which he was not at the time aware.

Our obituary list also includes Mr John Lee, Procurator
Fiscal for Roxburghshire; Mr Robert Buchanan Graham,
surgeon, Embleton, son-in-law of our respected Secretary,
Mr Embleton; Rev. Henry Parker, Rector of Ilderton, one
of the older members of the Club, having joined it in 1834 ;
Rev. Court Granville, Vicar of Chatton; and Capt. Alex.
Donald McLaren, Hope Park, Coldstream.

‘Before concluding, Gentlemen, I must congratulate you on
the continued and increasing prosperity of the Club. Many
of our Members have been hard at work, and mare, several

A

194 Annwersary Address.

discoveries. Mr Archd. Jerdon has been fortunate enough to
add one new plant to the district, viz., Euphorbia dulcis,
found by him at Langlee, near Jedburgh; and Mr Robert
Middlemas has been so successful as to add another in Blasia
pusila, found at Careburn, near Wooler. There have been,
in addition, many new stations discovered for plants, hitherto
considered rare in the district. You will also be glad to hear
that, in the branch of Entomology, much has been done by our
most persevering and ardent member, Mr Hardy, of Old-
cambus. He has, in his explorations in the neighbourhood
of Wooler—but principally on the Cheviot hills—discovered
many new species of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Spiders, not
only to the district, but I believe veritably new to science.

I must not neglect to describe a very remarkable and severe
thunder storm that occurred on Wednesday, 12th July, in a
tract of country lying in Roxburghshire, and running up the
Kale water from Ormiston to Linton Burnfoot. It com-
menced- about four o’clock by heavy rain, accompanied by
thunder and lightning. The rain increased to such an ex-
tent that it became a veritable water-spout ; the water run-
ning past my house, on the road, to the depth of two feet.
This continued till six o’clock, when it began to hail, which
also continued about two hours. Very few of the hail-stones
were smaller than a boy’s marble; and they caused much
destruction to growing crops, especially to turnips and po-
tatoes. The breakage to glass in greenhouses was very
great, Even next morning, my steward measured the hail-
stones lying to the depth of eighteen inches, where they had
been thrown to the side of the road. The rainfall during
the four hours was registered at Linton Burnfoot, by Mr
Purves, to be about two inches.

An instance of the great pugnacity of the Kingfisher in
the breeding season, is worthy of mention. Two of these
birds were captured in a very curious manner, in the spring,
near Heiton Mill, Kelso. Two males were seen to be fight-
ing with each other, and so intent were they with their

quarrel, that they allowed themselves to be taken by a boy
with his hands.

Annwersary Address. 195

I must also mention the publication of a work by one of
our most able and distinguished members, David Milne
Home, Esq., of Wedderburn, which well deserves the attention
of the members of the Club, entitled “‘The Estuary of the
Forth, and the adjoining districts, viewed geologically.”

And now, Gentlemen, on this, the fortieth anniversary of
the existence of the Club, it would not be out of place to
make a few remarks upon what has been done, and what
might be done by such a Club as ours. It is exactly forty
years this month since the first meeting of the Berwickshire
Naturalists’ Club was held at Bankhouse, under the presi-
dency of Dr Johnston. In the earlier years of this Club’s
existence, nearly all the members were enthusiastically
occupied in some particular branch of Natural History, or
Archeology, and nearly all contributed the result of
their observations to the Proceedings. Now, although of
late years we have added very largely to the number of
members, that, of itself, is very desirable and much for
the good of the Club, as producing funds for the im-
provement of our Proceedings, by means of illustrations ;
but that is not enough, and what I regret to find is—that the
members who interest themselves personally in the objects for
which the Club was founded do not increase in the same
ratio as our new members are proposed. We have most cer-
tainly a number of most energetic and painstaking observers
in the Club; but what I would like to see is—that, instead
of allowing a few members to do most of the work, both in
the field and by contributions to the Proceedings, that each
and every member should do a little. There is still plenty to
do before us. Although we have been working away for these
last forty years, we have not by any means exhausted the re-
sources of our district. In every branch of Natural History
there are still unexplored fields; and I hope that next year
we will find among our contributors some fresh names who
have hitherto been among our non-working members.

Gentlemen, let me again return you my most sincere thanks,
for the kindly feeling you have shown to me, during the year
in which I have had the honour to hold the position of
President of the Club.

196

Notice of the Breeding of the Woodcock in Roxburghshire.
| By Francis Dovetas, M.D.

On the 26th of May, 1867, the gamekeeper at Abbotsford
saw a brood of Woodcocks, which must have been bred on
the estate. Both parents were distinctly seen, and the hen
made a feint to withdraw the gamekeeper’s attention from
her brood, one of which was however shot and taken to
Abbotsford. On examination the plumage of the bird proved
it to be a young one of the year.

Woodcocks generally breed in the North of Europe, and
instances of nidification in Britain are exceedingly rare.

The above incident was communicated to me by Mr Smail,
of Galashiels.

Notice of the occurrence of a Mock Moon. By the
Rey. F. R. Simpson.

On the 27th August, 1871, at 8.50 p.m., my attention was
drawn to a large semi-halo to the east of the moon, in which,
on a line parallel with the horizon, was a clearly defined
mock moon, which continued so for about five minutes ; after
which it became gradually more and more indistinct till it
assumed the appearance of a faintly bright nebulous spot ;
finally disappearing as the halo spread to the east. The
wind was W. at the time—light breeze, with very light thin
scud, which seemed to be driven to the east of the moon,
where the halo was formed. The radius of the halo might
be about 15°. The time from first observation to disappear-
ance was about twenty minutes.

Notice of Peucedanum Ostruthium, by Francis
Dovetas, M.D.

A specimen of this plant was shewn me by Mr A. Brothers-
ton, a gardener in Kelso, who found it at Lochtower, close to
the margin of Yetholm Loch. So far as I knew, the plant
had not been previously observed within the limits of the
Club, The habitat must have existed many years, for,
although ‘‘ Masterwort”’ was formerly cultivated as a pot-
herb, it has long given place to more valued aromatics. In
like manner, I may notice Smyrnium olusatrum, which I
have observed in the neighbourhood of Jedburgh and Dry-
burgh ; probably relics of Monkish times.

197

The Basaltic Rocks of Northumberland. By the
late Grorere Tate, F.G.S., &e.

THE igneous rocks of Northumberland may be arranged in
two groups, of different age and mineral composition—the
felspathic and the augitic, or the porphyries and basalts; the
former being of much greater age than the latter. Of the
porphyry and syenite of the Cheviots I gave an account in
1867* ; and in this paper I shall attempt to describe the
character, the range, and the relations of the basaltic rocks
of the county. William Hutton, in 1831, gave an account
of The Stratiform Basalt of the North of Englandt ; but
his description of the northern portion of the range is but
slight, and not always accurate, and he leaves unnoticed the
important sections exposed along the coast. Having ex-
amined most of the basaltic dykes, and also the basaltic
Whin Sill, from its most northern outbreak at Kyloe Crags
to its south-western extremity in the county near Glen-
whelt, with the exception of a portion between Kirkwhelp-
ington and the North Tyne, I give the result of my own
independent observations, excepting when it is otherwise
stated.

Any one with even a limited knowledge of rocks must
perceive, that the external appearance and the structural
and mineral characters of the pillared masses of basalt at
Kyloe Crags, Dunstanburgh, and House Steads, are different
from those of the stratified rocks, such as limestone and
sandstone, with which they are associated. The basalt,
when fresh fractured, presents a dark grey colour and crystal-
line structure. It is chiefly composed of augite and felspar ;
and having a proportion of protoxide of iron, is generally
magnetic ; it is here and there, as at Budle, amygdaloidal,
and sometimes, as at Dunsheugh, porphyritic. From the
quantity of augite in its composition, it is both hard and
tough, and hence its value as one of the best of road-stones,
the coarser varieties being best adapted for this purpose. It
decomposes slowly, but what soil results from decomposition
is very fertile, and produces a number of rare indigenous
plants. When in great mass it has a columnar structure, the
pillars being rude prisms, irregularly jointed; and a few
even approach the hexagonal form seen in Fingal’s cave.

* Proceedings of Berwickshire Nat. Club, vol. v., p. 359-370.

deh Se of Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northumberland and Durham, vol. ii., p.

198 Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks.

Such characters, along with effects produced on stratified
rocks in contact with it, evidence that this basalt is of igne-
ous origin, and that at a distant period it was like lava in a
molten state; but on cooling under pressure acquired a
crystalline structure and a jointed and pillared form. Such
characteristics will be noted as we pass along in our survey
of the Northumberland basalts.

The basaltic rocks are similar in character throughout the
whole of Northumberland, excepting where they are in con-
tact with stratified rocks; but there is a difference in the
mode of their occurrence; there is the Basaltic Whin Sill,
which has a long range and is in some parts intercalated
with sedimentary beds; and there are also basaltic dykes,
which cut nearly perpendicularly through stratified rocks.
Each requires a separate notice.

BASALTIC WHIN SILL.

The Basaltic Whin Sill is the most remarkable rock in
the North of England, on account of its long and tortuous
range, and of its relation to and effect upon the strata it
traverses, and among which it has been intruded. Though
locally called a Sil, because sometimes appearing as a
stratum ; yet it is not a true stratum, for its thickness varies
very much, from two feet to nearly two hundred feet, and
the parallelism of its upper and under surfaces is preserved
only for short distances ; so that though its extension inthe.
line of direction is great, yet its extension in the line of dip
is inconsiderable. It appears at all heights from the sea-
level up to one thousand feet above it. Following its wind-
ings, its course is more than eighty miles long, from Kyloe
on the north to Glenwhelt at the south-west. The range,
however, is not continuous and unbroken ; but there is a
succession of craggy eminences, rising high in bold and
picturesque cliffs above the general level of the country, with
intervals between, in which no basalt is visible; and even
where there is a continuous range for several miles, as along
the line of the Roman Wall, yet is the outline broken by
gaps, locally called mzcks, in the rock, which there appears
in an alternate succession of lofty cliffs, steep and rugged,
with deep hollows between.

The most northern outbreak of the Sill is at Kyloe Crags,
half-a-mile W.S.W. of Kyloe Church, in a fine mural cliff,
500 feet above the sea level, extending for a mile E.S.E. to
Bogle Houses, with a cliff-face to the south-west. The basalt

Mr. Tate on Basaltie Rocks. 199

is columnar, and rises fifty feet above a steep talus of fallen
rock, and rests on a thick sandstone, which crops out beneath
it at Collier Heugh Crag; and it is overlaid by a metamor-
phosed shale, which is seen on the slope of the hill dipping
away rapidly with the basalt to the north-east. The basalt
here is intruded among the lower beds of the Caicareous
division of the mountain limestone.* A fault running from
N.E. to S.W., affecting both the basalt and the stratified rocks,
breaks the continuity of the range ; but the basalt re-appears
at the distance of a quarter-of-a-mile to the south-west, and
hence extends south-eastward to Belford, a distance of four
miles in craggy hills, usually about 300 feet above the sea-
level.

At Middleton, one mile north of Belford, on the great north
road, there are sections of some interest. ‘The cliff face of the
basalt, where it bassets out on the south-west, is about 50 ft.
in height, but here, on the slope of the hill, itis only 15 ft.
in thickness. On the west side of the road it les directly
over an undulating and fossiliferous limestone, ten feet thick,
dipping eastward; and on the east side of the road it is
covered by sandstone beds, 20 feet in thickness; but it is
specially to be noticed that, the underlying limestone is un-
altered, while the overlying sandstone is highly metamor-
phosed at or near the points of juncture. In the Section,
No. 1, /. is limestone, 8. is basalt, and s. sandstone.

The course of the basalt is changed, at the top of the hill
near Belford Hall, where it bends north eastward to Kasing-
ton, and thence northward to Easington Grange, whence it
curves away towards Warn and Spindleston, and by Budle
to the sea-coast. At Crag Mill, near Easington, it rises in
great rude columns in an isolated hill, to the height of eighty
feet. The Spindlestone Crags have their cliff face to the
south, and rise above a steep talus to the height of fifty feet,

* The Carboniferous System of Northumberland I have arranged in the
mye formations in descending order (History of Alnwick, Vol. II., p.
442) .—

Feet,
Hem CAlMeasURCSte ids vet data reca nec sceee ce ccteec etude doses, 2000
2. Millstone Grit eee ces aeeee eee cere e cece eoeccevce ecevccce 500
3. Mountain Limestone, in two divisions—
1. Calcareous Group ....... Riretsra.statata cars seseee 1700 Y oe gg
2, Car PODACeOUS GLPU Pars teem cmesa cose dec. 900 }
AOuedian Hormatiomia bouts ctl. «ees alate is oleic be goo eb 1000

5. Upper Old Red Sandstone Conglomerate, above .....+..+. 500

200 Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks.

in a similar manner to those at Kyloe. Tradition says that
among these crags was the hole into which the Laidley Worm
crept after having gorged itself with food ; the hole has been
destroyed by quarrying; but there still stands an isolated
column to which the knight, who slew the worm, fastened
his horse before engaging with the monster. A limestone
nine feet in thickness, shales, and a coal bed dip under the
basalt. These are among the middle beds of the Calcareous
group of the Mountain Limestone, and in the limestone are
such fossils as Productus giganteus and Giriffithides Far-
nensis.

At Budle the basalt is nearly connected with an indurated,
jointed, red shale (containing Posodonia Becheri, &c.), which
overlies a limestone ; for the basalt is in the hill a little above
the schist, and on the sea-shore to the east; so that the
jointed and indurated condition of the schist is probably due
to the action of basalt. Near the mouth of the Warn, and
here and there along the coast southward, a thin bed of lime-
stone lies on the basalt; and a peculiar section indicates
mechanical disturbance.

In Section No. 2, on the east side of a fissure ( f) is a mass
of columnar basalt, twenty feet high (0), and on the west side
another mass of basalt, but much lower, (4), on which lies
a limestone two feet in thickness,

In joints of the limestone at Budle and Bamburgh I found
sulphate of barytes of a salmon colour, a mineral I have
not seen elsewhere in Northumberland north of the Tyne ;
but its presence in these two localities, very near to the
basalt, leads to the conclusion that its formation is due to
some chemical action of the basalt upon the strata.

The basalt in this neighbourhood covers a considerable
area, about a mile and one-half from S.W. to N.E., with a
breadth near to three quarters of a mile; and southward of
the Warn it rises in high cliffs in the sea-banks, and also
slopes away to the N.N.W. into the sea. On the shore it is
overlaid by a sandstone, on which rests a thin bed of lime-
stone; but the sandstone appears prolonged into the mass
of basalt in the cliff, having basalt both above and below it ;
and at the southward extremity of the cliff, a sandstone is
seen in a similar position. Further southward the basalt is
covered by a thin limestone, which runs along the shore till
it reaches a fissure ; the continuity is slightly interrupted by
what seems a perpendicular basaltic dike, three feet wide,
which not only cuts through the limestone, but also through

Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks. 201

the basalt; and beyond the fissure a metamorphosed shale
overlies the basalt. Section 3 shews these relations.

Further southward, sandstone is above the limestone, and
both are enclosed within the basalt. And in such relations
do the stratified rocks appear, here and there, along this
coast till we reach a great fault, affecting both the basalt and
the sedimentary beds at the Harkar Rocks. By this fault
the rocks are so shattered and tossed about and intermingled,
that a section of them is very complicated. In the axis of
disturbance is a basaltic dike, having a direction of E. by N.
to W. by S., and a breadth of from three to five feet, but
widening as it descends. From this axis the beds dip away
on both sides at high angles—on the north side E.N.E., and
on the south side S.E., in some parts 80°. Basalt is on both
sides of the fault; the internal forces having lifted up and
broken through the basalt as well as the sedimentary beds.
Sections 4 and 5 shew the disturbed condition of the rocks,
and the intermingling of the basalt with the strata.

At the point of junction between the basalt and the shale,
quartz crystals, hexagonal prisms with pyramidal termina-
tions, some pale yellow and others red, have been formed on
the under surface of the basalt.

Southward of this fault, the basalt undulates along the
shore as far as Bamburgh boat-house, and is here and there
overlaid by metamorphosed shales, which also fill up fissures
in the basalt. After a short break the columnar basalt re-
appears in the high isolated hill on which stands Bamburgh
Castle. It has been ascertained, from the sinking of a well
to supply the Castle with water, that it is 75 feet thick, rest-
ing on sandstone and shale, which are also seen on the west
escarpment of the hill.

Before leaving this neighbourhood, it may be noted, that
the basalt is here sometimes amygdaloidal, the cavities being
usually filled with calcareous spar; and that when in con-
tact with limestone it becomes more or less calcarevus, while
the sedimentary rocks assume some of the features of basalt ;
so that there appears a mutual transfer of their respective
characters. Metamorphism is everywhere seen, the sand-
stones being indurated and burnt looking, limestones
crystalline, and sometimes specked with iron pyrites, and
shales converted into jasper and felstone.

Half a mile southward of Bamburgh Castle, the basalt is
at Islestone on the shore and extending into the sea; and

2c

202 Mr. Tate on Reseiie Rocks.

eastward it appears at the Farne Islands, all of which, twenty-
five in number, are formed of columnar basalt; one isolated
mass, like a monolith rises out from the sea, sixty feet in
height, on the south side of the House Island; and three
other similar masses with columnar structure, standing apart
in the sea, on the south side of the Stapel Island, are im-
pressive objects; on these numberless sea-fowl rest, build
their nests, and rear their young. ‘The basalt here varies in
thickness ; where in greatest mass the depth is about ninety
feet. Among those islands there are marked effects, both
chemical and mechanical, of the action of the basalt on sedi-
mentary rocks ; in the gut, between the Stapel and Browns-
man, limestone, sandstone, and shales, ninety feet in
thickness, lie upon basalt, and are metamorphosed and tilted
up against a basaltic cliff. They consist of—

Indurated sandstone immediately above basalt.

Arenaceous shale, much indurated but fossiliferous.

Chert or metamorphic shale, with a conchoidal fracture,
sharp edges, very hard, and also fossiliferous.

Limestone very much altered, but varying in character ; cherty,
compact and dark in one part, buff and magnesian in another,
and in other parts red and crystalline.

Indurated or cherty beds abutting against the basalt and
nearly perpendicular in position.

Besides other organisms found in these beds, are Fenestella
plebeia, Sulcoretepora parallela, Spirifer glaber, Strophomena
crenstria, Productus Flemingu, Chonetes Hardrensis, Dis-
cina nitida, Lingula squamiforms, Amusium Sowerbyit
Nautilus globatus, and the interesting trilobite, Griffithides
Farnensis of which complete specimens, for the first time,
were found here. On the north side of the Brownsman
Island, a patch of metamorphosed shale is intercalated with
basalt; and both limestone and sandstone, also metamor-
phosed, are in the channel between the Farne and Wedum.
These various beds are similar to those on the main land at
North Sunderland, and belong to the middle part of the
calcareous group of the Mountain Limestone ; they had been,
by the basaltic eruption, torn from the mass with which they
were originally connected, lifted up and squeezed into their
present abnormal position.

A long space of five miles and three quarters intervenes
between Islestone and Farne, and the next appearance of
basalt on the south side of Beadnell Bay, near to Newton

Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks. 203

North Farm. Midway in this interval there is a great fault,
by which the strata on the south side of it are upcast about
one thousand feet ; and possibly this fault may, in some way
or other, be connected with the absence of basalt from this
space ; or it may be that the Basaltic Sill may range from
the Farne, under the sea, and curve inland near to Newton ;
but though its mineral characters and mode of occurrence are
the same as at the Farne, Bamburgh, and in the north, yet
its position here is higher in the Mountain Limestone series.
It is thirty feet in thickness, and extends along the coast
southwards about a furlong and a half, and at each extremity
it is overlaid by the Ebb’s Nook or Ten Yard Limestone, one
of the upper beds of the calcareous group* ; the limestone
dips at the north end W.N.W. 20°, and at the south end
S.E. 15°. The Basaltic Whin Sill here has broken through a
thick limestone, and its relative position is higher by about
four hundred feet, than in the neighbourhood of Bamburgh.
Southward of this the basalt has an unbroken, but some-
what winding course inland for two miles, by Old Newton,
Newbiggin, and Embleton, with extensions down to the sea-
shore at Newton Haven and Emblestone. At Spittleford, it
is near to the Ebb’s Nook limestone, which seems to dip
under it; and here and also at Ebb’s Nook and partly at
Newton this limestone is magnesian, and of a buff colour. At
Dunstanburgh, less than half-a-mile eastward, the columnar
basalt on the sea-shore rises into a cliff, one hundred feet
high, which, as at Bamburgh, is crested by a great medieval
* The following is the succession of limestones in the calcareous division of

the Mountain Limestone in North Northumberlad; to each I have given a
distinctive name :—

Feet. Feet.
1. Harlow Hill Limestone.... 20 Brought forward.... 7438
Other Strata, ..osacee see 20 7. Dark Limestone ......0- be
2. Netherwitton Limestone .. 6 SiRat anes nie aaronetets oma sieve
SOnatai tice sar ais cielo seine LOU 8. Main, Sunderland, « or Nine ‘
3. Chirm Limestone ..... doo odl4s Yard Limestone adoo0e ke:
RCRADA LD de ve) ah ioTadausis Gaal otkk 72 SEralay. Aesish an ceaalaat Ac
4. Ebb’s N ook, or Ten Yard | 30 9. Stone Sate or Five Yard 16
Timestone ......... ee, Limestone . Pe a
SPRUE Ans Make ts dociar ethiovsiciars 160 PEALE! Sree ae eleisies ease ale
5. Denwick Lane, or Bight 9g || 10. Hobberlaw, or Four Yard 15
Yard Limestone...... a Limestone ....... pooc -
MERA Cet at bee teva sass adore ners 60 SULA LA setleie rotate clejetelsinvele ls 112
6. Little Mill, or Six Yard 29 11. Dun, or Two Yard Lime- 6
Limestone phonon oon. ee se asa aa
DULGEA, .ewnvassata end cshoea OE
7438 1603

See History of Alnwick, Vol. II, p.p. 448-461.

204. Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks.

castle. The basalt, which is upwards of fifty feet in thick-
ness, is seen in the cliff underlaid by sandstones, coal, and
shales ; and on the shore is a remarkably contorted limestone,
which is thrown into saddle ridges, and then dips away E.S.E.
with other strata under the basalt. Here and there patches
of metamorphosed shale and sandstone are seen overlying or
filling fissures in the basalt; in geodes of which are crystals
of quartz, some colourless, others amethystine, locally called
Dunstanburgh diamonds. A gut in the basalt, on the east
side, is called the Rumble Churn, because the sea, when
lashed into a storm, rushes up with great violence, and by
its wild dashing and rolling loose fallen stones over each
other, makes a loud rumbling noise. In the cliff on the side
of this gut is a section, which affords one of the most
marked examples of metamorphism, as well as of me-
chanical action. (Section 6). The basalt, which is
columnar, is forty feet in height (6), and beneath lies, but
irregularly, a broken bed of limestone (/), which, where the
basalt wraps over it 1s converted into a white granular
marble ; and below that are sandstones and shales (s) in a
broken.and disturbed condition.

From Dunstanburgh the basalt has a continuous range
of six miles, two of which are along the shore southward.
Its position among the stratified rocks is seen again at Craster,
where the Muckle Carr—an island when the tide is high—
is partly formed of the Ebb’s Nook limestone, and partly of
sandstone ; and beneath these the basalt dips eastward. At
Cullernose, near Howick, the coast section ends, and there
the basalt rises in great columns to the height of ninety feet ;
the base of which is washed by the sea, Very considerable
here has been the disturbance of the strata; great masses of
sandstone have been displaced, and basalt, sandstones, and
shales are irregularly intermingled. Section (Wo. 7), shews
part of these dislocations: (6) is columnar basalt ; (s) sand-
stone regularly bedded ; (s’) sandstone displaced ; (sh) shales ;
(sh?) shales displaced ; and at (a) the- beds are nearly per-
pendicular. |

At this point there is a great change in the course of the
basalt ; it makes a sudden bend and leaves the coast and
trends away inland, in nearly a south-west direction, across
the county to Tepper Moor, on the banks of the North Tyne;
and perhaps this change of course may have occasioned the
extraordinary dislocations of the strata.

Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks. 205

After leaving Cullernose, the basalt forms the craggy hill
of Hipsheugh, and it ranges on to Howick Hall and through
the Howick parks to Little Mill, where it has been quarried,
and an interesting section is exposed. The basalt is 30 feet
in thickness ; but abutting against its perpendicular western
side, are highly inclined beds of limestones and shales; the
limestone is unaltered, but the shales are shattered and bent
over near the basalt, the dip being 8.W. from 80° to 40°, as
shown in Section 8 :—

In another part of the same quarry, small veins of basalt
penetrate the limestone, which rests on the basalt, the two
rocks being completely welded together so as to form one
mass. In section 9, (6) is columnar basalt; (2) three layers
of limestone, from 4 to 8 inches thick ; and (6) veins of basalt
1 to 2 inches in thickness.

Near to Howick Pasture House the basalt is covered by a
shale much metamorphosed, over which are a blue limestone
and another bed of shale. It forms a high craggy hill at
Howick Heugh; and ranges in a broad belt a little eastward
of Littlehoughton, and crossing the northern part of Long-
houghton, it thence goes by Peppermoor and Harlow Hill to
Ratcheugh Crag. At Peppermoor there are indications of
two intrusions; in one part granular limestone lies above the
basalt, and not far from this the covering is an indurated
sandstone ; but the sections at Ratcheugh and Snab Leazes
are among the most interesting in the whole range.

At Ratcheugh Crag, which is four hundred feet above the
sea-level, the basalt rises from a steep talus of fallen rock, in
grand columns, to the height of about eighty feet, with a cliff
face to the west ; and above it are beds of limestone, sixteen
feet in thickness, peculiarly metamorphosed ; for while the
bed immediately above the basalt is, in some parts, but
slightly altered, the next beds are highly crystalline; they
dip with the basalt 8. E. 15°, and are on the slope of the hill
eastward, covered by a fossiliferous shale. About five
hundred yards southward is another basaltic cliff at Snab
Leazes, where the rock, which is sixty-three feet high, is
quarried for a road-stone, the top of this cliff being one
hundred feet lower in level than the summit of Ratcheugh
Crag. For some distance between these basaltic cliffs the
section is obscured; but by means of the fossiliferous shale,
overlying the limestone covering Ratcheugh Crag, we are
enabled to connect the whole, for this shale is traceable

206 Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks.

through the wood to Snab Leazes quarry. Here then we
find two different overflows or intrusions, one of them over-
lapping the other, and a rapid thinning out of the basaltic
pseudo-stratum, which has a wedge-shape, and in the course
of about five hundred yards dwindles down from about eighty
feet in thickness at Ratcheugh, to only three feet at Snab
Leazes. The Section (Vo. 10) illustrates this, and shews the
succession and relation of these rocks.

Feet.
2’. Columnar basalt, some parts Borp ay mes coarse in erate a puperiee 63
road-stone
sh. Shale, highly erated at the point of ponies aati the basalt a 8
porcelain jasper and Lydian stone - - \
i. Limestone, metamorphosed at Ratcheugh Crag
b. ae basalt, 80 feet thick ee Batcneuses but at Snab Lenaas) 3

sh’. Re en ahale:

The position of the basalt at Ratcheugh Crag is below the
Denwick Lane or EKight-Yard limestone.

The basaltic Sill is not seen in the valley of the Aln, ex-
cepting at Lough House, where, though but a few feet in
thickness, it has been quarried as a road-stone. It reappears,
however; southward of Alnwick at Hope House and Stoney
Hills, at the same level as at Ratcheugh Crag ; and it ranges
south-westward by Greensfield, where a metamorphosed
shale, used for sharpening stones, lies below it, and by Rug-
ley, Snipe House, and Freeman Hill to Swinlees.

From Newton-by-the-Sea to Ratcheugh Crag, the basalt
pursues its course among the upper beds of the calcareous
division of the Mountain Limestone, being either a little
above or a little below the Ebb’s Nook limestone ; but from
Stoney Hills to Swinlees it is intruded among the lower beds
of that division, the outcrop of the basalt being two miles
westward of the outcrop of that limestone, and its position
very little above the Hobberlaw or Four-Yard limestone ; so
that the relative position of the Basaltic Whin Sill is here
one thousand feet lower in the Mountain Limestone Forma-
tion, than it is at Newton-by-the-Sea.

Another long break in the continuity of the range occurs
across the valley of the Coquet; but six miles south-west-
ward from Swinlees, the basalt is seen near to East Row on
the Forest Burn ; and a mile further in the same direction it
caps the Ebb’s Nook limestone at Ward’s Hill; its relative
position is therefore again altered, as it is here among the
upper beds of the Formation. Following the course and

Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks. 207

occupying nearly the same position, it is on the north bank
of the Font near Ritton, and next, northward of Green
Leighton, and then near to Gallow Hill, and away by Hart-
ington to Kirkwhelpington, where on the banks of the
Wansbeck are sections of some interest near to Kirkwhelp-
ington Mill, in the bed and in the banks of the Wansbeck ;
the basalt is overlaid by limestone, about fifteen feet thick,
and altered at the point of contact, and this is covered by
shale beds about twelve feet in thickness. Another Section,
on the north bank of the river, shews the basalt divided by a
thin bed of metamorphosed shale. In Section 11 we have,
dipping 8.E.

Feet
6. Columnar basalt..... A asicieiieiverte0.
sh. Metamorphic shale ....... adc sedl
6’ Columnar basalt...... sere 's ele 5) 12

S. Sandstone eoeeee ree e veces eso ~~

From Hartington to Little Swinburn, a distance of seven
miles, there are two outcrops of basalt, in some parts one and
a half mile apart. The westerly outcrop ranges by Colwell,
Horncastle, Hawick, and Throckrington, to near Little
Swinburn*. The easterly outcrop curves away from Hart-
ington to Kirkwhelpington, and thence to West Harle, Great
Bavington, Humbleton, and Little Swinburn; from whence
there is but one range south-westward to Gunnerton and
Haughton Strother, where it crosses the North Tyne.

On the slope of the south bank of the Tyne at Cocklaw,
the basalt appears, and it extends to Towertye, where it
crosses the line of the Roman Wall, and whence its course in
a W.S.W. direction is to Glenwhelt, a distance of fourteen
miles, Along the whole of this range, it is intruded among
the middle beds of the calcareous division of the Mountain
Limestone.

At Towertye, the ditch of the great Roman barrier has
been cut out of the basalt, which is here seven hundred and
seventy-six feet above the sea-level; and on its side are still
lying large blocks, which had been excavated by the Roman
workmen, and which though little changed during seventeen
centuries, shewing the durability of the rock, yet still bearing
the marks of time ; for the iron in the basalt has oxidised in
some places, and partially destroyed the rock, giving a
tendency to the outer surface to peel off in flakes. From
Towertye the basalt curves away southward and then north-

* Hutton, Trans. of Nat, Hist. Soc. of Northd. and Durham, vol. ii., p. 198.

208 Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks.

westward, forming a loop which joins the line of the Roman
Wall at Shield-on-the- Wall, where a succession of magnifi-
cent cliffs of basalt commences, with deep gaps between.
These cliffs face the north and north-west, rising at Whin
Shield to one thousand feet above the sea- ‘level : the rock
having a rapid dip to the south or to the east. “Along the
margin of the cliffs the Roman Wall has been built. In the
long range of ten and a half miles to Glenwhelt, there is a
repetition of phenomena similar to what we have observed in
other parts of the Basaltic Whin Sill. Metamorphism is dis-
tinct in several places ; and though mechanical action is less
general, yet at one place it is remarkable ; for between Hot-
bank and Rapishaw Gap, a limestone eighteen feet in thick-
ness is seen passing diagonally through the basalt, with a dip
E.S.E. 40°. Of this limestone there are several layers, all
metamorphosed, some hard, crystalline, and buff in colour,
and others dark grey, crumbling and feeling gritty like sand-
stone. At one of the “ Nicks” westward of Cockmont, a
limestone, at least twelve feet in thickness, underlies the
basalt, the upper layers being metamorphosed and buff, and
the lower of a blue colour and little altered. A shale, meta-
morphosed, hard, and cherty, generally intervenes between
this limestone and the basalt, as near to Wall Town, at Hot-
bank, and at Rapishaw Gap. Above the basalt at Ollalee,
lies a good blue limestone, ten feet in thickness ; and this
stratum extends eastward along the slope of the hill, and is
seen near to House Steads and Sewing Shields; but at the
latter place with a metamorphosed shale between the basalt
and limestone. At Bradley, however, a very different rock
—sandstone—overlies the basalt.

Taking our stand on the cliff at House Steads or Borcovicus
we have a favourable point for observation; and looking
across the country both in the line of the rise ‘and of the dip
of the strata, we see on both sides of the basaltic eminence, a
succession of rolling hills and hollows, indicating not only
the outcrops of the various strata, but also the character of
the rocks below the surface ; for the harder sandstones and
limestones form the hills and rising grounds, while the
valleys have been scooped out of the softer shales by floods
and currents, and it may be by ice. The diagram
(Section 12) from West Stone Fell to Borcum Hill, a distance
of two miles, shews the succession of these beds and their
relative position to the basalt. Thick sandstones predominate,

Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks. 209

both above and below it ; three different limestones come out
from beneath.it, and there is a coal seam among the beds,
now worked at Scotch Couthard. Above the basalt are also
three limestones, and a coal seam three feet in thickness.

The Basaltic Whin Sill has impressed picturesque char-
acters on the scenery of Northumberland ; but no where so
impressively as along the line of the Roman Wall. Here it
attains its maximum thickness of about one hundred and
eighty feet—its range is more continuous for a long distance
—its outline is more broken, and the cliffs are loftier than in
other parts of its course. The masses of dark grey columns
are much varied in form and grouping—some tower high up-
wards—others are broken and fragmentary—some are over-
hanging and threaten to fall—others are isolated and stand
out from the mass—and others again in the distance resemble
ruined towers and broken-down walls.

These precipitous cliffs, with gaps between, are well shewn
near the extremity of the crags, in the Mine Nicks of Thirl-
wall ; from which the basalt, following the slope of the hill
south-west-ward, declines in height to Glenwhelt, beyond
which it extends westward a mile further, and then
bends away southward. Near the borders between North-
umberland and Cumberland, basalt, having a rapid dip
to the north, is in the bed of Burnstones burn in Knares-
dale, for about four hundred yards; it is also in Gilder-
dale burn for about one hundred yards; but it appears
more in Cumberland, in the streams which carry off the
drainage of the western side of the Pennine Chain. In
the North Tyne, near its head, the basalt forms a succes-
sion of falls sixty or seventy feet in height; and it has
been sunk through at Beddy Mill, in the same district, where
it was found to be one hundred and twenty feet in thickness*.
Near the head of the Wear, a basaltic Sill appears broken by
the Burtreeford basaltic dyke; and further down the same
river near Stanhope, there is another basaltic Sill, which Sir
Walter Trevelyan thinks is different from the Great Sill, and
situated among beds higher up in the Mountain Limestone
seriest. The Whin Sill attains its maximum development
in Upper Teesdale, where it is above two hundred feet in
thickness ; and it is exposed for several miles, from above the
Weel near Caldron Snout to below Middleton; its most

* Trans. Nat. Hist. of Northd., &c., vol. ii., p. 188-189.
t Trans. Nat. Hist. of Northd., &c., vol. i., p. 58.
2D

210 Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks.

southern outcrop is in the Lime, a burn which flows into the
Tees. Above the Weel it is overlaid by a granular white
limestone ; and at Caldron Snout and High Force the river
cuts through it, and tumbles over cliffs, exposing a limestone
below it, which is metamorphosed, and white, and crystalline*.
The effects here are similar to what we have already seen in

Northumberland.

BASALTIC VERTICAL DYKES.

Besides the great lateral dykes of the Whin Sill, there are
several basaltic dykes in Northumberland which cut through
the strata nearly vertically, most of them running in a toler-
ably straight line, in a direction nearly from east to west.
The rock of which they are formed is similar to the Basaltic
Whin Sill, but generally finer in the grain and more altered
by contact with the adjacent strata ; the larger dykes usually
have dislocated and metamorphosed the strata, but the
smaller have had little effect. Of the following basaltic
dykes, we have some definite information; we begin with
the most northern :—

The Cornlull Dyke cuts perpendicularly through beds of
the Tuedian formation, on the south bank of the Tweed, half
a mile below Coldstream bridge; but it is not seen on the
opposite side of the river. It is traceable in a direction east
by north, a distance of seven miles, cutting also through
Mountain Limestone beds. The strata have been dislocated
and their relative levels altered by it, though the rocks them-
selves are very slightly changed. On the Tweed the dyke is
ten feet wide, but it widens eastward; for at Melkington it
is eighteen feet, at Heaton Mill twenty-four feet, and at
Mattalees thirty-three feet wide.

The Lindisfarne Dyke is one of the largest in the county,
and indeed has been erroneously described as part of the
Whin Sill, to which it has some resemblance, as it rises in
Lindisfarne or Holy Island, in high craggy hills of columnar
basalt. It crosses the south part of the island nearly from
west to east, and is seen two miles sea-ward, forming the
Plough and Goldstone rocks, on which the “ Pegasus”? was
‘wrecked. ‘The castle crowns a high craggy basaltic hill, and
on the west side of the island the dyke is exposed in a high
cliff, and is there one hundred and twenty feet wide with a
slope 85° southward; large blocks of limestone, highly

* Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. vol. i1., p. 162.

Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks. 211

metamorphosed, are enveloped in the basalt ; and the strata,
broken through, have been relatively altered in position ;
those on the south side having been considerably upcast. A
calcareous shale, very fossiliferous, and a limestone beneath
it abut against the dyke and are metamorphosed ; and near
to the castle a vein of basalt penetrates the shale. This dyke
is seen near Fenham, on the main land; and further west-
ward near Kyloe Church, where its width is from twenty
to sixty feet, for it widens as it descends; in one part it
is covered by shattered beds of shale. It cuts through the
Lowick coal beds, and is traceable further westward to
Leitham, the whole ascertained course being about fourteen
miles.

The Beadnell Dyke is well exposed on the coast, rising
like a Cyclopean wall through sandstone, limestone, shale,
and coal beds, whose relative position is very slightly altered,
but whose structural characters are greatly changed ; coal,
for some distance from it, is valueless; limestone, near to it,
cannot be burnt into lime and shale and sandstone are in-
durated. The mutual transference of qualities between the
basalt and the stratified rocks which it penetrates, is well
illustrated by this dyke. Its width is generally twenty-five
feet, and its direction nearly from east to west (S. 80° W.);
it is traceable four miles as far as Newham Station.

The Howick Dyke appears only on the coast and is remark-
able for its likeness to an artificial wall, and its nearness to
the Whin Sill; which, however, it is not seen to join; it is
only four feet wide, sloping south 85°, and having a direction
of EK. by N. to W. by S. (W. 80° S).

The Boulmer Dyke, which also is only seen on the coast,
is one hundred feet wide, has a direction of E. by N. to W.
by S. CW. 80° S.) and cuts perpendicularly through the strata,
which are not disturbed, and but slightly changed.

Trobe’s Dene Dyke appears only underground, in the
eastern part of the Shilbottle Colliery, runuing nearly from
east to west (S. 80° W.), having a width of thirty-three feet,
and metamorphosing the strata on both sides. In the neigh-
bourhood of this dyke, two layers of basalt were passed
through while sinking for the Shilbottle coal ; one is fifteen
feet thick between metamorphosed arenaceous beds, but
divided into three layers by the intercalation of two thin beds
of metamorphosed shale, each about two inches in thickness.
The other is sixty-three feet lower down and two-and-a-half

212 Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks.

feet thick, and penetrates, metamorphoses, and partly replaces
a seam of coal. These layers are probably overflows from the
Basaltic dyke ; for they die out towards the north, while they
have been followed without change in depth to within forty
yards of the dyke..

The Hampeth Dyke is large and cuts through the Shil-
bottle coal and limestone beds. A mile and a half south-
west of Shilbottle, it appears in high crags on the banks of
Hampeth burn, which has forced its way through this rocky
barrier in a narrow gorge, with basaltic cliffs on both sides
rising to the height of fifcy feet. The width of the dyke
here is one hundred and fifty feet, and the direction from EH.
by N. to W. by S. (W. 80° 8.); the coal on both sides is
charred, to the distance of fifty yards.

All the preceding dykes do not cut through strata more
recent than the Mountain Limestone Formation ; but some
of those that follow penetrate the Millstone Grit and the
Coal Measures.

The Acklington Dyke, which has a general direction of east
by south to west by north, is seen on the coast at Bondicar ;
and passing through Coal Measures and the Millstone Grit,
it crosses the Coquet above Acklington Park, where it is
thirty feet wide. A dyke, in the same direction westward,
cuts through Mountain Limestone beds at Debdon, whence
ranging by Cartington Castle, where it cuts through a lime-
stone; it extends to Clennell, approaching the porphyry of
the Cheviot, but not entering it. ‘The whole course is about
twenty miles.

The Causey Park Dyke, which is thirty feet wide, has a
direction of east to west, and cuts through Millstone Grit
strata. Gritty sandstones abut against the north cheek, and
flaggy sandstones and carbonaceous shales are on the south
side.

From Hartley, on the coast, two dykes, about a mile and
a half apart, run parallel to each other through the Coal
Measures, in the direction of W.N.W., as far as a mile north-
ward of Cramlington. In a line with the Southern Hartley
dyke, is one at Bolam, cutting through Mountain Limestone
beds, which are metamorphosed, the coal on both sides being
reduced to cinder*.

The Tynemouth Dyke, which is more allied to Greenstone,
or diorite, than to basalt, cuts through Coal Measures, a red

* Hodgson’s Life, vol. i1., p. 208.

Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks. 213

sandstone and yellow sand, in the cliff facing the sea, below
the Priory ; but it is not seen penetrating the Magnesian
Limestone belonging to the Permian Formation, which caps
the same cliff a little to the northward. It is twelve feet
wide, and has a direction of nearly S.E. to N.W. (8. 40° E.),
with a slope southward 85°.

The Coaly Hill Dyke, which varies in width from seven
to twenty-one feet, has a general direction E.S.E. to
W.N.W. Buddle has described it*, and notices that the top
of it undulates and only occasionally comes to the surface.
The basalt dyke in the bank of the Ouseburn, near to New-
castle, and that at Simonside, in the county of Durham, seem
to be continuations of it. In Benwell Colliery it is two
hundred feet; and in Walker Colliery, six hundred and
thirty feet below the Tyne level. The coal in contact with it
is reduced to a cinder.

In Wallbottle Dene two small dykes, about thirteen feet
apart, appear in the high bank of the burn, with a direction
of east to west, and sloping north 78°, the one being five
feet and the other six feet wide. They cut through Coal
Measures.

The Brunton Dyke, near North Tyne, is sixteen feet wide,
and cuts through Mountain Limestone beds, which are up-
cast on the north-east side twenty feet. Its direction is
nearly from north-east to south-west (N. 40° E.); it crosses
the South Tyne and passing Warmley, probably extends to
Whitfield, where a basaltic dyke is on the West Allen.

The Lewis Burn Dyke, which has a long and somewhat
irregular course, but with a general direction of from W.S.W.
to E.S.E., is traceable from Short Cleugh on Lewis Burn, in
North Tynedale, to Troughend and Darden, in Redesdale, a
distance of twelve miles. At Short Cleugh, in the deep
gullies, worn out by water torrents, this dyke is: exposed at
several points; it widens as it descends and attains a breadth
of fifty feet : Mountain Limestone strata are cut through and
greatly disturbed ; on its south side sandstone beds are flat,
while on the other they are nearly perpendicular. A small
branch comes from the main trunk, and is seen on the hill-side.

The phenomena described suggest some theoretical ques-
tions—W hat is the origin of the basalt—How has the Whin
Sill been intruded among the strata, and what is its age—
_And what is its relation to the perpendicular basaltic dykes ?

* Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northd., &c.

214 Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks.

Origin.—Little need be said as to its origin ; for it is now
generally admitted that basalt is an igneous rock, which had
been in a state of fusion ; for its composition is similar to
that of lava, and its effects on adjacent strata, as already
described, are such as would be produced by heated matter ;
the stratified rocks are hardened and prismatised, and some
are crystalline; soft shales are converted into hard-cherts,
Lydian stones and jaspers ; common limestones into granular
marbles, and coal into cinders or anthracite. Throughout
the whole range in Northumberland such effects are seen,
wherever the mass is of considerable thickness. No doubt
the structural characters of basalt are different from those of
lava; but this may be accounted for, as it has been shewn by
the experiments of Gregory Watt, that the structure of rocks,
which had been in a molten state, depends on the rate of
cooling. Basalts cooling slowly under pressure, and most
probably at a time when the land was beneath an ocean of
considerable depth, would then acquire their crystalline
structure and prismatic form.

How has the Whin Sill been intruded among the strata,
and at what period? Was it erupted during the Mountain
Limestone era, and poured over the rocks below it, before the
other rocks above it were deposited? or was it ejected subse-
quently to the deposition of the whole Formation, and forced
among the beds as a lateral dyke, between the surfaces of
stratification? The former view has been advocated by W.
Hutton, and it is mainly based on the stratiform appearance
of the Sill, and on its supposed definite position among the
strata. It is however only locally, and for no great distance,
that the Sill simulates a stratum ; an extended survey of it
shews that it is very irregular in thickness, and that the
parallelism of the upper and under surfaces is maintained for
but a short space. Everywhere in Northumberland this
irregularity is seen. Indeed, as is apparent at Ratcheugh,
the mass is wedge-shaped. Sedgwick remarks in reference
to the basalt of Teesdale—“ that the trap on the south side of
the valley descends among the strata in the form of a great
wedge, which diminishes in thickness from thirty or forty
fathoms to about twelve feet ;’’* and that ‘‘ on the north side
of the river below Caldron Snout, we find the base of the
trap gradually sweeping over the broken ends of the stratified

rocks.’’+
* Trans. of Camb. Phil. Soc. vol. i., p. 163.
+ Ibid, p. 161.

Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks. 915

That the Sill occupies a definite place in the Mountain
Limestone Formation is founded on what appears in the mining
districts of Tynedale and ‘Teesdale ; and, indeed, so far has
the notion been carried, as to have made the basalt to be the
line of division between the Yordale series and the Scar lime-
stone. But in Northumberland it has no such exact position.
It always appears in connection with the calcareous division
of the Mountain Limestone Formation. It never enters either
the Coal Measures or the Millstone Grit; and though, in
some places Boulder Clay lies immediately above it, yet that
clay has not in any way been disturbed by it. Its position,
however, in the calcareous division, alters very much in the
course of its range ; in one part its relative vertical position
is above 1,000 feet lower than in other parts ; and this con-
clusion is drawn from a careful consideration not only of
natural sections, where the chief limestone beds are seen, but
also of their organic contents. The course of two beds of
this limestone—widely apart from each other—are by these
means pretty well ascertained; the one, the Ebb’s Nook lime-
stone, which is about 330 feet from the top of the series ;
the other, the Hobberlaw limestone, which is about 1,450 feet
from the top. Now, in one part of the range, the Sillis above
the Ebb’s Nook limestone, and in another part its position is
near to the Hobberlaw limestone ; it is therefore evident that
the Sill cuts through, here and there, the series of strata, and
that it has been erupted subsequently to the deposition of,
certainly, nearly the whole, if not the whole, of the Mountain
Limestone Formation; where, therefore, the basalt appears in-
tercalated with the strata it has been forced into themasalateral
dyke along the planes of stratification. The marked effect of
the basalt on the beds above it, helps to confirm this conclu-
sion; for these beds, in some cases, are more altered than the
beds below it... The mechanical disturbances produced by the
basaltic eruption furnish additional evidence ; the tilted and
reversed strata at Little Mill, which are about 770 feet from
the top of the series, prove that the basalt was erupted there
after—and probably long after—these beds had been deposited ;
and the great masses of strata displaced by the basalt at the
Farne Islands, and especially at Cullernose, tell of the great
power of the eruption.

Whatever may be the age of the basalt, the whole had not
been erupted at one time. Volcanic action extended over a
long period, and there had been times of repose as well as of

216 Mr. Tate on Basaltic Rocks.

activity. Ratcheugh and the neighbourhood clearly indicate
at least two distinct eruptions; and, during the same period
there are evidences, in the Shilbottle Colliery, of two basaltic
overflows, apart from the Whin Sill, and probably proceeding
from the basaltic dyke in Trobe’s dene. The vomitories of
the basalt are not recognizable; along the whole range no
crateriform hollows or cones appear ; nor can we suppose that
the perpendicular dykes by which the county is traversed are
large enough, or so situated, as to have been outlets for the
molten rock forming the Sill. Doubtless it issued at different
points along the line, which are now hidden by superincum-
bent strata. Sedgwick thinks it perfectly certain that the
basaltic rocks of High Teesdale were not formed after the
dykes of the Coal field ; it therefore follows, he says, “ that
they must have existed in their present form before the
deposition of the Magnesian Limestone.”* Phillips arrives
at a similar conclusion, but from different evidence: “ The
Whin Sill,” he says, “is of date anterior to the east and west
lead veins of Tynedale, Teesdale, and the Pennine chain, for
it is divided by these veins of fissure. The Whin Sill is
then older than most parts of the saliferous system.” + It is,
therefore, I think, highly probable that subsequent to the
deposition of the Mountain Limestone Formation, and prior
to the Permian era, Northumberland, while beneath the sea,
was rent by volcanic forces acting in a winding line, having
a general direction of N.N.E. to S.S.W., but which in its
first and more northern part is to the south-east ; ‘in its second
portion to the south; in its third and longest portion to the
south-west ; and in its fourth to west by south; and that at
remitting intervals, and from different openings, molten
rock was poured over the surface or forced among the strata.

Relation of perpendicular Basaltic Dykes to the Whin
Sill—Though the perpendicular basaltic dykes in North-
umberland, cutting through strata, have not been seen in
contact with the Whin Sill, yet they are of the same origin ;
for they differ little in mineral character from it; and when
a dyke is wide, such as that of Lindisfarne or Hampeth, the
chemical and mechanical effects produced by it are similar to
those resulting from the Whin Sill. When dykes are
narrow, the rock is finer in the grain, and the influence on
strata is very slight. Some dykes, however, as that at

* Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc., Vol. I1., p. 189.
+ Geology of Yorkshire, Part II., p. 84.

Notes on Maxton, by the Rev. M. H. Graham. 217

Howick, are seen very near to the Whin Sill; and with the
exception of one, that of Brunton, all run in a direction
transverse to that of the range of the Sill; those in the
northern part of the country run from W. by S. to E. by N.,
and those further southward have a direction either from
west to east, or from north west to south east; and this is
in accordance with the theoretical deduction of Hopkins,
who has shewn that minor fissures are formed transverse to
the chief line of fracture. The great strain from N.N.E. to
S.S.W. which resulted in the eruption of the Whin Sill,
would, therefore, form the transverse fissures which were
subsequently filled with basalt. The section at the Harkar
rocks near Bamburgh shows that one basaltic dyke at least is
more recent than the Sill—which has been broken through,
and slopes away on both sides from the axis of the dis-
turbance.

Notes on Maxton (read at the Manse of Maxton). By the
Rev. M. H. Granam.

Tue Maxtonians are, in some respects, a peculiar people.
Possessing almost none of those luxuries of modern civiliza-
tion, which are commonly accounted positively vital, they are
yet a healthy, and a contented, and a prosperous race. We
have no baker and no butcher—no tailor and no shoemaker
—no policeman and no doctor—no druggist’s shop and no
dissenting chapel ;—but, it is only fair to add, that we possess
one public house, a turnpike gate, and a perfectly sober
beadle.

The name of the parish, as every body knows, owes its
origin to a gentleman named Maccus, an early Saxon settler,
who, in the days of David I., possessed the lands around us as
his manor or ton. Hence Maccus-ton, Macciston, and then
Maxton, without the final e.

This Maccus seems to have been a somewhat notable
person, for his name appears as witnessing many important
documents, such as the Inquisitio Davidis of 1116; the founda-
tion charter of Selkirk ; the Melrose charter of David I., and
some others, From Maccus are descended the numerous and
not undistinguished branches of the family of Maxwell. The

QE

218 Notes on Maxton, by the Rev. M. H. Graham.

old family residence—a castle—stood at the top of the present
glebe, where portions of a fine chimney-piece and bits of polished
marble were not so very longagodug up. We are now a sparse
people in this parish, numbering only 485 souls ; but, tradi-
tion asserts that we once numbered 5,000; and that once
upon a time 1,000 bold Maxtonians, all on horseback, met at
the market-place to do battle in the troublous day for their
country and themselves. The village, at any rate, must
have covered a very considerable area, for the foundations
of its houses have been struck by the modern deep plough
for many acres round.

There was, of course, a Market Place (as already noted),

_and there are still to be seen, close by its original site, the
melancholy remains of the old stone cross—probably of the
13th century. Portions of this venerable relic have from time
to time, I grieve to learn, been surreptiously appropriated by
predatory and unscrupulous antiquarians. I have discovered
the whereabouts of its ancient capital, on which is chiselled
a lion recumbent, holding in its paws a lamb; and I do not
altogether despair of greatly restoring our ancient cross.

I turn now to our little Church ; and here also, in the wo-
tul transformation our sacred edifice has passed through, we, as
a Club—lovers of the beautiful and venerable, and conserva-
tors of what is worthy of preservation—have much reason to
mourn that our immediate ancestors were not like-minded
with ourselves. Thanks, however, to my generous heritors,
the little temple has been recently vastly improved. The date
of its first erection is not exactly ascertained; but we may
safely set it down as not later than the early part of the 12th
century. It was at one time attached to Dryburgh, whose
exquisite ruins are within three miles of us; but the greedy
monks cut us off for some loaves and fishes in the shape of
half a plough-gate of land. Originally dedicated to Saint
Cuthbert, there remains still a fragment of the early building.
The west door will be found a fine specimen of the Norman
order ; and in the western gable may-be plainly seen some
stones bearing marks of scroll work. These stones have been
stuck in at random by our pious fore-master builders, at one
of the many re-arrangements the church has unmercifully
undergone, simply, I imagine, to put them out of the way.
When some masons, five years ago, were removing the old
earthen floor, they picked up a large stone finely carved,
wnich must have formed the capital of a handsome pillar—

Notes on Maxton, by the Rev.M. H. Graham. = 219

but where the pillar stood it is now vain to conjecture. The
stone will be exhibited to-day.

Before I leave the village, I must not omit to remind you
that it was here there was born and for some time lived, the
“fair maid Lilliard ;”” the memory of whose martial chivalry
on Ancrum Moor in 1545, still lives enshrined in the hearts of
every gallant Maxtonian. Having lost her lover, so runs the
familiar story, during the savage raids of Sir Ralph Evers,
the commander of Henry VIII.’s forces, she vowed eternal
enmity against the English—for “revenge is sweet, especially
in women.” Accordingly, when one of the Scotch and English
divisions met on the lands of Muivhouselaw (the genuine scene,
I am persuaded, of the conflict), our heroine hastened to join
the force under the Earls of Arran and Angus, resolved to
avenge her lover’s death. Poor lass! she fought and fed/.
But the story of her tragic valour has been preserved in four
touching Jines of verse, inscribed originally, it is said, on a
cross erected to her memury on the spot where she was killed
and buried. Thus they ran :—

“ Fair maid Lilliard lies under this stane;

Little was her stature, but great was her fame ;

On the English loons she laid many thumps,

And when her legs were cutten off she fought upon her stumps.”
Alas, for the chivalric spirit of the age! fair Lilliard’s cross
is gone—gone like herself, both stump and rump—and all
that we have ¢hus to perpetuate her fame is something like a
grave-yard stone, also smashed, but bearing pretty legibly the
old inscription. TI have said that the chief scene of the battle
of Ancrum Moor must be placed in ¢hzs parish. A recent
writer thinks not, because a heron rose on wing as Angus
reached the ridge of the moor ; so he concludes it must have
been feeding near the moss at Farnington. But he forgets
that there was a lake in those days, and even down to 1820,
on the site now occupied by the Muirhouselaw tile works;
and it is more likely therefore, that his heronship might have
been munching on his favourite dish of eels, than feeding on
the less savoury frogs of a bog, Q. E. -D.

Let us now go down to Lvtiledean Tower, about a mile
and a quarter to the east of the village. On an extensive
plateau—having on the north side the Tweed, running broad
and swift at this base, and on the east a great deep dean—
stands the fine ruin of a once splendid, but now sadly dis-
mantled, Border Pele. It formed the residence of a well-

220 Notes on Maxton, by the Rev. M. H. Graham.

known border family—the Kerrs of Cessford (now almost
extinct); many of whom repose in a vault beneath the church.
Portions of the tower are, as usual, of different dates, the
earliest being probably of the first half of the 14th century,
and the most recent 200 years later. The building must
have been on an unusually large scale, for the plough now
reveals that it covered a wide surrounding area. The walls
are of remarkable thickness; the ordnance surveyors said
they had seen no Pele of such massiveness. In shape, it was
a half moon on the western, and an oblong square on the
eastern side; while on the southern side if appears to have
jutted out considerably beyond the western oval tower; for
some of its foundations, in this direction, were taken up not
many years ago. ‘There are three tiers of loop-holes—an un-
common number—and so placed as to completely command
every approach. On the topmost battlement there ran all
round a bartisan, three feet high, portions of which may still
be seen. But wanton hands have been rudely laid, in recent
years, on this grand old pile. For miles, its once precious stones
have macadamized the Kelso highway; and stables, not far
distant, were built of these too. As if conscious of the pur-
posed desecration, its huge walls refused to give way till
blast after blast was repeated; and then there fell, in one
mass, some 28 feet solid masonry of the front elevation. I
am hopeful, that efficient means will now be taken to prevent
further destruction.

Near this tower, and on the sides of Ploughland burn,
some remains of aruin called the ‘‘Abbey Mill” existed, until
the course of the burn was turned, to prevent the adjoining
quarry being inundated, and then ¢hey wereremoved. It has
always been doubtful how much of the land here belonged to
Melrose ; but, as a humble contribution to this profoundly
interesting controversy,-I would suggest that, as the ““Abbey
Mill ” was on the north side of the burn, it is therefore very
likely that the Monk’s land extended from Broomhouse burn
to Littledean burn, instead of between Broomhouse burn and
Ploughland burn, as Mr Jeffrey in his work on Roxburgh-
shire supposes. Popular tradition, and a note of Sir Walter
Scott’s, point to Broomhouse as the site of a splendid tower, —
the inmates of which were slain on the eve before the battle
of Ancrum Moor. Hence the war-cry of that day, “ Remem-
ber Broomhouse !”’ which lent a terrible strength and efficacy
to the battle-axes of our gallant villagers. Here also, on the

‘Notes on Maxton, by the Rev.M.H. Graham. 221

west side of the burn, tradition has fixed the site of that
hospital which Mr Jeffrey has placed on the haugh at Ruth-
erford. But the following details will assist, 1 hope, in
determining the questio verata. In the fields on both sides
of Broomhouse burn, close by the present school-house, and
crossing the quarry at the back of the school, are trenches
of from 5 to 7 feet deep, full of rich fatty earth and contain-
ing human bones. In trenching the garden here, close by the
traditionary site of the hospital, two of these trenches were
crossed: one was 28 feet broad, and 64 feet deep ; the other
20 feet broad by 5 deep ; and in these were found quantities
of human bones. A few horse-teeth were also turned up, and
the upper half of a quern ; here was also found a rudely hewn
stone jug. A portion of this jug will be shown to-day; but
the larger half has been crushed by one of those wretched
pests of the archeologist, the floor-scrubbing girl, who always
will go to one’s most valued treasures for her sandstone.
This jug had a spout like a cream-pot on one side. Ina field
also close by, there was dug up, by a drainer, a considerable
mass of sheet lead. Was this a theft from the hospital ad-
joining, thus buried for concealment and never uplifted? Is
tradition right then? In front of the school-house, two
workmen, in removing the earth from one of the trenches,
came at 64 feet deeponrock. ‘The rock was level and smooth,
but there was an indentation, or cut, made into its surface,
about 3 inches deep, forming a square of 6 feet or so; and in
the centre of this square there wasa hole of 3 inches diameter.
What meant all this ?

Let us now go down to the Broomhouse Quarry here for a
minute. It is, like all our quarries in this district, of old red
sandstone. Here, as elsewhere in this stone, many excellent
specimens of scales of the Holoptychius have been found, some
of which will be shown to-day. In forming a road, many
years ago, to this quarry, the workmen turned up several flat
stones, and some small pieces of flint. From their description
of the flint pieces there is much probability that they were
arrow heads ; but, I lament to add,they were so quickly
used up and so utterly disfigured by the men striking lights
on them for their pipes, that they were not thought worth
preservation. Here, also, in tirling about 4 feet deep, was
cast up an elk’s horn, which the men, in their ignorance,
smashed to pieces. A few of these pieces were afterwards
secured, and will be shown to-day. Embedded in the stone

222 Notes on Mazton, by the Rev. M. H. Graham.

was discovered the trunk of a tree, inclined somewhat towards
the east. With the usual ill-luck attending excavations, the
tree was thoughtlessly broken up; but the late Lord Polwarth
obtained an excellent fragment, so friable, however, that un-
less it has been carefully preserved it must long since have
gone to dust. The workmen said there was a brown powder
completely surrounding the trunk ; was this powder decayed
leaves, or rather the bark ?

I shall now leave the quarry, as some of our party will
visit it under the guidance of my antiquarian friend, Mr
Chisholm, our most respected school-master, to whom, let me
most gratefully acknowledge the very generous help he has
given me, in drawing up these notes. Mr Chisholm will also
conduct a party to Ringly Hall. This is‘an ancient camp
(whether Roman or British we cannot determine), situated
about 3 miles to the east of us, near by the well-known tumulus
in front of Makerston House. He will also point out the
site of the old town of Rutherford, and its church yard ; the
grave-stones of which an ¢mproving farmer improved off the
face of the earth, by chopping down and burying them in his
drains! ~As I have no desire to take the wind out of my
friend’s sails, I shall not detain you longer at the camp fur-
ther than to enter my protest against recent historians placing
so much ofits outer works in the parish of Roxburgh. ‘There
was, I may state, another camp, or fort, in a field immediately
to the south-west of Ringly Hall, bearing the same name ;
and there are still some remains of the entrenchment of part
of a camp in a plantation on the south side of the road, where ~
the west avenue to Rutherford-mill separates from the turn-
pike. In a quarry near here were found, at every tirl,
quantities of human bones. From repeated investigations, Mr
Chisholm concludes, (and I humbly concur), that defences
had surrounded the fort on the north, as well as on the south
side ; but that the river Tweed, of whose changeful moods we
here possess many notable illustrations, has, in the course of
ages, swept these defences away by the process of active
undermining.

Now, one sentence as to the geological aspects of our im-
mediate neighbourhood. The old red-sandstone obtains
throughout the greater part of the parish; and wherever it
has been quarried there have been found scales of the Holop-
tychius. In some places, the formation lies conformably on
the trapean rock ; but above Craigour, three-quarters of a mile

Notes on Maxton, by the Rev.M. H. Graham. 223

east on the river, and below the school-house, are sandstone
rocks altered by heat. Right below the manse and overhanging
the river, is a sort of clinkstone (phonolite). At Craigour, we
have a rock akin to basalt; and below the school-house, a
trap-porphyry, which has burst through the sandstone strata
and displaced them. In fact, the trap-porphyry overlapped
these strata before it was quarried down for road-metal; and
even still it may be seen in one spot, There is amygdaloidal
porphyry on the Killaw at Muirhouselaw. In boring some
fields opposite Broomhouse, trap was found at the depth of
20 feet. In sinking a well at the manse, I was interrupted
by phonolite at the depth of 20 feet; and so, from these and
other considerations, we are Jed to conclude that the depth
of red sandstone: in this parish is far from being great.
In tirling a quarry close by the manse, several pieces of splint
or cannel-coal were found on the rough surface of the rock.
The edges of these pieces were rounded, as if rolled by water,
and they were not lying 7” situ. May not these fragments,
as Mr Chisholm suggests, have come from the Lothians, or
more probably, from Lesmahago? And may not, he further
suggests, these layers of coal which were found in sinking a
wellat Longnewton forest (2 miles south-west of us), and which
gave rise to some recondite speculation, may not this coal have
drifted in the same manner ?

Instead of discussing this daring conception, I must hasten
on, Our circular states that ‘ looking out for spring flowers
and insects” will form a feature in our day’s saunter. 1
hope you will be more successful than I have been in finding
them ; and, as I have already too much presumed on your
indulgence, I shall leave the prosecution of this branch of
industry to my brother naturalists. They will find a con-
siderable variety of plants in the glens, through which I pro-
pose to conduct a party, though not in a very favourable
condition for inspection or preservation. Among them are:
March, or sweet-scented violets, in profusion ; the common
violet ; wild garlic, in a burn near Littledean ; the poisonous
hemlock; the maiden-hair spleenwort ; and, perhaps, if
we are very wide-awake, the maiden pink, which elsewhere
is seen adorning Smailholm Tower and Minto Crags. As to
the ensects, I should like that the entomologists would assist
such of us as affect horticulture, to expiscate and to extirpate
a little wretch, which, of recent years, has attacked and eaten
the life out of the leaves of the pear. I sawit first of all some

224 Mr. Hardy on Border Earthquakes.

nine years ago. It was then much less known than now,
for the subject is at present engaging the attention of the
horticultural journals. Sometimes I take it to be a fungus,
and sometimes an insect ; but, whatever it be, it is destroying
our pears and breaking our hearts, and cruelly baffling our
utmost ingenuity either accurately to diagnose it or success-
fully to banish it. In conclusion, the only rare birds we have
seen in the parish are the kingfisher, the golden-crested wren,
and an unfortunate one of Mother-Cary’s chickens, that, a
few years ago, dashed itself against the school-house window.
Its remains now rest in the museum at Kelso. Thereis a
large colony of sand-martens above the Broomhouse quarry,.
whose close proximity to the school is not to be envied.
Hawks occasionally approach to perch on the rails opposite,
or hover about till they calculate the opportunity of “ stoop-
ing” upon the helpless marten. This they seldom fail in
accomplishing, and they seem utterly regardless of the near
presence of man or school-boy.

I have only to add that the following little notabilities will
be exhibited :—

iL. The geological specimens referred to.

2. A nodule, which is supposed to contain quartz, and which will
be broken up ;. [but it didn’t]. —

3. Portions of elk’s horns referred to.

4. The whirl of a distaff, found in the field before mentioned
beneath some up-lifted stone flags.

5. A coin of Edward first’s reign, found in a field at east end of
village ; probably deposited in one of the old gardens.

6. The stone found in the church, and supposed to be the capital
of a pillar.

7. An old black oak arm chair, finely carved and in perfect pre-
servatiou, which belonged to King Robert Bruce.

8. A finely bound copy of Macklin’s Bible, in 6 vols ; the most
splendid edition of the Bible ever printed.

M. H. Grauam.
llth May, 1871.

225

On an Earthquake among the Cheviot Hills ; with Notices of
Border Earthquakes. By James Harpy.

WHiILs travelling during this season among the Cheviots, I
was told about an earthquake, which, on the evening of the
17th of March, 1871, had alarmed the dwellers round the
northern base of the highest hill. It turned out to be
little more than a faint representation of more energetic
agencies operating in districts further to the west and south ;
but it is an event to have an earthquake, even on a limited
scale. It was heard at Goldscleugh, Dunsdale, and Southern
Knowe, shepherd’s houses on different farms; all of them
standing in low situations, within a few miles of each other,
in the valley of the Coldburn. At Dunsdale it was described
as being a dull hollow noise ; and at Southern Knowe as like
the rumbling of a coach. Ina line running obliquely from
these places, from W.S.W. to E.N.E., and several miles across
the hills, it was heard by the shepherd at Earle Hill-head ;
and following the same direction, halfa mile further, at South
Farle, two lads, being disturbed by it in their beds, got up
and would not be persuaded to re-occupy the “ haunted cham-
ber” that night. The time when this happened at all the
places was about 100’clock p.m. All speak of it asa “‘noise;”’
but there must also have been a considerable concussion.
Two days afterwards, the shepherd at Dunsdale, in going his
rounds, remarked that a huge block of rock had been dis-
lodged from the southern Bizzle rocks, and launched out into
the grassy area beneath, tearing up the turf and soil in its
passage. I saw it in August. It 1s a block of several tons,
with all the fresh marks upon it of a new comer; and lies
well up the glen, above the great detached rock dignified
from its pre-eminence amongst the surrounding boulders, with
the name of ‘ Sampson.”

On further inquiry, it was ascertained that this was not, as
Was at one time supposed, a mere circumscribed accident,
liable to doubt and disbelief; but that it was connected with
a shock of earthquake, extensively felt that night in the
north of England, as well as in the south of Scotland. It
happened, however, an hour earlier than the more general
shock, which accounts concur in placing at from 11 to half-
past 11. This several accounts describe as having been pre-
ceded by a low rumbling noise. ‘The shock—or rather
shocks, for there were more than one—lasted only three or

Qr

226 Mr. Hardy on Border Earthquakes.

four seconds. The vibration was from W. to E., and was
accompanied by an unsteady and swaying movement, which
led persons who had retired for the night to suppose that
some one had got under their beds. In the neighbourhood
of collieries it was at first attributed to an explosion. It
seems to have been experienced all over Yorkshire and Lan-
cashire, and was perceptibly felt as far north as Dumfries.
In Cumberland its effects were very distinctly marked. A
noise like the fall of a building was first heard, then a heavy
swaying motion was felt, and the doors and windows were
rattled violently as with a strong wind. Poultry, cage birds,
and domestic animals diplayed great terror; and in many
cases people rushed out of their houses in alarm. A report
from Kendal mentions another shock as having been experi-
enced between 6 and 7 p.m. The waters of Windermere
rose, and the appearance of the atmosphere was like that
preceding a thunderstorm.” — Newspaper Report.

It was less palpably felt in Northumberland and Durham.
In Newcastle, between 11 and 12, in many cases, rooms
perceptibly vibrated for a few seconds, windows were shaken,
and the peculiar accompanying sound was heard. It was
felt also at Sunderland, Blaydon, Dunston, Corbridge (at 11
P.M.), Beaufront Castle (where it brought down a cornice of
one of the rooms), Benwell Hall, Stocksfield, Hexham,
Heaton Dene, Wallsend, Byker, Walker, Jesmond, Saltwell.
At Middleton, in Teesdale, there were two shocks ; one about
7 and the other about 11. There was astrong oscillation felt
at Durham; also, at Lanchester, Brancepeth, and several
neighbouring villages—all at 11 P~.m. About 10 minutes to
11, at Consett and Shotley Bridge, a rumbling sound as of
distant thunder was heard, and there was violent shaking of
the windows and wate inthe houses. A brilliant outburst of
the northern lights was observed that evening by a ship
captain, who was off Hartlepool at the time.

The records of previous earthquakes on the Borders, by
which the recent shock might be assigned toa local area sub-
ject to such disturbances, are somewhat meagre. This tract
of country has wide and far-reaching sympathies underground,
but the seat of perturbation appears not to be immediate, and
the intervals of intermission are of lengthened duration. In
1275, on St. Nicholas’ eve, great earthquakes were felt in
Newcastle, attended ‘‘ with dreadful thunder and lightning,
with a blazing star, and a comet in the appearance of a great

Mr. Hardy on Border Earthquakes. 227

dragon, which terrified the people.” (Local Historian’s Table-
Book, I., p. 79.) The next account that I meet with has
escaped the researches of Mr Milne Home, in his “ Register
of Earthquake Shocks felt in Great Britain, from 1608 to
1839.” (Edin. New Phil. Journal, Vol. XXXI-XXXIV.) It is
contained in two letters that appeared in the Newcastle
Courant, March 23rd, 1727-8. ‘The shock was preceded by
successive displays of Aurora, an accompaniment or precursor
of earthquakes visible in various other instances, including
that of 1871. The first notice is dated Galashiels, March 4.
“On Thursday last, at 8 at night, there was perceived in the
air towards the north, an extraordinary meteor in form of an
arch, the side pointing to the earth dark and gloomy, with
the bright side upwards; which, disappearing till about 3
next morning, the Ist instant, it was again observed, with
extraordinary commotion in the air, towards the north-east.
The vapour was of a pale yellow colour, going in flakes of a
considerable breadth, with a whissling distinctly as they
drove up; and the nearer they approached the zenith of the
atmosphere, the more it increased. About half an hour after
four, a shock of an earthquake was felt all over the place and
some miles round about.”” The second report is dated Selkirk,
March 3. “Last Friday morning, alittle before 4 o’clock, I
was awakened by a noise something like a clap of thunder,
which, after it had roared for about four minutes, died away
insensibly ; when it ceased, I arose out of my bed and looked
out at the window, and seeing the air clear except two small
windy-like clouds in the north, I concluded that it had been
the morning-drum by which I had been alarmed. Next
morning I was told by everybody that there had been an
earthquake, and that it had shaken all the houses in town.”
The day after, the writer met, on a public occasion, a con-
course of gentlemen from all parts of the country, and took
the opportunity to question them narrowly about what had
happened. “Some of them were abroad at the time, and
both felt the shock and heard the noise which followed ;
others said they were almost tossed out of bed; and others,
especially those who lived to the southward, heard no noise,
but were dreadfully shaken in their beds.”

May 15, 1768, there were, at Newcastle, at 4 P.m., two
shocks ; they were very strong at Kendal, Darlington, and
Middleton. (Ed. New Phil. Jour., XX XI, p. 104).

December 8, 1780, there was a slight shock at Newcastle,

228 Mr. Hardy on Border Earthquakes.

by which the houses, windows, chairs, tables, &c. were thrown
into a violent agitation for about two seconds, attended during
the time with a remarkable noise. (Gent. Mag., 1780).—
December 9. Earthquake at Richmond, Yarm, Stockton,
Chester, Newcastle. People were lifted up by a wave-like
motion of the earth, and then set down again. ‘The atmos-
phere was dark and gloomy for several days previous; calm
at the time. Motion from W.to E. (Ed. New Phil. Jour.,
XX XI, p. 104).

August 11, 1786. An extensive earthquake shock, almost
simultaneously felt wherever it reached, was especially dis-
tinct on the Borders. It was felt through the counties of
Dumfries, Roxburgh, Cumberland, Berwick, Kircudbright ; as
well as in Lanark, Argyle, and Aberdeen ; and extended from
S. to N. 150 miles, and from E. to W. 100 miles. (Ed. New
Phil. Jour., XX XTI., p. 107). At Kelso, according to ‘‘ Dods-
ley’s Annual Register,” the earthquake was felt at 2 in the
morning. ‘Its motion was from W. to E. ‘The motion was
succeeded by a noise as if the tiles had been tumbling from
the roof.” (Vol. XXVII. p.208). According to an extract from
a Kelso newspaper, reprinted in the “ Border Almanac,”
being a letter dated from Carham, August 14th, the writer
says :—‘‘A little past 2 (2°20 says another account) on Friday
morning, as I lay quite awake in my bed, I was suddenly
alarmed with a motion of my house from W. to E., which
sensibly heaved me up in my bed; then followed a tremulous
motion of the whole house, concluded with a rattling noise as
if the slates had fallen from the roof; the motion and noise did
not last many seconds.” ‘This earthquake was preceded by a
long drought, and a calmness in the atmosphere; and the
day before it took place, the clouds had not the least motion,
but appeared greatly impregnated with the electric fluid.
Another correspondent at Pinnacle Hill, Kelso, was awakened
by the bed shaking under him, and a noise in the room from
the rattling of the table, chairs, and other furniture. He
looked out at the window, and there was as serene and stilla
morning as he ever beheld. The concussion appeared to
continue more than a second, and to take its direction from
E.to W. The earthquake was locally “ felt at Mellerstane
to the north, and as far as Newcastle to the south; and not
‘further west than Jedburgh, or east than Coldstream. It
was scarcely, if at all, felt at Berwick.” For the rest I must
refer to the accounts of the period. This was a very calam-

Mr. Hardy on Border Earthquakes. 229

itous era. Tempests and hurricanes—earthquakes and inun-
dations—famine, pestilence, and cattle disease—prevailed in
all countries and climates. (Dodsley’s Ann. Reg., XXVIII, p.
58, 59).

Fest 11,1787. “ Penrith, Lancaster, Manchester, Lennel
near Coldstream, 2 a.m. Motion N.N.W. and SSE.”
(Gen. Mag., LVITL., p. 494). I quote thisfrom the Register in
“Ed. New Phil. Jour.,” XX XI., p. 108. From the coincidence
of day and hour, itis obviously a repetition of the foregoing
incidents.

August 13, 1816. An extensive and simultaneous shock at
10°45 p.m., which affected all Scotland from the Pentland
Frith on the north, to Coldstream on the south. Direction
of the concussion, from NV.W.to SE. This wasa very rainy

ear.

September 18, 1822. “‘ A smart shock of an earthquake at
Dunston, near Newcastle, between 1 and 2 p.u., accompanied
by a loud noise like thunder.” (Lécd, p. 119).

January 21, 1851. At Tynehead, a rent was formed half a
mile long. (Zbzd, p. 121.)

October 23,1839. An earthquake felt about 10 p.m. through-
out the north of Scotland ; reached the Borders, being felt at
Netherby Hall, and at Closeburn, Dumfriesshire. ‘‘ It was
felt at Selkirk, and in the neighbourhood also of Kelso, where
the windows rattled and the crockery ware was shaken. It
was felt at Coldstream, in the neighbouring village of New-
toun, and the farm of Mountfair.” (Jdid, XXXIV., p. 106).

Such are some of the distinguishing features of earthquakes,
as they have occurred on the Borders. I have only to remark,
in conclusion, that the direction of the shocks from W. to E.
is nearly parallel with the smaller dykes, which, according to
Mr Tate, in the northern part of Northumberland run W. by
S. to E. by W. A similar inference is also arrived at by Mr
Milne Home: “In Anglesea, North Wales, and Cheshire,
where the dykes run N.W. and S8.E., the vibrations are, in
the great majority of cases, stated to have been in the same
direction.” (Ed. New Phil. Jour., XXXI., p. 285, where there
are other instances of accordance).

The ancient subterranean forces are now confined, but they
still occupy their wonted sphere of action, and work along
familiar grooves ; they have been walling themselves up for
ages, but the struggle between restraint and liberty continues
still to be waged, and has battered and rent the structure ;

230 Whalton and tts Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot.

and at many of the old sally ports there is still free issue.
The study of earthquakes then, even at home where they are
so rare, is calculated to throw important light on some of the
problems of local geology.

An Archeological Sketch of Whalton and its Vicinty. By
the Rev. J. ELPHINsTONE Exxiot, Rector of Whalton.

AtrHouGH there may be little in the circumstances of a
secluded country parish, like that of Whalton, to attract the
attention of the superficial enquirer ; yet, to a Society like
that which I have now the honour of addressing, whose object
it is to investigate and examine not only the distinctive natural
features, but also those relics of antiquity which tell of bygone
periods in the social life of the district, it may present subjects
of interest connected with their peculiar pursuit. Many
things and facts, trivial apparently in themselves, yet possess-
ing some degree of value as illustrative of, and bearing upon
the natural and archeological history of the country, are apt
to be swept away or covered by the advancing tide of high
civilization, every day rising aronnd us. The oldest inhabitant
departs to his last resting place, and many local traditions go
into oblivion along with him. The plough rips up and de-
stroys the vestiges of camps and battle-fields ; and the farmer
carries off the stones of ancient peles and castles to build his
dykes or mend his folds.

“Out upon Time! who for ever will leave
But enough of the Past for the Future to grieve
O’er that which hath been, o’er that which must be ;
What we have seen our sons shall see :
Remnants of things that have passed away,
Fragments of stone reared by creatures of clay.”

Partly, then for the sake of drawing the attention of the
Society to some of these memorials of the past while it is yet
possible to do so; partly, that I may perhaps persuade it to
continue its excursions into a locality hitherto unvisited, I
have been induced to offer to you the following rough sketch
of the parish and neighbourhood of Whalton.

The history of an individual parish may, in some degree,
be regarded as an epitome of that of ‘the country at large.
The same feelings, opinions, and passions, which prevailed

Whalton and its Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot. 231

at any particular era in the latter, will in general be found
to have worked with equal, if not with greater intensity, in
the smaller area; and its archeological features may be re-
garded as the characters by means of which we are enabled to
read their operation and influence. As the principal details
connected with these are pretty fully given in Hodgson’s
valuable work, I do not propose to trouble you with them
further than may be necessary, for the symmetrical arrange-
ment of my observations on such incidents and particulars as
have not come within the scope of the historian’s narrative.
These I will dispose in their chronological order, noticing
such monuments of antiquity as require it, during the period
in which they are supposed to have originated.

We might naturally expect to meet with some vestiges of
the old Roman occupation of the country; the earliest historic
record to which we can with any certainty refer. The parish is
situated within about 3 miles of one of their great thoroughfares
—the Devil’s Causeway. ‘The neighbourhood of the Wans-
beck, through which the line runs at the point where it is near-
est to Whalton, appears, from the numerous remains of British
camps and villages,to have been very thickly peopled. To keep
up the imperial authority amongst them, by making them ac-
cessible for troops as well as for commercial purposes, and to
furnish their inhabitants with the continental manufactures in
exchange for their own raw material, was doubtless one of the
objects of its formation ; and it would be necessary to guard
and keep open their communications with the more settled
country to the south of the Great Wall, by standing camps
and garrisons at commanding points in its vicinity. Such
appears to me to have been the intention of two camps situ-
ated on the ridge of the high ground, over which the road
runs from Whalton to Morpeth, and about 3 miles as the
crow flies from the Causeway, and about 14 from the village,
at a farm house called the Camp-house. One of them im-
mediately behind the house had originally enclosed about two
acres of ground, which would have afforded space sufficient
for the accommodation of two legions. It commands an
extensive view of the country to the north and north-west.
- Of this camp only the north and south sides of the rampart
and fosse remain. The other, which is much smaller, being
only about 80 paces in length by about 60 in breadth, lies
about 300 paces from it to the east and south-east on the
opposite slope of the ridge, and has an equally wide prospect

232 Whalton and rts Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot.

to the west and south-west. It is known by the name of the
** Dead men’s graves,” probably from the inequalities of the
surface. It, as well as the former, appears to have been a
fortified station of a quadrilateral form.

Of the Saxon period scarcely any remains exist. Mr Wilson
in his recent work says: ‘‘ There was a Saxon church on the
site of Whalton Church ; and one fragment of it is incopor-
ated in the present edifice. This is the tall, narrow, semi-
circular headed tower arch. In the transitional Norman
period the tower was taken down; except this sturdy arch.”
As, at the close of the reign of Edward the Confessor, above
a third of the landed property of England was, according to
William of Malmesbury, in the hands of the ecclesiastical
body, and the advowson of the living seems at a very early
period to have belonged to the prior and convent of Tyne-
mouth, which was a dependency of the great monastery of
St. Alban’s in the south,* I am inclined to believe that a
considerable part of the parish consisted of church-lands. At
the Conquest, however, it seems to have been constituted into
a barony, and bestowed by William (who paid little regard
to the privileges of the clergy) on one of his followers. There
is some difficulty in making out the line of succession of its
early possessors. The first mentioned by Hodgson was a
certain Eustace Fitz-John, who, he says, was a great man in
the north in the time of King Stephen. His name is of
continual recurrence in the accounts of this period, as picking
up manors and baronies in different parts of the country ; for
which amusement he appears to have had a decided vocation.
He had a fine field for the development of this talent in the
troublous reign of Stephen, when a sort of free fight was
going on over the length and breadth of the land. His first
wife was Agnes, daughter and heiress of William, son of
Nigil, baron of Halton in Cheshire; and his second, the
heiress of the great De Vescy family. Huis son by Agnes was
named Richard Fitz-Eustace; whose son in like manner
adopting the patronymic is called Roger Fitz-Richard ; who
again was succeeded by his son, Robert Fitz-Roger. On this
last King John, June 6, 1205, bestowed Whalton. Meantime,
however, another family appears tc have had substantial
possession of the barony. Almost contemporaneously with
Eustace Fitz-John, Walter Fitz-William in the reign of

* Riley’s Abbat Monasterii St. Albani.

Whalton and tts Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot. 233

Henry LI., certified knight’s fees, disposed of lands, and exer-
cised other manorial rights in the barony, and was undoubtedly
de facto, Baron of Whalton. His son, Robert Fitz-Walter,
is supposed by Hodgson to have been the same person as
Robert de Crammaville, who, at the assizes in Newcastle
in 1194, was certified to have been Baron of Whalton, as his
ancestors had been time out of mind. Why King John dis-
possessed the Fitz-William line cannot now be explained.
As the old ballad says—

“ He ruled England with main and with might,
And did much wrong, but maintained little right.”

Robert Fitz-Roger was employed as his ambassador to the
King of Scots in 1209. He appears to have inherited the
talents of his ancestor, Eustace Fitz-John, and also to have
had the same turn for adding to the family property ; for he
held also the Barony of Warkworth, and had a grant of Eure
in Yorkshire from Richard I. Besides Whalton, or Qualton,
as it 1s spelt, he obtained from John the manors of Newburn,
Rothbury, and Corbridge; with the power of infangthief
and gallows, and a ducking stool, pillory, toll, assize of bread
and ale, with market and fair. Robert Fitz-Roger was suc-
ceeded by his son, John Fitz-Robert, who seems to have
been a man of some mark in his day, as he was High-Sheriff
for Northumberland four years together from 1224-27. He
was also one of the twenty-five, to whom the barons, after ex-
torting Magna Charta from King John, delegated the most
extensive authority and power to see it properly fulfilled.*
He died in 1240, leaving a son, who succeeded him in the
Barony of Eure in Yorkshire, and was the ancestor of the
noble family of Eures or Evors ; one of whom, in the reign of
Henry VIII., made himself famous by the ferocity with w shich
he ravaged the Scotch border. Another son, named Roger Fitz-
John, succeeded to the Barony of Whalton and other lands.
The widow of John Fitz-Robert, Ada de Baliol—great aunt of
Baliol afterwards King of Scotland,—paid 200 marks for his
custody and that of his brother Hugh, they being minors at
their father’s death. Roger died in 1249, in Henry III.’s
reign, leaving a son, Robert Fitz-Roger, a minor; and his
grandmother offered 1200 marks for his custody. These
wardships were the opportunities enjoyed by the crown under

* B. de Molleville’s Hist. of Eng., p. 246.
2G

234 Whalton and its Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot.

the feudal system of pressing back into its own coffers the
wealth which the rapacity of the barons was always draw-
ing away from it.* To such exactions it probably was owing
that the family which had so long possessed the Barony
of Whalton, became so reduced as eventually to lose it. The
offer of 1200 marks which Ada de Baliol made for the
tuition of her grandson, Robert Fitz-Roger, was refused ;
and his wardship was granted to the king’s brother, William
de Valence. His property at the time of his death went to
his son John; probably considerably deteriorated by the
sweating it had undergone at the hands of the crown. John
Fitz-Robert took the name of de Claveringe and was the an-
cestor of the Claverings of Callaly. He died in Edward T1.’s
reign, leaving a daughter; having previously given up his
Northumberland property for lands in the south. Thus, the
Barony of Whalton again fell into the hands of the crown.
It was granted by Edward ILI. to Lord Scrope of Masham,
and remained in the hands of that distinguished family down
to the reign of Henry VIII. One of them was Lord of the
Bedchamber to Henry V., against whose life he conspired
along with the Earl of Cambridge and Sir Thomas Grey.
There is a fine scene at the beginning of Shakespeare’s Henry
V., in which the king, after drawing on the conspirators to
an unmerciful sentence on a less guilty culprit, convicts them
of their own evil designs, and condemns them out of their own
mouths.t The Barony of Whalton, which had been forfeited
for his treason, was afterwards, however, restored to the
family, with whom it continued until it fell into the hands of
another great border family, the Dacres (probably by mar-
riage) ; the last of whom—the fiery Leonard Dacres—again
lost it by confiscation to the crown, on account of his rebellion
against Queen Elizabeth in 1569. Finally, in James L.st’s
reign, it was granted in small allotments to the Meggisons,
Moores, Rochesters, and other small proprietors, some of
whom still retain their properties at the present day.

The barons of Whalton were, with others in the neighbour-
hood, bound to aid in the defence of the castle at Newcastle ;
towards which they paid castleward and cornage,{ and it was
also deemed necessary that they should build each of them a

* Warren’s Blackstone, p. 275.
+ Shakespeare’s Henry V., Act II., Scene 2.
t{ See Scott’s Border Antiquities, p. 6.

Whalton and tts Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot. 235

house within the liberties of the castle for the same purpose.
It does not appear that they had any residence on the barony,
either from their belonging to great families who had castles
elsewhere, or from its vicinity fo the important castle of Ogle,
the fee of which was frequently held with it, and which was
kernelated or fortified by permission of Edward PE? aire
time when the Scropes of Masham obtained possession of
Whalton in 1341. From this circumstance it happened that
the character of the village differed from either Ogle or Belsay;
where, the huts of the inhabitants clustering under the walls
of the great baronial castle were held chiefly by the immediate
followers of the lord of the demesne, ready to take refuge
within its walls and defend them against hostile attacks, and
prepared at all seasons to attend their liege lord in huntings,
and hostings, or when occasion demanded their services ;—who,
in fact, constituted his court, and shared his hospitality and
festivities as well as his dangers and toils. Whalton, on the
contrary, was probably composed of bastle houses, similar in
their construction to the pele towers, though not so strong or
well built; and inhabited by the vassals employed in culti-
vating the outlying farms. These were, in fact, the onsteads
of the different farms in the immediate neighbourhood, col-
lected together for mutual aid and protection against the
desultory incursions of the Border reivers. The farms also
had probably been laid out with a similar object ; they lie in
long narrow strips radiating from the place where each farm
house originally stood, so as to admit of the stock being
driven out in the morning, and grazing back to the homestead,
to be placed in safety ere the shades of evening exposed them
to be swept off by the “minions of the moon.” These old
bastle houses have now disappeared from the village, and
been replaced by good farm steadings, now conveniently
situated on the lands ; but the old people of the place can
still remember and point out where each originally stood.
The last of them, belonging to the Broomhill, a farm about a
quarter of a mile from the village, was taken down about fif-
teen years since. It had the usual vaulted apartment on the
ground floor; and a heavy stone spout projected over the
doorway, which tradition affirmed to have been used to pour
boiling water on the heads of those who sought to force an
entrance. There was also kept in it a heavy swivel gun,
said to have been for repelling marauders, which I have

236 Whalton and its Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot.

seen, but do not know what has become of it. Another of
the same description—but whether it was one of the “ serpen-
tines, half-hawks, harquebuses, currys, colyvers, or hand-
gunnes,’ forbidden by the statute to be sold to the Scotch, I
am not able to say—was kept also at another of the old houses,
and was eventually by its last proprietor made intoa kitchen
poker, and so helped to cook his beef as it had formerly pro-
tected that of his predecessors.* It might perhaps have been
thought that the incursions of the moss-troopers would scar-
cely have been extended so far inland, and so near to the
strong towns of Newcastle and Morpeth, as to render such
precautions necessary. ‘There is, however, abundant evidence
that this was the case, and that cattle lifting and other out-
rages were perpetrated in the vicinity not only by the Reed-
water clans, the Halls and Reeds, but also by their Scottish
associates, the Rutherfords and Armstrongs of Roxburghshire.
In a Complaint of Injuries done on the Middle Marches
to Her Majesty’s Commissioners, which is contained in
Richardson’s “ Reprints of Rare Tracts,” vol. i., occurs the
following :—‘‘ Marke Ogle of Kirklye upon John Rotherforte
of Egerton for receptinge of one Thomas Reade, outlawe,
which Reade stole from me about Michelmas 1579, four oxen,
done against the virtue of trewse,” &c.; and again, ‘‘ Com-
playnes Lawnell Ogle of Edington (24 miles from Whalton)
upon Francis Armstrong sonne of the Laird of Whythaugh
(in Liddesdale) that he and his accomplices about Michelmas
1585, had stolen and received from him out of Edington 18
oxen, against,’ &c.; and others of a similar kind. Nor will
this appear strange if we consider that at that time the country
intervening between the village and the Scottish border con-
sisted of little else but wild moors covered with natural woods
and morasses, which separated and isolated it from the more
populous districts. Indeed, within the memory of persons
now living, there was no regular road to Morpeth. It only
extended to about three miles from the village, after which
it entered on the common, across which each passenger
chose nis own track. A little earlier, the communication with
Newcastle was so difficult that farmers usually carried their

* A gun of the same description is still preserved at Belsay Castle, and is
said to have been used by Sir William Middleton for shooting wild geese.
The last mentioned one was also so used by the old sportsman ycleped Laird
Davidson, to whom it belonged, but he found it too cumbrous for the purpose.

Whalton and its Vicimty, by the Rev. J. EK. Elliot. 237

corn to the market there, across the backs of horses, two bolls
to each horse ; the farmer or his man trudging alongside of the
train in their wooden clogs. Besides this, in the general
order issued by Lord Wharton for the establishment of night
watches and patrols along the frontier, which was only a
better organization of a system which had prevailed “ accord-
ing to the old custom of the marches,” we find that the line
ran close to the neighbourhood of Whalton. It provided that
** The passages from Callcottes to Meldon deugles at Wans-
beke, to be watched with 16 men nightly of the inhabitants
of Callcottes, Highamdykes, Kyrklaye, Barwikehill, Horton-
grange, and Brenkleye to Belsooedge; and the inhabitors of
Ogle, Whalton, Trewycke, Mosden, Melden, and Repling-
toun, from Belsooedge to Melden deugles ; setters and searchers
ot these passages—John Tussel, Thomas Symson, Richard
Anderson, Edward Rawe, Thomas Robson, George Leighton,
Robert Symson, and Christopher Yonge. Overseers—
Lancelot Ogle, Harry Ogle the lord of Melden, Jarret Heron,
and Christopher Fenwyke.” <A force which, including the
setters and searchers and overseers (who were mostly county
gentlemen of the neighbourhood), could not have been much
less than 1000 strong, was thus employed from the Ist of
October to the 13th of March.*

This disturbed and warlike period in the annals of the
parish came to a conclusion with its connection with the great
baronial families, in the reign of James I. It was to be suc-
ceeded by times more favourable to the development of
civilizing influences, which had hitherto had little opportunity
of making themselves felt. As the progress of these in the
Whalton neighbourhood is chiefly associated with the history
of its rectors, it is to that I now propose to turn.

Until the reign of Henry VILI., the advowson of the living
was in the hands of the prior and convent of Tynemouth.
Of the rectors presented by them little else than the names
remain. In the absence of any resident baron, they would
probably superintend the military as well as the civil and
ecclesiastical affairs of their parishioners ; for the priests were
by no means exempted from the former duties. During some
repairs which were made on the older portion of the rectory
in my predecessor’s incumbency, a good serviceable broad-
sword was found, which had evidently seen service, and

* Nicolson’s Border Laws, p. 319.

238 Whalton and its Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot.

probably had belonged to some former rector. The rectory
itself also had originally constituted a strong well-built pele
tower. ‘The ground floor consisted of two vaulted apartments;
from the inner one of these a cork-screw staircase (part of
which still remains) had conducted to the roof. After the
Reformation, however, and when the Union of the two
kingdoms had restored some degree of security, the necessity
of such incongruous duties ceased, and left the rectors to the
more legitimate business of their profession. The advowson
of the living, which had been seized by Henry VIII., was
given by his daughter, Queen Elizabeth, to Thomas Bates of
Holywell, who seems to have been a stirring and active per-
sonage at that time; having previously received a letter of
thanks from Queen Mary* on account of services done upon
the Borders during the troubled years of 1556-7, which letter
is still preserved at Milbourne Hall, the present seat of the
family. He was likewise, in 1584, named along with
Charlton of Hesleyside, Swinborne of Capheaton, and other
gentlemen as being “ able to inform Her Majesty’s commis-
sioners of the abuses done within the Middle Marches,” “yf
they are sworne or strayghtly examined.”’+ He was likewise
M.P. for Morpeth, and was appointed by Queen Elizabeth
supervisor of all Her Majesty’s houses, lordships, manors, lands,
and tenements in Northumberland. In Bishop Barnes’ book
he is styled ‘‘ Deputed patron by the Queen of the rectory of
Whalton.” And in August, 1579, with a due regard to the
bodily as well as spiritual health of the parish, he presented
Robert Bellamye Clerk, doctor of physic. Of his immediate
successors nothing noteworthy is preserved, until at the com-
mencement of the Commonwealth, John Shaw was presented
to the incumbency in 1645. Being a man of strong convic-
tions and energetic character, he was unable or unwilling to
make his opinions square with those of the ruling powers,
who, in consequence, considerately afforded him time to
meditate on the differences between them, by shutting him up
in prison for four years, and inducting in his room Mr Ralph
Wicliffe ; who held the living until the Restoration in 1661,
when he, in turn, was ousted, and Mr Shaw restored. Shaw,
on again obtaining possession of the living, does not appear

* The letter may be found in Hodgson’s Hist. of Northumberland ; Burke’s

Commoners, &c. F .
+ Richardson’s Reprints of Rare Tracts, IV., p. 18.

Whalton and its Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot. 239

to have been actuated by any bitterness against the Presby-
terians, which his long incarceration at their hands might
naturally have engendered. His zeal seems rather to have
taken an opposite direction ; for finding, as he says, on his
return that “‘ the Romanists had grown more insolently active
to bring more grist to their own mill, and list more men in
the Pope’s service not only by printed books but also by
private letters and MSS.,” he set himself “to lend his poor
endeavours in scouring these northern coasts of those Popish
pirates who count all fish that comes to the net.” Accord-
ingly, he not only published sermons but also wrote a learned
work called the “ Origo Protestantium,” demonstrating Pro-
testantcy to be older than Popery ; a piece of learned contro-
versy on matters of dispute between the Churches of England
and Rome. This was atthe time so highly esteemed that the
Corporation of Newcastle published it at their own expense,
19th December, 1674. Meantime, his opponent, Mr Wicliffe,
on his retirement from Whalton, occupied himself in teaching
a school, and preaching to a small congregation of Noncon- -
formists. But he found little comfort or encouragement in
this vocation, A Mr Fenwicke, a friend of Mr Wicliffe’s, a
gentleman of good estate and character, drew up a case of his
peculiar discouragements ; in which he says, “‘It was a cause
of no small sorrow to him to observe such fickleness and itch-
ing humour in some old professors, that if a stranger (a young
raw Scotchman) should come and say he was a minister, away
some of them would run, by his door, perhaps three or four
miles, notwithstanding the hazard he had run by entertaining
them in dangerous times.”

The encouragement which the Presbyterian forms of wor-
ship had received in the time of the Commonwealth, had
caused it to be pretty generally diffused over the northern
counties. There were chapels and meeting houses at Middleton,
Milbourne, Belsay, and Kirkley; and we have reason to
believe that these different congregations maintained a close
correspondence with the Scottish Covenanters, and, in part,
at least, adopted their extreme views. Some of them objected
to the use of the ritual for the burial of the dead, and choose
rather to be interred in unconsecrated ground. In 1784, Mr
Horseley, an ancestor of the present Lord Decies, directed his
body to be buried in his own orchard at Milbourne Grange,
and the enclosure where it lies still remains. One of the:

240 Whalton and its Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot.

Moores of Whalton was buried in the grounds behind their
house opposite the rectory, anda stone bearing the following
inscription, marks the spot:—‘ To the Memory of Mr John
Moore of Whalton—who died in the year 1684—and owing
to the dissension of those times—was here interred. This stone
—at the desire of the late Mr John Moore of Whalton his
grandson, was erected by his widow Elizabeth Moore, Decem-
ber 7th, 1772.”

But bigotry and intolerance were not confined to any one
party. Many of the restored clergy were not disposed to
treat the matter so wisely and wittily as a famous divine, who,
when taxed with unwillingness to bury dissenters, is said to
have replied that he would only be too glad to bury them all.
Mr Foster, the vicar of Bolam, had, about the time of Shaw’s
imprisonment, been dragged out of his pulpit by the son of
the Belsay blacksmith, at the instigation of Mad. Babington,
of Harnham ; who was a daughter of Sir A. Hazelrigg, one
of the leading parliamentarians of the days of the Common-
wealth. On his return at the Restoration in 1661, he
commenced reprisals in the fashion rather of his Border
ancestors than his apostolic predecessors, and excommunicated
both the blacksmith and Mad. Babington. In consequence
of this, the latter, at her death, was refused burial in conse-
crated ground ; and was buried in a curious vault hewn out
of the rock, at Harnham, about three miles to the south-west
of Whalton. The mortal remains of the blacksmith were
probably disposed of with less ceremony, but where is not
known. About two years ago, in sinking a well near to
Milbourne, a skeleton was discovered, which may have been
his, or that of one of the older inhabitants of the country, as
the ground where it was found was dry and favourable to
preservation ; but, as nothing is known further of it, nothing
more can be said. Another of the Covenanting preachers,
Mr Veitch, came to the Whalton neighbourhood after the
battle of Pentland, at which he was present. He was very
active in preaching and propagating the doctrines of his sect,
not only in the village, but also to congregations which he
collected at Milbourne, Middleton, Harnham, and other
places in the vicinity ; and suffered many fines and imprison-
ments for these infractions of the law against conventicles.
These punishments probably soured a temper not of the
meekest, for he speaks of the misfortunes which befell some

Whalton and its Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot. 241

of the magistrates who inflicted them, with a vindictive and
unconcealed exultation. If the curate of Ponteland was half
drowned and nearly frozen to death, or Sir T. Lorraine of Little
Harle, in a drunken orgie, was kicked downstairs by his wife
and broke his leg, and other mishaps befell any of his adver-
saries, he considers them as special judgments by the hand of
Providence to avenge his cause. He was, at last, however,
driven by these persecutions to take refuge in the wilder and
more inaccessible parts of the Border, and preached with
considerable success to the savage and barbarous inhabitants
of the Wheelcauseway, Kielder Head, and the Dead Water.*

Of the Presbyterian congregations established during and
after the Commonwealth, there are very few remaining in the
Whalton district. One of the last ministers of the meeting
house at Belsay was a Mr Dallas, who was also landlord of a
public-house at Bolam—a somewhat incongruous union of
professions. Both the meeting-house and the public-house
have, however, now disappeared ; and that which'existed at
Kirkley was broken up owing to differences between the
clergyman and his elders consequent upon his own irregular
habits.

I have been thus particular in noticing these different
phases of religious opinion in the district, as affording an
explanation of, and accounting for, the isolated tombs and
sepulchres which form one of its characteristics. Of the suc-
ceeding rectors none, I think, call for any particular notice,
with the exception of Mr Noel Ellison, an elegant and accom-
plished scholar, fellow. and tutor of Baliol, and an intimate
friend and asssociate of the illustrious author of the “‘ Christian
Year.” Besides several sermons, he published a little work
entitled ‘“ Romish Truths and Catholic Errors,” in which he
anticipated some of those opinions which led to the great
Oxford movement of Dr. Pusey and Mr Newman—in which,
however, he did not himself join.

The sketch I have given of the ruling powers, the land-
owners and rectors, may properly be followed by some account
of the habits and customs of the people who grew up under
their superintendence. These—although they have undergone,
and are still undergoing considerable changes, owing to the
increased. facilities of railway intercommunion and the conse-

* See M’Crie’s “Memoirs of Veitch,” p. 119.
2H

242 Whalton and its Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot.

quent grafting of other races from the north and south, as well as
from Ireland, on the native stock—yet, to a comparatively re-
cent period, still retained many features of the olden time. The
older inhabitants of the place still recur, with pleasure and fond
regret, to the more social customs of their youth. ‘Then at
Christmas the Yule log was carefully selected by almost every
household, and lighted from what remained unconsumed of
that of the preceding year ; and the young men went about
from house to house exhibiting the intricate and graceful
evolutions of the sword dance, which is now, I regret to say,
almost entirely forgotten. At Easter again, horse-races formed
amusement which brought the people together, and helped to
promote good feeling and good fellowship. These festive
meetings were, according to my informants, conducted in an
innocent and orderly spirit ; and the church was usually so
well attended on Sundays, as sometimes to occasion disputes
for the possession of the pews. All this might lead to the
supposition of the existence of an Arcadian simplicity and
innocence, much superior to that of the present day.
But it is the privilege or weakness of the aged to be lauda-
tores temporis acti ; anda few admissions reluctantly made to
me by my informants help rather to dispel the pleasing illu-
sion. ‘There were at the time I am speaking of (about sixty
years since) double the number of public-houses, and these
were, at least, as well attended as the church. In Whalton,
as in all of the adjoining villages, there was a cock-pit; the
neighbourhood of which was kept in a state of frequent dis-
turbance by the quarrels and oaths of the parties engaged in
this cruel amusement; and the parish register of the same
period shows an equal, if not larger proportion of irregular
births ; all tending to show that the influence of religious
principles, as measured by the standard of moral practice,
was, if anything, inferior to that of the present day. The last
of these social gatherings, that of the mid-summer bonefire,
which still subsists in Whalton, though shorn of much of its
original importance—connected as it probably is with those
early forms of worship, to which attention has recently been
directed, I have on that account reserved for more lengthened
notice. On Mid-summer’s Eve, reckoned according to the old
style, it was formerly the custom of the inhabitants, young
and old, not only of Whalton but of most of the adjacent
villages, to collect a large cart-load of whins and other com-

Whalton and its Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot. 243

bustible materials, which was dragged by them with great
rejoicing (a fiddler being seated on the top of the cart) into
the village and erected into a pile. The people from the sur-
_ rounding country assembled towards evening, when it was
set on fire ; and whilst the young danced around it, the elders
looked on smoking their pipes and drinking their beer, until
it was consumed. There can be little doubt that this curious
old custom dates from a very remote antiquity. One of the
earliest forms of idolatry was that which was directed to the
Principle of Life and the prolific energies of Nature. These
were represented under the symbols of the sun, the element
of fire, and other figures, which appeared most vividly to ex-
press it among the different races who practised it. Baal or
Bel, the sun god, was the great object of worship of the Phoeni-
clans; a people who in their trading voyages were brought into
frequent and close connection with the inhabitants cf these
islands. ‘To their influence Professor Nilsson, in his book on
the bronze age, attributes the civilization of that period; and
it appears, indeed, sufficiently probable, that it would like-
wise extend to the introduction of their religious opinions.
* Wherever,” he says, “‘ the traces of solar worship are dis-
covered, they are found in connection with traces of bronze
culture.” In the same work, he attributes the concentric
markings upon the rocks found in different parts of Northum-
berland, described in the “ Illustrated News ”’ of 19th March,
1864, tosun worshippers ; he says that ‘‘ he was subsequently
informed by Dr Bruce that articles of bronze as well as flint
were found near them; and in a subsequent paper in the
“Transactions of the Ethnological Society,” 1866, he en-
deavours to show that Stonehenge and other so-called Druidical
circles were “‘ Temples in which the sun-god was worshipped,
in the same manner as Baal in the east.” ‘‘ In evidence of
this,” he says, “ the worship of Baalin Canaan was performed
from the days of Moses and Joshua with dance andsong. In
1 Kings, ch. 18, v. 22, it is stated that the prophets of Baal
leaped upon the altar and invoked the name of their god,
&c. The feast of Baal was celebrated in the same manner in
Treland. On Mid-summer Eve, bonefires were lighted on the
hills, and dancing was kept up around them all the night.
In the language of the country these fires were called Balstenz;
consequently the Canaanites and the Irish equally denomi-
nated the sun-god Baal and lighted fires on the hills, round

244 Whalton and its Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot.

which they danced, and through which they carried their
children... . It is not to be conceived that a solar worsnip so
intimately agreeing in various details, could arise spontane-
ously of itself in so widely distant countries; it must have
been imported from one country to another. ... There is
every reason to believe that this festival was once generally
celebrated in the whole of western Europe, &c.. .. Wemust
therefore, come to the conclusion that the worship of Baal
in Ireland as well as Scandinavia, must be derived from the
east, since the striking affinities sufficiently prove its oriental
origin.” In this conclusion, I may fairly include Northum-
berland and the neighbourhood of Whalton. Within the
- memory of persons now alive these fires were kept up, with

their attendant dances, in all the neighbouring villages ;
they are still maintained in our own, though now fallen into
the hands of the young lads. In the neighbourhood of Belsay,
a name which clearly indicates its connection with the Pheeni-
cian god Baal or Bel, there are remains of a Druidical circle ;
and near to it was found by my friend, Mr Bigge, one of those
stones with the concentric engravings which have recently
attracted the notice of the society, and which Nilsson attri-
butes to solar worshippers. This view of the learned Swedish
professor is confirmed by the opinion of your late secretary,
Mr Tate, in his very valuable paper on “ Ancient Sculptured
Rocks,” in the “Proceedings” of 1864.* Mr Tate,indeed, traces
this solar worship to a Druidical source, whereas Professor
Nilsson derives it from the Pheenician worship of the sun-
god Baal; but as he regards Druidism as a younger form of
that religion, there is no actual conflict between them. There
are besides other indications of the general prevalency of that
solar worship,t of which, as I have supposed, the mid-summer

* See page 174.

+ Ina letter which I had from Mr T. Arkle of Highlaws, he gives some
further confirmation of this. 1st. In regard to the mote hills of Elsdon, ‘“‘The
opening in the higher hill points 35 degrees east of south The word Elsdon
has usually been derived from the Saxon Eide Dun, Old Hill; but perhaps
there are equally good reasons for deriving it from the British Hewls dun,
signifying Fortress of the Sun. It was anciently written Ellesden or Helles-
den, which may to some minds recall Heliopolis or Heliades....... -. Can
Elsden and Kildon have the same derivation? ‘The hills are likely to have
been used for the same purposes. 2. The two stones standing one on each
side of the Tumulus on Sandyford Moor, have their longer axes pointing 36
degrees east of south. 3. On Earlside, not far from Byrness, are three upright
stones called the Three Kings. This monument has consisted of four stones,
one of which is fallen down, but still lying close to where it stood. The side

Whalton and its Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot. 245

bonefire forms a leading characteristic. Its connection with
the festivities which I have noticed as among the village
amusements at Yule, is thus traced by Brand in his “ Popular
Antiquities.” ‘The Pagan rites of this festival (viz., ‘ Mid-
summer Eve,’) may be considered as a counterpart of those
used at the winter solstice at Yule-tide. There is one thing
that seems to prove this beyond the possibility of a doubt.
In the old Runic Fasti, a wheel was used to denote the festival
of Christmas. The learned Gebelin derives Yule from a
primitive word, carrying with it the general idea of evolution
and a wheel; and it was so called, says Bede, because of the
return of the sun’s annual course after the winter solstice.
This wheel is common to both festivities.” Again, the horse-
races, which I have also noticed as connected with the Yule
or New Year amusements—the money collected at that time
being devoted to their celebration at Easter—may have hada
similar origin, as also the theatrical entertainments which
were common in Whalton at the same period. Herodian, a
Greek historian of Rome, a.p. 238, relates that Heliogabalus
erected a splendid temple to his god Baal at Rome; and at
his festival “* Lud? curiales et scenici,” theatricals and chariot
races formed part of the ceremonial. Vestiges of a cursus for
similar purposes are noticed by Professor Nilsson as existing
at Stonehenge ; and among the reforms of Josiah (23 ch., 2
Kings) it is noticed that ‘‘ he took away the horses that the
kings of Judah had given to the sun,” “and burned the
chariots of the sun with fire.”

In the preceding observations, I have endeavoured to trace
the connection between the different popular amusements
common up to a comparatively recent period in the district,
and to shew that they were based upon a religious principle
and form of worship; the earliest with which we areacquainted,
that of the principle of Life, of which the sun or the element
of fire was the most significant emblem. The only other
popular custom to which I shall allude is one which, though
of the rectangle (nearly a square) points 344 degrees east of south. There is
a remarkable coincidence of the bearings above given—and I was at
first led to believe that they pointed to the rising of the sun at the winter
solstice; but on calculating the latter point, I find it is 10 degrees further
from the south. May these remains not have the direction of what may at
one time have been the magnetic meridian? 4. A little west of Blindburn,
near the head of Coquet, is asmall conical hill with a trench dug round its

base. ‘This trench is circular, but on the eastern side there is a portion of it
straight, and this I found pointed exactly to the sun at noon-day.”’ &

246 Whalton and its Vicinity, by the Rev. J. E. Elliot.

now obsolete, subsisted in the neighbourhood within the
memory of persons yet alive. On the occasion of the celebra-
tion of a marriage, the bride’s furniture was brought in a wain
or waggon to her husband’s house with much pomp and
ceremony; on the top of the load, and forming the most
prominent object in it, was her spinning wheel, gaily decorated
with ribbons. This was called the bride’s wain, and the
custom was. probably derived from the period of the Roman
occupancy; as among that people on similar occasions, a
maid-servant bearing the distaff, spindle, and wool of the
bride, intimating that she was to be active in household work,
always accompanied the procession.

- With regard to the natural history of the parish, there is
little to be said. The village stands upon the Coal Measures,
and all around it is the millstone grit. Where they join there
are several springs or wells, from which Hodgson derives its
_name of Whaltown or well town; there being four perennial
and strong wells which supply the inhabitants abundantly
with this necessary of life. When I first came to the parish,
twenty-eight years ago, the badger was occasionally to be met
with in the-woods of Molesden. The otter still frequents our
streams. Black game also was, though not at all numerous,
pretty frequently to be found. But the increased population
and work have almost driven away this shy bird; and at
present I only know one old cock who occasionally visits the
haunts of his youth, and I hope may be spared to a natural
termination of his career. Previous to the draining of Prest-
wick Car, numerous strings of wild geese visited the autumnal
stubbles. ‘They do so now no longer. Various species of
water-fowl, also, the mallard, teal, golden eye, &c., were
pretty frequently to be found along the burns at the head of
the Blyth. These, also, have become very rare ; and the same
may be said of the snipe. The zeal of game-keepers has
almost rooted out the raptorial birds, with the exception of
owls. Even the sparrow-hawk and kestrel are now but seldom
seen. ‘lhe jay also sometimes breeds in the woods; and the
beautiful little king-fisher occasionally may be seen by the
burn sides.

247

Ornithological Memoranda, By James Harpy.

Great Busrarp.—One of these now rare birds was shot
at Fenham Flats, by a farm servant, in the first week of
January, 1871. Another was seen about ten days after-
wards. Mr Robert Gray, who commemorates this incident
in his recent and very interesting work, “ ‘The Birds of the
West of Scotland,” likewise records from Holinshed, its
occurrence at an early period in the Merse of Berwickshire ;
when much land on the borders must have lain in an unculti-
vated state, to render it a haunt suitable for this shy bird.
The following is the original, from the ‘‘ Scotorum Historia”
of Hector Boece (born 1465, died 1536), Paris, 1575, fol. 7.
“€ Praeter heec aves in Merchia nascuntur Gustardes vernaculo
sermone dicte, colore plume ac carne perdicibus non dis-
similes, sed que olor2s corporis mole exuperant. ara est ea
avis atque humanum aspectum plurimum obhorrens; nuda
humo ova ponit; que si ab homine contrectata, aut ejus
anhelitu et afflatu vel leviter imbuta senserit (quod facile
nature beneficio dignoscit) extemplo veluti inidonea ad
pullos procreandos relinquens, alio ad ova parienda se confert.”’

Bitrern.—A male specimen was taken at Felton, in the
severe frost at the end of November, 1871, and presented to
the Rev. T. Ilderton (Ber, Adv. Dec. 1). Another male, in
the first plumage, was shot on the 16th Dec. 1871, by Mr
George Gregson, on the banks of the river Till, near Weet-
wood. (Newcastle Journal, Dec. 20th). In the Club’s Pro-
ceedings, this rare visitant is recorded for Redheugh, and the
vicinity of Berwick.

QuaiLt.—A female Quail was shot on the 5th December,
1871, at Lesbury, by Mr Joseph Hindhaugh, of Alnwick. It
was in excellent condition. (Ber. Adv. Dec. 15th). Mr
Selby had met with the Quail at Cornhill and other parts
within the Club’s limits, as an occasional visitant.

Hen Harrier.—Dr F. Douglas has recently seen a beauti-
ful specimen of a female Hen Harrier, which was shot in the
neighbourhood of Gordon. When a boy I have often seen
the “‘ Grey Gled” on Coldingham Moor.

WuimsBreEL.—The coast of Berwickshire is too precipitous
and rocky for a winter resort of the lesser Curlew, which is
not unfrequent on the Northumbrian shores, where it feeds
on sand-hoppers. I have hitherto only obtained a cranium
of a bird of this kind, which had been driven ashore during
the season.

248
Ornithological Notes for 1871. By T. H. Gis.

LittLe Bitrern, Ardea minuta.—A fine male of this rare
species, in adult plumage, was captured early in May, on the
Cawledge, a small rivulet which empties itself into the river
Aln, about two miles from Alnwick. It was flushed from the
ground by Mr Chrisp of Hawkhill and another gentleman,
and after a short flight alighted on a tree, where it remained
for nearly an hour before it was shot ; displaying such immo-
bility as to appear more like a part of the branch on which it
was perched, than a thing possessing life. The proneness of
the Bitterns to remain inactive when disturbed or threatened
with danger, in localities offering ready and safe retreats, seems
strange; nevertheless, it is a notable trait in their character,
and one that I have often seen practised in North America
by their congener, A. lentiginosa.

RaveEN, Corvus corax.—A. pair bred on the Cheviot range.
The most, if not all of their young were captured. I procured
one, which is now in the possession of Mr Moffit of Beanley.

VELVET Scorer, Anas fusca.—In the month of August, a
male in very pefect plumage was captured alive, in an ex-
hausted condition, on our sea-board, on a point of rocks left
dry by the receding tide. It is the first I have seen in this
locality, and it may perhaps be difficult to account for its
appearance here at the above-mentioned season of the year ;
as Lam not aware that it has ever been observed before,
except as an occasional winter visitant.

Purrie SanpPivER, Tringa nigricans.—A short time ago
this bird was very numerous on the adjacent coast. In
December as many as five specimens were shot in one week.

Turrep Duck, Anas fuligula.—A beautiful male was shot
in February, 1871, in the river Aln, about one mile from the
sea. This handsome little duck is now and again observed on
the Northumbrian coast. :

BouHEMIAN Waxwine, Ampelis garrulus.—A specimen of
this bird was killed by a boy, with a catapult, on November
15th, near Acklington Station, on the North-Eastern Railway.
The Waxwing visits us occasionally in small flocks, and was
more than ordinarily numerous in 1868, when many specimens
were procured.

Birtern, Ardea stellaris.—A specimen was caught near
Felton, on November 22nd, in an exhausted state. A very
magnificent male was shot on the 4th of January, 1872, near

Mr Hardy on the Woody Oak Gall. 249
Lucker, by Mr Ackroyd of Oakroyd Hall, near Leeds. On

dissection I found in its stomach three trouts averaging about
3 ounces each in weight. Before the county was drained and
when bogs and marshes were abundant, the Bittern was not
altogether uncommon, but now it is rarely met with.
T. H. Grss.
Alnwick, January, 1872.

On the Occurrence of the Devonshire Woody Gall of the
Oak on the Borders. By Jamus Harpy.

Tue Gall-fly that originates the woody gall of the oak, presents
one of the few instances, in which we can almost lay our finger
on the first arrival of an insect, native of another country,
upon our shores; witness its becoming acclimatized on the
milder southern sea-board ; and then trace it issuing forth in
a gradual progress northwards ; till it promises a few years
hence to take its place beside the aboriginal species. In 1869
and 1870, several of the galls were collected in some of the
plantations of the Earl of Home, at Hirsel. ‘Two of these
were sent to me, which I immediately recognized as counter-
parts of others with which I had been furnished by Mr Jerdon,
who had gathered them, several years since, at Malvern,
where they were plentiful. ‘I have since been informed that
the gall is not uncommon in the district round Dunse, as for
example at Puttenmill. The gall there is more frequently
found in the scrubby oaks planted in hedges, than in planta-
tions. In England, also, it propagated itself along the hedges.
This season, I have a pretty group from the woods behind
Houndwood Church, where it is yet very scarce. The galls,
in this its most northern position, are rather small; the
usual size being that of a boy’s marble. They are situated at
the ends of twigs, singly or in pairs ; and are of a pale olive
brown colour, varying according to age. On showing a
number to the Club at the Cockburnspath meeting, Sir
Walter Elliot mentioned that he had seen the gall about Wolfe-
lee for the first time in 1870; but the Rev. J. F. Bigge said
that it was familiarly known in the vicinity of Stamfordham ;
—so that it had taken up its residence in Northumberland,
before crossing the Border line. This is confirmed by my
having found an old gall of a bygone season among fallen
leaves, in the ancient oak wood at Old Middleton, near Wooler.
QI

200 Mr Hardy on the Woody Oak Gail.

The gall-fly has been called Cynips Kollari ; but according
to Mr Walker, the oldest and genuine name is Cynips lignicola.
(Hartig in Germayr’s Zeitschrift, II., 207; and IV., 402.)
In a letter which I have from that gentleman, he says: “ It
was noticed in England twenty-five or twenty-six years ago,
and, as I believe, a few years before, but I cannot prove the
latter date. It may have been unnoticed for several years.
The gall was probably brought in some ship to the west of
England. I observed its frequent occurrence in the Channel
Isles, and that it was sometimes carried about there, as oak-
apples are here ; and it is not unlikely to have come thence
in a steamer to Weymouth. I looked for it in Wicklow, but
could not find it, although oaks abound there ; however, it
is common at Killarney, and was perhaps brought in a ship
to Cork, and spread thence to Killarney. I have sent a note
of its occurrence in the Scilly Isles to the “ Entomologist.”
The same naturalist has also made the observation that
« Cynips lignicola, the dweller in the well-known Devonshire
gall, brought with it into England two parasites, Callimome
Devoniensis and a Decatoma. This Callimome has a long
oviduct, which can reach the centre of the gall in which the
grub is cradled, but such is not the case with the Decatoma.”
The Decatoma has a black band on the forewings (*‘ Notes on
Chalcidie,’ by F. Walker, F.L.S., London, 1871, p. 14).
We have the advantage, also, in tracing its history, of an
article by Dr R. C. R. Jordan in the “‘ Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine,” for August, 1871 :—‘ Although noticed by me in
Devon, certainly for forty years at the least (since we used
its galls for marbles when I was quite a child), yet it did not
reach to Birmingham until 1860, when it was first noticed
by me in the town—a fact not to be wondered at, considering
how often its galls were brought from the south by tourists.
It was not, however, until the autumn of 1866 that it was
first seen by me invading Birmingham, along the hedges on
the Worcestershire side. The two streams have since met,
and it is to be found in both town and country.”

Since this paper was sent to the press, I have obtained
fuller information about the extension of the gall in our
district ; and a new centre of distribution has been discovered
in the west of Scotland. During the season it has advanced
five miles northwards along the eastern coast, and it is now
rather plentiful on the outskirts of Penmanshiel wood and

Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. 251

the Pease dean, where it is now concentrated for a further
advance into East Lothian. It has appeared for the first time
in the west of Scotland, on the oaks at Underwood, near
Dunoon, a villa belonging to our respected member, William
Dickson, Esq., Alnwick. The wood—called the ‘‘ Bull Wood”
—surrounding this, and other summer residences, rises from
the coast backwards, and consists chiefly of oak (‘‘ Guide to
Dunoon”), Mr Dickson has also had galls of last season’s
erowth brought to him from the Duke’s park at Alnwick.
This gall is attached to the young twigs and not to the leaves,
and is distinguished by its solid woody texture. From its
smoothness and durability it is applicable to ornamental fancy
work; and I have already, in the country, seen examples
employed along with acorns, to decorate pine-scale picture
frames. I am informed that similar advantage has been
taken of it in London; thus furnishing a ready means for a
general dispersion of the gall-fly.

Contributions to the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. No. 11.
By James Harpy.

WHitE dealing, this season, with a similar set of insects as
those which were observed last year in the district round the
Cheviots, I now supplement some branches, which I had not
then the opportunity of overtaking;—more particularly aquatic,
phytophagous, and graminicolous insects, while the fungicole
have not been overlooked, although but sparingly represented,
owing to the poor crop of fungi incident to a dry season. It
was attempted to make the collection of Coleoptera as ex-
haustive as possible. Hemiptera and Homoptera were taken
as occasion offered; but there are probably many more, if
earnestly followed out. The list of Corize is pretty complete
for the pools that were dredged, chiefly with that object in
view. The periods of my visits were May, August, and
October. Some new ground was taken in, but a portion of
the old is still unexpectedly productive. Satisfactory weather
for Cheviot itself is not readily attainable. Either frosts or
chilling mists are fatal to long continued minute researches
of this kind; and my observations are not yet sufficiently
comprehensive. I have again to express my obligations to
Mr Bold and other friends who helped to examine the speci-
mens, or afterwards to sift the novelties. The indication new

252 Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills.

refers to Northumberland and Durham; as applicable to the
Club’s limits there is a much larger increase, unnecessary to
specify. There are 500 species here recorded.

Coleoptera,

CARABUS ARVENSIS and NITENS. Broadstruther.

Dysonirius eLoBosus. Cold Martin Moss.

METABLETES FOVEOLA. Wooler haugh.

CALATHUS MELANOCEPHALUS, Var. NUBIGENA, ‘al, descends to the
woods round Langleyford. On Hedgehope in October it had
formed, under stones, large societies like C. Cisteloides. A few
with the red thorax were associated with them.

” picEus. Old Middleton wood, among leaves; not un-
frequent.

ANCHOMENUS MaEsTUS, and piceus. Sides of a pond near Lilburn.

AMARA FULYA. Beneath stones, Wooler haugh ; scarce.

BRADYCELLUS PLAcIDUS. Wooler haugh.

BemBipium aNEUM. Side of pond near Lilburn.

7 Mannerueimir. In hay at Broadstruther, &c.
53 Scuvuretti. Wooler district.
Hyprororus iInmquatis. Cold Martin Moss.

Ha NOVEMLINEATUS. Cold Martin loch. Many specimens.
» | Bivatis. Common burn.
53 Davistt. Near the head of Common burn.
99 DEPRESSUS. Cold Martin Moss.
ms ASsIMILIS. Pond at Humbleton, and near Lilburn.
5 DORSALIS. Pond in Karle field near Pin Well.

GYLLENHALII. Pretty frequent in sphagnous pits ;
Cold Martin Moss, abundant; neck of Hedgehope, rare;
sources of Common burn, several ; east end of Cheviot, and in
pools at the top; in ponds at Humbleton hill. A northern
insect.

a pLaNus. Hast end of Cheviot.

ERYTHROCEPHALUS. Pond near Karle; Cold Martin
Moss; ; Well-dean pond at Wooler. Notinthe Hedgehope and
Cheviot pools.

MELANOCEPHALUS, Marsh. (= pubescens Gyll.) Pond
near : Earle ; Well-dean pond ; neck of Hedgehope ; the com-
mones; at the sources of Common burn; base of Humbleton
hill; east end of Cheviot.

nigriTA. Pools on the neck of Hedgehope ; sources
of the Common burn ; top of Cheviot. Not inany of the lower
pools.

ps cELATUS, Clark. One in the stream from the Pin
Well, near Earle.

“ monticoLA, Sharp. Notcommon. Cold Martin Moss;

Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. 253

Hedgehope, more frequent; sources of Common burn; east
end of Cheviot.
Hyprororus arricers, Crotch. (= melanocephalus, Gy yll). This
species, in colour black as night, is the predominant kind in
the high exposed sphagnous pools on the neck of Hedgehope ;
east end and summit of Cheviot; sources of Common burn,
rare. These are some of the coldest and most cheerless spots
that I ever visited.
rrisTis. Mossy pools. Cold Martin Moss; sources
of the Common burn ; pond near Lilburn; east end of Cheviot.
* umBRosus. Cold Martin Moss, several.
opscurRus. Cold Martin Moss, a few; neck of
Hedgehope, three.
ANGUsTATUs. Pond in Earle field near Pin Well.
One ‘example.
tncoenitus, Sharp. One in Cold Martin Moss.
Coloured like Gyllenhalii, but alice and more finely punctured.
are

“A vittutaA. Cold Martin Moss; pond near Earle.
a PALUSTRIS. Common in the lower pools.
re LINEATUS. Pond near Lilburn.

CoLYMBETES BIsTRIATUS. Sphagnous pools, Cold Martin Moss ;
neck of Hedgehope ; sources of Common burn.
EXOLETUS. Pond near Lilburn; the typical form,
without the black margin to the hinder part of the thorax.
Itysivus FULIGINosus. Cold Martin Moss, &c.

», ATER. Pool near Lilburn; Cold Martin Moss.

», GUTTIGER. Sources of Common burn. One.

», ANGuUsTIoR. Sources of Common burn; Cold Martin Moss.

Aeasus Soriert. Pools at the east end of Cheviot. Very like a
bipustulatus, but oval and not obovate; male glossy black ;
female brownish. New.

3, OHALCoNOTUS. Cold Martin Moss; Hedgehope; sources
of Common burn; east end of Cheviot.

»» CONGENER. Cold Martin Moss, pretty frequent; frequent
on neck of Hedgehope; east end of Cheviot; rare at sources
of Common burn.

», Ancticus. Cold Martin Moss and neck of Hedgehope,
searce ; more frequent at sources of Common burn.

» STuRMII, Pond near Earle.

»» ULIcinosus. Pond near Lilburn.

» _ Nitipus, ab. (= fontinalis, Steph.) One male in the
pond near Lilburn, which is partly a running water.
= eurTaTus. Running streams on Hedgehope, and in the

izzle.

»» | NEBULOsUS. Sources of Common burn; Humbletonpond.

254 Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills.

Acasus unevicuLaRis. Cold Martin Moss, not unfrequent.
PHILHYDRUs NicRicANS. Sources of Common burn.
se MARGINELLUS. Hedgehope; Cold Martin Moss.

AnacmNa timBata. Cold Martin Moss; Hedgehope.

HELOPHORUS GRISEUS, Var. SPHAGNICOLA. A brassy Helophorus,
which at first glance I took for a Hydrochus, occurs sparingly
in all the sphagnous peaty pools on the high Cheviot moors ;
as on the neck of Hedgehope, sources of the Common burn,
Cold Martin Moss, and east end of Cheviot. Mr Rye and Dr
Sharp consider it not distinct from griseus. Mr Bold, whoalso
finds it among his Cumberland insects, thinks it may turn out
to be H. planicollis, Thoms. ‘‘Opuse. Entomolog.,” p. 827 (1870).

6 ARVERNICUS, J/ulsant. Two specimens in the pond
in Earle field, near Pinwell. New.

FALAGRIA oBscuRA. Garden at Wooler.

BoLITOCHARA LUCIDA. Fir wood at Langleyford, &c.

OcALEA LATIPENNIS, Sharp. One dark-coloured example; Old
Middleton wood. First taken in Scotland by Mr Hislop, and
hitherto confined to it. New.

», castanna, Hr. (= picata, &.) Base of Hedgehope, &c.
» Bapta, Lr. Old Middleton wood and elsewhere.

Mrcrociossa Nipicota, Fairm. One. Wooler haugh in May.

Rare. i

r puLLA, Gyll. Probably from the blossoms of sallows.
Three examples. Wooler haugh and sides of Langleyford
vale, in May. A very rare insect.

CALLICERUS RIcIDICoRNIS, Hr. One. Side of pool near Lilburn.

Tacuyusa aTRA. Side of pool at Lilburn. New.

OXYPODA LIVIDIPENNIS. Rotten hay, near East Lilburn.

“9 LONGIUSCULA. Water sides, various localities.
», Rupicona, Rye. One, top of Hedgehope in October.
7 UMBRATA. In hay, near Earle.

Homatora curRAx. Old Middleton wood.
nt mnsEcta, Zh. Two, pool side near Lilburn.
CAMBRICA. Yeavering Bell.
+ Grecaria. Old Middleton wood and near Earle.

ey LABILIs. Sides of pool on the glen near Coupland ;
at Lilburn ; and in Wooler haugh.

3 caruLna, Sahib. (=H. carbonaria). Side of pool in
Wooler haugh.

is Lonpinensis ? Sharp. Onesmall specimen, examined
by Dr Sharp. Wooler district. {

x uycrotorora, Kraatz. Cold Martin Moss, and margin
of the Glen.

a ELONGATULA, Gr. Very numerous on the lower lands.

” vouans, Scriba. A few. Firwood at Langleyford; in

Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. 255

hay on Yeavering Bell and near Earle; pond at Wooler and
near Lilburn, common.
Homatora chaviees. In October. Probably Cold Martin Moss.
na TIBIALIS. Top of Cheviot and Hedgehope, in October.
crassicornis, Gyll. One. Wooler haugh. Hitherto
only Scottish. New.

a syivicona, Muss. Fir wood at Langleyford and else-
where. Angust and October. New.

- pacana, Hr. A pair in the(Bizzle.

occunta, Hr., var. FUNGIVoRA. In fungi, fir wood at
Langleyford.

prcipes, Th. A few. Fir wood at Langleyford; Old
Middleton wood, &ec.

EXCELLENS, Kr. Two in moss. Cheviot and the
Bizzle.

5 PInicornNis, 7h. One from Wooler district and another
from Pease Bridge dean, Berwickshire. Named by Mr Rye.
Rare. New.

pDEsiLis, Hr. One specimen from the Wooler district,
and another from the side of a pond near Oldecambus, were at
first regarded as a new species, but are now found scarcely to
differ from this. New.

a FALLACIOSA, Sharp. Three in October collection. New.

” EREMItTA, Lye. Top of Cheviot and Hedgehope in
October ; in swarms in October in Cold Martin Moss, &e.

= Avset, Briss. One; locality not marked. It has been
taken by Mr Hislop in Scotland. New.

5 GEMIna, Hr. One in hay at Dunsdale. New.

CURTIPENNIS, Sharp. Bizzle, and hay at Broadstruther ;
Cold Martin Moss.

» ZNEICOLLIS, Sharp. Fir wood at Langleyford; Old
Middleton wood; hay near Earle, &c.

: XANTHOPTERA, Steph. Same localities.

» VALIDA, Kr. ‘Same localities.

succicota, Th. Several. Fir wood at Langleyford ;
Old Middleton wood; Broadstruther ; near Karle; Dunsdale ;
near Kast Lilburn.

is FuNercona, Zh. The fir wood at Langleyford; Old
Middleton Wood, &c.

» sopatis, Hr. One or two. Old Middleton wood.

% RAvitLA, Hr. One. Wooler district. New.

» SHRICEA, Muls. Two in the Bizzle; in hay at Yeaver-

ing Bell.

cS nicRa, Kr. In hay near Earle, Broadstruther, and
Dunsdale.

Pe GrRMANA, Sharp. In hay, &c., quite as common as

206 Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills.

nigra. Yeavering Bell, near Earle, and Dunsdale; in garden
at Wooler.
Homatota marcipA, Er. One. Wooler district.
5 INTERMEDIA, Zh. Three. Old Middleton wood. In
fungi.
CADAVERINA, Briss. Several. Fir wood at Langley-
ford : Old Middleton wood; near Earle, &e.
_ L&VANA, Dfuls. Two. Hay above Broadstruther.
» CINNAMoPTERA, 7h. Six. Langleyford and Old Mid-
dleton wood.
BS PARVA, Sahib. Langleyford, and hay at Broadstruther.
*s MELANARIA, Salb. Hay near Karle; garden refuse,
Wooler.
mMuscoruM, Briss. In hay, &e. Old Middleton wood,
Bizzle, Broadstruther, Earle, Dunsdale.
ORBATA, Er. Three. Probably decayed hay near
East Lilburn.
Oxicora 1nFLATA. In hay near Broadstruther.
ENCEPHALUS compLicans. Among withered grass, October.
MyYtL@na mMinuta. Side of pond in Earle field, near Pin Well.
New.
ms BREVICORNIS. In marshy spots in the Bizzle, and near
Broadstruther; not rare.
Gynovsa BReEvicontis. On better examination, the G. variegata
of my first list proves to be this—a better insect. New.
Boterosius cineunatus. Mr Hislop informs me that this has
been taken in the Wooler district.
TacHINUS PROxIMUS. In fungi, Langleyford and Old Middleton
wood.
- PALLIPES. One in the Bizzle. Rare.
HETEROTHOPS DisstmiItis. At the base of fungiina fir wood near
Earle Hill Head. New.
QUEDIUS RUFICOLLIS. In a fir wood near Karle Hill Head.
») UMBRINUS, MAURO-RUFUS, FULVICOLLIS. Various locali-

a AuRIcomus, Kies. This was first described by me in our
‘‘ Proceedings ”’ as a British insect, under the name of Q. scin-
tillans ; Kiesenwetter’s description of Q. auricomus not having
then reached me. Mr Rye in his recent list of Coleoptera in
‘Hint. Annual’’ for 1871, ascribes the correction to Mr Murray;
but I may as well reclaim my own property in this as well as
some other species in that Catalogue; the portion cn Brache-
lytra, as the compiler states in his preface, being, with a few
interpolations excepted, of my composition. The second British
specimen was taken by my friend Mr Hislop. In marshy spots
where water trickles among rocks. Bizzle.

Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. 257

LEPTACINUS LINEARIS. Pond near Wooler; in hay near Harle.

OTHIUS MELANOCEPHALUS. Very common at the top of Hedge-
hope in October; scarcer on Cheviot, where the ground is
moister.

LATHROBIUM QUADRATUM. Cold Martin Moss.

Srruicus arrinis. In garden refuse, &. Wooler, East Lilburn,
Langleyford vale.

DIANOUS CH@RULESCENS. . This fine insect is accounted rare; but
it occurred in great profusion by shaking the wet moss about
the sides of small waterfalls, in the burns among the hills.
Broadstruther back-burn ; above the ‘‘Slack’’ waterfall, which
is opposite Hartheugh.

Srenus rncanus, Hr. Cold Martin Moss. Hitherto only taken
by Dr Sharp in Dumfriesshire, and there rarely. New.

» Guyyemert, Duv. One among the drenched moss at the
side of the ‘“‘Slack’”’ waterfall, opposite Hartheugh. It is
peculiar to such situations. The moss was Raconutriwm aciculare.
Mr Hislop reports it from Stitchell Linn. The original speci-
mens were found in the Pyrenees. (‘‘ Ann. de la Soc. Ent.
France,” 1850, p. 52.) New.

», Guactatis, Heer, From Mr Hislop’s description, the moss
in which this was found was Lacomitrium lanugenosum ; and
the side, where it was found on Cheviot, was that facing
Roxburghshire.

», BREVICoRNIS. (= brevicollis). One on the neck of Hedge-
hope; seven elsewhere.

», TARSALIS. In bog-hay above Langlee, and about the
base of Hedgehope. Mr Selby sent me specimens from
Twizell House.

», GUTTULA, BIMACULATUS, JUNO, BUPHTHALMUS, PUSILLUS,
SPECULATOR, CRASSIVENTRIs (NUMerous), NIGRITULUS, BINOTATUS,
PUBESCENS, LATICOLLIS, PALLITARSIS, RUSTICUS, NITIDIUSCULUS,
IMPRESSUS, PAGANUS. Various localities, among withered grass
and bog-hay ; still numerous in October.

GzoDRoMIcUS GLOBULICoLLIS, Mann. Mr Hislop told me that he
took this on Cheviot at the same time that he found Sienus
glacialis. New.

Lzsrrva Suarrt, Rye. One shaken out of a fresh thatch bunch
ot Juncus articulatus, pretty well up on Hedgehope. October.
New.

. mMuscoruM, Duy. Among grass and moss, Wooler haugh.
Only added to the British fauna this season. New.

AcrpoTa CRENATA. Among heather. Base of Cheviot near
Goldscleugh ; moor near Cold Martin Moss; and several at the
top of Hedgehope, in October.

LatTHRIM#uM unicotor. Langleyford? Found in October.

ARPEDIUM BRACHYPTERUM. On the top of Hedgehope and Cheviot
in October. 2k

258 Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills.

Puitorinum HUMILE, Hr. In flowers of broom, Wooler haugh,
&e.
Homatium OxyacantH#®. In hay at Dunsdale.
a ExIGUUM. One at Common burn in flowers.

5 concinnuM. In hay near Earle, &c.
ie FLORALE. Blossoms of willows, Common burn and
Langleyford vale.

MZEGARTHRUS SINUATOCOLLIS. In fir wood at Langleyford.

PHLGOBIUM cLyYPEATUM. About roots of grass near Middleton
Hall and South Middleton dean.

Bytuinvs Burrectu. In moss and grass, Bizzle. New.

TRICHOPTERYX LATA. Under stones, top of Cheviot; in hay at
Broadstruther, &e.

Lioprs HuMERALIS. In puff-balls, woods above Langleyford.

CHOLEVA MORIO, NIGRITA, TRISTIS, GRANDICOLLIS, (3) Krreyt,
LONGULA, (October), Watsont. In fungi, Langleyford and Old
Middleton Wood.

SinpHa THoRAcICA. In fungi, fir wood at Langleyford, October.

Histrer succicona. In fungi, fir wood at Langleyford, August.

Hpur#A FLoREA. Blossoms of crab apple, Wooler haugh. Rare.

»» OBSOLETA and pusiLLA. In fungi, fir wood at Earle Hill
Head.

MELIGETHES FLAVIPES and picIPES. On willow blossoms at
Wooler haugh, and on Common burn; two of each.

ANTHEROPHAGUS NIGRICORNIS. On Comarum palustre, Cold Martin
Moss.

CRYPTOPHAGUS SETULOsUS. In great numbers in dried fungi at
Old Middleton Wood, in August; in hay at Earle and Broad-
struther.

SAGINATUS. One from Wooler district, in October.
* DENTATUS, Scanicus, and Vint. In hay, &c., at
various places. .

‘5 PUBESCENS. One in a fungus in fir wood at Lang-
leyford. Rare.

ATOMARIA PUSILLA and FuscIPEs. Abundant in hay.

ae PICIPES and ATRICAPILLA. Both occurred in flowers at
Common burn and Wooler haugh. -

Epuistemus GyrinomeEs. Abundant in hay.

Monoroma AvcusticoLus, Gyll. In hay near Earle.

5 LonGicoutis, Gyll. In hay above Broadstruther.

CoRTICARIA FERRUGINEA. Common in hay.

TypHma FuMATA. In hay near Broadstruther.

Mycerma uirta. In fungi, fir wood, Karle Hill Head.

Morycuus =nzevus. In great abundance under dry stones, among
sand and gravel; Wooler haugh, above Karle Mill. Hitherto
only found in single specimens in the Langleyford vale. May.

CypHon niericeps, Kiesw. Crotch, ‘“‘Kntomologist,’’ 1867, p. 125.

Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. 259

Hitherto, I believe, Scottish only. Among Comarwm palustre
in Cold Martin Moss. New.

Cyruon Pant Cold Martin Moss. Rare.

HypRocyPHON DEFLEXICOLLIs. Above Coldgate Mill, in a wood
bottom belonging to Middleton Hall, on Wooler water. Rare.

MatrnopEes mysticus. Fir wood at Langleyford, and Old
Middleton Wood.

TrTrRAtomMA Funcorum. The specimens of this, last season, were,
without examination, hastily put aside for Triplax enea. It is
a much better insect.

e Ancora. One among fungi in a fir wood at Earle
Hill Head. Rare.

ANASPIs RUFILABRIS. Old Middleton Wood. May.

TRACHYPHLGUs scABER. Among stones and gravel, at the roots
of broom, Wooler haugh. October. Rare.

ERIRHINUS MACULATUS. On grey sallows on Common burn, and
the hill sides near House of Crag, and above Langlee; some of
them very small and dark in colour; also on Salix purpurea,
Wooler haugh. Numerous. May.

Pe saticinus, GylJ. On Salix purpurea, Wooler haugh, in
May. Several. New.

5 masauis, Pk. Numerous on grey sallows on Common
burn, and at Broadstruther wood. A beautiful insect. May.
New.

55 acnaTHus. On Salix purpurea, Wooler haugh. Two
specimens. May and October. Rare.

ANTHONOMUS PEDICULARIUS. Flowers of hawthorn, Common
burn.

= Comart, Crotch. On Comarum palustre, Cold Martin
Moss.

ORCHESTES SCUTELLARIS. On alder, Wooler haugh. I formerly
got it at the base of Yeavering Bell. May. Rare.

ELLEscHus BIPpuNcTATUS. In vast numbers, this season, on grey
sallows, in moory tracts. On Common burn, sides of Langley-
ford vale, and Old Middleton wood. Mr Selby found it at
Twizell. May.

CaxELIoDEs Quercus. Oaks. Old Middleton wood.

‘5 RUBICUNDUS. On birches, Common burn and Broad-
struther wood.

a FULIGINOsUS. Road to Whiteside, &c.

CEUTHORHYNCHUs RUGULOSUS. In the water-net, pond near Earle.

a CYANIPENNIS. Wooler haugh.

CEUTHORHYNCHIDEUS FLORALIS. Blossoms of sallows, Wooler
haugh and Old Middleton wood.

RHYNCHITES HNEOVIRENS. On hazel, Old Middleton wood. New.

CuRYsSOMELA HypeErici. On Hypericum perforatum, Wooler haugh.

GonioctrEna PALLIDA. Abundant on hazels, Uld Middleton wood.
May to October.

260 Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills.

GALERUOA TENELLA. Among roots of Carex paniculata, South
Middleton dean.
THYAMIS LHVIS, FEMORALIS, SUTURALIs. Wooler haugh and ©
near Ooupland.
iy ATRICEPS. Two. Wooler haugh. October. New.
CoccINELLA OBLITERATA. Fir woods.

66 BIPUNCTATA. Wooler haugh and Coupland.
* 18-cuTraTA. Fir wood at Langleyford.
3 HIEROGLYPHICA. Common burn.

s 14-cutTaTa. Common burn and Langleyford.
Exocuamus 4-pustunatus. Furze, Whiteside hill; trees, Old
Middleton wood.

Hemiptera.

PentaToma Baccarum. Among Lamiwm album, Well-dean, near
Wooler. New.

ZICRONA CHRULEA. Moor at Cold Martin Moss.

TRopicoris RUFIPES. Oaks and hazels, Old Middleton wood.

ScoLopostETHus apsuncrus, D. and S. Roots of grass, &c., Oct.

4 AFFiInis. Among heather. Common.

PERITRECHUS LUNIGER. Roots of grass and rushes, Whiteside
road, border of Cold Martin Loch, East Lilburn, Middleton
Hall haugh, Wooler Well-dean.

Drymvs syivaticus. Roots of grass, &c., Cold Martin Moss,
Broadstruther,

», BRUNNEUS. Roots of grass and decayed hay. Cold
Martin Moss.

Lampropiux Sarrt, D. and S. (= Lampronatus Sharpi, D. and
S. ‘Ent. Mo. Mag.,” IV., 224.) Wooler district. Hitherto
only taken by Dr Sharp on the shore of Dalton Loch, Dum-
friesshire. New.

SryeNnocoRis saBuLosus. River Glen at Coupland, Wooler haugh.

is ARENARIUS. Roots of grass, &. Wooler haugh.

Nysivus Tuymz. Frequent on the Glen at Coupland.

IscHNORHYNOHUS GEMINATUS. Heather, Cold Martin Moss. New.

Monantuta Carpur. On thistles; shaken from ivy in Middle-
ton wood.

OrrHostTiza CERVINA. Shaken from heath, Cold Martin Moss.
New.

Bryocoris Prerimis. Old Middleton wood.

Prraanus Marxert. In hay on Yeavering Bell, and near
Broadstruther.

Mrets catcaratus. Among grass. Common.

5, BurFicornis. Cold Martin Moss; Langleyford.

DeRmoconis seExcuTTatus. Wooler haugh and Old Middleton
wood.

bn FrERRUGATUS. Old Middleton wood and Akeld dean.

Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. 261

Drrxocogis Forntcatus, D. and S. Old Middleton wood. New.
Lirosoma Nassatus. Onalders? One.

a ERICETORUM. Heather, Cold Martin Moss.

- CHLOROPTERUS. Broom, Wooler haugh. New.

ErIoRHINUS ANGULATUS. Common on alders.

SPHYRACEPHALUs AMBULANS. Base of Humbleton hill; in hay at
Yeavering Bell and Dunsdale.

Puytus PALticers. Old Middleton wood.

», AvELLANa. Old Middleton wood. New.

Guopicers DisPAR. River Glen at Coupland.

CyLLocoris HISTRIONICUS. Old Middleton Wood.

IpoLocortIs PALLICORNIS. Social on the underside of the leaves
of Bod purpurea. South Middleton dean. New.

PALLIDUS. Social on the leaves of Hpilobiwm hirsutum,
near the Glen above Akeld Bridge ; in a garden at Wooler.

MAtLacocoris CHLORIZANS, P2. One, probably from Old Middle-
ton wood. New.

Macrocotrevus Harpyi, Bold. Sv. nov. allied to molliculus. A
soft yellowish green insect. Abundant on Tanacetum vulgare
on the Glen near Coupland. August. Mr Bold will describe
it.

TINICEPHALUS OBSOLETUS. On broom, Wooler haugh. New.

PLAGIoGNATHUS vizIDULUS. Cold Martin Moss. New.

+ ArBustorUM. Wooler haugh; Old Middleton
wood ; river Glen.

ApocREMNUs amBiIGcuuS. Old Middleton wood.

a5 VARIABILIS. Old Middleton wood.
Psatius QuEeRcETI. On sallows, Wooler haugh. New.
», SANGUINEUS. On sallows, Wooler haugh, &c.
», LEPIDUSs. On sallows, Wooler haugh.
» vwaArtANs. Old Middleton wood.
», Distrnctus? Old Middleton wood. October.

RuopatoTamus ATER. Old Middleton wood.

Liocoris rripustutatus. Among nettles, Old Middleton wood ;
South Middleton dean. October.

OrtHors Katmu. Akeld dean; sides of Langleyford vale.

45 PasTINACEz. Flowers of willows, Common burn, sides
of Langleyford vale, &. May. New.

Lyeus tucorum. Wooler haugh.

» conTAmMINATUs. Coldgate Mill.
», CAMPESTRIs. Common. An obscure griseous var. ascends
among heather nearly to the top of Cheviot.
» SP. INcoG. October collection.
ANTHOCORIS NEMoRUM. Common,
‘s Austriacus, Fab. Common.
” SarotHamnti, D. and S. On broom, Wooler haugh.
2L

262 Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills.

Lycrocoris cAMPESTRIs, fab, (= domesticus, D. and S.) In hay,
common.

Dresocoris anteNA. In gravel, river Glen and Wooler haugh.

Sabpa srernata, Curt. Wooler haugh.
» PaLLipes. Margin of river Glen; Wooler haugh.
», NScorrca, Curt. (=S. riparia, D. and 8.) Margin of river
Glen.

Nazis APTERUS. Hay at Broadstruther.
», DORSALIS. Langleyford, &c.

HypromMETra Lacustris. Both high and low ponds; no other
species seen as yet.

Noronecra exauca. Dirty pools in the low district. Pond near
Lilburn.

Corrxa Grorrroyi. Pond near Lilburn, abundant, &c.
»» HipRroctypyica. Three specimens, Cold Martin Moss.
Apparently rare. May.
», SAHLBERGI. Pond near Harle; Cold Martin Moss;
Wooler ; Lilburn; Humbleton; top of Cheviot. An abundant
species.
»» SEMISTRIATA. Pond near Karle and Cold Martin Moss.
Not numerous.
», Wottastoyt. Neck of Hedgehope; sources of Common
burn; Cold Martin Moss; pond near Karle. Common. New.
»» NiIGROLINEATA. Pond near Earle; Wooler pond; Hedge-
hope; east end and top of Cheviot. Not frequent.
», si@RravTA. Pond near Earle; Wooler pond; sources of
Common burn; pond at Lilburn ; east end of Cheviot. Several.

», Fattmnt. Pond near Earle; Wooler pond; pond near
Lilburn; top of Cheviot (one). Scarce.

», Masta. Cold Martin Moss; Wooler pond; sources of
Common burn; pond at Lilburn; pond near Earle. Pretty
numerous. New.

»» FossaruM. Pond near Lilburn. Numerous.

» Doverast. Cold Martin Moss; pond near Lilburn. A
few.

» Fasriciz. Sources of Common burn. Two specimens
only. New.
», PRmusTA. Pond near Earle; Cold Martin Moss; Wooler;
Hedgehope ; Lilburn; east end of Cheviot. Frequent.

» socta. Pond near Lilburn; Cold Martin Moss; pond
near Earle. Common. New.

Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. 263

Homoptera.
LIBURNIA PELLUcCIDA. Wooler haugh.
# DiscoLtor. Cold Martin Moss.
* LIMBATUS. Various localities.
2 LEPTOSOMA. One.
2a FORCIPATA. One.

sp, Incoc. Yeavering Bell.
Orxrus NERVosus. Old Middleton wood.
PrYELUs EXCLAMATIOoNIS. Wooler district. New.
», SpumARIA. ‘Cuckoo Spit.”
Mrcorruatmus Scanicus. In hay, Yeavering Bell; Dunsdale,
&e.
Macropsts naAnto. On oaks, Old Middleton wood.
Iprocerus Poputt. Wooler haugh.

A NASSATUS and FRUTICOLA. Old Middleton wood.
AcocEPHALUS RUSTICUS. Wooler haugh; Old Middleton wood.
45 Birasctatus. Old Middleton wood. ~

ALBIFRONS, RIVULARIS, and agrestis. In hay,
Yeavering Bell, Broadstruther, Bizzle.
5 sp. IncoG. Wooler district.
EUPELIX cusprpaTa. Wooler district. October.
TAssus sTRIATUS and mixTus. Wooler haugh and Old Middleton
wood.
» Prasinus. Akeld dean.
AGALLIA vENosA. Cold Martin Moss,
EUPTERYX FLAVIPENNIS, Zeit. (=Typh. lutea, Hardy, ‘‘ Trans.
Tyne. Nat. Club.”) Abundant in the Bizzle among Nardus
stricta and Carices.

7 SMARAGDULA. On alder, Wooler haugh.
a FLAVESCENS. Old Middleton wood.
Sy Urticm. Old Middleton wood.
ae nitipuLA. Middleton Hall woods on Wooler water.
ew
ref DECEMPUNCTATA. Among willows, Common burn and

Wooler haugh. New.
” Rosa. Wooler haugh.

Hymenoptera.

Avtax Reavis, Ki. This gall-fly produces the inflated capsules
of Papaver Rheeasanddubium. It was more than usually num-
erous this season near Wooler Haugh-head; and also near
Cockburnspath.

Aruatia Rosa, L. Wooler haugh.

Nematvus panuipsrs, St. Farg. Wooler district.

” MELANOSTERNUS, Sf. Farg. Wooler district.

264 Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills.

IcHNEUMON CasTANEUS, Grav. Top of Hedgehope, Common burn,
and top of Cheviot.

OrneEsBIvs casTaNnEvs, Lashall. Tops of Hedgehope and Cheviot,
October, 1871-2. Described and figured in ‘“‘ Ent. Monthly
Mag.” for 1868, p. 193. This curious apterous Ichneumon has
hitherto only been found on mountain summits in Perthshire,
at about 3,500 of altitude, and on Goat fell in Arran.

ODYNERUS PARIETUM. Wooler haugh.

CraBro PopacRicus. Old Middleton wood.

ANDRENA NIGROZNEA. Sandy rcad, Whiteside hill.

a ANALIS. Sallow blossoms, Wooler haugh.
ys Gwynana. Dandelions. Wooler.
Ks CINGULATA. Well-dean, Wooler.
35 ALBICANS. Blossoms of willows on the moors. Common

burn, sides of Wooler water, &c. Often covered up in pollen.
Haticrus minutus. Well-dean, Wooler.

Diptera.

Tryperta AzsintHi. Wooler haugh; also in Pease-dean in
February.

Musca rupis. Large numbers were huddled together under
stones at the top of Cheviot, in October, in a half torpid state.
There were also several examples of the Sciara mentioned in
last year’s report, some of them apterous and newly disclosed.
It may be a species peculiar to mountain tops. There appears
to be sufficient food for spiders on the heights throughout the
year.

Arachnida,

When I was about to undertake my October journey, I
received a communication from the Rev. O. Pickard-Cam-
bridge, Bloxworth Rectory, Dorset, well khown for his
extensive knowledge of Arachnida, asking if I would bottle
for him such species of Spiders as fell in my way. As a
commencement, I made up a collection which has been more
successful than might have been anticipated, from the pre-
vious wet harvest. Mr Cambridge says of it, that “ It is the
richest lot I ever had from any English correspondent.
There are 112 species, of which three are new to Britain, and
fourteen new to science.” ‘The rarest were from the summits
of Hedgehope and Cheviot—the two presenting identical
species,—where, excepting a few commoner sorts, the greater

Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. 265

portion were new. It would be worth while to revisit these
hills, as on Hedgehope a frost had set in before I completed
the ascent, and the cold became too intense for close work.
Again, on the top of Cheviot I encountered mist and rain, and
had to collect under the shelter of an umbrella, and at length
it grew so dark as to render small objects undistinguishable.
I have thus only imperfectly examined the eastern summit.
It will be recollected that I formerly recorded, in the
Club’s Proceedings, a collection of Berwickshire Spiders
which I had made for Mr Blackwall. Mr Cambridge has, on
this occasion, had the kindness to furnish me with a list of
the names, as an appendage to this article on Cheviot insects.
It is the first outline that we as yet possess of the Arachnida

of Northumberland. P
1. Lycosa agretyca. Bellyside | 20. Clubiona holosericea.
ravine, PANE “ comta.
2. 5, campestris. 22. Sp. nov. Top of
Ss. 5, Andrenivora. Cheviot. A fine and
Abs 4, Wehmapane: distinct species.
5. 5, saccata. 238. Ciniflo atrox. Very com-
Gy, piratica. mon on Hartheugh, and
ris monticola, Westring. on wall tops, &c.
Top of Hedgehope. 24. Ergatis benigna.
8. ,, congener, Cambr. 25. Agelena montana.
9. Too young | 26. Tegenaria sylvicola.
to be positive about; but | 27. Ozelotes saxatilis. White-
certainly different from side Road.
either of.the above. 28. Textrix lycosina. Haugh-
10. Dolomedes mirabilis. head Toll.
11. Thomisus cristatus. 29. Theridion projectum, Cam.
12. 5 viaticus, Koch. (Zoologist. )
13. tf trux. 30. 5 nervosum.
14. audax. Top of | 31. * denticulatum.
Hedgehope. 32. x pallens.
15. Philodromus ceespiticollis. | 33. . variegatum.
16. 3 oblongus. 34, a filipes.
17. Drassus pusillus. Wooler | 35. Linyphia montana.
haugh. 36. 3 marginata.
18. », Clavator, Cambr. 37. ; fulignea.

(Ann. Nat. Hist., 1860). | 38. 5 rubea.
19. », lapidicolens. 39. E minuta.

266 Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills.

40.
41.

42.

43.
44.
45.

46.

47.

48.
49,

50.
ol.
52.
53.

54.
55.

56.

57.
58.

59.

60.
61.

sy socialis.

ir alticeps, Black-
wall. Top of Hedgehope.

be alticeps, Swnde-
val. Quite distinct from
the foregoing of the same
name, and new to Britain.

5 longidens.
ne frenata.
Sp. nov. From
ip ‘‘Long Slack,”’ oppo-

site Watch Law, Gheviats:
9 tenuis and terri-

cola, These are only
varieties of the same
species.

3 Sp. nov. Top of
Cheviot

“ pulla.

Sp. nov? South
Middleton dean.

Hh alacris.

a insignis.

“5 Claytonicze.

5 obscura. Top of
Hedgehope.

. flavipes ?

- rufa, Westring.
Wooler district. New
to Britain. A fine and

curious species, which I
have long been expect-
ing to find in Britain.
One,

experta, Cambr.
Cold Martin Moss. Des-
cript. in Linn. Trans.

‘ confusa, Cambr.

A angulipalpis,
Westring. From Cheviot
hill. New to Britain.

Sp. nov. Cold
Martin Moss. A very in-
teresting species.

Neriene marginata.

“f bicolor. ‘Top of

91.

Hedgehope.

62. Neriene livida. Top of
Hedgehope.

63. Ae gracilis.

64. a vagans.

65. + pygmea.

GG; se tibialis.

Oita bs bituberculata.

68.) variegata.

G9. & apicata.

(ae rubens.

T1. aekey oe Ee elle,

hates hi nigra.

bah ribs dentipalpis.

Tap oe vagabunda.

TOe ic as promiscua, Cambr.
Description now in the
press.

sion! ie Sp. nov. Top of
Cheviot.

(ia Sp- nov. Do. do.

(oe ss Sp. nov. Do. do.

Uae tae fusca.

SOr ays trilineata.

Si ae rubripes.

82. exusa, Cam. Des-
cript. in Linn. Transac-
tions.

88.4 elevata, Cambr.

84. 4, Sp.nov. Top of
Cheviot.

85. Sp. nov. Side of
Wooler water ; Cold
Martin Moss; Wooler
district. A very fine and
striking species.

S6iiges sylvatica. Wooler
district.

87. 4, .Sp.nov. Wooler
district.

88. Sp. nov. South
Middleton dean.

89. Sp. nov, Top of
Cheviot.

90. Walckeniera acuminata.

” cuspidata.

Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. 267

92. Walckeniera unicornis, 101. Walckeniéera Sp. nov.
Cambr. Cold Martin Moss.

93. a fuscipes. 102. Pachygnatha Clerckii.

94, af obscura. 103. De Geerii.

95. A brevipes, 104. Epeira umbratica.

Westring. First record | 105. ,, similis.
as British in the press. 106. ,, ~~ calophylla.

96. os cristata. 107. 4, cueurbitina.
Se: of antica. 108. ,, . antriada.
98. - trifrons, Cam.| 109. ,, inclinata.
Boe a frontata. 110. diadema.
100. ma permixta, 111. Tetr agnatha extenusa.

Side of Wooler water. | 112. Segestria senoculina.
See Linn. Trans.

Subsequently, in November and December, I made asmall
collection of Spiders in Berwickshire, which, while contain-
ing repetitions of many of those’ in the preceding list, comprised
divers others; which, as adding to our fauna, as well as
presenting what species are autumnal, and as it offers the
advantage of classifying the Arachnida together, I append
here. They were found about Oldcambus, in the Pease-dean,
or on the sea-coast there.

Lycosa picta. Walckenaera nudipalpis,
Hecierge spinimana. ; Westring.
Clubiona amarantha. a punctata.

4 reclusa, Cambr. Epeira prominens, Westring.
Tegenaria civilis (house-spider). (= E. bella, Meade.) This
Theridion signatum. beautiful species was found
Linyphia ericeea. in the Pease-dean, among

so circumspecta. the leaves of wood-rush,

9 gracilis ? overhanging low banks. It

es crypticolens. is new to Scotland.

x decolor, Westring. Dysdera Hombergii, Sea-

ra cauta. coast.

Spec. nov. Pease-dean.| Oonops pulcher. Sea-coast
Walckenaera nemoralis. and Pease-dean.

” depressa.

268 Zoological Notes.

The Red or Common Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris ).

Tuis squirrel has made its appearance in the High House
wood and Hulne Park, belonging to the Duke of Northum-
berland, in the parish of Alnwick. The late Mr Tate, in the
year 1868, gave an interesting notice of the gradual increase
of this little animal in the county, tracing its progress from
Roxburghshire and Berwickshire ; and stated that at that
time it had not made its appearance in the Alnwick district.*
The “ Alnwick Mercury” of January 20, 1872, contains ‘an
account of some mischievous youths hunting a poor squirrel
in Hulne Park, wherein it is stated that those animals had
been introduced by the Duke of Northumberland. I am
assured by Mr Foulger, his Grace’s gamekeeper, that they
were not introduced ; but there is no doubt of their presence
in the localities named.
Rosert MippLEeMas.

How the Hermit Crab (Pagurus Bernhardus ) escapes
from a Trap.

Hermit Crass, which occupy the empty shells of Buccinum
undatum, at times obtain admission to the fishermen’s crab-
creels, being enticed by the bait. They are brought into the
boats enclosed in the shells, but there are instances where
*‘ buckies ”’ are taken without inmates—and they could not
have walked in without them; whence the belief is that the
cunning hermit, conscious of being entrapped, and also that
the narrow meshes of the creels are impervious while they
remain encumbered with their shells, strip off their temporary
great-coats, and having thus reduced their bulk, slip out and
so escape. This is an old expedient with them, brought
forward to meet the exigency ; for at previous stages of their
progress to maturity, they were over and over again com-
pelled to exchange their smaller domiciles for others more
capacious. It is, however, worth recording the recourse they
have to it, to release themselves from involuntary confine-
ment. This crab’s hinder integuments being soft and yielding,
its successive withdrawals from the polished interior of
univalves are easily accomplished.
James HARDY.

* Proceedings B. N. Club, Vol. V., p, 442.

269

Memo of the late George Tate, F.G.S. By Ropert
MIDDLEMAS.

Ir has been the custom of the Berwickshire Club to place on
record notices of the lives of those members, whom death has
removed ; and, had this not been so, the Club could not
have overlooked the merits of George Tate, who for a
period of thirteen years discharged the duties of Secretary
in such a manner as repeatedly called forth the warmest
commendations of the Club. Since the death of Dr John-
ston, no more honoured and active member has fallen than
Mr Tate; who, at the last annual meeting was in his
place, joyous as ever, cheering us on by his example, and
arranging for the year which closes to-day. When I was
asked by several members to prepare a sketch of his life, I
felt a difficulty in complying, and wished the pen to be taken
by an abler hand. I, however, saw that I was fixed upon,
as a friend of Mr Tate ; and, when I considered that it was a
debt of gratitude I owed for a friendship of above twenty
years, I no longer hesitated, but endeavoured to discharge
the debt.

Ralph Tate, a builder, and a freeman of Alnwick, married
Rachel Turner, a descendant of an old Alnwick family,
whose principal members had been freemen of the’ borough
for generations. They had two sons: George Tate, and
Thomas Turner Tate, both of whom distinguished them-
selves in different walks of life.

George Tate was born on the 21st day of May, 1805. He
received his elementary education in the Borough School, at
Alnwick, then under the care of George Dixon, a severe but
able teacher. He passed afterwards to the Grammar School,
where he completed his education under the judicious care
of the Rev. William Procter, an amiable man and an able
scholar, whose worth is commemorated in Alnwick by a
memorial window, placed by public subscription in St.
Michael’s Church, of which he was the incumbent.

Mr Tate was apprenticed to Mr Thomas Riddell, a draper,
in the Market Place, Alnwick. He was a diligent, active
apprentice, and very studious. Even at this early age, we find
him and his brother members of a debating society, then at-
tended by a few intellectual young men ; and perhaps it was
at these friendly contests, that Mr Tate first learned to

2M

270 Memoir of the late George Tate, by Mr R. Middlemas.

express his opinicns with that ease and fluency which dis-
tinguished him in after life. Many are the stories he has
told me of their meetings ;—he ever cherished a friendly
feeling for the memory of those with whom he was thus
early associated. Being duly qualified, the time came when
he had to undergo the custom of going through the well, in
order to become a freeman of the town. ‘This custom is
traditionally reported to have been originated by King John,
who, when hunting on Alnwick Moor, felt so irritated at
being laired in a bog, that he capriciously ordained that
henceforth every candidate, before his admission to the free-
dom of the borough, should go through the same bog, on the
anniversary of his own mishap. Mr Tate has left us a
humorous account of his own experience in leaping the well.
The custom was discontinued when the Enclosure Act was
put in operation.

Mr Tate commenced business in the year 1826. He at
once carried into it that energy and spirit which is the first
element of success, and which marked all his undertakings.
He was very attentive, and his business rapidly increased ;
but still it did not wholly occupy his active mind, for in the
year 1828 he became one of the Secretaries of the Mechanics’
Institution at Alnwick. At that period its fortunes were at
the lowest ebb. Only sixteen members agreed to stand by
it. Mr Tate, however, on shewing his determination to
raise the character of the Institution, and to banish atheistic
and polemical discussion, restored confidence, and the Insti-
tution rose and prospered. It was not by mere attention
and administration that he secured the prosperity of the
Institution; he laboured to promote scientific knowledge
amongst its members. He secured the assistance of his
literary and scientific friends to lecture upon various subjects,
and he also delivered lectures himself. The enumeration of
those will shew the activity of his mind, and its scientific
training. They were: ‘‘ On the Formation of Dew,”
** Physical Geography,” ‘ Mineralogy and Crystallography,”
“Extinct Organisms,” “Volcanic Action,” ‘ ‘The Succession
of Life upon the Globe,” ‘The Boulder Formation of North-
umberland, and Glacial Action,” ‘‘ Causes and Effects of
High Tides,” ‘ Cephalopods, recent and fossil,” ‘‘ Sturgeons
and Paleozoic Fish,” “‘ Structural Botany,” ‘* Ancient
British Sepulchres,” “ The Minerals and Rocks of Northum-

Memoir of the late George Tate, by Mr R. Middlemas. 271

berland,”’ “ The progress and diffusion of Science during the
nineteenth century,” ‘ The Geology of the Borders,’ “ The
Natural History of Coal and Fossil Plants.” After being
Secretary for upwards of thirty years, he retired in 1859 ;
leaving, says he, ‘‘ the men of a new generation to develop
the society, so as to meet the wants of the present age.” On
his retirement, he was elected an Honorary Member—an
honour which he shared with Lord Brougham and Professor
Airey, and lately with Dr Bruce.

Mr Tate married, May 26th, 1832, Ann, only daughter of
the late Mr John Horsley, of Paikes Street, Alnwick. Mrs
Tate made an excellent wife; she saw and appreciated the
talents of her husband, and being of a thoughtful practical
mind, by her amiable manners, activity, and attention,
assisted him so materially in his business, that Mr Tate was
enabled, without sacrificing the welfare of his family, to
devote a large portion of his time to antiquarian and scientific
research.

On the 6th of March, 1841, Mr Tate was appointed Post-
master at Alnwick; an office which he held until about a
fortnight before his death when he resigned, and it was con-
ferred upon his daughter Ellen. On his appointment, he for
some time was compelled to attend daily to discharge the
simplest duties; but he soon organised his assistants to dis-
charge those of routine, leaving them to refer all matters of
importance to him ; and, as his presence was still necessary,
this arrangement enabled him to pursue his favourite studies.

Mrs Tate died in 1847, and for a time Mr Tate seemed to
have lost all relish for scientific pursuits. He threw all his
energy into business, but it was evidently to banish the sad
thoughts of his bereavement, for he began gradually to betake
himself to his usual studies ; and in the year 1855 abandoned
business, and entered upon the more congenial pursuits of
science.

My first visit to the study of Mr Tate took place when I
was very young. I was shewn into his museum. A lamp
was burning brightly when I entered, but suddenly it went
out, leaving us in total darkness. [I heard Mr Tate say, ‘‘ keep
off the serpent” ; and knowing him to be a great naturalist, I
was in a State of terror, till another light being procured,
I was relieved by finding that I had not trodden upona
reptile, but upon the flexible tube that united the lamp to

272 Memoir of the late George Tate, by Mr R. Middlemas.

the gas-pipe. I had been frequently asked to visit him, but
was afraid lest he should ask too many questions. On this
occasion his conversation was of the most genial character,
and I was a frequent visitor afterwards. He liked the
company of young people, and after narrating some funny
story, would give them advice as to what they should read
and study. He was ever the advocate of education and
progress. There was no movement of any importance which
had for its object the moral and social improvement of the
inhabitants of Alnwick, in which he did not take an active
part. Both by his exertions and pen he laboured for the
institution and welfare of the Victoria Infant School, now
used as a Ragged School. We have seen how long and
zealously he laboured for the Mechanics’ Institution. He
was a warm advocate for the extension of the Borough
Schools. In the year 1849, when the Public Health Act
was about to be put in operation in Alnwick, Mr Tate at-
tended the preliminary enquiries of the Government Inspector
and furnished him with most valuable information as to the
geological structure of the site of the town and neighburhood.
The first election under the Act took place in 1850; eighty-
three candidates were proposed, and Mr Tate was elected one
of the eighteen members of which the Board is composed.
He was returned again and again, and retained his seat until
his death. His ability and scientific knowledge were fre-
quently called into action as a member of the Board. He
served upon the most important committees, and aided in
drawing up elaborate reports. He advocated the most
extensive measures of sanitary reform. He was a fearless,
independent, and uncompromising advocate of the rights of
the people: holding that, as the Board of Health was “ the
local authority,” it should not only look after the sanitary
state of the town and promptly abate whatever was injurious
to health, but also endeavour to educate public opinion.

In the year 1869 a Club was formed by a few gentlemen in
Alnwick, for the purpose of scientific research. Mr Tate was
chosen President ; and entered with such energy into the
undertaking, that he attended at Howick and gave the most
lucid description of the interesting section of strata shewn
near Cullernose. He also accompanied the Club to Cawledge
Park for the same purpose. He was present at the first
winter meeting ; and it was before this Club that he read his
last scientific paper.

Memorr of the late George Tate, by Mr R. Middlemas. 273 °

Mr Tate commenced the study of geology at an early
period, probably about the year 1832, when that science was
in its infancy. No works of any value had then appeared in
England save ‘‘Smith’s Tabular View of British Strata,”
** Buckland’s Vindicie Geologice,” and “ Relique Diluvi-
ane.” The publication of “ Lyell’s Principles of Geology”
seems to have induced Mr Tate to commence a series of
investigations in the neighbourhood of Alnwick, which
gradually extended over Northumberland, Durham, and a
great part of Berwickshire. His reading kept pace with the
views then rapidly propounded by scientific men, and, as he
was indefatigable in his investigations, his practical know-
ledge enabled him to grapple with problems then little
understood. He seems early to have paid special attention to
the Carboniferous and Mountain Limestone formations ; and
these formed the subjects of his earliest illustrations and
lectures.* Each journey added to his collection of fossils ;
many of which were so unique as to be figured in the
monographs issued by the Paleontographical Society. Mr
Tate favoured the public with the sight of a part of his col-
lection in an exhibition held in the Corn Exchange, Alnwick,
in the year 1869, on the first distribution of prizes to the
students of the Science and Art classes in connection with
the Mechanics’ Institute. ‘The number and variety of fossils
were so great, that few people imagined so much could be
accomplished by a single person. He also lectured upon that
occasion.

Mr Tate was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society ;
an Honorary Member of the Hastings and Newcastle-upon-
Tyne Literary and Philosophical Societies ; and an Associate
of the Edinburgh Geological Society.

In the year 1849, Mr Tate first noticed the marks of ice
action on the rocks of Northumberland. His observations
were made upon the farm of Hawkhill, about 21 miles from
Alnwick. There, underneath a bed of red tough clay, the
surface of the limestone rock was polished, scratched, and
grooved, over an area of 20 feet by 6, from which the clay had
been removed ; and the same polished and scratched surface

* Estheria striata var Tateana, Candona Tateana, Beyrichia Tatet, fossil
Entomostraca of the Mountain Limestone were named by Professor T. R.
Jones after Mr Tate.

274 Memorr of the late George Tate, by Mr R. Middlemas.

extended under the clay.* Mr Tate published his observations
in the ‘Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalist’s Club,” in
the year 1849. He extended them in a lecture, afterwards
delivered before the members of the Alnwick Mechanics’
Institute. This discovery of polished and scratched rocks was
very important when viewed with_reference to the Boulder
Clay; for this formation has presented a problem which is only
being gradually worked out. The Royal Society of Edinburgh,
acting under suggestions made by Mr Milne Home, is en-
deavouring to preserve the Boulders of Scotland from removal
or destruction, so that proper evidence of this period may not
be destroyed. After his retirement from business in the year
1855, he commenced a tour, which extended from the Vale
of Whittingham to the river Tweed ;—ground often before
traversed by him, but this time with the special object of
examining that group of rocks lying between the Red Con-
glomorates and Mountain Limestone, and to which he in
1856 applied the distinctive term “‘ Zuwedian,” “ because they
are so largely developed on the Tweed; and because the
general conditions of the period as indicated by the mineral
character of the strata, and by the organic remains found in
them, are different from those of the Mountain Limestone,
with which they had been previously grouped.” In the year
1857, Mr Tate made a geological tour from Bowness to
Wallsend, in the line of the Roman Wall, for the purpose of
examining the strata of its site and neighbourhood. The
lovely scenery which he traversed, and the kindness and
hospitality of friends, rendered this journey thoroughly en-
joyable. His antiquarian and geological knowledge was
brought into full play ; he made a careful survey, and after-
wards condensed and published his observations, at the
request of his friend, Dr Bruce, in his celebrated work, the
‘Roman Wall.”

The “ Proceedings of the Berwickshire Club” contain the
best record of the geological labours of Mr Tate. We find
in his writings the most minute details and comprehensive
accounts of the geology of the several places visited by the
Club. We see the assemblage of facts and petty circum-
stances, under the magic influence of his scientific mind,

* Mr W. K. Loftus, in the year 1845, had noticed polished and scratched
rocks of the same Limestone formation at Belsay, which he attributed to

diluvial action.—Transactions Tyneside Club, vol. I.. p. 273. The mirror
like polish is now considered to be the result of ice action.

Memoir of the late George Tate, by Mr R. Middlemas. 275

developing into theories more’or less extensive. Bringing
his practical knowledge to bear upon one formation after
another, he makes the whole testify to the wisdom and
benevolence of the Creator, who, in the ‘ beginning,” when
His spirit moved over the dark waters, was working out His
almighty designs, and fitting the earth for the habitation of
intellectual man. Mr Tate was no advocate of ‘‘ Darwin.”
He acknowledged the extent and power of the arguments of
that able naturalist, but he denied that the evidence was
sufficient to warrant his conclusions. He believed in the
divine origin of man :—“ For,” says he, ‘in his origin he
cannot be linked with any of the creatures which preceded ;
for, whatever modifications of bodily form may be made by
physical conditions, natural selection, or any secondary law,
such is the great gulf,between the highest brute and man,
that we can refer the introduction of an intellectual and
moral being, capable of generalising and of indefinite pro-
gression, and endowed with a sense of responsibility, to no
other than to the divine Sovereignity.”

Mr Tate was admitted a member of the Club on the 16th
of June, 1847. He was President in 1853; and madea
Secretary in 1858. Pleasantly and cheerfully he and Mr
Embleton worked together, until failing health confined the
latter to his house and prevented him from taking an active
part in the Club’s affairs. From the time when Mr Tate was
appointed Secretary until his death, his best energies were
directed to the advancement and success of the Club. He
had a secret pride in its welfare. His management of affairs
met with unqualified approval. The meetings were of the
most harmonious description. Minor business matters, often
so annoying, were managed with tact and discretion. The
Club rose and prospered ;—may its future be as brilliant as the

ast.

Mr Tate held a large correspondence with scientific men ;
and was frequently applied to for, and ever willing to give
information ; and cared not for the time and trouble it cost
to oblige a friend. Few scientific men visited Alnwick
without calling at his residence, where they were sure of a
plain but hearty welcome.

In the year 1858 Mr Tate was unanimously requested by
the Club to write an account of the Sculptured Rocks of
Northumberland. He agreed to this; but the account did

276 Memoir of the late George Tate, by Mr R. Middlemas.

not appear until 1864. In the meantime, he had surveyed
the entire district—examined the old Celtic town of Greaves
Ash—superintended diggings on Yeavering Bell, and laid
bare the hut circles, forts, and fortlets, scattered over that
hill. He had examined every sculptured rock in the neigh-
bourhood, many of which had just been discovered by the
industry of his friends—his extensive reading and corres-
pondence gave him information of what had been noticed
elsewhere ;—so that when his account of the sculptured rocks
appeared, it was found to be a condensed record of all-that
was known upon the subject.

_ For archeology he had an extended reputation ; and many
works bearing upon this subject were sent him to review for
various scientific publications. In this respect he was most
conscientious ; he never let fly the shafts of criticism at
random, but when he differed from the author, gave his
reasons in detail. The most elaborate review that I have
been able to trace, was of ‘ Keller’s Lake Dwellings ;”
wherein he shews a complete acquaintance with the subject,
and a mastery of details, that stamp the review as the work
of one well qualified to judge.

Mr Tate had purposed to write the history of his native
town, and for many years had been collecting materials. It
was in furtherance of this design that he applied for the
clerkship to the Common Council, and was appointed on the
30th December, 1850. He held this office until 1858. His
appointment gave him access to the Borough Records, which
he patiently and industriously inspected. For the same
purpose, he spent some time in London inspecting the records
and state papers. He was indefatigable in collecting materials
from every available source; which he prepared and con-
densed into a full and complete history of Alnwick—wherein
he flatters none, but exposes and censures every act of mean-
ness, tyranny, or aggression ; and rescues from oblivion the
memory of those who lived and laboured for the public weal
—an impartial record of events, and of the rise and progress of
the public institutions of the town ;—an enduring memorial of
his perseverance and talents for scientific and antiquarian re-
search, and a most valuable contribution to Border Literature.
The first volume appeared in 1866 ; the second in 1868.

On the completion of this valuable work, it was considered
that some suitable memorial should be presented to Mr Tate,

Memotr of the late George Tate, by Mr R. Middlemas. 277

and a committee was formed for that purpose. His literary
and scientific friends at a distance willingly joined the in-
habitants of the town and neighbourhood, so that there was a
complete success. A public banquet was held in the 'Town
Hall, Alnwick, to which Mr Tate was invited. Dr Bruce, of
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, presided ; the vice-chair was occupied
by Mr J. A. Wilson, of Alnwick. An address, beautifully
illuminated, and numerously signed by the nobility, gentry,
scientific men, and the inhabitants of the town and district,
a purse of gold, and an elegant tea and coffee service in silver,
were presented to Mr Tate, in an able speech, by Dr Bruce.
It was a meeting of which Mr Tate might well be proud;
for his great historical work had been highly appreciated by
eminent men ;—some of whom, engaged in similar pursuits,
attended to congratulate him on the success of his labours.
But his ardent spirit was not satisfied; he thought he had
not done enough. He said “ he had intended that his opus
magnum should be the Geology of Northumberland ; but that
at his age, with infirm health, he could not hope to accomplish
it.” Hus valuable monographs, “On the Cheviots ;” “ The
Basaltic Rocks of Northumberland; ” “ Fossil Flora of the
Eastern Borders;” and “ Fauna of the Mountain Limestone,”
bear ample evidence of what the complete work would have
been.

Mr Tate suffered much from chronic asthma, and was
compelled to confine himself for several months of the year,
not only to his house, but to his room. He fixed upon his
museum for this purpose, that he might have ready access to
any specimens he might require when extending his notes of
summer investigations. There also his friends visited him
and enjoyed his conversation. As the spring advanced he
was able to take out-door exercise ; and at the first meetings
of the Club was generally in his place. The winter of 1869
seemed to take a severe hold upon him, and he did not
recover strength as on other occasions. Last winter made
further inroads upon his constitution ; he, however, rallied
sufficiently to summon his friends of the Alnwick Scientific
Research Club to meet at his residence to hear a paper which
he had just completed for the Berwickshire Club, “On the
Basaltic Rocks of Northumberland.” His weakness and
laboured breathing were painfully apparent, but he was
cheerful and happy, and seemed to enjoy the society of his

2N

278 Memoir of the late George Tate, by Mr R. Middlemas.

friends. A short time afterwards he was again confined to
bed. As yet, however, no serious symptoms were exhibited,
and his friends fondly hoped that as the season progressed his
health would be restored. He made arrangements for, and
prepared and issued the circular for the May meeting at
Maxton, but he was unable to leave his bed. His medical
attendant, Dr Candlish, required that he should be kept quiet
and that no visitors should be allowed to see him. I was
sent for shortly after this, when he stated that he wished me
to undertake any duties for the Club that would otherwise
devolve upon him. I agreed to do so; and a few days after-
wards I saw him again, when the books were handed to me.
I found that even in this period of extreme weakness, he had
dictated the circular for the meeting at Whalton. His care
for the Club was shewn to the last in the suggestions he made
for its future management; respecting which he wrote to the
President and Mr James Hardy, an old and valued friend.
He much wished a conversation with Dr Douglas, but was
too unwell to write to him. The last time I saw Mr Tate
was on the Saturday before his death. His faculties were
unclouded, and he calmly spoke of his approaching end. He
peacefully expired at an early hour on Wednesday, 7th June.
He left two sons and three daughters.

His death took place on the morning of the meeting of the
Alnwick and Canongate Local Board of Health ; and on the
members assembling, W. Dickson, Esq., the Chairman, moved
a resolution, which was carried unanimously :—

“ This Board having learned that Geo. Tate, Esq., the historian
of Alnwick and the author of many other valuable publications,
and one of our oldest members, died this morning ;

“Resolved, that in order to shew the high opinion that this
Board had of their late member, that the Board, as a mark of
respect, follow his remains to the grave; and also, that the
sympathy of the Board be given to his bereaved family by the
Chairman sending a copy of this resolution to Miss Tate, with the
request that she will convey it to them at a proper opportunity.”

At a meeting of the Committee of the Alnwick Mechanics’
Institute, that same evening, a resolution was passed, expres-
sive of sympathy with the family, and the great loss the
Institution had sustained by the death of their honorary

Memoir of the late George Tate, by Mr R. Middlemas. 279

member, Mr Tate, who for thirty years had been a Secretary
of the Institute, and an able exponent of science to its
members. The Committee also invited the members to follow
his remains to the grave.

The funeral took place on the 9th day of June, and was
numerously attended. ‘The shops were pattially closed, and
nearly every blind was drawn as the procession slowly moved
towards the Parish Church of St. Michael. By the grave of
his beloved wife were the mortal remains of George Tate
committed to the dust—may we add, in the “‘hope of a glorious
_ resurrection.”

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE “PROCEEDINGS OF THE
BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’. CLUB.”

On Cist Vaens and Sepulchral Urns, ina Tumulus, or een

Barrow, near Lesbury - - - - Vol. 3. 63
Geology of the Coast of Howick - - 4 99
Presidential Address - - - - ee 5)
On Celtic Remains near Wooler - - » Lo4
On a Herd of Porpoises - - - - a Re Ke
Farne Islands; Botany, Geology, &. - - 9» «222
Roman Remains at Adderstone = - - Py Aer
Geology and Archzology of Beadnell, with description

of Carboniferous Annelids - “ - Vol. 4. 96
Fauna of the Mountain Limestone of Berwickshire - ae LAD
Distribution of Acmee testudinalis = - a Ale!
Old Celtic Town of Greaves Ash - - - alos
Antiquities of Yeavering Bell and Threestone Burn » 401
Description of Cribellites Carbonarius, a Sea Star from

the Mountain Limestone of Northumberland - Vol. 5. 71
Vill, Manor, and Church of Longhoughton - 9 74
On Strata connected with Fossil Entomostraca - p 83
Ancient British Sculptured Rocks of Northumberland

and the Borders - = = - a Low
Records of Glaciated Rocks in Eastern Borders - » 236
Geological Notes - - - = 288, 357, 372
The Cheviots - . - - - 3. 2 eo9

Harbottle Castle “ = 2 - eed.

280

Orange-legged Hobby (Falco rujipes) = - pe ey
Common Squirrel (Sceiwrus vulgaris) - - » 440
Dunstanborough Castle - - - - Vol. 6. 85
On the Stature, Bulk, and Colour of the Eyes and Hair

of Northumbrians - - - loo
Basaltic Rocks of Northumberland - - - Py le

CONTRIBUTIONS TO “ALNWICK MERCURY.”

The Skinners and Glovers of the Borough of Alnwick Nov., 1859.
Northumbrian Legends and Customs—AInwick Abbey March, 1860.
Henhole, Hurlstane, Caterans’ Cove, and the Fairies - April, ,,

Saint Cuthbert’s Beads - - - - May, ,;
Wooler; the Kettles and the Pin Well - - duly, ~5,
Notes on the Sanitary Condition of the Olden

Time - - - - Sept, and Oct. ,,
Life of Dr Gilbert Rule - - - - Dec. 5
Life of the Rev. Jonathan Harle - - - Feb., 1861.
Life of the Rev. John Horsley - - May and June, ,,
May-Day in Old England - - - - May, ,,
Diggings into an Ancient Briton’s Grave - - Jan. 1862.
Whittingham Vale - - - - - , Ave

OTHER WRITINGS.

Pamphlet for Victoria Infant School - - Circulated. ~
Alnwick Freeman Well - - - Provincial Souvenir, 1846.
On Glaciated Rocks at Hawkhill - - Tyne. Nat. Club, 1847.

Fossil Flora of Eastern Borders, - Johnston’s Nat. History of Eastern
Borders, 1858.

Natural History as an Elementary Branch of Education, :
Educational Expositor, Sept. 1865.

Review of Keller’s Lake Dwellings - Reader, Sept. 24, 1866.

Geology of Northumberland and Durham, Trans. North’d. and Dur,
Ciub, 1867.

Geology of the Roman Wall - = Bruce’s Roman Wail, 1867.
History of Alnwick, 2 vols., 8vo. = - 1866, 8, and 9.

281

BOTANICAL NOTICES.
Notice of Euphorbia dulcis. By ARCHIBALD JERDON.

In the month of June last I gathered a small Euphorbia near
Langlee House, about two miles from Jedburgh, which I
could not identify with any British species. I therefore sent
specimens to Professor Balfour, of Edinburgh, who informed
me that it was Euphorbia dulcis of Linneus—E£. purpurata,
Thuill ;—a species which had been collected by Dr Graham
in 1829, among trees in an old deserted garden, on the side
of the Ochills near Tullibody, and of which he had also
specimens from the neighbourhood of Dumfries.

The locality in which my specimens occurred, resembled
that in which Dr Graham found his—being among grass,
under trees, in a place called the Old Orchard ;—but it is not
at all a likely plant to have been cultivated, unless for some
real or supposed medicinal properties, as it is by no means a
handsome or conspicuous plant. ‘The nearness toa dwelling,
however, throws a doubt upon its being truly wild.

Additional Note on the same. By James Harpy.

I HAVE followed this plant through the old authorities, but
there is no instance of its being appropriated to any medicinal
purpose. ‘The absence of acridity from its milk, so character-
istic of the Spurges, had early marked it out as peculiar, and
given ita name. It is first noticed in Bock’s “ Kreuter-
buch,” 1546, fol. 112, 113, and figured as “ Guss Wolff’s
Milch”’; and in the Latin edition by Kyber, p. 296, as
« Ksula dulcis.” It was also known as “ Dulce Lupinum
Lac.” (Pena and Lobel, “ Adversaria,’ p. 216). That it
had obtained a place in botanic gardens may be inferred from
““Gesner, Hort. Germ.,” fol. 257, 258, a.p. 1561; although
he well knew its native habitat in the moist bottoms of the
Swiss mountains. ‘‘ Amat montium umbrosa.” (Suter “Flor.
Helv.,” I.,p.335). Italy, France, and upper Germany like-
wise produce it. Although mentioned by Johnson (Gerard)
and Parkinson, it had no place in English gardens when they
wrote. Ray had to go to Geneva to gather it. It was intro-
duced to cultivation in Britain by Mr Phillip Millar in 1759.
(Aiton’s Hort. Kewensis, III., p. 165.) It seeds, when
matured, spring from the capsules. (Bock). It becomes black
in drying. “ Dignoscitur exsiccata facillime, quoad sicea
nigricat, uti Orobus niger.” (Linneus, “Amemtat Acad.,”
JIT, p. 122).

282

Botanical Notices (continued ).

LATHR#A sQUAMARIA. By the side of Teviot, near Ormiston
Mill. Parasitic on roots of willow.

EPrracris LATIFOLIA. By the side of Teviot, near Ormiston.

Tuipa syLvEsTRIs. Naturalized under large trees at Longnew-
ton; gathered since at same place by Mr Borthwick and Mr
Stewart.

GacEA tuTEA. Re-discovered on the banks of the Jed by Mr
Archibald Jerdon, after having been lost sight of for several
years.

Hypnum nitens. In fine fruit in a bog near Hetton Hall,
Northumberland, 1870-1.

Crimactum DENDROIDES. In fruit at Yetholm Lock, 1870.

Myivm crnciipioiprs. Abundant at Yetholm Lock; found for
the first time in a low COnnEE ys Usually got in wet places on
Highland Hills.

Dickanum tentum. Near Boma mneiie Roxburghshire. Gathered
by Mr A. Jerdon.

~ RUFESCENS. Near Pennymuir, Roxburghshire. Mr
A. Jerdon.

MorcHELLA EscULENTA. By the side of Teviot, in Grass Haugh
near Ormiston Mill; also by the Jed near J edburgh—Mr A.
Jerdon. And by the Teviot at Springwood Park, by Sir Geo.
Douglas, and at Dryburgh Abbey.

W. B. Boyp.

STACHYS ARVENSIS. Fields, Guns-green Hill.

EvurnHorpia Exicua. Corn fields, Linns-dean, Coldingham Fleurs,
and Guns-green Hill.

CoNVOLVULUS ARVENSIS. Corn fields, Guns-green Hill.

ASTRAGALUS GLYCYPHYLLUS. Banks of the Eye, at Hyemouth
and Millbank.

SANGUISORBA OFFICINALIS. Banks of the Ale above Ale Mill.

Coronopus Rugnmu. Chirnside Mill, J. Anderson ; Kyemouth,
A. Kelly.

Frpra DenTATA. Corn fields at Marygold, J. Anderson. East
Reston, Hallydoun, and Redhall.

Toritis NoposA. Waste places, Hallydoun and Eyemouth.

Srum LAiirotrum. Ditch near Allanton, A. Kelly. (Not in the
‘¢. Bord. Flora,” but found by Mr Embleton in “Ditches
near Embleton and Beadnell.””—‘ New Flora of Northumber-
land and Durham.’’)

SPaRGANIUM NaTANS. In the Eye near Aytoun.

283

OsmunDA REGALIS. One plant, Coldingham Moor. New to
Berwickshire.
Carmx muricaTA. Near Ayton. TJ. Renton.
», RemMoTA. Near Ayton. T. Renton.
Nepeta Crurvoropium. Near Cockburn Mill, J. Anderson ; banks
of the Ale, 7. Renton.
WILLIAM SHAW.

CoNVALLARIA POLYGoNATUM. Craig’s Walls wood, parish of
Edrom. Kyloe Crags is the only other station within the
bounds of the Club.

Lysmacuta Nummunarta. Allanton.

VIOLA ODORATA. Do.
ORNITHOGALUM UMBELLATUM. Do.
CAMPANULA LATIFOLIA. Do.
ADOXA MOSCHATELLINA. Do.

MentHa syitvestgis. Whitadder banks, right side below
Allanton.
Mimuvutvus —— ? var. Whitadder banks.
ORCHIS PYRAMIDALIS, which I picked for two successive years at
Whitehall, Chirnside—I failed to find this year.
C. Stuart, M.D.

Coronorus Rurtiit. Roadside at Ancroft Toll.

NASTURTIUM TERRESTRE. On the Glen above Ewart Bridge, and
again above Akeld Bridge, and nearly up to Coupland.

SINAPIS NIGRA. Corn fields at Turvelaws, near Wooler. It is
not in the “HE, Border Flora.”’ It grows along with S. alba
and arvensis.

Hysricum numirusum. South Middleton dean. Not common
thereabouts.

GERANIUM LUcIDUM. Abundant on a trap-rock on the Black-
adder above Greenlaw lint mill.

GinanrHE PHELLaANDRIUM. In two ponds on each side of the
public road, near Lilburn burn foot. New to that part of the
country, but reccrded for Berwickshire.

CREPIS succISsmrotIaA. Wooded banks above Coldgate Mill, and
upwards; also in Humbleton dean and at Using Shank on the
way to Cheviot. Dr Maclagan met with itabundantly this year
on Ale water.

Intex Aquirotium. WHarthope Linn is the highest station. on the
hills where I have seen the holly.

CatamintHa Crinopopium. In the Well-dean behind Wooler in
a gravelly soil; and on the dry rocky bank above Coldgate
Mill,

284

Myosorts cortinaA. Heathpool Linn, rocky hills near Wooler,
Wooler haugh near Earle Mill.

LirorELLA Lacustris. Cold Martin Loch.

CarEX MuRICATA. Kettles well, and Humbleton dean.

Atoprrecurus acrestTis. A large tuft of this grass on some
rubbish below Wooler bridge. It is a Magnesian Limestone
plant; but from finding it here, it is possibly from some habitat
in the neighbourhood.

J. Harpy.

NOTE TO PAGE 193.

JOHNSTONELLA CaTHarina of P. H. Gosse (‘Devonshire Coast,’
p. 356, pl. xxv.), was a third intended commemoration of the
services rendered by Mrs Dr Johnston to marine zoology. It is
a delicate transparent annelid, of considerable rarity. But it had
been discovered by Eschscholtz in 1825, and named Temopteris
onisciformis ; and Mr Gosse has subsequently, under this its true
title, figured and described it in the ‘‘ Intellectual Observer,” for
October, 1862.

Places of Meeting for the Year, 1872.

Jeburgh, ee Bi ee Friday, May 10.
Bamburgh, .. Re .. Thursday, June 27.
Cheviot, ae : a0 Ae July 265,

Greenlaw, for Hume Castle, Es s Aug. 29.
Berwick ee oe Be y Sept. 26.

285

Rain Fall at Glanton Pyke, Northumberland, in 1871 ; com -
municated by Freprerick J. W. Cottinewoon, Esq.: And
at Lilburn Tower, Northumberland ; communicated by
Epwarp J. CoLtinewoop, Esq.

GLANTON PYKE. LILBURN TOWER.

Inches. Inches.
January . . 18S January . . 0.310
February . - 2.20 February - 2.498
March ‘ . LAT March . . 0.851
April : . 3.64 Aprik . . 8.621
May : « 0.99 May ‘ . 0.898
June aor: (20k June ‘ ; 2.845
July : «| £501 ~ -7hardualy, : . 2.036
ANeUSt +). ¢ ag August . . 1.236
September. - 231 September . 938.668
October . . 3.32 October . . 2.428
November . 2.58 November Rene ilies
December . 2.09 December a OUe
30.17 25.435

Rain Guage—Diameter of Rain Gauge—Diameter of

Funnel, 8 inches; Height of Funnel, 10in., square; Height

Top above Ground, 4ft. 34in.; of top above Ground, 6ft. ;

Above Sea Level, 582 feet. Above Sea Level, 300ft.

Rain Fall at North Sunderland, Northumberland, in the Year
1871. Communicated by the Rev. F. R. Simpson.

; Days on
Hints aalaveasanl REP a se
morefell.
Inches. Depth. ae te

January i AY 9, 115 15) 14
February 2.31 42 Ath 16
March 93 32 9th 15
April 3.53 82 18th 22
May 1.37 .06 26th 10
June 1.19 43 14th 12
July 2.82 16 4th 19
August E12 BT 20th 9
September 2.75 9 20th 17
October 2.26 61 19th 17
November 1.72 23 28th 20
December 1.46 22 22nd 15
Total. .| 22.68 | 5.50 186

Rain Gauge—Diameter of Funnel, 8 inches; Height of Top above Ground, l
foot 2 inches; Above Sea Level, 70 feet.

286
MEMBERS ELECTED.

Rev, Thomas Brown, 16, Carlton Street, Edinburgh ;
elected 11th May, 1871.

The following were elected Members at the Meeting held
at Berwick, September 26, 1871 :—

Rev. Thomas Johnston, Manse, St. Boswells.

Rev. Thomas Rogers, Durham.

Rev. Robert Paul, Coldstream.

Robert G. Thomson, Rutherford House, Maxton.
Francis Walker, Nisbet, Kelso.

Rev. T. 8. Anderson, Crailing, Kelso.

Robert David Yair, Bunckle Manse, Dunse.

John Philipson, Victoria Square, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Rev. Ambrose Jones, Vicarage, Stannington, Cramlington.
Andrew Scott, Glendouglas, Jedburgh.

W. E. Otto, Jed Neuk, Jedburgh.

Rev. L. J. Stephens, Vicarage, Longhoughton.

William Weatherhead, Solicitor, Berwick-on-Tweed.
Thomas Caverhill Jerdon, 11, Hanover Square, London.
James H. Scott Douglas, Springwood Park, Kelso.

Rev. G. Scott, Amble.

Henry Henderson, Warkworth.

Alexander James Main, M.D., Alnwick.

Rey. John Dixon Hepple, Vicarage, Branxton.

OFFICERS, 1871-2.

Honorary Secretary :

Rospert CastLEs EMBLETON.

Acting Secretaries :
Franois Dovetas, M.D., Kelso.
James Harpy, Oldcambus, by Cockburnspath.
Treasurer :
Rospert MippiEmas, Solicitor, Alnwick.

287

GENERAL STATEMENTS.

Accounts—NSeptember, 1871.

The IncomE and EXPENDITURE :—

& 8.-- a.

Mr. Embleton ..... a eae 312 6

Mr ate Sorc exe Sotersen ole a0
7 leno
Avrears received. .% cess < Bien eG), GW’ O
Pritrance: fees) 6. ..c Soe aes Peeiencuor LOE VO

Subscriptions, 1870 :—
Received by Mr. Tate 20 16 0
Do. Mr Middiemas 7 1 o$ 2717 0
———66 6 6

EXPENDITURE.

Paid for Printing .......+.+++2+.-+-18 13 0
Contributions towards excavating ! 5 OO
Eden’s Hall - {
pense at Meetings: ....0 56000800: J 13+-0
Postages, Carriage, Serra weleanruisl cue Se (1
Balance in hands of Treasurer 16 14 5 | 2:0 611
Balance due by Mr Embleton 3 12 6

ers td be SMe

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Address delivered to the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, at
Berwick, September 26th, 1872. By the Rev. F. R.
Simpson, North Sunderland, President.

GENTLEMEN,

In addressing you on this occasion, I cannot but feel that it
is a most happy circumstance, and a subject for mutual con-
gratulation, that, as a Club, we are now old enough to have
precedent and tradition to guide us in our proceedings. Your
President’s course is defined by an established usage of over
forty years, so that he knows pretty well what is expected of
him in preparing his anniversary address. That usage, while
it leaves him free to express his own thoughts on any matter
brought before, or bearing upon, the well-being of the Club,
yet confines him, as to the main bulk of his address, to pre-
senting you with a summary of the Club’s Proceedings for
the year during which he has held his office. It is, I confess,
a relief to have one’s line thus clearly chalked out, so long as
one is not confined too strictly to run in a groove. Follow-
ing, then, the example of former Presidents, I shalllay before
B.N.C.—-VOL VI. NO. IV. 20

1 289 Annwersary Address.

you a brief account of our Proceedings for the year 1872 ;
and in doing so, I crave your utmost indulgence, while trying
to fulfil the last and most important portion of the duties
imposed by your kindness, when you did me the great honor
to appoint me your President.

The anniversary meeting of last year was held at Berwick,
on Thursday, 28th September. 1 was not present; but Mr
Robert Middlemas has kindly furnished the following notes.

The party breakfasted at the King’s Arms Inn. After
breakfast, Mr Robert Middlemas read a memoir of our late
worthy Secretary, Mr G. Tate, F.G.S. A vote of thanks was
unanimously passed to Mr Middlemas for his paper, which
was ordered to be printed. The meeting was addressed by
Mr D. Milne Home, who called attention to the action taken
by the Royal Society of Edinburgh for the conservation of the
‘boulders ” of the district, and the necessity of preventing
their removal or destruction. Mr Home ably explained his
views respecting certain ancient sea-cliffs observed by him in
the district ; and the evidences afforded of the several agencies
at work in the transportation of large boulders from their
native beds. Mr Stevenson, of Dunse, produced several
specimens of boulders of a very remarkable shape, which he
stated were found about three miles from what he considered
the parent rock, of which he produced specimens. Mr
Stevenson was of opinion, that the boulders referred to by
him, had been transported by the agency of water. This led
to an interesting discussion; and it was found that there
were boulders, some of immense size, which had been borne
some seventy miles from their native bed.

The meeting was adjourned until 3 o’clock, to give mem-
bers from a distance a better opportunity of being present, and
taking part in the business arrangements for the ensuing year.

The principal part of the members paid a visit to the local
museum of natural history, to which several interesting addi-
tions had been made ; and afterwards visited the vitriol works
of Mr Wilson, and were shewn the machinery and process

Anniversary Address. 290

by which vitriol was extracted from “ pyrites.” The party
afterwards inspected the adjoining chemical manure works,
and examined with interest the various processes by which
bones were crushed and dissolved, and converted into super-
phosphate of lime and other manures.

The members re-assembled at 3 o’clock. The President
proposed, and it was unanimously carried, “‘ That Dr Francis
Douglas, of Kelso, and Mr James Hardy, of Oldcambus, be
elected Secretaries, and Mr R. Middlemas, Treasurer, of the
Club.” A cordial vote of thanks was given to Mr Middlemas
' for his services as Secretary and Treasurer during the year.
A lengthy discussion took place as to the election of members;
and it was thought that some steps should be taken to pre-
vent indiscriminate admission. Some members were of opinion,
that before members were proposed their qualifications should
be stated, and that this would prevent any person from being
chosen that would not be an efficient member ; by others, it
was considered that the number should be limited, and that
no election should take place until vacancies occurred; but
no motion was made upon the subject, as it was judged ad-
visable that the matter should be fully ventilated before any
action was taken. It was unanimously resolved that a por-
trait of Mr Tate be engraved for the Proceedings; and that
the thanks of the Club be given to the Misses Tate for their
services in addressing the circulars during the year.

The following gentlemen were present :—The President,
Mr W. B. Boyd; Dr F. Douglas; Revs. W. L. J. Cooley, J.
S. Green, P. McDouall, W. Darnell, J. Rowe, J. Irwin, W.
Procter, jun., J. E. Elliot; Captain Simpson; Messrs F. J.
W. Collingwood, D. M. Home, Robt. Douglas, George Allen,
Thos. Friar, Archibald Jerdon, John Clay, William Cunning-
ham, George Young, Jas. Purvis, John Scott, E. A. Simpson,
and Robert Middlemas.

After dinner, the President read an able address. A flint
arrow head was exhibited, said to have been found upon the
boulder clay in the vicinity of Berwick. It appeared an ex-

291 Annwersary Address.

cellent specimen ; and Mr D. M. Home and Mr R. Douglas
agreed to visit the spot. The gentlemen proposed dur-
ing the year for membership were then elected. Mr Boyd
then nominated the Rev. F. R. Simpson, President for the
ensuing year.

Our Spring meeting was held at Jedburgh, on the 10th of
May. Present:—The Rev. F. R. Simpson, President; Dr
F. Douglas, Secretary; Sir Walter Elliot; Drs Charles
Douglas, J. R. Scott, Hume, and Blair ; Capt. Macpherson ;
Revs. Dr Leishman, G. S. Thomson, W. Procter, jun., J. 8.
Green, D. Paul, P. Mackerron, A. Davidson, and D. Yair ;
Messrs John Turnbull, F. Walker, Wm. Elliot, W. B. Boyd,
C. Anderson, A. Jerdon, J. B. Boyd, J. Wood, J. Tait, W. E.
Otto, A. Scott, and J. Ord; and as visitors: Rev. Mr Moir;
Messrs T. Robson Scott, Ormiston, and Ritchie. The party
numbered twenty-two at breakfast, and thirty-two at dinner.

After breakfast, the programme for the day was arranged.
The members there assembled first visited, under the guid-
ance of the Rev. Dr Ritchie of Jedburgh, the ruins of the
venerable abbey. These remains are of great interest, unfold-
ing as they do, a tale of chequered and eventful history. The
besom of destruction would seem to have frequently swept
over the church and abbey of Jedburgh ; for we find in the
ruins, as they now stand, at least three distinct styles of archi-
tecture, indicating so many successive partial destructions
and restorations. The oldest part (if not Saxon as some have
thought) is very early Norman; and the edifice of which it
formed a part was itself, probably, a superstructure on the
ruins of an older church. It is clear from the remains of
sculptured stones here and there built into the present ruins,
that a Saxon church had previously occupied the same, or
some very closely neighbouring, site. No doubt, in the
troublous ages that have passed over this border land, these
sacred edifices have been, one after another, damaged or de-
stroyed, to be again restored by the zeal of our fore-elders.
Some portions of the older work have been in each case re-

Annversary Address. 292

tained, and utilized, and incorporated: with the restoration,
whose style tells us very approximately the date of its erec-
tion. The process of utilization has continued to our own
day, as witnessed in the western portion of the nave, now
used as the Parish Kirk. It has been utilized, but, alas!
not restored. Externally, the old arches on either side are
blocked up with rough masonry, in which are inserted square
paned windows of modern type, utterly out of keeping with
the frame work which surrounds them; and internally the
fair proportions of the grand old nave are curtailed, and
its architectural features marred, by the erection of hideous
pews and galleries. One cannot but rejoice to learn that a
new and suitable edifice is being, cr about to be, built for the
Parish Kirk, and that these disfigurements will be cleared
away. ‘These noble remains of the piety of former genera-
tions will then be visible in their full beauty and extent.
Would that they could have been again restored for the
celebration of holy rite—swelling anthem and full-voiced
chant and hymn again resounding, as in days of yore, all
through the sacred walls! But we may not linger here;
other work is before us.

And here my good friend, our Secretary, Dr Douglas, comes

to my help; and to his kindly furnished notes I am mainly
indebted for the further account of this, our first meeting.
“The abbey viewed, we separated into two parties: one
proceeding, under the guidance of Mr Adam Matheson, to
the Dunion, to inspect the geological features of the hill, in-
cluding a long extinct crater supposed to exist there; but
after considerable research, the spot, if it exists, could not be
detected. A rare moss, Grimmia Schultzii, was however
gathered in fruit. Vicia lathyroides and Myosotis collina
grow on the Dunion; also, Antitrichia curtipendula, Ortho-
trichum rupestre, Pteregonium gracile, and the pretty lichen,
Lecanora ventosa. This party afterwards descended by the
valley of the Blackburn towards Lintalee and the Jed, re-
turning by the road to Jedburgh, without discovering any-
thing novel, or of marked interest.

293 Anniversary Address.

“The second party proceeded by the banks of the Jed, pass-
ing the spot in the bed of the river where the Greywacke
overlies a sandstone bed; but the flooded state of the river
prevented this anomalous state of these rocks from being
apparent. Hence onwards to “ the Capon Tree” and “‘ the
King of the Woods” (two ancient oaks of Border celebrity),
and through a romantic glen (where Chrysosplenium alternt-
folium was found in flower, and the beautiful oak fern in
some abundance) to the old stronghold of the Kerrs of Ferny-
hirst.”” Some of the party, on their way through the glen in
search of plants, disturbed a Long-eared Owl (Strex Otus, Linn.)
which had its nest on a ledge of rock up the side of a small
ravine ; the bird was a female so intent on her maternal duty
that we were within a few yards of the nest before she took
flight. The brood was hatched; the eggs being chipped,
and one young white downy chick found in the nest. ‘“‘The
ancient castle of Fernyhirst is now occupied as a farmhouse.
The old tower remains in perfect preservation, and is attached
to the more modern, though still ancient, residence. The
old chapel has, alas! been converted into a stable; but the
walls are in excellent preservation, and there is a fine door-
way—its peculiar ornamentation up each jamb, and that of
the coigns, are worthy of notice. The beautifully wooded
banks of the Jed are here covered with a fine turf, adorned
by a profusion of wild flowers, including primroses, dog
violets, wood forget-me-nots, anemonies, and wood sorrel, all
adding their beauty to the scene.

“The day was lovely; clear, bright, and cold, after ‘a
heavy night’s rain, which doubtless prevented insect life
from displaying itself as it would have done under more
favorable circumstances.

‘The party then crossed the river by Lintalee and Hunda-
lee, and proceeded by the upper road to Jedburgh ; its ancient
abbey and court-house in the foreground, and the fine woods
and mansion house of Hartrigg, being seen in the distance.”

A few of the members visited, before dinner, ‘ Queen

Annversary Address. 294

Mary’s House,” a quaint old residence of some historical in-
terest, as its name implies, but not calling for any special
notice at our hands. An old and umbrageous pear tree,
covering with its branches a large portion of the garden,
looks as though it might be a contemporary of the Capon
iEree,

After dinner, Dr F. Douglas read a memoir of our late dis-
tinguished confrere, Dr Wm. Baird, of the British Museum,
who was one of the founders of the Club in the year 1831.
Sir Walter Elliot read some notes on the occurrence, in 1869,
of the Goshawk, at Minto; with a notice of other Raptorial
Birds, now scarce in the district. Dr Douglas communicated
an interesting paper, by Mr Hardy, on the Capon Tree ; and
Mr Jerdon and the President read notices of the period of
arrival during this season of our feathered summer visitants.
Sir Walter Elliot likewise called the attention of members to
the desirability of different Natural History Clubs communi-
cating with each other ; and also of members in different parts
of the county making observations regarding the arrival and
departure of our migratory birds, with a view to their being
tabulated—an office kindly undertaken by Mr Jerdon.

Our second meeting was held at Bamburgh, on the 27th
June. There were present:—The Rev. F. R. Simpson,
President ; Dr F. Douglas and Mr J. Hardy, Secretaries ;
Mr Robert Middlemas, Treasurer; Revs. Ven. Archdeacon
Hamilton, W. Darnell, W. Greenwell, W. Cumby, W. L. J.
Cooley, J. S. Green, J. Marshall, P. G. McDouall, C. Thorp,
EK. A. Wilkinson, J. E. Elliot, 8. A. Fyler, and A. Jones;
Drs C. Douglas and A. J. Main ; Sir Walter Elliot ; Messrs
F. J. W. Collingwood, Thomas Friar, J. E. Friar, W. B.
Boyd, Charles Rea, C. H. Cadogan, R. G. Bolam, E. Allen,
W. Wightman, and J. Clay ; and as visitors: Rev. J. Park ;
Messrs Stuart McDouall, Arthur Simpson, Laing, &c., &c.
The party, including visitors, numbered thirty-four. The
Victoria Inn was the Club’s hostel on this occasion.

After breakfast, the members filed off towards the castle.

295 Anmwversary Address.

Perched on its rock foundation, it stands above the neigh-
bouring flat in a position most favorable for the display of its
ample size; and, although considerably shorn of its original
extent to the north, it yet remains a grand and imposing
object. The contrast, however, between the castle and its
supporting buttress of pseudo-pillared rocks is not so favor-
able as if these were higher ; the lichens and the scanty tufts
of grass giving a raw grey colour, mixed with darker tints,
not in unison with the sandstone of the buildings. The
grassy slopes are covered with wild flowers: including the
gay viper’s bugloss, a treacherous plant to pluck, as it stings
the tender hand; the curious seeded hound’s tongue, with
its livid hue; henbane, Lycopsis arvensis, Carduus mari-
anus, C. tenuiflorus, Asperuga procumbens, the common
stork’s bill; while pendant from the rocky brows and chinks
hung the fair white sea-campion, and the bearded wall-
barley ; and up above these, the thrift and the buckshorn
plantain. Inside, the pellitory of the wall was noted ; and
the spots by the yellow lichen, Parmelia partetina, were very
obvious. On the way to the castle, a single Painted Lady
(Cynthia Cardui) was observed, sunning itself under the
shelter of the southern cliffs. From the battery, a calm sea
met the view, on which lay resting in that day’s quiet the
dark and rocky islets, with their suggestive buildings—once
the abodes of the religious anchorite or ruthless pirate, and
always reminding one of storms, shipwreck, and disaster. I
shall not detain you by any description of the buildings of
the castle. The Club, in viewing these, was honoured with
the company of several ladies, who thus added a new feature
to the day’s proceedings. After visiting the principal rooms
of the keep, the court room, armoury, and library, the party
descended to the famous draw-well, whose occupant, an
English queen under enchantment, is doomed every seven
years to appear in the shape of a toad. Its depths were viewed
by the aid of a candle sent down, whose flicker shewed that
it was the bucket, and not her majesty uprising, that ruffled ©

Anniversary Address. 297

the surface of its water. The ancient chapel, of which the
apse remains, had its due proportion of admirers ; as also the
fine old kitchen-hall, now used as a school for the charity
girls, who occupy also the adjoining portion of the castle.
After spending here a considerable time, a call was made to
move towards the church, a fine old building of which the
village may well be proud. The beauties of its architecture,
and of its old painted windows, proved so attractive, that
when the more active portion drew off for Spindleston, it was
found that over half the members still lingered there, and
these afterwards joined in a sea-side walk as a separate party.
The other walk proceeded by the public way, till some rocky

ERRATA.

Page 295, line 14, for “ Asperuga,” read “ Asperugo.”
» 304, ,, 25, for “rocks,” read “rock.”
», 306, ,, 17 and 18, for “ Juvencies,” read “ Juvencus.”
», 9l1l1, last line, for “mining,” read “ draining.”
», 363, line 4, for “sub-erial,” read “ sub-aerial.”
» 317, ,, 34, for “uncaptured,” read “ captured.”
3 224, ,, 8, for “Trvpnra,” read “'TRYPETA.”

~—

was coming into flower; a few plants of Reseda luteola had
sprung up; and the viper’s bugloss and purple lychnis
joined their gaudy blossoms. The crag itself is of pillared
augitic trap : a high perpendicular wall; and isnot most favor-
ably viewed close at hand. Ata distance it has a ruined
castle like appearance ; ivy, elder, spindle tree, dog roses, and
honeysuckle being rooted in its crevices and climbing up its
pillars, or hanging gracefully over its face. It is tenanted by
a noisy crowd of jackdaws, which from it make forays upon

the neighbouring farms.
2P

295 Anmversary Address.

Perched on its rock foundation, it stands above the neigh-
bouring flat in a position most favorable for the display of its
ample size; and, although considerably shorn of its original
extent to the north, it yet remains a grand and imposing
object. The contrast, however, between the castle and its
supporting buttress of pseudo-pillared rocks is not so favor-
able as if these were higher ; the lichens and the scanty tufts
of grass giving a raw grey colour, mixed with darker tints,
not in unison with the sandstone of the buildings. The
grassy slopes are covered with wild flowers: including the
gay viper’s bugloss, a treacherous plant to pluck, as it stings
the tender hand; the curious seeded hound’s tongue, with

A aati LEE (a 1 -

always reminding one of storms, shipwreck, and disaster. I
shall not detain you by any description of the buildings of
the castle. The Club, in viewing these, was honoured with
the company of several ladies, who thus added a new feature
to the day’s proceedings. After visiting the principal rooms
of the keep, the court room, armoury, and library, the party
descended to the famous draw-well, whose occupant, an
English queen under enchantment, is doomed every seven
years to appear in the shape of a toad. Its depths were viewed
by the aid of a candle sent down, whose flicker shewed that
it was the bucket, and not her majesty uprising, that ruffled ©

Anniversary Address. 297

the surface of its water. The ancient chapel, of which the
apse remains, had its due proportion of admirers ; as also the
fine old kitchen-hall, now used as a school for the charity
girls, who occupy also the adjoining portion of the castle.
After spending here a considerable time, a call was made to
move towards the church, a fine old building of which the
village may well be proud. The beauties of its architecture,
and of its old painted windows, proved so attractive, that
when the more active portion drew off for Spindleston, it was
found that over half the members still lingered there, and
these afterwards joined in a sea-side walk as a separate party.
The other walk proceeded by the public way, till some rocky
wooded heights (Budle Hills) were reached, across which a
footpath led. Here grew a few ferns, but nothing rare ; the’
maiden pink drew our attention to its blushing beauty, and
the wild roses (including sweet briar) had begun to gem the
hedge. Arrived at Spindleston-hill, the party drank to the
memory of the traditional story at “‘the Laidley Worm Trow;”
sundry flasks helping with their contents to qualify its fine
cool water, which, from the occurrence of a tufaceous frag-
ment near, has once had a petrifactive quality. Above the
watering trough grew Eupatorium cannabinum (here far from
thesea),and thehyacinth hare bell; whileivy mantled the rock.
In the cliffy wood on the south side of the pass across the
crags, the maiden pink again flourished ; Spirea Filipendula
was coming into flower; a few plants of Reseda luteola had
sprung up; and the viper’s bugloss and purple lychnis
joined their gaudy blossoms. ‘The crag itself is of pillared
augitic trap : a high perpendicular wall; and isnot most favor-
ably viewed close at hand. Ata distance it has a ruined
castle like appearance ; ivy, elder, spindle tree, dog roses, and
honeysuckle being rooted in its crevices and climbing up its
pillars, or hanging gracefully over its face. It is tenanted by
a noisy crowd of jackdaws, which from it make forays upon

the neighbouring farms.
2P

298 Annwersary Address.

The following is supplied by Mr Hardy. “ The slanting
space in front is almost impassable from rough blocks, which
time after time are dropping from the mutilated columns ;
their surface almost hid by thickets of the hoary thistle
(Cnicus tenuiflorus). ‘This is a great resort for birds, especi-
ally the Redstarts, of which several pairs were flitting about :
the females in alarm alighting on the walls, jerking and
spreading their tails, and uttering an alarm note; while the
more guarded males, shy of human presence, kept more at a
distance, or flew to the trees in the cliffs. For embellishment
here, the foxglove is notably absent. The principal plants
about the edges of the cliffs are—Allium oleraceum, the
white horehound, in quantity, Trifolium striatum, and
Mieracium sylvaticum. The salad burnet (Potertum San-
guisorba), forms a notable ingredient of the pastures all over
these hills. Towards the north-west is another towering
cliff, having at a distance a fancied resemblance to an Egyp-
tian Sphinx, and called the Cat’s Crag, from being at no
very remote period the resort of the wild cat. On the south-
east, at the side of the pass, is a detached upstanding pillar
of whinstone, which is the ‘ Spindlestone,’ on which the
traditional hero of the tale of the ‘ Laidley Worm,’ hung his .
bridle-rein, until he had ‘ won’ the overgrown beast, which
had made its den in the winding marshy hollow farther up ;
—for animals were on a great scale in those days, horses as
well as dragons. A rude British camp occupies the summit.
of the cliff, accommodated to the irregularities of the area,
the precipice forming one of the ramparts. It is a double
camp; the largest division being the easternmost. The
western compartment is bounded by a ditch, which may have
held water. This at length communicates with a hollowed
road; that descends the back of the hill, away towards Warn
water. This western single-walled section has a separate
entry, secured by an oblong guard-house ; and there is also
a principal entry common to both. The eastern camp has a
double wall. ‘There are no hut circles. A strong wall, in

Annversary Address. 299

connection with ancient sheep-cotes and cattle-folds, is visible
to the south, in the pasture, below the wooded cliffs. From
the top there is an extensive look-out, reaching from the
Cheviots and Ras Castle on the west, to the Eglingham hills
and lone Dunstanborough on the south ; while the Lammer-
moors, Halidon hills, and the rocks near Eyemouth form the
northern circuit. Holy Island and the adjacent coast were
strongly marked by the sandy belt, girdling, and girdled by,
the unruffled sea of a lovely summer day. Bamburgh, the
further we had receded from it, had gained in dignity, and
reached its due proportion; and might well be called, although
ages have flown since Beda applied the epithet, ‘ the Royal
City.’ Members scattered themselves about over the face of
the pasture, which was diversified by low crags and flat
barren rock spaces, and were pretty well remunerated for
their diligence. The lichens, Parmelia conspersa and
Cladoma cervicornis, were in fine order on the rock patches.
There were spots, over which in winter the water oozes,
which were dry and burnt up now, and have the peculiarity
of a moist and arid-loving flora; and Sedum villosum and S.
acre, two contraries, were there flourishing in juxtaposition.
Around this bareness was also a dwarf variety of Bromus
racemosus, such as is found on sea-beat rocks far off at the
Mull of Galloway. Spergula subulata is nowhere more
abundant than here; Geranium columbinum was gathered,
“new to this portion of the Flora, and not a common plant ;
Menchia erecta, Hypericum humifusum, and a pale variety
of Aira cristata were also present. There was also a flower-
less patch of Spirea Filipendula ; and little bits of turf
composed of the common garden chives (Allium Schenopra-
sum) starving in a poor moory soil. The latter in its native
state here is most sickly and dwarf; but I saw afterwards an
example of it transferred to Mr Boyd’s rockery at Ormiston,
increased within a couple of months to full garden luxuri-
ance. Antennaria dioica occurred farther up, on soil rather
disposed to the production of heath. On the previous evening,

300 Anniversary Address.

Icollected in the bog between Spindlestoneand the pond, Gym-
nadenia conopsea, Orchis maculata, and its rose-coloured
variety, Listera ovata, Epipactis palustris, Valeriana dioica,
Blysmus compressus, Carlina vulgaris, and Ranunculus
Lingua; and near the farm-place, the wart-cress, Coronopus
Ruellii. A few insects were taken, including Metabletus foveola
(on the hills), Spherula Lythri ; and a saw fly, from the bog,
Cladius difformis. At Bamburgh, subsequently, Mr Middle-
mas found a double variety (garden form) of the soap-wort
(Saponaria officinalis), run wild near the edge of the links ;
and Mr Boyd plucked a sea-side variety of Galium verum,
which simulates a heath.”

The route by the sea-side hostelwards was abandoned for
want of time, and the party returned by the Budle road, just
in time to meet their friends from the sea-side.

The company assembled at dinner numbered thirty-three.
Time being limited, business was gone into rapidly (rather
than orderly), and quickly dispatched. The Rev. Robert
Park, Bamburgh ; Mr Thomas Arkle, Highlaws, Morpeth ;
and Captain J. Carr-Ellison, Hedgeley, were proposed as
members of the Club. Mr Darnell was then requested to
read his paper on, “‘ Bamburgh Church: past and present.”
The President read an account of the supposed occurrence of
the Sand Grouse, on Beadnell and Sunderland links, this
spring, as reported to him; and made some remarks on
a somewhat peculiar solar halo, which he had seen
on the 9th of May. A communication from the British
Association of Science to the -Secretaries, “On the
Organization of Local Scientific Societies,” was then taken
up; and Sir Walter Elliot addressed the Club in some ex-
planatory remarks, as the purport of the cireular had been
misapprehended. Mr Hardy then read an article on a Cist,
which had been ploughed up near Oldcambus in June; and
afterwards shewed a number of flints which had been picked
up in the cultivated fields, as well as several rude ornaments
of the flint age. The Rev. Canon Greenwell then addressed

Annwersary Address. 301

the Club on some points suggested by this paper, and after-
wards authenticated the whole of the articles, as being such
as he was familiar with during his researches in the York-
shire wolds and the chalk districts; observing that some of
the types were rare, and the ornaments remarkable for their
‘extreme rudeness. Mr Middlemas read a paper from Mr
Dickson of Alnwick, correcting some mis-statements about
Bamburgh, which he shewed, by reference to original docu-
ments, were far from authentic. The President then read an
article from Mr R. Carr-Ellison, on “* Certain secreted stores,
and certain exuded provisions of moisture, whereby young
Gallinaceous Birds are enabled to sustain life in dry seasons.”
Several minor communications were made, which did not
reach the general audience. Among these, the President
mentioned a letter from the Rev. W. Procter, of Doddington,
enclosing one which he had received from the Rev. Adam
Sedgwick, the venerable Woodwardian Professor and veteran
geologist, of Cambridge, in which he writes :—‘TI have no
fear that any of the discoveries of geology can ever touch the
great saving truths revealed to us in the Word of God.

No discovery of philosophic truth can ever shake any one of
these elements of Divine truth; but they may shake and
destroy our narrow interpretation of certain portions of the
Bible.”” The letters had been mislaid, so could not be read;
but their purport was given to the meeting. Mr Cadogan
mentioned that in driving from Wooler to the meeting, he
had observed two Ash-coloured Shrikes on the wall of Fow-
berry park, one having a captured insect in its mouth, which
shewed that they were breeding. Mr Wightman produced
from a field near Wooler, a silver penny of Edward I., coined
at Dublin: the inscription being, EDW. R. ANGL. DNS. HYB. ;
and. on the reverse, CIVITAS DUBLINIE. The President had
brought. two packets of silver coins, from the ruins of an old
pele tower at North Sunderland, found chiefly in 1832--33,
when the tower was pulled down. Several of the members
having to depart for the trains north and south at Belford,

302 Annwersary Address.

the party broke up early ; the meeting, from the number and
interest of the communications read or given, having been
one of the most successful.

The third field meeting of the Club was held on July 25th,
at Langleyford, an old and favourite rendezvous, at the base
of the Cheviots, and was numerously attended. There were
present :—The Rev. F. R. Simpson, President ; Mr James
Hardy, Secretary ; Mr Robert Middlemas, Treasurer; Revs.
W. Greenwell, W. L. J. Cooley, W. Darnell, W. Meggison,
P. G. McDouall, J. S. Green, J. Elphinstone Elliot, E. B.
Trotter; Sir George S. Douglas, Bart.; Sheriff Russell ;
Dr Dennis Embleton; Messrs C. H. Cadogan, W. Wight-
man, J. B. Boyd, A. Jerdon, J. E. Friar, W. Henderson, J.
C. Langlands, W. B. Boyd, T. Tate, G. Sholto Douglas, G.
P. Hughes, C. Rea, E. Allen, J. Heatley, T. H. Gibb; and
the following as visitors: Major Paton ; Captain Nicholls ;
Messrs R. Howse ( Newcastle), — Ellis, — Cooley, C.
Darnell, Stuart McDouall, Arthur Simpson, E. A. Storer, H.
A. Paynter, R. W. Surtees (South Shields), A. Barbour, W. T.
Hindmarsh, and H. H. Blair.

Our worthy Secretary, Mr Hardy, in addition to the ex-
haustive paper he has prepared on Cheviot, has also furnished
me with copious notes of this visit. I willnow give you such
extracts as may serve for a brief, but connected, summary of
our day’s proceedings.

“The weather was not quite propitious, a dense mist oc-
cupying the tops of the higher hills; but it dispersed at
intervals, affording in glimpses, magical revelations of wild
highland scenery. Later on thunder was heard in the dis-
tance, and some showers fell, but without disturbing the
equanimity of the proceedings. The greater number of visi-
tors had reached Wooler or its vicinity on the previous even-
ing, and were conveyed in carriages to the scene of meeting.
Alnwick also sent up a large contingent, and the company
was augmented by several subsequent arrivals.

** About 11 o’clock, the company took the road for Lang-

Anniversary Address. | 303

leyford Hope, winding through the bowery groves of birch
which fringe the stream, or coming out upon the breezy open,
according as the path led on. Several strong moraines, or
boulder mounds, were either crossed or skirted, indicative of
glacial action in pristine periods on the sides of the hills ;
and various British hut-circles and tumuli appeared on the
adjacent moor, this being their highest position in the Lang-
leyford vale. Arrived at the Hope, the more numerous party
preferred the easier alternative, pointed out in the circular,
of going up the Langleyford Burn to Harthope Linn, in order
to see a succession of pretty waterfalls, so concealed in a
crevice in the porphyry that several members passed without
being aware of their proximity. The steep rocky banks
overhung with native wild-wood, were diversified with fine
thriving ferns arrayed in their light green tints, some of them
rare, as well as other upland plants now in flower; none of
them, however, unless perhaps the stone-bramble, particularly
local. Hypnum ochraceum was found in fruit; Blasia
pusilla was also seen; and the rare lichen, Sticta fuliginosa,
for which this is the special locality.

“Other more ardent and adventurous spirits, undeterred
by the misty prospect on the region above, resolved to climb
Cheviot itself. The undertaking for a certain distance was
facilitated by the track made by the sledge, a very rude
vehicle, used in conveying peat from the heights for the
shepherd’s stock of winter fuel. The first indication of pro-
gress is the appearanc2 of the cloud-berry, or mountain
bramble, locally called ‘noops,’ a word equivalent to ‘knobs’
or ‘knops’; the lowermost height of which may be roughly
estimated at 1800 feet. It does not fruit on this its lower
frontier ; but on the spongy tract on the summit, its scarlet
berries—they become yellow, when they ripen,—were wel-
come objects of attention, scattered like rare gems among the
sapless rein-deer lichens, the wiry bents and scant heath, and
the bleached or lurid bog-mosses, that form the staple pro-
duction of that wind-swept waste. Various halts were called,

304 Annwersary Address.

in order to gather up members lingering in the rear, lest they
should become bewildered in the mist. Before reaching the
‘glitters * near the apex, several mountain plants were
gathered: the cotton grass, cowberry, crowberry, bilberry (in
great tracts), cow-wheat (mountain variety), wood-sorrel,
rein-deer and Iceland lichens, ‘'Tripe de roche’ (Gyrophora),
three species of club-moss (Lycopods), &c. The cairn on
the eastern end of Cheviot was reached in an hour and three-
quarters from the Hope, all the upper journey being through
drifting mist. Owing to the coolness of the day, the fatigue
was not great. After a short stay, a certain number volun-
teered to search the mist for one of the cairns, where rock is
to be obtained 7m setw. The examination, however, proved
futile, various imaginary pinnacles deluding the vision now
and then, towards which a push would be made, across
treacherous-looking black peat rifts; but these phantoms
proved altogether illusory, and the search terminated in the
party drawing up near one of the ‘ poles,’ situated a con-
siderable way along the ridge. Here it was resolved to
retreat, while it was yet possible to find the way back; and
it was lucky again to discover the cairn whence they had
departed on this wild-goose chase.

“On a subsequent day, the object of search, ‘ Dunsdale
Cairn,’ which is not a cairn, but a crag, was visited, and it
was found that the rocks of which it consists does not repre-
sent the loose blocks piled into a cairn on the eastern end of
the hill, or clustered together in the surrounding glitters,
which conceal entirely the rock beneath. Immediately above
Langleyford cultivated ground, on the sides and in the bed of
the burn, the rock is a granitoid porphyry, with a light fleshy
felspar basis, enclosing numerous large felspar crystals
(whence it takes a rough granular fracture), a greyish white
quartz, together with small scales of mica, interspersed with
larger blackish grey blotches of the same mineral. Nearly
all the bottom boulders, and those half-way up what is called
the ‘ Hill End,’ are of this variety. It is areadily decompos-

Annwersary Address. 305

ing rock, owing to the size of its crystals, and weathers into
large blocks, or crumbles into a coarse gritty sand. Farther
up, the loose rocks have the same flesh-coloured felspar basis,
only the crystallization is more minute, making the texture
more compact, the fracture being finely granular ; the micain
longish thin black crystals; with oblong crystals of white
felspar ; causing the rock to be more porphyritic than grani-
toid. Itis also weathered into large blocks, but being more
compact, these subdivide into thinner slices than the preced-
ing, and into angular fragments, which would finally become
clay rather than grit. All the ‘ Hastern Cairn’ and adja-
cent glitters are of this variety. A similar rock occurs 7
situ, in the Pebble Burn. The rock of ‘ Dunsdale Cairn’
has a greyer basis. It is finely granular, compact, both the
felspar and quartz are grey, alternating to fleshy-coloured in
the former, with long crystals of felspar, and no mica; and
then gradually the basis gets more fleshy-tinted, and there
are oblong crystals, and amorphous blotches of black mica.
It is prismatic and jointed in structure, and weathers into
large blocks; and is an excellent example as to how those
rocks decay, and how those free blocks on the hill face, as
well'as the assemblages in clusters, have primarily originated.

** So-exhilarating was the mountain air, that in the descent
the glee of the party grew quite exuberant, young and old
going helter-skelter over the heather and rocks, quite forget-
ful of the somewhat painful ‘excelsior’ efforts made shortly
before to gain this point of elevation. A glissade was also
attempted, but owing to the moisture on the grass, which was
enough to wet through the boots, avas probably more cooling
than agreeable. This was perhaps, however, the first time
the alpenstock was ever brandished on Cheviot. When the
party were about half-way down, the sunbeams rent the
travelling mist asunder, and showed under its long trails a
wondrous prospect of the steep grey-green sides of Hedge-
hope, inscribed in front with inky characters from the

numerous open peat-rifts or ‘ moss-brooks’; while below
2Q

306 Annwersary Address.

hung pictures of pigmy trees, variously grouped. Then
came the stretch of Langleyford vale, with its crags or
castellated rocks on the boundary ridges; and away out
from beneath the cloudy canopy, the low country smiling in
the brightness of golden sunshine. Despite mishaps, and
falls, and partial disappearances in hidden drain gullies, all
arrived at Langleyford, safe in limb, and in excellent spirits.
Some members who had climbed the mountain were so little
fatigued, that they afterwards ascended the Diamond Burn,
and were rewarded by finding some fair specimens of ame-
thystine crystals ; though these, from the constant chipping
of frequent tourists, are becoming yearly more scarce.

‘During the day, some of the attendants had captured, in.
the fir wood, a rare and very conspicuous insect, new to the
Club’s district and the Northumbrian Fauna, viz., Strex gigas,
a kind of saw-fly, whose larvee lives in coniferous wood. A
month afterwards, a second species of the genus, Strex Juven-
cies, of similar habits, was sent by Mr Jerdon, from Jedburgh;
and it is supposed that both of these have been observed in
these localities for the first time.

*‘ After dinner, Mr Hardy read a paper on the physical
features, natural history, and archeology of Langleyford
vale, and that side of Cheviot ; after which the Rev. Canon
Greenwell delivered a lucid address on the ancient inhabit-
ants of the hills, their habits, and occupations, as the results
from the series of laborious explorations which he has
prosecuted for so many years among the barrows of the
Northumbrian moors, the Yorkshire wolds, and the chalk-
pits of Suffolk and the south of England. There was no
time for other papers, which were merely announced ; the
company separating at six o’clock, on their way to their
respective destinations, well pleased with the recreation and
instruction derived from such assemblages ; where science
divests itself of its formal solemnity; where facts become
deeply impressed on the mind amidst the grandeur or beauty
of nature, ever to be recalled with the delight almost of a

Anmversary Address. 307

living presence ; and where the solitary investigator is
cheered to find himself surrounded and encouraged by so
many of his friends.”

The following were proposed as members of the Club, at
this meeting :—Major James Paton, Hundalee, Jedburgh ;
Captain Thompson, Walworth Hall,:Darlington ; Messrs E.
A. Storer, H. A. Paynter, and W. T. Hindmarsh, Alnwick.

Mr W. Boyd suggested that it was desirable the Club
should be represented at this year’s meeting of the British
Association ; and Sir Walter Elliot and Mr G. P. Hughes
were proposed, and kindly consented to act as our delegates.
Subsequently, I had a letter from Mr Hughes, informing me
that it was not in accordance with the rules of the Associa-
tion, for Clubs so far removed from the locality of the meeting
to send deputations ; but that, as President, I might author-
ize him to represent me, and that he would be so admitted
to the various sectional committees. Of course, I wrote to
him immediately, as desired ; and the Club have to thank
him for the zeal and ability with which he has gone into the
matter, and also for his courtesy in sending to me a resumé
of the proceedings at which he was present—placing the MS.
at my service for extract or quotation. Mr Hughes has
since consigned the MS. to Mr Hardy, for the use of the
Club.

Our fourth meeting was held at Hume Castle, on the 29th
August. There were present:—Dr Francis Douglas and
Mr James Hardy, Secretaries ; Revs. J. H. Walker, Geo. S.
Thomson, J. S. Green, P. G. McDouall; Drs Chas. Stuart,
A. Brown, W. W. Campbell; Messrs W. B. Boyd, A.
Jerdon, R. Romanes, C. Watson, G. S. Douglas, Jas. Tait,
Francis Walker, Jas. Wood, Jas. Cunningham, Geo. Allen,
Geo. Young; and as visitors: Rev. Robert Home; Messrs
Patterson, Robert Hislop, Geo. Logan, Adam Deas, Douglas
Simpson, and John Stuart.

The President was necessarily absent, being at the time at
Buxton in search of health. Our indefatigable Secretary, Mr

308 Annwersary Address.

Hardy, again, however, comes to the rescue, and to his notes
I am again beholden for the following account of an interest-
ing and successful meeting.

“The day on the whole was favourable, excepting that a
few slight showers rather dimmed the prospect.

“‘Hume Crags is a ridge of augitic trap, running west
and east, above one of those longitudinal depressions which
accompany the outburst of trap; as if there had been emptied
from beneath the trough, much of the material that had
been protruded upwards. The ridge is heaved into humps,
with passes across; the passes lie about W.S.W., the rock
having given way nearly at the joints, which are E. and W.,
and N. and 8. The rock is rudely pillared, the pillars being
broken a short way above the surface ; and when seen from
a little distance, the green hillocks, studded with the grey
projections, resemble pieces of crystallized spar of exagger-
ated proportions. The rock is a crystalline augitic trap, or
greenstone, having a green tint in the fracture, and contains
numerous acicular felspar crystals—very little olivine being
apparent on the exposed surface. The rock shews trifling
debris, or gitter, and that chiefly on the northern side. It
decays sparingly also; but where the atmospheric action has
penetrated the rock, the surface oxidises, and the pillars
break into square sections, which scale off at the corners,
forming rounded yolks. The water being flavoured with the
ochre, is not commendable. Being of inconsiderable height,
the Flora is poor. In the fissures grow fox gloves, Oxalis,
dog-violet, bilberry, wood sage, Hveractum murorum, and
blue-bells in profusion; and Sedwm acre, and mother-of-
thyme, on the bare surface. Brywm crudum is the best
moss. Hedwigia ciliata also grows here. The notable
lichens are Parmelia conspersa, P. aquila, Squamaria sazxt-
cola, Alectoria jubata, and Spherophoron coralloides. Viola
lutea occupies the intervals of the whinny ground; and near
some of the runnels, Sedum villosum used to flourish in
former years.

Anniversary Address. 309

““No buildings, except the traces of some old folds, are
apparent, so far as examined, The ridge is the farthest out-
lying reef of that group of fantastic shaped hills, that render
the scenery of this portion of the Borders so peculiarly
romantic, apart from any association with history, literature,
or song; and being isolated, and standing prominently for-
ward towards the far extended level lands around, is one of
the most conspicuous spots in the district. Hume Castle
occupies the last detached and highest boss of rock, at the
S.E. end of the ridge ; having been both a watch-tower and
a chieftain’s eyrie. It is not sufficiently elevated in site ever
to have been impregnable ; and notwithstanding the vaunt
that it ‘ stood upon a rock,’ it was vulnerable in almost every
attack: but it was sufficiently commanding during predatory
warfare, to maintain its hardy owners in their pride of place,
with the aid of the stalwart followers whom need of protec-
tion attached to this stronghold. It occupies nearly all the
space that can be built upon square; standing above an
abrupt bank of rock on one side, while the other slopes away
green and grassy, deep into the lowland far beneath. There
is very little surviving of the ancient structure, and that only
in a mouldering condition. The present frame-work, repre-
sentative at a distance of an imposing fortress, was reared
about 1799, at the instance of the eldest son of the Earl of
Marchmont, who sat in the House of Lords as Lord Berwick
but predeceased his father. It includes a cottar’s garden,
and a plot of grass, and the ruins of a hut which sheltered
those who had charge of the beacon, when the country was
alarmed by the threatening designs of Napoleon I. The
‘ fair well,’ mentioned by Patten, in 1547, as a ‘rare thing,’
is still there; and at present contains some very muddy
water. A quantity of ground-ivy grows near the well mouth,
and the goat’s-beard thrives there as if it had been a green

field. Outside, Tortula muralis produces fruit; Parmelia
parietina gives quite a saffron hue to the southern sunny

wall; and along with it at the base, the mealy white

310 Anniversary Address.

Diploicia canescens adheres closely to the rock. The swifts
shriek round the turrets, as they pass, intermingled with
other swallows. The Club’s meeting places for the season
could not be surpassed for points of view ; and the panorama
from Hume Castle does not yield to any of them, for its extent
and variety, its rich cultured beauty, or the hills which hem
it round.on every side.

“* After the Club had {enjoyed the prospect, they assembled
in the interior to listen to an article by Mr Tait on Hume
Castle ; of which the principal and most valuable part con-
sisted of a copy, belonging to Mr George Logan, tenant of
Humehall, of an interesting rental of the lands of Hume,
when they were sold by the Karl of Home, 19th February,
1766, to Hugh, Earl of Marchmont. The lands were then
minutely subdivided, and held by about sixty-nine small
tenants, and very few of the rents were so high as one pound
a-year. The whole extent of the property is 2100 acres, and
is now held by five tenants. The rental in 1766 was
£410 10s. 3id.; in 1872, £3153. Myr Logan himself was
present to point out the local topography, in which he is
particularly versant. On the platform before the entrance to
the Castle, are some foundations, which according to tradi-
tion were ‘ Cospatrick’s Castle’; perhaps one of the ‘ burly
byggynges bauld’ that ‘ Wallace wight ’ cast down, accord-
ing to Blind Harry. The castle garden lay on the glacis
southwards, where some lines of ash-trees follow the van-
ished boundary wall. The village itself, as the upturned
foundations testify, stood also on the southern flank of the
hill, beneath the castle guns. The new proprietor gathered
the cottages up from the fields and from amidst the small
plots of ground, and pitched them in a long unpicturesque
row by the side of the public road, where we now behold
them. Several more of them, such as they are, have since
gone to ruin, and been swept away. The population
deteriorated ; and it was long a popular reproach to be one
of the ‘ Horners (spoon-makers) of Hume.’ At one time it

Anmversay Address $11

could muster four hundred warriors as its guota to it’s lord’s
array. The Bow-butts is a field to the westward, formerly
devoted to the training of archers. One of the pendicles of
land, called the ‘ Postman’s rig,’ in 1766 belonged to Ninian
Leitch, which he and his predecessors had held rent-free as
a salary for being baron officer since 1698. The tradition is,
that its first possessor was once dispatched to Edinburgh by
the Earl, with an urgent message. Next morning, however,
his lordship observed him loitering about, in apparent neglect,
and ordered him to condign punishment ; when he shewed
that he had already accomplished the journey to the capital,
and done everything required. The earl was so pleased
with his promptitude, that he granted him the ‘ Postman’s rig’
in perpetuity. The family held a horn, which is still pre-
served, which had been used in delivering messages and
summonses. ‘The churchyard is situated at the bottom of a
hill-side, almost out of view of the castle. The church has
been a humble one, of an oblong form; of it the foundations
alone now exist. Near it is the burial vault of the Earls of
Home: a plain structure, corresponding to the church to
which it was appended. It appears to have been renovated.
The tombstones are all modern. Of the ‘rude forefathers of
the hamlet,’ there is not even ‘a frail memorial.’ In the
south-east corner, a green mound is called the ‘ Pest Knowe,’
which is said to have been heaped above persons who died of
the plague. Modern excavations have not detected any
tokens of either bones or sepulchral remains. Perhaps it is
only a pile of earth, excavated from the foundations of the
church or the burial vault. Above the churchyard, on an
elevation, are five pine trees, on a narrow selvage of ground ;
which is said to be the only remnant, pertaining to the original
owners, of the ancient barony of Hume. An ancient road
traverses the country here, passing Hume byres and crossing
towards the churchyard by a bridge, but formerly by a ford,
through a marsh which is now dried up. Near it some years
ago, a man, in mining, dug out thirty-six horse shoes, of a

312 Anniversary Address.

small kind ; and others similar have been picked up there at
sundry times. It is supposed that in returning home from
some raid, the shoes had got loosened and had stuck in the
tenacious clay of the ‘sluther,’ or slough; but they might
have got lost also, if the horses when grazing resorted here to
drink. Somewhat further down stood the ‘Little Mill of
Hume,’ which, from working by fits and starts, became a
proverb: ‘It’s coming and going like the Little Mill of
Hume.’ There was a ‘ Meikle Mill’ considerably above it,
which intercepted the waters, and only allowed driblets to
escape, insufficient for a constant supply to its minor rival.
More than half-way down the fields, between the castle and
the churchyard, is the junction between the old red sand-
stone and the trap, very distinctly marked by the dwarf or
burnt up grass on the igneous rock, which almost comes to
the surface where they meet. The hollow and low ground
is red sandstone; and there isa detached fragment of it,
caught up by the trap, adjacent to the castle. It used to be
visited by Professor Jameson, when in the neighbourhood
with any of his pupils, as being supposed to favour the ex-
ploded Wernerian theory. There is a quarry in the sand-
stone, on the lands, but the stone obtained in modern times
is rotten and worthless. On the return to Greenlaw, by
Todrig, a puzzling variety of rock crosses the public road.
It has a reddish brown basis, and encloses red crystals of
felspar, and traces of chlorite. It is probably a volcanic ash
converted into porphyry, and connected with the outburst of
trap near Hume. Ina field nearer Greenlaw, and in the
enclosure walls, are numerous blocks of trap, with a lesser
number of greywacke. The trap includes large crystals of
olivine, thus differing from that at-Hume crags, although
popularly supposed to have been drifted thence. I should be
disposed to look for some other focus of dispersion more to
the north-west. Between this and Greenlaw is a sandy
moor, blooming with blue-bells and shepherd’s pansies
(Viola lutea). The ragwort has been more than usual

Anniversary Address. 313

profusely gay this season, as might be seen on the banks of
the Blackadder. The aspect of Greenlaw has much improved
in recent years ; most of the houses having exfoliated their
mean-looking coats of thatch, and adopted blue slates. The
houses have a bricky look at a distance, from the colour of
the sandstone of which they are built. The red sandstone of
Greenlaw quarry is valuable. Many of the railway bridges
in the vicinity were constructed of it; and there is a con-
siderable traffic in it to Melrose and Galashiels, and other
towns connected with the railway system.

‘* Before dinner, at Greenlaw, Dr Campbell exhibited por-
tions of the eggs, and the leg bones of the Moa, from New
Zealand; examples of red hematite, from East Lothian ;
and chips of mica slate, studded with garnets, from a British
mill-stone at Bogend, shewing that the old natives of the
Merse had either trafficked with the Scottish Highlands in
this commodity, or had brought it thither in their migra-
tions. There were also shewn large compact bullets, felted
by the action of the waves from macerated portions of a cargo
of flax, stranded at Burnmouth.

** Since the meeting, I have made enquiries about the
Quern, alluded to above, found at Bogend, and come to the
conclusion that it must have been lying in a small hut-circle,
either loose, or from portions of it being adherent to another
stone, as forming part of the pavement. Mr Hood, the
tenant, writes: ‘The place where the mica schist was found
was paved, apparently in a circle, with rough flags of stone
some nearly a yard long—the diameter of the circle would be
about three yards. Some of the flags had been turned up by
the plough before we saw the place, and the ploughman had
examined the stone, broken it, and thrown it aside as useless.
There was no appearance of bones, &c. ; although the place
was carefully examined as each stone was lifted with a pick-
axe. One of the flags had pieces of mica-schist adhering to
it.’ Mr Stevenson writes: ‘Mr Hood kindly sent mea large

portion, nearly half the Quern in question. The piece sent
2R

314 Annwersary Address.

is flat, and in the shape of asegment of acircle. It measures
about 15 x 9 inches, and where thickest 14 inch.’

“After dinner, a paper by Mr Robert Hislop, of Blair-
bank, Falkirk, on the Coleoptera of the west of Berwickshire,
was read, and will appear in the ‘ Proceedings.’ Two plants
new to the district were announced: Lactuca (Prenanthes)
muralis, found by Mr A. Brotherston at Hirsel, and brought
forward by Dr Douglas; and Dianthus Armeria, gathered by
Mr Wm. Boyd on a railway cutting near Kirkbank station,
Jedburgh Railway.”

The following were proposed as members :—Mr J. T. S.
Doughty, Ayton; Mr Adam Deas, Dunse ; and Rev. Robert
Home, Swinton.

Mr Hughes’ able and lucid resumé of the British Associa-
tion proceedings ought to have been brought before the Club
on this occasion ; but, owing to my absence from home, could
not be sent to the Secretary in time, These meetings of the
British Association for the Promotion of Science, marking,
as they do, year by year, the intellectual progress not only of
our own country, but of the whole civilized world, must always
be of great interest to local clubs like ours, engaged in a smaller
way in kindred pursuits. Able men from all parts of the
world meet together and compare notes ; they mention new
discoveries, discuss new theories, broach new opinions, and
report new facts and observations. There is something truly
grand in the continuous, and of late years rapid, onward
march of the human intellect, as we are enabled thus to
measure its progress. We may make much allowance for
what is exaggerated or fictitious, and still own to the
immense progress being made in science and civilization.
Nature’s forces are being yearly more thoroughly known, and
more largely utilized, so that the whole human race is being
benefitted by the advances made through the achievements
of the physical sciences. This advancement is plain and
palpable to all; and most so perhaps to those of our members
whose recollections carry them back, not to twenty or thirty,

Anniversary Address. 315

but to over fifty years. It is a plain and palpable advance,
and it is still going on—and we may well be proud of it.
But that feeling of justifiable pride must be tempered by
regret, that many of our leading men in scientific circles
should have latterly assumed a position more or less openly
opposed to dogmatic Christian faith. Physical science holds
a position totally distinct from that of religion, in the carrying
on of human progress—physical science and theology ought
never to clash with one another. To allow them to do so is
not only improper, but most unphilosophical. Dogmatic
truth has been delivered once, and once for all; but to
scientific research and development there is no limit, within
assignable bounds, if at all, for we know not where or how
far it may carry us. Our progress within our own recollec-
tion is, to repeat it, plain and palpable. But great as our
progress may seem, we can still only compare ourselves, to usea
favorite simile of a valued and old friend, to ‘‘ puppies nine
days old.” Something or other turns up every now and then
which makes us rub our eyes, and confess that we have, as yet,
on many subjects, only the faintest glimmerings oflight. We
cannot penetrate the depths of the immensity thatsurrounds us.
Of our own world—this earth and the subtle agencies that
surround it:—we know just enough to puzzle us and make us
feel how small our knowledge is ; of the region of the fixed
stars we know absolutely nothing. The wisest philosopher
in the world cannot tell the feeling of the soul after death.
Let science and dogma then each confine itself to its own
province: science exploring to the utmost the truth as it is
in nature ; dogma declaring the mysteries of faith as revealed
by the Holy Spirit of God. These and similar thoughts
have been suggested to me by the very able address of the
President of the British Association. Most, if not all, of you
will agree with me—all of you will bear with me.

Having gone again over the ground we had most pleasantly
traversed during our excursions in the past summer, we are
arrived at the close of a very enjoyable, and, as I hope, not

316 Anniversary Address.

entirely an unprofitable year. Other remarks I might have
been tempted to make, but I have trespassed too long on
your patience already. It only remains for me to record
here my deep indebtedness to our very able and indefatig-
able Secretaries, for the invaluable assistance derived from
their notes and observations. I have to thank them very
much, and you all, gentlemen, for your kind support and
indulgence during the time I have been in office, and can
only wish its duties had been more adequately fulfilled ; and,
in resigning the honor of being your President, I beg to
name as my successor for the next year—Dr Charles Stuart,
of Chirnside, an old and valued member.

Obituary Notices.

Dr Wiiriam Batrp. At 38, Burlington Road, West-
bourne Park, London, on the 27th January, 1872, after a
protracted and painful illness, William Baird, M.D., F.R.S.
(of the British Museum), aged 69 years. (See Memoir by
Dr Douglas). Dr Baird’s name is commemorated in Bardia,
a subgenus of Cythere, formed by McCoy on fossil Cyther:de ;
and in Lerneomena Bairdi, a parasitic Crustacean of Salter
in “ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,” 2nd ser. vi., p. 86. Plate
vil. B.

Rev. Tuomas Kniecut. The Rev. Thomas Knight, the
venerable and much beloved rector of Ford, departed this life
on Good Friday, 29th March, 1872, after only a few weeks’
illness, at Lowlynn, the residence of. his eldest son, Henry
Gregson, Esq., in the 77th year of his age, and the 53rd of
his incumbency as rector of the parish of Ford. Mr Knight
was a graduate of St. Peter’s College, Cambridge, where he
took the degree of B.A., in 1817. He was ordained deacon
in 1818, and priestin 1819 ; and was appointed to the rectory
of Ford in the latter year. On his attaining the fiftieth year
of his rectorate, his jubilee was celebrated at Ford by unusual
demonstrations of rejoicings, and a subscription was raised
by over six hundred of his parishioners and friends, to present
him with a memorial of their affectionate regard. At his
funeral all the neighbouring clergy and gentry, with the
parishioners and many others, assembled to do honour to the

Obituary Notices. 317

memory of the deceased, who for many years had maintained
a very high character as a minister anda man. Mr Knight
became a member of the Club, April 16, 1833 ; and officiated
as President in 1839, His anniversary address, delivered at
Milfield, 18th September, is the only communication from
him in our archives. His presence is noted at one or other
of the Club’s meetings for several years, when the attendance
was very sparse, compared with recent gatherings.

Dr Henry Fawcus. At Flodden Lodge, 15th May, 1872,
Henry R. Fawcus, M.D., fifth son of the late George Fawcus,
of Dunstan Steads, Embleton, aged 32. He became a
member of the Club, June 29, 1863.

T. C. Jerpon. At Upper Norwood, London, on the 12th
June, 1872, Thomas Caverhill Jerdon, late Surgeon-Major
in the Madras Medical Service, eldest son of the late Archi-
bald Jerdon, Esq., of Bonjedward, Roxburghshire. Mr
Jerdon, like Dr Baird, in his student life, was an active
member of the Edinburgh Plinian Society—a society, it is
believed, in which the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club was
foreshadowed ; and he became, therefore, on his return from
India, most appropriately associated with the Club: having
been nominated a member at the Cockburnspath meeting,
27th July, 1871, which he attended; but his unexpected
demise has cut short what might still have proved a useful
scientific career. Of this distinguished naturalist, Sir
Walter Elliot has agreed to favour us with a Memoir. His
name is commemorated in Jerdonia, a genus of Cyrtandracee,
containing a single species, a native of India, a small herba-
ceous, stemless plant. Our lamented friend, Rev. 8. Hislop,
also a native of the Borders, dedicated to Mr Jerdon a fossil
species of Cytherea (C. Jerdoni) discovered at Nagpur, and
described and figured in the ‘‘ Proceedings of the Geological
Society of London,” June 15, 1859.

WitittaAm Gray, Esa. William Gray, Esq., of East
Bolton, a member of many years standing of the Club, died
on the 27th June, 1872. Mr Gray was born 1796, and was
the eldest son of the late Right Reverend Robert Gray,
Bishop of Bristol, and was educated at Eton and Christ
Church, Oxford. He was brother of the late Bishop of Cape
Town, He was one of the oldest members of the Athenzeeum
Club, London; and J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant for the
county of Northumberland. Mr Gray was elected a member
of the Club, July 24th, 1850. Rarely being able to attend
the meetings, he yet took great interest in its publications.

318

Notice of a Goshawk killed at Minto, and of some other
Raptorial Birds ; with some Observations on Falconry.
By Sir Water Exxior, K.C.8.I., of Wolfelee.

The occurrence of so rare a visitant as the Goshawk,
(Astur palumbarius), within the range of the Club, should
not be allowed to pass unnoticed, and I therefore beg to
record the capture of a specimen at Minto on the 138th
November, 1869. 1t was shot by the Hon. W. Fitzwilliam
Elliot, on Minto Crags, and proved to be a fine young male,
measuring 22 inches in length and 41 from tip to tip of the
extended wings.* The skin was identified by Mr Turnbull,
of Glasgow, was stuffed, and is now preserved at Minto
House. The photographic portrait exhibited proves beyond
a doubt that it has been correctly named; a point I am the
more anxious to establish because the Peregrine Falcon has
so often been mistaken for the Goshawk: although there
should be no difficulty in discriminating them ; the one being
a long winged, and the other a short winged hawk. Mac-
gillivray observes, that the Goshawk has been declared to
breed in Peeblesshire ; whereas it is in fact the Peregrine
which has several eyries in the Moffat hills, “‘ whence,” he
adds, “ I cannot but believe that it must often have been the
bird so pleasingly introduced in old Scottish ballads as the
‘gay Goshawk.’” + Thomson, in his “ Natural History of
Treland,”’ states that the Goshawk of more than one list is
similarly misnamed. “It is the only name applied to F.
peregrinus,” he says, “in ‘Skimmins’ History of Carrick-
fergus’”’; and in his report of the Vertebrate Fauna of
Ireland, presented to the British Association in 1840, he
inserts Astur palumbarius with a mark of doubt, adding that
he had never seen a specimen. Yarrell quotes Selby to the
effect that he had never seen a recent specimen south of the
Tweed ; but that it was known to breed in the forest of
Rothiemurcus, in Scotland.

In the edition of “ Yarrell’s Birds ” now in course of pub-
lication by Professor Alfred Newton, of Cambridge, it is
asserted that, “in Northumberland, or the adjacent counties,
seven examples have been killed, according to various writers.”

* These measurements accord better with the size of the female, but I give
the statement as I received it.

+ “ Hist. Br. Birds,” by W. Macgillivray ; 1840. Vol. I., 48, note; also,
p. 182, and III., 303.

Notice of a Goshawk, &c., by Sir W. Elliot. 319

In Scotland, at least half-a-dozen have lately occurred, from
Roxburghshire to the Shetlands, the particulars of which
will be foundin Mr Robert Gray’s work ; while that gentle-
man, on the testimony of Mr Tottenham Lee, has reason to
believe that it has, even recently, bred in Kirkcudbrightshire,
as it formerly, almost without doubt, did in Forfarshire,
Stirling, Moray, and Sutherland. The same author also
quotes evidence from the “ Liber de Melros,”’ which seems to
show that in the thirteenth century it regularly bred on the
Border.* But Professor Newton adds that some caution must
be used in accepting such testimony, from the confusion
that prevails in the application of the same name to the
Peregrine. (Vol. I., p. 84-5).

At the recent meeting of the British Association, in Edin-
burgh, Professor Duns, of New College, read a paper “ On
the rarer Raptorial Birds of Scotland,’ in which the Gos-
hawk does not appear. His list contains only seven species
falling within our limits, viz., the Golden and Fishing
Kagles, Osprey, Peregrine Falcon, Rough-legged and Honey
Buzzards, and Marsh Harrier. It may be useful to supple-
ment this list by adding all the diurnal birds of prey found
within the Club’s limits, as far as recorded in our Proceed-
ings, and [ have prepared the following list accordingly,
quoting Professor Duns where necessary.

1. The GoLpEN Hace, (Aquila chrysaetos, L.) One, in plumage,
was caught in a vermin trap, near Coldingham, in March, 1866.
—Turnbull.t Bewick, quoting Wallis, states that its eyries
were found on the highest parts of the Cheviot range; and Sir
Wm. Jardine{ (1838) says, that one or two pairs used to breed
in the wild range of the Scottish Borders, but their nests have
not been known for twenty years.

* This supposition is only supported by negative evidence, based on the
facts that, while the Peregrine makes its eyries on high and inaccessible
cliffs, the Goshawk builds on trees —In the Melrose Chartulary, several
grants are found, made by the Avenel family, who were lords of Eskdale in
the reigns of William the Lion and Alexander IT. (a.p. 1165--1249); in which
they confer lands on the Abbey, but carefully reserve all rights of chase, in-
cluding even the trees on which the falcons build their nests (nidos accipitrum
aut sperveriorum), which were on no account to be felled until it could be
seen whether they wished to build there again (donec in anno proximo oS
pendatur si in illis arboribus velint aerieare vel non). Lib. de Melros, I
xvii, and Charters 39, 41, 196-8. It is remarkable that in these same siemens.
the monks are prohibited from setting any kind of traps, except for wolves.

+ “The Birds of East Lothian and a portion of the adjoining Counties,”
by W. P. Turnbull, 1867.

{ “Birds of Great Britain and Ireland.” 1838.

320 Notice of a Goshawk, &c., by Sir W. Elliot.

2. The WHITE-TAILED, or, CrnEREous Sea Eacts, (Halicetos
albicilla, L., 1766; Savigny, 1810). Frequents St. Abb’s Head
and Holy Island. Occasional visitant. (Iurnbull, Duns, Selby,
‘‘ Proceedings,” I., 186, 250). Macgillivray has a paper on its
habits in the ‘‘ Jour. Highland Soc.,”’ III., 924.

3. The Osprey, (Pandion haliceetus, Lu. and Sav., 7). On the
Tweed, where they seem to appear periodically. Two were killed
on Lord Home’s property in 1835 (Jardine). Frequent on the
Tweed (Macgillivray). Occasionally (Turnbull). Rare visitant
(Selby, Proc., I., 281).

4, The PEREGHINE Fatoon, (Falco peregrinus, L.) A permanent
resident, frequently seen ; one eyry, in the lofty precipice a little
to the north of St. Abb’s Head (Selby, Proceedings, I., 21,
251-6.) Four pairs breed on the coast of Berwickshire (Hepburn;
Proc., III., 71). An interesting paper on the flight of the
peregrine, by Mr Ralph Carr, appeared in Proceedings, II., 89 ;
see also V., 182. At the meeting, the Rev. A. Davidson stated
that it built about Linhope on Cheviot ; and Mr John Boyd has
observed more than one nest, every year, at Bizzle, in Dunsdale,
from which locality he took a pair of eyasses and sent them to
Mr Broderick, who trained and flew them.

5. The Lanner, (falco lanarius, L.) A specimen of this bird
was exhibited by Mr Broderick, at the meeting at Berwick in
1845; but itis not stated that it was obtained in the district,
and perhaps was only brought to show in what characters it dif-
fered from the Peregrine and Kestrel. (Proc., II., 167). Itis not
included in the last edition of ‘‘ Yarrell’s Birds,’’ and is only
mentioned here to guard against misapprehension. Both Bewick
and Pennant have asserted that it breeds in Ireland, but both
have probably mistaken the Peregrine for it.

6. The Hossy, (Falco subbuteo, L.) It is stated by Gray,* on
the authority of Mr Heckford, of the Kelso Museum, that a
specimen was shot at Branxholm, in 1823; but the fact requires
confirmation. Mr Gray adds, that though not a common species
in Scotland, its occurrence is now so frequent as to excite some
surprise that it should have escaped observation hitherto.

7. The Rep-FoorED Fatcon, or, ORANGE-LEGGED Hossy, (Falco
vespertinus, L., 1766; F’. rufipes, Beseke, 1792). A single speci-
men of this rare species, found by Mr Dand, at Hauxley, near
Acklington, in October, 1868, was described by our late Secre-
tary, Mr Tate, in the fifth volume of the Proceedings, p. 439.

8. The Meruin, (Falco Hsalon, Gmel., 1788). Although few
examples are recorded by the Club, it is probably not rare. One
is mentioned as shot by Mr Dunlop, at Blanerne, on the Whit-
adder, in 1833; and another by the same gentleman, at May-
field, in April, 1847. (Proc., I, 14; IT., 220.) It does not occur
in Mr Selby’s list, I., 256.

* “ Birds of the West of Scotland,’ 6, by Robert Gray.

Notice of a Goshawk, &c., by Sir W. Elliot. 321

9. The KzstreL, or, WIND-HOVER, (Palco tinnunculus, L.) One
of the most extensively distributed species of falcon; is so com-
mon in the British Islands that it has escaped frequent notice in
our records. Mr Selby, in his large work, describes it as hawk-
ing cockchafers late in the evening, ‘‘ seizing one in each claw,
eating them while flying, and returning to the charge again and
again.’ One of Waterton’s notes well describes the habits of the
Wind-hover. (Essays, p. 27, ed. 1838). Proc., I., 19.

10. The GosHawk, (Astur palumbarius, L., Lacepede, 1801)
has already been noticed at length. A writer in the “ Field,”
under the signature of ‘‘ Varvel,’’ bewails the war of extermina-
tion waged against the Peregrine, which is often mistaken for
the Goshawk, and fears it will soon become extinct as the (os-
hawk is already. (*‘ Field,” April 13th, 1872.) He adds that a
falconer friend had written to him last season: ‘‘ This year, for the
first time, I am unable to obtain my young peregrines.”

11. The Srarrow-Hawk, (Accipiter nisus, L.; A. fringillarius,
Lacep). Common everywhere. Proc., I., 256.

12. The Buack Kirz, (Milvus migrans, Boddaert; IL ater,
Gmelin; JL niger, Brisson), A single specimen of this bird was
taken in a trap at Alnwick, by the Duke of Northumberland’s
gamekeeper, in May, 1866; and was described by Mr John
Hancock in the “ Ibis” for 1367, p. 253. He supposes it to be the
first instance of its occurrence in Britain ; but Sibbald (‘‘Scotia
Tllustrata,’’ Part III., p. 15) mentions in his list of the Scottish
fauna “ Milvus niger, a black glead, an Lanius ?”’—and its trivial
name imports a wandering habit.

The Common Kite, or Glead, once so common, appears to be
extinct in the south of Scotland.

13. The Common Buzzarp, (buteo vulgaris, Lacepede, 1800).
Selby records a specimen found at Mellerstain in 1841. (Proc.,
I., 256). Mr A. Jerdon also stated at the meeting, that another
had been killed by the keeper at Edgerston, about 1850. It used
to be common, and, as Mr Hepburn informed Macgillivray, was
of great service to the farmers in destroying field mice, and
driving doves and pigeons away from the corn. Gray also
asserts, that it is just the instrument wanted to kill off sick and
feeble game-birds, if only spared by. keepers as a useful auxiliary,
instead of being ruthlessly destroyed.

14. The RovcH-tuccED Buzzarp, (Buteo lagopus, Gmel., 1788;
Archibuteo lagopus, Brehm, 1828). An occasional visitant. Several
were killed within the district in 1840-1. Selby, Proc., I., 256.

15, The Honry Buzzarp, (Pernis apivorus, L., Cuv., 1817). The
occurrence of this remarkable species has been recorded on
several occasions. Sir William Jardine observes that the district
around Twizel appears to have something attractive for them, if
we may judge from the numbers captured there during the last

Qs

322 Notice of a Goshawk, &c., by Sir W. Elliot.

few years (1836). Proc, L, 101. Interesting notices of its habits
have been given by Mr Selby, Ib., I., 109, and Gordon Forster,
II., 173; and Gray states that it seems to appear at irregular
intervals, three or four having been shot in Berwickshire in June,

1845. They were again seen in 1863-4; and one was killed at
Newton Don in May, 1867.

16. The Marsu-Harrigr, or, Moor Buzzarp, (Circus Airuginosus,

L., Lacepede, 1800), isa permanent resident, but has now become
rare. Selby, I., 256.

17. The Hen-Harrter, or, Rrverain, (Circus cyaneus, L., Cuv.,
1817), is a permanent resident, and not uncommon, Ib. Prof.
Duns notes its breeding regularly in Berwickshire, but adds that
from recent inquiries it seems to be seldom met with now.

18. Montacu’s Harrier, (Circus cineraceus, Montagu, 1802 ;
C. Montagui, Vieillot, 1819). Very rare. A specimen in Mr
Selby’s possession was killed near Detchant, Proc., I., 256. Mr
Broderick reported a fine specimen caught in a trap at Alnwick,
on the 9th May, 1847; Ib., II., 201.

The value attached to some of these birds in the palmy
days of falconry, so different from the ruthless persecution
which now threatens their total extermination, will excuse a
few observations on a sport little followed in these days at
home, but still cherished in India, where at one time I saw
a good deal of it. Indeed, it is from the East that it is
supposed to have been originally derived. The people of
Asia have always displayed a remarkable aptitude for subdu-
ing the wild habits of animals and rendering them subservi-
ent to the purposes of man; as exemplified not only in
reclaiming falcons, but also in training the elephant, -the
hunting leopard, the cormorant taught to capture fish in
China, &c. The art has been made the subject of numerous
treatises in Persian, Arabic, and Turkish,* as it has in our
own country, in the celebrated “ Boke of St. Albans,” of
Dame Juliana Berners (1486).

In Europe, falcons are classed as long winged (or noble)
and short winged, according as they are fitted for continued
or for short flight ; but in the East, they are distinguished,

* T presented five MS. treatises in Persian, bearing the general title of
‘ B4zena-mah,” to the library of the India Uffice ; and the German orientalist,
Count Von Hammer Purgstall, has published a volume entitled ‘“ Falkner
klee,’ containing three treatises: 1st, a Turkish Baz-na-mah, from the
Ambrosian Library at Milan; 2nd, a Greek work called HIKRAKOSOPHION
(or, Habichte lehre); and 3rd, the MS. (Hand schrift) on Falconry of the
Emperor Maximilian; with translations into German of the Turkish and
Greek texts. Vienna, 1840.

Notice of a Goshawk, &§c., by Sir W. Elliot. 323

the former as black-eyed (s¢ah-chashm), the latter as pale-

eyed (or guldl-chashm), the irids of the one being invariably

black, of the other yellow or whitish. Among the former,

the Peregrine (or dyhree) stands pre-eminent ; while of the

latter, the Goshawk (or ddz) is most esteemed. The byhree

is trained to strike the heron, the Tantalus or dokh ( Tantalus

leucocephalus); the demoiselle crane (Ardea virgo); and
sometimes even the common crane (Grus cinerea), or the
bustard (Otis negriceps). ‘The haggard,* or bird that has:
left the nest to prey for itself, is generally preferred to the

eyass, or nestling ; and it is remarkable how soon the bird

learns to adapt its attack to the defensive tactics of its several

adversaries. The Tantalus has a strong, sharp cutting beak,

like a pair of scissors. She is therefore taught to seize it by

the head. The cranes being armed with a formidable talon

on the middle claw of each foot, a kick would tear the byhree

open, if it was not taught to pounce upon the shoulder and

so keep clear of the leg. But the bustard is generally too

much for it, for when threatened by the falcon, it alights on

the ground, where its great stature and strength enables it

to drive off its little assailant. It is said, however, that a
certain Nawab of Banganapilly, near Cuddapah, by dint of
hard riding, once prevented a bustard from settling, so that
it was eventually struck down by the dyrhee; a consumma-

tion, which so pleased the Nawab that he bestowed a village

in free gift on the falconer.

Another black-eyed falcon, the Shahin (F. peregrinator),
is trained to “ the standing gait,” or, in other words, to hover
over the falconer’s head at a considerable height, till the
quarry, a partridge or florikin (a kind of little bustard)

* The haggard is caught at the close of the rainy season, by means of
springs set by persons of the nomade fowler caste, called Yukalas or Yukal-
was, at the edge of tanks, which then swarm with wild fowl on which the
byhree preys. When secured, the captor passes a needle and thread through
the edge of her eyelids, which are then pulled up and the ends of the thread
tied over the top of her head, which effectually closes her eyes. Her feet are
then fitted with jesses, and she is made over to the falconer, who places her
on his fist and carries her continually day and night, relieved at intervals by
his assistants. She is thus kept without sleep and sparingly fed, till her
savage disposition is effectually subdued, which generally takes about a week
or ten days. The thread is then gradually loosened to let her see; and then
being withdrawn, isreplaced by an easy hood. She is then made over to the
charge of her special attendant—each falcon having her own,—who carries
her for several hours daily, hooding and unhooding, caressing and handling

her, till she is perfectly reclaimed and ready to begin her education by the
head falconer.

324 Notice of a Goshawk, &c., by Sir W. Elliot.

is sprung, when it swoops with the velocity of lightning,
trusses it in its talons, and rising before it touches the
ground, bears it off, till lured back by the falconer.

Another much esteemed black-eyed bird is the Charagh, or
Saker of Europe (f. sacer), which is flown at hares; and
even, in Persia, at the gazelle, lighting on its head and con-
fusing it till the greyhounds overtake it. But this I have
never seen. Macgillivray refers to instances* of its occurrence
in Scotland, and, quoting from an earlier paper written by
himself in 1836, states that it may still be seen occasionally
among the Grampians and in the wilder parts of Aberdeen-
shire, adding that, “its flight was so rapid that he could
hardly observe its habits” ; but the accuracy of this indica-
tion may be fairly doubted.

Besides these, several smaller black-eyed (or noble) hawks
are flown in India, but they are unknown here. I will only
add that, according to Marco Polo, the Tartars and Mongols
used to train a very large bird, apparently a species of eagle
called Barkiut, to strike deer, antelope, and wolves. Vol. L.,
393; Yule’s edition.

Of the pale eyed (or short-winged) hawk, the most prized
is the Goshawk (or ddz). It is trained to florikin, peafowl,
and sometimes to hares; but its flight is short and it does
not persevere like the bhyree, but on missing its quarry,
returns to its perch and watches for another opportunity. It
is rare in South India; and I have never seen its flight.

The Sparrowhawk (Shikra) is generally thrown at par-
tridges, quail, doves, and other small birds. The falconer
grasps it beneath, and throws it with a particular twist or
jerk of the wrist, only to be acquired by practice. Sometimes
it has an additional collar, called an hals or hansli-band, to
which a cord held between the finger and thumb is attached,
and which is thought to assist in keeping its head straight
when thrown. But it is seldom used.

In the East, male and female birds of each species have
different names; thus, the female Goshawk is the ddz, the
male the yurra. In like manner, we have the shahin and the
kohila, the shikra and chippakh or chipka, &c.; whereas,
in Europe, the male bird, from being so much smaller than
the female, goes by the general name of her tiercel or third,
whence tassel, tassel-gentle, &c. The tiny male of the

* “British Birds,” p. 340.

Bamburgh Parish Church, by the Rev. W. Darnell. 325

Sparrow-hawk, however, was called a musket, from moschetto
or musquito, a small stinging fly or gnat; and on the
introduction of fire-arms, the term was transferred to the
weapon which replaced the pike in the hands of the common
soldier, which he now calls—or did call, before the days of
of the Enfield and Snyder—Brown Bess. The rapid flight
of the noble birds, also caused the transfer of their names to
the earlier descriptions of ordnance guns; so that the first
5-pounders were called sakers, and the 3-pounders falcons,
from which the 13-pounder was termed a falconet.

The Ancient Parish Church at Bamburgh. By the Rev.
WiLuiaAmM Darne.t, M.A., Vicar. (Read at the Club’s
Meeting in July, 1872.)

It would be impossible, if I was even able, to give any-
thing like a history of this famous Church establishment, or
to note its progress from the foundation to the present day,
—especially in the pages of the Proceedings of a Club which
professes not to enter so deeply into such matters.

It has often been stated, in various parts of these Proceed-
ings, that it would be more in accordance with the duties of
the members to note down facts from time to time, which
may be useful to future historians; and this is my motive
on the present occasion for troubling the Club with a slight
account of this Church.

In the first place, I may note that the Parish is co-exten-
sive with the Shire of Bamburgh, comprising all the Town-
ships and Chapelries of this extensive Parish, including that
of Belford, now a parish by reputation. The Chapelries
were Beadnell, Tuggal, Lucker, and Warenton. I refer to
the Histories of the County by Wallis, Hutchinson, Mac-
kenzie, Hodgson, Raine, and the late Mr Sidney Gibson ;
and also to the paper read by Mr Dickson, one of our
members, at this meeting, which will be published in our
Proceedings. See also the account of the ‘‘ Churches of
Lindisfarne,” by Mr F. R. Wilson.

The original Church of Bamburgh dates from a very early
period. It is dedicated to St. Aidan, first a monk of Iona,
who, at the request of Oswald, King of Northumberland,

326 Bamburgh Parish Church, by the Rev. W. Darnell.

undertook to convert the heathens of Bernicia, as the
northern province of his kingdom was then called. Soon
after his arrival in Northumberland, he was permitted by its
King to select for himself the seat of his Episcopacy, and
became the first Bishop of Lindisfarne, a.p. 635. A humble
shed, affixed to the western end of Bamburgh Church,
afforded him an occasional residence ; and here it is recorded
he was sojourning when the evil news of the death of Oswin,
Oswald’s successor, reached him ; and here he sickened, and in
twelve days died, reclining against a wooden buttress which
supported the sacred edifice.* He held the See of Lindis-
farne for a period of nine years. Of the original Church no
traces remain. The date of the present structure is supposed
to be about 1180 a.p., and the chancel somewhat later, 1200
A.D. The building appears to have undergone various
alterations, in the lapse of so many centuries. The present
Church is cruciform in its plan, but having the tower at the
west end engaged with the aisles, anda north and south
transept. ‘The south aisle is much wider than the north one,
and the tower opens to the nave and aisles by three pointed
arches upon impost mouldings. Eastward of the tower is
an arcade on each side, of four arches opening to the aisles.
The pillars are circular, having moulded capitals and rude
foliage on one of them. The chancel arch is plain, without
mouldings ; and in the wall to the south side a square aper-
ture filled with pierced panelling has been inserted as a
hagioscope. The chancel is unusually long—62 feet by 21 ;
and was carefully restored about thirty-five years ago, when
the plaster was removed from the walls and the ceiling from
the oak roof. The east window is a triple lancet, eight
lancets on the south side and four on the north; the greater
number being filled with stained glass, give a very imposing
appearance to the chancel. Figures in stained glass of our
Lord, the four evangelists, and some of the apostles, were
placed in the chancel in the year 1845; the contributors being
Sir Thomas Tancred, Bart., and the three Trustees of Lord
Crewe, &c. The glass is of good character, supposed to have
been brought from the Continent ; and was purchased at the
establishment of the Messrs Wright, in Wardour Street,
London.

In a sepulchral recess, on the south side, is the effigy of

* Vide Raine’s St. Cuthbert, p. 9.

Bamburgh Parish Church, by the Rev. W. Darnell. 327

a cross-legged knight. Within the sanctuary is a monu-
mental tablet, inscribed in Latin, to the memory of Sir
Claudius Forster, Bart., a.p. 1623.

Claudius Forsterus Eques Aurat’ et Baronettus,
antiqua numerosa et nobile Forsterorw’

familia in Com. Northumb. oriundus; Dno

Nicolao Forstero fortiss. illi’ viri filio Dni

Johanis Forsteri, qui 37 Anos Mediar’ Marchiayr’
Scotia vers’ Dns Guardian’ extitit, fili’? et heores:
Honoratiss. etiam Dns Cumbriz et Bedf. Comitibus,
necnon insigni et illustri Fenwicoru’ progenie, totique
generosu’ genti inter Tinam et Tweda celeberr.
sanguine conjunct’; Castri denique Bamburg Dns
Senescal’ et summ’ Constabulari’: Obiit in manerio
suo de Alba-Terra in Comit : Northumb. : Anno Sal: Nost:
1623.

Memorize sacrum lugens posuit uxor ejus Dna Elizabetha,
Gulielmi Fenwici de Wallingtonia Equitis Aurati, filia.

Of more recent date is a monument in memory of the
family of Sharp, by the late Sir Francis Chantrey, and one
of his last works; which was formerly in the chancel, but
subsequently removed to the west end of the north aisle. Of
this family, two were successively incumbents of the parish
and trustees of Lord Crewe’s Charity; and to Dr John
Sharp, Vicar of Hartburn, and Prebendary of Durham, be-
longs the honour of having converted the keep of Bamburgh
Castle, from a state of ruin into a residence for himself and
his colleagues.

This Monument is erected in Memory
of her Grandfather, her two Uncles, and her Husband,
who were successively Trustees of Lord Crewe’s Charities,
and Incumbents of the Parish of Bamburgh, by
CATHERINE,
only child of James Sharp, Esq., of London,
and sole survivor of the name.
A.D. 1839.

I. The Venerable Tuomas Suarp, D.D. (son of John, Lord Arch-
bishop of York), Archdeacon of Northumberland, Rector of
Rothbury, and Prebendary of Durham. Appointed Trustee,
A.D. 17387. Died ap. 1758.

II. The Venerable Joun Suarp, D.D., his eldest son, Archdeacon
of Northumberland, Prebendary of Durham, and perpetual
Curate of Bamburgh; who, after rendering the ruins of
Bamburgh Castle habitable, first established there a free

$828 Bamburgh Parish Church, by the Rev. W. Darnell.

School and Dispensary, and also formed a permanent ar-
rangement for the preservation of the lives, and relief of the
wants of shipwrecked mariners. Appointed Trustee a.p. 1792.

III. The Reverend Tuomas SHarp, D.D. (third son of Thomas
Sharp, D.D.). Rector of All-Hallows, in London, and per-
petual Curate of Bamburgh. Appointed to the Curacy a.p.
1757. Died 1772.

IY. The Reverend AnDREW Bow tt, who took the name of Sharp
on his marriage with Catherine, grand-daughter of Thomas
Sharp, D.D., who was for 43 years the respected Minister of
Bamburgh.

“Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord. Yea, saith the Spirit, that
they may rest from their labours and theic works do follow them.”

Rev. xiv., 13.

There is also a touching inscription on a marble monument
affixed to the north wall of the chancel, of the date of 1711,
by Dorothea, Lady Crewe, daughter of Sir Wm. Forster, of
Bamburgh, to the memory of her brothers William, John,
and Ferdinando, ‘as the last respect that could be paid
them for their true affection to the church, the monarchy,
their country, and their sister.” Under the eastern end of
the chancel, there is a fine crypt in two divisions, lighted by
small lancets, and of very beautiful early-English architec-
ture. It was evidently used as a chapel in former times ;
for there are traces of the stone altar, there is the staple in
the groined roof from which the lamp was suspended, and
there is the piscina. The south wall is also pierced by a
lancet window. There is a large doorway which now gives
access to the crypt from the outside. The coffins of several
members of the Forster family were deposited in this vaulted
chamber ; and from the year 1765 or some later year, till the
year 1837, when it was excavated, it seems to have been
closed up as a private vault. At that date five coffins were
lowered into the ground beneath, and stone slabs inscribed
were placed over each of them. I submit a drawing of this
curious and interesting crypt, by Mr- Hodgson Fowler,
architect to the Dean and Chapter of Durham.

In passing through the Churchyard, the monumental
effigy of Grace Darling, the heroine of the Farne Islands, with
its canopy of stone, designed by Mr Raymond Smith, of
London, and presented to the Trustees of Lord Crewe by
Mrs Catherine Sharp, attracts many a passing visitor to the
spot. She died on the 20th October, 1842 ; and her remains

Notes on a Shipwreck near Bamburgh. §29

were interred in the family burying-place, some time previous
to the erection of the monument. The Forfarshire steamer,
on her passage from Hull to Dundee, was wrecked on the night
of the 6th September, 1838 ; and it was in the attempt to
rescue the helpless and perishing survivors, that the heroic
conduct of herself and her noble-minded father were so
signally displayed.

The Registers of marriages, births, and burials, in the
parish of Bamburgh, commence in 1653 ; and from that
time to 1790 are very imperfect. A register of burials only
from 1678 to 1688, is also very imperfect. There is a third
book containing births, marriages, and burials, from 1692 to
1725: wanting from 1795 to 1797; marriages, commencing
1697 and ending 1725: wanting ‘the year 1708; burials,
1697 and ending 1725. From the year 1726 and onwards,
the entries are seemingly perfect. ‘The following extract is
taken from one of the old books :—‘‘ Memorand’ yt on ye 24
of July 1676 ye most Reverend Father in God Nathaniel
Crew Bishop of Durham, brother to ye Lord Crew, and of
ye Privy Council, did on his return from Barwick to
Durham, honour Thomas Davison then Presbyter or Minister
of Bamburg, with his attendance and acceptance of a glass of
sack sydar and martle beer, from ye said Thomas Davison,
Minister, and did then confirm ye persons before mentioned
that belonged to Bamburgh, in honorem parochie dicte de
Bamburg.”

—_

Notes on a Shipwreck near Bamburgh in 1472.

My attention has been drawn by a friend to a singular cir-
cumstance, which seems worthy of being recorded in our
annals, in connection with Bamburgh. In Dr Rogers’
“Monuments of Scotland,” published for the Grampian Club,
it is stated that James Kennedy, Bishop of St. Andrews, son
of the Countess of Angus, daughter of Robert the 3rd, King
of Scotland, was born a.p. 1405, and was appointed to the
bishoprick by his uncle, James Ist, a.p. 1440. Huis famous
tomb in the Cathedral of St. Andrews, cost £10,000—an
immense sum in those days. He built a magnificent barge
called the St. Salvador, which he used in foreign trade. It
remained the property of the See till a.p. 1472, when it was
wrecked on the coast of Bamburgh. The bishop died on the ©
10th May, 1466. W. D.

QT

830 Notes on @ Shipwreck near Bamburgh.

A more explicit account of this event may be obtained by
examining the original historians. Sir James Balfour in his
* Annals of Scotland,” vol. I., p. 197, says, “‘ This zeire,
1472, that grate shipe, bult by James Kennedey, Bishope of
St. Andrews, laded with riche merchandize, coming from
Flanders, perished by tempest, neir Bambrughe one the cost
of England ; all perishning except some few that saued ther
lieues in the ships boate, amongest quhom was the Abbot of
St. Columbane” (Inchcolm), The date which Lesley gives
is March 12th (“De Origine, Moribus, &c., Scotorum,” p.
304, Rome, 1675). The English, he says, divesting them-
selves of every shred of humanity, fell upon the cargo, and
plundered it. The abbot of St. Colomb, after escaping the
perils of the deep, was made prisoner by James Carr, and
could not be released till £80 sterling of ransom was paid.
This circumstance produced much ill-will between the two
countries. “ Restitution,” says Buchanan (vol. IL., p. 201,
by Aikman), “had often been sought for in vain, and this
for some period caused considerable irritation ; but at last, an
honourable embassy was sent to Scotland, at the head of
which were the Bishop of Durham and Lord Scroop. . ;
The truce was easily renewed, upon condition that an esti-
mate should be made of the value of the vessel which had been
destroyed, and the goods which had been taken away, and
reparation faithfully made.’ In the following year, Edward
IV. ordered a partial compensation of 500 marks, with per-
mission to the Scots to sue for any further redress in the
courts of law (Pinkerton’s “ Hist. of Scotland,” 1., p. 280).
A fuller account of the negotiations may be seen in Ridpath’s
* Border History,” pp. 497-439.

This famous vessel, “the largest,” says Buchanan, “ which
at that time had been seen upon the ocean,” was popularly
known as “ the Barge,” or “ the Bishop’s Barge” (Lesley).
It cost him a sum equivalent to what he had disbursed to
found and endow St. Salvador’s College, and to that of the
cost of his own tomb therein.* Pitscottie thus .quaintly puts
it (p. 167, 8): “He foundit ane triumphand colledge in
Sanct Androis, called Sanct Salvitouris colledge, quhairin he
maid his lear (burying-place) verrie curiouslie and coastlie,
and also he biggit ane schip called the bischopis barge, ete.,
and when all thrie wer compleit, to witt, the colledge, the

* The cost of the tomb, according to Grierson’s “ Delineations of St.
Andrews,” p. 159 (1849), was about £2220 sterling.

Notes on Bamburgh and Blanchland, by W. Dickson. 831

lear; and the barge, he knew not quhilk of thrie was costliest ;
for it was reckoned for the tyme, be honest men of considerr-
atioun, that the least of the thrie, cost him ten thousand
pund sterling.”

About a century later, we still find “ wreckers” on the
Northumberland coast. In November, 1559, two Scotch
vessels were driven by stress of weather on the shores be-
tween Berwick and Bamburgh, whereof one was plundered
by the country people, and the other (Nov. 4) being stranded
on Ross Sands, was seized by the water-bailiff of Ross,
servant to Sir Ralph Grey of Chillingham. See Sir Ralph
Sadler’s “‘ State Papers and Letters,” vol. I., p. 548, 550,
579, 582, 583, 593. Sir Ralph Grey, in exculpating him-
self, dates his letter from “‘ Shillingham” ; which shows that
the popular pronunciation of this word was then prevalent in
high places.

In time not far remote, I have been told, that ‘ Let us
pray for a good harvest this winter ”—signifying many ship-
wrecks,—used to be a common expression in the mouths of
the fishing population on the southern Northumbrian sea-
coast. Let us hope that no one now-a-days cherishes this
atrocious sentiment.

J. H.

Notes to correct Errors as to the Manors of Bamburgh and
Blanchland. By Wm. Dicxson, F.S.A.

As the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club will meet at Bam-
burgh on 27th June, 1872, I take the opportunity of bringing
together a few notes of errors committed by the several
historians of the county, so far as relates to the manor and
castle of Bamburgh, and. the site and lands of the dissolved
monastery of Blanchland, in order to correct the errors by an
authentic statement of the facts, taken from original docu-
ments.

I do not go further into the history of these places.
Wallis (North’d. II., 407, 408) states that Frances Forster
married Thomas Forster, Esq., of Etherston, by whom he had
several children, the eldest being Thomas, the rebel general
of 1715. The other daughter, Dorothy (sister of Frances),
married the Right Honble. Lord Crewe and Lord Bishop of

332 Notes on Bamburgh and Blanchland, by W. Dickson.

Durham; and she being the only remaining child of the
family, erected the monument in Bamburgh Church to the
memory of her brothers and sisters.

Wallis also states, that Thomas being the general of the
rebel forces in 1715, his manors and estates of Bamburgh and
Blanchland were, in consequence, forfeited to the Crown,
and that Lord Crewe, his uncle, purchased them.

Grose states his version thus: This castle ‘‘ remained in
the Crown to the 10th of Elizabeth, when the Queen ap-
pointed Mr John Forster, of Bamborough Abbey, governor
of it. His grandson, John Forster, Esq., afterwards had a
grant of it and the manor; whose descendant, Thomas
Forster, Esq., of Etherton, engaging in the rebellion anno
1715, his estates were confiscated, but afterwards purchased
by his uncle, Lord Crewe.”

Pennant writes that “ the castle and manor belonging to
it was once the property of the Forsters, but on the forfeiture
of Thomas Forster, Esq., in 1715, for having joined the
Pretender, it was purchased by his uncle, Lord Crewe,
Bishop of Durham.”

Next in succession comes Hutchinson, and in his History
he reiterates the same errors; indeed he is rather more
inaccurate (vol. II., 174), for he says, that Lord Crewe
purchased the forfeited estates of the Forsters, and that
Dorothy Forster, the only child of William Forster, Knight,
having married Lord Crewe, brought with her the estates of
Bamburgh and Blanchland. ;

Instead of her being an only child, she had several
brothers and sisters: see the monument before referred to.

Mackenzie in his History varies the mis-statements a little,
by mentioning that Thomas Forster forfeited the whole of the
family property, then valued at £1315 per annum; they
were purchased by his brother-in-law, Lord Crewe, who
settled the whole for charitable uses. (Mack., I., 408).

Now, he was not Lord Crewe’s brother-in-law, but the
nephew of his wife.

We come lastly to a writer, the late Wm. Sydney Gibson,
who is in general a very accurate historian. In his visit to
Bamburgh Castle (p. 204), he states, that Lord Crewe pur-
chased the extensive property of the Forster family, which
had been forfeited in the rebellion in 1715; also, that one
of the consequences of that rebellion was the forfeiture of the
Bamburgh estates, the property of his wife’s unfortunate

Notes on Bamburgh and Blanchland, by W. Dickson. 333

nephew, General Forster. Again, he says, soon after these
events, he, Lord Crewe, purchased from the Government
Commissioners for forfeited estates, the Forster property, of
which Bamburgh was the principal seat.

All these historians are incorrect; for the purchase by
Lord Crewe was made a.pD. 1709, six years before the rebel-
lion was ever heard of. ‘This shews when a statement is
once made, how apt future historians are to follow it, rather
than investigate the subject for themselves.

The records of the Court of Chancery are full of informa-
tion upon this matter. The true statement is as follows.
After the death of Wm. Forster, Esq., without issue, in April,
1700, and of Ferdinando Forster,in August, 1701, the manor
and castle of Bamburgh, and the manor of Blanchland, and
all the estates of their late father, Sir William Forster,
descended to two females, viz.: Dorothy, Lady Crewe, as
sister and co-heir of William and Ferdinando Forster, and to
Thomas Forster, jun. (the rebel general), eldest son and heir
of Frances Forster, the only and other sister of William and
Ferdinando ; and that Lady Crewe and her nephew were
heirs-general to Sir William Forster, Knight, all the rest of
his children being dead without issue. So that Lady Crewe
took one moiety, and her nephew Thomas the other, subject
to debts.

In Hilary Term, 1701, Lord and Lady Crewe and Thomas
Forster, jun., exhibited a bill in Chancery, to have a rent-
charge of £500 a-year, which had been created out of the
estates by William Forster, sold for the payment of specialty
debts secured on the property.

In February, 1701, that was decreed to be done; and
Lord Crewe became the possessor of it at £10,000. The
money was paid into court and applied accordingly.

In Easter term, 1704; several creditors exhibited their bill
in Chancery against Lord and Lady Crewe and Thomas
Forster, the younger, to have the estates sold for payment of
the general debts; and it was on the hearing decreed that
they should be sold.

They were accordingly sold, and Lord Crewe became the
purchaser at £20,679. 10s. He was reported by the Master
to be the best bidder, and his report was confirmed by the
court.

This sum included the before-mentioned £10,000, and
besides it was subject to a rent charge of £350, for Elizabeth,

334 Notes on Bamburgh and Blanchland, by W. Dickson.

the widow of William Forster, for her life. She afterwards
married William, Lord Stawell; and is mentioned in Lord
Crewe’s will as then enjoying this £350 a-year (A.D. 1720).

By deed, dated 15th and 16th May, 1709 (enrolled in
Chancery), in consideration of this sum, the manor and castle
of Bamburgh, the towns of Shoreston and Sunderland, the
Friars, cell of Bamburgh and tithes, Fleetham, the manor of
Blanchland, with the monastery and the rectory of Shotley,
and all the lands which belonged to Sir William Forster,
Knight, William Forster and Ferdinando Forster, in the
county of Northumberland; and also the fishings in the
Tweed, the manor and lands of Thornton, Edmund Hills,
and other their lands in the county of Durham, were con-
veyed to Trustees, upon trust for Lord Crewe, his heirs and
assignees for ever, as the purchaser thereof.

After payment of all debts and charges, there remained
over for Lady Crewe and her nephew as binding, the sum of
£1028. 15s, 7d. only.

Thus it appears, that Sir William Forster and his sons,
William and Ferdinando, had run through all these fine estates
by reckless extravagance, and that in a very short space of
time. Law proceedings began about 1701, and all the
estates were sold before 1709 was out; thus proving con-
clusively that the estates were never forfeited by the rebellion
of 1715, but sold in due course of law to pay debts, by order
of the Court of Chancery ; and that when the rebel general
committed the act of treason by joining in the rebellion, all
his lands had been sold six years before to pay his debts, and
he had not an acre left to bless himself with at the time he
joined the Pretender in 1715.

I may also note that the manor of Styford, that beautiful
estate on the banks of the river Tyne, was part of the estate
of William Forster; and in August, 1708, it was sold to
William Bacon, Esq., of Staward-le-Peel, for £6500, and this
money was also applied towards the payment of his debts.

Wm. Dickson, F.S.A.
Alnwick, 24th June, 1872.

835

List of the rarer Coleoptera occurring chiefly in the Parish
and Neighbourhood of Nenthorn. By Mr Rosert
Histor, Blair-Bank, Falkirk.

In former numbers of the Club’s Proceedings—those es-
pecially contained in the first two volumes—there have been
given lists of the Beetles and other insects that have been
met with in the territory appropriated by the Club for its
investigations. Dr Johnston, Messrs Babington, Selby,
Hardy, and Dunlop, have all contributed to throw light
upon a branch of natural history, which, in Scotland at least,
has received but scanty patronage. As the lists drawn up by
these gentlemen have for the most part embraced those.
species collected in the eastern portion of the district, it has
been suggested that observations made in another quarter
during the last thirty years, though it must be acknowledged
‘only in a very desultory manner, might help to serve for the
elucidation of the geographical distribution of the Coleoptera
of the Borders.

The portion of country to which my attention has been
chiefly directed, extends from Hume Castle to Smailholm
Tower, a distance of about six miles, and of an average
breadth of about three. Within these limits there is a con-
siderable variety of surface. From N.E. to 8.W. there runs
the trap ridge, whose eastern and western culminating points
are respectively occupied by the remains of the border
strongholds just named; and on its northern and southern
flanks, strata of the old red sandstone crop out at intervals.
In a hollow on the ridge, about two miles west from Hume,
lies Lurgie Loch. For many years its waters have been
gradually diminishing, and it is now rather a marsh than a
lake. In dry summers it may be traversed in all directions
without much inconvenience. Its surface is dotted with
sallows and birches, and here and there Scotch firs have
begun to establish themselves ; while among plants of
humbler growth, may be observed the bog-bean and the
cranberry, and in the pools the curious looking bladder-wort.
The greater portion of the country is under tillage, with
occasional patches of permanent pasture, which the steep and
craggy nature of the surface renders unfit for the operations
of the plough. On the north side and in lower ground, we
have the fine beech woods and fir plantations of Mellerstain,
with bits of heather and scrubby birch; and on the south,

356 Mr Hislop on the Coleoptera of the west of Berwickshtre.

the rich old pastures of Nenthorn, in some parts adorned
with respectable if not venerable oaks. These, with the
alternate haughs and braes of the Eden, which is more wind-
ing here than in any other part of its course, afford a rich
variety of habitat and pabulum for the insect tribes.

Prerosticuus minor. Not uncommon in Lurgie Loch, among
moss. New to Scotch list.
BRADYCELLUs PLAcIDUS. Found along with the above, and omitted
by an oversight from Mr Murray’s ‘“ Catalogue.”
Bemspipium Scuvuprenit. Banks of the Eden near Girrick.
ts PRASINUM. Banks of Leader near Earlston.
HyDROPORUS 5-LINEATUS, XANTHOPUS, LINEATUS. One specimen
of each. Girrick pond.
a LEPIDUS. Ditches near Girrick pond.
ORECTOCHEILUS viLLosus. Nestling beside stones partly in the
water; banks of Eden. When alarmed, it makes for a stream,
where its movements on the ruffled surface of the water can
with difficulty be followed.
HELOPHORUS ARVERNICUS. Banks of Eden.
Hyprocuus BREvis. Three specimens found in Lurgie Loch
when nearly dried up in 1868.
Hyprana ANGusTATA. Under stones in Eden, with the com-
moner riparia, gracilis, and nigrita.
aa ATRICAPILLA. With the last-named. Not common.
LimneEBIus nitipus. One; Lurgie or Girrick pond.
CYCLONOTUM ORBICULARE. Not uncommon in Lurgie Loch.
BoLETOCHARA LUNULATA. In fungus near Greenlaw, and at
Girrick.
Leprusa FuMIDA. Not uncommon under bark; Girrick, &ec.
ALEOCHARA RUFICORNIS, By sweeping damp woodsides ; Girrick.
MicroctossA NripicotA. Under flood rejectamenta, banks of
Eden; probably brought from sandy banks where martins
build their nests.
Homatota currAx. Banks of Eden, under stones by the water’s
edge.
a CAMBRICA. Same locality.
e NITIDULA, GRAMINICOLA, PICIPES, SUB/ENEA, CURTIPENNIS,
ATRAMENTARIA, PYGM@A, and MACROCERA. Girrick.
ee DEBILIS. Lurgie.
pe ANEICOLLIs. Greenlaw.
succicoLA. Girrick and Langton.
ie BOLETOBIA. One in fungus. Ghirrick.
HycronoMa pimip1ata. In half-dried places in Lurgie Loch.
ENcEPHALUS CompLicANs. Occasionally obtained by sweeping
OTASS.
MyYrMEDONIA COLLARIs. By sweeping grass in Lurgie Loch in

39

Mr Hislop on the Coleoptera of the west of Berwickshire. 337

bright weather, and by shaking damp moss at other times.
Has not been taken of late.

OLIGOTA INFLATA. Barn refuse, Girrick.

GyYMNUSA BREVICOLLIS. Two taken from half-submerged moss ;
Lurgie Loch.

Mytiana minvta. Plentiful in wet moss; Lurgie.

Ms BREVIcoRNIS. Reside rills trickling down to Eden.

Conurus puBEscens. Near Nenthorn.

LEUCOPARYPHUS sILPHOIDES. Pastures, Girrick ; horse-droppings,
&c. Not common.

TACHYPORUS OBTUSUS, Var. NITIDICOLLIs. Occasional near Girrick.
This variety seems to occupy the place of the type near Tralee,
Ireland. Ina parcel of beetles collected there this summer,
indiscriminately, all the examples of this species are nitidicollis.

TACHINUS FLAVIPES. Insheep-droppings, on farm of Blinkbonny,
in August; several,

I LATICOLLIs. Not uncommon in Hypnum in woods
about Mellerstain, &c.

BoLETOBIUS INCLINANS, One in moss, fir plantation between
Girrick and Mellerstain, in August, 1862; found also at Pol-
mont in March of same year. Has not occurred at either
place since. New to Scotch list. This is the species taken by
my friend Dr Millingen in the Wooler district, in the summer
of 1862, and recorded by Mr Hardy in his second paper on
the ‘ Entomology of Cheviot.” By a slip of the pen, it would
appear that I had named it B. cingulatus.

Bryoporus Harpyr. In fir plantation, Mellerstain. One speci-
men. New to Scotch list.

MyceErTororvs tucipus. Three or four in same locality.

- punctus. One ditto in September, 1851.
n REYI.=ANGULARIS. One in same plantation.
CLAVICoRNIS. Three, ditto. The four last names
all os to Scottish lists, when taken and examined.

QUEDIUs FULYICOLLIs. Same place, and in Lurgie Loch in moss.
Also new.

+ FuscipEs. Haystack, Girrick. One in August last.
One formerly taken by me at Berwick.

OrxHivs L&viuscutus. Plentiful on one occasion in a plantation
on Girrick braes. Very ready to take wing in the sunshine.
LEPTACINUS LINEARIS. Not uncommon in barn refuse; Girrick.

PARUMPUNCTATUS. Occasional, ditto.

CRYPTOBIUM FRACTICORNE. Frequent in wet moss; Lurgie.

STILICUS AFFINIS. Common in straw and hay stacks in August.

Dranovus c@RvULEscENS. Stichell Linn, in numbers.

SyNToMIuM =NEUM. Woods at Stichell, &c.

TROGOPHLEZUS ARCUATUS.—sCROBICULATUS. Stichell Linn.

LATHRKIMAUM UNICOLOR. One in moss; Lurgie.

2U

338 Mr Hislop on the Coleoptera of the west of Berwickshire.

DevipHRUM TECTUM. In horse-dung, in spring. Near Nenthorn.
Homatium AtuarpI. Girrick. Not uncommon.
ss STRIATUM. Sometimes plentiful ; hedge-sides in
autumn.

PROTEINUS ATOMARIUS. Two; ona dead bird much decayed, in
fir plantation between Mellerstain and Girrick.

Kuerectus amstcuus. Moss in Lurgie Loch. New.

PsrLapuus Drespbuysis. One specimen; same locality, by shak-
ing moss. Rare throughout Britain. Not recorded previously
as Scotch.

Scypmanus SpaRsHALLI. By sweeping dry hedge bank, Girrick ;
probably bred under bark of thorn stumps. I have another
specimen taken from under bark, near Polmont. New.

Evicrvs Tarsatus. In barn refuse. One; seemingly rare in
the north.

TRICHOPTERX ATOMARIA. Lurgie; in moss.

5 SERICANS. In refuse, Girrick,
PTENIDIUM PUSILLUM. Among vegetable refuse ; frequent.
- APICALE. Ditto; rather rare.

CLAMBUS PUBESCENS. Lurgie; in moss. Not common.

Comazus DUBIUS. By sweeping roadsides, occasional in August.
In barn refuse, abundant.

AGATHIDIUM NIGRIPENNE. Under decayed bark of ash.

* LHVIGATUM and CONVEXUM. By sweeping herbage
and shaking moss in woods near Girrick.
= vaRIans. Under bark of beech, Mellerstain.

LiopES GLABRA. One; near Girrick. Though not uncommon
under fir bark in the north, this, and another taken near
Polmont, are the only lowland specimens I have seen.

CyrRrusa MINUTA. One; nearGirrick. Circumstances of capture
unnoted.

ANISOTOMA ORNATA. Several ina plantation called ‘‘ Hundy
Mundy,” and in other localities. All are of the var. litura.
In September.

HyYpDNOBIUS PUNCTATISSIMUS. On a single spot, about a foot
square, upon a trap knoll, nearly bare of herbage, north side
of Girrick farm, where they must have undergone their final
transformation. One obtained on each of two or three successive
days, the last being immature. No fungus was observed near,
though looked. for.

PHALACRUS SUBSTRIATUS. Lurgie; by sweeping Lquisetwm and
Carex.

OLIBRUS HNEUS. One; by sweeping; Blinkbonny farm.

CERCUS PEDICULARIUS. One specimen; Girrick.

Erurza mMetINA. Not common seemingly; but apt to be
confounded with estiva. Both occurring in flowers; Girrick.

i MELANOCEPHALA. Occasional. In flowers; Girrick.

Mr Hislop on the Coleoptera of the west of Berwickshire. 339

NiTIDULA BIPUSTULATA. In skins of vermin nailed up ; Girrick.

OMOSITA DEPRESSA. One; in dead animal; Girrick.

POCADIUS FERRUGINEUS Several in fresh giant puff-ball, about
thirty years ago; near Nenthorn. I have fouud it since in
dry puff-ball, near Abbey St. Bathans.

Tps 4-PUSTULATA and FERRUGINEA. In fresh Scotch fir stumps ;
Girrick and Mellerstain.

ANTHEROPHAGUS PALLENS. Plentiful along with next species in

nest of Carder Bombus. Imago and larva of both species fed
on the contents of the nest. Girrick braes.

CRYPTOPHAGUS SETULOSUS. Plentiful as above, and in fungi.
PUNOTIPENNIS. In straw stacks and barn;

»
Girrick.

re PILOsuS. With the last-named, but much more
plentiful.

iy AFFINIS. One specimen; by sweeping.

“4 DENTATUS. Not uncommon in straw.

a ACUTANGULUS. Oneinbarn, New to Scotch list.

, PUBESCENS. One; near Girrick. By sweeping?
New to Scotch list.

PARAMECOSOMA MELANOCEPHALA. River refuse, Eden; several.

LATHRIDIUS NoDIFER. Frequent in barn, with lardarius and
other commoner species.

CoRTICARIA ELONGATA. Ono with last-named.

Ms FUSCULA. Girrick, in barn refuse.

TRIPHYLLUS sUTURALIS. On decaying Polyporus versicolor at
Nenthorn, 1865; and on Polyporus squamosus, plentiful, at
Humebyres, 1866, New to Scotland.

Mycetma uIrtTa. In barn ; Girrick.

Exmuis VotcKMARi. Eden, along with the more common species
eneus and Limmus tuberculatus.

»,) PARALLELOPIPEDUS. Not uncommon with the above,
though apt to be overlooked from its smallness and sluggish
movements.

APHODIUS SUBTERRANEUS. One, in horse-dung; Girrick.

x STICTICUS. One; Wooden, near Kelso. -
aN CONSPURCATUS. Onein moss ; Christmas day ; Girrick.
3 OBLITERATUS. Two; Girrick.

HYDROOYPHON DEFLEXICOLLIS. Side of Eden, near Nenthorn.
Occasional.

PHL@oPHitus Epwarpst. One beaten out of decaying oak
branch ; Nenthorn.

NECROBIA RUFICOLLIS, RUFIPES, and CoRYNETES C@RULEUS. In
a dead hare ; Girrick.

ANOBIUM PANICEUM. Farm-house ; Humebyres.

Eenozium moute. Not unfrequent under bark of spruce paling ;
Girrick.

340 Mr Hislop on the Coleoptera of the west of Berwickshire.

- TRYPODENDRON DOMESTIOUM. One, on parapet of Kelso bridge.
New to Scotch list. Since taken by myself in Moray and
Aberdeenshires, boring willow and birch.

CEUTHORHYNCHUS VipUATUS. Ridge above Blinkbonny. Feeds
on Stachys arvensis.
: 3 MARGINATUS. f)ne ; near Lurgie amongst
meadow hay, 1868.

Pi CYANIPENNIS. On cress; Girrick.

CEUTHORHYNCHUS HIRTULUS. Lurgie; one specimen. This
species I have taken at Aberlady, off water-cress.

CEUTHORHYNCHIDEUS VERSICOLOR. Rare; woods at Girrick.

CatiopEs Geran. On Geranium pratense ; Girrick braes.

ACALLES MISELLUS. One; in decaying bark of ivy, in same
locality.

OROBITES CYANEUS. Frequent on Viola canina, Blinkbonny.

Gymyetron Beccanunem, Linn. var.? This is the insect named
villosulus in Mr Murray’s ‘‘ Catalogue.” The thorax is clothed
with short snowy pile, the elytra red, with suture dusky. It
was sonamed by M. Chevrolat, who saw it in my collection
many years ago. The true villosulus, which I have taken in
Wilts, is a larger insect, clothed with long griseous pile, and
frequents. Veronica Anagallis. This variety? was taken at
Lurgie Loch—one in 1846, a second in 1852—by sweeping over
Veronica scutellata. The common dark form is not uncommon
near Girrick on V. Beccabunga.

TAcHYERGES SaLiceTI. Willows; side of Tweed at Kelso Bridge.

45 Saricis. Sallows, Lurgie Loch.

OrcuzEstEs Ruscit. Birches, do.

AnTHonomvs ComARrI. Lurgie Loch.

Dorytomus vorax. Black poplar; Girrick.

~ PECTORALIS. lLurgie, on grey sallow.

ERIRHINUS ZTHIOPS. One near pond, Smailholm Tower. This
specimen was for many years unique as Scotch. Has of late
been taken in Dumfriesshire and Perthshire.

TRACHYPHLEUS SQUAMULATUS. On dry trap knolls near Girrick.
In Moray I found it among moss in water.

OmIAs HiRSUTULUs and BonEemanni. In sandy places, side of
Teviot, near Kelso.

SITONES LINEELLUS. Occasional; feeding on Lotus corniculatus ;
Girrick and Mellerstain. When taken here first, was new to
British list.

BARYPEITHES sULCIFRoNS. On trap knoll, Blinkbonny. Autumn
and spring.

Barynotus ScononwHeRRI. Under stones; Girrick. More com-
mon in Scotland seemingly than its congener, B. obscurus.

RHINOMACER ATTELLABOIDES. By sweeping on site of a fir
plantation cut down the year before. Ridge above Blinkbonny.

Mr Hislop on the Coleoptera of the west of Berwickshire. 341

RHYNCHITES MEGACEPHALUS. Birches; Mellerstain.
DoNnAcIA DENTIPES. Once; on Sparganiwm ramosum ; Eden.
», Comazr. On aquatic plants ; Lurgie.

Lema punoticonuis. First taken in Scotland by Mr Hardy, on
Girrick braes. Afterwards found in some plenty by myself,
frequenting Ononis arvensis, near Nenthorn and Stichell.

», OYANELLA, var. opscuURA. A single example of this variety
occurred in 18538, near Girrick. It is smaller, of a deep black,
and quite opaque. The type is common everywhere.

», MELANOPA. Some years plentiful in autumn. I havea
specimen from near Tralee, Ireland, with thorax and legs black,

CHRYSOMELA MARGINATA. One; Girrick braes. Varies much
in sculpture on sea-side specimens. Margin, when fresh,
blood-red.

95 varians. In ditches, on Hypericum quadrangulum ;
Girrick. On the Whiteadder near Preston, plentiful on H.
perforatum.

+ Hypericr. On banks of Kale, on H. perforatum.

Puarpon Armoraciz. Near Kelso, on I'weedside, New to list
when taken some years ago.

Apremonia Tanaceti. Lurgie, by sweeping.

5 OratTarci. Hawthorn; Girrick braes; Auzust, 1870.
New to Scotch list.

Gateruca Nympna and LinzoLA. On Comarum; Lurgie.

LypERus RuFIPEs. On birches; Lurgie and Mellerstain.

CREPIDODERA AURATA. On willow; Girrick pond. This is the
Helxines and pulchella of Murray’s ‘‘ Catalogue.”

a Moprerr. Onmint. One year plentiful in a ditch
at Girrick.

PHyiioTRera sinvata, Redt. Near Smailholm Tower, on Carda-
mine pratensis. It approaches P. tetrastigma in general appear-
ance. Occurs rarely on the water-cress, near Polmont
(Stirlingshire). New to Scotch list. P. wndulata is much the
commonest in turnip-fields, and at hedge-sides ; and P. nemorum
next of the yellow-striped species.

Tuyamis Horsatica. On Pedicularis palustris ; Lurgie.

APHTHONA C@RULEA. <A variety with pale tibie has occurred
beside the Eden.

5 HERBIGRADA. On Helianthemum vulgare, Stichell Linn,
where also Haltica Helianthemi, a smaller variety of pusilla,
occurs. When taken many years ago was new to Scotch list.
I have taken it since on Arthur’s Seat; but have not heard of
it otherwise.

PsYLLIODES CHALCOMERA. On Cnicus arvensis; Girrick braes.,
First taken by Dr Sharp and myself at Aberlady.

<5 PIcINA. Damp corner of fir wood; Mellerstain.

2x

342 Mr Hislop on the Coleoptera of the west of Berwickshire.

CAssIDA OBSOLETA. Occasional, hedge-sides ; Girrick.
CoccINELLA OCELLATA. On briar; Girrick braes. One.

si OBLITERATA. On oaks, firs, &c.; do.
a5 18-currata. Scotch firs, frequent; do.
5 OBLONGOGUTTATA. Do., occasional; do.

TETRATOMA FUNGoRUM. A large number were found in Polyporus
squamosus, on a decaying tree near Humebyres, in August,
1866. Does not seem to have occurred in Scotland during the
previous thirty-two years, when it was recorded in ‘‘ Entomol-
ogia Kdinensis.”

Ancora. Two or three specimens in fungus under
bark of Scotch fir gate-post ; Girrick, about 1850.

ORcHEsIA MIcANS. Larva abundant i in corky Polyporus on decay-
ing ash, within the area of Roxburgh Castle; May, 1866.
Imago appeared in June. New to Scotch list.

SaLPIncUs HRATUS. By sweeping; near Girrick. One specimen.
Then new to British list.

The following species have been observed within a few
miles of Dunse :—

Lxisius montanus. ‘Three examples of this rare and lovely
species have been captured in different years on Dirrington
Law. ‘The first was secured by my nephew, Mr Alex. Wilson,
when collecting with me in August, 1862; the others by
myself. On several occasions I have failed in seeuring addi-
tional specimens. On the last, L. rufescens offered itself
instead.

TARUS BASALIS, MrscopEra ARCTICA, BRADYCELLUS COGNATUS,
SIMILIS, and COLLARIS, are also to be met with in the same
locality.

SPHODRUs LEUCOPHTHALMUS. Male and female found in a bake-
house in the town, about 1840. The late Dr Johnston shewed
me a specimen about that time, which he had taken in his own
house at Berwick. ‘These are the only examples from the
Borders that I have seen. .

TRECHUS LonGIconNIs. One. Among shingle, banks of White-
adder at Ordweel. New to Scotch list, and very rare through-
out Britain*.

Borrrocuara tucipA. Under bark of Scotch fir, with fungus,

OcaLEA PrcaTA. Under fallen trees; Langton wood.

Leprvusa FUMIDA and RuFIcoLLIs. Under bark; Langton wood.

AcIDOTA CRENATA. Plantation ; Hardens Hill.

HomatoTa cURRAX and CAmBRICA=VELOX. Whiteadder and
Langton burn.

5 EREMITA. Dirrington Law.
_ LonGicornis. Near Dunse.

* Mistakingly recorded in “ Scottish Naturalist,’ from near Kelso,

Mr Hislop on the Coleoptera of the west of Berwickshire. 348

Praocusa PumitIo. Under Scotch fir bark, much decayed ; Dunse
Castle and Girrick.

-Gymnusa VARIEGATA. Margin of Dunse Castle lake.

LATHROBIUM ANGUSTICOLLE. Shingle, side of Whiteadder, at
Preston haugh and Ordweel.

7a puncratum. Shingle, near Preston bridge.

Srenus Guynemerr. Several; side of stream near Oxendean.

GEODROMICUs NIGRITA. Banks of Whiteadder, Preston.

LesTEVA PUBESCENS. With S. Guynemeri.

EUsPHALERUM PrimuLa. Primrose flowers; Peely braes.

Prenipium Krarzu. Under damp shingle, banks of Whiteadder
and Langton burn, in May. Instead of manifesting the
hilarity of movement so common among Trichopterygians,
this species is very deliberate in its attempts to shift its
quarters. Mr Matthews namedit. He had only seen two
previously, both from Scotland.

LIoDES ORBICULARIS. One; by sweeping in Langton wood.

Hypnozius puncratus. One; by sweeping on top of Dirrington
Law,

CHoLEvA LonauLA, Kelner. Under fallen leaves ; Langton
wood; 1861. New to Scotch list. Taken this year in Fife by
Dr Power.

LEptinus TEsTACEUS. About two dozen taken among decaying
chips in Langton wood, August, 1857. Under the chips were
galleries made by mice or moles, from which several were
extracted. This singular-looking eyeless beetle was first
determined as British by Mr Hardy, from an English speci-
men captured by Mr Janson.

Erur#A PARVULA. One; Langton wood.

SoRONIA PUNCTATISSIMA and GRISEA. Larva and beetles feeding
on juice of a bleeding elm; Langton wood.

ATOMARIA MESOMELAS. Plentiful; margin of lake, Dunse Castle.

ANCYSTRONYCHA ABDOMINALIS. One, from trees; Peely braes.

CEUTHORHYNCHUS CYANIPENNIS. Banks of Whiteadder.

CEUTHORHYNCHIDEUS VERSICOLOR. Oaks; Dunse Castle.

Ca@LIoDEs GUTTULA. Nettles; near Dunse.

OrcHEstEs Inicis. Oaks; Oxendean.

ERIRHINUS TORTRIX. Black poplar; Dunse Castle. In the
Highlands on aspen.

TETRATOMA ANnoorA. On decaying Scotch fir; Oxendean.

344

Notes of supposed re-appearance of the Sand Grouse. By
the Rev. F. R. Simpson.

I have to mention to this Club the supposed re-appearance
of the Sand Grouse, as reported to me by Mr J. Coldwell, of
Beadnell. I say supposed re-appearance, because unfortun-
ately none of the birds have been captured. Mr Coldwell
first observed them on Sunderland Burn Crumbles, on the
16th May. Being very anxious to secure a specimen, he
was diligent and persevering in pursuit, but failed in his
object ; the birds being so exceedingly shy and wary, that he
only once succeeded in getting within range. He shot one,
as he supposed, and let it lie where it fell, hoping the others
might again come about it; but after waiting a short time in
vain, and then going to pick up his bird, was mortified to
see it rise and go away, apparently unhurt. He never
had another chance. The number of Sand Grouse he reports
as six—three of larger size, about the size of a hen pheasant;
colour over the back a reddish brown, but decidedly paler
than the grouse. The breast was lighter coloured, with a
broad dark crescent band across it; this not so marked in
the smaller birds. ‘There wer2 haunting the same ground,
and at times in company with them, two other birds, which
he describes as long-legged, taller, and thinner-bodied than
the Sand Grouse, and which he does not think were bitterns.
He did not see the birds after the 20th, but frequently heard
them calling amongst the corn, and believes they remained in
the neighbourhood till about the middle of June. I may
mention also, that on the last-noted appearance of the
Pallas Sand Grouse (1863), they haunted the same and
adjoining links to south and east ; and would, I believe, have
bred there had they not been molested. The flock that I first
observed in that year numbered about fifteen birds. Dr
Tristram, in a letter to my friend the Rev. Mr Thorp, and
which he has kindly put into my hands to read, says: ‘‘ The
bird is a native of Tartary and Southern Siberia as far as the
north shores of the Caspian, and tu the edge of the Black Sea.
It has not unfrequently left the Steppes and visited the vast
plains of Russia in Europe. They seem, like the Wax-wing,
to migrate irregularly ; perhaps when food is scarce. I can-
not say anything about the difference in size ; but in plumage
the sexes and ages differ much. I have five specimens : four

On the Pele Tower at North Sunderland, Sc. 345

English, and one shot at Pekin in winter. They all vary
much. In 1863, the Pallas Sand Grouse actually bred in
Denmark and Holland, and the young got safely away and
migrated. In May, 1861, there was a great irruption into
China, between Pekin and Tientsin. It appeared on the
Volga in 1853, and in Europe in 1859 and 1863.”

It is exceedingly to be regretted that the dropped bird was
not more severely hit ; had it been secured our doubts would
have been removed. As it is, if these six birds were Sand
Grouse, as Mr Coldwell confidently affirms, they would seem
to have been of the larger variety (Pterocles Alchata), of
which the birds of the first year are, I believe, smaller than
the mature bird, and of which, so far as I know, we have no
recorded visits to our shore. The dropped bird was reported |
to have been afterwards picked up; but I regret to have to
add, after subsequent inquiries, that such report was unfor-
tunately not true. The description given accords most nearly
with that of P. Alchata.

On the Pele Tower at North Sunderland, and some Coins
found in tts Vicinity in 1832--3. By the Rev. F. R.
SIMPSON.

The old Tower at North Sunderland, in or near to which
these large coins were found, was one of those old keeps or
peles, with which our Border country was once thickly
studded, and of which we have some still remaining ; as at
Fleetham, Beadnell, Embleton, &c. During its destruction
many other coins were found (several scores), most of them
similar in size and appearance to those in my possession ;
others apparently worn, and shewing no trace of design or
inscription. At the time the Pele was demolished, the lords
of the manor claimed all “ treasure trove,” and no provision
was made for recouping the finder ; and the consequence was
that the great bulk of these coins were secreted and
smuggled away, and have passed into private hands and
become dispersed or lost. The Tower was pulled down
forty years ago, having been removed when the present
church and vicarage were built. It was square, and of solid
masonry ; the walls being about five feet in thickness. It

346 On the Pele Tower at North Sunderland, &c.

had consisted of two stories, the lower one of which was
perfect, having an arched roof of stone, with a large doorway
to the north, and communicating with the upper by a hang-
ing stair in the south-west angle of the building. Of this
_ upper story, portions of the walls were standing, but it was
roofless, with an accumulation of debris on the floor which
was overgrown with grass and weeds. Its interior measure-
ment, so far as I can find, was about twenty-four feet. An
outer erection had, in later years, been built on to the south
side, which was, to the time of demolition, used as a dwell-
ing in connexion with the lower part of the Pele. One
cannot but regret that this ancient structure, standing, as it
did, only a little to the east of the modern buildings, was not
restored and utilized as a coach-house and granary, and thus
preserved asa solid link connecting the present with the
past. A hammered cannon-ball was found by the sexton
when digging a grave, about fifteen years ago, within twenty
yards of the site of the old Pele.

The English coins, which are silver, are of the reigns of
Elizabeth (1585), James I. (1603), Charles I., James IL.,
and of Queen Anne (17032). The Dutch coin is of the
province of Zealand; date 1700? The smaller coins, which
with the above were shown to the Club at Bamburgh, were
picked up at Budle Hill, and which Mr Hardy has kindly
read, are of the time of Edward I. , and II., coined at London
and Canterbury ; and a curious ’ three- -penny (?) token of
Elizabeth, coined at London, on which she is belauded as
* Rosa sINE sPINA”—on which Mr Hardy remarks, “I
rather fancy she was as prickly as our Scots thistle”; a
remark which most of us will now-a-days think not very
wide of the truth*.

No trace of the Tower being left, and old folk who knew
it being fast passing away, it may be well that we should
take note of it, and chronicle the fact of its former existence
in our records.

* Biizabeth coined “pieces of three-pence, three-halfpence, and three-
farthings,’ with this inscription.— Camden's “‘ Remaines concerning Brttaine.”

347

Notes on the Cist opened at Lanton Mains, Roxburghshire,
in October, 1870. Communicated by Mr Jonw Hitson.

From time to time, what may be really termed British
graves have been discovered in Teviotdale. They are of the
short form, constructed of slabs pieced together, and the
walls occasionally supplemented by smaller pieces of stone.
We can call up instances of sepulture of this kind which
have within the last few years been opened by chance: at
Blinkbonny in the parish of Eckford, at Bonjedward, at
Newton, at Crailing Hall, at Spittal-on-Rule, at Teinside in
upper Teviotdale, and latest at Lanton Mains, about two-
and-a-half miles from Jedburgh. The grave at Blinkbonny
contained a number of beads and other relics, which have
been dispersed; so did that at Spittal. That at Lanton
Mains was discovered in October last, on a gravelly knoll,
within a stones’ throw off the turnpike road which runs
between Kelso and Hawick, and about one hundred yards
or so from the farm-house of Lanton Mains ; the covering slab
having been dislodged by the plough. The contents, in addition
to portions of the skeleton, were secured by the tenant. These
consisted of unformed flint flakes, numbering about twenty,
and a clay urn in very perfect condition. The bones had,
in their long rest, been in a measure absorbed by the open,
gravelly bottom of the grave, which had no under slab; and
only a part (a small portion of the curve of the head) of the
skull remained*. The urn seemed to have been placed by
the side of the body, which had been doubled or deposited in
a sitting posture, and to have fallen over as the skeleton
mouldered down. It was quite empty. The dimensions
of the Cist were 3 feet 8 inches long, 2 feet wide, 16 inches
deep ; direction of the grave, east and west. Where the side
walls had not admitted of sufficient height, they had been
coursed with pieces of stone laid on horizontally+. The
whole appearance of the stony surrounding was rough, with
a look of great antiquity. The white pebble, such as has

* Dr Hume, of Jedburgh, reported that it was the skull of a male; that it
was small, and of the Brachycephalic type, which was the characteristic of
the Celtic or old British skull—Dr Brydon, in ‘‘Trans, of the Hawick
Archeological Society,” 1872, p. 165. The whole of Dr Brydon’s explora-
tions are of much interest,

+ Dr Brydon remarks: “The construction of the grave was peculiar, and
different from any I have examined or seen described. Its lower half was
formed by single stones placed edgewise for each side, and the other part was
regularly and neatly built with small stones.”’

348 Notes on a Cist opened at Lanton Mains.

been pointed out by Mr Phené as an accompaniment of the
contents of British graves, was not observable at first ; but
Mr Phené, who visited it some weeks after it had been
opened, has recorded the presence of one of these white
quartz pebbles, which he regards as a significant element in
the contents of ancient places of sepulture. We, however,
incline to the opinion, that what he picked up was one of
the ordinary quartz pebbles to be found in Teviot gravel.
The urn, a photograph of which appeared in the “ Graphic,”
was in excellent condition. 'The material seemed sun-baked
clay, and the structure indifferently executed in its curves.
The ornamentation consisted of one surrounding strip of
herring bone pattern, and of another strip of simple, sloping
lines, like a schoolboy’s first lesson in penmanship. The
width of the urn was, at the greatest circumference, 19
inches ; height, 7 inches.

More attention is now being given to all matters of anti-
quarian interest; and due regard may be expected to be
observed in future occurrences of this kind. From indications
of pre-historic remains turning up from time to time, it is be-
lieved that ‘excavations, if prosecuted, at Crailing Hall, on the
Oxnam, would produce interesting discoveries. At various
times, curious archzological relics have turned up at Crailing
Hall ; and local antiquarians look with interest on certain
tumuli thereabouts. In the Jed valley, at Old Jedworth, a cist
was opened in February last, containing an urn filled with
calcined bones. Some years ago, a cist with all the slabs
and structure entire, but containing nothing, was come upon
in digging the foundation of the house of Mr Halliburton,
grocer, High Street, Jedburgh ; and similar deposits have
from time to time been exposed at the hamlet of Blacklee,
at the head of Rule water. In 1858, an urn of the earth-
baked pre-historic character, was come upon in digging the
foundation of the house of Mr William Hilson, at Abbey
Grove, Jedburgh. It did not seem to have been protected
by any cist. ‘The curious ancient cemetery of length-ways
stone coffins, lying under Abbey Green, close to Mr John
Hilson’s house, is well deserving of a closer archeological
examination. They are within reach of a very little digging.
Mr Greenwell inspected some excavations made on the spot
some years ago, and he inclined to the opinion that they
formed part of an Anglo-Saxon graveyard. The use of short

On British Cists at Frenchlaw and Edington Hill. 349

square slabs to pack round the bodies, certainly indicates
very ancient fashions of burial. The discovery, at a period
later than his visit, of a very ancient corn rubbing implement,
having a hole drilled in the edge, probably to receive a thong
or a Stick to lift‘it by, deposited in the grave, as a domestic
implement or utensil, suggests an antiquity of a very remote
period. These grain triturating dishes it is known preceded
the period when more elaborate mechanical productions, such
as querns, came into use; and the discovery of this imple-
ment, we are inclined to think, adds a new interest to the
Abbey Green graves. The article was sent to the Edinburgh
Antiquarian Museum. While referring to the Abbey Green
graves at Jedburgh, we may notice the curious arrangement
which marks the disposal of the graves closely adjoining the
Abbey. ‘There seems to be an upper and under stratum of
burial remains. [In the upper deposit are contained the
graves of the population before and after the Abbey became
aruin. On digging below this, those of the early period are
disclosed, fashioned with short slabs of stone, as mentioned
above. Whilst a grave was being dug in 1854, to receive the
coffin of the late Admiral Elliot, who died at Castlegate, the
sexton remarked that he could not get deep down owing to
a flagstone. This was found to be the lid of a stone cist of
the class in question; and on removing it, a skeleton
wrapped in a nolt’s hide was found. It is not improbable
that the Abbey occupies the site of a Pagan place of worship.
Any way, the valley must have been peopled from the very
earliest period ; and traces of interment turn up continually
all over the town. In addition to those referred to, skeletons
were come upon when digging on the site of what is now the
Royal Hotel. Fifty years ago, some stone coffins were
discovered on what is known as Ringan Bell’s Close, on the
site of the house occupied by Mr Thomas Oliver.

On British Cists discovered at Frenchlaw and Edington
Mill, Berwickshire. By Cuaries Stuart, M.D.

Some time ago, while passing along the Whitsome road, I
was informed that the men ploughing in a field immediately
to the south of Frenchlaw, had exposed a stone coffin; and
that they had waited before removing the top, for some one
who might know about such matters. On inspection, I

ay

350 On British Cists at Frenchlaw and Edington Hill.

found it to be a short cist, 34 feet long, 2 feet deep, and 2
feet broad, composed of six slabs of free-stone, containing a
complete skeleton, in a good state of preservation. The
bones, however, upon exposure to the air, began to crumble
away ; and I was sorry I could not secure the entire cranium,
to examine it at leisure. Of this, however, I made myself
sure, that it was of the Brachycephalic type, to which
Retzius and other Scandinavian ethnologists refer the crania
of the men of the stone age. Upon carefully searching the
floor of the Cist, I came upon a flint implement, since iden-
tified as “a scraper” for cleaning the hides of animals.
There were no inscriptions on the cover or sides of the Cist ;
and I believe the remains to have been those of an ancient
Briton, taking us back to a very remote period in the pre-
historic annals of the country. I find, upon referring to the
* New Statistical Acct. of Scotland” (parish of Whitsome),
that several stone chests were dug up on the farms of
Frenchlaw and Leethead (now incorporated with Leetside
farm), about 1831. The flags composing these Cists were
identified with the free-stone at Todhaugh, a natural quarry
on the banks of the Whitadder, five miles distant. The
sizes of the bones of the skeletons found at that time, were
examined, and indicated a stature of upwards of six feet.
Roman remains have also been found in a field still known
by the name of Battle Knowes, on Leetside. A bronze kettle
(evidently Roman) was dug up near the traces of a camp in
the same field in 1827; and the ground adjacent is worthy
of further examination by those interested in antiquities.

On the farm of Edington Hill, in the parish of Chirnside,
a Cist was discovered many years ago—the top of which Mr
Wilson has placed over a well, which is situated due north
from Edington Hill toll about a quarter of a mile. I asked
the late Mr Tate, who was so well qualified to form an
opinion as to inscribed stones, to examine it, as I believed it
to be a good specimen of the usual circular markings de-
cribed in his paper in the Club’s Proceedings. This he did
on the occasion of a meeting of the Club at Chirnside ; and
he informed me, that he was quite satisfied that the mark-
ings corresponded with those described in his paper.

351

Addition to Dr Stuart's Notice.

In a letter, of date 20th Dec., 1872, Mr Wilson supplies
further information about the situation of the Cist with the
inscribed cover, and various particulars which connect it
with the burial ground of some ancient tribe ; although by a
popular myth, here as elsewhere, these relics are referred to
a battle. “In the autumn of 1858--9, I was engaged in
draining a field at Edington hill, which adjoins the Dunse
and Eyemouth turnpike road. At the very apex of a gentle
knoll, one of the drainers came upon this Cist. It was
covered by one large flag, which had some ten inches of
earth over it. The Cist was oval—about 3 feet by 2—the
sides being formed of stones about twenty inches or so in
depth, set on end like the staves of a tub. The flag and side
stones were of the Old Red Sandstone, that is found here zz
situ. ‘They had received only such rough dressing as a dry
stone dyker uses; but the Cist was more carefully and neatly
constructed than any other that I have happened to see.
There, was no urn, bones, nor flints; nothing but a slight
coating of soft dark coloured soil on the bottom. The field
immediately across the road is called Cairn dales, and some
sixty years ago contained several cairns, which my father
removed. I believe they covered cists, but I have no informa-
tion about them. It has been supposed that the name of our
parish (Chirnside) means cazrnside, and that the ridge, of .
which the field in question forms the eastern termination,
may have been the scene of a great battle. I preserved the
flag that covered the Cist, and used it to protect a well-hole,
where several drains converged, to admit of the mouths being
examined.” Dr Stuart subsequently transmitted a sketch of
the cover, which is a parallelogram, 4 feet 2 inches long, by
3 feet broad. The marking is a single cup near one corner,
to which is attached, rather diagonally than lengthways, an
incised waving channel with three bends, two feet long: in
fact, so like a serpent or “ worm,” that believers in a certain
fanciful modern theory would rejoice in it as an illustration ;
but all that it wants to identify it with Northumbrian ex- .
amples, are the circles which usually encompass the cups.
Mr Wilson goes on to state that this Cist, as well as another
which he found near the Whitadder banks, “had their
largest axes nearly due north and south; shewing that they
were made before the Christian era.”

352 Notice of a Will-o’-the-Wisp seen near Chirnside.

Quite recently (in December, 1872), the same field has
furnished another Cist, close to where the one with the
incised cover was obtained ; which was come upon by Mr
Wilson’s men when subsoiling the ground. Dr Stuart, after
visiting it, writes: “It is very rude in construction, and was
empty, only a little dust being in the cavity. The sides were
built regularly with stones, the same as those in the field. It
was over 3 feet in length; 15 inches in breadth ; and was 3
feet deep. This is a greater depth than any I have previously
seen. It was covered with two stones of the ordinary Red Sand-
stone ; evidently a single stone split, for when the two halves
were laid to one another they fitted exactly. ‘There were no
inscriptions on the stones.” From this Cist pointing south-
east, Mr Wilson thought it might be of subsequent age to the
other, but the direction appears to be immaterial ; also from
its narrowness, it was supposed to have belonged to a young
person, but the probability is that in this instance the body
was disposed sideways. In the built sepulchre, it agrees
with that discovered at Lanton.

While this is passing through the press, the Rev. George
Wilson, of Glenluce, communicates, that on a recent visit to
his brother, he had looked at this last Cist, and had “picked
up some fragments of bone, and a flint, which although wn-
dressed, is broken into a form like a rude arrow head.”—J. H.

On a Wiill-o’-the-Wisp seen near Chirnside. By CHARLES
Stuart, M.D.

A few years ago, while on duty, about midnight in the
month of March, during a furious storm of sleet and snow,
in passing a piece of waste ground on the farm of Harelaw
in this parish (Chirnside), I was more than surprised to find
. my beard and hair, and also the front of my cap to become
luminous; beads of a pale phosphorescent light forming on
the drops of melting snow, and lighting up my face. I could
hardly credit my senses at the time, and put up my hand to
dash away the fire, which flew off in sparks; and as I
quickened my pace, gradually became paler, and at last
vanished altogether as I passed on my way. The weather
was very rough, as already described, and there was electricity

PROM! ere SAT

WO OMe I
Presented to the Club by William Dickson Esq? F.S.A. Alnwick.

Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots. 353

in the air, as flashes of sheet lightning were frequent. I
wrote a letter about this to “The Scotsman” newspaper,
and a gentleman from Aberdeen answered, informing me
that he had been on fire exactly in the same way; and
directed my attention to a paragragh in “ The John-o’-Groat
Journal” headed “A beard on fire,” relating to another
instance of a similar kind. The late Mr Henderson, surgeon,
Chirnside, once told me, that passing some large manure
heaps, in the middle of the night, a phosphorescent light
came upon the edge of his riding switch, and remained for
some time. I considered this phenomenon at the time to be
what is popularly known as “ Will-o’-the- Wisp.”

On Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots. By James Harpy.
[Read to the Club at Langleyford, July 25, 1872. ]

This paper pretends to be little more than a survey of the
objects more worthy of notice that fall within the compass of
our sojourn from Wooler to the base of Cheviot, with occa-
sional deviations into the back country on ‘either side of the
way.

On Horsdean, the hill above Wooler—of which a portion
is allotted for the holding of statute fairs—have at different
times been disclosed, during cultivation, several sand-
stone querns of the early British people, who had grown corn
—and ground it too—in their primeval settlements on the
hill-face. Their ‘tombs occur even within the circuit of
Wooler. In one instance, at least, the primitive mill was
constructed of cellular Tuedian sandstone ; and the cover of
a cist recently discovered in a garden, was a hard compact
variety of the Tuedian also, which appeared to have been
quarried. Very many years ago, an antique brooch or fibula,
is said to have been picked up by a native of Wooler, near an
old wall, above the Wadhouse, behind Horsdean. The face
and back of this hill are covered with drift, but towards the
top the coating is shallow, and the plough strikes against the
subjacent porphyry. Wooler, itself, occupying the last pro-
jecting angle of the Cheviots, stands on a deep accumulation
of boulder clay and sand. It was probably a waste, till the
medieval castle, pitched on the terminable knoll, sheltered

354 Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots.

the dependents that clustered round it; to meet whose
spiritual necessities, the church or chapel was afterwards
constructed, and fixed a population for the future.

A short distance from the town, during recent improve-
ments in the Earle fields, many large blocks of white or
yellow sandstone and grey limestone of fresh-water origin
(Tuedian) have been extracted, along with other “ earth-
fasts” of hill-porphyry. Both sandstones and limestones
enclose fossils, of which Calamites and Stigmaria are the most
noticeable. ‘The sandstone contains green-earth and scales
of mica, and the quartz granules are minute: differing from
the Whiteside sandstones, in respect that the latter shew no
mica, and include large fragments of quartz, as if derived
from the debris of an ancient quartzose rock. There is pro-
bably a junction with the Tuedian on the outcrop of the
porphyry, overlaid by the drift ; for I found a loose block of
porphyry with a fragment of this sandstone mortised into a
hollow in its centre. Drifted pieces of the sandstone are
frequent in the clay scaurs above Earle Mill, and particularly
in one opposite Haugh-head; large blocks are scattered in
the channel of Wooler water, below Caldgate Mill, and a
large one at the junction of Old Middleton dean with the
Caldgate valley. Several rolled fractions of it, of a green
colour, are visible in a bed of gravel mostly porphyritic,
firmly jammed into the interstices of the newer sandstone
rocks of Whiteside. Occasionally also, ofa yellow tint, they
occur in the thick assemblage of gravel, sand, and clay on the
high bank to the east of Careburn bridge ; but that deposit,
which has undergone subaqueous re-arrangement, appears
never to have extended farther up, for we find none on the west
side, although the boulder-clay itself in its crude condition
is spread over all the hills... We are probably here on the
shores of an old sea, or, rather, as there are no marine shells
present, of a great fresh-water lake ; and the latter condition
consists best with the appearance of the laminated and slowly
deposited unfossiliferous silts in the valley of the Till, farther
down. “There are again fragments of this peculiar sandstone
and limestone in the deep clay beds above South Middleton
dean, where porphyries predominate at present. The Tued-
ian formation may have been originally shallow; but it is
evident that it has undergone vast denudation. A large
sandstone block is said to lie on the moorland height above

Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots. 3855

Brand’s Hill. It may have been transported thither by
human agency, for the purpose of the ancient inhabitants
sharpening their weapons and domestic implements thereon.
For ages a sharpening slab of this kind lay near the Well-
dean, Wooler, on which the inhabitants ground their swords
or pikes, when summoned to active warfare.

In the first gap behind Horsdean, issues at the foot of the
rocks a copious spring of pure water, called the Fairy,
Maiden, or Wishing Well; whither youngsters still resort,
and dropping in crooked pins, whisper the name of their
partners as fervently and believingly as ever they did in the
olden time. Overhanging it, although now partly destroyed,
is a rock, called the King’s Chair, whereon a king once
witnessed a mythical battle in the days of old, when some-
thing of “divinity did hedge a king.” An extensive camp
occupies the platform behind, and is accommodated to its
shape; the ancient refuge for the Horsdean and other hut-
men, the foundations of whose habitations and rude tombs
are still sprinkled over the adjacent waste of Kenterdale.
By those who have seen it entire, it is said to have been fully
as strongly fortified as the fine camp on a similar situation
on Harehope (on Akeld farm), and was almost a ‘‘fac-simile”’
of that stronghold. The place is called “ the Kettles ” from
the pot-like cavities in the surrounding ravine. In these
hollows are old folds and hut-circles of the British people.
An old faint wall runs down the side of the valley next to
Horsdean. A road from this great camp conducts to several
other smaller ringlets, or hill-forts, at the top of the steep
fields which we pass before reaching Earle; and near that
road are traces of ancient division walls, of mixed earth
and stone. Nearly all the top, and middle face of the hill,
forming the cover called Earle whin, except the declivity of
Earle dean, has been cultivated on the ridge and balk system ;
we likewise find hut-circles of the former husbandmen among
the balks. The balks again re-appear beyond Old Earle,
above the “Common” farm, whence they may have com-
municated with Hartheugh, where a set of them remains
entire, intermingled with tombs, and walls, and hut-circles ;
while on a bright spring day, others of them are readily
distinguishable on the slopes of part of that hill above the
Care burn. Precarious must have been the harvests on these
wind-swept eminences ; but corn growing was not abandoned
on the Earle heights till within a recent period.

856 Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots.

The pristine name of Earle is ‘ Yardhill,” “ Yerdhill,”
“ Kardle,” &c., still traceable in the country pronunciation,
* Yer-ill.” It may either signify guard-hill, or the hill with
enclosures on it; or the name may refer to the ancient British
dike crossing by Earle Hill-head. Some other symptoms of
British occupancy have been revealed. On March 12th,
1814, “‘as some labourers were at work on the summit of a
green hill, on the farm of Old Earle, they struck into a com-
plete urn of baked clay, unglazed, inverted on a flat stone,
a little inclined. Some fragments of a human skull, and
other bones in a sound dry state, and a thin piece of flint,
were found under the urn. The small end of the urn was
not a foot below the surface, with a few stones remaining
over it*.”” About 1825, another urn, of similar composition,
was disinterred, which the field workers broke.

Gaining the ascent above Middleton Hall, we attain our
first view of the giant masses of Cheviot and Hedgehope,
recumbent guardians of the great lone moorland. Now they
approach us, dark-brown, blue, or sombre black, symptom-
atic of a moist atmosphere. Especially if the mists troop, or
cling to the summit, or form a ragged bridge from hill-top to
hill-top across the valley, may we augur spiteful showery
weather farther up—not always, however, descending to the
base ; for coming out of a dense mist, and the society of
plaining plovers, you are sometimes surprised with gladden-
ing sunshine, and the singing of cheerful birds, and the
undimmed portraiture of the lower landscape. At other
times the hills lie farther off, but still extended in all their
vastness—dressed up in lighter tints, or dappled robes, and
with winning smiling features, gilded over with sunshine.
Towering white clouds gather up beyond the ridges, that
seem to float over another and brighter sphere, enticing us to
climb up the long hill steep to participate in what proves but
a visionary prospect. In autumn, however fair and well-
determined the outlines of things stand: out in the light of
dawn, broad shadows cast a gloom over the mountain sides
long before night-fall, and in the deep hollows and the woods
the light speedily becomes crepuscular. In that season every
cloud paints its inky shadow on the desolate moors. Thence
too—from this spot where we gaze—in winter time, when all
is comparatively temperate in the lower world, we may

* Local Papers, in ‘* Local Historian’s Table Book,” III., p. 135.

Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots. 357

witness the snow-blasts warring remote on the hills, and the
streaming drifts and showers, here and there silvered by the
sun, wheeling round the ridges, fed by the lowering muddy
clouds that retain a fixed station there for many a long day.

Bringing the eye downwards, there opens before us, be-
tween two ridges, a winding inlet, with bold capes and
sinuous bays, stretching away up into the very bosom of the
hills. The haze that veils the promontories adds to the
similitude of a narrow sea-frith. This is the vale of Lang-
leyford, whither we are bound. We are now skirting one of
its reaches, where the Wooler water works its uncertain way
among congeries of ancient gravels and rolled masses, often
disturbing and ploughing them up, but adding nothing to
the spoils brought thither and distributed by earlier and more
intensified agencies, that scooped the channel for the present
diminished stream. I have called it Wooler water; but its
oldest name, and one still used, is the Caldgate burn. In
the sixth year of Edward VI., “ At Cadgate mouth (7. e.,
where it joins the Till), two fords ” were “to be watched
with four men nightly of the inhabitors of Dodington.”
Farther up, the Ordnance surveyors have named it Harthope
burn. Small crowds of alders, varied by lighter tufts of
birch, thorn, and hazel, or scattered mountain ashes, with
a fine but limited oaken bank, intervene on the steep be-
tween its banks, and the moory and ferny grounds back-
wards.

The ground above, on the Middleton side, is permanently
stamped with the twisted ridges and long reaching balks of
the old British cultivators, who. had here, although hitherto
almost unnoted, numerous strong fortlets, and at intervals
camps of greater compass ; showing that it was reckoned of
great importance by the aborigines. The soil itself is
thin and full of small stones, and they must have had a hard
‘time of it to make a living, proportionate to the numbers, as
indicated by the multitude of huts, that required support.
Strange that they should have preferred, as a sort of outlaws,
to live, in a great measure, at the outskirts of fertility. It
supports the view, that they were chiefly a pastoral race.

There are some names of places here worth noting, some of
them rather whimsical. Shining Pool, Skirl-naked, and
Switcher-down, are old shepherds’ or farm sites. The waters
here bifurcate; that whose bridge we cross is called Care burn,

27,

358 Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Chevots.

because the flocks require to be herded, as a distinction from
Common burn, farther up, where there prevailed a sort of
socialism as regarded occupancy. The bank that descends
to Care burn is the Armer brae. The hill-side on the left
is the Slack, indicating a depression in the hills. There isin
it a noted foxhole, and tiny water-fall with its crop of brittle
and other ferns ; and still farther up a miniature representa-
tion, in its broken tiers of pillared rocks, like the fragments
of an aurora, of the grander Henhole. Indeed, the shapes of
the hills, whether conical, or lumpy, or rock crowned, as well
as the configuration of ravines, are over and over repeated
among the Cheviots. The opposite hill, with its grand
steeps of blue glitters and scanty share of grass, is Hartheugh.
You stumble here and there upon small camps amongst the
wilderness of ferns on its south-eastern flanks; and at its
tops, for it has two, are many folds, and hut-circles to guard
them. In modern times a house had been erected between
its eminences; for the summit comprehends a very con-
siderable rock-roughened and benty space. The wind, it is
said, once blew up the hearthstone, which is still reckoned
by the shepherds a marvel; but as the last occupant was a
reputed witch, such an occurrence might have been taken
for granted. After this, we are quite prepared to find on the
other side of Hartheugh, the Devil’s Knowe and Hell-path.
Crossing Care-burn, we come upon the Using-Shank, which
may admit of a variety of meanings. Old Using stood near
Broadstruther. The next hill-face to Broadstruther is Luk-
inarks; and there is a field of the same name at Middleton
Hall. We have also Arks among the southern Cheviots, and
in Roxburghshire. -Azrig, in Gaelic, is a summer pasture ;
and ducken is a bog in Ettrick Forest: which applies well
enough here. Farther over, where we again look down upon
Langleyford vale, is the hill called the Sneer. Sneer, by a
reference to Jamieson, is equivalent to snifter ; and I have
no doubt there is cold enough on it to make both shepherd
and dog turn up their noses. Its highest peak is appropri-
ately named Cold-law. So far for the minor topography.
The eastern grassy end of the Sneer hill has once been the
scene of British cultivation; traces of their twisted ridges,
balks, huts, tombs, folds, with others of more recent con-
struction at the expense of the ancient, and fence walls nearly
obliterated, being scattered up to and across the ridges. Mr

Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots. 359

Hughes opened a few of the tombs in the higher part; but
the soil being peaty, it had probably absorbed the lime con-
tained in the human frame-work, for nothing remained. The
cists were short, and formed of boulders. A remarkable
British division dike crosses the point of the Sneer nearest to
Careburn. On the southern side, just as we enter Langley-
ford vale, we see it goup the steep heathery acclivity of
Brand’s hill, across which it passes, guarded by fortlets, and
accompanied by grounds of ancient occupation, till it loses
itself among the Old Middleton camps and fortlets, towards
which we glanced from the Middleton Hall side. The shep-
herds now call it the “ Aud dike”’; but when I first knew it,
it went by the name of the “* Roman dike,” and was regarded
as of great antiquity. An old shepherd told me, that it ran
from Ingram, on the Breamish, to Akeld; while another
affirmed, that it had a course of a hundred miles. Whether
it was the old march of grazing grounds, the boundary line
of tribes, or a fortified barrier, we can» never know. ‘These
hill-Britons, although it has not yet been noted here, were
fend of separating walls, whether for the protection of their
flocks, or crops, or to distinguish family property. I have
not tried to trace this dike southwards; but it may be the
same which joins a group of camps and fortlets, and ground
of old culture, now waste, between Middleton burn and the
upper Lill burn, near Ilderton Dod hiil. It remains for
others to enquire whether the British settlements on the
moor edges were linked together in onechain. Northwards,
according to some, after crossing the Sneer, it combined with
a still well marked old wall, which separated the cultivable
grounds of the old Slack farm from the grazings on the Crags;
which terminates at the Slack washing-pool on Care burn.
It was then said to ascend the face of Watch-law; but I
examined the circuit of that hill without success. Many
tumuli and an ancient road lie between it and Hartheugh,
but no wall. The more probable opinion is, that it proceeded
aslant the lower part of Hartheugh, and is now incorporated *
with modern fences in one portion, and afterwards defaced
for a considerable distance by tillage grounds. Pursuing
this direction, we arrive at what may be its continuation,
about the middle of the Common houses, where a wall,
marked with upright stones, accompanies a road and several
fortlets and camps across to Humbleton hill. I have not

360 Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots.

sought out the junction, but this hill itself is nearly encircled
by an ancient wall on the south, enclosing folds, and guarded
by forts; which at the eastern end combines or coincides
with the huge balks of the ancient cultivator, which are such
conspicuous objects, and have been mistaken for fortifications,
and have given rise to several absurd speculations. A line
of wall, with cross-ribs, sheltering huts and folds, burrowed
out from the immense congregation of stones, descends the
eastern side of that hill (I believe there are three lines of
these walls on the hill face, but they are not equally trace-
able), till near the base, where it may unite with the under
wall of defence. The bottom wall turns the eastern corner
of the hill, where there are clusters of huts in ruins, accom-
panies the hill round and passes away to the plantation in
the direction of an ancient road that crosses through it.
Again, behind Humbleton hill on the west, a new series of
hut-circles associated with dikes resembling enclosures, com-
mences; the main-wall running up the road, by a hollow,
towards the great fortress on a promontory (Harehope camp)
at the head of a ravine. This is now partly occupied by a
recent march fence. Coming back, traces of walls continue
among the fine fortlets still remaining at the southern base
of Standrop, and proceed round the hill-edge for the exten-
sive camp overlooking Akeld fields. These dikes are
numerous at Swintlaw, and are as evidently the results of
Ancient British labour; as are the huts, and forts, and
hollowed out roads, marked by stones on edge. They re-appear
among the scattered settlements at Heathpool linn. They
can be trac2zd on Whiteside, not far from the eastern in-
scribed stone, running behind the ground where the fair
holds, towards the camps now enclosed by Fowberry Park
wall. In Berwickshire, they are prominent at Cockburn
Law ; and especially on Bunkle Edge, where tradition calls
them “Dane Camps,” and points out the water-tables in
front of them asa sort of rifle pits whence, with dart or
arrow, an attacking foe might be annoyed. ‘There is also
there a tradition, but very small traces, of a forgotten ditch
and turf wall named the “ Black Dike,’* the counterpart of

* In Berwickshire, there is also aruinous entrenchment, called the “Black
Dike,’ which can still be traced for two miles on Karlston Moor. In the
‘ New Statist. Acct. of Berwickshire,” p. 43, another rampart—the ‘ Black

Dikes’’—is noticed in connection with the camp named “ Blackcastle Rings,”
near Greenlaw, which runsin the direction of Hume Castle. Being prin-

Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots. 361

the Cheviot one, coming down from a place called Smiddy-
hill on the Lammermoors, across by Quixwood, where it is
visible, and on towards St. Abb’s Head. These, and other
instances, shew that the Britons could rear walls of their
own, without being indebted to Roman precedent.

Whether or not this wall was a guide, we find in later
times settlers of a different race adopting its line of communi-
cation, treading, it may be, in the path of old traditions, to
prevent invasion from Scotland. ‘“ The Day-watch appointed
for the East Marches, 6th Edward VI. (1552).—The Day
Watch from Mydleton-Cragg to the Torre—South Mydleton
to watch Mydleton-Cragg, with one man on the day.—North
Mydleton to watch Brandhill, with one man on the day.—
Mydleton-hall and Yardall to watch Harsheugh, with one
man on the day.— Wooler to watch Troden-carne, with one
man on the day,” &c. [The northern end of “ Watch-law ”
is still called Fredon ; the cairn may have been utilised for
fences].

Let us now go up into the flat grassy glen, where there is
no tiring so long as the feet are on the elastic grass, and
where we appear to be ever withdrawing more and more from
the outer noisy world to the quietude of reposing Nature.
The hurrying water finds an audible voice in the silence,
and fills the hollow with liquid tumult. The water at
present skirts the southern side, but at some former era has
traversed a higher channel, whose boundary terrace still
stands up on the northern margin. A similar arrangement
exists on the Care burn, and also on the Lill burn.

cipally composed of black turf, they have probably derived their name from
their colour. We are not, however, to regard every such wall as pre-historic,
unless associated with undoubted British remains; for we find march-dikes,
and ditches, and hedges, in very early writings. In the Kelso Charters, we
meet with the “ murum de Qwitlaw”’ (Morton’s “Teviotdale,”’ pp. 122, 128);
“ murum qui dicitur Swtercroftdyks”’ (p. 122) ; ‘* antiquam balcam, que est
antiqua marchia ad pedem del Whitelawe’”’ (p. 1386); “‘ balcam lapideam”’ ;
“quandam balcam latam”’ (p. 1386}; “‘quandam antiquam balcam que est
marchia”’ (p. 137); this last was continued across the “ strother”’ by a ditch.
Of these march ditches we have ‘‘ queedam fossa ex antiquo constructa”’
(p. 188); we have also ‘‘ fossati quod monachi fecerunt’”’ (Melrose) (p. 269).
We have also a “ vetus murus”’ at Whitton (p. 269), which was ancient at a
date about a.p. 1199. ‘Earl Patrick of Dunbar” gave to Dryburgh,
‘“‘Elvinesley, bounded by the hedge which reached up to Duneden, &c.”
(p. 806). ‘The supposed “ camp” that obtained notoriety some years since
in the Alnwick district for growing “‘ Roman oats,’ was merely one of these
old boundary balks. I noticed others in that vicinity.

362 Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots.

The southern side being moory, gives origin to the heather.
There are a few juniper bushes near the bottom, perhaps the
remains of a belt of that shrub; we find it again above Old
Langlee, and asolitary bush on Cheviot above Harthope linn.
Where springs scatter their moisture or flow down to a plash
at the foot, clumps of alders have been established. There
is much scantiness of earth; many of the alders having their
creeping roots exposed on the surface in a labyrinthine net-
work ; their support being a mere causeway of stones with a
slight soil washed into them. Gathered into masses, these
trees have a stiff, sombre look. In autumn this is kindled
up by the yellowing green of the hazel, the scarlet bravery of
the mountain ash, and the feathery birches, which glow like
sun-pierced orange clouds on the higher and drier spots.

To look up the heathy slope, it rises uniformly steep and
level; but one has little idea of form and distance among
those hills. There are numerous inequalities, wrinkles, and
hidden recesses up there; and one cannot comprehend the
extent till he has traversed the ground. Many scattered
British settlements lurk concealed over the heathery space,
even down to the edge of the woods. They are as much
entombed there from human knowledge, as are the fossils
which lie sealed up between the layers of rock. The road
ascending from Langlee is an old British track-way.

The ridge on the other side rises gradually, but at length
aspires to such a height, that where the ascent is abrupt, as
for example above the fine glitter-covered bank, it appears to
approach nearer to the ethereal blue than many loftier emin-
ences ; the gossamery summer clouds, one might say, float
out from behind it. It.is bared to the bone, and from its
dryness produces grass and bent rather than heather.

The rock that feeds the “ glitters” is a hard compact grey-
blue porphyry, and its fissility originates from the mode in
which its particles are adjusted, rather than from their being
softened by the weather. The process of comminution and
slipping forward is constant: the shepherds tell me that
they hear the splinters trinkling down, even in the calmest
day of summer—the alternate heats and colds being sufficient
to set the particles a-pattering. In passing, I sometimes
imagine, how the self-same cliffs in by-gone ages of the world,
thus imperceptibly mouldered away amidst fierce frosts and
showers of snow and rain, till the accumulated spoils were

Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots. 363

at length swept off by currents, glaciers, or ice-bergs, to con-
tribute to the soils, sands, and gravels that now overspread
the lower Jands. This is the progress it has made since,
under the present sub-zrial influences, to bury itself once
more with ruin. Ina short time the cliffs themselves will
disappear beneath their own debris, and the external waste
will terminate; and the surface may skin over, and the
evidence be altogether shut up, that discloses that not only it
but all the adjacent hill-sides have once undergone the same
gradual disintegration. These remarks are applicable to the
whole of the Cheviots, so much encumbered are they with
displaced weathered rocks.

Farther on, the ground is disfigured by heaps and inequali-
ties, such as are produced by great slips of soil from hill-
sides; and several long ridges of rolled blocks and gravel
cross the valley, similar to those which above Langleyford I
have called moraines. These mounds may at a former period
have converted this confined valley into a series of temporary
lakes, whose ancient bottoms the stream is now disturbing.

The quantity of thriving Hawthorn here is a special index
of the soil’s dryness and gravelly texture. They are the
charm of this part of the glen. They are not very tall nor so
pendant in the branches as in richer ground, but their shapes
are wonderfully diversified : bushy and bewery ; upright and
tufted; one-sided, antique, and bent; dwarf, stunted, and
crippled ; now flourishing in the vale and the shelter; then
flung out on the far-off ridge, the forlorn-hope of trees,
biding every foul gust of wind; and so dispersed and
scattered about in the hollows and on the low grounds, that
they imitate an artificial park in happier situations. We
need only to bring back the extirpated red-deer and roe, to
make it real. But now, we have the calmer picture of the
ewe and lamb reposing under their shadows ; while the ring-
ouzel pipes its wild note from their unmolested bowers.
There is a period too, when the hawthorns are not only leafy
and decorative, but unfold their snowy blossoms, to soften
the roughness of the mountain side and introduce a gracious
mildness on the waste. The blossoms continue a longer time
up here than farther down ; sometimes we have the hawthorn,

the wild rose, and the late primrose in flower together—a
combination of three floral seasons. The thorns and other
trees here are free of lichens, shewing the air itself to be
comparatively dry.

364 Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots.

I sometimes question if these thorns are native here.
They may be said to be so now, having been dispersed by
birds. Not far from the road, there is.a series arranged as if
on the line of an old fence. Hawthorn hedges are not modern
improvements. In 1552, enclosures on the Borders were
directed to be “ double set with Quickwood ” ;* and none of
these bushes are three hundred years old. Be this as it
may, they are distributed on these hills over various places
once occupied by the British people, springing even from
the centre of their hut-circles. They are numerous at
Yeavering, and again at Heathpool. We have here, also, as
happens at Heathpool, a stray bush of elder among the
glitters, testifying to former human vicinage; for I cannot
account it wild, as some have done. Our northern elders
never occur in a thicket, asserting their birthright.

Here we have many tokens of the former primitive in-
habitants. The first to be noticed is an oblong structure,
built without lime, with three compartments. In the opinion
of the old shepherds, it was a bught for milking ewes or
assorting sheep. As it has small doors, it was as likely to be
a stable, or cattle stall. Its name, “ Frater’s walls,” rather
betokens recent tenancy. Among the boulders at the base
of the glitters are examples of rude hut-circles, little better
than earth-pits. Very wretched they must have been, and
infested with adders, as they are now. A modern shepherd’s
hut on the hill-side shows pretty much what they would be:
it is horse-shoe shaped ; and there is a pavement of smoother
stones on the floor to keep the body from the wet soil, which
becomes quite saturated in winter and in rainy weather;
and over that a coating of withered brackens. Farther up,
on the heights, ancient folds have been constructed of grey
tumbling rocks, and have been adapted to modern wants also.
The British road crosses from the Langlee side, and ascends
this hill.

Many of the alders in the bogs by the way-side are of
unknown antiquity. John Ray, or Daniel Defoe (the latter
mentions them), may have looked on them nearly two cen-
turies ago. There are few of them that are not buttressed at
the base, from the power they have of self-repair. After
living to a good old age, the tree begins to droop, but some
lively young shoot takes up the growth, and transmits a

Nicolgon’s *‘ Border Laws,’’ p. 220.

Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots. 365-

stream of fresh wood towards the root, and, as the old
stumps become more earthy and rotten, roots themselves
issue, which finally thicken and coalesce into those clumsy
shapes and carry up a tree as vigorous as before. This
capacity of renewal is also exercised by the thorns, as may be
seen by the cords and wrinkles on their stocks. A young
tree thus takes possession of its ancestor, and is converted
into its substance and becomes its substitute. Another in-
teresting form of parasitism prevails in the “ Back-wood.”
Not only are the alders renovated by self-growths, but
mountain-ashes have seized or incorporated a large propor-
tion of the decayed trees: and we find trees half alder and
half mountain-ash ; and while in spring the latter rises up-
right and stately, shaking out its fresh green leaves, the
alder, being later in leafing, continues a mere collection of
puthered branches. In other instances, the mountain-ash
has entirely supplanted the original, which is suspended to
it by a piece of dead bark; like the story of the ancient
tyrant who chained a dead prisoner to a living one. They
assimilate themselves, even to the shape of the alder but-
tresses; for the descending roots follow the shape of the
alder, and when the mould is withdrawn they are seen to be
buttressed themselves. Other examples of this parasitism of
the mountain-ash may be seen in Goldscleugh wood, where
they have displaced aged birches.

Turn we now to the Fauna. There are no water-voles on
the streams among the hills. These run too wildly, and
supply no refuge. They do not ascend above Earle mill.
Rabbits abound up nearly to Langleyford Hope. Hares are
scarce and lean: I observed only one, on the end of Cheviot,
~ above the fields. When there are any, a frosty winter is said
to settle them. Foxes ‘are numerous. They seldom attack
lambs; but, like dogs, there are some of savage dispositions
which do. 1 once saw, near a stream on Hedgehope, what I
took for a black shrew; but it was too nimble for positive
recognition. Some birds may be marked by their absence.
There are either few, or no, yellow-hammers, buntings,
sparrows. lLarks are scarce on Cheviot ; a pair now and
then may be put up. They love moor-edges of cultivated
ground lower down. lLapwings also prefer lower ground.
Curlews rise to the back of the Sneer, or cross Cheviot from
Broadstruther. Plovers, like the grouse, do not fear the

3A

366 Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Chevvots.

swamps on the uppermost ridges of the hills. Since the
drainage, wild ducks are not so frequent as they once were.
A moor-pipet, in spring, was nestling at the apex of Hedge-
hope. Swallows look up the Glen, as far as Langleyford.
Black game is not uncommon ; a picturesque bird in flight
across the black heather and green ‘bogs, by the pale streak
on its wing and the white feathers at the angles of its tail.
Large birds painted against the wide empty landscape,
appear bulkier than they are in reality. Such is the heron,
when roused from sleepy digestion, on some unfrequented
steep; in which strangers have sometimes imagined that
they saw an osprey or fish-hawk. Great birds too, in ex-
panse of wing, are the common and lesser black-backed gulls,
which prowl over Cheviot in spring in search of garbage and
the carcasses of dead lambs. ‘The ring-ouzel is not so
numerous here as towards Broadstruther, Dunsdale, and the
Newton Torrs. Dottrels used to resort to Langleyford in
spring ; as woodcocks do to its wooded swamps in autumn.
The tree-pipet frequents the alder woods; and also the shy
redstart. Starlings have at first, I suppose, followed the.
rooks up to feed on the insects bred in the sheeps’ droppings,
and then have commenced to nestle in the convenient hollow
alders. ‘This is their present position near Langlee. The
wheat-ears are at home wherever there are boulders for them
to play at hide-and-seek with the passers by, ascending high
up on Cheviot and Hedgehope ; and the common wren is as
busy and fussy in manner, and as hurried in its little rush of
song, aS you can find it anywhere. Only a pair of stone-
chats have as yet been visible. The kestril builds in the
woods, usurping perhaps some carrion crow’s nest. Both
pied and grey wagtails haunt the rivulet; and the water-
crow never flags in whirring past. I have listened to its
song once or twice on a frosty day in autumn, when it sat
perched on a stone in the midst of the dashing stream. At
present the kingfisher keeps below Wooler; but old people
recollect of seeing it on the reach of the water above the
town. The black-headed gulls seldom ascend much farther ;
and even their appearance here, flying backwards and for-
wards, is regarded as the forerunner of a tract of bad weather.
Cuckoos make these banks a constant resort in spring. You
see the restless birds flitting across the glen, both male and
female, and both calling, but in different keys. The missel-

Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots. 367

thrush is no stranger in this glen, as far up as the Hope.
This spring, | witnessed a pair in furious pursuit of a spar-
row-hawk, which had clutched up one of their young that
had just ventured from the nest. The hawk had to drop
with its prey,and finally, with my aid, it was rescued, amidst
the great chattering of the parents who were as jealous of me
as of the hawk. On another occasion, I saw one far up the
bank attack a cuckoo passing below it, while a ring-ouzel
sounded the alarm beneath, which so baffled the scared bird
that it clapped down as if to hide among the rocks, mutter-
ing half its call-note. The summer long, the sandpiper,
like another Ariel, trips along the yellow river sands. This
year, I noticed it gradually making its way upwards towards
the hills. It was first observable on some islands of gravel,
near Wooler, during a flood, circling round them like a lark,
uttering its pretence of asong ; then a day after, at Careburn;
and afterwards in its summer retreats up the valley. IT once
saw a carrion crow up here, dogging a sandpiper to discover
its nest. The sandpiper retired by little and little, as the
crow made its advances, uttering a sad plaining as if it was
meeting with very bad usage. At last I sent the black fellow
about his business ; and I hope the sandpiper felt more re-
lieved by my interference than the missel-thrushes appeared
to be. The siskin is sometimes a winter frequenter of the
alder thickets. Wood-pigeons, being much shot at in the
lower woods, flock for refuge to the plantations about Lang-
leyford. The shepherd told me, that they had become so
impudent as to eat up his crop of young kale, directly in
front of his window. In spring, the little willow wren
(Sylvia trochilus) populates most of the glen, and sings par-
ticularly sweet among the birches below the Hope when they
first open their odoriferous buds. Linnzeus remarks that no
bird was so frequent among the birch woods in Lapland as
this. Troops of rooks pass some part of the summer on the
hills, feasting on the mountain berries ; and when these fail,
they commence to stog up with their bills the moor grasses
and bents in search of the grubs of crane-flies, or for wire-
worms. I was surprised to what extent they had pulled up
the grass on Hedgehope, above Harthope linn ; the withered
tufts being scattered all over their hunting ground. ‘These
were again recognised near the apex of Cheviot. Mr Hughes
mentioned to me that a goshawk (Astur palumbarius) was

368 Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots.

trapped in early spring, some time since, ina rock near the
top of Cold-law, and the stuffed bird is now in his possession.
It was a young bird of about two years old; after which the
longitudinal bars on the breast feathers become transverse.
The peregrine falcon preys as far down as Middleton Hall.
By an examination of the bones and the remains of wing-
feathers, Sc., strewed beneath their eyrie in the Bizzle, it
would appear that it is principally wood-pigeons with which
they nourish their young.

Where the very modern cottage of Langlee stands, there
terminates a low ridge called the Shank, on the upper side
of which is a longitudinal depression parallel to Langleyford
vale, named the Letchy syke. Latch is a dub or mire
(Sibbald’s ‘‘ Glossary * to “‘ Chron. Scot. Poetry ”); and in
modern German, Jache is a pool, puddle, plash, or lake.
For more about a Latch or Letch, see ‘ Guy Mannering,”
chap. xxill. Passing upwards from the cottage, there is a
camp, traversing which is an oval-oblong erection with two
compartments, and a hut-circle at the end of it. There are
other hut-circles in the corners of the camp. Two large
tumuli next occur; and still farther on, there is in the bank
a cluster of cup-shaped cavities, whose purpose is not obvious.
I have seen nothing like them, except near some huts and
tumuli on the upper Lill burn, near Ilderton Dode hill.
They are too rude for pit-dwellings, and are more like
modern concealments belonging to the smuggling period.
Passing on, there are strong, numerous, and extensive en-
closures and folds, round the old Langlee cottage; many of
them modern, but others, from the employmemt of stones on
end, of ancient date. They lie directly opposite the British
town on the Langleyford side of the hill, to which they may
have originally belonged. This townlet occupies an expan-
sion at the foot of the hills, and its lower boundary-wall
skirts the present main road. ‘The huts are closely clustered,
and in good preservation ; some of them remaining still, as
the natives would leave them when unroofed, with their
causewayed floors exposed, and they require no excavation to
bring their form to light. I thought I could trace in some a
raised platform inside round the walls. <A British road
passes slant through amongst them, and they ascend well up
the hill-face. They are copiously supplied with springs.
Here, as elsewhere, the inhabitants had taken advantage of

Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots. 369

a group of boulders strewed over the sunny side of the hill.
I met with a viper basking on one of the deserted floors.
The huts extended circuitously round the high bank onwards
to above the Pebble burn ravine; some of them being still
preserved near the burn sides. The rest were carted off to
construct the fences surrounding the fields.

I pass the Pebble, or Diamond, or Hawsden burn, merely
remarking that, by the side of its stream, after a flood, we may
see in what manner a rapid flowing water assorts and deposits
gravel: not level, but ridgy, wave behind wave, like the
successive flow of glitters pushed down a hill-side.

In order to pick up afew miscellaneous items, I shall
glance over to the fine castellated crag of blue porphyry,
called the Housy Crag, or House of Crag, which towards
evening imparts so much grandeur to the ridge. On one of
the eminences. of the crag, facing Hedgehope which lies
westerly, lie two blocks of the well-marked porphyry of that
hill ; one of them being partially suspended over the cliff.
As there is a hollow interval of half-a-mile or so betwixt the
crag and Hedgehope, these must either have been dropped by
an iceberg, or have slipped from a melting glacier. There
are three or four tumuli of large dimensions on the slope
beneath the crag; but hut-circles are few, the soil being
moist. The modern wood at the base of the hill is traversed
by old dikes and enclosures. Somewhere on the heights
above Langlee is Carr’s Fold. In rebuilding it, a cist was
found, of the short form, containing human bones, which
crumbled into dust. In the moors behind the ridge, towards
Three-stone burn, in cutting peat on a dry moor, an ancient
whetstone was recovered, at the depth of eighteen inches,
supposed to have sunk to that depth in the course of years.
The stone had been an oblong, seven inches long, and one
inch square at the ends. ‘The edges had been rounded by
sharpening with it, and it had either been badly. used or
applied to coarse implements, as it was unequal. It was a
‘burn-stone,” of a grey colour. It was found near the
* Prashy syke ”’; a corruption, I suppose, for rushy. Also
in cutting peat, and at about the same depth, several horns of
cattle have been observed, not differing from those of the
present domestic breed. Half-way up Hedgehope, facing
Three-stone burn, a few years since, a very fine ancient quern
was found among some boulders ; which from the very large

870 Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots.

felspar crystals, giving it a peculiar mottled appearance, is
believed to be of Shap Fell granite. It now belongs to Mr
Wightman, at Wooler, who also possesses a fragment of
another of the same kind from Kilham. Mr Riddell has two
additional examples from Bewick Folly. In the Berwick
Museum there are two querns of this kind of rock: one
obtained at a great depth under soil, on the surface of the
limestone at Scremerston quarries; the other from near
Branxton. An ancient traffic in these implements had sub-
sisted between the eastern and western British tribes. In
ascending Hedgehope during the autumn, while the sun
shone opposite in the west and some driving mists were
creeping across the hollow beneath, behind, almost obscuring
the Housy Crag, I was delighted, on turning round, to see a
gigantic shadow of myself projected across the interval, with
a halo encircling the head. The halo was ever shifted and
re-formed. On the same occasion, on looking from the apex
across the mossy ground on the neck between this height
and Coomb Fell, the rain having recently filled the pools, a
most dazzling reflection of brilliant points, like the fragments
of great mirror, sparkled from amidst the black setting of the
peat-bogs of that extremely dreary expanse of broken ground.
Between Standrop and Hedgehope is a syke ; and near to it,
a Highlandman named “ Black Rory ” had his whisky-still.
A green spot near it is called Rory’s Gair; gar being a
small strip of green ground among heather or ferns. Mr
Tate once told me, that a huge rock standing out from one
of the Hedgehope heights has a quadrangular face, and a thin
bed overlies a very thick bed. Itis hence called “ Kate’s
Kist,” from its resemblance to a chest; and a lichen which
is attached to the eastern face is called ‘ Kate’s Hair.”
There is another rock with a tale attached to it, called the
Hanging stone, situated more towards the Scottish side,
above Langleyford. A hapless packman was once resting
upon it, with his burden of cloth too near the edge, when the
pack slipped over, and tightening round his neck, strangled
him, A similar story is told about a robber and a stolen
sheep.

Let us now revert to Langleyford, which has been ever a
bright spot in the Club’s history. Has it not also been sung?

‘“‘ Hedgehope and Cheviot are pleasant bits of ground,
But such a place as Langleyford is rarely to be found.”

Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots. 871

Langleyford was of ancient note. A British road crossed the
country here. A Border night-watch in 1552 (6, Edw. VI.)
upon the west side of Till, ran from Langleyford to “* Ryden
burn.” ‘ Langley-ford, Preston, Byrkes, Hunt-roodes,
Dawson’s-rode, to be watched with 1] men of the Inhabitors
of Mydleton-hall, Mydleton-South, Mydleton-North, West
Lylburne, the Newtone, and Chatton.’*

The Britons have left their traces on the first dry position,
above the present plantation, and facing the farm-house, in
their huts among a group of boulders. Proceeding along the
top of the bank, whence there is the best view of the birchen
groves that here cling to the stream, there is first an oblong ;
and farther on, where the boulders begin to multiply until
they monopolise the wide ferny space, the huts also abound
more and more. There are likewise more oblongs, and ruder
‘folds. In a recess in the wood, two natural cave-like
hollows have been adapted to contain sheep and cattle.
Concealment during an invasion was doubtless the object of
their adaptation. Higher up on the hill, and stretching
away towards the Hope, are many large and conspicuous
tumuli, which had depended for their construction on the
adjacent congregation of boulders. The highest that I have
noted is well up on the hill, in a line with the Hope; and
the farthest up on the Hedgehope side, is also nearly opposite
that cottage.

Conjoined with this, the greatest local collection of boulders
on this side of Cheviot, near the outlet of the Rae (or Roe)
burn,t are several fragments of what I take to be terminal
glacial moraines, consisting of strong mounds firmly com-
pacted ; which cross the defile between the hill-foot and the |
bank of the burn, and face up the glen. From their being
lowered at the end next the burn, as if they had been removed
there, and from a depression lying above them, they
may also at one period have dammed back all the upper
waters issuing from Cheviot and Hedgehope, which may
have constituted a lake that subsequently burst its barriers.
This wonderful assemblage of rocks appears to be due also to
the same powerful instrumentality that piled together the

* Nicolson’s ‘‘ Border Laws,” p. 213.
+ The Cat-loup, a deep gulph cloven by the stream by its passage through
the rocks—situated farther up the Harthope burn—recalls another extinct
member of the fauna, the wild-cat,

372 Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots.

moraines. When we encounter heaps of loose rocks on the
hill-sides, where they occupy limited spaces, they generally
belong to some dismantled crag which has been overtopped
by its own dislocated materials during the present era; and
by a little search we discover the upper extremities of the
parent rock. But it is otherwise here; their position shows
that they have travelled, and a deep soil interposes between
them and the fundamental rock—as the thriving trees and
the rank growth of ferns among them bear testimony. In
mineralogical character, these boulders correspond with the
rocks adjacent to the burn-sides ; but so do all those, with a
slight diversity of crystallisation on this slope of the hill, up
to the Crags towards the summit on the S.W. side. It is
among these high crags, which at present sweep in a semi-
circle round a lowered vacant area, and amongst which the
materials for a still active dilapidaticn—aided by a long
retention of the winter’s snow—are not yet exhausted, that I
would seek the primary seat of many of those transported
blocks; these, and a band of rock once continuous between
them and Hedgehope, across the head of the valley, the
varieties of rock on each side being almost identical. These
crags lie a mile or two to the west or north-west; and this
direction is in accordance with the distribution of travelled
blocks all over the moors beneath, far down into the low
country, as well as with the portion of this series of blocks
which stretch along for those crags. That the reference to
that source is correct, appears from the occurrence among
them of a peculiar fine grained granitic porphyry, with pale
pink or whitish felspar, resembling an Aberdeen granite,
which occupies in its native site the borders of the deep
ravine called the Long Cleugh, descending from those crags.
It is an unmistakeable rock, and can be identified all down
the Langleyford vale among the rolled blocks exposed by the
burn. ‘This being the case, these blocks, for the most part,
have been swept not down the hill direct, but across the
present declivity. But there must be added to them the
vast array of dislodged stones that cumber most places of the
hill, beneath the turf, composing quite a pavement between
the turf and the soil. ‘These are very abundant in the bogs,
and constantly obstruct the drainers when digging foot-drains.
Several of them turned out during this operation are whiter
than any rock now im situ, and give the false idea of being

~

Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots. 373

syenites of extraneous origin, but this is owing to the peaty
waters having discharged the fleshy hue of the felspar. On
the Hedgehope side, however, at the head of the vale, there
is a native rock with paler felspar ; and it has given origin
to a great number of these pseudo-syenetic boulders, which
can be traced down to Wooler. The upper portion of this
paler variety being overlapped by peat, is called the Black
Crag, and it is almost the sole remnant of exposed rock now
left, except in gullies, on the northern slopes of Hedgehope.
It lies at the very head of the valley ; and from being so much
pared down and rounded—pared down, but not polished,—
it appears still to bear the impress of the movements of the
ancient glacier that extended up and down the valley.

But there has been also a secondary movement of these
boulders, which is still being carried on. During spates, the
wild hill-burns dislodge and bear down all that they can
shift; as 1s apparent from the crowds strewed near their
courses, or accumulated at their junction with the lower
streams. Both on the slopes of Cheviot and Hedgehope
there are lengthened streams of stones irregularly scattered,
stretching far down the declivities, and sometimes terminat-
ing in quantities huddled together. It was only recently
that I ascertained how this came to pass. Happening to
cross a slip of peat which had recently precipitated itself
down the slope near the Black Crag, I found that along with
the peat, the movement had torn up and brought with it the
boulder rocks beneath it—for, as I mentioned, they constitute
a loose stratum under the turf,—and had arranged them in that
long straggling line, which had hitherto appeared inexplic-
able. Passing over to the Cheviot side and scrutinising
Hedgehope, I could now trace the lineaments of numerous
old slips, still visible on its face but now overgrown with
grass. The peat, which, now broken up by frequent “ peat-
brooks,” overhangs, with ragged edge, the slopes, is retro-
grading, and probably once extended much farther down the
slope, the mountain grasses having occupied the cleared
spaces. This gradual transition to an ameliorated condition
is precisely what is observable on the top of Cheviot wherever
the fundamental clay is bared by the removal of the peat.
The sheep’s fescue and other grasses soon colonise the new
soil, and produce strips of meadow.

The exceeding thickness of the clays in the sections ex-
posed by the ravines and open drains on these hills is worthy

3B

374 Mr Hardy on Langleyford Vale and the Cheviots.

of attention. The circumstances under which they were
formed, and are forming, are here laid open; and the great
depth to which disintegration has penetrated far down the
solid rock is very remarkable. At the top, we have the
boulder-clay finely comminuted, intermingled with the re-
mains of boulders of the common rock of the hills not yet
completely crumbled down; and underneath this, another
stratum of fine clay, having at its base angular wasted frag-
ments of the subjacent rock. This itself, in a discoloured
state, with its white crystals of soda-felspar still preserved,
appears in its external original entireity ; but being struck
by a hammer, it is found to be converted into a mass of damp
clay, not differing from the incoherent materials above it.
We have thus represented to us, going on before our eyes,
the decayed condition which the surface of those hills would
have acquired during the ages preceding the era of boulders ;
and we also here learn whence came the clays, which being
then excavated, and borne away and distributed over the
lowlands, constitute a large proportion of the present agri-
cultural soils. These are now again here being stored up
anew, but in their present untempered condition are un-
available for the production of useful vegetation.

Gladly now the eye is turned to the pygmy groves and
scattered trees, that form so many old-fashioned pictures of
landscapes in miniature, suspended on the face of Hedgehope.
Were they ever more numerous, and did they rise higher on
the hill-sides than they.do now? I think not. They could
not have grown for the swamps, let alone the exposure.
Here and there an ancient oak may be disclosedin an upland
peat-pit ; which may be 7m setu, having grown by itself be-
fore being surrounded by bog. I once found a large birch in
peat, on the high moors, where no trees flourish now; but
we still see solitary trees of this kind in situations which do
not argue former sociality. The highest situated trees at
present on the Goldscleugh side, are the ancient birch wood;
but. it never rose higher than the platform immediately above
it, where branches and stumps of small diameter are still
dug out of a peat moss. There are decayed roots of trees
entering the clay beneath the peat, far up the base of Hedge-
hope, and in drains on Cheviot; but there are single trees or
clumps there still. Because Cheviot was once called “ a
Forest,” we must not jump to the conclusion that it was
overgrown with trees. In some parts of Great Britain there

Report of Experiments on the Salmonide of the Tweed. 375

are “forests”? with no trees whatever.* A free forest, or
chase, is not necessarily a wood. In the last survey of
Cheviot, it is called, “that great waste, the Forest of
Cheviot”; the same term which is employed in the early
grants (‘‘Cheviot: magnum vastum vocat’ forestam de
Chyvyot.”) The trees were principally on the side fronting
Scotland, which is dry and favourable for the production of
oaks; and the remains of these woods still exist between
Heathpool and Kirknewton. The Scots were accustomed to
slip over and steal the timber, to aid in constructing their
rude shielings. The prevalence of remains of British huts
all over the hills, shew that they never were densely wooded.
Such a population as they maintained could never have
obtained subsistence if entangled in woods. A native oak-
wood upon a height would form a thicket as impervious as a
bramble-brake, which no domestic animal could have pene-
trated. The Rev. W. Greenwell informs me that the Britons
were graziers rather than huntsmen ; and thus the deer and
the roe would have few charms for them. Few bones of deer
and roe are found in their funereal feasting-places, compared
with those of oxen, horses, and goats.

The subject is not one that can be finished at one sitting.
I have endeavoured to take up some points of view left un-
touched by previous observers ; but I have purposely refrained
from others, for which the canvass is too narrow.

Report of Experiments on the Salmonide of the Tweed,
1870, 1871, and 1872. Communicated by Mr GrorcE
Youne.

The natural history of the Salmon has been studied on the
river Tweed for a great many years; and the facts which
have been brought to light have not been exceeded in any
part of the Kingdom.

In order to begin at the beginning, it may be as well to
give some account of the “ artificial breeding.” When the
French naturalists first talked about raising fish from the
ege,as you would do with birds or fowls, it was received in
this country with great incredulity ; but as the newspapers

* “An Englishman, new tothe Highlands, passing through a northern deer
forest, remarked to his native companion that he was surprised to see no trees
there. ‘Trees!’ said the Highlander, with undisguised contempt, ‘ wha
ever heard tell o’ trees in aforest?’ Hach was partly in the right; the word
forest has different meanings beside the Severn and the Spey.”—Sir Wm.

_Stirling-Maxwell’s Address, University of Edinburgh, 1872.

316 Report of Experiments on the Salmonide of the Tweed.

kept sending one account after another of its success, it was
resolved to give it a trial. The first to do so were the
authorities of the Tay, who commenced breeding ponds at
Stormontfield, under the superintendence of the late Mr |
Buist ; and I need not say how enthusiastically he went into
it, and how successful have been the results. I visited them
first with Mr Buist, some fourteen years ago; and again this
season, and found Mr Marshall attending to his young family
as carefully as ever. The Tweed Commissioners also early
turned their attention to it, and commenced ponds at Nab-
dean burn (on the property of D. M. Home, Esq., Paxton
House), under the care of their former superintendent, Mr
Mitchell, and in which I took adeep interest. It was always
thought that they could only be propagated by the male and >
female coming together in the usual way; but this experi-
ment proved that thisis not necessary. The male and female
salmon were caught in a stream above Melrose: the female
was taken by the gill, and the belly stripped down by the
hand, causing the ova to flow in a stream like so many peas
into a pail; and the milt of the male was subjected to a like
process, and the contents well mixed together, and then
taken down the river a distance of forty miles, put into the
boxes, and covered with gravel. There it remains until the
month of April, about which time the hatching generally
takes place. ‘This part of the process is deeply interesting.
The first thing you notice, is an object of a tadpole appear-
ance; and on examining it more minutely, you observe a
round globe or bag of a very fine shade, from a pink toa
purple colour; and across the top of this bag, you finda
minute fish, as small as a fine small sewing needle. This
little thing floats about on the top of this balloon, and tries to
hide himself under the stones when you approach too close
to it. The boxes in which the gravel is deposited, have a
continuous flow of water running over them; every square
having a small opening in the corner, opposite to where it
enters, and that causes the flow to be uniform over the whole
surface. Mr Gilhome, of Tongueland, in Kircudbrightshire,
has introduced an improvement on this system, by making
his breeding boxes of wood frames, fitted with ribbed glass,
in the shape of ridges and furrows, across which the water
flows, and in which the ova are sown in the same way as peas
in a garden. ‘These frames he has placed in an old house,
and causes a stream of filtered water to flow over them.

Report of Experiments on the Salmomde of the Tweed. 377

They are also protected with lids or covers, and thus they
can be protected from rats and all other creatures that might
destroy them. This system is very favourable for any
gentleman who wishes to try breeding on a small scale. The
next stage is that of allowing them to leave the boundary
boxes to go into the adjoiming feeding pond, where they are
kept in the “ Parr” state for the first year. At the expira-
tion of that time, they put on the “Smolt dress”; along with
which they seem to get their migratory propensity, and are
allowed to pass into the river; and during the months of May
and June seem all to find their way to the sea, where they
stay until the following year. The Salmon Smolts then
return as “Grilses,” from 14 to 3 pounds weight; but rapidly
increasing in the sea, and, as the season advances, improving
in weight at the rate of one pound for every month that they
remain: so that, towards the close of the season, in Septem-
ber, many of them have attained the weight of nine pounds
or more. Most, if not all, of these fish spawn during the
following winter ; return to the sea as “‘ Grilse Kelts” ; and
the following season return as adult Salmon. This has been
denied by some people, but they give us no proof of their
theory. The migratory Trouts go through the same stage as
the Salmon ones, with this exception, that the Trout Smolts on
returning from the sea, come back as “ Black-tails ” or
“‘ Silver-whites,”’ retaining a good deal of the silvery dregs
with which they left, but increased in weight to about 12 to
16 ounces. After this, they again return to the sea, and very
quickly return as “ Whitling,” or “ Young Bull Trout,” or
“Sea Trout”; having in the interval lost the silvery appear-
ance, and put on the large star-like spots peculiar to the
larger Trout mentioned above.

These facts have been ascertained by carefully marking
the young fish in all the different stages of their growth, and
by keeping a proper register of all that are uncaptured on
returning from the sea.

The following report of those coming back last season, as
reported by the Experimental Committee to the Tweed Com-
missioners, shows in what manner those experiments are
conducted, and gives also an idea of the proportion of the
smaller fish that are coming back from time to time.

‘¢ Tho following tabular statements show—First, the particulars
relative to the fish which have been retaken; and secondly, the
number and species of the fish marked between September,
1870, and June, 1872, inclusive :—

378 Report of Experiments on the Salmonide of the Tweed.

No. L—RETURN OF THE FISH

WHICH WERE MARKED AND RETURNED ALIVE TO

Species of | Date of | Where Length | Species of

Fish, |Marking.| Marked. | Weisht- | <7 inches, NSS,
1870
Whitling. Sept. 29 | Start 131b ey Whitling.
Salmon. - Do. 2131b 37 Salmon.
[ Water

Blacktail. rf Scotch New 160z 13 Bull-Trout.
Bull-Trout. aC Start 2i1b 18 Do.
Yellow Trout} Oct, 13 | Yardford 9oz 9 Yellow Trout
Bull Trout. “1 Hithermouth 2b 16 Bull-Trout.

Do. Pn South Bells 331b 20 Do.
Black Tail. ie Eithermouth| 120z 12 Whitling.

Do. Nov. 10 | Scotch New | 120z 14 Blacktail.

Do. ¥ Start [Water| 180z 13 Bull-Trout.
Bull-'Trout. 5 Scotch New |° 23lb 20 Do.
Whitling. 3 Do. [Water| 141b V5 Whitling.
Grilse. oe Start 421b 23 Grilse.

1871
Orangefin. June 7 | Low Bells 140z 6 Orangefin,
Yellow Trout - Hithermouth |} 2}0z 7i~ | Yellow Trout
Blacktail. Oct. 12 | Scotch New | lloz 113 | Blacktail.
[ Water

Do. bon tas Do. 21oz 144 | Whitling.

Do. = Do. 160z fiz Do.

Do. Fe Start 160z 12 Bull-Trout.

Do. a Do.” 80z 10 Blacktail.

Do. - Cove 160z 13 Whitling.

Do. Nov. 1 | Clayholes 160z 13 Do.

Do. Fe Hornwell 160z 14 Do.

. Do. 3 Do. 120z 124 | Blacktail.
Do. i Eithermouth; 120z 11 Whitling.
Do. ss Start 200z 153 ’ Do.

Whitling. 5 Hornwell 1lb 120z | 17 Do.
Blacktail. 7 Start 140z 14 Blacktail.
Do. is Low Bells 120z 11 Whitling.
Do. A Eithermouth| 100z 12 Do.
1872
Grilse. Feb. 28 | Scotch New | 32lb 24 Grilse.
[ Water

Report of Experiments on the Salmonide of the Tweed. $379
CAUGHT IN THE RIVER TWEED.

THE RIVER, AND WERE AFTERWARDS RECAPTURED.

Length| Differ- | Differ- Interval

Date of . : : between
Where re-taken) Weight.) in | ence in | encein |),
recapture. inches.| Weight | Length ee
1872 :
July 26 | Hallowsteil 231b 183 | 120z 12in 21m 27d
1870
Nov. 12 | Galashiels 251b. — | 33lb _ 44d
1871 [ Montrose :
Sept. 25 | North Esk 2lb loz 18 | 1lb loz | din lim 27d
Aug. 15 | Cove 541b 24 | 22lb 6in 10mi7d
1871
July 15) West Ord — — — a 9m2d
Aug. 15] Broad, [worth| 2Ib 183 | None | 23in 10m2d
Nov. 30 | Coquet, Wark-| 41b 130z| 24 | 1lb 9o0z/ 4in 13mi7v7d
June 1) Sandstell 1702 13 | doz lin 7mi9d
March 29 | Watham 120z 15 None | lin. 4mi9d
Aug. 15 | Hallowstell Wb 1402] 17% | 1b loz | 44in 9m5dd
March 11 | Teviot 21b 20z | 203 | 100z dec} Zin. inc} 4mi1d
June 26 | Ford 21b 402 — | 1202 _ 7mi6d
Feb. 22 | Watham 4lb — |80zdec} — smi2d
June 9| English New _ _ — _ 2d
1872. [ Water
pace 29 | Eithermouth 50z 9 | 2302 13in 14mi9d
1871
Oct. 15|Scotch New| lloz 113 — — 3d
1872 [Water
Aug. 19} Broad 231b 18 | 150z 33in 10m7d
Aug. 7 |Twizel!Boat Ho.| 1b 7oz 16 | 7oz 43in 9m 26d
Aug. 13 |FallinnrStirling| 1b 7oz 15 | 7oz 3in 10mid
[on the Forth
May 4| Yardford $0z 11 | 1$0zdec} lin. ine} 4m 21d
June 4 Sandstell 18302 143 | 240z ‘| 13in 7m 23d
July 30) Hollywell 1402 174 | 80z 43in 8m 29d
July 1 Shoreside IIb 1240z} 16 |1230z | 2in 8m
April 8} Broad - 830z 123 |3z0z dec] None |/5m7d
Aug. 5] Tweedmill 160z 14 | 402 3in 9m4d
July 31] English New| 24lb 182 | 131b 33in 8m 30d
1871 [ Water
Aes, 4 | Lees 1lb 120z| 17 | None | None | 3d
872
March 13 | Watham 9ioz 123 | 420z deci1din. dec] 4m 12d
July 14 /Twizel Boat Ho.| 23Ib 16 | 141b 5in 8m 23d
Aug. 1 | Tweedmill 19402 16 | 9302 4in 9m

Aug. 28 | Finchie. 8lb 29 |41lbs_ | din. 6m

380 Report of Experiments on the Salmonide of the Tweed.

No. I1.—FISH MARKED IN 1871 AND 1872.
Recaptured.
25 Salmon, - “
177 Grilse - -
153 Bull-Trouts - - -
6 Whitling, -
454 Blacktails, -
9 Silver- Whites - - -
40 Smolts - - > -
400 Orange-Fins - SRS |
ol Parr, - - - -
1 Grayling, - - -
2 Yellow Trout, - - 2

Total, 1298

[2 trol lel | Somme

If any doubt has existed hitherto, it can no longer exist, that
a Blacktail and a Whitling are the same fish in different stages
of growth, and likewise it is proved that Blacktails are subse-
quently retaken as Bull-Trout; but the proof is not obtained
that the Whitling is an intermediate stage between Blacktail and
Bull Trout, one case actually leading to the inference that a
Whitling remains a Whitling, a perfect fish ; 1 yearand 299 daye
having elapsed between the two periods of its capture as a Whit- .
ling. Ifthis should be so, there must be more than one species
of Blacktail. The present series of experiments has _ not deter-
mined (what, however, has been perfectly established formerly),
that the Orangefin is the previous stage of the Blacktail. It will
be expedient, however, to continue the examination of Blacktails
and other fish of similar dimensions, with the view of removing
the uncertainty existing on these points, as well as of discovering
some of the Orangefins and Smolts which have been, or shall be,
marked ; and, if possible, to settle the value of certain theories
relative to distinctive shapes of the earlier age, supposed by some
to indicate the future Salmon, Grilse, or Bull-Trout, as the case
may be.

No certain light has yet been thrown on the question whether
Grilse become Salmon. One Grilse, marked in November, 1870,
was retaken as a Grilse in the following February; but it had
decreased in weight, and can afford no criterion for decision.
Another Grilse, marked February, 1872, was recaptured still in
the Grilse state on 28th August, 1872—six months after being
marked. On the other hand, several Salmon have been noticed
in the Berwick Shipping Company’s fish-house, with scars, cor-
responding in position to the place where the wires are inserted
in the tail of the Grilse. The Committee propose to adopt another -
method of marking Grilse, and thus test the power of the hypo-
thesis, that the wires having been rubbed out by the power of

Report of Experiments on the Salmonide of the Tweed. 381

the larger fish, the scars in reality present evidence that the
Salmon bearing these scars were marked as Grilse It may be
observed that of the Blacktails, 3, which were recaptured in the
months of March and April respectively 144, 159, and 133 days
after being marked, had decreased in weight by 13, 3}, and 42
ounces—being found in poor condition, and one of them increased.
in length only 1 inch, while the others were stationary. These
still retained the character of Blacktail. The others, which were
recaptured in June, July, August, and September, had all in-
creased in size and weight, had assumed the characteristics of
Whitling or Bull-Trouts, and were generally in good condition,
some being retaken in the river Tweed, others on the Sea-Coast
Fisheries, and others as far as the North Esk above Montrose,
the Coquet in Northumberland, and in the Forth below Stirling.
The rate of growth may be illustrated by the following instances :

(A.) BLACKTAILS RECAPTURED.

Increased Increased New No. of Days

Weight. Length. Character. after Marking.
* In June, 13872, 2302 Iljinch. Whitling. 235
e sinlsyl: DG 5s US: BES Do. 231
Waly L872.) (1b 5,4 po Qi 4 Do. 243
y DL orld i Deve iy Do. 266
AS Siren. 4, ,, Do. 292
i Z0e es. Oe tn el Do. 273
ae, USFS, 9% 5. AT Do. 274
me oath Seas anal Do. 277
PF (eae ay sy Do. 300
i Cs ap aN Bull-Trout. 306
af BOs enh Oae ts Whitling. 312
is | by peter 4, ,, Bull-Trout. 278
pep, 18715 — 17". 5: Dr tes) Do. 361

(B.) WHITLING.
Suime ST, Abas a ee Whitling. 228

1 d
Puy 872%, 12 4; 12) Do. | 'sdo days

(C.) BULL-TROUT.

August, 1871, 36 ,, G..245 Bull-Trout. 320

Nov., 255%, eee Do. 413
(D.) GRILSE.
August, 1872, 41 ,, Ok + Grilse. 181

3c

38% = Arrival and Departure of Migratory Birds.

Although no new conclusive facts have been established dur-
ing the period embraced in this Report, the statistics afforded
regarding the growth of the fish recaptured, and the confirmation
of former experiments, are not without value; and the Commit-
tee are sanguine that further experience may solve doubts respect-
ing the maturity of the Grilse, as well as the alleged varieties of
Orangefins, Smolts, and Blaektails.”

Perhaps it may be interesting to give some account of the
mode of marking, as done on the Tweed. The fish are first
landed with a harry water-net of small meshes. They are
then put into corves, perforated with holes all round the sides;
and from these they are carried in pails to a tray full of water
on a stand. Their length is taken by a measure on the
bottom of the tray. The wire is then inserted, and properly
twisted, at the top of the tail, with a slight hold of the fleshy
part to prevent it slipping down the rays of the tail. The
wires are carefully prepared before, by being stamped with a
number, and also with private marks; and this is so small
that it can only be seen with a strong magnifying glass.
This is found necessary to prevent any person tampering with
them, or substituting other wires. ‘They are then weighed,
and returned to the river.

Arrwal and Departure of Migratory Birds in 1872, at
North Sunderland. By Rev. F. R. Simpson.

Sand Martin, April12; Chimney Swallow, April 24; Blackcap,
April 29; Corncrake, May 6; Willow Wren, May 11; Pied
Flycatcher, May 14 (a pair about the garden and shrubberies for
quite ten days); Sand-grouse (doubtful, but believed to have
reappeared), May 16 to 20; Swift, May 18 (only one pair seen) ;
Flycatcher, May 23; Yellow Wagtail, May 24; Woodcock, first
a October 21, but had been seen over the middle of the week

efore.

The Flycatchers disappeared from about the garden house,
about a fortnight after the young brood eame off in July; and I
have not seen them again till last week (Sept. 20). During the
storm which has prevailed, they have been seen under the shelter
of some trees feeding, and one is a pied bird. The bulk of the
Swallows left about the middle of last week (Sept. 18); some
stragglers only having remained to brave the equinoctial storms.

Arrival and Departure of Migratory Birds. 383

I saw two early yesterday (Sept. 25) trying to shelter under the
south side of the house; but believe them to have been driven
away (if not destroyed) by the force of the blast. Woodcocks
were thin this season; the main arrival noted was on October 28,
but a few were over about a fortnight earlier.

Note of Arrivals of Summer Birds in 1872, in the neigh-
bourhood of Jedburgh. By Arcup. JERDON.

Sand Martin, about April 15; Willow Wren, April 23; Chim-
ney Swallow, April 27; Sandpiper, April 29; House Martin;
May 1; White-throat, May 8; Redstart, May 9; Swift, May 13,
Blackcap, May 15; Wood-wren, May 17; Corncrake, May 17.
A single Chimney Swallow was seen on April 27, but no more
made their appearance till about a week after. Sandpipers were
very abundant this year.

Arrwal, Departure, and Local Migration of Birds, near
Oldcambus, 1872. By James Harpy.

April 1. First Wheat-ear on the sea-banks. Curlews have not
left the shore. .

April 14. One Grey-backed Crow ; the only one this season.

April 21. Willow Wren arrived, but did not sing for several days.

April 24. Ring-Ouzels arrived on the coast; more Wheat-ears
have come; a single Redstart; Curlews flying between the
shores and the moors.

April 25. Chimey Swallow; Stone-chat.

April 26. Ring-Ouzel and Redstart left the coast; Wheat-ears
shifting their ground; Curlews have left the coast, except
three, which remained during the summer. No Cormorants
visible on the rocks, and no Herons; but one of the latter
returned, and remained alone all the summer.

June 21. Six Curlews on the coast; the number probably that
had not bred.

July 6. Young Wheat-ears returned, accompanied by the Stone-
chat; four Redshanks returned to the shore; one Shag and
two Herons on the rocks; two Lapwings have come to the
potato fields,

July 9. Redshanks in flocks at the sea-side.

884 <Arrival and Departure of Migratory Birds, &c.

August 5. Lapwings from the hills in flocks in the turnip fields,
‘ which are full of small caterpillars. Fourteen Herons on

the shore; and more Curlews.

August 16. Fifteen Curlews on the shore ; they are still circulat-
ing high in the air between the coast and the moors.

September 30. Swallows left, after disappearing for a few days
and then returning.

November 8. Ring-Ouzel returned to the coast, but speedily left.
The remains of a dead bird seen in December.

November 13. Snow-bunting arrived. November 20. Fieldfare.

December 16. The number of Cormorants on the rocks at this
date is eleven; these live en famille. Other two, which
appear to be old birds, sit on a rock apart, fish by themselves,
and flap and dry their wings side by side.

Arrival, &c., of Birds near Wooler, 1872. By Jas. Harpy.

April 29. Chimney Swallow at Belford ; Whitethroat and Tree-
pipet, at Fowberry ; Curlews and Wheat-ears numerous on the
moors. May 1. Martins and Chimney Swallows, at Wooler.
May 2. Whinchat. May3. Cuckoo. May 5. Corncrake. May
14. Sandpiper ; Swift; Redstart. October 17. Chimney Swallow
still at Belford. All the summer birds had left Wooler. October
19. Still a few Ring-ouzels on the hills round Wooler; one
Woodcock among heather, behind Humbleton Hill.

Arrival of Birds, &c., at Weetwood Hall. Noted by
R. G. Boiam.

1867. Sand Martins at Ford Forge, April 18; ditto, at Weetwood
Hall, April 19. Cuckoo, April 28.

1868. Hawthorn in bloom. Doddington Lane, May 2.

1869. Sand Martins at Weetwood Bridge, April 11. Cuckoo,
April 25. Corncrake, April 25, Hawthorn in bloom,
April 28.

1870. Sand Martins, 17 or 19 April. Cuckoo, April 23. Haw-
thorn in bloom, May 17.

1871. Cuckoo, April 27. Hawthorn in bloom, May 14,

1872. Cuckoo, April 24. Hawthorn in bloom, May 7.

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386

How certain Secreted Stores, and certain exuded Provisions
of Moisture seem to exist, whereby Young Gallinaceous
Birds are enabled to sustain life in dry seasons. By
RALPH Carr-Eison, Esq., of Dunstan Hill.

Within the last decade of years some very dry summers
have occurred, and they were distinguished by a singular
scantiness of dew ; because through many weeks of drought
the nights were almost always overclouded, so that the radia-
tion of warmth from the earth was intercepted, and the
surfaces of grass and other herbage rarely became cold enough
to condense the humidity of the atmosphere and cause it to
be deposited upon them. The absence of dew for long spaces
of time was much noticed by labourers and other country folk.
Strange to say, these droughty summers were as prolific as
any known in the fine broods of partridge and grouse that
were reared by the parent birds. How was this possible?
For we know that when these birds are hatched under a
domestic hen, they cannot live without liquid any more than
barn-door chicks. Nor is there any reason to think that the
parent birds of the gallinaceous order can convey water to
their young.

I remember telling one or two members of our Club that I ©
was pretty-well satisfied that we owed our plentiful game-
broods to a source little thought of; namely, to the very
copious and well-known production called cuckoo-froth,
which is secreted by the little frog-skip insect, in its early
state, from the aqueous juices of our vernal and estival
herbage-plants and cereals. The froth in question is perfectly
tasteless, whatever may be the plant wherefrom it may have
been formed. Cuckoo-froth was abundant in the very dryest
and most dewless of these dry summers. It ascends far up
upon these moorland hills, where it is found not only on
moist grassy vegetation, but upon heather, bent, and, if I
mistake not, also upon bracken. Its limit of altitude I have
not ascertained ; but, speaking generally, it is pretty abun-
dant on the moors as well as in the cultivated grass lands
and corn-fields.

In a cold, wet spring like the present of 1872, it is not
developed till after a few warmish days of June. Towards
the end of May I could not find it in Kent, when showers
were ever and anon recurring. But it was discoverable in

Ralph Carr-Ellison, Esq., on Stores of Moisture. 387

Tyneside before the 10th of June, after a few sunny days,
and soon became visible in plenty as the brightness increased.
It is sufficiently mucilaginous to resist very heavy rain ; and
yet so aqueous as to be unaffected by our greatest heat and
brightest sunshine.

Probably not only young gallinaceous birds, but crakes
and young plovers are much indebted to this secretion, not-
withstanding that the latter birds feed greatly on moist food,
such as slugs and earthworms, and that the old birds may
possibly sometimes convey and regurgitate water, though
partridges, pheasants, grouse, &c., certainly do not.

Very probably field-mice may find liquid in this froth, be-
sides that obtained from eating succulent vegetables. But as
yet the positive evidence requisite for certitude is wanting.
The movements of a brood of young chickens or turkeys in a
meadow ought to be watched. If they are seen to swallow
the cuckoo-froth, we may be sure that young game-birds do
the same.

It is probably also this that enables young wild-ducks to
wander to such considerable distances from water as they
sometimes do.

The abundance and ubiquity of this liquid manna is quite
marvellous. I had often speculated, where the skylarks that
haunt our dryest and grassyest fields, might quench their
thirst in rainless and dewless weather. Very rarely are they
seen to resort to a field-pond or to a streamlet to drink. In
many places there is not a stream for miles. The mystery
seems now to be near its solution to me; and I am lost in
wonder at the resources of creative wisdom, and at the blind-
ness of human observation, which seems unconscious that this
bounteous diffusion of snowy spume amidst our vernal herbage,
is of any importance in the economy of animated beings in
this our climate. Yet possibly the mere extinction of one
small insect might carry with it the loss to man of various
creatures which he has learnt to value and could ill spare.

Nature is full of the most direct evidences of design ; of
the creative workings of boundless wisdom, evincing endless
resources and variety of means, yet always proceeding within
determinate rules and inter-relative analogies.

That there are other and no less unexpected supplies of
liquid than through insect-secretion, may be perceived by
examining the young barren stems and filaments of the

388 Ralph Carr-Ellison, Esq., on Fireblight.

common corn horsetail (Eguisetum arvense). One who hopes
to share in the honours and pleasures of membership of our
Border Field-Club—namely, Captain Carr-Ellison,—pointed
out to me last week how curiously every filament of the
young and succulent horsetail was tipped by a small exuded
drop of clear water. There was no dew upon any of the
blades of grass or other plants among which the Equisetum
was growing, nor upon the older and more hardened heads
of the plant itself. But every young, succulent, and tender
example was beautifully spangled with its brilliant drops of
clear and pure water. Young partridge chicks might have
allayed their thirst without stint, for the plant was freely
mingled with the grass. The soil was a deep sand, with
humidity below.

It is hoped that others may be able to complete what is
wanting in these imperfect data, and that we may obtain
increasing knowledge how and where young game-birds find
moisture in dry weather to sustain life, and how even the
skylark finds it ; since she seldom flies to the brook or pond,
though after a shower she will drink from a rut on the high-
way rather than alight among the drenched and reeking grass.

Ratpey Carr-E.ison.
Rath ar Sa

On Fireblight ; or, the Minor Effects of Lightning on the
Foliage of Trees,—and the valuable lesson which tt
affords to the arboriculturist, by teaching him how to
curtail the extremities of lofty branches by ard of torch-
flame. By Ratpu Carr-Exuisoy, Esq., of Dunstan
Hill.

When a useful process, adopted from Nature herself, by
which human control over the trees of the field and the forest
can be increased, has been successfully practised, but may
easily fall into forgetfulness and pass away with him who
first applied it, some means ought to be used for handing it
down to future foresters.

As the method of checking the extremities of lofty side-
branches by blighting their foliage at midsummer, by help of
a torch affixed to a long rod, was first followed at Hedgeley,

Ralph Carr-Ellison, Esq., on Fireblight. 389

within the district of our Club, I venture to ask leave to
record it briefly in our “ Proceedings.”

It was suggested by observing how trees are not only rent
and shivered by lightning, but how the branches that are
not broken or killed are yet frequently found to exhibit
portions of scorched foliage. The thought occurred to me
of utilizing the hint by applying common torch-flame to the
terminal foliage of long rambling side-branches of the Wych
elm (commonly called the Scotch elm), which were threaten-
ing to injure neighbouring oaks, but which were too high
from the ground to be reached by even the most improved
long-handled shears, or by any other known instrument. I
need hardly say, it is often desirable only to stop the further
progress of such limbs by terminal pruning of some kind,
and not to amputate them near the trunk and so destroy or
impair the natural form of the tree. Now, although we have
no saw, no knife, no shears, that can be successfully applied
to cut off the end of branches so lofty and inaccessible, it is
easy enough to stand on the ground below, and by help of a
long bamboo cane, or of a long home-grown rod of ash,
rowan, or geen (tipped with a little wire), to hold a flaming
torch under the twigs that we desire to destroy. The leaves
within reach of the flame will immediately shrivel up, with-
out bursting into flame or endangering any adjoining verdure ;
and further . growth will be effectually paralyzed just so far as
we wish, not only for one year but several. Of course we
must bear in mind that the torch cannot be safely applied to
any resinous tree. The best kind of torch is simply a wisp
of linen or cotton rags, steeped in oil.

There has been no greater desideratum in arboriculture
than to obtain some easy means of checking the extension of
lofty side-branches, whether in woods or in hedgerows. The
lightning that visits us in summer and scorches many a
stately ash or graceful birch, has taught us at Hedgeley how
to curtail any branch aloft that is rambling too far. And I
trust this little notice may lead to like experiments beyond
the Tweed, where so many able masters of forest-craft are
ever ready to teach or to learn.

Rautpu Carr-E..ison.

3D

390

Contributions to the Entomology of the Cheviot Hills. No. 111.
By James Harpy.

The pursuit of tracing the distribution of Insects among
the Cheviots during the past inclement year, has been some-
what discouraging. Many of the old localities were flooded
and unworkable ; long walks had to be taken with meagre
_ returns; and there were rarely two consecutive good days
for collecting, so that a search was very restricted. There
was a scarcity of spring species to commence with ; and long
before autumn they were much thinned out. Still, after an
analysis has been made of the results, a few novelties and
rarities do not leave the exertions of the past year wholly
without reward. The quantity of decayed hay on the hills
made it the principal object of investigation ; but after the
October rains, the hay still in the swathe on the high
grounds was quite unproductive. There was scarcely any
peculiarity in the insects yielded by the highland hay, to
indicate the influence of elevation or a corresponding severity
of climate.

COLEOPTERA.
DRoMIUs MERIDIONALIS. Broadstruther wood; July.

“ QUADRINOTATUS. _ Beneath bark of fir; Trickley wood.
Prerosticuus Airuiors. Hedgehope; in old hay.

AMARA OBSOLETA. Ditto.
HARPALUS TARDUS. Beneath stones ; side of Wooler water, above

Earle Mill.

BRADYCELLUS HARPALINUS. Old hay; Langleyford vale.
BEemsBipIuM MannERHEIMI. Among hay above Langleyford, and
at the base of Hedgehope.
BoniTocHaRA LucipA. Fungi; Earle Hill Head. October.
HapnocLossA ERYTHROCERAS. Bottom of old hay-stack near
Langlee, in some numbers; October. Rare. New to this
district.
OxyroDa sPECcTABILIS. In hay, Middleton wood ; October.
» PaALLIpuLA. Among Hypnum triquetrum, in Humbleton
wood, and in moss at Earle Hill Head.
5 OPACA and LIVIDIPENNIS. Decayed hay, Hedgehope, &c.
4 H@MORRHOA. Bottom of old haystack, Langleyford

Backwood; three specimens. Mr Janson, ‘‘Entomol. Annual,”

1857, p. 75, says he has repeatedly met with this insect in the

nests of Formica rufa, near London. New.
HoMALtora cLAVIPES. Apex of Hedgehope.

» ~ GREGARIA. Middleton wood; two only.

Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviots. 391

HoMALOTA OBLONGIUSCULA. Old hay; Middleton wood, and near

Langlee.

es XANTHOPTERA. In fungi; Earle Hill Head. Oct.

‘9 sopatis. Old hay; near Langlee, and at the base of
Hedgehope.

+ ANGUSTICOLLIS, Thomson. Two in decayed hay, Middle-
ton wood; rare. October. New to this district.

5 LHVANA. In hay; Middleton wood.

a muscoruM. Humbleton wood.

GyropHmna AFFINIS. In fungi; Middleton wood. July. Rare.

Mycrtororvs LEPIDUS. In moss at the apex of Hedgehope; also
a small pale variety.

EPuHisTEMUs GLoBosus. Wooler district. One.

MYCETOPORUS SPLENDIDULUS. In decayed hay at the base of
Hedgehope; several. Itis usually found about the roots of
rough grass, in moist, clayey situations. I formerly found it
near Monkhouse, &c.

ConuRus Livipus. General at the roots of grass, in sandy spots,
by water sides; also a sea-coast insect.

HETEROTHOPS DIssIMILIs. A considerable number of this some-
what rare insect in the bottom of a hay-stack near Langlee ;
and again above Langleyford. May; October.

QUEDIUS TEMPORALIS. Decayed hay on Hedgehope; also near
Langlee. May; October. Scarce here.

» xantHopus, Lr. In Langleyford backwood; one ex-
ample; in May. New. It is believed to have been taken
under the ra of a decayed alder, Dr Sharp, ‘‘ Scottish
Naturalist,” I., p. 37, states that, ‘‘a few individuals of this
very rare species have occurred under fir bark at Rannoch.”

- RUFICOLLIS. In fir stumps; Langleyford.

» suTURALIs. In decayed hay, Middleton wood and
Langleyford Backwood; in numbers in October. It has pre-
viously been found in Newcastle district, but mostly by single
specimens. See Mr Bold’s ‘ Catalogue,” &c.

3 ATTENUATUS. Decayed hay, Hedgehope; also near
Spindleston pond.

ah FULVICOLLIS. Decayed hay; Middleton wood and
Hedgehope.

» scrntituAns. Old hay-stack near Langlee.

The other Quedii in decayed hay, were Q. fuliginosus, molo-
chinus, picipes, impressus (very large dark examples), boops,
peltatus, impressus, and maurorufus.

PHILONTHUS PUELLA. Decayed hay ; Middleton wood and Langlee.

LATHROBIUM MULTIPUNCTATUM. Among stones; side of Wooler
water, above Earle Mill. ;

STILICUs ORBIOULATUS. Harle Hill Head and Langleyford vale.

392 Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviots.

LATHRIM=UM UNIcoLoR. Decayed hay, Langleyford Backwood
and on Hedgehope; heather roots, Whitsunbank hill; among
moss, Humbleton wood.

Homatium OxyacantH®. In hay; near Langlee.

~ NIGRICEPS, Kies. In hay; Middleton wood. One
example; rare. October. New.

Bryaxis JuncokuM. In hay; Hedgehope. October,

ScypM@nvus cottaris. Decayed hay; Hedgehope. July.

AGATHIDIUM ATRUM. Old hay-stack, near Langlee.

LioDEs HUMERALIS. Middleton wood.

», GLABRA. Middleton wood; in fungi.

CHOLEVA LONGULA, CHRYSOMELOIDES, ANISOTOMOIDES, MORIO, TRISTIS,
and GRANDICOLLIs. In decayed hay, &c. ; Middleton and Earle
woods. October.

CRYPTOPHAGUS AFFINIs. In decayed hay, Middleton wood ; four
examples. October. New to this district. ;

= BICOLOR. Decayed hay-stack, near Langlee; six
examples; rare. October. New to this district.

ATOMARIA ANALIs. Old hay, on Hedgehope.

TypHm@AFuMATA. In hay; Middleton wood.

Mycer#a uirta. Old hay-stack, near Langlee.

BYRRHUs DoRSALIS. Beneath stones; Wooler haugh.

ATHOUS NIGER and virratus. Borders of Middleton wood.

HELODEs Livipus. Wooler haugh.

CyPHon niTripuLUs, Thomson. Middleton wood; four examples.
», PALLIDULUS. Broadstruther wood; two examples; rare.
+) VARIABILIS. Coldmartin moss.

HypRocYPHON DEFLEXICcoLLIS. Shaken from leaves of alder and
other trees, near Wooler water; near Earle Mill, and a haugh
below Middleton wood ; plentiful in July.

TELEPHORUS LIMBATUs, Thomson. Middleton wood.

MALrTHoDEs MINIMUs. Middleton wood and Langleyford.

ANOBIUM MOLLE. Middleton wood.

SALPINGUS ATER. Middleton wood. Two.

- CASTANEUS. Earle Hill Head. One.

OTIORHYNCHUs MUscoRUM. Two specimens. "Wooler haugh.

RHINOSIMUS VIRIDIPENNIS. Middleton wood. One.

RHYNCHITES ZNEOVIRENS. Ditto. One.

SITONES SUTURALIS and HUMERALIS. Wooler haugh, on broom.

Ruivoncuus Castor. Among heather, Whiteside hill.

LuPERUs RUFIPES. Below Langleyford Hope.

HEMIPTERA HETEROPTERA.

PENTATOMA VIRIDISSIMUM. One captured in a house at Wooler.
PIEZODORUS LiTURATUS. Middleton wood.
LoPHOMORPHUS FERRUGATUS. Middleton wood.

i; oe

Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviots. 393

Puytocorts T1r1m. On ash trees above Earle Mill; and border

of Middleton wood. July; October. New.

iy Porvutt. Middleton wood. New.

. FLORALIS. On hawthorns and wild roses; Middle-
ton wood and Wooler haugh.

DERZOCORIS STRIATELLUS, BIPUNCTATUS, SEXGUTTATUS, and FOR-
NicaTus. Middleton wood. All fine insects.

PANTILIUS TUNICATUS. On trees, above Earle Mill and in
Middleton wood; not common. October.

Lirosoma aneustus. Middleton wood. New.

PHYLUS MELANOCEPHALUS. Middleton wood. Rare.

», _ Coryui. Middleton wood, and above Earle Mill; on
hazel. Not numerous. :

Matacocoris cHLorizaANs. Earle Mill and Middleton wood ;
several still found in October. Colour wasted.

APROCREMNUS oBscuRUS. Wooler haugh, Middleton wood, and
Langleyford. Numerous.

Psatius Saticrs. Middleton wood. Numerous.

HETEROCORDYLUS TIBIALIS. Wooler haugh, on broom.

Ortnops crrvinus. Middleton wood. One.

Lyaus rvueicouus, Fallen ; Doug. and Scott, ‘ Ent. Month Mag.,”
IV., p. 9, where only a single specimen is recorded. Middle-
ton wood ; nine specimens.

») PABULINUS. Middleton wood several.

HARPOCERA THORACICA. Wooler. Omitted in last year’s list.

NaBis LimBatus. Wooler haugh,

5, FERUS. Middleton wood; also a rufescent variety among
heather, near Coldmartin moss.

HEMIPTERA HOMOPTERA.

Crx1us contamrinatus. Broadstruther wood.

Tassus susruscus. Middleton wood.

EUPTERYX VIRIDULA, UnMi, and puncHEeLLA. Middleton wood.

9 AURATA. Wooler haugh.
HYMENOPTERA.

SrreEx Giaas. A female example of this magnificent insect taken
in the fir woods at Langleyford, on the day of the Club’s meet-
ing there. New. .

DozERvs cornactnus. On willows, above Langleyford. May.

TENTHREDO scaLaRIs Broadstruther wood.

3 BALTEATUS. Ditto.
ANDRENA EXTRICATA. Wooler haugh.
ANTS.

The Ants are a small section of the Hymenoptera, which
we have hitherto almost neglected. I picked up a few in

394 Mr Hardy on the Entomology of the Cheviots.

May, and forwarded them to F. Smith, Esq., of the British

Museum, the: best authority on this branch of Entomology.

Mr Bold has already in the ‘“‘ Nat. Hist. Trans. of Northum-

berland and Durham” (1869), given a Catalogue of the

Aculeate Hymenoptera. The species near Wooler are fewer

than in the Newcastle district; but there is one very numer-

ous on the hills which he has not enumerated. I give a list
of the whole.

Formica FuscA. Plentiful beneath stones by dry sandy road
sides, and in decayed trees. It swarms beneath rocks on the
face of the Sneer hill. The Aphides of grass roots sometimes
occur in the nests.

3 nigra. In colonies less populous than the preceding,
beneath stones by the sides of Wooler water and in Langley-
ford vale. There were a number of dead Myrmica ruginodis
among them.

aa FLAVA. Not quite so numerous, Wooler haugh and
Whiteside hill. The Aphides of grass roots are frequent in
their resorts.

a UMBRATA. Numerous beneath stones on the Sneer hill,
a in Langleyford vale. Larger and duskier than the last,

ew.

Myermica ruainopis. The commonest of the red huedants. It
ascends the apex of Cheviot and Hedgehope. Astilbus canali-
culatus appeared in one of the nests.

3 scaBRinopIS. Along with the last, beneath stones,
sides of Wooler water above Earle Mill, and above Care burn
bridge. A brighter tinted insect than the lasi.

-Obs. I have not seen IL levinodis here, which Mr Bold says
is the most abundant kind in the Newcastle district.

LEProTHoRAX ACERVoRUM. A minute, shining ant, found in
only one decayed alder stump, at Langleyford Backwood. Mr
Bold met with itin trees at Gosforth; and the collectors at
Loch Rannoch found it in great abundance in decayed fir
stumps. Mr Smith remarks: ‘‘This is the old Myrmica
acervorum ; the genus Myrmica being now divided into numer-
ous genera, founded principally upon the varied number of
joints in the palpi.”

ARACHNIDA.

Only a few Spiders have been added to the list this season.
The number of specimens collected was also limited. The
following are new to the distriet.

Lycosa attopRomA. I have obtained this twice among the
gravel of Wooler water, above Earle Mill; it occurs near

Gibside, county of Durham, in the gravel of the Derwent.

Notices of a remarkable Aurora Borealis. 395

CrLuBrona viveRSA, Cambr. A remarkably fine example occurred
at the top of Cheviot in 1871.

Nerirne Huruwaitiu, Cambr. From the Cheviots. October.
“Of this rare spider,” Mr Cambridge writes, ‘‘I have never
seen more than two examples before. Oddly enough one of
these came from Dartmoor, and the other trom Derby ; so that
these three examples establish its distribution from one end of
England to the other.”

WALCKENZRA LATIFRONS, Cambr. Beneath heaps of fir prunings,
Humbleton wood. May.

The following, which were indicated as new to Britain last
year, have this summer been captured by Mr Traill, of Old
Aberdeen, in the Scottish Highlands (“ Scottish Naturalist,”
RE p, 25):

LinyPuia RETICULATA, Cambr. Top of Cheviot. Found by Mr
Traill on the top of Cairn-na-Glaisha, on the boundary between
Aberdeenshire and Forfarshire, at 3,300 feet above the sea.

Nerinne uncana, Cambr. The same remarks apply to this.

* PRomiscua, Cambr. Cheviot. “Found by Mr Traill at

Braemar, near Aberdeen, at Inverary, and at Dunkeld.

Notices of a remarkable Aurora Borealis.

On Sunday evening, February 4th, 1872, at Kelso, a fine
display of Aurora was seen. It commenced about 6 o’clock,
when the sky to the east and south presented a brilliant
appearance of rosy light, an arch of the same hue extending
between the principal points at an angle of about 15°. No
corruscating rays were then visible, and the brilliant colour
did not extend far towards the zenith. Later in the evening,
the rich rosy hues of the Aurora extended somewhat towards
the north and west, but the principal colouring remained in
the east and south. The sky was clear, and the stars shone
beautifully through the electric light. At times brilliant
rays, rose coloured, blue,and white, mingled together and shot
up towards the zenith. The night was still; wind had been
S.W. all day; the sun had shone brilliantly after a heavy
shower of rain in the morning ; barometer 29°82, slightly
declined from the previous day ; thermometer 43°. At 10
P.M., rosy lights continue in south and east, sending up rays;
clouds beginning to rise from S.W., and a soft wind stirring ;
all clear to the north, 11 P.m., cloudy; Aurora disappeared.

N.B.—This unusually fine display of Aurora was witnessed
over the whole continent of Europe, and extended even to
the northern shores of Africa. F. Dovetas, M.D.

396 Notices of a remarkable Aurora Borealis.

At Berwick, the Aurora “ began to develop itself between
5 and 6 o’clock, at which time the sky was cloudless and the
stars shining brilliantly. After going through a few fitful
phases, it took the form of a magnificent canopy, which for
several hours, under ever-varying forms, continued to over-
spread the whole or greater part of the heavens. The centre
of action appeared to be in the zenith, from which, for the
most part, the rays of light shot forth on all sides like the ribs
of a gigantic umbrella. Occasionally the beams seemed to
radiate from a clear round patch of deep blue sky, but more
frequently they issued from a corona of light which kept
constantly changing its form. ‘The prevailing colour of the
rays was crimson; and in the course of the evening every
variety, from the most delicate rose tint to a shade almost
verging on purple, was profusely displayed. The phenomenon
continued for several hours to afford a most interesting and
imposing spectacle. As the evening wore on, it contracted
itself to smaller dimensions, but its leading features remained
much the same. The corona became, if possible, still more
remarkable in its changes, while the rays, in which crimson
and blue were now more generally intermingled, glanced
forth in all directions with undiminished vivacity. Through-
out the evening, the Aurora was of sufficient brightness to
hide the smaller stars, though those of greater magnitude
could be dimly seen through it.”—Berwick Advertiser.

At Oldcambus, I was not called out tu witness the Aurora
till 8 o’clock. It then shewed bands of red rays, with dark
intervals, diverging to the south and east, while the sky to
the north was clear and unoccupied. These kept almost
stationary, till bands of yellow “ dancers”’ broke off at the
borders, and streaming round to the north, were succeeded
by the redness in that quarter also; and soon after the
corona was completed. This was shifted and renewed re-
peatedly, as if an unseen operator behind guided its evan-
escence or re-appearance. ‘The main features remained long
unaltered, and there was less movement than is usual of
flying columns. Later, floating clouds poured up from the
south, and as in passing they intercepted the red or yellow
auroral beams, their edges were tinged with blood red, or
primrose yellow. The light was nearly equal to that of the
moon. A rain-blast next morning and forenoon came on
from the south. J. H.

397

On the Occurrence of the Camberwell Beauty (Vanessa
Antiopa) in the Club’s District, with Notices of other
Lepidoptera.

Tue prevalence this season of Vanessa Antiopa, hitherto a
rare Butterfly throughout Great Britain, has elicited quite a
plethora of communications in natural history periodicals.
Our attention was first called to it by Mr Thomas Tate.
‘“* On the 20th of October last,” he writes, “ IT saw one alight
upon the outside of the window frame of the windows of
Lesbury House, and I examined it for a considerable time
before leaving the room to go out and try to capture it.” It
had been disturbed, however, before Mr Tate reached it. He
reports another having been seen a short time before, by Mr
James Dand, upon a wall at Alndyke. V. Anteopa appeared
rather plentifully near Durham, and also in the vicinity of
Newcastle. In the “ Entomologist,” VI., p. 237, Mr J. C.
Wassermann notifies: ‘‘ My wife has seen a specimen of
Antiopa at Newbiggen-by-the-Sea, and my brother-in-law
saw another at Warkworth.” Again, at p. 259, Mr J. H.
Rowntree records one seen at Rothbury. In our Proceedings
its appearance has been twice previously recorded: first, in
1848, when Mr Brodrick saw two on Twizel moor, about the
middle of August (vol. II.,p. 198); and Mr Selby, at Twizel,
in September, 1858, secured two fresh examples, which
appeared to have been very recently excluded from the
chrysalis ; and two more were taken during the same week at
Belford (vol. III., p. 92). In Berwickshire, during the
autumn, seven examples have been noticed. .Mr W. Shaw
communicates, that one was caught and two seen near Eye-
mouth ; one was caught at Clarabad, one at Netherbyres,
and another near Lauder. ‘“ The fineness of one of them
would go against its having travelled far.” Mr J. Anderson
states, that ‘‘one was captured here (Preston) by Mr Watts, of
Ayton, and is in my brother’s collection. It has the white
border (peculiar to British and Scandinavian specimens),
which appears to have been the common type of colouring.”

Some other Lepidoptera of unfrequent occurrence have also
come to notice.

A caterpillar of the Poplar Hawk-moth (Smerinthus
Populi), was reared by Mrs T. D. Smith, of Alnwick, and
reached a perfect state ; and Mr W. Shaw ‘has obtained two

3E

398 Mr John Wilson on some curious Habits of the Rat.

examples at Eyemouth this season. He has also noted the
Silver-striped Hawk-moth (Cherocampa Celerio), which was
caught hovering over Verbenas at Eyemouth; and last year
Sphinz Convolvuli, one specimen, Mr Wilson having got
another; and he reports that Mr Kelly made a fine capture of
Celena Haworthiw. Myr J. Anderson’s best captures at
Preston are :—

CHGROCAMPA PORCELLUS. Two at Honeysuckle ; two at White
Campion, along with Dianthacia capsincola.

SPHINX CONVOLVULI. One in green-house at Billie Mains.

SMERINTHUS Poputi. Bred from the caterpillar ; Preston.

THYATIRA BATIS. One, June 14; one, June 24. Primrose-hill.

PLUSIA CHRYSITIS and P. ioTA. Abundant.

PTILODONTIS PALPINA. One, June 12. Preston.

NOTODONTA CAMELINA. One. Caterpillars pretty well spread on
Marygold hills, on oak.

TETHEA SUBTUSA. One, August. Preston. J...

On some curious Habits of the Rat. By Mr Joun Witson,
Edington Mains, Chirnside.

I addressed the following letter to the “‘ Daily Review,”
about the end of November, 1867 :—‘ Having a plot of
yellow bullock turnips from which I intend to raise seed, I
yesterday set two men to fill up some blanks with trans-
planted roots. While thus engaged, they came upon a rat
burrow, around which a good many turnips had been eaten
by the rats. They at once laid the burrow open with their
spades, and succeeded in unkennelling one large rat which
they killed. The uncovered rat-hole presented a very
strange sight. A portion of the hole, or gallery, about 18
inches in length, with a kind of recess at one end of it, con-
tained several hundreds of earth-worms, still alive and
wriggling, but so disabled as to be unable to make their
escape. In the recess there was a knot of them of the size
of a man’s fist. The part of the burrow containing this store
of fresh provisions was about ten inches from the surface. I
am aware that such stores of earth-worms have been observed
during summer droughts in the galleries of the mole ; but I
have never heard of the common rat eating worms, much less
laying up a store of them. It was at first a puzzle to me how
rats (assuming them to have been the operators) could

Mr John Wilson on some Berwiekshire Birds. $99

collect such a quantity of earth-worms ; but my walk in the
forenoon solved the difficulty. The day has been mild and
cloudy, with an occasional very slight drizzle, and I observed
during my walk many pairs of the large bob-worm half
protuded from their holes, as one sees them plentifully in
dewy mornings in spring.

During the past harvest unusual numbers of rats were
found in the corn-fields. In one instance I saw above a score
which the boys had unearthed and killed from one burrow.
As soon as the grain crops were carried, they began to gather
into the corn stacks ; but they are still to be met with in the
fields in greater numbers than I ever saw before at this late
season. In particular, we come upon numerous burrows in
the turnip fields, from some of which considerable numbers
have been ejected and killed. In all such cases many turnips
around the holes have had the fleshy part of the bulbs eaten
by the rats, and the rind left lying about in fragments.
Quite recently, a rabbit-catcher told me that he found rats
caught in his traps daily—often five or six in a morning.”

The letter elicited no further information at the time. On
more fully considering the facts as observed at the time, I
ultimately came to the conclusion, that the worms had been
collected by a family of moles, whose domicile the rats had
taken possession of. Still the rats have such an omnivorous
appetite, that it is quite possible they might help themselves
to the mole’s stores. 1 have seena kestril pick up large
worms from behind the plough ; and I have been told that
foxes eat frogs at a pinch; and both quite as anomalous as
the case supposed. Rats are at present more numerous over
the country than I have seen before. The excessive rains
have, I infer, driven them from their burrows in the fields.
Their rapid and general increase in numbers is undoubtedly
due to the universal extermination of pole-cats, stoats, and
weasels, which formerly kept the rodents in check.

Remarks on some Berwickshire Birds. By the Same.

Two birds which were very scarce in my boyhood have
become exceedingly numerous of recent years, viz.: the
Starling and the Missel Thrush. The Song Thrush is, I
think, sensibly scarcer; and some persons say that the Lark
becomes scarcer as the Starling multiplies—the allegation

400 Dr Francis Douglas on an Ancient Scottish Shield.

being that the latter sucks the eggs of the Lark. I have
seen nothing of this personally. The Goldfinch, which used
to be plentiful here, I have not seen for many years; and the
Bullfinch, also once frequent, I now see very rarely. Up to
about sixty years ago, a pair of Peregrine Falcons bred
annually on the rocks opposite the southern extremity of this
farm ; and a pair of Ravens continued to do so until 1820,
when I assisted in taking their full-fledged brood, and they
have never bred there since. I have, however, occasionally
seen both of these birds of prey here, although not very
recently. The Water Rail I have seen four or five times in
my life; the last instance being this winter. The Quail
visits us at wide intervals; only once have I known it at all
seasons. JoHN WILSON.

On an Ancient Scottish Shield. By Francis Doveias, M.D.

On the 19th of March, 1870, an ancient brass shield was
turned up by the plough, in the immediate vicinity of Yetholm.
The place was a piece of ground which had in former days
been a bog or lake, and had been drained by the great sluice
or cut from Yetholm Loch towards the river Bowmont. Thus
in the course of years the land had become gradually drier ;
and the shield, which must for centuries have been imbedded
in the soil, had come nearer to the surface. It was slightly
injured near its outer circumference by the coulter of the
plough. The shield itself consisted of a thin disk of brass,
quite circular, and 223 inches in diameter. There was a
stronger and more convex centre, about 5 inches in diameter;
behind which was a brass handle. The ornamentation was
of the simplest description, and consisted of 27 rings, between
which were small elevated dots. The rim was somewhat
thicker than the body of the shield. It is probable, that
either some leather or wood structure had originally existed to
strengthen the very flimsy protection, which a thin plate of
brass would otherwise have presented to a sharp pointed arrow
or cutting blade. Two similar shields were several years ago
found in the same locality, and are now exhibited in the Royal
Antiquarian Society’s Museum in Edinburgh. Through the
kind influence of his Grace the Duke of Roxburgh, the shield
recently discovered was presented by the Lords of the Treasury
to the Museum of the Tweedside Physical and Antiquarian
Society in Kelso, and it now occupies a prominent place
among the local antiquities of the district.

401

Memoir of Dr William Baird, F.R.S. By Francis
Dovctas, M.D.

SINCE our last meeting, we have to deplore the removal
from amongst us, by death, of Dr William Baird, the last of
three brothers who were all original members and founders
of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club. The eldest brother—
the late Reverend John Baird, of Yetholm—dwelt among us
for the long period of thirty years, and died in 1861, in the
63rd year of his age. He contributed many papers to our
Proceedings ; and felt the deepest interest in the geological
and botanical pursuits of the Club. An obituary notice of
him was inserted in our Proceedings for the year 1861, by
his friend and colleague, Mr Embleton. The Reverend
Andrew Baird, of Cockburnspath, was a no less distinguished
naturalist. Early in life, while a student attending the
University of Edinburgh, he attracted the especial notice of
Professor Jameson, and became one of the founders of the
Plinian Society, which had considerable influence in making
Natural History a subject of popular study. Of him an
obituary notice by his friend Dr Johnston appeared in our
Proceedings for the year 1845.

The subject of the present Memoir was the youngest son
of the Rev. James Baird, of Swinton ; and was born in 1803,
at Eccles, in Berwickshire, of which parish his father was
then minister. He received his education at the High School
of Edinburgh ; and afterwards attended the medical classes
in the University of that city. After receiving his diploma,
Dr Baird made a voyage to South America and the West
Indies ; and subsequently entered the maritime service of the
East India Company, as surgeon. In this capacity he
remained till 1833; having made five voyages to India and
China, besides touching other countries in the East, where
he ever availed himself of every opportunity of cultivating
his favourite science, and observing nature in its multifarious
aspects. Dr Baird, after leaving the East India Company’s
service, settled in London as a medical practitioner; but he
had a stronger yearning for the study of natural history
than for the practice of medicine, and resigned the latter in
1841, for an appointment in the zoological department of the
British Museum. In this great national institution he
laboured zealously until his death, on the 27th January last.

402 Memoir of Dr Wiltam Baird, by Dr F. Douglas.

Dr Baird’s qualifications as a zoologist were of a high
order ; and his published writings were numerous. They
consist chiefly of scattered papers in the “ Edinburgh Phil-
osophical Journal,” ‘‘ Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History,”
“The Zoologist,” the “ Proceedings” of the Zoological
Society, the Ray Society, and the Berwickshire Naturalists’
Club. His most important work was, however, the “‘ Natural
History of the British Entomostraca,” published by the Ray
Society in 1850; and containing a most admirable account
of the structure, physiology, and habits of these minute
Crustacea. In 1858, Dr Baird published a popular Cyclo-
pedia of the Natural Sciences, as also a valuable paper on
** Pearls and Pearl Fisheries.” A bibliographical list of Dr
Baird’s numerous contributions to the science of natural
history is in preparation by Mr Hardy, and will be appended
to this brief Memoir. During the later years of his life, the
attention of Dr Baird was principally directed to the study of
Entozoa, of which a catalogue had been drawn up by him
in 1843, and published by the Trustees of the British
Museum. At the time of his death he was engaged in pre-
paring a general catalogue of the Entozoa, for which he
possessed abundant materials.

“ But it is not by his publications only that his great
attainments must be judged ; his knowledge of every branch
of natural history was extensive and profound, and his readi-
ness in imparting it to others will be long remembered by
those who were in the habit of studying at the British
Museum, As a man of science Dr Baird was highly esteemed
by scientific men, and he was no less prized for his genial
and kindly nature by all who knew him. In private life he
was greatly beloved on account of the unvarying amiability
of his disposition, and the kindliness of his manner.

“On the days of the week when the Museum is closed to
all but stdents, he was generally to be seen in the Concho-
logical Gallery, bending over one or- other of the table
cases, patiently and carefully arranging and examining
specimens of shells; and so closely is he associated in our
mind* with the scene of his duties, that when in future we
enter the gallery on such days, it will be long ere we cease
to look, instinctively, as of old, for the familiar skull-cap and
the gentle placid face beneath it, and the kind genial smile

* H. L, in “Land and Water.”

Memoir of Dr William Baird, by Dr F. Douglas. 403

and the cordial greeting of Dr Baird—they can never more
gladden and encourage us, but they will take and retain a
place in the treasury of our pleasant recollections of good
men whom it has been our privilege to know and to
appreciate.”

Dr Baird’s valuable services and contributions to the
science of natural history were rewarded by his election as a
Fellow of the Royal Society, and of the Linnean Society of
London. He was likewise a member of the Ray Society, and
of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club*. It is as an honored
member of the latter that our eloge is here presented to the
Club. Associated early in life in natural history pursuits
with his two elder brothers, with Dr Johnston, Mr Embleton,
Mr Selby, and Sir William Jardine, it can be no matter of
surprise that Dr Baird became an enthusiastic student of the
beauties and mysteries of nature. He was one of the first of
British naturalists who called attention to the minute class
of Crustacea called Entomostraza. Before Dr Baird com-
menced his investigations, the known number of species to
be found in Great Britain amounted to sixteen only. In one
autumn’s search in our Border district, he found no fewer
than thirty-eight species belonging to the order Branchiopoda
alone ; a number afterwards largely increased. These are all
described, and many delineated, in the first volume of the
Proceedings of the Club. Few who have read are likely to
forget the eloquent and highly poetic description which Dr
Baird contributed to our Proceedings of two brilliant displays
of Aurora Borealis, observed at Yetholm and Berwick, in
1835.

During Dr Baird’s connection with the Club, embracing
the long period of above forty years, he has never resided in
our district. His attendance at its meetings has therefore
been unfrequent ; and for many years his pleasant and
edifying companionship has been awanting. Other and
perhaps more important duties engaged him elsewhere, other-
wise his name would have long ago appeared among the
number of our most distinguished Presidents ; and we have
now only to mourn the loss of, alas! almost the last of the
zealous and earnest founders of this Club, then only nine in
number, but presenting an array of names celebrated in the

* Dr Baird was also a member of the Imperial and Royal Botanical
Society of Vienna.

404 Bibliographical List of the Writings of Dr Baird.

Natural History of Great Britain. The success of the Ber-
wickshire Naturalists’ Club, the parent of all similar institu-
tions in this country, has proved its usefulness ; while the
number of its present members, considerably over two
hundred, is ample testimony of the taste and education of the
Borderers for natural history pursuits.

In drawing up this imperfect sketch of Dr Baird’s labours
in the field of science, 1 am under great obligations to an
obituary notice of him by his friend William Crosley, Esq.,
and also to an extract from the natural history magazine
called “‘Land and Water.” The task imposed upon me,
though thus imperfectly executed, I could not decline to
perform; as, in the early days of my connection with the
Club, previous to my departure for service in India, I had
the privilege of knowing, and to a limited extent, profiting
by association with all the three brothers, who have now
passed away from us, but who have left their mark behind
them as able and zealous members of our Club.

F. Dovauas.

Note.—Dr Baird married, in January, 1847, Mary, second
daughter of Edward Owen, Esq., of Maesmynan, Denbigh-
shire—who survives him. He left no family. J. H.

Bibliographical List of the Writings of Wilkam Baird,
M.D., FRS., ELS.

1. Notice of the Habits and Characters of the Lemur tardigradus
of Linnzeus ; Le Loris paresseux, ou, le Paresseux de Bengale of
Cuvier.—Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 1, I., 1829, p. 208; Edin. New
Phil, Jour., III., p. 195; Isis, 1832, p. 692.

2. On the Rice Paper of China.—Trans. Plinian Soc., 1828--9,
p. 25 (abstract); Edin. Jour. of Nat. and Geog. Science, I., p.
299 (the article). .

3. On Trientalis Europea from the Cheviots; Rhodiola rosea ;
and Melampyrum montanum.—Trans. Plinian Soc., p. 33.

4, On the Luminousness of the Ocean.—Trans. Plin. Soc., p.
34 (abstract). The paper itself headed ‘‘ On the Luminousness
of the Sea,” in Mag. Nat. Hist., III, 1830, p. 308; and IV.,
pp. 284, 500.

5. Table of a Series of Observations on Solar Radiation.—Ed.
Jour. Nat. and Geog. Science, I., 1829, p. 173.

oe the Portuguese Man-of-War.—Mag. Nat. Hist., IV.,
p-. 475.

Bibliographical List of the Writings of Dr Baird. 405

7. Remarks upon the Gordius aquaticus, or Hair-Worm Hist,—
Ber, Nat. Club, I., 1833, p. 23.

8. On the Aurora Borealis.—Ibid, I., 1834, p. 46.

9. List of the Entomostraca found in Berwickshire, Ibid, I.,
1835, p. 95,

10. Remarks on the Sea-Tree. Ibid, I., 1836, p. 115.

11. Remarks on the Aurora Borealis, as it occurred at Ber-
wick on the evenings of Tuesday, 17th, and Wednesday, 18th
November, 1835.—Ibid, I., 1836, p. 127.

12. The Natural History of the British Entomostraca.—Mag.
Zool. and Bot., I., 1837, pp. 35, 3809, 514; II., pp. 132, 400;
Ann. Nat. Hist., I., 1838, p. 245; IL., 88, &.; XI., 1843, p. 81.

13 Description of several new species of Entomostraca.—Zool.
Soc. Proc, Pt. XVIII., 1842, p. 254.

14. Note on the Luminous appearance of the Sea, with descrip-
tions of some of the Entomostracous Insects by which it is
occasioned.—Zoologist, I, 1843, p. 55.

15. Notes on British Entomostraca.—Ibid, p. 193.

16. Arrangement of the British Entomostraca, with a list of
the species, particularly noticing those which have as yet been
discovered within the bounds of the Club.—Hist. Ber. Nat. Club,
II., 1845, p. 145.

_ 17. Description of some new genera and species of British
Entomostraca.—Ann, Nat. Hist., XVII. 1846, p. 410.

18. On the genera Nebalia (Leach), Chirocephalus (Prevost),
and Branchipus (Scheeffer).—Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1847 (pt. 2), p. 74.

19. Additions to the list of Entomostraca found within the
limits of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club ; with a description
of Caligus Stromii.—Hist. Ber. Nat. Club, II, 1847, p.259; Ann.
Nat. Hist., I., 1848, p. 396.

20. Note on the genus Cypridina, M. Edwards; with a des-
cription of two new species.—Aunn. Nat. Hist., L., 1848, p. 21.

21. Monograph of the family Limnadiade, a family of Entomo-
stracous Crustacea.—Zool. Soc. Proc., Pt. XVII., 1849, p. 84.

22. Description of a new Crustacean.—Zool. Soc. Proc., Pt.
XVIII. 1850, p. 102.

23. Nomenclature of Molluscous Animals and Shells in the
collection of the British Museum. Part I. Cyclophoride.
London, 1850.

24, The Natural History of the British Entomostraca. London,
printed for the Ray Society, 1850. 364 pages, 36 plates,

25. Descriptions of several new species of Entomostraca.—
Zool. Soe, Proc., Pt. XVIIL, 1850, p. 534; Ann. Nat, Hist. X.,
1852, p. 56.

26. Notice of the Capture of Sericomyia borealis on one of the
Cheviot Hills, in August, 1850.—Hist. Ber. Nat. Club, III., 1851
p. 68.

oF

406 Bibhographical List of the Writings of Dr Baird.

27. Monograph of the family Apodide, a family of Crustaceans
belonging to the division Entomostraca ; with a description of a
new species of Apus, and two species of Ostracoda belonging to
the genus Cypris.—Zool. Soc., Proc. Pt XX., 1852, p. 1,

28. Monograph of the family Branchipodide, a family of Crus-
taceans belonging to the division Entomostraca; with a descrip-
tion of a new genus and species of the family, and two new
oreo belonging to the family Limnadiade.—Ibid, Pt. XX.,

852, p. 18.

29, Some Remarks upon Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms; with
a list of the species at present known as occurring within the
bounds of the Club.—Hist. Ber. Nat, Club, III., 1858, p, 142.

30. Description of some new species of Entozoa from the col-
lection of the British Museum,—Zool. Soc. Proc. Pt. XXTI., 1858,
p- 18.

31. Catalogue of the species of Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms,
contained in the collection of the British Museum. London, 1858.

32. Description of a new species of Cypris.—Zool. Soc. Proc.,
Pt. XXT., 1854, p. 6.

33. Notes on the Food of some Fresh-water Fishes, more par-
ticularly the Vendace and Trout.—Edin. New. Phil. Jour., VI.
1857, p. 17..

34. Description of two new species of Entozoa.—Zool. Soc.
Proc., Pt. XXVI., 1858, p. 224.

35. A Cyclopeedia of the Natural Sciences, Botany, Conchology,
Entomology, Geology, Mineralogy, Palaeontology, and Zoology.
Glasgow, 1858.

36. Description of several species of Entomostracous Crustacea
from Jerusalem.—Ann. Nat. Hist., IV., 1859, p. 240.

37. Description of a new species of Ta@nia.—Zoo]. Soc. Proc.,
Pt. XXVII., 1859, p. 101; Ann. Nat. Hist., IV., 1859, p. 240.

38. Description of a rare Entozoon from the stomach of the
Dugong.—Zool. Soc. Proc. Pt. XXVIT, 1859, p. 148.

39. Description of some new recent Entomostraca from Nag-
poor, collected by the Rev. Stephen Hislop.—Ibid, Pt. XXVIL.,
1859, p. 231. :

40. Description of anew species of Entozoon, Selerostoma sip-
unculiforme, from the intestines of the elephant.—Ibid, Part
XXVIL., 1859, p. 231.

41. Description of a new species of Esiheria, from Nagpoor,
Central India.—Ibid, Pt. XXVIII., 1860, p. 188.

-_ 42. Note on the genus Cypridina, Milne-Edwards, with a
ieee of some new species.—Ibid, Pt. XXVIII., 1860, p.

9.

43. Description of a new Entomostracous Crustacean, belong-
ing to the order Phyllopoda, from South Australia.—lIbid, Pt.
XXVIITI., 1860, p. 392; Ann. Nat. Hist., VII., 1861, p. 149.

Bibliographical List of the Writings of Dr Baird. 407

44, Description of two new species of Entomostracous Crus-
taceans from India.—Ibid, Pt. XXVIII., 1860, p. 412; Ann.
Nat. Hist., VII., 1861, p. 324.

45. Description of some new species of Intestinal Worms
(Entozoa) in the collection of the British Museum.—Ibid, Pt.
XXVIIL., 1860, p. 446; Ann. Nat. Hist., VII., 1861, p. 228.

46. Description of a new species of Branchipus (B. eximius)
from the Pool of Gihon in Jerusalem.—Ann. Nat. Hist., VIL.,
1861, p. 209.

47. Descriptions of Entomostraca from the Pool of Gihon.—
Nat. Hist. Review, cer. 3, vols. IV. and VIII.

48. Note on the occurrence of Filaria sanguinea in the body of
the Galaxias scriba, a fresh-water fish from Australia.—Ann. Nat.
Hist., VIII., 1861, p. 269.

49. Note on the Lernea cyclopterina,, occurring in the gills of
Cyclopterinus spinosus, a fish from Greenland.—Ibid, VIIL., 1861,

. 502.
‘ 50. Notice of the occurrence of Sclerostoma equinwm ? in the
testicle of the horse.—Ibid, VIIT., 1861, p. 502.

51. Cyclopedia of Biography. London and Glasgow, 1861.
The notices of eminent naturalists are by Dr Baird,

58. Museum of Natural History; a Popular Account of the
Structure, Habits, and Classification of the Animal Kingdom.
By Sir John Richardson, W. 8. Dallas, Dr Wm. Baird, &c.
London, 1859--62.

54. Memoir of the late Rev. John Baird, minister of Yetholm,
Roxburghshire, &c. London, 1862.

55. Description of some new species of Entomostracous Crus-
tacea.—Ann. Nat. Hist., X., 1862, p. 1.

56. Description of two new species of Cestoid Worms belong-
ing tothe genus Tenia.—Zool. Soc. Proc., 1862, p. 20. .

57. Description of some new species of Entozoa.—lIbid, 1862,

, 113.
3 58. Description of several new species of Phyllopodous Crus-
taceans belonging to the genera Lstheria and Limnetis.—Ibid,
1862, p. 147.

59. Description of some new species of Shells collected at
Vancouver Island and in British Columbia by J. K. Lord.—Ibid,
1863, p. 66.

60. Description of two species of shells collected by Dr Lyall
at Vancouver Island.—Ibid, 1863, p. 71.

61. Description of several species of Worms belonging to the
Annelida errantia and sedentaria, or tubicola of Milne-Edwards.-—
Ibid, 1863, p. 106.

62. On a new species of British Annelides belonging to the
family Chetopternde.—Linn. Soc. Trans., XXIV., 1864, p. 477.

408 Bibliographical List of the Writings of Dr Baird.

63. Description of a new species of Annelide belonging to the
family Amphinomide.—Ibid, XXIV., 1864, p. 449.

64. Remarks on a species of Shell belonging to the family
Dentalide ; with notes on their use by the natives of Vancouver
Island and British Columbia by J. K. Lord.—Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1864, p. 136. 3

65. Obituary Notice of Dr Robert Dundas Thomson.—Hist.
Ber. Nat. Club, V., 1864, p. 133.

66. Description of a new species of Entozoa from the intestines
of the Diamond Snake of Australia (Morelia spilotes).—Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1865, p. 58.

67. Description of a new British Annelide belonging to the
tribe Rapacea of Grube,—Annelida errantia of Milne-Kdwards.—
Jour. Linn. Soc., 1865, p. 8.

68. Description of several new species and varieties of Tubi-
colous Annelides—Tribe Limivora of Grube, in the collection of
the British Museum.—Ibid, 1865, p. 10.

69. On new Tubicolous Annelides in the collection of the
British Museum.—lIbid, 1865, p. 157.

70. Description of a new variety of Lepidonotus cirratus parasitic
in the tube of Chetopterus insignis.—Ibid, 1865, p. 161.

71. Contributions towards a Monograph of the species of
Annelides belonging to the Aphroditacea, containing a list of the
known species, and a description of some new species contained
in the National Collection of the British Museum.—lIbid, 1865,

wltde
: 72. A Supplement to the Catalogue of the British Non-Para-
sitical Worms in the collection of the British Museum. London,
1865.

73. Contributions to a Monograph of the Aphroditacea.—Jour.
Linn. Soc., [X., 1866.

74. Description of a new species of Monccious Worm belong-
ing to the class Tubellaria and genus Serpentaria.—Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1866, p. 101.

75. Description of two new species of Phyllopodous Crusta-
ceans.—Ibid, 1867, p. 122. .

76. Notes on some interesting Chinese Shells, with a
description of two or three new species of Unionide collected at
Shanghai by Jonas Lamprey, M.D., &c. By Dr Baird and Henry
Adams.—Ibid, 1867, p. 489.

77. Note on the Spiroptera sanguinolenta of Rudolphi, a parasite
found in the heart of dogs in China. By Dr Baird and Dr J.
Lamprey.—Jour. Linn. Soc., Nov. 1867, p. 296.

78. Description of a new species of Ascaris found in the
stomach of the Walrus.—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1868, p. 67.

79. Monograph of the species of Worms belonging to the

Bibliographical List of the Writings of Dr Baird. 409

sub-class Gephyrea ; with a notice of such species as are contained
in the collection of the British Museum.—Ibid, 1868, p. 76.

80. Description of a new species of Sclerostoma from the stomach
of the African elephant (Socodonia Africana).—Ibid, 1868, p. 262.

81. Contributions towards a Monograph of the species of
Annelides belonging to the Amphinomacee, with a list of the
known species, and a description of several new species (belong-
ing to the group) contained in the National Collection of the
British Museum.—Jour. Linn. Soc., X., 1868, p. 215.

82, Description of a new species of Earth-worm (JZegascolex
difringens) found in North Wales.—Proe. Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 40.

83. Description of some new Suctorial Annelides in the col-
lection of the British Museum.—Ibid, 1869, p. 310.

84, Additional Remarks on Megascolex diffringens.—Ibid, 1869,

O87.

; 85, Remarks on several genera of Annelides belonging to the
group Hunicea, with a notice of such species as are contained in
the collection of the British Museum, and a description of some
others hitherto undescribed.—Jour. Linn. Soc., X., 1869, p. 341.

86, Description of a new genus and species of Shells from
Whydah, on the West Coast of Africa, with some remarks on the
genus Proto of Defrance.—Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 259.

87. Description of some new species of Annelida and Gephyrea
in the collection of the British Museum.—Jour. Linn. Soc., April
7, 1870.

” 88. Description of several new species of Shells from the South
Sea Islands—Appendix to the ‘‘Cruize of the Curacoa.” ‘Tobe
published in 1873.

89. The Lymington Brine Shrimp, and the Fezzan Worm.—
Excelsior, I., 18538, p. 229.

90. Snails: their long Lives and their Revivals —Ibid, L.,
1853, p. 343.

91. The Ormer-shell of the Channel Islands.—Ibid, ITI., 1854,

. 411.

R 92. Pearls and Pearl Fisheries.—Chambers’ Miscellany of In-
structive and Entertaining Tracts, No. 115. n.d.

93, Visit to the Island of Serk.

94, Lecture on Meteorology. Read at Yetholm.

95, Stanford’s Educational Diagrams of Natural History.
No. VI. Myriapoda—Arachnida—Crustacea—Annelida—and
Entozoa. By A. White and Dr Baird. No. IX. Reptilia and
Amphibia. By Drs Belland Baird. No. XI, Mammalia. By
Dr Baird. London.

James Harpy.

410

On some Flint Implements and rude Ornaments of Prehistoric
People in Berwickshire. By James Harpy.

To an early volume of the Club’s “ History ” (Vol. IIL.,
pp. 103--111; 1852) I contributed an account of a group of
Cairns and other monumental memorials from the east of
Berwickshire ; but at that time the method of referring those
remains to a definite period had not been attained, and the
rude tokens of early art which may have accompanied
them, so analogous to the fossils by which the ages of
strata are defined, were either disregarded or overlooked.
The present article may be regarded as supplementary to the
history of those monuments, by furnishing some of the illus-
trations in which it was defective. These, taken with other
information, render it probable that a large proportion of the
Cairns and encampments of Berwickshire were constructed
by people in a very low stage of civilization ; whose weapons
and implements were mere chips of flint obtained by barter,
or rude adaptations of suitable portions of native rock; in
other words, they belonged to the Stone Age. For the
present I shall confine myself to some of these evidences
derived from the discovery of flint implements, &c., in the
cultivated fields, which were either the known sites of former
tumuli, or in which there is every probability of their having
once existed.

The Engravings from the pencil of our Treasurer are
lively representations of the more characteristic specimens ;
and others, subsequently picked up, of a different type, will,
it is to be hoped, be forthcoming at. some after stage. The
figures are of the natural size; and if any one will compare
them with those in Mr Evans’ valuable “ Ancient Stone
Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments of Great Britain,” he
will at once acknowledge their genuine attributes. }

I had been picking up flints of the class of ‘‘ Scrapers”
for some years without being aware of their import, other-
wise than as being rude or defective gun-flints, when my
attention was arrested by the recent occurrence of a flint
along with an ancient interment. On the 10th June, 1872,
my neighbour, Mr Hood, apprised me that a flag-stone,
which promised to be the cover of a Cist, had been torn up
in turnip-making, on the top of Hog’s Law, a conical gravel
eminence, on the farm of Oldcambus Townhead, near the old

Mr James Hardy on some Flint Implements, &c. 411

post road, and adjacent to my own residence. The flag was
a greywacke slate, which had been obtained from a slate
quarry at no great distance, where the stone rises in large
slabs, with little effort ; and close beside a British ‘ camp,”
whence the body here entombed may have been transported.
It was too small to have covered a grave, and we—for we
made the excavation ourselves—had not gone far, till it was
obvious that it had been previously broken, and the grave
disturbed ; and that this was probably the same Cist that
had been found on the hill about thirty years ago, when it
was first cultivated. Some of the stones only forming the
sides remained ; being rolled greywacke boulders, and two
sandstones, grey and white, which had been brought from
the sea-side, distant about a mile. Passing through the
gravel, we came upon a tenacious brown clay beneath it,
and found embedded in it several portions of a human leg.
The excavation was shallow, not three feet below the surface ;
but I was told that the hill was decreasing in height, repeated
ploughings and harrowings having caused the soil to slide to
a lower position. It could not be ascertained whether the
legs were bent or laid straight out; but the direction was
from north to south, and the head had been laid to the north.
The bones were rather decayed and crumbly; the soil being
so damp as to saturate them with moisture. The fibula was
a mere fragment ; but the tibia was nearly perfect, and was
about fifteen inches long. What remained of the femur, was
about the same length, but originally it would be of longer
proportion. The femur was considerably curved. The other
bones had probably been scattered at the previous disinter-
ment. In returning the clay, the broken-off point of a
leaf-shaped flint arrow-head was detected ; and this was the
only reward we had. See Plate I., Fig. 1. It appears to
have been broken from an early period, as the crack is
glazed over with a white enamel, which covers the whole
flint.

- Previous to being in culture, this hill-top was covered with
grass. There was no cairn. The name occurs in a Colding-
ham Charter, and is six or seven hundred years old. We
don’t know who “‘ Hog,” or “ Ogge,”’ as it is in the Record,
was ; but he may have been contemporary with “ Arkile,”
or “ Bertolui’’ (Bartholomew ?), and ‘“ Emund’’—Saxons
who gave names to their early possessions in the neighbour-

412 Mr James Hardy on some Flint Implements, &c.

hood; which, however, have not been so fortunate to adhere
to them so long as this. He was certainly not the personage
whose pre-existence has now for the first time been disclosed ;
however old the belief, that the chieftains who were buried
on heights had their names attached to them for an enduring
memorial. This hill itself is of the tumulus form. Gravel
knolls, in many instances, in this district have been selected
as prehistoric sepulchres ; and I am not aware that in these
cases there existed any artificial barrow.

As the field in my occupation, next to this, was also pre-
paring for turnips, and in a.state favourable for observation,
I was induced to make a search for flints: and two days
afterwards I picked up the fine knife, Fig. 7, which is of a
dark-coloured flint, and was accompanied by a similar
coloured flake; and afterwards near the same spot, the lancet-
shaped knife, Fig. 9. Afterwards in autumn, two leaf-
shaped arrow-heads of grey flint were found close together,
at a short distance from the former. They were carefully
wrought all round the margin, but one of them was defective
and blunted at the point. In another part of the field I
found, on the 13th June, the carefully wrought ear-shaped
*‘ scraper,” Fig. 5; and afterwards in July, the horse-shoe-
shaped “scraper,” Fig. 4, which has been fractured at the
one side. The working is mostly on the side, half shewn
in the engraving. Neither of these could have been “ strike-
a-lights,” as I find on trial that this process fritters away
the edge, which in the latter cf these is keen and fresh as it
came from the maker’s hands. Native settlements appear
to have once existed in this field, as I have got a very un-
couth hollowed out sandstone from it, in which some British
matron or slave may have decorticated “ bear” or “ bigg”’ ;
and also one of those puzzling stone-bullets, on which I wrote
one of my early essays for the Club, as being connected with
a game (“ Hist. of Club,” Vol. IT., pp. 51--68), but which in
this and other instances, owing to the smallness of the ball,
may have been a sling-stone. Like most of the others, it is
of the rock native to the locality—greywacke.

Besides these, I have at various times picked up elsewhere,
several other flints which bear traces of having been dressed
by human agency ; and now submit them to the Club’s in-
spection, along with some other objects of rude art belonging
to the same early period. I do not affirm that the whole are

Mr James Hardy on some Flint Implements, &c. 413

of remote antiquity ; some of them may have been broken
gun-flints, or used in striking fire with steel, but others
appear to be authentic; and it may be worth while calling
attention to this class of articles mixed up with the cultivated
soil, where they are easily detected from there being no native
flints to embarass the search, in order that we may learn
something of their distribution, their origin, or their age.
It is to be remarked that the leaf-shaped flints appear to
denote greater barbarism than the barbed arrow, or “ elf-
shot,” of which there are beautiful Berwickshire examples
also; although I have not been fortunate enough as yet to
meet with any.

The following catalogue comprises the particulars of the
specimens shown to the Club :—

I. Arrow Heaps.

1. Point of leaf-shaped flint arrow-head from British grave on
Hog’s-law, Oldcambus, June, 1872. Plate I., Fig. 1.

2. Small leaf-shaped flint arrow-head, wrought on the margin
all round ; field, Oldcambus, June 21, 1872. Fig. 2.

8. Chisel-ended form of flint arrow-head, found in a field at
Oldcambus, May 30, 1864, See HKvans, Figs. 231 and 342. This
is a rare type. Mr Greenwell has found it in France; and only
| a few examples have occurred in this country. The smaller end
was inserted in the notch of a stick. The Egyptian arrow-head
was of this form. Fig. 3 (reversed).

II. Sorarers.

4. Horse-shoe shaped flint-scraper; field, Oldcambus, July,
1872. A portion broken off. Fig. 4.

5. Har-shaped flint-scraper; field, Oldcambus, June 13, 1872.
Fig. 5.

6. Disc or lens-shaped flint-scraper. Found at Crow’s Cairn,
an ancient stone barrow of great size, Penmanshiel, June 13, 1863.
See ‘‘ Hist. Ber. Nat. Club,” Vol. III., p. 105. ‘This is a rare
type which Mr Greenwell has only found in the south of England.
One similar to it appears to be figured in Jewitt’s ‘‘ Grave-
Mounds,” &c., p. 122, Fig. 168. Itis so small as to resemble a
stud, but may have been employed in polishing bone-pins. Fig. 6.

Ill. Kwives.

7. Flint-knife, of dark grey flint, carefully wrought. Mr Green-
well considers this to be a good example. Oldcambus, June 12,
Sisf2s , Fig. 7.

8. Flint-knife, of grey flint, carefully wrought. From a field

3G

414 Mr James Hardy on some Flint Implements, &c.

at Penmanshiel, of new cultivation, where barrows existed, 1862.
Fig. 8. The same section of ground has since yielded, mixed
with bones, a fine bent flint-knife, shaped like a boar’s tusk.

9. Lancet shaped flint-knife, of blackish flint, of the nature of
a flake. Broken. Fig. 9. Field, Oldcambus, 1872. Mr Howse
remarked on seeing this, that it quite resembles the knives em-
ployed in Persia for circumcision, brought to this country by Mr
Loftus. See Joshua, v. 2.

10. Flint-knife? found in British grave at Frenchlaw by Dr
Stuart. This is also a flake, but is doubtful whether a knife or
a scraper ; the edge is bluntish, and the chipping may be owing
to its having been struck to obtain fire. Itis very thin; but
has a thickened end to hold by. A calcareous coating adheres
to it. It is dark coloured. Plate II. Fig. 10.

IV. Rupz Rines AND ORNAMENTS.

11. Ring of bituminous shale, circularly perforated with a
large aperture ; bored from two sides as with a flint implement ;
shaped on the outer edge by rubbing; very rude; perhaps the
centre of a necklace. Found in 1860, in a field at Penmanshiel,
where formerly existed numerous small tumuli, which are
alluded to in Club’s “ History,” III., p. 109. This is quite a
foreign object to the district, as much so as the fiints. Mr Howse
thought it might be of Whitby jet. It leaves a black streak on
stone, but does not stain wood. Fig, 11.

12. Whorl, or ring, of burnt brick earth. From a field at
Penmanshiel, once full of cairns. Fig. 12.

13. Bead of greywacke slate; perforated as if by a flint im-
plement from two sides ; outer rim cut as witha knife. Found
in the garden at Penmanshiel. Fig. 13.

V. FLInt-FLAKEs.
14. Flint-flake, from the same locality as No. 8,

15. Flint-flake, apparently burnt and wrought; Oldcambus,
June 13, 1872.

16. Burnt flint-chip, illustrative of the last; from a grave on
Whiteside hill, near Wooler, accompanying burnt human bones
dug from a tumulus.

17. Flint-flake, British hut-circle, on a moor, recently ploughed
for the first time, Penmanshiel, April 15, 1870. Several tumuli
near, mentioned in Club’s ‘‘ History,” p. 104, have as yet yielded
nothing; but this is indicative of their age. St. David’s Cairn
was connected with this group. I observed in passing it,“many
years ago, a greywacke stone, hollowed out like a shallow dish,

Rev. Wm. Greenwell on Two Ancient Interments. 415

which was possibly a mortar for bruising corn in, previous to the
invention of querns. The depression was oval.
VI. Stone Batts.

18. Stone-bullet, larger than a marble, formed of serpentine
or some allied stone, being soapy to the touch. Believed to be
ancient. Found near Wooler Brewery, May, 1865.

19. Small stone-bullets of greywacke; supposed to be sling-
stones. Fields, Penmanshiel and Oldcambus.

On Two Ancient Interments at Wooler and Ilderton.
By the Rev. Wintt1am GREENWELL, F.S.A., &e.

On two previous occasions I have given an account in our
Proceedings of the occurrence of pre-historic burials within
the limits of the district to which the Berwickshire Natural-
ists’ Club confines its researches. I propose in the present
paper to follow that up by putting on record the facts con-
nected. with two burials, which were met with in the
neighbourhood of Wooler. The burials in question, though
they present no features of novel interest, nevertheless have
a claim to notice, inasmuch as when evidence is so scanty,
every item which adds to our store of accurately recorded
details is some addition, greater or less, to that accumulation
of facts from which we hope in time to be enabled to deduce
something of a history of, at least, the burial customs of the
ancient inhabitants of Britain. And as life and death are so
intimately bound up together, and the incidents connected
with each are so interwoven, especially amongst people who
are in the lower stages of civilization, we may look, from a
knowledge of the treatment of the dead, to obtain some
insight into the condition of the living.

The two interments to be noticed did not differ much, the
one from the other, in the way in which the body had been
treated in the process of burial. They were both burials by
inhumation, where the body was laid in the grave without
having undergone the action of fire in burning ; a rite which,
however, was widely and extensively practised at the time to
which these two interments belong. Each of the bodies had
been placed, as is usual in the districts where suitable stone
is easily to be obtained, in cists; small chambers of stone
sunk below the level of the ground, and formed of four or

416 Rev. Wm. Greenwell on Two Ancient Interments.

more stones, set on edge, and covered in by one or more
slabs. In both cases, the land having been under cultiva-
tion for a long period of time, it is impossible to say whether
a barrow—the mound thrown up over the place of burial to
mark the spot where the dead were laid to rest—had ever
existed. Although it is true that instances have occurred
where it is scarcely possible to suppose that a mound had
ever covered the grave; yet the erection of a mound, of
greater or less size, is so universal, not only in Great Britain
but in almost every part of the world, that itis most probable
in these two cases there had once been a barrow, but that all
trace of it had disappeared during a lengthened process of
tillage.

The first burial was found actually within the precincts of
the town of Wooler, and the circumstances of the discovery
are somewhat peculiar. Mr Dixon, a blacksmith, of Wooler,
had occasion, in June, 1872, to bury his mule, and thought
that his garden would form a proper burial ground for the
animal. In making the grave, at a depth of three feet below
the surface, he came upon a large slab of stone, which being
of a nature foreign to the stone of the immediate locality, he
justly concluded must have been placed there by the hand of
man. His son, who was with him, broke off a corner of
the stone, and finding there was a hollow below, a candle
was got, and then, to their amazement, they saw, lying at the
bottom of the hollow, the bones of a skeleton, contracted
after the usual British fashion, the knees being drawn up
towards the chin. Mr Dixon then, after removing the skull,
proceeded to inter his mule in the burial cist of the ancient
British owner ; and, if nothing more had been heard of the
discovery, it is quite possible that antiquaries of a time long
subsequent to our own, might have been sadly led astray as
to primitive burial customs, by finding the bones of a mule
in company with some of those of a human being. Our
fellow-member, Mr Wightman, fortunately, however, heard
of the exhumation with the subsequent inhumation, and
thinking it probable that some article or other might have
been buried with the body, he proceeded to disinter the mule.
It happened as Mr Wightman expected; and we have to
thank his intelligent forethought that the only thing which
had accompanied the interment was not lost to sight : it was
a button of inferior jet, or some other form of lignite.

Rev. Wm. Greenwell on Two Ancient Interments. 417

The Cist, which lay nearly due east and west, was formed
of four side stones, with two covers ; it was 43 feet long, 32
feet wide at the east, and 23 feet wide at the west end, and
2 feet deep. The body had been laid on the left side, the
most frequent, with the head to the east ; the position of the
hands was not observed, but they usually are found placed
in front of the chest, or up towards the face. This contracted
form of interring the body is one almost universal in pre-
Roman burials in Britain ; and, indeed, prevails over a great
part of the world in old interments, as also in those of modern
savages. It is certainly not due to the requirements of space,
for I have frequently met with bodies deposited in graves of
from 7 feet to 10 feet in diameter, and where the contracted
body occupies but a very small space of the area of the grave.
I am inclined to refer it to the way in which people with
scanty covering during the hours of rest were accustomed to
sleep, a position in which, such being the case, they would
most frequently die. It has been suggested that this mode of
placing the corpse in the grave was due to a fancied resemb-
lance to the position the foetus occupied in the womb, and
that it was sought to lay the dead to rest in mother earth
after the fashion they had once occupied before birth; the
suggestion does not, however, for many reasons, appear to
me to be a plausible one.

The button is conical-shaped, 24 inches in diameter,
and pierced on the back with two holes, which join about the
centre, but do not come through the front; through this
perforation a thong would be passed, thus constituting a very
serviceable dress-fastener. Buttons of a similar kind have
been found throughout Great Britain; in Northumberland,
two were met with ina cist near Tosson, in Coquetdale. I
have discovered several on the Yorkshire wolds, in some
cases highly ornamented, and to the number of six in one
grave ; there placed in front of the chest of the man whose
dress they had once fastened, and whose body was accom-
panied by several implements of bronze. There can be no
doubt that these articles served the purposes of buttons, and
their occurrence in graves and cists would seem to imply
that the habit was to bury the dead, at all events in some
cases, in the clothes they wore when alive: this appears to
be evidenced by the finding of pins and other fasteners in
association with the body, though it must be admitted that

418 Rev. Wm. Greenwell on Two Ancient Interments.

pins might be used to fasten anything of the nature of a
shroud as well as the dress.

The bones had gone very much to decay; and the only
part of the skeleton which was preserved was the skull, and
that only in an imperfect condition. It is quite evident,
however, from what remains of the skull, that the buried
person was a man, of mature age, and of robust make. For
the following account of the skull and the description of its
features I am indebted to Professor Rolleston, of Oxford.
** The calvaria is brachycephalic ; the forehead is low, broad,
andsloping. The parieto-occipital region also has the obliquity
so characteristic of the male sex. The ridges for the origin
of muscles, and the frontal sinuses point, by their extensive-
ness, in the same direction. ‘The great width, length, and
capacity of the skull are combined with a contour which I
have several times met with in British skulls of the earlier
bronze, but never in the pre-bronze period. All the sutures,
in the portion of calvaria left, are obliterated internally, but
the Pacchionian pits and the channels for the meningeal
arteries are comparatively shallow, and for these as for other
reasons, I do not think the owner of this skull was an old
man, nor even beyond 45 years of age at the time of death.
The calvaria measures in each case approximately : Extreme
length, 75; extreme breadth, 5°95; circumference, 21:5;
giving a cephalic index of °79.”

The skull was of that type, which, so far as the limited
means at our disposal allows us to judge, appears to have
been the prevalent one in Northumberland at the period to
which the burial at Wooler may be referred. Two descrip-
tions of heads have been found throughout Britain, which
may safely be attributed to a time antecedent to the arrival
of the Romans in this country ; the one a long one, and the
other a round one, and with the latter of these the skull in
question is to be classed. The dolicho-cephalic, the long
skull, seems, from the evidence of the barrows, to be the
earlier form, and to belong to a time before a knowledge of
metal was possessed by the inhabitants of Britain: this long-
headed people were succeeded, and probably subjected, by a
stronger-made, round-headed race; by whom, though they
were conquered, they were certainly not extirpated, for
numerous remains of them are found in the same barrows,
and buried undoubtedly at the same time, with the round-
headed people. These latter may be considered as belonging

Rev. Wm. Greenwell on Two Ancient Interments. 419

to the age of bronze, and it is to them that the man who
occupied the Cist at Wooler is to be referred. The question,
however, is much too large an one to be considered in this
brief relation, and it must be sufficient, at the present, to
merely thus epitomise it.

The second burial of which I purpose to give an account,
was discovered, during the summer of 1872, on the farm of
Mr Clark, of Ilderton, and within a short distance of that
place. Numerous interments have been met with from time
to time in the immediate neighbourhood; and a few years
ago a cist was found not very far from the present one, which
contained a skull of a markedly brachycephalic character, an
account of which will be found in the ‘ Natural History
Transactions of Northumberland and Durham,” Vol. L., pt. 2.

I am sorry that Iam unable, for lack of any notes taken
at the time of the discovery, to give a minute description of
the size and position of the Cist, or of its contents. It was
placed, however, somewhat below the surface of the ground,
and consisted, like other similar places of interment, of slabs
of stone, set on edge, forming an oblong cist, with a larger
stone covering the chamber. It had contained an unburnt
body, very few remains of which were left; and there was
also found in association with the body, a vase of pottery, to
which the name of ‘‘ Food Vessel ” has been given. It was
broken in taking it out, and unfortunately but a small part of
the vessel was preserved; enough, however, remains to
enable me to give a correct idea of its size and shape, as also
of the ornamentation uponit. Itis 44 inches high, 52 inches
wide at the mouth, and 24 inches at the bottom. On the
inside of the lip of the urn are two rows of small oblong im-
pressions running round it ; on the edge of the lip are diagonal
lines of twisted thong impressions, and below the lip are
similar but longer impressions, placed diagonally but in the
reverse way to those on the edge; below this is a row of
oblong impressions, and then three series of thong impres-
sions ; below these is a row of diagonal lines, but in a reverse
way to the row above; on the shoulder, so to call it, of the
vase, is on each edge a row of upright short lines, having
between them two rows of oblong impressions; from thence
to the bottom the vase is covered with encircling lines, made
by short pieces of twisted thong applied to the moist clay.

There can be little doubt, I think, that the name which

420 Rev. Wm. Greenwell on Two Ancient Interments.

has been given to this class of sepulchral vessels correctly
describes their use, and that they were intended to contain
food for the use of the dead, either with a view of serving the
spirit of the deceased on his journey to, or after his arrival at,
the other world to which he was supposed to have gone. In
some few cases a dark-coloured matter has been found at the
bottom of these vessels, which was proved, on analysis, to be
of animal origin. They are associated both with unburnt
and burnt bodies, though they more frequently accompany
the former than the latter; and when they are discovered
with burnt bones they never contain them, in this respect
differing from the ordinary urns in which bones have been
deposited. ‘They vary to a considerable extent in size and
shape, and still more so in their ornamentation, though there
is a general resemblance in the greater number of them. A
frequent form is that which characterizes the specimen from
Iiderton, and which is often found to have four or more
projections round the shoulder, these being sometimes per-
forated. When they are perforated, the object of these
projections seems to have been to suspend the vessel by ;
though frequently the piercings are so small that it is difficult
to understand how anything sufficiently strong to uphold the
vessel can have been passed through them. Those with un-
perforated projections I should be inclined to think later than
those with pierced ears; when the projections had been kept
as an ornament, the primary object, that of use, having
passed away.

On account of the imperfect condition of the Ilderton vase,
it is impossible to say certainly whether it has had any of
these projections or not; judging, however, from its general
appearance, and on comparison with other vessels, I think
it probable that it originally had four of these appendages.

In conclusion, I would urge upon all our members to make
a careful note of the occurrence, with the attendant circum-
stances, of any instance of early burial which may fall under
their observation, and to lay it before the Club. It happens
continually that interments belonging to pre-historic times
are discovered accidentally, in ploughing or other agricultural
operations ; in some of these cases incidents of intense
interest and moment are brought to light, too frequently only
to cause a few days’ wonder, and then to pass into oblivion
for want of some one to record them.

421

On Insects of the East of Berwickshire taken in Autumn
and Winter. By James Harpy.

Havine had a few spare days during the three past
autumns and early winter (Nov.--Jan.), I devoted them to
collecting some of the Insects in the neighbourhood, in order
to ascertain what kinds survive in that exceptional period,
when they are generally supposed to have “‘ shuffled off their
mortal coil,” or to exist only as larva. As there are many
among them not previously recorded for Berwickshire, I have
made a selection of the more interesting, which may be use-
ful for future reference. The majority are Brachelytra of
obscure appearance and minute size; and they offer a con-
siderable supplement to former county lists.

COLEOPTERA.

Dyscuirius GLozosus. Borders of a dried up pool.

Bremsrpium MANNERHEIMI. Among dead leaves, in Penmanshiel
wood, January; and in stack bottoms on the moor, near Pen-
manshiel, November.

Crarki. On the sandy sea-coast at Ewelairs, near
Cockburnspath.

Faraacrra sutcaTA. Decayed hay, Oldcambus.

BoxrrrocHara oBLIquA. In Polypori, Pease Bridge,

OcALEA CASTANEA, Var. with labrum black, “Stack bottoms,
Penmanshiel.

Leprusa ruMIpA. Beneath bark, Pease Bridge.

Oxypopa opacA. Abundant in decayed hay, and stack bottoms.

LoNGIuscuLA.- Border of a dried up pond.

», Eprvensts, Sharp. Border of a dried up pond, near
Oldcambus, November, LOY 1;

i LENTULA. With the preceding.

HoMALOTA GREGARIA. Rubbish near a dried up pond, and from
the sea-coast.

if Eximi4, Sharp. Among wet moss in winter, Lang-
struther bog, near Penmanshiel; one,

LABILIs. Border of a pond ; ’Oldcambus.

Lonpivensis. In former years near Penmanshiel.
on ELONGATULA. Marsh on sea-coast, and stack bottoms.
és votans, In agarics at Pease Bridge; and border of

a pond, Oldcambus.

VESTITA. Under sea-weed; Greenheugh, near Old-

9

vicina. In agarics at Pease Bridge; and in rubbish,
Oldcambus. ‘
H

422 Mr J. Hardy on Insects of the East of Berwickshire.

HomatotTa GRAminicona. In decayed hay, and edge of pond.
5 Aucm, Hardy,=runcticers, Thomson. Under sea-weed.
3 OCCULTA.—FUNGIVORA. Numerous in agarics at Pease

s picipes. In agarics at Pease Bridge; and rubbish,
Oldcambus.

7 FALLACIOSA. One, pond rubbish; Oldcambus.

Ap CIRCELLARIS. Among moss, Pease Bridge, &e.

»». Eremira, Rye. Formerly at Penmanshiel; border of
a peaty pond, Oldcambus.

x, ExiLIs, Hr. Wet moss in winter, in Langstruther
bog, near Penmanshiel ; one.

aa ANALIS, In grass.

a Aquatica, Thomson,—svUBENEA, Sharp. In agarics at
Pease Bridge.

fe XANTHOPTERA. In decayed hay, &c., Oldcambus.

AP tncoaniTa, Sharp. In agarics, Pease Bridge; one.

7 vaLipA. In agarics, Pease Bridge ; one.

a TRINOTATA. In swarms in decayed hay, and old stack
bottoms.

& FuNuICcOLA. In agarics, Pease Bridge.

a IGNOBILIS. Ditto.

“5 sopatis, Hr. Rather abundant in agarics at Pease _
Bridge; also in stack bottoms and decayed hay.
Bs NIGRA. Decayed hay, Oldcambus.

53 ATRAMENTARIA. Dead hedgehog, and decayed hay.
5 MELANARIA. Decayed hay, Oldcambus.
4, MuUscoRUM. Ditto. One.

45 FuNGI. Ditto. Common.
TACHINUS SUBTERRANEUS and LATIcoLLIs. In agarics, decayed
hay, &c.
QuEDIUs quapRIpUNcTATUS. Stack rubbish, Penmanshiel; one.
») -TEMPORALIS. Ditto. One.
»» suTuRALIS. Decayed hay, Oldcambus ; two in different

»» SEMIoBSCURUS, Hr. Decayed hay; one.
PHILONTHUS ALBIPES. Stack bottoms.
LEPTACINUS LINEARIS. Decayed hay.
STILICUS RUFIPES, AFFINIS, and orBIcuLATUS. Decayed hay.
Sunius aneustatus. In decayed hay; also at the roots of grass
on the sandy sea-coast at Greenhaugh and Ewelairs.
STENnvs nicritutus. At the side of a dried up pond, November,
1871. One.
»» IMPREssus. In agarics and decayed hay.
»» SuB&NEUS, Hr. In decayed hay; Penmanshiel and Old-
cambus.
Obs. Besides these there were S. similis, wnicolor, and bupthalmus.

Mr J. Hardy on Insects of the East of Berwichshire. 428

Synromium aNEUM. Remains of cut grass, Oldcambus.
LaTarimzum unicotor. In gills of agarics, and in decayed hay,

Oldcambus, &e. L. atrocephalum is common in winter.
HoMAtiuM LaviuscuLum. Under sea-weed.

a RIPARIUM, Thomson. With the preceding.
5 ExIcUUM. In agarics at Pease Bridge.
5 concinnuM. In hay. A. rivulare and H. fossulatum

also survive the winter in numbers.
MEGARTHRUS SINUATOCOLLIS. In hay and rubbish.
PHLGOBIUM CLYPEATUM. In decayed hay.
MicroPEPLus FuLvus, Hr. Decayed hay, Oldcambus; one,
Bryaxis WATERHOUSEI, Hye. A pair from Penmanshiel.
TRICHOPTERYX LATA. Decayed hay, Oldcambus; one.
CHoLEVA LoncuLA. In agarics, Pease Bridge; and among
leaves, slate quarry, Oldcambus.

* NIGRITA, TRISTIS, CHRYSOMELOIDES, KIRBII, ANISOTOMO-
IDES, and MoRIo. Agarics, dead hay, and dead animals; Pease
Bridge, &c. CH. niGRIcANs occurred in June.

FuscA. Under an old bee-hive, Penmanshiel.

CrypropHacus Scanicus. In hay, and swarming among the
combs of an old bee-hive.
7 DENTATUs and Vint. One of each in hay.
Atomarta NANA, Lr. In decayed hay, Oldcambus.
CorTICARIA PUNCTULATA. Common in stack rubbish and old
hay.
* CRENULATA. Sandy sea-coast.
a prenticutaTa, Gyll. Decayed hay, Oldcambus.
Cis FESTIvUS. On Polypori of the hazel, Pease Bridge; and
along with Octotemnus glabriculus.
OTIORHYNCHUS LIGNEUS and RUGIFRONS. Sandy sea-coast.
BaRYPEITHES SULCIFRONS. Stack bottom, Penmanshiel.

- HEMIPTERA HETEROPTERA.

ScoLOPOSTETHUS ADJUNCTUS, AFFINIs, and contTRactTus. In de-
cayed hay and rubbish, Oldcambus.
PERITRECHUS LUNIGER. Decayed hay, ditto.

Drymus sytvaticus. Ditto.
STyGNoCORIS SABULOSUS, and ARENARIUS. Sandy sea-coast, &c.
IscoNoruyNcHUS Resep#, Panz. Beat from among thorns and
wild rose bushes, Pease Bridge. ‘The true insect.
IpOLOCORIS PALLIDICORNIS. Leaves of fox-glove; mostly with
undeveloped wings.
a ANNULATUS. At rest harrow on the coast.
Liocoris TRIPusTULATUS. Among nettles, Pease Bridge.
Obs. The others were Tingis Cardui, Lygus campestris, Antho-
coris nemorum, Nabis ferus, and Miris holsatus.

424 Zoological Memoranda, by Mr James Hardy.

HOMOPTERA.

AcOCEPHALUS AGRESTIS and Rusticus. Decayed hay.
Agata vENosA. Dry banks among Helianthemum and Plantago
lanceolata. :
EvprERyx BLANDULA. By beating sloe bushes.
5 Sonanr. Abundant on silver-fir, at Pease Bridge.

DIPTERA.

Trypeta ApsintHit. Wood-rush, Pease Bridge.

Discomyza 1ncurvA, Fallen. Two or three of this curious black
fly were picked up in November, among sand reed and other
rank grasses, on the sea-coast, at Ewelairs, near Cockburns-
path. I bottled itfora bug. It similates Sadda, in its alternate
running and leaping; but, indeed, the other Notiphileé are
siddling for a while, skip off suddenly, but their longer wings
allow them to escape more readily than this. Both Meigen
and Macquart mention this species as having been found in
meadows. Mr Haliday, who was the first to record this species
as British, obtained it from the wooded cliffs about Isle
Oransay, in Skye. (‘‘ Ann. Nat. Hist.,’’ IIIL., p. 223.)

APHANIPTERA.

Purex Tatrem. Mbole-flea. In old ricks of decayed hay,

probably from field-mice.

As Berwickshire insects I have also to record Crxius INTER-
MEDIUS, found somewhere on the coast hereabouts; and
Capsus SCUTELLARIS, from Penmanshiel—a rare species.

Zoological Memoranda. By James Harpy.

Capture oF A BottiLe-NnosE, (Delphinus melas).—The
following notice appeared in the “ Newcastle Journal,” Feb.
6, 1872. ‘On Wednesday afternoon last (Jan. 31), a whale
was seen to enter St. Mary’s Haven, Newton-by-the-Sea.
Ten fishermen immediately launched a fishing coble, and set
off in pursuit, armed with guns. In attempting to get out of
the haven, the whale stranded on the Embleston Rock, and
lay for a considerable time quite motionless ; and a rope was
tied round its tail and secured to the stern of the boat. As
the tide rose, the fishermen towed the whale off, and at-
tempted to land it on the beach; but as soon as it found
itself in open water, it rushed off at great speed seaward,

Zoological Memoranda, by Mr James Hardy. 425

dragging the boat stern foremost after it, much to the
alarm of its occupants. Before the tow rope could be cut,
the whale struck against the rocks across the mouth of the
haven, known as the Phills, where it lashed frightfully with
its tail, sending up quite a stream of water. A few shots
were fired at it, and another attempt was made to beach it,
but it again dashed off with the boat, and struck with great
force against the rocks, and received a severe stun, Advan-
tage was taken of this, and the monster was got on shore,
and secured by anchors and chains. On the tide ebbing it
was left high and dry, and soon died. The whale measures
22 feet in length, and 14 feet in circumference. The blubber
has been taken out, and will yield a large quantity of oil.
The carcase was afterwards cut into three pieces, each piece
requiring the united efforts of three powerful horses to remove
it.” Our President, in order to clear up doubts about the
identity of the animal, visited Newton, on March 18th, and
‘interviewed ”’ an intelligent fisherman. He writes: ‘The
animal was a ‘ Bottle-nose,’ of which we had a shoal stranded
here, some years ago, on Shoreston Sands. The measurement
is fairly given in the extract; the computed weight was from
34 to 4 tons. The yield of oil I could not ascertain ; but it
was in good condition, and proved a very favourable haul for
the fishermen.”

Wuuitt Mortze.—Mr Robert Gibson, mole-catcher, Smail-
holm, caught a large white mole (a male), on the farm of
Brotherstone, near St. Boswell’s. This is only the fourth, he
has caught during a long experience. (‘‘ Berwick Advertiser,”
June 21, 1872.) [At Penmanshiel I had two white, or rather
yellow, moles, handed to me at the same time. Mr Boyd
has also seen this variety at Hetton.]

Instinct or Micr,—My wheat stacks are sometimes built
with sticks placed in the centre, which are bound together
with oaten straw ropes. One of these was much infested
with mice; but they had made their nests not of the stiff
wheat straw, but of the straw of the ropes, from its being
more pliant for twisting to the required shape; almost every
particle of it having been nibbled off, and made a conveni-
ence of.

THe Hossy, (Falco subbuteo).—In the ‘ Berwickshire
News,” June 18, 1872, it is stated: “‘ We have been shown,
by Mr Robert Wait, bird-stuffer, a very handsome male

426 Zoological Memoranda, by Mr James Hardy.

specimen of the Tree Falcon, which was shot lately in this
neighbourhood (Dunse). It is 123 inches long and 282
broad.”

Foop oF THE KEsTrREL.—On the 5th July, I surprised a
Kestrel, which had just killed a young rabbit. It had com-
menced eating the brain and the side of the head, and next
the neck penetrating to the heart. There were two Jackdaws
waiting on beside it, for their share after the hawk had been
satisfied.

Pizp FiycatTcHER, (Muscicapa luctuosa).—There are vari-
ous recent instances of the occurrence of this pretty species
over a considerable extent of country. The Rev. F. R.
Simpson writes that it has re-visited him this season, and he
has reason to believe that it bred at Middleton Hall, near
Belford. Mr R.G. Bolam mentions that one was shot at
Linden, by Mr Ames’s gamekeeper, and is now at Linden ;
also that the nest and eggs have been seen at Weetwood
Hall, but not the bird. Mr Bold wrote me that a pair was
seen at Long Benton, on the 15th and 16th of May. Mr
Stevenson has seen it for two successive years at Dunse.
Some years since, when passing in company with Mr Jerdon,
a shooting lodge of the Karl of Haddington, near Longshaw,
on the Alwen water, we saw a pair fly from the creepers in
front of the house.

Hasits or THE Prrp Wactatt.—On May 31, I observed
one at a grassy pool near Oldcambus, repeatedly hovering
with spread tail backwards and forwards, almost sweeping
the surface, to catch water insects ; and then at each course
seat itself on stones at the brink till it resumed the hunt,
which appeared to be successful at those times when its wing
brushed the water. JI have also seen this bird rushing
excitedly hither and thither, in a zig-zag manner, picking
the flies from the points of grass; and on another occasion it
seated itself on a stone wali, and darted into the air after
insects, always returning to the spot whence it flew up. In
the Pebble Burn, I noticed three beautiful Grey Wagtails
engaged in the pursuit of mocr butterflies ; 3 but they did not
appear to be very successful.

Tue Rocx PiprT.—On December 23, there were numer-
ous winter-gnats, and the small black flies named Borbori,
on the high sea-banks. Three of the Sea Pipets were walk-
ing among the grass, and, like Wagtails, vibrating their tail

Zoological Memoranda, by Mr James Hardy. 427

now and then, and making rushes at the Borbori on the
grass piles, or diligently picking them off. This bird seldom
travels a field-breadth from the sea. I once saw the bird
take umbrage to a young rabbit, which had approached it too
closely. Having startled the timid animal, it pursued it on
wing till it had regained its retreat.

Buus Tit-movuss (Parus ceruleus).—This season a pair
of 'Tit-mouses have selected asa place for building their nest,
the letter box at Spylaw, near Kelso ; and curiously enough,
another pair have chosen the letter box at Softlaw. In both
instances eggs were in the nest; but some boys having ascer-
tained where the nests were, maliciously cut the box, and
took away the eggs. (“‘ Berwick Advertiser,” May 31, 1872.)

BouEemi1an Waxwina, (Bombycilla garrula).—Mr Wilson
of Coldingham, writes that on the llth of May, 1872,a
Bohemian Waxwing was seen at Hallydown, and shortly
after a bird of this kind was shot at Coldingham, which he
has seen and examined. Several years since, my brother
observed two of these birds near the post-road, between
Penmanshiel and Grant’s House.

Foop or THE Mountain Fincu, (Fringilla Montifringilla).
—Mr Edward Allen informs me that three years ago, during
winter, a large flock of the Mountain Finch visited Alnwick,
and fed on the beech mast ; and great numbers were caught
and destroyed by boys, He writes: ‘‘I got information that
large flocks of birds were in a wood in the Park. They kept
at first to a cluster of firs; but in a few days they took to the
beech trees, and fed on the mast. The number was prodigious
—they moved in clouds; but their number soon diminished,
as they were easily caught. A few Blue Tits were always
mixed up with them. They continued with us for three
weeks, when the weather opened.” This remark is interest-
ing, as the native food of the bird is not sufficiently ascertained.
Mr St. John (“‘ Nat. History and Sport in Moray,” p. 281)
made the observation, “I have seen them more often about
beech trees than any other; but this may be the effect of
chance.” Mr Gray (“Birds of the West of Scotland,” p. 138)
remarks that Mr Alston found the gizzard of a male in
autumn, 1869, “full of fragments of the kernels of nuts,
seemingly hazel.” Query, was it not beech mast ?

Hovst Sparrow.—May 381. I noticed the peculiarity of a
Sparrow occupied in pulling at the leaves of a cherry tree till

428 Zoological Memoranda, by Mr James Hardy.

it succeeded in tearing one through the middle, and, although
it was quite green, bore it off. Query, to line its nest? or
cool its young ?

STarRLinc.—While I was observing the proceedings of a
pair that had their nest in the corner of a house at Wooler,
the male came home with a worm in its beak, and then flew
out with the white dung of one of its young, and dropped it
in the garden on its way back to the fields.

JackpAw.—On May 3], I noticed near a wall side, at two
different spots, above the haunt of the Jackdaws, the shells
of a partridge egg, which had been freshly devoured there, as
the remains of the albumen still adhered to the grass. I
blame the Jackdaws, because this is the place where they
feast on the booty which they have conveyed from a distance.
When they are pilfering corn they assemble here to hide,
and then make sallies out when they may venture with safety.
A Jackdaw with a dirty white band across the wings has
accompanied the flocks in the fields, throughout the season,
and nestled in the sea-banks.

Hoopror.—Mr F. R. Wilson writes: “ There is a fine
specimen of the Hoopoe preserved at Hirst. The farmer who
has it says that it was shot at Newbiggen”’; and his informa-
tion would imply that more had been seen in that vicinity.
Mr Cadogan recollects of Hoopoes being seen on the coast,
and of three being shot. Some particulars about these birds
we owe to the inquiries of the Rev. Edward N. Mangin, Vicar
of Woodhorn. ‘The Hoopoe preserved at Hirst Castle was
shot about twenty years ago by Mr Rowell, the tenant, at a
farm called Moor House, about half-a-mile to the east of
Hirst. About the same period, the gamekeeper and his son
shot two other Hoopoes at Cresswell. In the summer of
1871, a breaksman at the colliery, who has now left the
neighbourhood, shot another Hoopoe on a tree close to the
Hirst, and brought it to Mr Rowell to ask him what sort of
a bird it was. These four are the only specimens Mr Mangin
has heard’ of.

Wuitt Hovsr Martin, (Hirundo urbica).—Two cream-
coloured Martins were reared, this summer, in the interior of
the highest story of Wooler Mill; and were seen in the end
of July, dashing about as lively as the others, and passing in
and out from their mealy domicile. They were mostly con-
Spicuous towards evening, and were very pretty objects. I

Zoological Memoranda, by Mr James Hardy. 429

believe they escaped the usual fate of albinoes, and drew off
with the rest of the young birds.

Martins Asststinc To Reparr a Fatrten Nest.—Mr
John Anderson reports: ‘* My father noticed a rather strange
freak among the Martins, at the Marygold (Berwickshire).
A pair had built their nest in one of the windows, and had
it nearly finished, when it all fell to the ground, owing to
the rain. Next day he was wondering what the unwonted
stir was among the Martins, which had gathered in a crowd,
and when looking at the birds, saw that they all had clay
in their mouths, ‘and were waiting their turn to get forward
to the nest, which they completed again in about two days.”

Foup oF THE RinG-pove.—“‘ Mr James Wood, Foulden
Bastle, shot on his farm on February 7th, 1872, a wood-
pigeon, and found in its stomach upwards of 4,200 clover
leaves. This fact will sufficiently show what amount of
damage is done to young grass-fields by these birds. Mr
Wood also shot a pigeon last year, and in its crop found
3,800 leaves.” (‘‘ Berwick Advertiser,” February 16.) I have
observed two concurrent instances, one at Langleyford, and
the other in this vicinity (March 25) where the stomach was
crammed with clover blades. We must not conclude, how-
ever, that at those dates all the birds were “living in clover.”
On February 6, 1871, in the stomach of one that had been
partially eaten by a fox there was nothing but a store of the
large yellowish seeds of “ Mother-of-Wheat,” (Veronica
hederifolia) and the small polished seeds of the common
goose-foot, (Chenopodium album). Ring-doves make
frequent resort to the seeds of the ‘‘ Mother-of-Wheat,”
which become scattered by the harrows among the young
wheat plants ; they live for a time also on the flower buds of
the wild mustard, of which they devour large quantities ; and

the jointed seed pods of the charlock appear to be a dainty
meal. Theseeds and leaves of the common chickweed, where
it abounds, are eagerly sought after, even for weeks. If they
would content themselves with this humble fare they would
be tolerated ; but it is just when it fails, or becomes stale,
that they fall on the leaves of the Swedish turnip, and strip
it as completely as a swarm of caterpillars. We all know
how quietly they drop down in the early morning, and ex-
tract from the soil a promising crop of garden peas, while
the owner is asleep. People complain; but this is a mere
3L

430 Zoological Memoranda, by Mr James Hardy.

trifle compared with their depredations among the legumin-
ous crops in the fields. Out of necessity, or for the sake of
variety, they have curious shifts." On the sea-coasts, during
the summer, they resort for small shell-fish to the fore-shores.
One shot at Akeld during winter had its crop packed with
the tops of branches of the Scotch fir. At Wooler, one morn-
ing, 14th May, I watched one for about fifteen minutes,
engaged among the top boughs of some tall beeches, in
picking and swallowing the tender recently developed beech
leaves. It appeared to be making an excellent breakfast. I
have been told that they are fond of the seed-leaves or
cotyledons of sycamore and beech, of which there is annually
such an abundant crop in avenues, and beneath the shade of
those trees.

Pouttry Fonp oF Mfcr.—It may not be well known that
the common domestic fowl are fond of mice. They both give
chase to them, and swallow them up. I lately saw a hen
snatch a dead mouse from a passing cat, which was bearing
it held by the neck to her kittens ; and run off pursued by
others of the poultry, and poor puss herself, so unexpectedly
bereft of her prey. How it ended I did not see.

Foop or PartrripeGEs.—In winter, Partridges pick holes
in Swedish turnips ; and especially they enlarge those which
have been bitten out by the hares and rabbits. On February
Qlst, my steward observed a covey occupied with something
equivocal in a wheat field, where the wheat was well
advanced. ‘They had been pulling it up to get at the grain.
In the stomachs of a pair sent to me at Christmas, which had
been shot on this place, there were many clover leaves mixed
with a considerable proportion of seeds, of which the majority
belonged to the red pimpernel, a copious weed on red sand-
stone soils. Ifyou pass partridges on the opposite side of a
fence, you hear a low warning call; they then clap; and if
you look over, or advance, they take flight.

Woopcock BrEEDING.—Our President writes : Woodcocks
are reported by gamekeepers to have bred this summer at
Twizell, and at Middleton Hall, Belford. I know the
Woodcock was hanging about our links between here and
Bamburgh, for quite a fortnight about Easter. My impres-
sion at the time was, that they were waiting for wind and
weather favourable for their migration—in which it would
seem they have after all been disappointed.

Zoological Memoranda, by Mr James Hardy. 481

SHovELLER Ducx, (Anas clypeata).—Mr Wilson obtained
an example, July 2éth, 1872, which had been shot by Mr
James Glen, Floors (Coldingham), in the pond there. Mr
Selby says, “rare upon the ‘I'weed.”

Common Guiu.—The operation of the gun act has made
me acquainted with one of the persecuted children of the sea.
A pair of Gulls, this spring, separated themselves from their
breeding quarters about Fastcastle, and took up their station
on a cliff near Siccar point, a few miles farther up the Firth.
I did not at first perceive their intent ; but one morning a
Gull was seen seated on the bank, with three Jackdaws
round it, with which, when I looked over, it appeared to be
holding a conference ; as it was shaking its head, and utter-
ing sounds not usually heard froma Gull. The light rogues
flew off, leaving the Gull at its post. Shortly after I was
also ranked as an intruder. One was still on the outlook,
and as soon as I approached, both it and its partner dashed
out, and circled round and round, with wild anxious cries ;
and one would pretend a rush towards me, and then consider
better of it, and wheel high up. They scattered their drop-
pings when thus alarmed ; and when there were companions
nigh to join, the clangour grew louder and fiercer and some-
what startling, where before scarcely a sound, not even the
waves, ruffled the quiet. The clamour never ceased till I
was out of sight. With the success of their strategy, the
wild cry was varied by a congratulatory “ kecker, kecker”’ ;
and then when I disappeared, the bird settled down on its
perch, and a low musical note came across the bay. On
another occasion, I watched them by keeping out of view.
One was seated on the bank when its mate came homeward
from the sea. It flew suspiciously over the sentinel, then
examined on each side of it, then up the face of the cliff, and
then betook itself out to sea ; and then returned and slipped
quietly into the recess where the nest was situated.

Owing to their present immunities, the Gulls, when they
have concluded their fishing, have become more confidential ;
and increasing numbers associate on the reefs of rocks, where
they sit in a crouching attitude, or, when the rocks are
immersed, alight on the banks. If disturbed, they fly off
silently in a body, with a low flight, always diverging wider
and wider as they recede; some of them detaching them-
selves and returning to their resting place, while the bulk

432 Zoological Memoranda, by Mr James Hardy

push forward, sweeping round the precipices and across the
gullies, appearing not unlike a frightened flock of sheep as
they skim in a white stream along the sloping green banks.
Occasionally the remains of grains (husks of oats) may be
detected on the cliffs to which they make their resort. I
- derived this benefit from their proximity, that they cleared a
field of turnips of the caterpillars of the diamond moth,
with which it was much infested.

Tusk, (Brosmus vulgaris)—Myr Wilson states that a
young example has occurred off Coldingham. Dr Johnston
records it from Berwick Bay. (‘ Hist. Ber. Nat. Club,” L.,
p. 214.

Foop oF THE SALMON KIND.—‘‘On Monday, June 24th,
seven herring fry were taken by Mr Landells from the
stomach of a grilse 5 lb. weight; a circumstance unprece-
dented in his experience.” (“ Ber. Adv.,” June 28th, 1872.)
In the same newspaper, May Sth, 1871, it is stated that on
the 3rd, a gentleman from Berwick, fishing in the White-
adder, caught, near to Edrom House, a very large yellow
trout. “‘If measured 24 inches long, and 114 inches in
girth ; and on being cut up, it was found he had recently
swallowed one of the same species, the skeleton of which was .
upwards of seven inches long—weight 4 Ibs.”

Weicut oF Twrrep SAtmon 1n 1872.—One of 46 lbs.,
one of 36 lbs., one of 34 lbs., one of 31 lbs., one of 30 lbs.,
five of 29 lbs., four of 28 lbs., four of 27 lbs., six of 26 lbs.,
and seven of 25 lbs. Most of these were taken with the rod.
(* Land and Water,”’ December, 1872.)

Srurcron.—On August 3rd, 1872, a large Sturgeon was
captured in the Tweed, at Yarrow fishery. It was 83 feet
in length, 4 feet 4 inches in girth, and weighed 153 stones.
( Scotsman,” August 10th, 1872.)

Foop or THE EKrr.—A miller who lives near the Whit-
adder informs me that eels are piscivorous as well as carni-
vorous. His people when they procure fresh haddocks or
herrings cleanse them in the mill-lead, which is built with
open stone walls; and at those times he sees the eels proceed
their full length out of the holes of the wall in which they
harbour, to feast on the garbage. He also noticed that when
a dead animal had been partially buried in a meadow,
numerous slimy tracks communicated between the water and
the carcase, which he attributed to eels which had left the

Ornithological Notes, by Mr T. H. Gibb. 433

river during the night and crept through the dewy grass to
partake of a meal. He also mentioned that he once caught
a very large eel which had an entire water rat in its inside,
which it was supposed to have swallowed in the same manner
as adders do mice and frogs.

Foop oF CREOPHILUS MAXILLOsUS.—This is a ferocious
looking beetle, which lurks under carrion, dead moles, &c.
On the 16th of August, I was surprised to see it on the head
of a field thistle (Carduus arvensis), making a determined
effort to penetrate the impacted mass of down attached to the
seeds. ‘The seeds, I found, were infested with a crimson
Cecidomyian larva, and these it probably intended to prey
upon,

Ornithological Notes. By Mr T. H. Giss.

TurtLe Dove, (Columba Turtur).—This elegant little
bird is seldom observed so far north as Northumberland ;
confining itself principally to the southern parts of England,
where it arrives in spring, and migrates usually in the
beginning of September. Iam happy, however, to record
the appearance of a small flock on the Northumbrian sea-
board, during the latter end of October last; one of which
was captured near to Newton-by-the-Sea, and I also heard
of another bird having been shot near Hauxley. The
former was a young male; probably a bird of the year, as it
had not thrown out to its full perfection the black feathers
on the neck, and it was altogether of a greyer tint than the
adult bird. I have observed them near Henley, on the
Thames. The Turtle Dove appears to be a very active little
bird, and, like all its congeners, capable of very rapid loco-
‘motion. The usual time for the migration of the Turtle Dove
southwards appears to be during the early part of September.
It might therefore be safe to infer that the birds seen in this
locality, during the latter part of October, were individuals
which were driven by stress of stormy weather northwards,
whilst migrating from some of our more southern counties.

Grey SHRIKE, (Lantus excubitor).— During the last year
two specimens of this bird have been obtained—one near
Rothbnry, the other not far from Hawkhill. During their
migrations from the north of Europe, they sometimes sojourn
with us for a few weeks.

434 Zoological Notes, by Mr Andrew Brotherston.

Mer 1n, (Falco esalon).—This bold little marauder has
been during the year just past more than ordinarily num-
erous. Several specimens have been shot in the vicinity of
Alnwick ; and I have also observed more Merlins than either
Kestrels or Sparrow-hawks: indeed, for many years past the
former have been oftener seen than the two latter birds. This
may be accounted for by the fact that the Merlin is a more
difficult bird to trap than the species allied to it, which
unfortunately fall ready victims to the fatal pole-trap of the
gamekeeper. The winter migrants generally have not been
so numerous this season.

Alnwick, January 10th, 1873.

Zoological Notes, 1872. By Mr AnpREW BrotTHERsTon,
Kelso.

Waxwine, (Ampelis garrulus), Linn.—An adult female
of this elegant bird was shot at Rosebank, Kelso, by J. J. E.
Brown, Esq., on the 20th April, 1872. One of the specimens
of this bird that are in the Kelso Museum was killed at the
same place upwards of thirty years ago.

STARLING, (Sturnus vulgaris).—A cream-coloured variety
was caught at Roxburgh Castle, June 18th, 1872. It wasa
young bird.

TurtTLE Dove, (Columba Turtur), Linn.—An adult female
was shot near Edrington, about three miles west from Ber-
wick, October 21st, 1872. This is unusually late for a
migratory bird, although Morris records one shot in Perth-
shire “so late as the 20th of October, in the year 1834.”
This is a rare species on the Borders, but not uncommon
farther south, especially in Kent.

Niaut Heron, (Ardea nycticorar), L.—A young male of
this very rare bird was shot at Goswick, on the dth of
December, 1872. As far as I am aware, this is only the
third specimen recorded in this district: one a male, at
the Hirsel, in the spring of 1823; another, an immature
female, near Alnwick, November 24th, 1870; and the
present instance. In the immature plumage this bird is so
unlike the adult, that they have been described as different
species by various writers. Morris’s description of the young
bird fits this in every respect except the colour of the iris,

Additions to the Border Fungi, by Archibald Jerdon. 435

which he says is brown, while in this it is reddish-orange,
which is the same as the old bird.

Hossy, (Falco subbuteo).—An adult male was found dead
(it had been shot) in Bowmont Forest, 4th June, 1870.

Honey Buzzarp, (Pernis apivorus).—The under-keeper
at Newtonden shot a very fine specimen there, on the 22nd
May, 1865.

SpotteD Crake, (Crex porzana).—One shot at Gradon
Moss, 19th October, 1868.

Canapa Goose, (Anser Canadensis).—There was a large
flock of these birds in the district, during the winter and
spring of 1866--7, but the only specimens I am aware of
being obtained, were shot by Mr Cowe, of Dowlaw, who shot
five of them on the 14th May, 1867.

Smew, (Mergus albellus),—A pair of these birds, of which
the male only was shot, were observed on a pond near Kelso,
26th January, 1869. It was an adult in fine plumage.

Additions to the Border Fungi. By ARCHIBALD JERDON,
Jedburgh.

AGARICUS (Collybia) PROTRACTUS, Fr. One or two specimens
in a fir plantation, October, 1872. Remarkable for its
long root.

LAcTARIUS FLExUosUS, Fr. On grass under birch trees,
September, 1872. Gills thick and distant, in which
respect it differs from most of the Lactarii.

L. vicrus, Fr. Woods, September, 1872. A small species,
the milk of which turns grey.

L. votemus, Fr. September, 1871. Woods near Langlee
and Fernihurst, sparingly. A large and handsome species,
and edible, unlike most of its congeners.

L. gLyciosmus, Fr. Fir woods near Hunthill; September,
October, 1871. Remarkable for its curious sweet odour.
L. FULLGINOsUS, Fr. Wood near Hundalee; September, 1871.
CANTHARELLUS TUBERIFORMIS, Fr. Woods near Fernihurst,
in some abundance ; September, 1871. Very much allied
-to C. infundibuliformis: it appears to me difficult to

separate the two species.

436

Note of a Lichen new to the Border Flora. By Arcup.
JERDON.

In the spring of this year (1872) I observed a quantity of
Squamaria gelida growing on some heaps of stones by the
side of an old, disused road, near Glenburnhall, about half-
a-mile from the townof Jedburgh. ‘This Lichen is generally
found on Alpine (or sub-Alpine) rocks, and it is curious to
find it in the above locality. It is a pretty species, the rose-
coloured apothecia contrasting well with the pale brownish
white thallus. <A good deal of what I saw was barren, but
but there were several patches in good fruit.

List of Plants gathered in various Excursions this Season
(1872). By Dr CuHarvzes Stuart.

OpuHiogLossuM vuLeATuM. Abundant after crossing a dean at
Raecleughhead, near Dunse.

Saxrrraca Hircutus. In great beauty, on 14th August, on the
sides of sheep-drains, on left-hand side going up Langtonlees
dean.

Srpum vittosum. Associated with last,

ANAGALLIS CH&RULEA. In going towards Hardens, on the right-
hand side of road, near Dunse. :

HaseENARiIA Viripis. On the pastures at Choicelea, and also at
Longformacus.

HyPERIcUM HUMIFUSUM. Langtonlees dean.

MALVA MOSOHATA, var. ALB. There were twenty-four plants of
this beautiful flower in bloom at once, opposite Huttonhall
Mill, on the last day of July.

MENTHA SYLVESTRIS. Very plentiful on the Blackadder, above
Allanton; Whitadder, opposite Whitehall and Huttonhall
Mill; and other places.

MentTHA pPipeRITA. After passing Allanton village about quarter
of a mile; a large patch at root of hedge, on left side.

Vicia LATHYROIDES. Kdington hill wood. Identified by Prof.
Balfour. .

CoRYDALIS CLAVICULATA. Edington hill wood, in profusion.

EprpactTis LATIFOLIA. Plentiful in Mains wood, Chirnside.

Pyrota Minor. Edington hill and Mains wood.

CIsTOPTEKIS FRAGILIS. Pease dean.

437

Some New Localities for Plants.

DIANTHUS ARMERIA. Railway bank, near Kirkdean station,
Roxburghshire ; numerous plants; uncertain how it came there.

W. B. Boyp.
Viota HirtA. Rocky banks near Primrose Hill.

JOHN JOHNSON.

Samsucus Esutus. Near Preston. Joun ANDERSON.
ListeRA corpaTa. Among heather, Lamberton moor, :
W. SHaw.

The following were gathered by myself :—

CarDUUS HETEROPHYLLUS. Near the upper end of Roddam dean,
on the south side.

GERANIUM coLUMBINUM. Back of Spindleston hill, above Warn
Mill.

GALEOPSIS VERSICOLOR. Banks of the Tweed, near Hendersyde
Park.

Evonymus Evrorzus. In wood on sandstone, above Wooler
Haughhead.

VerpascuM Tarsus. On stripe of river gravel, near Wooler
water, opposite Middleton wood, Middleton Hall side. Several
plants.

PotTERiuM SANGUISORBA. Onsandstone between Wooler Haugh-
head and Lilburn Tower. Scarce in that neighbourhood. .

List of Plants not recorded in “ Eastern Borders’ Flora.”
By ANDREW BrotHersron, Kelso.

Aponis autumnatis, L. Keiso, Ednam, and Newtonlees.
Garden escape probably.

Ranvuncovuivus uirsutus, Curt. Abundant at Highridgehall for the
last fifteen years. Fields near Yetholm, Kelso, and Ednam.
The plants at Highridgehall vary in height from 3 inches (R.
parvulus, L.) to nearly 3 feet.

ERANTHIS HYEMALIS, Salisb. Covering a large space at Dryburgh;
probably planted.

PapAVER SOMNIFERUM, LZ. Banks of Tweed occasionally.

Corypauis LuTEA, D.C. When I was a schoolboy this was
plentiful on the Manse garden wall at Kdnam ; when the wall
was plastered if was nearly, if not quite, extirpated.

TuRRITIS GLABRA, L. Heavyside. D. Douglas.

Anasis HirsuTA, &. Br. Corbie Crag, Makerston. :

J

4388 Plants not recorded in “ Kastern Borders’ Flora.”

Hesperis MaTronatis, L. Abundant on a steep bank below
Stitchill linn, and stragglers on Tweedside.

ERYsIMUM CHEIRANTHOIDEs, L. Kelso, Kdnam, and Sprouston.
The station at Ednam was newly made gardens in front of ee
cottages.

ALyssuM cALYcrNUM, L. Pastures at Lochtower.

Drasa mvupzatis, L. Plentiful in Rosebank nursery, and Croft-
house. FH. Knox. Kelso Cemetery. J. Gray.

Leripium Draza, L. Banks of Tweed, Kelso; a large patch 9
feet in diameter, and several smaller ones.

ReEsEDA suFFRUTICULOSA, L. Flodden; one plant.

Diantuus ArmeriA, L. Occasionally in cultivated land about
Kelso.

SILENE QUINQUEVULNERA, L. Do., and Harperton.

GERANIUM sTRIATUM, L. Roadside between Runningburn and
Caldron-brae.

Mepicaco MacuLaTA, Sibth. Gravelly places on Tweedside, Kelso,
plentiful.

5 minima, Lam. Do., rare.
DENTICULATA, Willd. Do., and roadside, plentiful ;
probably all three introduced with wool.

TRIFOLIUM FILIFORME, L. On lawn in Mr Shiel’s garden, Kelso,
the turf of which came from Caverton-edge, so that I have no
doubt it is wild there.

VIcIA TETRASPERMA, Doench. Corn fields, Stitehill.

Latuyrvus ApHaca, L. Tweedside, Kelso.

CENoTHERA ROSEA, Naturalized on do., and on cultivated land.
I don’t think this is an escape from the garden, as it is not
worth growing as a flower; it resembles Lpilobium montanum,
but has a branching habit.

Carum Carui, L. Naturalized in pastures and on the banks of
Tweed, Kelso.

BurLevrom ROTUNDIFOLIUM, L. One planton “ Knowes,” Kelso.

Prvcepanum OstrutHiuM, Koch. Roadside, Dryburgh and
north-east end of Yetholm Loch. [‘‘ Road to Orchard, beyond
Boozieburn.” J. A. H. Murray.|

PETASITES FRAGRANS, Presl. Near Dryburgh Abbey.

3 AuBus, Geert. Hendersyde Park woods.

Marricarta CHAmomitia, L: Edenhall and Lochton.

ANTENNARIA MARGARITACEA, £. Br. Bowmont water, near
Belford.

DoroniIcUM PLANTAGINEUM, L. Plantation at Harperton.

Lacruca muratis, D.C. Hirsel woods, plentiful.

CREPIS BIENNIS, L. Edenhall, in pastures.

», TARAXAcIFoLIA, Thwl, EKdenmouth, in pasture.

HIERACIUM PALLIDUM, Fr. On rocks near Yetholm, and banks
of Tweed near Rutherford.

Plants not recorded in “ Eastern Borders’ Flora.’ 439

CAMPANULA RAPUNCULOIDES, L. I have seen two patches of this
on Tweedside ; but they were most likely to be garden out-
casts, as it is a bad weed in many gardens.

ma PERSICIFOLIA, L. In a plantation at Lochton.

PoLEMONIUM c@RULEUM, L. On the north side of the Curr, one
of the Cheviots.

PULMONARIA OFFICINALIS, L. Apparently wild at Makerston.

ANTIRRHINUM Orontium, L. Rutherford in 1870 and 1871, but
I could not find it in 1872.

Liana spuria, Mill, Corn fields, Redden. D. Douglas.

ScROPHULARIA VERNALIS, L, Springwood Park.

Mimuuuvs tutevs, Willd, Naturalized, several places on Tweed-
side, Newtonlees, and Ednam.

43 GUTTATUS ? On Wooden Anna, a patch 6 feet diameter.
E. Knox. Ina‘ syke”’ that runs into Tweed at Trows, there
is a larger one—18 feet by 6 feet.

VeERonica PEREGRINA, L. Inthe garden at Newtondon. Inthe
description | of this plant in ‘‘ Bab. Manual,”’ 6th edition, ‘‘ Ped.
4-angular ’’ is a mistake. |

Rumex maritimes, L Lithtillum Loch, D. ‘Douglas. Plentiful
about the margin of the pond at Pallinsburn. This is not
recorded from this district in the ‘‘ New Flora of Northumber-
land and Durham.”

», Hyprorapatuum, Huds. Mellerstain canal, and sides of
Eden below Mellerstain.

MercurtaLis annua, L. Field near EKdnam.

CrraToPHYLLUM—? probably prmersum. I have not got it in
fruit. Yetholm Loch, apparently plentiful from the quantity
washed to the side after high winds in the autumn. [Mr J.
A. H. Murray records C. demersum from pools in the Leviot,
eer Haugh. “Trang. Hawick Arch. Soc.,’’ 1866,
p. 26

CALLITRICHE AUTUMNALIS, L. Yetholm Loch, plentiful.

Satix amyevatina, L. Peatrig bog. A characteristic mark of
this tree is, that it sheds its bark like the Oriental Plane,
which gives it a blotched and spotted appearance.

» RuBRA, Huds. Banks of Tweed, Rosebank, and near
Carham.

»» COTINIFOLIA, Sm. Primside bog.

» wNi@Ricans, Sm. Cheviot, Tweedside at Rosebank, and
roadside above Broadloan Toll, near corner of ‘‘ Duke’s dyke.”

GoopyEeRA REPENS, &. Br. Plentiful in Charter’s plantations,
and other woods to the north.

Litium Marracon, L. Abundant at Bemersyde.

DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS, Scop. Stragglers at Newtonlees, Eden-
bank, and Kelso.

440 Plants not recorded in “ Eastern Borders’ Flora.”

ALOPEcURUS aGREsTIs, L. Edenhall; probably introduced with
grass seeds.

Mitium EFFusumM, L. Woods, Kelso, Pinnacle-hill, and Bemer-
syde.

Agrostis cantina, L. Cheviots.

APERA SPICA-vENTI, Beauv. Kelso Abbey and Kdenhall; pro-
bably introduced.

Potyprocon Monspetiensts, Desf. Rutherford.

AVENA sTRIGOSA, Schreb. Greenlaw.

Poa NEMORALIS, L. Frequent in woods, Springwood, Pinnacle-
hill, Wooden, &ec.
», Supetica, L. Kelso, under shade of trees. I found a few
large tufts of this last June, and, not having any description
of it, I sent a specimen to Professor Babington, who named it
P. Sudetica. He says, ‘‘It is found in Norway and Holstein,
as well as more to the south.’ ‘The station where I found it
is not very satisfactory, as it is within private grounds. But
according to its distribution on the continent, it may yet be
found truly wild in this country, in shady woods, along with
Bromus asper, Milium effusum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, &e.

SErraratcus commutatus, Bab. Frequent on road-sides and
borders of fields.

ss ARvEnsSIS, Bab. Near Kelso Abbey.

Lortum Iraticum, A. Brawu. This is now as plentiful on road-

sides, &c., as L. perenne.

In the above list by far the greater number are introduc-
tions; about twenty of them only having any claim to be
considered indigenous, viz.:—Ranunculus hirsutus, Turrctis
glabra, Arabis hirsuta, Trifolium filiforme, Vicia tetras-
perma, Lactuca muralis, Hieracium pallidum, Rumex mari-
timus, Rumex Hydrolapathum, Ceratophyllum sp. ?, Calli-
triche autumnalis, Salix amygdalina, rubra, cotinifolia, and
nigricans, Goodyera repens, Milium effusum, Agrostis
canina, Poa nemoralis, and Serrafalcus commutatus. ‘The
others are introductions of the farmer, the gardener, and the
manufacturer, or otherwise accidental occurrences. As in-
stances of those introduced by the farmer we have—Alyssum
calycinum, Matricaria Chamomilla, Crepis biennis, &c. ; by
the gardener—Adonis autumnalis, Eranthis, Mimulus, &ce. ;
and by the manufacturer the medicks, Lathyris Aphaca, &c.
But in a highly cultivated district like this, it is impossible
to say with certainty which are really natives and which are
not

441

Notice of the Discovery of Psamma Baltica, (the Baltic
Sand Reed), on the Coast of Northumberland. By
James Harpy.

Durine the present season, a fine new British grass—
Psamma Baltica—has unexpectedly been brought to light,
growing in abundance on Ross sands, opposite to Holy
Island. The botanical public has to thank for this discovery,
the Club’s veteran friend, Mr William Richardson, of Aln-
wick. He plucked it in 1871 when crossing Ross Links
from Holy Island; and on a subsequent visit in August, 1872,
ascertained that it occupied, with intervals, an area of from
two to three miles in length. For specimens I am indebted
to Mr Richardson and to our President. It is a more robust
plant, and taller than the common sea-reed (arenaria); the
spike is loose, and not compact as in arenaria, and is longer,
and stouter, thickest in the middle, tapering upwards, some-
what pendulous at the top, reddish-green coloured; rather
more like the panicle of Calamagrostis epigejos than that of
Ps. arenaria. The glumes are long and acute. ‘The leaf is
involute, roundish. The spike in the examples is 9 inches
long ; the hinder side is paler and greener than the polished
side facing the sun. The differential characters are less
obvious than the striking peculiarity of habit in the panicle.

But besides its novelty to us, Ps. Baltica has another sort
of interest. Several recent German botanists are of opinion
that it is not a true species, but a hybrid between Psamma
arenaria and Celamagrostis epigejos. This view was first
advanced by v. Roeper, in “ Flora Mecklenburgs,” II., p.
192 ; and has been supported by Marsson, “ Flora von Neu-
Vorpommern,” p. 562, 1869, who mentions, and names
intermediate forms. Professor Fr. Buchenau, in the “ Ab-
handlungen Nat. Vereine zu Bremen,”’ 1870, p. 212, treating
of the Flora of the Islands of East-Friesland, inclines to this
side also. A fact on which these authors much rely, is that
Ps. Baltica rarely perfects its seeds. Dr Buchenau having
gathered both Ps. arenarva and Ps. Baltica in blossom, gives
the result of his examination, which he thinks is decisive
of the bastard nature of the latter. In arenaria the stamens
are very stoutly developed, and the anthers hang on all
sides in crowds out of the centre of the corolla; in Baltica,
one never sees more than a few solitary anthers, small-sized,

442 Mr James Hardy on the Discovery of Psamma Baltica.

and withered. If one lays the two corollas near each other
on a polished flat surface, the dust dispersed by arenaria is
very considerable, while from the other scarcely a single
pollen-grain is shed out. Very great also is the difference in
the abundance of pollen-dust, when we open an anther of
each. Under the microscope, the pollen-dust of arenaria
yields great symmetrical spherico-prismatic grains, compacted
together with a polished skin; while in Baltica there are
small, irregular-shaped, often adherent grains, with a some-
what wrinkled surface. (wbz sup.) On the other hand in the
number of the same work for 1872 (p. 185), Carl Noldeke is
not quite disposed to accept this view. In the Islands of
East Friesland, C. epigejos is a scarce grass, while Ps. Baltica
is not rare on those islands, where the Calamagrostis fails.
On the Northumbrian coast C. epigejos is alogether absent,
the nearest station being Doddington Moor; which speaks
in favour of the separate individuality of Ps. Baltica ;
although we very well know from geological considerations,
that the missing plant may now lie beneath the ocean, whose
encroachments, even in modern times, are unintermitted
along the whole British coast. I may here mention, that
another species of Psamma, Ps. australis, formerly mistaken
for Ps. arenaria, has within a few years past, been discovered
on the shores of the Black Sea and in Corsica*.

Dr Henry Trimmen’s description of Ps. Baltiza, in the
*¢ Journal of Botany,” December, 1872, made entirely from a
large number of Northumbrian specimens furnished by Mr
Richardson, is here re-produced :—

‘‘ Rhizome creeping, with a few barren leafy branches; roots
numerous, long, fibrous, given off from the nodes. Flowering
stem, 4 ft. to 5 ft. high, erect, hollow, glabrous, with three or
four leaves; uppermost knot a little below the middle of the
stem, reckoning in the panicle. Leaves, sheath, smooth, blade
1-2 ft or more long, strongly involute when dry, very gradually
drawn out into a long, sharp but weak point + in. wide at
broadest part when unrolled, upper surface occupied by closely-
set projecting ribs, the alternate ones more prominent, slightly
rough, not hairy, under (outer) surface plane smooth; ligule 2
in. long when complete, lacerated. Panicle slightly topping the
uppermost leaf, 8-12 in. long, by about 1 in. broad at widest,
cylindrical, attenuated at both ends, lobed, composed of tufts of
branches of various lengths some again branched, and pressed to

_ ® “ The Bosphorus,” by R. du Parquet, p. 15.

Mr James Tait on the Rainfall of 1872. 443

the main rachis; all parts of rachis and branches very rough
with forward teeth. Spikelets nearly 3 in. long. Glumes papery,
a little longer than the pales, linear-lanceolate, strongly apiculate,
nearly equal, the upper very slightly longer, purplish towards
the apex, l-veined, vein green, laterally compressed, keeled,
keel rough especially of the lower glume. lower single, very
shortly stalked, surrounded with white hairs arising from the
stalk about half or alittle more than half the length of the flower,
club-shaped rudiment of second flower clothed with similar hairs.
Pales very nearly equal, thin, papery ; the lower faintly 5-veined,
with two short projecting teeth at the apex, and a sharp, short
awn between them slightly exceeding the teeth; the upper 4-
veined, terminated by two sharp teeth. Lodicules linear, attenu-
ated, more than half the length of the stigmas. Stamens three
(rarely two ?) anthers 4 in. long, narrow, bright yellow. Stigmas
two, slightly united below, feathery.”

On the Rainfall of 1872. By Mr James Tarr.

THE meteorology of the year 1872 will be remembered for
many years as the most remarkable that has been witnessed
during the present century. All over Britain the weather
has been of the most peculiar character. The month of
January passed away without frost or snow, except a fall of
snow on the 5th, which melted the next, and frost on the 6th,
8th, loth, 21st, and 22nd. In the first week of February not
a speck of snow could be seen on the Cheviot hills; and all
that month no snow covered the low grounds, but the
Cheviots were covered on the 17th and 18th, though it
speedily disappeared. The highest flood of the season in the
Tweed was on the 24th February. There was no frost dur-
ing the month, and the lapwing was heard in the neighbour-
‘hood of Kelso on the 19th. The first week of March passed
without either frost or snow; but on the 9th there were
showers of hail, and on the morning of the 10th hard frost,
which speedily gave way ; and till the 18th the weather was
very mild. At that date sleet and hail showers came on, and
from the 20th to the 28th much snow fell, which on the
hills accumulated to a great depth. On the night of the 25th
and 26th the frost was very severe, and the gooseberry
blossom was.seriously injured. At the same time the finches

444 Mr James Tait on the Rainfall of 1872.

made havoc among the buds of currants, and the crop was in
some places completely spoiled. April was cold, and the
continued north-east winds destroyed the fruit blossom. On
the 2]st and 22nd there was a great storm of wind and sleet,
and on the 23rd and 24th there were great thunder-storms in
the neighbourhood of Kelso, a most unusual occurrence so
early in the season. It is not uncommon to hear one or two
thunder-peals in April; but a prolonged thunder-storm is
very uncommon, and still more rare is it to have two storms
on two successive days. Rain and cold continued during the
month of May, and heavy snow fell on the 19th, especially
in the line of Ruberslaw, the Eildons, and the Blackhill of
Farlstoun. Great thunderstorms were experienced on the
21st and 23rd, and the month closed with hail showers, and
frost at night. June was remarkable for occasional hot days
and great thunderstorms, especially about the 18th and 19th.
July was unusually wet and cloudy, with some tremendous
thunderstorms, which continued almost incessantly night and
day in different parts of the country from the 22nd of July
till the 2nd of August. On the 6th of August there was a
fall of rain on the Eildons almost unparalleled in the present
generation, and there was much damage done in the neigh-
bourhood of Melrose by the torrents rushing from the hills.

Seen from the neighbourhood of Kelso, a dense bank of cloud
seemed to extend from Ruberslaw, entirely covering the
Eildons, and extending along the Lammermoors by way of
Greenlaw ; the lightning gleaming on the face of the dark
cloud, and the roll of the thunder was incessant for some
hours. The same locality was visited by another storm of
nearly equal severity on the 12th. The harvest was unusually
late. Even on the banks of the Tweed there was little grain
cut before the Ist of September, and the first week of the
month was extremely unpropitious. On the second day of
the month it rained incessantly with a north-east wind, and
on the third and fourth there were thunderstorms, that on
the latter day being accompanied by unusual darkness but
not excessive rain. More or less rain fell every day till the
12th, and much grain had sprouted owing to the heat and
moisture. The third week showed some improvement,
and then for the first time was some of the grain secured in
the stackyard. On the 20th and 21st there was considerable
frost, which was followed by cold rain and much snow in the

Mr James Tait on the Rainfall of 1872. 445

north. The first appearance of snow on Cheviot was on the
25th, and the first severe frost on the 5th October. The first
fall of snow was on the 10th of November, and cold weather
continued till the 16th. Much rain followed, and the soil
had become so thoroughly soaked that drains and ditches
overflowed, flooding fields which had seldom been seen
covered with water before. On the 12th of December ploughs
were stopped with the frost, but only for four or five days.
At the same time there was a heavy snowstorm on the Cheviot
hills, and a good many sheep were covered by the drift. The
month, as a whole, was conspicuous for heavy gales and
excessive falls of rain.

The statistics of the rainfall for the past year are so re-
markable that we have taken some pains to collect tabular
statements for the counties of Roxburgh and Berwick, re-
presenting pretty fairly the diversities of climate. We give
first the table for the Kelso neighbourhood, compiled by Mr
Wemyss, Springwood Park :—

RAINFALL AT SPRINGWooD Park.
Diameter of rain-gauge funnel, 10 inches.
Hour of observation, 9 A.M.

Greatest No. of days
fall on which
Mont. in Darter. 0:01 or more
24 hours. fell.
Inches. Depth,
January, 2°44 41 24 22
February, 2°23 45 25 20
March, 2°75 57 23 22
April, 2°82 80 21 13
May, 2°84 49 13 19
June, 2°12 49 19 18
July, 3°34 1:02 26 12
August, 3°22 58 12 17
September, 420 75 7 21
October, 4-12 80 21 22
November, 3°48 62 15 24
December, 3°44 75 3 22
Total, 37:00 232

The annual average rainfall of the last eighteen years, exclu-
sive of 1872, was 24'39 inches. It will therefore be observed by
the above figures that more than the average has fallen during
the year. From 1867 to 1870 the rainfall was short; respectively
21:28, 23°68, 22°23, 19°27 inches for those years. In 1871,

3K

446 Mr James Tait on the Rainfall of 1872.

owing to the wet autumn months, the average was exceeded, the
amount being 25:47 inches; otherwise, till September, it ranked
with the four preceding years. The years 1857, 1858, and 1859,
were also under the average, whilst 1854, 1856, 1860, 1861, and
1862 were above the average, the nearest approach to the year
that has just closed being 1856, which measured 28°28 inches.
From these facts it appears, although the rainfall is acknowledged
to be exceedingly capricious, that there are periodical periods,
extending over some years, when there is a heavy and light fall.

The distanee between Abbey Bank, Kelso, and Springwood
Park is not more than a mile, and yet the difference in the
two rainfalls as observed at the two places is considerable.
They are on opposite sides of the Tweed, but there seems no
variation in situation te account for the difference.

Axppry Bank, Kelso.

Inches

JS anUaryy 1. ere eee - meee 2°64
Beprunrysys (vssietscs (ale) see ee 2°25
NEAR CH He. a aalereeg MLL os See Dene
April, Soeltieee f- SAG sin n.¢ 2°82
Ab are GE one a 2°90
PUTO, 3s rm one? 9 Ya aeg | <ceeceeuete 2°25
DLs eset aca secre ae aved eens 3°82
ATIOUSEg Sh.) tcheges oT Me « Societe 2°67
September, ...... , Sop 5°48
October, clei s ab; Gale | eae 3°34
November, rs... 7113 1 Bs a 3°50
ecember, iis) ee 4:02
38°46

We give next the amount of rain at Milne Graden, in
Berwickshire, twelve miles lower down the Tweed than
Kelso, and it is within a very small fraction of that recorded
at Springwood Park; but it is to be noted that in some
months the fall has been less at Milne Graden, while in
November and December it was much more. The record is
kept by Mr William Renwick, gardener :—

Months Inches. Wet Days,
Fam wary, 6s scale 2° d-LOthe 6... we HO
February,))\o< ame 2B a Otte aah ie eps 13
Marek, * oe) a5 1 6-LOthay )o.a¢ a: 8
Aprile sah A tact 2 4-10the sv ewisieie 11

ay, vesile ae aleed 2i1Oths Tjadasiee 17
June, ESE a's 2o1 lOGher ees, 18

Mr James Tait on the Rainfall of 1872. 447

Months. Inches. Wet Days.

SURV GN) on send ettcse s 2 A= TOtRS. | oc. os peasy
OUI USt, Osa sia 3 2-l0ths °. 6.5... 14
September ...... 4" 5-10ths ie se eeeteo
October, ...... Aaa LOGS’ <a. ce, wie 18
November, ...... Sea LOGRS: 2 |) coroechne 25
December, ..... ; 4 3-10ths - ...7. acu) Sel

Ohad see a cesecets 27 2-10ths 105

Harvest began at Milne Graden August 25th, and finished
October 5th; the turnip crop about half the yield of previous
year, and best on light land.

We give next the table of rainfall kept by Mr Thomas
Riddell at Menslaws on the Teviot, twelve miles above Kelso,
and just at the influx of the Rule :—

Inches.

January, .... oS goes, 2 oe OLaS
February, 2 6-10ths.
March, 2 5-10ths.
April, 2 4-10ths.
May, 3 5-10ths.
June, sey 2 2-10ths.
July, Lone a eae 4 3-10ths.
August, Seni pesvate 3 2-10ths.
September, ae te .... 938 4-10ths.
October, uae see 4 3-10ths.
November, 3 7-10ths.
December, 3 4-10ths.

38 4-10ths.

Seven miles up the Teviot from Menslaws, and in the
neighbourhood of Hawick, registers are kept at Lynnwood
and Sillerbithall, and the fall is considerably more than at
Menslaws. We subjoin the monthly and annual fall at both
places :-—

Lynxnwoop. SILLERBITHALL.
SP ANUAEY, be res weno 0 6'1 FS eae 3°97
GBA ccc: %, «aie « ZEST Snr Se ae 3°02
Davee wa. «ass «apt APS 1° Tyily hod reels 2°56
1s O79 aay ae Se OMEEEY ten auc eieatee . 3°03
MAY cuss SPS Aube eerie Ah Ae 3°66
UTS ee sc oes ete teas Pesete ATi} iries hbate SAK Mt 2°78
aby i ee Mose ieee Seen OL!) HE ratelscat\hans 5°62
SAORI, C12 bis wa a eheks 2° 5; SPER cee 4°22

September; ....0:. «0 eaGars Wise icys mawaiy ots 3°84

448 Mr James Tait on the Rainfall of 1872.

October, C@eaeoeva0n0 5°0 eeeeoenves 3°86
Novembene.c ss .64,0-2 oslo ateksigtar aoe
Doeconibety .tkanee oe ol eee .. 4:29

46:07

Total Fallin 1871. Total Fallin 1870. Total Fail in 1869.
Lynnwood .... 28°7 : 29°8
Sillerbithall.... 28-49 23°0 28°30
During 1872 rain fell on 254 days, as registered at Sillerbit-
hall, and the heaviest fall on one day was 1'25 in. on 26th July,
Still farther up the Teviot is Goldielands, and the fall
there was as follows :—

January, «++ ae ae 6°]
February, ‘aes ee 4:0
March, tees Beisc 2°5
April, soc anes 2°4
May, was Bons vous 3°3
June, see anne 2°62
July, Peet sete ead 4°8
August, bee ads 4:1
September, sees nares 37
October, eoee Sieh o'1
November, srooce ities 5°5
December, Pie : 4:7
49°8

Total in 1871, 35°36. Total in 1870, 24:8. Total in 1869, 35:4
The average rainfall for the last ten years, as registered at
Goldielands, has been 37°65 in., but in three of those years the
rainfall has not been much less than in 1872 :—
In 1862 the rainfall was 45:2.
In 1863 Reser th aigs3
In 1868 x » 466.

These cases are all close upon the Tweed and Teviot, and
nearly in a direct line thirty-five miles long, running east
and west, but not rising more than the water-fall for the
distance. Very different results are obtained if we diverge
toward the hills on either side, and particularly if we ascend
to upper Teviotdale. In the neighbourhood of Kelso, for
example, it is often observed that heavy showers pass along
the Cheviots and the Lammermoors when hardly a drop falls
at Kelso. Sometimes a thunder cloud will approach very
near, and will cross the Tweed about Makerstoun, passing
along the high grounds of Smailholm, Nenthorn, and Home

Mr James Tait on the Rainfall of 1872. 449

Castle. We subjoin now the record kept by Mr William
Purves, at Linton Burnfoot, near Morebattle, seven miles
south from Kelso, and close to the hills :—

Inches.

January, Breer aA arewsterere. ata 2°71
February, Sieve apeietys Sos hadde 2°12
March, sealers aie Gialencroisisks 4:07
April, co ecceee eee enee . 3°93
ay, Ho ome Joe ooipoiclo 6 4°16
June, PIG ROL wheter ewes 1:98
July, @eeeveete @eeeooev8 2°61
August, fo, creke teks Biers cherie 3°36
September, ........ Piven 4-54
October, Siete: oie Ere notere oye 4-96
November, o..e6.0: : Je sot dur 4:90
December, savenetessiehe eictetelever ale 5°53
44°87

The heaviest rainfall in a short period at Burnfoot was ‘52
inches, from ten o’clock at night till six in the morning of
July 7; but this was far short of the fall on July 5, 1871,
when 1°48 inches fell in four hours in the afternoon. At Mow-
haugh, in the Bowmont Valley, twelve miles from Kelso, the
total fall for the year, as reported by Mr Telfer, was 47°5
inches.

Ten miles in the opposite direction from Kelso a register
is kept at Marchmont House ; and from the record subjoined
it would seem as if the fall on the Lammermoors had been
greater than on the Cheviots :—

Marcumont Hovsek.

Bethy Diameter of Funnel ...... PE AE SE een) vorine
Gas Height Above Ground ...... osealeeri nal Et,
8° ( of Top | Above Sea Level ..........500 ft.
5 Days on
Month. Total Depth. ‘ones ce which vO or
: more fell.
Inches, Depth. Date.
January, chi sm 371 54 10 23
February,...... 3°69 1:16 24 25
Marcht Aunty . 4:09 ‘73 23 23
pri ior anche Na eOs 1:00 21 18
May eiuci ecciaara cers 3°84 61 23 24
JUBG,, chin eigeees 4-46 “98 18 23

4 En bg aennrgea gener 1:02 26 16

450 Mr James Tait on the Rainfall of 1872.

Month. Inches, Depth. Date.
AU GISt ieee 3°48 “41 16 22
September, .... 7°37 1°85 25 21
October, ...... 5°38 1:21 21 25
November, .... 6°26 Weis 15 27
December, .... 5°21 1:14 17 23.
Total.... 55°10 270

The rainfall at Marchmont compared with that at Milne
Graden illustrates the great variation in the rainfall on the
banks of the Tweed, compared with a considerable elevation
in the direction of the Lammermuirs. Between the two, in
the centre of the Merse, we find a medium fall of rain, as at
Cross Hall, Eccles, and Printonan, the statements for which
we subjoin :—

Cross Haut, Eccouzs. PRINTONAN, SwINTON.

1872 Inches. Inches.
January, 2°68 1:92
February, 2°24 2°06
March, 3°32 3°19
April, 3°05 ~~ g2e8t
May, .. 3°31 3:23
June, 3°45 3°30
July, 3°13 2°42
August, 2°88 2°45
September, - 5°77 5:90
October, 4°74 4°47
November, 4:11 5°09
December, 4:38 4°31

43°06 41°01

The record kept at Melrose coincides with that of March-
mont to indicate that the heaviest rains have fallen to the
north of Kelso; and the heavy deluges in July and August
have helped to ‘swell the amount :—

RarmnFatL AT ABBEY GATE, fiscal
Elevation above the sea level, 280 feet
Distance from the sea, 30 miles.
Registered by ALEXANDER Dopps.

1871. Inches. 1872. Inches.
JAMUAYY cs. n cease eee GAM cS ANWATY) O<5.i cc0est aque eee 4:17
February, (:.c2..-cseseeerr Seige 2 February, - sivsseseceueeee 4:19
Marchi yree.dess cers cunts ASSO Mare oe sack -coszocedSeetee 4:26

April, ctivsets ta tees ees SOI ADIL M25. Soc cecdatinee eee 3°40

Mr James Tait on the Rainfall of 1872. 451

1871 Inches. 1872 Inches
ULSI Coane eee eee ee AGH) S RIES Reker ona qaoccoods: sae 3°76
SUINETC, Gociekle-<ise sac soetie oe ABW DUIMG, « vciasiovs ds sincterpRenes 3°70
BR Ulivprodivetnctse mab eeeme'sescne B94) cSullys, “ceases <cemenssetereaes « 5-15
PUICUISb Gia snc w eo sests oa: DESO. |» AUGUS), “ce. cca: sain apace 9:20
Sepbemibary ....nnevceos» 2°84. | Septeniber, 5..2eussskeesseass 5°64
Gero beR Bie soc sceseicoes XBT. October's. <sn.cteshinooahee. 5°56
November, an... cess anes DDO lt TNOweMbeR, scc2sesseccaats c= 5-45
December... os01e+ onc. SOO) | WeCeIMbEr, acc). sovetaseenver 4°43
BB OG let anol ciswaleter. 4-9 cen O4206 ly otal Sich tastes nse: gee OL

South-westward from Kelso a register is kept by Mr Geo.
Hilson, solicitor, Jedburgh, at Sunnyside, on the high ground
overlooking the Jedburgh Railway Station. The distance is
about ten miles from Kelso. The amount of rain is as
follows :—

Gage 360 ft. above Sea Level, 10 ft. from Ground.

Inches,
Siiatiatyet tat spate wei | eee. 2 2°69
Metoridaaye nce” ot teary eS cee oA 2°56
MRarch. yas 1 Wiiecsee. <acae' 2°71
SOEE lees | Sah Metn Pease yt = saat 2°56
Th payin | Meat Recess nema oe Bar 3°71
Sume ae Ret soe 2°04
Sule eee) eee Pee 4:27
Puueshay ue). We eh Koa 2°97
September (Cae OS eae 4°91
October i, Cee. Weeks 4°36
November, eee | ERAS 4:04
December ads 1 ROB 3°43
Weg TR ari sceaeette ) be ® Gletetens 40:25

Towards the west of the county records are kept at Wolfe-
lee, Riccarton, and Deadwater. Wolfelee, the residence of
Sir Walter Elliot, is about nine miles south from Hawick
and south-west from Jedburgh, and is near the hills on the
borders of Liddesdale. The monthly and yearly fall we sub-
join, giving also for the sake of comparison the total of two
previous years :—

January, @ocecooe e@oecovvece 6°430
February, tescceee 4230
March, 6oerecce sevesees 4840
April, BE souk 3089

May, earelareiavere seoseses o' 200

452 Mr James Tait on the Rainfall of 1872.

June, egatideett 2°460
Avil Serene asocenc Beet SUR, od os ceeiae . 4790
August, space : 3°610
September;.. o.saeseoa: 1 hes $< creates 4:040
October, ag deasas 6-580
November, cesses dsieieicisie he (GISSU
December, a COOn 5:860

56'900

Total Fall in 1871, 37:29. Total Fall in 1869, 43°18.

West from Wolfelee, and at a much higher elevation, is
Riccarton Junction, 820 feet above the sea level, and just on
the chain of hills which separates Teviotdale from Liddesdale.
It is on the Liddesdale side of the hill, about twelve miles
from Hawick and thirty-five from Kelso, and is in the
parish of Castleton. The rainfall there is as follows :—

eae Diameter of Funnel .........-....2s-se0008 5 in.
Che Height Above Ground ............ l. ft,, Gaim:
8° ( of Top | Above Sea Level ..........++ 820 ft.
Greatest Fall in ys oN
Month. Total Depth. oa aeeal Nilay es Me
Inches. Depth. Date.
DOMMALY, (acess <-o8se 8:16 1-66 17 23
February: ~ cee <0x- 4:64 1:07 24 jis)
Mairel nse -- case 3:72 67 28 21
128) | eee ee 3°42 "84 21 17
Bia deceacececses gate 3°89 60 7 22
UWE sc ccsrsienewlans 3°99 ‘74 6 21
PAE Ossetia dacs cate 5:08 1:68 26 14
ANIGUSE, <c.2siceetoes 4:16 0°65 12 21
September, ......... 5:83 0°84 27 25
October. y.28.<.5-2 6°89 1:44 29 20
November, ......... 7°58 i eae 15 23
December, ......... 6:02 1-29. 8 22
Totalie--. 63°38 248

It may be observed that the high aggregate of Riccarton
was exceeded by that of two other stations in the parish of
Castleton where gauges are kept. At Kirndean, in the
valley of the Liddell, the rainfall was fully 68 inches ; and
at Flatt, about six miles farther down the valley, and just
on the Borders of Cumberland, it was about the same.

But the highest of allis at Deadwater, a station which

Mr Robert Middlemas on an Ancient Inscribed Stone. 453

more properly belongs to Northumberland, but is within a
stone’s cast of the Border line, near the sources of the North
Tyne and Liddel. The following is the rainfall :—

BAND eatin phtay wcnidn ala (ie) vis saaade 90
Hebruarycgsssay yt) 4. Syste ses 80
iC Fo RE SNE ai eee pane RP 5-0
OED ewe weasel mi.) |. wasia/eiets : 3:0
OYE FS RMN Ma oS Aaa a ea mI : 4°0
sgt eee oer cee reth ey teers 4°3
July, Pe rete HPO. 6:0
August; | ssceee sees 5:0
September, 5 Hees 8 oe 9-0
Getober.- i.0 7 Aut Hap bei. A 9:2
November, occas 5a es ree : 8:0
WDecemberVaiihs. tess 92
79°7

Total in 1871, 43:3. Total in 1870, 37°5. Total in 1869, 50°3.

It is curious to compare with the above the tremendous
rainfall on the Cumberland hills, where the year 1872 has
been the wettest on record. The greatest fall was at The
Stye, and it was the enormous quantity of about 244 inches ;
truly a marvellous fall of rain, and greatly in excess of any
former year on record. In 1866, 224:56 inches fell at the
same place, which is known to be the wettest spot in Europe,
and the quantities of rain above noted are said to be the
heaviest falls ever recorded except in tropical countries. Of
the rainfall in that district a very full and accurate record is
kept py Mr Isaac Fletcher, M.P., who resides near Cocker-
mouth.

On an Inscribed Stone in the possession of Mr William
Wightman, Bank, Wooler.

THE inscribed stone figured on Plate II., is in the posses-
sion of Mr William Wightman, Wooler. It was found on
the north side of a hill called Whitelaw, the next eminence
south-east from Yeavering Bell. The stone is a very hard
gritty sandstone, and bears distinctly the tool marks by
which the circles have been cut. The tool must have been
of iron or bronze, as the material is too hard to be operated
upon by stone implements; moreover, the tool Bake shew

L

454 Mr Robert Middlemas on an Ancient Inscribed Stone.

that the instrument used had a sharp round point, and must
have been held in a similar way to the modern chisel. The
marks shew the size of the point. The object of the artist
evidently has been to fill the stone with ornament as between
the two great circles; and at the corners he has placed
smaller circles to suit the space. The similar nature of the
circles on all the stones hitherto figured would seem to show
that such stones, if monumental, were not legendary, but.
most probably of a religious character; serving, like the
Christian cross, to invite the traveller to pay his devotions on
a spot rendered sacred by the emblems of worship. The
drawing is nearly one inch to a foot.

Rost. MIpDDLEMAs.

Members elected September 26th, 1872.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Thomas Arkle, Highlaws, Morpeth.

Adam Deas, Dunse.

James T. S. Doughty, Ayton.

Captain J. Carr-Ellison, Hedgeley, Alnwick.
W. T. Hindmarsh, Alnwick.

Rev. Robert Home, Swinton.

Rev. Robert Park, Bamburgh.

Major James Paton, Hundalee Cottage, Jedburgh.
Henry A. Paynter, Alnwick.

E. A. Storer, Alnwick and County Bank.
Captain Thompson, Walworth Hall, Darlington.

LADY MEMBER.
Mrs J. Barwell Carter, the Anchorage, Berwick.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Andrew Brotherston, Kelso.
John Ferguson, Allanton, Chirnside.

455

Rain Fall at Glanton Pyke, Northumberland, in 1872 ; com-
municated by FrepDERICcK J. W. CoLLiInawoop, Esq.: and
at Lilburn Tower, Northumberland ; communicated by

Epwarp J. CoLtincwoop, Esq.
GLANTON PYKE.

LILBURN TOWER.

Inches. Inches,
January . 2°86 January . 2877
February . 3:23 February . 2621
March . 3°28 March Fee,
“April . 4:02 April . 3852
May . d15 May . 29017
June . 1°84 June . 1500
July . 433 July . 5633
August 4:05 August . 3414
September 6°37 September . . 0984
October 6°72 October . 5°982
November 4°74 November . . 4428
December 6°18 December . . 4863

50°77 46°590

Rain Gauge—Diameter of
Funnel, 8 inches; height of
Top above Ground, 4 feet 4
in. ; above Sea Level, 530 feet.

Rain Fall at North Sunderland, Northumberland, in the
Year 1872. Communicated by the Rev. F. R. Sumpson..

Rain Gauge—Diameter of
Funnel, 10 in. square; Height
of Top above Giound, 6 feet;
above Sea Level, 300 feet.

Days on

eee eee
more fe’l,
; ~ Inches. — Depth. | Date. ener
January 2°80 58 | 24th | 22
February 2°75 °S7 | 24th | 2h
March 3°11 “43 | 28th | 238
April 2°24 | ‘81 | Qlst 14
May 1:98 27 111,18) 23
June 1:24 nono |, 16
July 2°88 ‘46 | 26th | 1d
August 2°89 39 | 16th | 16
September} 464 | ‘95 | 24th | 18
October 6°99 | 161 | 10th | 26
November | 4°43 ‘81 | 16th 21
December | 3°91 | 1:11 | 8th 22
Total | 39°86 | 8-44 | | 237

Rain Gauge—Diameter of Funnel, 8 inches; Height of Top above Ground,
1 foot 2 inches; above Sea Level, 70 feet.

456

General Statements.

The IncomsE and ExPEenpDITURE have been :—

fesse cd:

Balance in Treasurer’s hands..16 14 5

Arrears received: sc... 0.00008 37.12 0

Entrance Fees .......00: 0 wnco, 070

Subseriptions. . ligsee otek oun 54 6 O
£113 12 5

EXPENDITURE.
PrUme tne ¥ 505.4 es emcees eens 37:13 1
Expenses at Meetings, ee ieee
ing Conveyances, &c. .. .

Postage and Carriage ...... aa Ore

58 16 5

Balance in hand..... . 5416 0
£113.12 5

Places of Meeting for the Year 1873 :—

Chatton, ‘if siie Thursday, May 15.
Hawick, é) ‘ik 55 June 26.
The Bass Rock, oe 35 July 31.
Chirnside, at oy e Aug. 28.
Berwick, = 2 35 Sept. 25.

BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS CLUB.

LIST OF MEMBERS, DECEMBER 31, 1878.

1. Robert C. Embleton, Beadnell, Chathill .. te

2. Sir William Jardine, Bart., Jardine Hall, Lockerby ..

3. Francis Douglas, M.D., Woodside, Kelso Sc

4, David Milne Home, E.R.S.E., LL.D., &c, Paxton

House, Berwick

6. Frederick J. W. Collingwood, Glanton Pyke, aces

6. Jonathan Melrose, Coldstream oO

7, David Macbeath, Old Charlton, Kent a ae

8. John B. Boyd, Cherrytrees, Yetholm + os

9. James Tait, Edenside, Kelso we aa
10. William Dickson, F.S8.A., Alnwick
11. William Brodrick, Little "Hill, Chudleigh, South Devon
12. John Turnbull, 58, Frederick Street, Edinburgh <e
13. Ralph Carr-Ellison, Dunstan Hill, Gateshead a
14. Henry Gregson, Lowlyn, Beal oe
15. Rev. Hugh Evans, Scremerston, Berwick . ye ‘
16. Rev. William Lamb, Ednam, Kelso

. The Right Hon. the Earl of Home, Hirsel, ‘Coldstream,

and 6, Grosvenor Square, London, W. ..
Robert Hood, M.D., 5, Salisbury Road, Newington,
Edinburgh oe

19. Rev. Samuel Arnott Fyler, Cornhill aye ofc
20. Rev, William Darnell, Bamburgh
21. Henry Stephens, Redbraes Gsuiases Bonnington, Edin-
burg ae ae
22. David Francis S. Cahill, M.D., "Berwick BP
23. William H. Logan, Berwick ve
24. William Smellie Watson, 10, Forth Street, Edinburgh
25. John Craster, Craster Tower, Bilton 50 5c
26. William Dickson, jun., Alnwick Be vs
27. Matthew J. Turnbull, M.D., Coldstream .. OO
28. Sir John Marjoribanks, Bart., Lees, Coldstream a5
29. Rev. George Selby Thomson, Acklington es
30. William Stevenson, Dunse we 7 ac
31. William B. Boyd, Ormiston House, Kelso oie
32, Charles Stuart, M.D., Chirnside ec
33. Rev. F. R. Simpson, North Sunderland, Chathill 's
34, The Ven. Archdeacon George Hans Hamilton, Egling-
ham, Alnwick .. ite ee
35. Charles Rea, Doddington, Wooler ve
36. George Culley, Fowberry Tower, Belford . we oe
37. William Marjoribanks, Lees, Coldstream .. oe

Date of Admission.

Sept. 22

J uly

Sept.

May

”
Dec.
Sept.
July

Sept.

99

99
Oct.
May

”
June

Oct.

Sept.
Oct.
Aug.

?

Oct.

19,
30,

12,
16,

25,

June 23,

9°

2M

1831.
1832.
1834.

1836.
1840.

”
”
1841,
18438,

458 List of Members.

. Ralph Galilee Huggup, Norham : -
. Rev. Charles Thorp, Eglingham, Chathill

. Charles Watson, Dunse :
. Rev. Thomas Leishman, D.D., Tinton Kelso 5
. George P. Hughes, Middleton Hall, Wooler ‘
. John Charles Langlands, Old Bewick, Alnwick .

44, Frederick R. Wilson, Alnwick
45. Sir Dudley Coutts Marjoribanks, Bart., Upper Brook
Street, London .. or ls
46. Patrick Thorp Dickson, Alnwick ve oe
47. William Sherwin, Keswick .. es aie
48. Rev. Thomas Procter, Tweedmouth ae
49. Matthew T. Culley, Coupland sige Wooler ee
50. John Deere Berwick ss aie
51. Rev. J. W. Dunn, Warkworth . <s
52, Rev. William Cumby, Beadnell, ‘Chathill . ac
53. Rev. William Procter, Doddington, Wooler 00
64. John Marshall, M.D., Chatton Park, Belford 46

58. John Wheldon, 68, Great Queen Street, Lincoln’s Inn
Fields, London, W.C. aye
59. Middleton H. Dand, Hauxley Hall, Acklington oe
69. Rev. Aislabie Procter, Alwinton, Morpeth ole
61. Stephen Sanderson, Berwick .. we
62. James Maidment, 25, Royal Circus, Edinburgh ve
63. Dennis Embleton, M. D., Newcastle oc
64. Charles B. Pulleine Bosanquet, Rock, Alnwick sci
65. Rev. John 8. Green, Wooler .. oe ac
66. Robert Douglas, Berwick 56 ve ve
67. Rev. John Irwin, Berwick 50 te ae
68, John Riddell, St. Ninian’s, Wooler he 50

. James Robson Scott, M.D., Scotch Belford, Yetholm ..
. Rev. John H, Walk-r Greenlaw
. John Stuart, LL.D., F.S.A. Scot., General Register

House, Edinburgh

. Watson Askew, Pallinsburn, Coldstream ..
. Rev. Edward A. Wilkinson, Mount Pleasant, Ferryhill,

Durham O6

. Robert Clay, M.D., 4, Windsor Villas, Plymouth oe
. William H. Mackenzie, M.D,, Kelso 5

. J. A. H. Murray, Mill Hill, Hendon, London, N. W. ..
. Charles Douglas, M.D. , Wooaside, Kelso a” s
. Archibald Campbell Swinton, Kimmerghame,, Dunse..
. Rev. Patrick G. McDouall, Kirknewton, Wooler ae
. Thomas Brewis (of Eshott), 23, George Square, Edin-

burg h F es

. Rev. W. L. J. Osoley, Rennington, Alnwick

. Rev. William Greenwell, F.S.4., Durham..

. Richard Hodgson Huntley, Carham Hall, Coldstream. . ‘
. Sir George H. Scott-Douglas, Bart., Springwood Park,

Kelso as oe
. William Cunningham, Coldstream c0 fe
. Thomas Friar, Grindon Ridge, Norham .. te
. William Wightman, Bank, Wooler oc ee

. James Bowhill, Ayton
. Rev. John Scarth, Holy Trinity Vicarage, Milton-next-

Gravesend ate ae ae

. Septimus H. Smith, ‘Norham .. ee ee

. John Paxton, Norham ee a ee

Date of Admission-
July 18, 1855.
Jan. 381, 1856.

Oct.

bh)
June
”

July

29,

25,

30,

Oct. 28,

»
”

List of Members.

. John Howison, Architect, Duddingston, eee oe
. Charles Anderson, J edburgh

91. Henry R. Hardie, Conservative Club, "St. James's

Street, London oe
92. J. Scott Dudgeon, Longnewton Place, St. "Boswell’s «.
93. William Elliott, Jedburgh .. S¢ 50
94. James Tait, Berryhill, Kelso .. 46 ee
95. Archibald Jerdon, Allerton, Jedburgh

. Rev. J. C. Bruce, LL.D., Framlingham "Place, New-

96
castle cc ac
97. John Tate, Barnhill, Acklington s° 56
98. Robert Crossman, Cheswick House, Beal oe
99. Rev. Peter Mearns, Coldstream ahs bc
100. A. Brown, M.D., Coldstream .. ee 50
101. William Crawford, Dunse .. aa oe
102. George Rea, Middleton House, Alnwick _. aie
108. Sir Walter Elliot, K.0.8.I., Wolfelee, Hawick 50
104. John Ord, Nisbet, Kelso ae oC an
105, William Dickson, Wellfield, Hawick No 06
106, Thomas Robertson, Alnwick .. 50 ee
107. Alexander Curle, Melrose 6c ae
108. John Edmund Friar, Grindon Ridge, Norham <
109. William Chartres, Newcastle

110. Francis Russell, Sheriff Substitute, Jed- bank, Jedburgh
111. William Hilton Dyer Longstaffe, F.S.A., Gateshead
112. Robert Middlemas, Alnwick .. 56 50
113. James Hardy, Oldcambus, Cockburnspath se
114. Rev. Edward L. Marrett, Lesbury, Bilton On
115. Thomas Clutterbuck, Warkworth ac Sc
116. Thomas Tate, Alnwick te 50 ve
117. Rey. Adam Davidson, Yetholm ae
118. Lord Henry Kerr, Huntley Burn, Melrose oe
119. Robert Brown, Littl ehoughton, Chathill ee
120. Rev. John F. Bigge, Stamfordham, Newcastle :
121. Edward Allen, Alnwick : D6
122. Christopher 8. Bell, Stanwick, Darlington ve
128. Robert Wilson, M. D. , Alnwick 56
124, J. Towlerton Leather, Middleton Hall, Belford oe
125. George Webster, 38, Heriot Row, Edinburgh oe
126. Ralph Forster, Castle-hills, Berwick ae oe
127. Colville Brown M.D., Berwick ele 50
128. Rey. James Farquharson, Selkirk AO

129, Henry Richardson, M.D., East Cheswick House, Beal
130. Thomas Allan, Horncliffe House, Berwick a0
131. William Henderson, Fowberry Mains, Belford ee
132. Frederick Lewis Roy, Nenthorn, Kelso .. 60
133. William Watson Campbell, M.D., Dunse ee
134. G. Sholto Douglas, Riddleton Hill, St. Boswell’s ..
135. Robert Carr Fluker, M.D., Berwick a0
136. Colonel J. P. Briggs, Bonjedward House, a edburgh ,*
137. Buddle Atkinson, Barmoor Castle, Beal .. 50
138. James Smail, Galashiels bo : oe
139. Rev, Dugald Macalister, Stitchell, Kelso

. Rev. Manners Hamilton Graham, Maxton, St. Boswell’s
. Andrew Wilson, Coldingham on
. J. R. Appleton, F.S.A., Western Hill, Durham ve

. Geo. Markham Tweddell, F.S.A., Stokesley, Durham

459

Date of Admission,
June 26, 1862.

99
July
June

9

”

July

. 30,
27,
. 26, 1867.

19

1857.
1862.

”

460

144.
145.
146.
147.
148.

149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161,
162,

163.
164,
165.
166.
167.
168.
169,
170.
171,
172.
173.
174,
175.

176.
177.
178.
179
180,
181.
182,
183,
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.

190,
191,
192.
193,
194.
1965,

List of Members.
Rev. Peter Mackerron, Kelso Bo
Alexander Dewar, M.D., Melrose es oie
William Currie, Linthill St. Beswell’s .. a
William Blair, M.D , Jedburgh

Major the Hon. R. Baillie Hamilton, Langton House,
Dunse ;

Alex. Roy Borthwick, St. Dunstan’ g Villa, ‘Melrose

Rev. G. P. MacMorland, Minto, Hawick

His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, Alnwick Castle

Robert G. Bolam, Weetwood Hall, Belford,

Rev. J. Elphinstone Ellott, Whalton, Morpeth ine
Henry Hunter, Alnwick ae ee an
James Brunton, Broomlands, Kelso age a8
Charles Bertram Black, Prior Bank, Melrose fate
Captain James F’. Macpherson, Melrose aie aye
Francis Holland, Alnwick .. 56 ne
James Heatley, Alnwick re ee ee
Rev. Matthew Hepple, Wooler ae ae
C. H. Cadogan, Alnmouth ..

Henry Wentworth Acland, M.D., ening Professor
of Medizine, Oxford ats Ou

Gilbert C. A. Stewart, Melrose AC os

George Allen, Berwick an 3s

Rey. James Middleton, Lauder

Robert Romanes, Harryburn, Lauder

William B. Robertson, Lauder ie ils
Thomas Broomfield, Lauder wa oe
John Brown, Hallidean Mill, Melrose .. we
John. Bolam, Chathill <3
Rev. William J. Meggison, South Charlton, Alnwick
John Dunlop, Berwick ee
Pringle P. Hughes, Middleton Hall, Wooler ue
Rev. William Merrilees, Berwick

Rey. James Noble, Castleton Manse, Newcastleton,

Carlisle x at es ve
James Purves, Berwick re ae an
George L. Paulin, Berwick .. aie Ac
Rev. David Paul, Morebattle, Kelso Sc a.
Thomas Patrick, Berwick eo
Rev. Wm. Procter, jun., Doddington, Wooler ee
Rev. John George Rowe, Vicar, Berwick ~ ee
John Scott, Berwick oe ee
Captain Simpson, North Sunderland ve ve
John Pringle Turnbnll, Alnwick ee
Rev. HE. B. Trotter, St. Michael’s s Vicarage, Alnwick
James Wood, Galashiels ae ae ee
George Young, Berwick as an ee
Matthew Young, Berwick .. os oe
Rev. Thomas Brown, F.R.8.E., 16, Carlton Street,

Edinburg h ee eo eo
Rey. Torna F. Johnstone, St. Boswell’s do
Rev. Thomas Rogers, Durham ee ee
Rev. Robert Paul, Coldstream ye ce
Francis Walker, Nisbet, Kelso ce oe
Rev, T. 8. Anderson, Crailing, Kelso. ee

Rev, Robert David Yair, Eckford, Kelso ee

J une 25,
Sept. 25,

May 11,
Sept. 26,
”
9

Date of Admission.
Sept. 26,

1867.

”

1871.

99

195,
196,
197.
198.
199
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213
214.
215.
216.

217.

218.
219.

220.
221.
222.

223.
224,

225
226.
Do

Inst of Members.

Rev. Ambros2 Jones, Stannington, Cramlington me
Andrew Scott, Glen Douglas, Jedburgh .. ay
W. E. Otto, Jed- neuk, Jedburgh oe
Rev. L. J. Stephens. Longhoughton, Alnwick wie
William Weatherhead, Berwick ee

James H. Scott- Dougias, Springwood Park, Kelso oe
Rev. John R. Scott, Amble, Acklington .. 4c
Henry Henderson, ‘Warkworth an ee
Alexander James Main, M.D., Alnwick .. 2
Rev. John Dixon Hepple, Branxton, Cornhill

Thomas Arkle, Highlaws, ned i ae ae
Adam Deas, Dunse ae ve
James T. §. Doughty, Ayton | Ac ais
Captain J. Carr-Ellison, Hedgeley, Alnwick ate
W. T. Hindmarsh, Alnwick 40 ate
Rev Robert Home, Swinton, Dunse aa ae

Rev. Robert Park, Bamburgh, Belford

Major James Paton, Hundalee Cottage, Jedburgh ..
Henry A. Paynter, Alnwick ee
E. A. Storer, Alnwick and County Bank, "Alnwick sc
Captain Thompson, Walworth Hall, Darlington oe
John Hutton Balfour, M.D., &c., Professor of Botany

and Materia Medica, Edinburgh ale es
Rev. Evans Rutter, Spittal, Berwick we 3c
Rev. Hastings M. Neville, Ford, Cornhill ais

Rev. James Hencerson, Ancroft, Beal ..

Professor A. Freire-Marreco, Neville Hall, Neweastle
Charles M. Wilson, Hawick ..

Captain David Milne Home, Paxton House, Berwick

Rev. William Cockin, Lowick i 0
Rev. William Stobbs, Gordon se ee
William Allan Jamieson, M.B., Berwick Sc
James Nicholson, Burton, Belford a0 a6
Rev. Joseph Waite, Norham .. oe ve

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Miss Elizabeth Bell, Springhill, Coldstream.
Miss Hunter, Springhill, Coldstream.

Lady John Scott, Spottiswood, Lauder.

Mrs Spoor, Togston Hall, Alnwick.

Mrs Barwell Carter, The Anchorage, Berwick.
Miss Margaret R. Dickenson, Norbam.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS,

William Shaw, Gunsgreen, Eyemouth,

John Anderson, Preston, Dunse,

Thomas Henry Gibb, South Street, Alnwick.
Andrew Brotherston, Kelso.

John Ferguson, Allanton, Chirnside.

OFFICERS OF THE CLUB.

Francis Doveras, M.D., Kelso,
James Harpy, Oldcambus, Cockburnspath,

Rogwert Mippiemas, Alnwick, Treasurer.

461

Date of Admission.

Sept. 26, 1871.

30,

. 25,

} Secretaries,

1873,

462

Places Visited by the Members of the BERWICKSHIRE
NATURALISTS CLUB since 1862 (continued from Vol.
IV., p. 460).

DATE.

Sep. 29,

PLACE OF MEETING.
1862.
Berwick sa ae
1863.

Newtown St. Boswell’s
Warkworth ‘ 5
Cornhill and Wark ae
Longhoughton .. .

Belford st
1864.
Greenlaw fs
Cheviot—Langleyford ee
Ancrum On AG
Bamburgh ee ee
Berwick oe ef
1865.
Norham a ae
St. Abb’s Head .. Ae
Hownam an aie
Rothbury ws ee
Berwick ae oe
1866.
Eglingham and Old Bewick
Earlston oe se
Beadnell Sine oe
Cockburnspath .. ee
Kelso re ae
1867.
Denholm ae ae
Dunse i
Cheviot = Dansdale oe
Holy Island 5c ale
Cornhill ae AG
1868.
Ayton and Eyemouth .,.
Alwinton 5c sa
Melrose eo aes
Alnwick AG AG
Chirnside AC ae
1869.
Burnmouth bt ae
Lauder

Newcastleton and Hermits we
Longhoughton, Rock, and
Dunstanburgh ae

Berwick xe 54
1870.

Kyloe Cragsand Lowick ..

Edin’s Hall ce ae

Doddington ws
Whiteburn, near Gordon..
Coldstream as ls

VOL. |PAGE. PRESIDENT.

a

Soa eS ea uaa SS Sos a atid

pal ecl ar

2 | John Tornbull, Esq.

93 | William Stevenson, Esq.
184 |F. J. W. Collingwood; Esq.
242 | Archibald Jerdon, Esq.
296 | Francis Douglas, Esq.,

[M.D.
374 | James Hardy, Esq,

1 | Sir Walter Eliot.

102 | Rev. G. Selby Thomson.

177 | Wm. B. Boyd, Esq.

Places Visited by the Club since 1862.

463

DATE, PLACE OF MEETING. VOL. |PAGE. PRESIDENT.
056 GR 0 0 Oe 7 ala sees a
May 11. | Maxton Ae Aa bane Os aly?)
June 29. | Whalton Wale es | Vi--| 182
July 27. | Cockburnspath .. PS ae aig oi)
Aug.31. | Alnmouth : set} vie 190
Sep. 28, | Berwick : +. | vi. | 289 | Rev. F. R. Simpson.
1872.
May 10. | Jedburgh we see Vaated
June 27. | Bamburgh Sie Vids | 294
July 265. Cheviot—Langleyford es | Vie | 302
Aug.29.| Hume Castle .. ae | Vie | 307
PLACES OF MEETING
OF THE

BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS CLUB,

SINCE 1862.

Alnmouth, 1871, vi., p. 190.

Alnwick, 1868, v., p. 398.

Alwinton, 1868, v., p. 381.

Ancrum, 1864, v., p. 100.

Ayton and Byemouth, 1868, v., p. 875.

Bamburgh, 1864, v., p. 103; 1872, vi.,

. 294.

Beadnell, 1866, v., p. 245.

Belford, 1863, v., p. 93.

Berwick, 1862, v., p. 2; 1864, v., p.
184; 1865, v., p. 242; 1869, vi., p.
102; 1871, vi., p. 289.

Burnmouth, 1869, vi., p. 4.

Cheviot (Langleyford), 1864, v., p.99;
1872, vi.,p. 802; (Dunsdale), 1867,

=) p- 301.

Chirnside, 1868, vi., p. 1.

Cockburnspath, 1866, v., p. 245;
1871, vi., p. 187. .

Coldstream, 1870, vi., p. 177.

Cornhill (and Wark), 1863, v., p. 14;
1867, v., p- 374.

Denholm, 1867, v., p. 298.

Doddington, 1870, vi., p. 111.

Dunse, 1867, v., p. 299.

Earlston, 1866, v., p, 244.

Edin’s Hall, 1870, vi., p. 109.

Eglingham and Old Bewick, 1866, v.,
p. 242.

Greenlaw, 1864, v., p. 96.

Holy Island, 1867, v., p. 301.

Hownam, 1865, v., 185.

Hume Castle, 1872, vi., p. 307.

Jedburgh, 1872, vi., p. 291.

Kelso. 1866, v., p. 296.

Kyloe Crags and Lowick, 1879, vi., p.
104.

Lauder, 1869, vi. p. 6.

Longhoughton, 1863, v., p. 17; Rock
and Dunstanburgh, 1869, Vi. p. 44.

Maxton, 1871, vi., p. 179.

Melrose, 1868, v., p- 390.

Newcastleton and Hermitage, 1869,
vi., p. 19.

Newtown St. Boswell’s, 1863, v., p. 3.

Norham, 1865, v., p. 185.

Rothhury, 1865, v., p. 192,

St. Abb’s Head, 1865, v., p. 188, -

Warkworth, 1863, v., p. 10:

Whalton, 1871, vi., p. 182.

Whiteburn, 1870, vi., p. 116.

464
ERRATA ET EMENDANA.

Page 22, last line for “ Border Min, ii., 72,” read “ Border Min, ii., 166.”

9

9?

31, line 12, for “ do son bon,” read ‘de son bon.”’
33, line 36, to “second son George,” append the following note :—

‘“‘ This is an error, as Mr. James Maidment informs me. . The first Earl
Douglas had no second lawful son, and was only once married, his first
and “only wife, Margaret de Mar, surviving him. George, Earl of
Angus, was the illegitimate offspring of Margaret Stewart, Countess
of Angus in her own right, and widow of Thomas, Earl of Mar, the
brother of Margaret, Countess of Douglas.”’

53, line 31, for ‘42 years of age,” read “82 years of age.”
56, line 14, for “form,” vead “ forming.”
118, last line, for “ coined,” read “ found.”

182, }ine 28, dele the words, “a son of Mr. Thomas Brown, one of our
oldest members.”’

188, last line, for ‘‘ Kupatoria,” read “‘ Kupatorium.”

221. The “ Elk’s horn”’ here mentioned, was found by Dr. John Alex.
Smith to have belonged toa large antlered red deer,—‘ Proc. Soc.
Ant. Scot., Vol. ix.

295, line 14, for “‘ Asperuga,” read “ Asperugo.”’

304, line 25, for “ rocks,” read “ rock.”

306, lines 17 and 18, for “ Juvencies,”’ read “ Juvencus.”

311, last line, “ for ‘‘ mining,”’ read “ draining.”

320, line 6, after “ Sav.,”’ dele 7.”

322, lines 5 and 7 from the bottom, for “ Baz-na-mah,” vead “Baz-namah.”

523, line 15 from the bottom, for “ Yukalas,’”’ read “ Yerkalar,’”’ and for
“ Yukalwas,” vead ‘‘ Yerkalwar.”’

328, line 3, for ‘‘ Appointed Trustee, A.D. 1792,” read “ Appointed Trus-
tee, 1758. Died, a.p. 1792.”

332, line 10, for “ Mr.,” read “ Sir.”

» line 13, for “ Etherton,”’ read “ Etherston.”
3384, line 4, for “‘ deed,” read “* deeds.”

» line 17, for “ binding,” read “ vendors.”
3638, line 4, for “sub-eerial, read “ sub-aerial.”
870, line 21, for ‘-of great,’’ read “ of a great.” -
377, line 6, for “ boundary,” read “ breeding.”

9 99 20, for * dregs,” vead “ dress.”

» 99 84, for ‘* uncaptured,” read “ captured.”
392. Delete “ Pentatoma viridissimum ” from the list.
” 424, line 8, for “ Ttypeta,”’ read “ Trypeta,”

N.B.—The view of Wooler from the east, so kindly presented by William
Dickson, Esq., F.8.A.,is intended to illustrate the article on “‘Langleyfordand
the Cheviots.” The hill in the distance is Humbleton Hill ; and that behind it»
separated from it by a ravine, is Hard-roads.

INDEX.

Abbey Mill, Maxton, page 220.

Abbey St. Bathan’s Chapel at, 131.

Accounts, 100, 176, 287, 456.

Alders, power of self-renovation of,
364,

Alnmouth Chapel, 190, 191.

Alnmouth Meeting, 190.

Anthomyia Tritici, sp. nov., 189.

Antiquities, 48, 50, 103, 104.

Ants, 161, 393.

Aphaniptera, 424.

Aphides, 80, 144, &c.

Arachnida, 264, 394.

Ardea nycticorax, 174.

Armstrongs of Liddesdale, 20-22.

Arrowheads of Flint, 290, 413.

Astur palumbarius 318, 367.

“ Aud Dike,” or “Roman Dike,” 359.

Aurora Borealis, on a remarkable,
395, &c.

Babington, Madam, of Harnham, 185,
-240.

Baird, Wm., M.D., F.R.S., Obituary
Notice of, 316; Memoir of, 401;
Bibliographical List of his Writ-
ings, 404.

ts system of Cultivation by, 355,

57

Bamburgh, Castle, 295; Parish Church
of, 325; Shipwreck of the Bishop's
Barge at, 329, 330; Manors of
Bamburgh and Blanchland, errors
as to, 331.

Barons of Whalton, 232, &c.

Barrow Stanes, 11.

Basaltic Rocks of Northumberland,
197, &c.

Bees and Fossores, 162, 166.

Belsay Castle, 184.

Berwick Meetings, 1, 102, 289.

Berwick, taking of, in 1648, 64, 65.

pp Birds, remarks on some,

9 e

Teeretats Men, their physique,

139,

Billsdean, 188.

Birds, 3, 84, 96, 127, 128, 174, 194,
196, 246, 247, 248, 365, 366, 367,
382, 383-5, 399, 425, &c., 433, 434.

Bittern, 247, 248.

Black Dikes, 360 and note.

Blackbird, increase of, 128.

Black-headed Gull, 366.

Blanchland, Manor of, 331.

Blasia pusilla, 194.

Blue Tit-mouse, nest of, 427.

Bohemian Waxwing, 248, 427, 434.

Bolam Church, 186.

Bolam, R. G., Arrival of Birds, &c.,!384,

Border Day and Night Watches on
Cheviot, 361, 371.

Bosanquet, Rev. R. W., on Rock
Hall, 44, &e.

Botanical Notes on Central Berwick-
shire, 71.

Botanical Notices, 6, 22, 73, 83, 109,
118, 154, 181, 182, 187, 188, 281,
282, 283, 436, 437.

Bothwell family as connected with
Hermitage, 35, &c.

Boulders, 369, 471.

Boyd, Wm. B., his Address, 177 ; his
Botanical Notices, 282.

Bottle-nose (Delphinus melas), 424.

Brachycephalic Crania, 347, 350, 418.

British Camps, 298, 355, 368. v. Camps.

British Division Walls, 355, 359-361.

British Hill-forts, Dwellings, Folds,
Tombs, &c., 355, 362, 364, 368, 371.

Bronze Pots, 104.

Brotherston, Andrew, Zoological .
Notes, 434 ; on Plants not recorded
in Eastern Border Flora, 437.

Burnmouth Meeting, 4.

Cairns Opened, 116, 117. S

Caldgate Burn, 357; Ancient Channel
of, 360.

Camberwell Beauty, 397.

Camps, 4, 11, 16, 113, 117, 148, 231,
298, 355, 368,

466

Oanada Goose, 435.

Carex muricata, its history, 54, 57.

Carr-Ellison, Ralph, on. the North-
umbrians between Tyne and Tweed,
141; on Stores of Moisture, &c.,
for support of Gallinaceous Birds,
886; on Fire-blight, and Pruning
with Torch Flame, 388.

Carrion Crow and Sand-piper, 367.

Castleton, Liddesdale, 43, 44.

Cattle, horns of, in peat, 369.

Caves, near Burnmouth, 5;
Lauder, 11.

Celts, 6, 7, 104.

Cheviot Hill, 303 ; Mineralogical
ue of, 804; appearance of,

856

Cheviot Hills, Earthquake on, 225;
Entomology of the, 160, 251, 390.

Chirnside, Meeting at, 1.

Chlorops, Wheat, 189.

Cists, 148, 149; British, at Lanton
Mains, notice of, 347; at French
Law and Edington Hill, 349, 352;
at Carr’s Fold, 369 ; at Hog’s Law,
310; at Wooler, 415; Iiderton, 419.

Clark, Rev. J. Dixon, Note on the
Opah, or King Fish, 97.

Cloud-berry, 303.

Cockburnspath, Meeting, 187.

Cockburnspath Tower, 189.

Coins, 118, 121, 301, 346.

Coldstream, Meeting, 177.

Coleoptera of the West of Berwick-
shire, 335, &c.

Coleoptera, 82, 161, 162, 166, 252,
336, 390, 421.

Collingwood, Edwd. J., Rain-fall at
Lilburn Tower, 98, 175, 285, 455.
Collingwood, F. J. W., Rain-fall at
Glanton Pyke, 98, 175, 285, 455. ©

Cospatriek’s Castle, 310.

Coquet Island, 191.

Creophilus maxillosus, food of, 433.

Crewe, Lord, how he acquired the
property of Bamburgh, 333.

Cuckoo, 96.

Cumberland’s (Duke of) Army, News
from, 118.

Cynips lignicola, 250.

near

Dane Camps, 360.

Darnell, Rev. Wm., on the Ancient
Parish Church at Bamburgh, 325 ;
on a Shipwreck near Bamburgh,
329.

Devil’s Mitten, 11.

INDEX. -

Devil’s Causeway, 231.

Devonshire Woody Gall of the Oak,
249,

Dickson, Wm., F.8.A., on the Manors
of Bamburgh and _ Blanchland,
331.

Digitalis purpurea, Gall on, 159.

Dikes and Hedges, Ancient, 359, 361 ;
Medizeval, 360.

Diptera, 264, 424.

Doddington, Meeting, 111.

Doddington, Notice of, 112 ; History
of, 146, &e.; Dod Well, 147: Pele
Tower, 152 ; Church, 152 A Clergy,
153.

Douglas, Dr. Francis, on the Wood-
cock breeding in Roxburghshire,
196; Notice of Peucedanum Os-
truthium, 196; on a remarkable
Aurora Borealis, 395; on an Ancient
Scottish Shield, 400 ; Memoir of Dr.
William Baird, F.R.S., 401.

Douglas, family of, their connection
with Hermitage Castle, 27, &e.

Dryburgh Abbey, 181.

Dunglas Dean, and Ancient Village,
187.

Dunsdale Cairn, Mineralogy of, 305.

Duns Scotus (John) Notice of, 86.

Dunstanburgh Castle, 47, 85; Legend
of, 94.

Earle, Notice of, 356; British Urns
at, ib.

Earthquake i in the Cheviot Hills, and
History of Border pS
225, &e.

Earwigs destroying Turnips, 143.

Edin’s Hold, or Hall, Exploration of,
48, 49 ; Meeting at, 109.

Edwards, Geo., on a Meteor seen at
Coldstream, Aug. 15, 1870, 173.

Kel, Food of, 482.

Elk’s Horn, 221 (not that but a Red-
deer’s, see Errata).

Elliot, Rev. J. E., an Archeological
Sketch of Whalton and its Vicinity,
230, &e.

Elliot, Sir Walter, his Address, 1;
on a Goshawk killed at Minto and
other Raptorial Birds, and on Indian
Falconry, 318.

Elsdon, Mote-hills, 244, note.

Embleton, R., O, on nies
lignosus, 95,

Entomological Notices, 80, 160. 300,
306, 335, &c., 343, , 890, Seu, 433,

INDEX. _

Entomology of the Cheviot Hills,

160; 251, 390

Equisetum arvense, Knebs at the roots
of, 83.

Kttleton Churchyard, 20.

Euphorbia dulcis, 281.

Fair Maid Lilliard, 219.

Fairy Well, 355.

Falconry in India, 322, &c.

Fauna of Langleyford Vale, 365.

Fawcus, Dr. H., Obituary of, 317.

Fenwick of Rock, 69.

Fibula found at Edin’s Hold, 50;
Ancient, 353.

Fire-blight, or minor effects of Light-
ning, 388.

Fishes, 97, 375, &c., 432.

Fitz-Johns and Fitz-Rogers of Whal-
ton, 233, &c.

Flint Implements and rude ornaments
of pre-historic people in Berwick-
shire, 410, &.

Flint Implements and Flakes, 290,
347, 350, 352, 410.

Food-Vessel, 419.

Forest, Signification of, 375.

Forster, Ferdinand, M.P., Murder of,
69..

Forster, Sir Claudius, Monument of,
327.

Fongi, Additions to the Border,
435.

Geological and Mineralogical Notices,
3, 21, 47, 85, 108, 109, 188, 197,
221, 223, 289, 292, 304, 305, 308,
312, 354, 362, 372, 373, 374.

Geranium columbinum, 299.

Gibb, T. H., Notice of Night Heron,
174; Ornithological Notes for 1871,
248; Ornithological Notes, 433,

Glitters, Formation of, 362,

Goodyera repens, 71.

Goshawk and other Raptorial Birds,
Notice of, 318; Occurrence of, 367.

Graham, Rev. H. M., Notes on Max-
ton, 217, &c.

Gray, William, Obituary of, 317.

Great Bustard 247;

Greenwell, Rev. W., F.S.A., on Two
Ancient Interments at Wooler and
Ilderton, 415, &c.

Grey family, 91, 107, 150.

Grey Shrike, 433.

Grouse, Feed on Corn, 128,

Gull, common, Habits of, 366, 431.

467

Habchesters Camp, 4.

Halo round the head of a gigantic
shacow, 370.

Hanging Stone, 370.

Harefaulds, 16, 117.

Hardies of Tollies-hill, 8, 9.

Hardy, James, on Carex muricata,
54; on Turnip Insects and Ento-
mological Notices for 1869, 80;
Notes, Botanical and Ornithologi-
cal, 83 ; Supplement to the History
of the Wolf in Scotland, 129; on
Turnip Insects during 1870, 142;
Botanical Notices, 154, 288, 437;
Contributions to the Entomology
of the Cheviot Hills, 160, 251, 390;
on an Harthquake among the
Cheviot Hills, with Notices of
Border Earthquakes, 225; Ornith-
ological Memoranda, 247; on the
Devonshire Woody-gall of the Oak
on the Borders, 249; How the
Hermit Crab escapes from a trap,
268; Euphorbia dulcis, its history,
281; Obituary Notices, 316; on a
Shipwreck near Bamburgh, 830;
on British Cists, &c., at Edington
Hill, 351; on Langleyford Vale
and the Cheviots, 353; on Migra-
tory Birds, 383, 384; on an Aurora
Borealis, 396 ; on the Camberwell
Beauty and other Lepidoptera, 397;
Bibliographical List of the Writ-
ings of Dr. William Baird, 404; on
Flint Implements and Ornaments
of pre-historic Berwickshire people,
410; on Insects of the Hast of
Berwickshire, 421 ; Zoological
Memoranda, 424 ; on the Discovery
of Psamma Baltica on the cvast of
Northumberland, 441.

Haltica nemorum (Phyllotreta undu-
lata and P. nemorum), 142.

Hawick, Sepulchral Remains in its
vicinity, 50, &c.

Hawthorns of Langleyford Vale, 863.

Hedgehog, 97.

Hemiptera and Homoptera, 82, 161,
165, 172, 260, 263, 392, 393, 423,
424.

Hen-harrier, 247.

Herit’s-dyke, 11, 17.

Hermitage Castle, 22, &c.

Hermit Crab, how it escapes from a
trap, 268.

Hilson, John, Notes on a Cist at
Lanton Mains, 347, &c.

468

Hirse (Millet), derivation of, 158, note.

Hirundo urbica, desertion of its for-
mer haunts, 84. -

Hislop, Robert, on Coleoptera in the
neighbourhood of Nenthorn, &c.,
335, &e.

Hobby, 425, 435.

Honey-Buzzard, 435.

Hoopoe, Occurrence of, 428.

Hospital at Broomhouse, 221.

House Martin, desertion of its haunts,
84; White variety of, 428; Repair

_of a fallen nest by, 429.

House-Sparrow,.427,

Howick Hall, 48.

Humble-bees, 128.

gy ae Hill, its ancient walls,
360.

Hume Orags and Castle, 308, &c.

Hymenoptera, 263, 293.

Inscribed Stones at Edington Hill, 3,
351; at Rowtin’ Linn, 112; on
Doddington and Horton Moors,
113, 114, 148, 149, 244; at White-
law, 453.

Insects of the East of Berwickshire,
421.

Interments, Ancient, at Wooler and
Iiderton, 415.

Jackdaw eating partridge’s eggs, 428.

Jedburgh Abbey, 291; Ancient
Graves at, 348, 349.

Jerdon, Archd., Notice of Euphorbia
dulcis, 211; Arrivals of Summer
Birds, 383; Additions to Border
Fungi, 435; on a Lichen new to
the Border Flora, 436.

Jerdon, T. C., Obituary of, 317.

Jet-button, Ancient, 417.

Johnston, Mrs Dr., Obituary of, 193.

Johnstonella Catharina, 284,

Jougs, 3.

Kate’s Kist and Kate’s Hair, 370.

Kestrel, Food of, 426.

Kettles’ Camp, 355.

Kingfisher, Pugnacity of, 194.

King’s Chair, 355.

seuieht Rev. Thomas, Obituary of,
6,

Knives of Flint, 413.

Kyloe Crags, Meeting at, 104,

Kyloe, History of, 105, &c.

Laidley Worm, 297, 298.

INDEX.

Lake Dweiling, supposed, 117.

Lamberton Kirk, 4, 5.

Lampris guttatus, 97.

Langleyford Vale arid the Cheviots,
353, &e.

Lark, blind and lame, 96 ; scarcity of,
127.

Larus minutus, Notice of, 84.

‘| Latch or Letch, 368.

Lauder, Meeting, 6.

Lauder, Fort, 12; Bridge, 13.

Lauderdale, Duke of, 10.

Lawson of Rock, 63.

Lead Mine at Rock, 70.

Lepidoptera, 81, 82, 397.

Lichen new to the Borders, 436.

Linnza Borealis, 71.

Little Bittern, 248.

Littledean Tower, 180, 219.

Longhoughton, Meeting, 44.

Longstaffe, W. H. D. (F.S A.), on a
Find of Groats at Embleton, rang-
ing from Edward III., to Edward
IV., 121, &e. j

Maitland Family, 15.

Mangerton Tower, 21.

Maxton, Meeting, 179.

Maxton, Notes on, 217.

Meeting Stones, 11.

Members Elected, 2, 99, 102, 176,
286, 454.

Merlin, 434.

Mertoun House, 181.

Meteor seen near Coldstream, 173.

Mice, Instinct of, 425.

Middlemas, Robert, on the Red or
Common Squirrel, 268; Memoir of
George Tate, F.G.8., 269: on an
Inscribed Stone found at Whitelaw,
453.

Midside. Maggie, 7, &c.

Midsummer Bon-fire, 242.

Migratory Birds, Arrival and Depar -
ture of, 382-385. oe

Milium effusum, History of, 157.

Milnholm Cross, 19.

Missel-thrush, Habits of, 367.

Mock Moon, 196.

Moisture, on Stores of, &c., 386.

Mole, White, 425. __ ;

Mother Cary’s Chicken, 224.

Mountain Finch, Food of, 427.

Names of Places on Cheviot, 357.
Newcastleton, Meeting, 19.
Night Heron, 174, 435.

INDEX.

North Sunderland Pele Tower, Notice
- of, 345.

Northumbrians, on the Stature, Bulk,
and Colour of the Eyes and Hair
of, 1383; between Tyne and Tweed,
141.

(Enanthe crocata eaten by sheep, 22,
159.

Oliver, William, Notes on Natural
History, 127.

Opah, or King Fish, 97.”

Orchis pyramid: lis, Notice of, 173.

Ornithological Notes, 84, 96, 127,
246, 247, 433. See Birds.

Partridge, Food of, 128, 480.

Peregrine Falcon, Food of, 368;
Notice of, 400.

Pest Knowe, 411.

Peucedanum Ostruthium, 196.

Picus Major, 3.

Pied Flycatcher, 426.

Places of Meeting, 99, 174, 284, 289,
291, 294, 302, 307, 456.

Plants, rare Genera and Species of,
found on the Tweed and Gala, in
1868, 73. ;

Plants, Notices of, 71, 173, 176, 196,
292, 295-300, 308, 304, 308, 309.
See Botanical Notices.

Poa Sudetica, Notice of, 440.

Postman’s Rig, 311.

Poultry, feed on Mice, 430.

Procter (Rev. Wm., jun.) on Dod-
dington, 146, &c.

Procter-steads, near Dunstan, 45.

Proctors of Shawdon and Rock, 60.

Psamma Baltica discovered Ly Mr.
Richardson, 441.

Purple Sandpiper, 248.

Pygmy Gull, 84.

Quail, 247, 400.

‘Queen Mary’s Visit to Hermitage. 42.

Querns, Ancient, 313, 349, 353, 369,
870, 412, 415.

Rainfall, Statements of,{98,7175, 285,
455.

Rainfall of 1872, on the, 443.

Rem:ay, Lord Bothwell, 18.

Rat, some curious habits of, 398.

Ravens, 128, 248, 400.

Redbreast Nest, curious, 96.

Ring-dove, or Wood-pigeon, food of,
367, 429.

469

Ringly Hall, 222.

Ring-Ouzel, Nest of, 96.

Rings and Ornaments, British, 414.
Rock, de, family of, 58, 62.

Rock Hall, 44, 45 ; its History, 57,
Rock-pipet, Habits of, 426.

Roman Road, 149.

Rooks in hill pastures, 367.

Rory’s Gair, 370.

Salkelds of Rock, 59, 63.

Salmon, Food of, 432; Weight of
those of the Tweed, 432.

Salmonide of the Tweed, Experi-
ments on, 375.

| Sand-grouse, supposed re appearance

of, 844,
Poor Pecten-Veneris, names of,
59.

Scaphander lignarius, 95.

Scott, Dr. J. Robson, Arrival of
Summer Birds at Belford (Bow-
mont water), 385.

Scrapers of Flint, 418.

Sea-borne Reeds, Notice of, 83.

Shaw, Wm., Botanical Notices, 283.

Sharp Monument at Bamburgh, 327.

Shield, Ancient Scottish, 400.

Shoveller Duck, 431.

Silver Chain found, 18.

Simpson, Rev. F. R., Rainfall at
North Sunderland, 98, 175, 285,
455 ; on-a Mock Moon, 196; his
Address, 288; on the Sand-grouse,
344; on the Pele Tower at North
Sunderland and some Coins, 345;
on Migratory Birds in 1872, 382.

Sirex Gigas and 8. Juvencus, 306.

Siskin at Langleyford, 367.

Slips of peat originating lines of
stones on hill-faces, 371.

Smail, James, Zoological Notes, 96.

Smew, 436.

Soulis, family of, 26.

Sparganium simplex, History of, 154.

Spiders of the Cheviot Hills, 264, 394,

Spiders of Berwickshire, 267

Spindlestone Hill, 296, 297.

Spotted Crake, 435,

Spottiswood House, 119.

Squamaria gelida, 436.

Squirrel on Rule water, 53; near
Alnwick, 268.

Stamford Manor, 86.

Standing Stones, &c., 244, note.

Starling, Habits of, 366, 400, 421;
White do., 434.

470

Steropus madidus, its Food, 82.

Stone-balls, 3, 104, 415

Stone-heaps and glitters, how formed,
372,

Stuart, Dr. Charles, Botanical Notes
on Central Berwickshire, 71 ;
Notice of Orchis Pyramidalis, 173 ;
Botanical Notices, 288. 436; on
British Cists at Frenchlaw and
Edington Hill, 349; on a Will-o’-
the-Wisp near Chirnside, 436.

Stuart, G. C. A., Account of rare
Genera and Species of Plants found
on the Tweed and Gala in 1868, 73.

Sturgeon, 482.

Swinburn, John,
Murder of, 67.

Swynhoe of Rock, 63.

of Capheaton,

Tait, James, on the Rainfall of 1872,
4438.

Tate, George, FG.S., on Dunstan-
burgh Castle, 85; on the Stature,
Bulk, and Colour of the Eyes and
Hair of native N orthumbrians,
133; on the Basaltic Rocks of
Northumberland, 197; Obituary
of, 192; Memoir of, 269; Writings
of, 279, 280.

Teucrium Scorodonia, Monstrosity of,
159.

Thirlestane Castle, 12 ; Convent, 11.

Thomson, Rey. G. S., his Address,
101.

Thunderstorm, Great, 194.

Tollies-hill Girdle, 7.

Torch-flame, Pruning by, 388,

Trees on Cheviot, were they ever
numerous? 374, 375.

Tron-tree, 107:

sae ne Sandstone and Limestone,
354.

Tufted Duck, 248.

INDEX.

Tughall of Rock, 62.

Turnbull, John, ona Chapel at Abbey
St. Bathans, 131.

Turnip Insects, 80, 112.

Turtle-dove, 433, 434.

Tusk Fish, 432.

Tweed Commissioner’s Report on the
Salmonidez, 377, &c.

Tweeden Burn, 21.

Urns, British, 347, 348, 356, 357, 419,

Vanessa Antiopa, Occurrence of, 397.
Velvet Scoter, 248.

Wagtail, Pied, Habits of, 426.

Water-Rail, 400.

Waste of rocks on Cheviot, 362, 374.

Whalton Meeting, 112.

Whalton Church, 183, 232, 237:

Whalton and its Vicinity, on, 230.

Whetstone, Ancient, 353.

“Whetting Stone, The,” at Wooler,
355.

Whimbrel, 247.

Whiteburn, Meeting, 116.

Wild-cat, 53, 298, 371, note.

Will-o’-the- Wisp, 352.

Wilson, John, on some curious habits
of the Rat, 398; on some Berwick-
shire Birds, 399.

Wolf in Scotland, Traditions of, 129.

Woodcock Breeding, 196, 430.

Wooler, Notice of, 253.

‘| Wreckers on the Coast of Northum-

berland, 330, 331.

Young, George, on the Salmonide
of the Tweed, 375.
Yule-tide, 245.

Zoological Notes, 96, 434; Memor-
anda, 424,

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