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IN Agi Uy Pot S Le 


A | 


MONTHLY JOURNAL OF | 


NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. | 


EDITED BY ‘ 


WM. DENISON ROEBUC pK Fi. S., 


FRPES E, 
— TO AND EX-PRESIDENT OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SocrETyY; Hon. apie OF 
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ Union; JormntT-AUTHOR OF ‘HANDBOOK OF TH 
NA O ORKSHIRE’; Hon EMBER OF BrApFoRD 
NATURALISTS AND MicroscopicaL Society, CLEVELAND NATURA 
fc LTON NATURALISTS as 


TURALISTS Fretp CLUB; ETC., ETC.; 


WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF 


J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS, P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., : 
W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEORGE T.’PORRITT, F.L:S.,.F.E.S,, j 
ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. BARWELL TURNER, F.R.M_-S., : 


. LONDON: 
LOVELL REEVE & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C. 


PRINTED BY CHORLEY & PICKERSGILL, THE ELEcTRIC Press, LEEDs. 


PREP AG HE. 


THE Editors cannot allow the present occasion to pass without 
direct reference to the irreparable and exceptionally serious 
loss which this journal sustains by the death of Mr. John 
Cordeaux, whose valuable papers and notes continued to 
appear down to the date of his decease. His own complete 
bibliography of his own papers is in hand, and when revised 
will be printed in this journal. 

They have to thank their contributors for the articles 
and notes they have contributed during the year, and their 
subscribers for much-appreciated support. A considerable 
increase in the latter respect is, however, urgently needed, 
to allow of the enlargement of the journal, in order to cope 
with the large amount of high-class matter available for 


publication. 


THE NATURALIST 


FOR 1899. 


OCCURRENCE OF RARE PLANTS IN 
CUMBERLAND. 


WILLIAM HODGSON; A.L.S., 
Workington, Cumberland. 


Valeriana pyrenaica L. Heart-leaved Valerian. During 
a week’s sojourn at Netherby, on the extreme north of this 
county, during the earlier days of July 1897, I made my first 
acquaintance with this exceptionally rare plant, usually classed 
as an alien, or occasionally naturalised in plantations. By the 
courteous permission of Sir Richard J. Graham, Bart., of 
Netherby Hall, I had gone to Longtown, and from thence to 
Netherby, with the view of acquainting myself more thoroughly 
with the botany of the neighbouring district, for the purpose of | 
a Flora of my native county, which I have long been preparing 
for publication, and which is now in the hands of the printers. © 
I was recommended to visit the famous Solway Moss, and on > 
my way thither to explore a wood adjoining the highway 
between Longtown and the Moss, where I was informed that 
I should find a coarse-looking plant which had greatly puzzled 
the natives to identify. On reaching the wood I found imme- 
diately within the gate large patches of the plant, which, with 
a few exceptions, had’ done flowering for the season. Farther 
in the wood were to be seen more and more of the plants, 
numbering well over a hundred specimens in all. Many o 
these exceeded three feet in height, and they seemed so vigorous 
and healthy that I concluded the locality was congenial to 
their growth and development. On reaching home with such 
specimens as I had secured I had no difficulty in their classifica- 
tion. The flowers bore a strong resemblance to those of 
V. officinalis, and the large broadly heart-shaped, almost circular 
root-leaves tended further to the identification of the species. 
The wood bears, I believe, the name of Silver Hill Plantation, 
and it stands upon a part of what was formerly known as the 
Debatable Ground, claimed alike by England and Scotland. 

: ; : : A 


2 Hodgson: Occurrence of Rare Plants in Cumberland. 


-Rumex maritimus L. Golden Dock. During the same 
month of July 1897, while visiting the ballast heaps at Maryport, 
I found about a dozen examples of this dock, a species new to 
me, growing in a moist hollow, associated with about an 
equal number of plants of Chenopodium polyspermum , and 
Ch. opulzfolium, and.a single specimen of Bromus schraderz, 
a South American brome grass, probably the offspring of a 
number of that species discovered close to the same place in 
1890-91. The dock has not made its appearance this year, and 
only a few plants of the fig-leaved goosefoot of exceptional size 
now mark the spot. 

_ Trientalis europea 1. European Chickweed Winter : 
Green. Not many days ago I was informed by Mr. Harold 
Adair, of Foxhouses, Whitehaven, that the Chickweed Winter 
Green had been discovered in Upper Eskdale, in the south-west 
of the county, by Miss Edith Pearson, of Wigton, while staying 
in that valley during the month of June in the present year. 
She did not know the plant, but my correspondent, who also 
was staying in Eskdale at the same time, and knew the plant 
well, explained to her—what the lady herself had no conception 
of--that the chickweed-looking specimen was of uncommon 
rarity in these parts, and indeed was not very plentiful where 
— found 


Vicia orobus D.C. Wood Bitter Vetch. Mr. Harold 
_ Adair also informed me at the same time that he had found the 
Wood Bitter Vetch high up in the same valley beyond the 
highest railway station, ‘The Boot,’ where it is quite plentiful 
_ about the edges of meadows. Up to the date of my friend’s 
discovery all the records respecting this plant were confined to 
. the district of Cumberland lying between the river Eden and the 
_ Pennine Hills, or as Bishop Nicolson puts it in his MS., ‘Great 
Salkeld copiosé, sed presertim apud Blencarn—nostratibus 
= se.’ I recollect Mr. P. H. Grimshaw having some 
Aue finds in the same valley a few years ago. 

_ Chrysanthemum coronaria. Alien. Found growing on 
"some poultry runs on the south side of Silloth Dock, in August 
of the present year, 1898. I had noted it on some household 
refuse at Risehow, Maryport, in 1886. 

Xanthium spinosum L. Alien. A few stray specimens of 
the above species have appeared during twelve successive 
_ Seasons, including the past year, on the south side of the dock 
at Silloth. They have in no instance been known to. ripen seed 


Seah and ous there is no ravens diminution in number. The 
_Natucalit, - 2 


Spotted Crake and Albino Sand Martin near Harrogate. 3 


specimens have even been more numerous this year than usual, 
and certainly finer. 
Since writing the above, dried specimens, with perfectly- 

developed flowers, have been received from Miss laister, 
of Skinburness House, Silloth, whom I had coeainegia to. look. <4; 
out for their probable flowering this year. The accompanying 
card is dated 3rd October 1898. ae 

Amaranthus retroflexus and A. albus. These two kindred 
aliens were both noted at Silloth in August last. The former | 
has appeared at intervals for many years past at Risehow, 
Maryport, Flimby, and at the Derwent Tin Plate Works, 
Workington, usually associated with Cannabis sativa, Phalaris __ 


plentiful ten years ago, but has Macecet Aap: since the \ 
works were suspended, and is not now to be met with there, no 
fresh material being available. It was first seen at Silloth this 
season. ‘ Ne 
Ambrosia maritima and A. trifida, two other closely allied 
species of aliens, were also among the plants gathered at 
Silloth on the same occasion. Like the preceding pair, the 
former of them has been located for some years past near the 
extreme point of land jutting into the sea, on the south side of —__ 
the harbour entrance, where it appears likely to become per- 


by Mr. John Glaister, of the Grune House, Skinburness. We 
subsequently found specimens scattered along the south side of ACs 
the dock at intervals. It is a coarse species; the flower spikes o 0 
closely resemble those of A. maritima, but leaves and stem are © 4 
alike covered with stiff hairs, the whole being quite Tough: to. - 
handle. 


eee 


NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY. 
| Crake and ee Sand Mart 


» ’ s ole 
gate, during the past summer. Albino +. SO of the House Mack 


coer Byera has come under my n 
the same time a Spotted Fitts “(Porsana porzana) ~~“ shot 
somentat riearer to Harrogate, where it is probable that they are not ~ 
is generally sere —J. aa RE Daleside, Harrogate, 
ate November — 


pe ees 


bi 


NOTE—COLEOPTERA. 


ochammus sartor at Grimsby Docks.—In July my brother 
NOC, 


brduicht tae a fine specimen of Monochammus sartor, taken by him on the 

Royal Dock-side, = as ico i v. A. Thornley for 

identification by A. Smith, who the third specimen 

recorded for hinsobighivn: oe Curtis, Gavibaiass St. cahues, 1oth Dec. 1898. 
: NaN TER a. oli. dP. cae SR 


NOTES—-FLOWERING ee 
Lobelia and i owe um in the Lake Country.—I add a few notes 
to > Shee std Mr. Lister Petty in the December ‘ Nata ralist.’ 

Vace m Oxycoccos L. Crain erry, ees or Ciahew: Well might 
Mr. Pe hy ‘Wenverae the statement that the Cranberry is a rarity in the Lake 
Country, seeing that my notes for the Cumberland part of Lakeland alone 
contain the following entries, with the ss Adar annexed, viz., Ennerdale, 
Black Moss, Egremont, oe (Rev. F. Addison, Mr. Jos . Adair); Floutern 
Tarn (W. Foggitt); swamps at the highest Soni ‘of the pass over Whinlatter 
(H. C. Watson); Mockerkin, near the Tarn (W. B. at erfall); south side of 
Skiddaw, near the foot of the hill (N. J. Winch); Mosedale in Wastdale 
(Rev. A. Ley); by the river Caldew, near the foot of Wiley Ghyll, in spongy 
bogs; Mosedale Moss, under Carrock Fell (W. Hodgson); Fok kdale Green, 
wheeeedral tal g ose aw). i soiat ape there seems to be tw is vate, 

ne producing red berries, the other a greyish purple es (Jos. Adair). 
Bo oggy place just off the road senate Latrigg from Skiddaw (Rev. 


hag Hilderic Friend). 
ig Also in the low wer valleys of Cumberland Crones are far from being 
ree. Hute ap nson’s ee of Cumberland, published in 1794, informs us 
d t ing, 


ia Dortmanna. With reference to the Blea Tarn mentioned in 
Mr. Baker's Flora of the Lake District, pp. 142-3, I believe I am correct in 
ing i E t which lies i 


lows of the 
pools is quite hidden by the zure Pints of the flowers. The Lobelia | is here 
soci with in < ti 


a 
fe ere a mo water.’ Probabl 
_ is intended & Bag latter. I have already i ar toned ae Tarn Wadling 
now exist: in name. Dr. Nicolson’s list, fro ich I have just 
quoted, coat ate 16g90.—WILLIAM HopGson, "Workington, 6th Dec. 1898. 
iO oe i Naturalis’ i 


TREES AND TREE-NESTERS. 


Miss MARY L. ARMITT. 


THERE is a certain strip of woodland left to the Lake country, 
very hoar and ancient, and which is, in position and character, 
not a little singular. It lies about an old highway, which skirts 


a great scar-side at a point that may be termed the ankle-joint 


of the mountain, because there the steep foot-meadows spread 
more gently to the lake margin from the steeper fell and scree 
above. A high-road truly this way no longer is, but only a 
broad track, levelled and buttressed, showing how man in early 
days kept his line of route high and dry, and being sound of 
breath and limb, and well-nigh independent of wheels, shunned 
the bottom flats and the swamps that filled them. 

But now that he so much less propels himself by lung and 
foot, but bowls upon wheels of many kinds along the great 
high road—smooth as a ship’s deck—that traverses the well- 
drained valley, this ancient route is lonesome. The grass is 
scarce worn in its centre; the deep stone tanks that stud it— 
ancient wells that tapped the rills coursing so strangely under- 
ground (and faintly audible at places) for the refreshment of 


man and beast—are choked or empty. No one now pauses | ; 


to drink at them, and therefore no one tends them. Very 
wild and lonesome is the place. The great crag, on which 


Kestrels breed, raises a sheer head aloft, whe between it and = 


the road, on the huge boulders and shelving screes that fringe 
the scar, there is a wild growth of forest and fern. There, 
amongst rocks and piled stones, are wondrous nooks ; mossy 
chambers, screened within the debris; tiny springs, breaking 
forth and enriching all things round; seemingly inaccessible 
steepnesses clothed with green; and great old trees spreading 
gnarled roots among the rocks. 


Up and down, too, about the road, fringing it as solitary ae 
specimens, or, on gentler grassy slopes below, grouped as 


patches of unwalled woodland, are ancient trees. Like the 
road, they are reminiscent of man. At first glance they seem 
but remnants of that pristine forest that probably once clothed 
the whole of our mountain area—specimens which have sur- 


vived untouched upon unneeded rocky ground. But presently a e 


may be discerned about them signs of ancient handling and o 


ancient guardage, possibly by some common forest-rights ; and 


protection is happily now extended by a private owner, so that 
January 1899. ‘ : 


6 Armitt: Trees and Tree-Nesters. 


these aged monarchs may live out the small remnant of their 

lives in peace. They are Oak trees mostly, interspersed by 

a few Ash and Cherry trees; and shrubs of Hazel, Holly, 

Thorn, and Rowan crowd among them; while the Yew trees 

that here and there cling to the naked scar are far above 

the general line of woodland. Some of the trees have reached, 
by an undeterred growth, the height and expanse possible in 

- these shallow soils, stretching wide arms from a stout main 

trunk. But t many again, more especially upon certain patches, 
Oar eros and i oe as they are—by their disposal of 
limb to trunk, traces of man’s axe, wielded long ago. 

In the days of their youth, long, long ago, when wood was 
the only fuel obtainable except peat, and man’s dwellings were 
roofed with timber grown at hand, these trees would seem to 
have been lopped, or pollarded, at a distance of from 8 to 14 ft. 
above the ground. The tree, then, having lost its main stem, 
threw its arrested growth into several great converging limbs. 

_In some few instances, these limbs were again lopped at a point 

- considerably higher, and clearly at a date long subsequent, so 

_ that from the short, thick trunk there now branch, first, four or 

_ five vast, rugged elbows, and from these again spring, rocket- 

: like, a shower of slender stems. ! 

Very weird and fantastic in shape are the trees of this wood- 

land, even down to the Hollies and the Thorns. So twisted and 

_ writhing in form are they, so knotted and gnarled at the joints, 

_ that they recall the pencil of Gustave Doré, who drew no 

_ stranger forms than theirs ; for the older they grow the weirder 

do they become. As decrepitude sets in, the massive elbows, 

: ees a, and riven at the joint by rain and humus, and growing 

things that collect therein, snap off, sometimes splitting the 

_ whole trunk downwards with their fall. Finally, the central 

trunk alone is left, a weird and crumbling tower of timber, to rot 

ag Ivy wraps it round perhaps ina eae ay 
ngside, 

and like a pennon — above the ruin a fictitious crown o 

"green. 

a All sorts of things live wad: grow upon these aging Oaks. 

f Besides lichen on the slender twigs above, and moss of several 


en TE 1S: poillible that some few of these trees may have been maimed by 
_ Nature. Several fine young Oak trees hereabouts lost their main stems 


the superincumbent weight collected by sks leaves. An early snow, before 
has — does much — to t 


Armitt: Trees and Tree-Nesters. 7 


kinds upon the bark of stalwart branch and trunk, where rain 
and mist will filter down, and fungoid growths of many a kind, 
there is Polypody fern growing in every hollow, gash, or rent; 
the Broad Boss fern springing here and there in crevices, as 
well as Wood-Sorrel and many another little flowering weed; — 
and seedling trees, Mountain Ash, Holly, Hazel, or Silver Birch, 
sprouting from the cracks. These little seedling trees may be | 
detected by their stripling-like straightness, where they shoot 
aloft from the aged boughs, two and three—nay, even six, e 
: am told by the woodman—upon one tree, up and up to the ; 
top. Nor are the lodger-trees all striplings. Looking through 
the woodland in the last week of April, while the Oak trees are 
bare of leaf and show their centres, we pass tree after tree, | 
bearing aloft a lodger, stalwart and strong, dark with its cloud 
of Holly leaves, or bright with the new verdure of the Mountain | 
Ash. In the hollow of the crown of the Oak, some ro to 15 ft. 
above the ground—for there only, where moisture lingers, and 
a little soil doubtless is formed from blown dust and leaves 
and fern-root, can real growth be obtained—does the lodger sit, 
stout and strong, reaching up boughs sometimes to a height 
little short of those of its host-tree. Sometimes there are twin- 
lodgers in a tree. 

One Sycamore tree, sound and in its prime, holds both a Hazel _ 
Bush and a Rowan; an Oak carries two stout Hollies ; another 
Oak two stout Hollies and a Rowan. In this last instance the 
size of the lodgers is so surprising that I got the woodman to — 
measure them. Fe 


Girth of main stem where it springs 


from the tap of the oak. Height. 
st Holly i 1o inches co o> Beet: 
2nd Holly ” ae ee 
ehidene 27 ae 


_ th ¢ . ? ; 
branched and top-heavy, that it had split down the oak on one © 
side, and had toppled over. But still it clung to its foothold on the | 
knees of the giant—for there, indeed, it was securely rooted, and ay 
thence it derived nourishment. It lay across, its upper branches 
leaning against the steeply-sloping ground, and was neither — 
vanquished nor dead; it was then (26th April 1896) not only — 
green with leaves, but was preparing a lusty show of flowers. _ 
_ The Oak, smashed though its branches all were, and its trunk 
rent on the side of the ral, lived, too, on the other side, ae 
eet 1899. 


8 Armitt: Trees and Tree-Nesters. 


bravely spread its summer greenery; and the two together, 
inextricably intertwined, made such a confusion of down-leaning 
and up-stretching limbs and boughs and foliage as surely was 
never seen before. The Rowan was later cut out, and now lies, 
dislimbed, a monument of perverted growth. Its main stem, 
at the point a little above where it first cast off its seed-shell, 
and caught hold of the Oak with its little, grasping foot, 
measures over 14 yards round. Immediately above, it branches 
into five large, and almost equal arms; the one arm left 
measures 24 inches round. Immediately below, the main stem 
passes into what must have been a huge buried stem, or root, 


e fall of anarm. The Oak, behind and below, contains 
R. White. 


Old Oak, by 
the two Hollies and the Rowan y tines bed.—From a photograph by Mr. 


of girth little less than the above-ground stem. With this one 
root it seems to have struck down and pierced the heart of the 
Oak, reaching down and down, until it not only (in probability) 
reached the ground, but, swelling ever greater, occupied a 
great part of the Oak trunk, and finally caused its fracture. 
In this fact, the secret of these surprising growths is no doubt 
disclosed, for it is not possible that, seated upon the laps of the 
giants, they should attain the size they do, dependent only on 
the moisture of the air (damp though our woods are) and on the 
fraction of soil in which they first germinate. Their roots 


N aturalist, 


Armitt: Trees and Tree-Nesters. 9 


frequently, no doubt, go down through the Oak to the soil. In 

the instance quoted above, where two Hollies and a Rowan live 
on an Oak, the roots of the Rowan may be detected as certain 
rod-like excrescences, bursting through the bark of the Oak 
near the ground.! 

These lodger trees are no doubt mainly planted by birds. Their 
species almost attest the fact. The berry of the Mountain Ash 
is the favourite food of many birds; and Thrushes—Song and 
Missel—Blackbird, -Bullfinch, and Chaffinch clear the autumn 
crop with avidity. The Finches that, clinging to the tree, pick 
the berry and eat its seed forthwith, can scarcely propagate the 
tree; but the habit of the Thrushes, to carry a whole berry off in 
the beak to eat at leisure, will cause many to be scattered. 

The Holly berry makes the winter sustenance of many birds, 
of Ring Doves, Blackbirds, Thrushes, Fieldfares, and Jays. 
All these birds swallow the berry whole, and straight away; 
but perching as they do on the adjacent Oak tree after their 
feast, many of the rejected seeds must be dropped upon the 
boughs. It has lately been disputed, indeed, that a seed—such 
as the Mistletoe—can germinate after passing through the 
digestive organs of a bird, but this is beyond my knowledge. 
On entering this woodland, after surprising a party of Doves 
that feasted on the Hollies, I have found the ground of the wood 
below the bushes, and below the larger trees on which they have 
rested, literally strewn with bare seeds; and from the clean 
appearance of these seeds, and the masses in which they lay, 
I conjectured that they may have been thrown up by the bird, 
after it has secured the red covering of the seeds, which it 
relishes. If such were the case, the germinating power of the 
seed would not be injured. : 

The Hazel nut is eaten through to its centre by Great Titmouse 
and Squirrel; but the little quadruped, if it stores the nut, must 
sometimes forget where it has laid its treasure; and the bird, 
carrying off the nut as it does, to break on some adjacent hard 
and forked bough, may deposit it ina crack. The Silver Birch, of 
which I have seen only one as a lodger, is manifestly wind-sown. 

The trees of this woodland are naturally haunted by birds. 
Not only do they furnish birds with shelter and with food, but 
with nesting-holes as well. No nesting place is more secure; 
warm, or comfortable than an old, decaying tree. And so this 


This Rowan bore a crop of berries this summer (1898), when the — 


glimmer of their coral red up amongst the Oak leaves made a singular 


limited area, to abound ; 


10 Armitt: Trees and Tree-Nesters. 


belt of woodland has almost an avian character of its own, owing 
to the opportunities it offers to hole-breeding birds. Not only 
do the birds that invariably breed in trees here flourish—the 
Brown Owl, the Tree-Creeper, the Marsh Titmouse, the Pied 
Flycatcher—but birds that elsewhere in Lakeland nest generally 
in walls, such as the Jackdaw, Starling, Great Titmouse, Blue 
Titmouse, and even the Redstart, here revert to a possibly 
pristine habit of tree-nesting. 

n an eight years’ experience in another part of Lakeland, 
I never happened to know of a Blue Titmouse’s nest in other 


than a building-hole ; while the first spring’s acquaintance with 


ws 
SE) 


The nesting Oak, for two ogee of the Pied Flycatcher. The hole is in the boss on the 
left, overshadowed by ivy.—From a photograph by Mr. J. R. White 


this woodland stretch showed, unsought, three nests in holes of 
trees. The Great Titmouse, whose secrets are rarely told, was 
seen to feed its brood in an ancient Holly tree. 
Redstart afforded the long-sought instance 
Out of eleven nests known that season in the 
neighbourhood, nine were in wall-holes 


Even the 
of tree-nesting. 
immediate 
as usual, one in a 


natural pile of stones, and the remaining one was placed in the 
crevice of a pollarded Ash, where Polypody-Fern made green 
shade about the boss. 


As for the Pied Flycatcher, it may be said, upon a very 
and though this area spreads beyond 


Naturalist, 


Armiti: Trees and Tree-Nesters. II 


the woodland stretch above described, the stretch ei 
makes its centre; so that the birds’ numerousness may be 
ascribed to these ancient trees, in which it habitually breeds. 
It loves those little pocket-like holes that are found in the trunk 
of even sound trees—Sycamore, Wych-elm, but generally of 
Oak—that are caused probably by the early loss of a branch ; 
or the larger space of a hollow bough; or those strange, wart- 
like excrescences, when hollow, that are sometimes seen in old © 
trees. These the hen lines with moss, bents, and rotten wood, 
making a deep cushion of such stuff as comes handiest. The 
same hole is frequently used two years at least. 

But numerous as are the nesting-holes to be found in these 
trees, they are not numerous enough for the Pied Flycatcher. 
When the birds have arrived in full force—the old males in the 
last week of April, the young ones along with the hens in the 
first or second weeks of May—there is keen competition for the 
holes left vacant by other birds. The winter residents have 
naturally been first on the ground, and suited themselves ; and, 
indeed, some of them-—the Starling and the Greatand Blue Titmice 
—seem often to take holes that have been already used by the 
Pied Flycatcher, with all the nest-stuff therein. The Starling, in 
fact, I have known to oust the little bird after it was established. 
It is capable, however, of reprisals. In the orchard of Fox 
How, as the owner narrated in the ‘ Spectator’ some years ago, 
the Pied Flycatcher not only turned a pair of Blue Tits from 
their nest-hole, but ee built its own nest on the top of their 
eggs. I have been told of several cases, of double nests in 


Thus it is that, abundant as the Pied Flycatcher is, not all 

the birds that come remain to nest. In affluent years, the males 
_ in May are planted thickly, and sing vociferously ; ; then many, 

either for want of nest-hole or mate, drift away. 
_ The birds come and go, as the summers come and go, leaving 
the old woodland much the same. When it is most beautiful, 
with its sweeps of eases grass, and its mounds of castle-like 
rocks, who shall say ? ey 
_ Inspring, when the fresh green begins to breakforth,andthe = 
Cherry trees are white with blossom, and Oaks first puton the © 
golden-green of flowers and leaves; and birds from far southern — 
lands sport, and mate, and sing, and nest in their branches ; and 
the lake gleams below the trees, and through them, not shut out 
‘yet a the expanded leaves; and the caleentdes cry in the Chae 
above. 


prune 


12 ‘ é Manchester Museum. 


Or, in summer, when the Oaks have settled to their heaviest 
green; and the Green Moths, emerging suddenly in the heat from 
their chrysalids within the folded leaves, hover for the marriage 
dance by thousands—a light and moving cloud—about the 
boughs; and families of birds patrol the wood in gay, glad 
- company—all but the Wood Warbler, that still has a yellow- 
breasted nestful waiting for supplies on the floor of the wood; 
and about the dry, hot grass the dusky brown butterflies flit; and 
the Chaffinch keeps as low, seeking for food where the white 
clover holds within the withering flower a delicious green seed- 
pod, with tiniest of peas therein. 

Or, in autumn, when St. Luke’s summer adds day to day of 
pure, still sunshine; and the Hollies already have brightened 
their berries to scarlet ; and the Oak trees bear yet their summer 
leaves, turned to palest yellow and brown, wanting but a faint 

ze to bring them down in a sudden shower; and the 
changeless dark-leaved Ivy, bushing out in the midst of the 
trees, will not wait for their fall, but opens its myriad blossoms 
to the sun; and the myriad insects that seek them from far, can 
be told by the full-toned hum heard underneath ; and the Robin, 
perched near on a bough, makes low, inward melody of utter 
content. 

Or, in winter, when the great trees are bare and naked, and 
the light is low ; and the Owl snoozes at noon in the ivied Oak, 
and the Buzzard cries loud from the mist; and Holly and 
Ivy together—though one flowered in May and the other in 
early November—offer their fruit to the birds; and the Holm- 
Thrush rattles the smooth, dark leaves as it picks; and the 
Ring Dove crosses to where a crowd of its fellows, with loud- 
fluttering wings, snatch red berries from the prickly-leaved bush; 
and the Gall Fly hops on the sodden ground; and the Field- 
mouse, living hard by in the wall—the daintiest feeder of all— 
leaves at its doorway its refuse of berries, the red husks that 
birds love, and the seed-cases as well, for out of them it clears, 
with the neatest of teeth, the kernel within 

When ? for always the woodland is full “of life, of wonder, 
and of beauty. 


Ret ee 


———— i i 
NOTES AND NEWS. 
have before us the Report of the Manchester Museum for the year 
1897-8, on are p ange to see ogee me vigem +. energy and success with 
Lipa 2 f argh a 
a . ts fice that by the use at =n iohtinge it is expected that the 
n 


may ope on weekday evenings, and thereby its usefulness 
Sopaiderans enhanced 


Naturalist 


13 


THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE AND ITS 
TWELFTH YEAR’S WORK, 1897-8. 


PERCY F. KENDALL, F.G.S., Chairman, 
AND 


J. H. HOWARTH, F.G.S., Hon. Secretary. 


UNREMITTING attention has been devoted to the subject of 
boulders during the year, resulting in returns which are 
described in the report of the Boulder Committee of the British 
Association as ‘a valuable and significant set of records.’ 

The discovery of two large glaciated boulders of chalk near 
Scarborough is of interest, as that point is fully 20 miles to the 
northward of the chalk cliffs of the Yorkshire coast. 

Attention was directed last year to the remarkable fact that 
the Belemnitelle collected from the drift of Holderness belonged 
without exception to the species B. lanceolata, unknown as 
a constituent of the fauna of the Yorkshire chalk, which 
contains instead B. guadrata. This conclusion is fully sustained 
by the work of the past year, and emphasises the well-known 
fact that b/ack flints, which are unknown ‘in the local chalk, are 
found plentifully in the glacial deposits of the Yorkshire coast. 
One such flint, containing a cast of Zchznocorys, is reported 
from the inland station Market Weighton. 

Further valuable work has been done upon the distribution 
of Shap granite, and its sporadic grouping receives a fres 
illustration from the Yorkshire coast. 

Further light is thrown upon the source of the in many 
ways anomalous patch of boulder clay at Balby by the discovery 
in it of three specimens of Eskdale granite. 

Our knowledge of the distribution of erratics of Scandinavian 
origin receives a welcome addition by the observation of a 
second example of the granite from either Angermanland or 
Aland (Sweden) at Easington, and by the recognition of a pebble 
of rhomb-porphyry at Brough. The latter is the first undoubted 
occurrence of a Scandinavian boulder within the line of the 
Chalk Wolds. 

The Committee is also enabled to announce the recognition 
amongst the far-carried erratics of the east coast of England of 
a considerable number of Norwegian rocks from localities which 
were not previously known to have yielded boulders to the 
English drift. 

January 1899. 


- 


ri 


14 Yorkshire Boulder Committee : Its Twelfth Vear's Work. 


The Chairman (Mr. Kendall) spent a month during the 


summer of 1 in Norway between ° Christiania and Christian- 


sand collecting rocks for comparison with the erratics of the 


east coast of England. He brought away a large quantity of 


material illustrating important petrological types, and has now 
distributed about 300 specimens amongst English workers in 
glacial geology, to whom they may be useful. Other sets will 
be lodged in public museums. 

A series of east ‘coast erratic boulders collected by Mr. 


_ J. W. Stather, F.G.S., and Mr. Thomas Sheppard was taken to 


consented to examine them. Professor Brégger’s examination 
was not carried to completion, as the thin sections which should 


_ have accompanied the specimens had gone astray in the post, 


but some rocks were nevertheless singled out by him which 
possessed such marked characteristics as to admit of positive 
identification. 

These determinations are of so much interest and importance 
that it has been thought desirable to publish them in this report 
rather than to wait for a more complete statement. 

The well-known rhomb-porphyries yielded examples from 
the Ringerike, Tonsberg, and Tuft (in the Langendal) districts. 


Brégger found the pyroxenite of Fettvedt, Christianiafjord ; 
a soda syenite from the country north of Christiamia; a basic 


rock from Hitterdal (this is a very pronounced type regarding - 


which Professor Brégger spoke with great confidence); the 
Labradorite-porphyrite of Mos (on the east side of the Skager- 
rack south of Drobak), and rocks from the an, Sai an of 
Drammen 


In gadidan to these there are examples of Labradorite- _ 
porphyrite with porphyritic conspicuously-zoned felspars, which 


is known as an erratic in Norway, but has not been traced 


in situ. 


Finally Professor Brégger recognised three examples of the 
sandstone or grit representing the curious ‘ Sparagmit-con- 
glomerat,’ which covers a vast area in the high mountainous 
interior of Scandinavia northward of Christiania. The speci- 
mens in question may have come from Gudbransdal, about the 
northern part of Lake Mjésen. 


Seas i? PR oS Be eS oe eo 


rats = Z 
ae eS See eee 2 


~ Naturalist, 


<a Et * _ 
Pe ee Cee ee kava 


ee ee 


aaa 


en te 


Yorkshire Boulder Committee : Its Twelfth Year's Work. 15 


A coarse granite collected by Mr. Sheppard, Professor 
Brégger considered to resemble the rocks of Ragunda in 


report, p- tu and which occurs also according to Mr. Crofts at 
Easin gto 
Reported by Mr. W. GREGSON, F.G.S. 
Mount GRAcE Priory, seven miles N.E. of Northallerton. 
1. Shap granite. 24x 12x 10inches. Sub-angular; no striz. 
Reported by Mr. H. SPEIGHT. 
MorecaMBE. On shore near Battery Inn, West End. | 
1. Shap granite. 
mates éy Mr. J. BURTON. 
BALBY, NEAR Donca 
Eskdale granite farce pebbles). 
oe éy Mr. P..F.. KENDALL, F.G.S. 
MARKET WEIGHT 
Nodule of black flint, with eagle vulgaris, in gravel pit 
one mile from town on the road to Holm 


East Ripinc BouLpER CoMMITTEE. 
Reported by Mr. W. H. Crorts, Hull. 
EASINGTON. 

A specimen of Post-Archzean granite from Angermanland 
or Aland. First specimen recognised by Dr. Munthe (see last 
year’s report). 

Reported by Mr J. F. Ropinson, Hull. 
Wassanp, NEAR Hutt. Behind Wassand Hall. 
1. Coarse basalt. 4x 3x24 feet. Sub-angular. 
Reported by Mr. HAROLD SALES, Hull. 
Wittersy, NEAR HORNSEA. 
t the east end of the Hull and Barnsley Railway cutting, 
west ze this village, there is boulder clay 14 or 15 feet in depth 


resting on chalk for some distance, 150 feet above sea level. _ 


The clay, which contains much chalk in small pieces, is blue 
jointed and of the red Hessle type, but distinctly greyer down- 
war 


Ss. 
The following 38 boulders were noted, all of which were 
6 eps and upwards in diameter. : 
6 Carboniferous limestones, striated. 
15 Wpiestons, sy weathered. 


16 Yorkshire Boulder Committee: Its Twelfth Vear’s Work. | 


6 Sandstone, probably carboniferous. 
ocks. 


Also a small eu st rhomb-porphyry 2 x 2 x 1 inches. 
Several specimens of Belemnitella lanceolata (Schloth), a form 
foreign to the Yorkshire chalk ; ey black flints not Yorkshire; — 
lower lias fossils, etc. 


Reported by Mr. THOMAS SHEPPARD, Hull. 
ATWICK. ' 

Red gneiss. 16x 32x 30 inches. Sub-angular. 

Hornblende gneiss. 40% 37 x 27 inches. Rounded. 

Shap granite. 38 x 32 x 28 inches. 

Noter.—All these at the foot of the cliffs. The particulars 
of the last one, together with a specimen, were sent to me by 
Mr. William Morfitt, of Atwick. 

BrouGu. 

Rhomb-porphyry, rounded, 5 inches in diameter; much 
weathered. . In gravel in Mill Hill pit, 100 feet above O.D 

Note.—This is the most westerly point at which this rock 
has been recorded. 

DIMLINGTON (with Messrs. J. W. Stather and W. H. Crofts). 

Augite-syenite. 18 x 15 x 15 inches. Rounded. Jn the 
basement boulder clay at the foot of the cliffs. 

Rhomb-porphyry. 18x 14x14 inches. Rounded. 

Note.—The augite-syenite is one of the largest so far found 
in Britain. It rarely happens that rhomb-porphyry is found of 
the size of the one referred to. 

EASINGTON. 

Shap granite. 12x 10x 8inches. Rounded. 

Rhomb-porphyry. 5%x4x3 inches. Rounded. 

Note.—These were obtained from a heap of boulders which 
had been carried from the beach, and now in Mr. Hewetson’s 
garden. Boulders of all sorts are very common in this village ; 
the church is built of them. In front of Mount Pleasant is a 
_ good selection of boulders and fossils from the beach, including 
granite, gneiss, basalt, rhomb-porphyry, augite-syenite, car- 
Baailecous limestone, ganister, basement carboniferous con- 
glomerate, brockram, magnesian limestone, lias, secondary 
nodule with Crzoceras (? Speeton clay), black and pink flints, etc. 
Horns. 

Shap granite. A pebble found zn the purple boulder clay — 
cliffs about 200 yards N. of the New Parade 


Yorkshire Boulder Committee: [ts Twelfth Vear's Work. 17 


PATRINGTON. 

Hundreds of large boulders, usually well water-worn, all 
over the village as corner-stones, steps, and built into walls. 
Several paths are paved with smaller boulders. They include 

asalt, gneiss, porphyrite, an occasional rhomb-porphyry, car- 
boniferous limestone and sandstone, lias, flint, etc. In a 
probability they are from the beach, although some may be 
from the fields adjacent. 

SKEFFLING. 

Houses and barns, the wall round the church, ete. » are built 
of boulders of the type referred to above. 
WEETON. 

_ Gneiss, basalt, carboniferous limestone, lias, etc., plentiful, 
principally built into walls. Around the pond in the centre of 
the village are several boulders between one and two feet in 
diameter, principally basalts, although lias and carboniferous — 
limestone are represented. Some have a flat surface, though 
no well-defined striz are visible. An old inhabitant says stones 


' are frequently taken from the fields to the village, but the bulk e 


were probably from the beach. 
WELWICK. 

Boulders plentiful here, as might be expected. Paths are 
constructed of beach pebbles and boulders. On the road-side _ 
just S. of the village, close by a stone-heap and now probably 
sina up for road metal. as 

. Basalt. 33x 30x 21 inches 
One side flat, striated, sud almost polished. 


WITHERNSEA. Wire 
Foliated compact blue gneiss. 36x 30x 12 inches, Sub- — 
angular. a f 


-Shap granite, small boulder on the beach. 
Shap granite, larger boulder in a garden near the sSufead iat 

Eagle’ Hotel. Has probably been collected from the beach. -— 
In view of the remark by Mr. J. W. Stather, F.G.S., in’the | 
British Association Report on Erratic Blocks, for (Soy; to the 
effect that the chalk belemnites found in the boulder clays of 
Holderness are of a different type from those which occur in 
the Yorkshire chalk, I recently took advantage of a month’s 


stay on the coast, at Withernsea, to confirm Mr. Stather’s a 


18 Yorkshire Boulder Committee: Its Twelfth Year's Work. 


be referred to B. guadrata, the belemnite common in the 
Yorkshire chalk; they all appear to be of the B. danceolata 
type. This species has not so far been recorded in the chalk of 
this country. I have also had an opportunity of examining 
a series of fairly perfect specimens in the collection of 
Mr. George Miles, of Withernsea, and amongst these examples 
the same fact is noticeable. 

Whilst at Withernsea also I obtained a collection of about 
20 flint casts of echinoderms, usually in d/ack flint. There are 
at least four species, and perhaps five, including Ananchytes, 
Micraster, Discoidea (?), etc. The commonest example resembles 
a small Ananchytes ovatus. Like the belemnites, these flint 
echinoderms have not been found in the Yorkshire chalk; nor 
has the dlack flint, from which they have evidently been derived. 

nding in such profusion of chalk fossils so foreign to 
the neighbouring chalk is very interesting, and opens out new 
problems to solve. 
BOULDERS OBSERVED ON THE EXCURSIONS OF THE 
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION. 
HEXTHORPE FLATS, NEAR DONCASTER. 

Carboniferous limestone (with Hncrinztes). 32 x 25 x g inches. 
Well striated on the top, sub-angular, resting on magnesian 
limestone. 

DIMLINGTON AND EASINGTON. 
ap granites. One pebble and three fairly large boulders ; 
all well rounded. Rhomb-porphyry. 16x 16x 12 inches. 
Reported by Mr. J. W. STATHER, F.G.S. 
ScALBy MILLS, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. 
hen making the new rifle range near here, in September 
1897, the mprtintiny 3 section in boulder clay was visible :— 
Jpper clay (red) ... i 20 feet. 
Lower clay (grey) ... ae ae feet, 


40 feet. 

Of the many hundreds of boulders thrown aside by the work- 
men, from 50 to 75 per cent. were estuarine sandstone from the 
adjacent beds. The remainder consisted of carboniferous rocks, 
whinstone, a few nondescript igneous types, and some secondary 
rocks, among which were two planed and striated boulders of 
chalk, each about 8 feet in diameter. 

Note.—This locality is about 20 miles north of Flamborough 
lead. 


Naturalist, 


Porritt: Colpotaulius inctsus tn Yorkshire. 19 


BuRNISTON, NORTH OF SCARBOROUGH. 

In the bay (1 mile long) between Cromer Point and Long 
Nab, the ecgahi) group of boulders of Shap granite was 
noted in Septem 1897. 

The ~apersbnins hone south of the lane descending from 
Burniston fields 

I. 4X3x3% tee. 

2. 43 x 3 feet. 

3-. 414 X3x 2 feet. 

North of lane. 
4. 114%4x1¥ feet x 8 inches. 
5: 4x33 feet. 
6. 4x 3x 2% feet. 
7. 242x2x1¥% feet. 
8. 3x 2% x 2% feet. 
Also immediately north of Long Nab. 

9. 4144 x 3x 2% feet. 

10. 2144 x 2x 2 feet. 
Half-way between Long Nab and Hundale Point. 

Il, 6X5 x5 feet. 
CLouGHTON, NoRTH OF SCARBOROUGH. 

thin coating of drift covers the rock at the grit quarries 

west of this village. A few foreign pebbles were noted, amongst 
which was a pebble of hard chalk 
HOLDERNEss. 

During the Kilnsea Meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ 
Union, August 1898, three previously unrecorded boulders of 
Shap granite were noted on the beach near Easington; also 
several specimens of Belemnitella lanceolata. 

et 
-NOTE—TRICHOPTERA. 

pe aa Parmpe a ae or das to Yorkshire, etc.— 

On July asth, on August 2oth, Mr. S. L. Mosle aad: A weed 


She: hepley rious 6 an fe age gd literally rape with bulrushes, several 
miles out of Huddersfield. The sweeping net soon ie Colpo- 
e ‘dam,’ an 


sti, 

L. stigma occurred in gre at peolealen whereas, previous to the first visit, 

I had only taken a single specimen in the district. Whilst I was pegs. 
i and s 


- n 
York, with the Rev. C. D, Ash, I rn that Col. incisus was also common 
= ee the he chen, Ca ona — —G. T. PorRITT, chests nae 


: coor 1899. 


Ons ORNEHOLIEY. 


_Sclavonian Grebe in the East Riding.—On 30th November I h 
a aoe male specimen of this bird (Podiceps auritus L.) bro: ught t to me, *t 
had Bee shot on’ flood water ted forty cai from the sea, as the crow 
pa, thes et aie g it [ found the stomach full of its own Body feathers 
‘ and thas elytra of various water beetles.—OxLEy GRABHAM, Heworth, 
bi yes ae cabaae ber 1898. 


destructive to many lo u ast. 
ards (A; nas pices Wandeock (Scolopax rusticola), and a Storm Petrel 
( Procclaria " lagica) were one! hes Ste The latter bird is not at all 
.—H d 


sae 


we had take ; a ot so: 

days later, I found that she had not taken to t em. n exa mination, the 

__whole of the eggs were quite fresh, and there was nothing, so far as incuba~ 
ree ot : ot i 


ever, ¢ 
one laying the full complement of four, another bird three, and the third two. 

‘Itis extremely unlikely that the nest had been added to by a endl hand for 
| @ practical joke, as the place is a very remote one miles from 


_ nearest habitat 
that the keeper had tampered with it z having Lnown bois for some 
he occurrence is so unusual you may deem it sufficiently noteworthy ot 
panier 


day followin ng the one I took the Curlew’s eggs, I found a deserted 
Ligwine ( Vanellus aroma with seven, ee Ie miles from the other 

s had been partly ‘examined,’ rrion Crow Bee ea 
VID nde ELBURN, oc Lodge, Bishop pe A ieees 20th Nov. 1898. 
acular Names of Birds at Skelmanthorpe.— —The ‘Pliowny are 


real ones. ask villi aay. dias so, and s some of the scholars were sur rpr ised to 
_ find that birds which they had ofte red about they had been familiar with 
for years, but under another alee = 

Corn D 


e, ‘Dress Drake.’ Meadow Pipit, ‘Chit Lark.’ 

Night Jar, ‘Gabble Ratch.’ Long-tailed Tit, ‘ Feather Poak,’ 
le i‘ aed s Bitch.’ a ifchaff, ‘Pegg 

Wren, ‘Run Sedge Warbler, * Small Straw.’ 
tects. <Pyaet. : Whinchat, ‘achat.’ 

Starling, ‘Shep Wheatear, W lichat. 

esser Redpole, *‘Chivy Linnet.’ Fieldfare, ‘ Fellferds.’ 

Chaffinch,. ving Missel Thrush, ‘Storm 

x ellowhammer ‘Yoldrin 

"RED. LAwTo! ON, Goaanot: End, i hme sacs Hi near Huddersfield, 8th 
ovember 1 1898. Naturalist. 


BIRD-NOTES FROM THE HUMBER DISTRICT. 


JOHN CORDEAUX, J.P., F.R.G.S., M.B.O.U., 
Great Cotes House, R.S.O., Lincoln; Ex-President of the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire 


Naturalists’ Unions. 


(Continued from ‘The Naturalist’ for August 1898, p. 239.) 


In compiling these notes, I have once more to express my 
indebtedness to my friend, Mr. G. H. Caton-Haigh, of Grainsby 
Hall, for having let me have copies of his notes on the move- 
ment of birds in his district. 

The season in some respects has been remarkable, chiefly 
from its meterological conditions in the absence of high winds 
and storms, the very regular temperature, with fine, dry, and 

r $ com 


small numbers, day by day, but without in any way approaching 
to the great ‘rushes’ so commonly experienced at this season. 
Loxia curvirostra L. Crossbill. A considerable number in 
the Spurn district in August. Mr. Philip Loten had several 
brought to him, both crimson males and orange-green ~ 
females. 


Machetes pugnax (L.). Ruff and Reeve. Mr. Haigh saw 


Ruffs and four Reeves in the bed of an old creek. hese, 
which were very unsuspicious of our presence, were wading | 
amongst sedges in shallow water searching for food. In _ 
the same place were Mallard, Teal, Shoveler, Coot and _ 
Waterhens, Common Sandpiper, Dunlin, about ten couples a 
of Snipe, Heron, and some scores of Reed and Sedge © 
Warblers. These creeks are strictly preserved and kept e 
very quiet, hence the abundance of bird life. 
Alcedo ispida L. Kingfisher. 1st September. Mr. Haigh © 
saw one at North Cotes sluice outfall. I have seen many 
during the autumn, and they have been unusually plentiful — 
in drains, streams, and ponds all over the low-lying districts 
of North Lincolnshire. < 
Podicipes cristatus (L.). Great Crested Grebe. 5th Sept. _ 
Mr. Haigh saw five in splendid plumage on the sea between 
Donna Nook and Saltfleet Haven. Also on the same day 
many thousands of Scoters. 
j Jena i 


a3 Cordeaux: Bird-Notes from the Humber District. 


Hydrochelidon nigra (L.). Black Tern. 5th September. E. 
Seen on coast. This Tern is a regular autumn migrant, 
although it can hardly be considered common. 

Sylvia nisoria (Bechstein). Barred Warbler. 5th Sept. E. 
since morning of 4th. Mr. Haigh shot an immature female 
close to the coast, amongst some brambles, at North 
Cotes. This makes the fifth example in fifteen years in 
the Humber district, namely, four in Eastern Yorkshire 
and one now in Lincolnshire. 

Phalaropus hyperboreus (L.). Red-necked Phalarope. 7th 
Sept. One was shot by Mr. Haigh in a creek at Tetney. 

Turtur communis Selby. Turtle Dove. This is now quite 
an established species in North Lincolnshire. On 7th Sept. 
about a score were left in the sea plantation at Tetney. 


Throughout September the weather continued remarkably 
still and fine—quite a second summer. The smaller immigrants 
came in continually in small numbers. The various movements 
are best shown by the following notes from Mr. Haigh’s diary. 

gth Sept. S.W., light wind, hot. Whitethroats numerous. 
Willow-Wren, Redstart, Sedge-Warblers, Blue Tits; a few 
Yellow Wagtails, 20 to 30 in one hundred acres. Meadow 
Pipits abundant. 

12th Sept. W., light, fine. Whitethroats numerous. Two 
Redstarts, a Willow icc, Yellow Wagtails (about twenty). 
One Little Stint and several Curlew Sandpipers. 

14th Sept. W., light, fine. Whitethroats still common. One 
Redstart, a few Blue Tits. Some Blackbirds and Thrushes. 

15th Sept. E., light, fine. Wheatears very abundant. 

16th Sept. E.S.E., fresh. Whitethroats scarcer. A few 
Blue Tits, Redstarts, Thrush, Wheatears, Pied and Yellow 
Wagtails, and several Pied Flycatchers. 

17th Sept. E.S.E., fresh. Pied Flycatchers fairly numerous. 
Several Redstarts, very few Whitethroats. | Thrushes, 
Robins, Pied Wagtail, Meadow Pipits, Wheatears, and 
Kestrels. 

22nd Sept. N., light and fine. Redstart, Whitethroat, 
Whinchat, many Meadow Pipits, several Golden Plover, 
and Curlew-Sandpiper. 

26th Sept. S.W. One Turtle Dove in park at Grainsby. 

28th Sept. W., fresh. Redstart, Sedge Warbler, Goldcrest, 


Naturalist, 


ordeaux: Bird-Notes from the Humber District. 23 


and Reed Bunting; several Robins and Thrushes; a few 
Mistletoe Thrushes. Shot two couples of Jack Snipe, and 
saw a few Common and Curlew Sandpipers. 

The most interesting items are the Pied Flycatchers on the 

16th and 17th. 

13th Sept. When on the Yorkshire coast to-day, with Mr. 
Hedley, of Haileybury College, we saw and _ identified 
Gannet, Arctic and Common Terns, Guillemot, Red-throated 
Diver, Cormorant, Grey Geese, Scoter, various Ducks, 
Gulls (of three or four species), many Skuas, Oyster- 
catchers, and Sanderlings. 

Numenius arquata (L.). Curlew. Common in September 
and October on pasture lands in the river marshes. They 
are called here ‘ Harvest’ Curlew, from coming at the time 
of corn cutting. 

Limosa lapponica (L.). Bar-tailed Godwit. 14th September. 
First observed on the foreshore. It has been a most 
abundant species during the autumn, and very numerous 
on the Yorkshire coast and the Spurn muds. There are 
no Curlew-Sandpiper or Little Stint recorded from the 
Spurn district. 

Lusciniola schwarzi (Radde). Radde’s Bush Warbler. At 
the meeting on 19th October of the British Ornithologists’ 
Club in London, Mr. Haigh exhibited an example of this 
East Siberian species, which, after much careful watching, 
he obtained on 1st October from a hedge at North Cotes, 
near the coast. Mr. Haigh was first attracted by the very 
peculiar and loud note of the bird, which he said was equal 
to that of one several times the size, and it is curious that 
the Russian Godlewski makes mention of the same fact. 
L. schwarst has hitherto not been recognised west of Tomsk — 
in Eastern Siberia, so that its occurrence in the Humber 
district is the more remarkable. The bird will shortly be 
figured and described in the ‘Ibis.’ 

Anser cinereus Meyer. Grey-lag Goose. toth October. A 
solitary Grey-lag shot by Mr. Haigh on the coast to-day ts 
the most handsome I have seen. The plumage is particularly 
clear and bright, specially so the lavender-grey rump an 
wing coverts. The under parts are much mottled with 
black. Bill like wax, the nail white, the rest pinky-yellow, 
legs and feet delicate flesh colour, irides brown, orbital-ring 
red. Grey Geese are more numerous this season than 

January 1899. : 


f 24 Cordeaux: Bird-Notes from the Humber District. 


usual, to judge by the flights which from time to time pass ‘. 
between the coast and the high wolds, 

| Cygnus musicus Bechstein. Whooper. 6th October. E. 
Mr. Haigh shot an adult on the coast at North Cotes this 
evening. This is a very ay date for the Wild Swan to 
appear. 

Gallinago ceelestis (Frenzel). Common sara 1st October. 
First flight of foreign immigrants. 

Gallinago gallinula (L.). Jack re came in about the same 
date. 

Vanellus vulgaris Bechstein. Lipwies: tst Oct. Mr. Haigh 
reports Green Plover at North Cotes passing all day till 
after 5 p.m. to N.W. At Easington on the 15th I observed 
many coming in from the East. At Great Cotes on the 
18th almost continuous flights from the East. On 2nd 
December, W., very strong, | saw an immense concourse 
of Lapwing in a pasture near the Humber. The birds were 
sitting very close together and with their heads towards the 

wind. This field is thirty-two acres, and one-third of the 
area was densely covered. I do not think there could be 
less than 30,000 to 35,000, and these figures are less than 
the estimate I formed at the time. An old marsh shepherd 
said he had never in his life seen so many ‘ Pyewipe’ together. 
I believe the whole body of birds were immigrants, and 
probably had just come in, 

Anthus obscurus (Latham). Rock Pipit. 6th October. “Mr. 
Haigh writes: ‘ Dozens on the ‘‘ fitties” at Tetney to-day.’ 

Parus ater L. Coal Tit. 6th October. One which I saw in 
a standard rose in the garden is undoubtedly referable to 
the continental form, having a pure slate-grey upper back 
and no trace of brownish as in P. brifannicus in winter. — 
I watched it for some minutes at a few feet distance. 
Many Coal Tits appeared in the Easington gardens early 
in October, but only remained a few hours. e 

 Mabaios cristatus K.L.Koch. Gold-crested Wren. 6th 

ct. E., light, cloudy. Scores of these tiny immigrants 

in the sea hedges at North Cotes. In the Spurn district 
immense numbers during the first fortnight in the month, 
and especially so on the 15th, as I observed between 
Easington and Kilnsea. The wind S.S.E. and very strong. 
There has been no such arrival of Gold-crested Wren since oe 
the memorable i invasion on 14th and 15th Ontiet 1892. 


Naturalist, a@ 


Cordeaux: Bird-Notes from the Humber District. 25 


eo: rubecula (L.). Robin. Great numbers both in 
Ea orkshire and Lincolnshire at the same times as the 
nti i and scarcely second to these were the 

Hedge Sparrows, Accentor modularis (L.). 

Sylvia atricapilla (L.). Blackcap. 6th October. An adult 

male was got at North Cotes by Mr. Haigh. The Black- 
cap, although not common on migration, occurs later in 
the year than any other of the warblers. 

Turdinz. With the single exception of the Ring-Ouzel, all the 
Thrushes have been largely represented—the hedges, 
copses, and turnip fields swarming with Mistletoe Thrushes, 
the Song Thrush, and Blackbird, but the Thrushes much in 
excess. Later came Redwing and Fieldfare. The Mistletoe 
Thrushes arrived from early in September; Blackbirds and 
Thrushes from the middle of the month; Redwings early 
in October; and Fieldfares from the 14th. On 3rd 
December, from 2.30 to 3.30 p.m., large flights of the latter 
were crossing this parish (Great Cotes) from N. to S., flying 
at a great height, but readily identified by their constantly 
repeated calls of yack-chuck-chuck. Comparatively few 
Ring-Ouzels have been observed either in East Yorkshire or 

Lincolnshire. ‘ 

Dendrocopus major (L.)._ Great Spotted Woodpecker. 12th 
ober. A boy brought to Mr. Haigh a young bird of 
this species which he had found dead on the seabank. 

Corvus cornix L. Hooded Crow. 7th October one, on roth 
and 12th a few—has been scarcer in October, but increasing 
in November to the end of the month, when the main body 
arrived. Amongst these last arrivals were a few of those 
very light-coloured birds, in which the smoke-grey is 
inclined to white. [See ‘ Naturalist,’ 1896, p. 7 

Rooks, Starlings, and Larks. 14th to 24th October. A large 
daily immigration from E. to W. On the 14th Mr. Haigh 


has a note from North Cotes: ‘ Starlings in, clouds.” On 


the 18th, when driving in the Humber marshes, I saw an 
enormous flock, probably just come in. They spread across 
the road in a black mass, sitting very closely, and extending 
right and left. for some distance into the adjoining fields. 
On rising, the noise of their wings was as the roar of many 
waters, and so dense was the throng that, although I tried _ 


my best, I could see nothing through or beyond them, The — .. 


whole of the vast assembly took off to ap: north-west. 


ears 1899: 


26 Cordeaux: Bird-Notes from the Humber. District. 


Hirundo rustica L. Swallow. 16th October. Several this 
afternoon were hawking over the pond at Easington. 
Mr. Haigh saw a single Sand Martin in his park at 
Grainsby on the rit 

Scolopax rusticula L. Woodcock. 15th and 17th October. 
S.S.E., S.E., E.; heavy sea. First flight Yorkshire coast. 
Four Woodcocks shot in or about Easington gardens were 
all in high condition, two of them remarkably fat, heavy 
birds. In each case the notch-like markings on the outer 
web of first primary were nearly lost, so I judged them old 
birds. It is curious how persistent is the error, even 
amongst sportsmen, that Woodcocks on their first arrival 
are in poor condition; I have invariably found the opposite. 

Fringilla montifringilla L. Brambling. 14th October. 
Mr. Haigh saw one at North Cotes. There was a flock 
on some stubbles near the sea at Easington on the 17th. 

Acanthis cannabina (L.). Linnet. 15th October. Thousands 

e coast between Easington and Kilnsea. 

Lanius excubitor L. Great Grey Shrike. I have notes of 
four having been seen, two of these being on Kilnsea 
warren 

Phalevoiics ye orlon (L.). Grey Phalarope. 4th November. 
On shot at Easington. Another in the Lincolnshire 
Batehee about the middle of October. 

Passer montanus (L.). Tree Sparrow. 6th November. 
A considerable immigration about this date at Great Cotes. 

Columba palumbus L. Ringdove. 7th November. There 
is a young bird in a purple beech near the house which is 
regularly fed by the parents. 

Porzana maruetta (Leach). Spotted Crake. 1oth November. 
One shot near Easington and taken to Mr. Philip Loten. 

Ruticilla titys hace eek Black Redstart. 11th November. 

ne shot near Easington and taken to Mr. Loten. 

Otocorys Maptsiote (L.). Shore Lark. Fairly common in the 
Spurn district in October and November. 

Besides those birds which appear in the list there has been 

a marked increase in the number of Great and Blue Tits and 
the Common Wren in the hedgerows of the coast districts, 
suggestive of migratory movements either local or from the 
continent. So far I have not seen any Snow Bunting. There 
are large flocks of immigrant Greenfinches and Chaffinches in 
the stubbles. 


“Naturalist, 


NEW BRITISH FUNGI 
FOUND IN WEST YORKSHIRE. 


H. T. SOPPITT anv C. CROSSLAND, 
Halifax. 


Barlea modesta (Karst.), Karsten, Mon. Pez. Fenn., p. 122; 
Karst. Myc. Fenn., I., p. 64; Cooke’s Mycogr., f. 33; Sacc., 
Syl., VIII., n. 426.  Sessilis, subgregaria, planiuscula, vix 
marginata, sicca decolorata et lutescens (in statu vivo subauran- 
tiaca-lutea ni fallor); ascis cylindraceis; sporidiis sphzroideis, 
papilloso-asperulis, uniguttulatis, 18-20 diam.; paraphysibus 
apicem versus incrassatis. 

Hab. in sabulosis in Fennia.—Ascoma. 1-2 mm. lat. (Sacc. 
Lc}. 

Among hepatics on sandy soil, bank of stream, Wade 
Wood, Luddenden Dean, near Halifax, T. W. Woodhead, 
October 1898. Distinguished among the British species of 
Barlea by its larger size and spine-clad spores. Our specimens 
were 2-3 mm. diameter. 

Humaria rubens Boud., Bull. de la Société Mycologique 
de France, 1896, p. 13, Tab. III., fig. 1. British specimens 
were first found by James Needham growing among moss on 
wall top, Nut Clough, Hebden Bridge, Oct. 1896. Mr. Needham 
also succeeded in collecting more of it among moss on the 
ground in Crimsworth Dean, near Hebden Bridge, 4th June 
1898. The Nut Clough specimens were identified by Mr. G. 
Massee, F.R.M.S., of the Royal Herbarium, Kew. M. Boudier’s 
Original description not being accessible to us at the moment ot 
writing, we give a few notes taken from the specimens we first 
examined, which may enable local students to recognise this 
species from other small red Pezizze 

Ascophore sessile, 1-14 lines across, gregarious or scattered, 
dingy orange-scarlet, glabrous, rather fleshy, flesh 14 of a line 
thick, at first hemispherical, then expanded, disc almost plane, 
margin entire, cells of excipulum oblong-elliptic, 30-40 x 20-25 p, 
smaller towards hymenium and cortex, sparingly intermixed 
with strings of irregularly swollen, septate hyphe of much 
less diameter, cortical cells 8-10 », subglobose, giving rise 
near the base to short hyaline, septate hyphe 5-6, thick; 
asci cylindrical, 260-290 x 16 », apex rounded, spores when 
mature occupy about 3/;,,, of the space; spores 8, obliquely — 


uniseriate, broadly elliptical, smooth, 16-18 x 12-14 p, uniguttu- 


January 1899. 


48. _ Soppitt and Crossland: New British Fungi. 


late, gutte large, rarely two smaller; paraphyses septate, apex 

oe sae 8-9 p thick, filled with orange granules, 4 p thick below. 

In the Crimsworth Dean specimens the ascophores were 

2 lines across, disc bright-orange-scarlet ; asci 200-210 x 15-16 p; 
spores 18-19 x 13-14 » 

This species has a similar habit to Barl@a Crouani (Cooke), 
viz., that of growing embedded in moss, and may easily be 
taken for it by pocket-lens examination if not carefully looked 
at. B. Crouanz, however, when mature and in good condition, 
has a thin, pale, well-defined, entire or slightly-jagged margin 
which distinguishes it from this one. 

sangre nae ite on Sacc., Syl., VIII. n. 550; Peszsa deerata 
_.Karst., Mon., p. bs Hetil Pedrottis Bresadola: Pseudom- 

Sephile Pedrottit (Bres. ) Boudier 

On decaying flax-lining of a Seasteaut hearth-rug. Pecket 
Wood, near Hebden Bridge, June 1897, J. Needham. 

_ The specimens were very abundant. The growth of the 
hymenium in this species is remarkably luxuriant ; concave at 
first, prominently convex when mature, sometimes wrinkled and 


projecting tips of asci which impart to it when partially dry 


a finely pruinose appearance. The exterior is radially streaked 
with thin, closely adpressed lines of brown, septate, thin-walled, 
flexuous hyphe, 80-120 x 4-5 », with upper cell almost hyaline, 
apex rounded. The excipulum is composed of densely inter- 
woven, hyaline, curly, branched hyphz, 4-6» thick, these give 


place at the cortex to rotund-polygonal, ochrey-brown cells, 
10-24 » diam., from which spring the lines of brown hyphe. : 


Our spore diameters are 14-16x8-gp (Karsten’s 10-14 x 7-8). 
_ The spores occupy about half the ascus; paraphyses often 
- branched. Well developed ascophores bear a strong external 
resemblance to sessile forms of Ombrophila clavus, while the 
internal structure, with the exception of the broadly-elliptical 


Spores, approaches A/olléstza. Boudier founded a new genus, | 


_ Pseudombrophitla, on Bresadola’s species. | Massee considers 
this to be a Moll ; ae 
Mollisia pteriditsh Karst. Myc. Fenn.; 1, p.- 194} Saceiy: 


Syl, VIII. n. 1446; Subgregaria, sessilis, concava v. concavi- 


uscula, nag pallido- umbrina, margine subcrenulato inequali, 
0°2-0°4 mm. lat; ascis cylindraceo-clavatis, 35-45 X 4-5 p», obtur- 
aculo, ai ito jodo obsolete czrulescente; sporidiis elongatis 
vy. aciculari-elongatis, rectis, vulgo guttulatis, 5-10 X 1-2 p. 

Hab. ad stipites Pteridis aquilinze vetustos in 
Aboensi Fenniz Shee. c.) 


_ Verrucose. These strize are simple or branched, are ica Be 


Soppitt and Crossland: New British Fungi. 29 


On decaying fern stems, High Greenwood, Heptonstall, May 
1897. The exterior in our specimens is minutely reticulated with 
black ridges. 

Ascobolus Leveillei Boud., Mém. sur les Ascoboles, p. 35,. 
t. VII., f. 16; Sacc., Syl., VIII., n. 2153. Minutus, congestus, 
bruntsus, extus opacus et minutissime furfuraceus, 1 mm. lat.,. 


phheultormis: semimmersus; ascis longissime exsertis, aaple 


clavatis, 180 x 30, octosporis ; sporidiis distichis obtuse ellip- 
soideis, hyalinis, dein brunneis, 25- 27 x 16, pines leviter 
reticulato ; paraphysibus filiformibus, apice vix incrassatis 
in stercore equino prope Paris Galliz et in GGaveaniies 
Ascis gelatina sulphurea interposita longe exsilientibus facile 
distincta species. Asci jodo coerulescent, episporium violascit. 
eG. 16) 


In immense numbers on horse dung, Copley, near Halifax, 
November 1898. Easily known by its small size, colour, densely 
gregarious habit, and especially by its smooth spores. In — 
our specimens the excipulum is parenchymatous, cortical cells 
rotund-polygonal, 15-20 » diam. ; asci 140-160 x 28-30; spores 
occupying nearly all the space, epispore to all appearance per- 
crimes smooth; Seas ge Joe cylindrical, 3°5 » thick, apex not 


' thicken 


A aieihe olus (Sphzridiobolus) Crosslandi Boudier, Bulletin 
de la Société Mycologique de fe tome XIV., 3° Fascicule, 
Pp. 126-127. ‘ Minutis,o mm. 50 usque et 1 mm. $0; luteo-virens, 
glaber marginatus, sporis striatis, "perfect sphericis, violaceis. 
Receptacula extus glabra aut vix minute furfuracea, primo 
rotundata, dein hemispherica, posteaque expansa, luteo-virentia, 
margine irregulariter dentato, hymenio pro more thecis maturis 
nigro punctato; paraphysis septate, ad apicem incrassate 


_ 6-10 w crass, et ut thece gelatina lutea immerse ;_ thece 
_ Octosporee, late clavate, ad basim paululum attenuatz, 170-200 p 


jonge, 25 circiter late ; spore perfecte globose, pulcher et 
intense violacee, dein fuscescentes, striate, 16-18 p crasse. 
Halifax, Anglia, Nov. 1897. Ad stercus caninum.’ (loc. cit.) 


* 


Boudier adds: ‘This pretty species is above all remark- 


able for the entirely spherical shape and lovely violet colour of - 


its spores. It comes under my genus Spheeridiobolus, based | 
upon the Ascobolus hyperboreus of Karsten, which is distinguished 
from this by the paler colour of its spores. Now, in the species 
I am describing their stria and their deep colour make them so 
nearly like the “typical Ascobolz that one can really only class 
them separately as a sub-genus. In fact the spores, although _ 
Perfectly round, are equally a beautiful violet, striate and not 


~ 


oceania 
Sacc roe 


30 Soppitt and Crossland: New British Fungi. 


tudinal and form by their direction two distinct poles. The 
ascophores are nearly glabrous, with the margin a little 
crenulate. The colour is uniformly that of the true Ascobole, 
viz., a greenish yellow, a little darker on the hymenium, as is 
common in this genus, being spotted with black by the pro- 
truding asci filled with ripe spores.’ 

Salterhebble, near Halifax, October and November 1897. 

Several fully expanded ascophores measured 2 mm. across. 
sa ee of asci were 130-170 x 16-20 #, and. spores 
cal cells sub-globose, 16-24 » diam. Ascophores 

when 


ry- 

ties granulospermus sp.n. Receptacula sparse 
aggregat rminutz, 0°3-0°5 mm. lata, sessilia, carnea, 
glabra, finda hites: fuseescentia in statu  siccitatis, primum 
subglobosa, demum expansa, diseo plano, nigro-punctato cum 
ascis projectentibus; ascis late clavatis vel cylindrico-clavatis, 
100-110 X 35 #, subito angustatis in pediculus brevibus ad basin, 
apicibus rotundatis incrassatisque; spores 8, ellipticus, polis 
obtusis, primum hyalinis et levibus, tum roseo-lilacinis, demum 
violaceis et subfuscescentibus, granulis minutis, 20-22 x 9-10 p, 
sacculo oblongo intra membraneum proprium inclusis; paraphy- 
sibus simplicibus vel ramosis, septatis, luteis, apicibus clavatis, 
curvatis, lat 6 » (4 p infra). 

Hab. in fimo bovino, Harewood, near Leeds, September 
1898, Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Fungus Foray. 

Distinguished more especially by the finely granular epispore 
and the markedly curved apices of the paraphyses. The 8 spores 
are grouped in four pairs in two series as in S. Kerverni (Crouan), 
to which this closely approaches. In all the other species of the 
genus they are arranged in two rows consisting of three spores 
placed end to end, and one row of two laid on the juncture. 
The ascophores bear an external resemblance to S. Kervernz with 
the exception of being a little darker, but differ in the spores 
being rather smaller and finely granulose, and not the least 
fusoid or wrinkled. 


EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. 


Figs. 1-8, Mumaria deerata Karst.; fig. 1-4, ascophores and 2g of do. x 5 dia- 
meters ; fig. 5, ascus, spores, and ig ses; fig. 6, excipulum cells a, cortical cells ; 
fig. 8, hyphz ; figs. 58 x 350 diameters. Fig: S- £33) Ascobolus Cro. Sede B ; fig. 
ascophores and section x 5 diameters ; fig. , Spores ind paraphyses X 350 diameters ; 
fig. Te ona cells x 350 diameters ; + fig. I es pone {after Boudier) x se diame —_ Niet 

ee fig. 14, ascop! — x 5-6 diameters; fig. 
5 diameters fig es and paraphyses x 350 dlameters ; fe. or " JP eos 
icf. 18-21, Mollisia pteridine Taras: fig. x petite a res in different —— oF 
come pir section X 15 meters ; fig. 1 ascus, pire and paraphyses x 350 dia- 
meters; fig. 20, spores x indef. ; fig. 21, pore on of ascophore showing the " guberesliade 
margin < indef. All from nature except the pag spores after Boudier. 


“Naturalist, c 


Se ey 


Soppitt and Crossland: New British Fungt. 31 


C. CROSSLAND, pew 


January 1899. 


Fas z 


pee ee Short “Notes : Lepidoptera and Mammalia. 


_in a wood near e killed a rabbit nf pus cuniculus), which had been 
driven out of a Sl by ‘a ferr On examination, both upper an 
_ lower incisors were found to be curiously malformed. ae A ones 
project rhs the lower jaw, ‘but slightly -acchboghge and are sed a 
length of 20mm. The upper ones fea e gto 5 etn sonia round fag copes 
lip and have ae points buried in the fur. As seque of this 
‘ornamentation’ the r possessor fet the ental eanasites 4 was not in 


NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA. 

-_Orthotelia sparganiella near sage ine tr ec PN sollectian with 
me at Shepley Mill Dam, 2oth August, ae S. L. Mosley secured severa 
specimens of this ad ddition to the fis f West Yorkshire ea 
G. T. Porritt, Crosland Hall, Ha ‘Mdetatield’ pee November 8. 

Xylophasia hehe rate at Laren ee insect eae years 
ago seems to hav n fairly common in a r Huddersfield, but of 
late years has s one a een. Thi eg ear i was widely distr mation 

over the district, "ait I took ite even in my own garden.—GEo. T. PORRIT 
Huddersfield, 4th November 1898. 
i? 
NOTES—MAMMALIA. 

Curious ee in Teeth of Rabbit.—Last Nebo: a keeper 

it (Le 


€ poo ese 
the best conclition, Sine ot gh about six months old.—E. G, BayForD, 
noobversd 23rd November 1898. 

inds in ‘Ribbiesdale, —At Horton, eben speeding towards 


the Scottish border by Settle and Carlisle, will have noticed on the opposite ee 
of the valley to where Penyghent holds vigil the igh southern scars 4 
ughton, ted, as it were, by débri e ries above, f 
which at this point are w dat altitude of 1,6 above, sea level, a 
e upper beds of limestone resting ur upturned Silurian slates, which 4 
present an interesting geological object — At the north en this ‘ 
quarry during s e action of blz g the face of rock disclosed = 
the presen ye ted k b wards 0 “i 
yards in length, the height at the entrance being about 15 feet. 4 
Quarrying has been carried on here for some time, so that the mouth 
of the present cave will be upwards of 65 yards from the face of the former 
cliff edge. Evidence, however, seems to show that at some remote period 
sc aimee: sisi y opened to the former face of rock, and followed 

a 5 course, along which workmen found, in quarrying, 

caves, th e- earth not having altogether filled up 

e mouth of the present cave a number of bones were 

ontains 14 bones referable to ee aC ee 

mur, Bear (Ursus ferox); 2, tibia, fragm ea 

.s , Bear; ibia, Bear; got young, 

one tooth, Bear; 11, rib of Wolf (Canzs lupus); 

Fox (Canis oie I ra sang lapagretrs a it, Volf : 


2, 3 T 20. i 
Wie nr ese big 4 ae 4, Horse; Nos, 8, 22; and 28). 3 


and 32, —. 
Both co ieadty eve $y Mr. Wm. E. Hoyle, M.A., of | 

the Owens Colleg: a Monee Manchester, who will retain oa T conectiaas 
hat museum, 


At present the cave is blocked by débri Upon its removal, no doubt 
further Ee cipiation will reveal additio ak. evidence of the life that once 
peptone during nh hoes otic cye mee of time when tropical forests covered 

Ww the perfect peace of nature reigns. 


er Re OL NES, ea eT MPa ASHEN sy SR REC OIE Ee ORE ORS AR 
a : : aN I Coho) cA pa age na * : F 7 


33 
_ BIRD-NOTES FROM THE HUMBER DISTRICT. 


JOHN CORDEAUX, J.P., F.R.G.S., M.B.O.U., 


Great Cotes House, R.S.O., Lincoln; Ex-Pres alent ahs the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire 
Naturalists’ Un 


(Continued from ‘The Naturalist’ for January 1899, p. 26.) 
Mr. Haicu forwards further notes from 28th October to 
16th November 1898 

28th October. S., light, fine. Many flocks of Rooks. 
Jackdaws also in some of the flocks. Thrushes, Black- 
birds, and Redwings numerous. Large flocks of House 
Sparrows near the sea-bank. Several Kestrels and a 
Merlin, also clouds of Knot on the coast. 

gist October. S.W., strong, showery.  Landrail shot. 
Many Thrushes in turnips and one Brambling seen. 

2nd November. S., gale, rain. At North Cotes, a few 
Tree-Sparrows, Bramblings, Blue-Tits, Fieldfare, and 
many Yellow-Hammers. 

3rd November. W., strong, fine. Large flocks of House 
Sparrows and a few Tree Sparrows, Rooks, and Larks 
coming in at North Cotes. In the hedges Blue-Tits, 
Chaffinches, Mistletoe Thrushes, Song Thrushes, and Red- 
wings. One or two Sparrow Hawks. 

4th November. S.W., strong. A Grey Wagtail at Grainsby. 

7th November. S.E., light. Lapwings and Fieldfare going 
South. One Woodcock seen, and a Long-eared Owl flushed 
from a ditch. 

8th November. S.E., light. A. few flocks of Lapwing to 
the South, also Larks. Found the feathers of a Short- 
eared Owl on sea-bank. Large flocks of House Sparrows. 

toth November. S.E., light, fine, fog. Some Fieldfares, 
Blackbirds, Yellow - Hammers, Reed Buntings, and_ 
Chaffinches fairly numerous. 

16th November. S., light, foggy. Still some Blackbirds and 
a few flocks of Lapwing; one Goldcrest at Marchchapel on 
sea-bank. Fieldfares coming in continuously all day until 

_ dark in parties of from two or three to fifty. They appeared 
tired and hungry, as many dropped in the fields close to the 
sea-bank and commenced feeding. Shot a female Pintail 
at Tetney at flight time. 


February 1899. : ss c 


t 


34°. "Cordeaux: Bird-Notes from the Humber District. 


Turdus pilaris. Fieldfare. Turdus iliacus. Redwing. 
22nd December. Before and after this date I noticed 
extraordinary numbers of both these at Great Cotes—-flocks 

_ frequently passing over at a great height. Our large old 
hedge-rows swarmed with them, the attraction being 
the heavy crop of haws, which were quickly eaten. 6th 

January 1899. Still very numerous both on arable and 

grass lands in the marshes. 

Cranus musicus Bechstein. Whooper. 18th Dec. Four, 

o old and two young, seen near Easington, and sub- 
sequently a ‘herd’ of thirty-two off the coast there. 
Immense ee of Duck also came into the river about 
this time 

One of fs light-keepers at the Spurn, Mr. W. J. Counter, 

a most excellent observer, sends notes of the remarkable 

immigration there between 7th November and 22nd December. 

7th November. S,O.4. About one hundred birds, chiefly 
small, flying around the light. 

1oth November. A large flock of Knot to the South. 

12th November. S,O.M.D. Starlings, Redwings, Knot, 
Lapwing, Larks flying round light and some striking. 

13th November. The same as on the rath, including a few 
Sanderlings and one Gull. 

15th November. Several Blackbirds and Starlings. 

16th November. A large number of birds numbering several 
hundreds flying around the light, and a great number 
striking. Knot predominated and also Starlings. The 
various birds striking and observed were as follows, viz. :— 
Grey, Golden, Green, and Plover Knot, Woodcock, Oyster- 
catchers, Curlews, Gulls, Larks, Fieldfares, Redwings, 
Stints, suai 54h Blackbirds, Snipe, also two Stormy 
Petrel . 

17th Novembes Repetition of the 16th, but not striking the 
light so much. Three more Petrel killed. About five 
hundred birds were killed and captured these two nights. 
The wind being from the Southward and Westward, very 
dark and at times very thick. 

19th November. Flock of Redcaps [Goldfinch] observed 
amongst the dunes. 


Sais, and Redwings. SW,O. and very dar tS 


20th November. A few birds flying round light, Sandestings, 2 


Cordeaux: Bird-Notes from the Humber District. 3% 


23rd November, a.m. Two Lapwings struck the lantern 
heavily, and were dashed to pieces. 

24th November. Two Woodcock shot on dunes, and one 
Snipe against lantern. 

11th December. Flock of Snow Buntings flying about [This 
is the first notice I have of Snow Buntings in the present 
season.—J. C.]. Since this very numerous. 

12th December, 3 a.m. WSW,O. _ Blackbird struck lantern 
and killed. 

13th December, 9.30 p.m. Lark. 

14th December. Several Crows to South. 

15th December. Very large flock of Knot to South.  Star- 
ling and Snipe killed at lantern. 

_ 17th December. Several Starlings, Larks, and Snow Bunt- 

ings around the light 

19th December. A large number of Crows to South. 

- 22nd December. <A few Crows to South. 

Plectrophenax nivalis (L.). Snow Bunting. 6th Jan. 1899. 
A few on the unploughed stubbles and grass lands, but are 
altogether in much less numbers than in other years. 

Linota linaria (L.). Mealy Redpoll. 30th December. Two 
shot at Skeffling, Holderness, and taken to Mr. Loten. 

Larus minutus Pall. Little Gull. One in the immature dress 
was shot in the early autumn on the coast near Grimsby. 
This is the only example I have seen during the season. 

Mr. Thomas O. Hall sends the following notes from | the 

Flamborough Lighthouse :~ 

“On Sunday, 14th Asirigk at noon, I saw the first Rooks, 
about thirty, but no more till 12th October, when the immigra- 
tion commenced and continued till the end of the first week in 

December. The first Goldcrests came on 21st October, and 

they continued for at least five weeks, but in a straggling 

manner. At the same time, I have never seen so many since 

I left the Farne Islands. On 25th and 26th October there was 

a flight of Golden Plover. Redwings and Fieldfare on two 

nights, but not in any quantity; still, more than for the last 

three years.’ 

Columba palumbus Linn. Ringdove. 11th-12th December 


(night of gale). Mr. Haigh writes :—‘‘ Great many came _ - 


in, shot twenty in an hour, and young Peregrine in error as 
the light was so bad.’ 
eo 
‘ February 1899. 


LAKELAND BIRD-NAMES. 


Miss MARY L. ARMITT, 
Ambleside, Westmorland. 


Loca. bird-names—especially such as are dying out—are only 
slowly acquired by the stranger, and the few following are 
all I have met with that belong properly to Lakeland :— 

Redstart. ‘Jennie Redtail.’ 

Fieldfare. ‘Feldfar’ or ‘Fieldfaw.’ Redwing. ‘ Redbreast.’ 

Wren. ‘Chittie,’ also (less known) ‘Chittaway Wren.’ 

Willow-Warbler. ‘Miller-thumb.’ Nightjar. ‘Night-hawk.’ 

Whitethroat. ‘Peggy Whitethroat.’ Magpie* ‘ Pyat.’ 

Starling. ‘Shepster.’ Lapwing. ‘Tewit.’ 

Woodpigeon. ‘Cushat.’ Chaffinch. ‘Spink.’ 

Long-tailed Titmouse. ee ae ‘Magpie.’ 

Swift. ‘ Deviling’—pronounced ‘ Dievi 

Tree-Creeper.. ‘ Woodpecker.’ 

Dipper. : aoe Douker.’ This is universal, and no other 
name is know 

Grey W ee eee Wagtail.” Applied only to the 
wagtail ‘about the becks. 

Ring-Ouzel. i Creiticcostin® Probably a native pronun- 
ciation of Crag-Ouzel. 

There is also the ‘Crag-hawk,’ apparently the Kestrel. 


few—‘ Strawsmar,’ pronounced ‘Stréasmer,’ which, from the 
description given by a farmer from Grizedale, in Lancashire, 
appears to apply to the Garden-Warbler; and ‘Scobbie,’ 
for the Chaffinch. This latter name, furnished me by a 
friend, was confirmed by a very old woman, who spoke of 
it having been in general use in Cumberland when she was 
a child. It is known also in Wray, by Windermere, I am told. 
Besides the Titlark and the Skylark, there is a bird called 
the ‘Ground Lark,’ of uncertain definition. I fear it is not 


the Tree Pipit, though it would be satisfactory to prove it so, 


and to know that a bird so abundant on the fell-slopes, and so 
generous of its beautiful strains, has not been left unrecognised 
and unnamed by the people. 

The Goldfinch, once much more numerous than now, has 
a name, ‘Pear-tree Flinch,’ from the Pear tree, like the 
Sycamore, being a favourite nesting-tree with it. 


have found ‘Stone-check,’ pronounced ‘Stéan-check,’ 


applied to both Wheatear and Whinchat, though by different men. 


Naturalist, _ 


is Soe de prt! 


%, 
oe 
s 


PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 
TO THE LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION. 
DELIVERED 9TH NOVEMBER 1897. 


Rev. Canon W. W. FOWLER, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., 


Lincoln. 


ALTHOUGH as far as the number of members is concerned the 
Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union remains in almost the same 
position as last year, evidence is not wanting that the interest in 
the Union and in the natural history of the county generally is 


developments. One thing, however, becomes more and more 
plain, and that is, that if the Union is to be settled upon a firm 
basis it requires a resting place and a home for the results of its 
work, and for the results of the work of past and future 
generations of naturalists and antiquaries who have belonged 
to the county. In short, if Lincolnshire is to rank with other 
counties in scientific matters, as it is eminently fitted to do, 
a county museum, in the widest sense of the term, becomes an 
imperative necessity. Much has been already done, and much 
more perhaps may be done by utilising the rooms in Lincoln 
Castle, which have been kindly lent by the County Committee ; 
but the rooms at present in use are rather regarded as store 
rooms than as an actual museum. There is no guarantee, 
people think, that things will be taken care of and preserved, 
and few therefore are willing to send valuable specimens whic 

would come in in large quantities if a fitting museum were 
founded. The Union hoped much from the kindness of the late 
Mr. Ruston, who, as an honorary member of the Museum 
_ Committee, expressed himself as very favourable to the estab- 
lishment of a museum, but his recent much-regretted death 
obliges us to wait until help comes from some other quarter. 
Meanwhile a most important matter has come to the front and 
calls for immediate action. Mrs. Cross, widow of the late 
Canon Cross, has offered her husband’s transit and probably his 
equatorial telescopes, which are very valuable instruments, to 
the city of Lincoln on condition that a suitable observatory for 
their reception is provided by June 1899; it will surely be 
a disgrace to the county of Sir Isaac Newton if, through want of 
Proper accommodation, these instruments are allowed to go to 


February 1899. 


38 Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 


a small town in the North of England which has already asked 
to have them, if they are not sent elsewhere. 

During the past year (1897) there have been four excursions. 
The first of these was to Scotton Common, near Gainsborough 
in June, its chief object being to allow members to view the 
large gullery on the Common; apart from the gulls, a large 
number of good birds (including the Sheldrake, Redshank, etc.) 
was observed, as well as many rare plants, and a very enjoyable 
day was spent, thanks to the arrangements made by Mr. F 
_ Burton and others. On 1st August (Bank Holiday) a large 
party (including a contingent of 29 from Louth) met at Tetford 
and Holbeck, and on 26th August a very successful meeting 


was held at Wyberton Marsh, near Boston, for the purpose of 


investigating the foreshore of the Was In connection with | 
these excursions the Rev. A. B. Skipworth and Mr. W. Lane- 
Claypon and the Rev. J. Conway Walter deserve the best 
thanks of the Union, the two former for their kind hospitality, 
and the latter for his services as guide to the Holbeck party. 
The fourth and last excursion took place on Thursday, 
30th September, when a fungus foray was held in the woods 
of Linwood, admission to which was kindly allowed by Colonel 
Gordon; under the able guidance of Mr. Lewington a very 


large number of fungi were found, and no less than 54 were Re 


named by the Rev. W. Fowler, of Liversedge, who freely 
placed his extensive mycological Pgs tics 2 at the service of ~ 
the party. 

Mr. Cordeaux has kindly supplied me with a few notes 
regarding rare birds which have appeared this year in Lincoln-_ 
shire ; and while speaking of birds it is pleasant to hear that 
the Nightingale has extended its range. The year before last 


birds have not been recorded as nesting in the eastern counties. 
On 24th May an example of Savi’s Warbler was seen by 
Mr. Cordeaux in Great Cotes marshes. On 28th July, Mr. 
Cordeaux and Mr. Peacock heard the Great Reed Warbler — 
calling from the reed bed in Madam’s Creek, near Tetney. The — 
loud notes of this bird had attracted the attention of men a 
working in the vicinity, and subsequently the bird was seen. 
It remained in the neighbourhood for s>me weeks altogether. 


“Naturalist, 


Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 39 


Only about four previous occurrences are on record for Great 
Britain. On 18th September about seventy Pink-footed Geese 


About fourteen have been recorded in the ‘Field’ (2nd October, 
p. 537) as arriving on the Yorkshire Wolds on oth September, 
which is the earliest record for Yorkshire. 

A considerable amount of work has been done at the insects 
of the county by the Rev. A. Thornley and Mr. J. Eardley 
Mason: The former has a list in manuscript of no less than 
goo species of Coleoptera recorded from the county, which will 
be a most valuable addition to our knowledge when published. 
No particularly rare species have been recorded with the excep- 
tion of Monochammus sartor F., a large longicorn, found in a 
house in Lincoln. The records for Britain are few, but for my 
own part I believe that it is not indigenous, but is invariably 
imported in the larval state. Last year I commented on the 
rare appearance of the Large Heath Butterfly (Zpinephele 


ttthonus) in Lincolnshire, but I have since found that in certain 


localities it is not uncommon. I am very glad to know that the 
Diptera and Hemiptera are also receiving a share of attention 
from Mr. Thornley and Mr. Mason, as these orders are usually 


nt : 

and Nottinghamshire Diptera, the material a which has been 

supplied by Mr. Thornley. 

I do not feel in any way competent to speak of the botany 

of the county, especially as we have two botanists in the Union, 
the Rev. E. Adrian Woodruffe-Peacock and the Rev. W. Fowler, 

who are second to none in their knowledge of British botany. 

Mr. Peacock, however, informs me that the following are the 

best species that have been found among the phanerogams :— 


a Jiliforme L. from both North and South Lincolnshire, Sa/cx 
undulata Ehr. from Great Cotes, and Euphorbia portlandica L. 


| Thalictrum collinum Wallr. from the Isle of Axholme, Zrifolium — oe 


i from Skegness. The latter has been growing at Skegness for nee 


years, but was first recorded this year by Mr. F. A, Lees 

In my last address I spoke at some length on the question 
of the importance of economic entomology, which cannot well 
be over-estimated in an agricultural county like Lincolnshire, 
and I alluded to the work of Mr. J. Eardley Mason. Mr. Mason, 
whom we are all very glad to see again working among us, has — 
kindly furnished me with the following notes on insect pests © 
February Sop, : 


40 Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 


during the current year, which cannot fail to be interesting to 


(Diplosis destructor L.), but that Corn Aphis (Szphonophora) was 
prevalent, and the damage caused by its absorbing part of the 
sap on the way to the ears was shown by the dwarfing of 
the individual grains. The Wheat Midge (Cectdomyia triticr 
Kirby) was answerable for about an average amount of injury. 
_ Feeding within the glumes the maggots, where three or more 
are present, distort and shrivel the grain, and in some cases, 
ere numerous, destroy it. The injury caused by these two 
pests is readily disbuigtished from the complete abortion of the 
grain due to non-fertilisation, of which there has been too much 
this year. This is probably due to a few frosty nights at flower- 
ing time. The Wheat Sawfly (Cephus pygmaeus Curt.) was not 
noticed, and barley suffered very little from gout, the bulging 
unemerged ears, the work of the Ribbon-footed or Gout Corn 
Fly (Chlorops teniopus Curt.) being very rarely seen. A few 
Hessian Flies made their appearance rather late, but practically 
no damage was done by this or the preceding species. Oats 
had about the usual number of side shoots occupied by the larva 
of Oscinis frit L. or an allied species. In spite of the dry 
weather nothing was noticed of the presence of the usual moth 
larve (Mamestra, Agrotis, etc.) in the young turnips just thicken- 
ing for the bulb. This report is certainly an encouraging one, 
and bears out my opinion that the scares regarding these 
pests are, except so far as concerns the particular season, quite 
unjustifiable. The Hessian Fly, for instance, is always with us, 
and has probably never been introduced at all; it is only at 
times that it becomes very destructive, and soperbanty at long 
intervals; hence the scare about ten years ago when it was 
thought to be a new plague altogether and the last straw 
that would break the farmer’s back. This irregularity of appear- 
ance in large numbers is common to many insects. In the 
case of harmless species like the Clouded Yellow Butterfly it 
simply rouses curiosity and admiration, but in the case of 
noxious insects it immediately causes a panic. Perhaps the 
worst of all these panics was the one created by the appearance 
of the Colorado Potato Beetle in America some twenty years 
ago; we have heard very little about it since, but when the 
favourable circumstances for its enormous. multiplication again 
occur history will repeat itself. 


“Naturalist, 


Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 41 


It is the privilege of a President in his address to wander 
somewhat from his special subject and to be allowed a certain 
license of generalisation, if I may so call it, and such a privilege 
is certainly a good thing for his hearers, for a man is too apt to 
think that his hearers know as much of his special subject as he 
himself does, and to burden them, as I have been often burdened 
myself, with the ‘sesquipedalia verba’ of a technicality that is 
meaningless to the uninitiated. 1 would therefore say a few 


rule, t 
up to contempt and reprobation, but unless he is wantonly 
destructive, there is very much to be said for him; in the first 
place he gets an infinite amount of harmless enjoyment ; there is 
no pleasure greater than that of a keen collector who steals 
a half or a whole day to visit some historical locality which 
he has not explored before, and who finds his expectations more 
than realised, unless it be that of a collector who unexpectedly 
strikes a new locality for himself, and comes away with his box, 
bottle, or vasculum filled with good species which he knows will 
be a delight for some time to come to himself and his friends. 
I say to ‘his friends’ advisedly, for the collector who will not 
share his treasures nor part with them except on the rule of 
a strict quid pro quo, and who, moreover, is always keeping his 
localities a dead secret (except strictly in the interests of science 
to prevent extermination) is no true naturalist but only a mere 
huckster; we are told that it is ‘by mutual confidence and 
mutual aid’ that ‘great deeds are done and great discoveries 
made,’ and nowhere is this more true than in the field of Natural 
History: the field is a vast one and only a small corner can 
be explored by one individual, but it is a field in which the 
very humblest may do good work, and where the greatest 
workers are necessarily dependent on the most obscure; 
observers, systematists, and generalisers owe a very great 
debt, as Darwin himself would have been the first to allow, to 
individual collectors over limited areas, through whom many of 
the most important facts on which they frame their inductions, 
have over and over again been brought to light. At the same 
time to rest as a mere collector, to collect for the sake of filling 


deprecated ; it is much the same with these as with certain 
Febery in 7 


' 
42 Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 


microscopists I have come across who spent all their energies in 
finding out ‘how to work with higher objectives than their 
friends, and who are perfectly happy and contented if they have 

resolved out a few lines on a diatom which a friend’s microscope 
Fe icesiiately refuses to reveal; of course, a collector in the strictest 
sense of the term must to a certain extent be an observer: he 
must observe localities and habitats and seasons of capture if 
‘nothing else, and if he will only keep a record of these he will 
have done much; but even this is often neglected, and there- 
fore I would put in a strong plea for more observation and more 
keeping of accurate records of all kinds. Gilbert White’s work 


was not of a very solid or wide description, but he observed 


such facts as were within his reach intelligently and accurately, 
and recorded them intelligibly and pleasantly, and so earned 
for himself a reputation that appears to increase rather than 
diminish as time goes on. Now observations of any kind 
are most valuable, but as in simple collecting one group 


regard to observations; some may work at life histories, 

most interesting and much neglected study, others at 
structure, others at Saribouce including migration, while 
others again content themselves with classification; there is, 


however, one subject, or rather group of subjects, which I think — 


has a particular charm for the ordinary observer, and that is the 


question of protection and mimicry in nature, and the allied — 


questions of warning colours, recognition markings, and other 
correlated matters; there are some people who think that the 
observers in these branches go too far and see too much; but 
granting this to a certain extent, yet the main facts carry con- 
viction to anyone who can put two and two together. Take for 
_ instance a branch on which a large number of the caterpillars of 
the Geometridz are feeding; an uninitiated observer would 
probably not see one, even if he looked closely, so exact is their 


_ resemblance to the small twigs of the tree on which they are 


resting: and then observe a hawthorn hedge covered with the 
scarlet black and white caterpillars of the Gold Tip Moth 
(Porthesia similts Fuess.) flaunting themselves in the sun. - What 


is the reason of the difference? Evidently that one is edible 
and needs protection, and that the other is distasteful and ~ 


requires to be made as conspicuous as possible in order to avoid 


accidental injury by would-be devourers. Many of our British 
moths are closely protected by their likeness to the rocks or tree 


trunks on which they rest; some have protective upper wings 


Naturalist, 


ae 


; allies, the back is furnished with several hairy tussocks or his : 


Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 43 


but very brightly-coloured under wings, as their names Scarlet 
Underwings or Yellow Underwings imply. I have watched the 
large Scarlet -Underwing (Cavtocala nupia L.) flying among 
willows on the banks of a stream, a flash of scarlet followed by 
a total disappearance, so exactly do the upper wings resemble 
the trunk on which it settles. What, however, is the reason 
of the brilliant scarlet? Probably, as Professor Poulton, who 
has studied the subject very thoroughly, writes to me, its use is 
to draw the attention of an enemy to a non-vital part. This 
appears to be proved by the frequent chipping of the wings at 
their margins ; the bird makes a dash at the most attractive 


F 


Herald Moth (Gonoptera libatrix L.) and the Centre Barred 
Sallow (Cirrhedia xerampelina L.) and its allies, are also pro- 
tected by their close resemblance to dead leaves; others, again, 
like the Buff-tip (Phalera bucephala L.) and the Sharks (Cucudlia) 
when at rest are just like broken pieces of wood or splinters, 
while others again, e.g., Abraxas sylvata Scop., closely resemble 
the droppings of birds from a height on to leaves; and so we 
may carry the question through the whole animal kingdom, 
remembering that environment must always be taken into 


ings that it is scarcely visible to a novice at a comparatively 
Short distance, even though clearly in sight to an expert; 
and as we thus observe we are carried on to further fields. _ 
What animals are better protected by colour than the Rabbit 
and the Hare? Why then has the Rabbit a conspicuous © 
white tail and the Hare black ears? In the Rabbit it is plainly 
a recognition marking for the young ones to follow and so | 
be guided to safety, and it is probably much the same with _ 
the black ears of the Hare, although in this case it is not so 
obvious. 

We have alluded to warning colours, and we find as a rule 
that brightly-coloured larve or reptiles are distasteful to birds, =~ 
lizards, etc. This distastefulness is often heightened by external 
hairs, unpleasant secretions, and warning attitudes. In the 
Hop Dog, the caterpillar of the Pale Tussock Moth (Dasychira 
pudibunda L.), and in some of the Vapourer Moths and their — 


February 1899. 


44 Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 


humps of hairs which easily come out. They are the parts first 
seized by an enemy, and the unpleasant mouthful is usually 
sufficient to prevent a second attempt. The Squirrel’s bushy 
tail is probably on much the same principle. An enemy in 
pursuit would most likely make a grab at the large tail and get 
simply a mouthful of hair for its pains. 

If we pursue the subject further we get to variable pro- 
tection, a most interesting branch of the subject, and to the 
great question of mimicry. The latter differs from protective 
resemblance by the fact that it deals with the imitation of living 
things, whereas protective resemblance is confined, strictly 
speaking, to a likeness to inanimate objects. The best instances 
of mimicry are found in tropical countries, but in our own 
country we have the Clear-wing Moths closely resembling 
Wasps and Hornets, and so being protected; and the Hawk- 
like appearance of the Common Cuckoo must have struck most 
of us. 

e is, in fact, no limit to this most fascinating field of 


observation. ften we may make mistakes, but these very 
mistakes lead to corrections and open up new side-paths o 
knowledge. Nor t we, in the end, forget the important 


bearing that even the least of these facts has upon the great 
question of natural selection and of evolution generally. Our 
ideas regarding these have been considerably modified of late 
years. The term evolution has been applied to so many 
sciences, not to speak of ethics and theology, and in so many 
connotations, that it has almost ceased to have any definite 
meaning and has become too often a mere catch-word. At the 
same time there are vast truths underlying it. We must indeed 
allow that the old system of teleology or ww causes was to 


a great extent done away with by the ory of natural 
selection, tard one can for long be an Zbl in the 
we have been pactine without feeling convinced that this 


theory simply shifted the point of view and opened up to us 
teleology of a far greater and deeper character. I am afraid 
that I have conisldeealy digressed from county natural history, 
but I hope that you will forgive me, and, in conclusion, I should 
like to say that, since I wrote the greater part of my address, 
a new society has been formed in Lincoln under the title of the 
Lincoln Scientific Society, which we hope may grow into a 
County Association, and, as a sectional society for home work 
and the reading of papers, supplement the excellent field work 
of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union 


Naturalist, 


45 
EXTRACTS FROM A CONCHOLOGIST’S NOTEBOOK. — 


WILLIAM NELSON, M.C.S., 
Crossgates, Leeds; Hon. Sec., Leeds Conchological Club. 


3-—TO WISTOW AND CAWOOD FOR LIMN42A GLABRA, 


At the beginning of 1887, having been told by my friend, 
Mr. J. W. Taylor, of a locality at Bishop Wood for this local 
species where he had obtained several years before, I deter- 
mined on an examination of the district to search for it, and 
during the first week in May I started for Bishop Wood, via 
Hambleton. 1 stayed a little time to examine the broad — 
Stream or dyke and obtained specimens of Spherium cor- 
neum, Bythinia tentaculata, Valvata piscinalis, Planorbts albus, 
P. vortex, P. carinatus, P. umbilicatus, Physa fontinalis, Limnea 
peregra and L. truncatula. Having left here and gone towards 
the wood, I could not but notice the daisy-spreckled banks, and 
here I saw my first butterfly of the season, a hybernated speci- 
men of the Small Tortoiseshell (Vanessa urtice). Ina ditch here 
I found a few specimens of Physa hypnorum, Planorbis spirorbis, 
and Limnea truncatula, but I searched in vain for a pond where, 
about 1859, I was wont to get specimens of the Water Violet 
(Hottonia palustris) for my aquarium; I suppose since that time 
it has been filled up. I again joined the path, and in a drain 
near obtained Limnaa peregra and L. truncatula, both rather 
large. The former were very fragile and, though J brought 
a good many away, I scarcely got a perfect example home. In 
a pond near to the farm I obtained additional sia of 
Physa hypnorum, Planorbis spirorbis, Limnea per and 
L. truncatula. Having passed through the farmy rs gid road 
skirts the wood, which at the time was bright with Primroses 
(Primula vulgaris), and here again I saw some butterflies 
flitting about, and which from their size and manner of flight, 
I concluded were the Small White (Pieris rapa). 1 then turned 
into the road that runs through the wood to examine the ditch 
On each side of the road, but I failed to find any shells. I spent 
considerable time at this place, because I understood it was here 
where Mr. Taylor found the species I was in search of. I left 
very reluctantly, and gave up all hope of finding my favourite 
Species of Zimnea. 1 then retraced my steps into the road 
again, and proceeded till I came to a ditch near Scalm Park. 
February 1899, _ 


ng 46 Nelson: Extracts From a Conchologist’s Notebook. 


Here I found Physa hypnorum, Planorbis spirorbis, Limnea 
; 6 igh and ZL. palustris. Proceeding further along the road, 
I came to a number of small ponds, which are situated close 
py. to the cross roads here. The first pond I searched yielded no 
molluscs; the next one I examined had an abundance of 
_ Planorbis sptrorbts and Limnea palustris, the latter being very 
small examples. ter a time, in another part of the same 
pond I began to find Physa hypnorum, and at length was 
_ rewarded by a specimen of Limne@a glabra, and after a diligent 
search I obtained two or three additional examples. I then 
left this pond and tried another, which yielded a goodly number 
‘of Limnea glabra and L. truncatula. 1 may here remark that 
the Z. glabra were small and slender, and many of them were 
possessed of a thickened rib just within the aperture of the 
shell. These ponds and part of the ground round seem to 
@ me, from some of the plants which still survive, to have been 
a common until a comparatively recent time. 
Having reached a small stream that crosses the road near 
_ Wistow, I examined it, but only found Limnea peregra. 
Passing through the village of Wistow, I turned towards 
Cawood, and in a ditch near the latter village I found Physa 
 Aypnorum, Planorbis spirorbis, and Limnea glabra, the latter 
a being of a different form altogether fon those gathered at 
the cross roads between Wistow and Scalm Park, being lecee 
and proportionately broader. 
ving passed the village maypole, | went alongside a 
dried-up canal in front of the castle and noticed skeletons of 
Eels (Anguilla sp.) lying on the soft mud. Arriving: at 
Bishopdyke, I turned to the left and had for some miles a very 
unpleasant walk. The dyke was undergoing the process of 
_ being deepened and widened ; the mud which formed was piled 
up on the roadside which runs alongside the dyke; this gave off 
_ an unsavoury smell, but amongst the drying mud I obtained 
well-preserved specimens of Limne@a peregra, L. auricularta, 
L. stagnalis, L. palustris, Planorbis carinatus, and P. corneus, 
which, from their long burial in the mud had acquired quite a 
sub-fossilised appearance. 
I 


specimens of Limnea auritcularia, and should be pleased to hear 
if any readers have so obtained it. Having passed Biggin, 
which laid to the right, I turned to the left and pop an some 


a place called Manor Garth. Here I got ‘cna of Planorbis 
Naturalist, 


i 


should like here to remark that I have not met with recent : 


ponds, which had evidently at one time bee moat, at 


ae 


> February 


Book Notices. AT 


spirorbis, P. umbilicatus, Limnea peregra, and L. palustris. 
One of the latter had the body whorl ornamented by white 
bands due to an absence of epidermis, evidently caused by some 
injury sustained by the mantle. Crossing a number of fields, 
I searched the railway line and walked alongside it to the 
station, where I found I should have to wait some time for 
a train; so I partly retraced my steps and went into Gas- 
coigne Wood, where I noticed many Primroses and also some 
unusually gaudily-coloured flowers of Amemone nemorosa and 
Oxalis acetosella. 1 left here in time to get the train and arrived 
home at about half-past vin rs well tired. The day was a most 


ta p 
summer’s day. n addition to this, I had been successful 
beyond my most sanguine expectations. To find two fresh 
habitats in one day for Zimnea glabra is a feat that is not 
very often accomplished. 

[Read before the Leeds Conchological Club, roth December 1898.] 
i 


BOOK NOTICES. 


We lately received the ninth edition of ‘ Skertchly’s Geology,’ by 


James Monckman, D.Sc. Lond. It is a small 8vo. volume in cloth, and 
forms one.of Murby’s Science and Art Department series of Text-Books. 
eine” We eee 
From Cd Pes Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals we 
have receiv reprint, ve ry large quarto, of a paper on ‘The Wa igi: 
Mutilation of Animals,’ by George Fleming, C.B., etc., in which ea 


and tail cropping in dogs, ear-cropping and slitting and tail-docking in | 
ho 


o be 
te pet are numerous ilustrations of hoieen showing the 


From Canon A. M. Norman we have receiv ed a further instalment of — 
Ww 


ti ns 
which are contained in his splendid collections. The ee instalment : 


includes No. % Bikes nicata; 10, Sternaspis, Gephyrea, and Phoronis; 11, 


Annelida polych a, and ne Ccelenterata. We have only recently received 
it, ee it boas date at the end of the preface 18th November 1897. 
———_0-o—_— 


An int eresting little book now lying before us is one by Edith Carring- 
ton, entitled ‘ The Farmer and the Birds,’ which has a preface by 
Canon Tristram. The book is published by Messrs. George Bell & Sons, 

; It j 


summer workers, workers all the year, and slandered workers, while a 
brief and succinct patches of the Law about Birds closes the little volume, — 
CNet ee ed 

1899. 


cae 


fie 


48 
FOOD AS INFLUENCING VA VARIATION IN HELICES. 


JOHN HAWK = oes NS, 


For the past four seasons I have i. ciade a few notes respecting 
the forms and colours of Snails feeding on various plants. 

I find that the Black Horehound (allota nigra) generally 
produces the Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis of a very dark 

rown or nearly blac 
e Epilobtum isan or Great Willow-Herb produces 
the same shells very large and of a beautiful yellow colour. 
ave always found the best examples of var. /:lacina 
feeding on the Ground Ivy (Nepeta glechoma), while Jack-by- 
the-Hedge (Szsymbrium alliarza) nearly always produces very 
fine var. rubella. 

The Common Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) seems to be the 
favourite food-plant for the var. castanea of H. hortensts, and 
the same may be said of var. hyalosonata and the Pastinaca 
sativa. 

The Common Nettle (Uréca sp.) supplies most of the five- 
banded varieties, and on the Coltsfoot or Cleat (Zusszlago 
Jarfara) | found 32 white examples out of 46 A. nemoralis. 

e Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) supplies food for H. seen 
and H. hortensis, which are principally of pale colour 

When at Castle Howard last summer I noticed a large bed 
of Knapweed cee nigra) which had n all its 
foliage eaten off by a white variety of Helzx virgata, and 
a short distance off the same Snail was feeding on the Plantage, 
and were nearly all very darkly banded. 

I also found that the Helzx aspersa fed on the Burdock 
(Arctium lappa) are much lighter in colour than those fed on the 
Heracleum spondylium, while some which feed on the Common 
Ivy (Hedera helix) are quite a bright red colour. 

he Common Vetch (Vrcta sativa) seems to produce the 
minor varieties. I have seldom found A. hortensis on this plant 
larger than 17. virgata. 


PRESIDE Pin ce eReA RTE 
NOTE—ORTHOPTERA. 

Periplaneta aeeparniage at sid rn ral months ago, Mr. S. L. 
Mosley showed me rie mens of this * Cackroash which had been 
sent to him by s BL allidaye and bee =n found in considerable num- 
bers ina Dehaene at S ibden, Halifax. It is only a few years since the 
species was first noticed in Britain, and like our other representatives of t 
genus, — d through importation, but it s to be spreading 


Bag 


hin the country, though this, I believe, is its first observed occurrence in 
north.—GEo. T. poner Crosland Hall, Huddersfield, 18th Jane ee 


DIATOMS OBSERVED AT HATFIELD WEST MOOR, 
NEAR DONCASTER. 


J. NEWTON COOMBE, 
ee 


WITH LIST oF pa arte case FOUND. 


¥: NEWTON COOMBE | AND M.'H. STILES. 


Ir the members of the various sections represented at the 


Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Doncaster excursion, in May last, 


had been able to prolong their explorations on that occasion to 


that many of them would have been rewarded, as I was, by 
results which the labours of a single day, however patient and 
persevering, could not possibly have brought to light. Although 
the list of the Diatomacez published in the programme as 
having being found in the West Moor waters was, thanks to 
Mr. Stiles’ researches, by no means a meagre one, I was pleased 
to be able to confirm his belief that it was far from exhausting 
the number of species of these fascinating shell plants which 
flourish there. I give below the names of Diatoms which I was 
able to identify as occurring at least twice in the samples which 
I examined from about a dozen tubes. 

These gatherings consisted chiefly of flocculent matter which 
the sun’s rays, liberating the oxygen of the Diatoms inhabiting 
it, had caused to rise from the bottoms of the ditches to the 
surface of the niet forming that well-known yellowish-brown 
scum so leasing the eyes of the diatomists. Decaying 
portions of ponte T tates also furnished: good material for the 
habitat of several of the more common species. The letters 
eB and R? placed after sacihe species indicate that it was 

ptt ‘frequent’ or ‘rare’ in the gathering, as the case 
might be. 

The most interesting features in my ‘find’ were (1) the 
number of filaments of A/elosra varians containing megafrustules 
newly formed from the diminutive parent frustule to which they 
were attached, (2) the numerous instances of conjugation taking 

ace among Cyméella cistula Hempr. (NoTE—That, contrary to 


the opinion of Dr. Miquel and other diatomists, conjugation — 


does actually occur in the case of this species, is proved by 
February 1 1899. _ D 


50 Coombe and Stiles: Diatoms at Hatfield West Moor. 


photomicrographs I have taken from other gatherings showing 
the emerging and intermingling of the protoplasmic contents of 


process), and (3) the frequent occurrence of long crooked 
frustules of Synedra, evidently newly born and requiring a series 
of sub-divisions to enable them to regain the symmetry of the 
parent frustule. (NOTE. Pda. and repeated examinations 
of several so-called ‘varieties’ of species among the Diatoms 
have convinced me that in the plastic condition in which the 
megafrustules emerge from the valves of the parent frustules 
they are liable to become silicified in a mis-shapen condition and. 
that, while undergoing the subsequent subdivision necessary 
to bring about the symmetrical form of the parent, they are 
frequently mistaken for new varieties.) 

I may mention that one of the West Moor gatherings con- 
tained some interesting specimens of the well-known alga 
Zygnema, in conjugation, and that among the Desmids which 
were mixed with the Diatoms I came across Closterium strto- 
latum, C. lunula, C. setaceum Ehrb., Euastrum oblongum and 
Staurastrum dejectum, the first named being the most common. 
Mr. Stiles also noticed Closterium ros/ratum and Cosmartum 
pyramidatum. 

The following is a list of the Diatoms found in the neigh- 
bourhood of West Moor, Doncaster, by Messrs. J. N. Coombe 
and M. H. Stiles :— 


Amphora ovalis Kutz. (R.). Navicula limosa Kutz. (F.). 
ree ra ovalis var. pediculus Navicula limosa var. acuta (F.). 
<)s Navicula exilis Grun. (C.). 
beecae lanceolata Ehr. (F.). Navicula iridis Ehr, (R.). 
Cymbella gastroides Kutz. (R.). Navicula peregrina Kutz. (R.) 
Cymbella cistula Hempr. (F.). Navicula Serians Breb. (R.) 
Cymbella cuspidata var. naviculi- Navicula humilis Donk. (C.) 
rmis Auersw. (R.). Navicula reinhardtii Grun. (C.). 


Encyonema ccespitosum Kutz. (R.). Navicula latiuscula Kutz. (?). 
Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr. (F.). Amphipleura pellucida Kutz. (F.). 


Stauroneis gracilis Eh * Pleurosig tenuatum W.Sm.(F.) 
Stauroneis anceps Ehr. (R.). Pleurosigma spencerii W.Sm. (F.) 
Navicula viridis Kutz. (F.) Gomphonema acuminatum Ehr. (F.). 
Navicula major Kutz. (R.) Gomphonema constrictum Ehr. (F.) 
Navicula oblonga Kutz. (F.) Gomphonema intricatum ae (F.). 
Navicula amphisboena Bory (R.). Rhoicosphenia curvata Grun. (F.). 
vavicula cuspidata Kutz. (R.). Achnanthes exilis Kutz 2, 
Navicula semen Eh Cocconeis placentula Ehr. (F.) 
Navicula elliptica Kutz. (R. ys Cocconeis pediculus Ehr. (F.). 
Navicula radiosa Kutz. (C.). Epithemia turgida Kutz. (R. -)e 


‘Naturalist, 


- ac sites 
ah elt 
—, el 


eee Short Notes. 51 


Epithemia sorex Kutz. (R Denticula tenuis Kutz. 

Epithemia gibba Kutz. (R. ; Tabellaria flocculosa Roth, (F.). ~ 
hemia zebra Ehr. (R.) Surirella ovalis Breb. ( 

Eunotia lunaris Grun. (R.). tzschia linearis W.Sm. (F.) 

Eunotia pectinalis var. ventricosa Nitzschia dubia W.Sm. (R.). 

Grun, Nitzschia sigmoid hr. (C.). 
Eunotia eiaicaths Rab. (F.). Nitzschia fasciculata Grun. (R.). 
Eunotia arcus var. minor Ehr. (R.). Nitzschia acicularis W.Sm. (R.). 
Synedra radians Grun: (C.). Melosira varians Ag. (C.). 

Synedra ulna Ehr. (F.) Cyclotella kutzingiana Chauvin A i 
Synedra uln \ qualis (R.) Cmatopleura elliptica W.Sm 
Synedra hapa Ebr. (G:}. Cymatopleura solea W.Sm. (F ge 
Fragilaria capucina Desi (C..). Diatoma elongatum Ag. (C. ). ‘ 
Meridion circulare Ag. (R be: Colletonema lacustre Ag. (R.). 
N ya TRICHOPTERA. 

ae So ennis in Derbyshire.—On_ igth tober last, 
fr See. took several specimens of this species a Lathkildale, 
near Bakev oa "The sites other British localities known for the insect are 
Pic chonap t in Yorkshire, and Alford in Lincolnshire. —Gro. T. PoRRITT, 
Crosland Hall, Huddersfield, 14th January 18¢9. 


> 
NOTE— LEPIDOPTERA. 
Ephestea Slope igen in Yorkshire.—The ay Cyril D. Ash informs 


me he took a men of this shecies at Skipwi CWevsnbee last. The 
species has heir piers usly been recorded for Vorkshire though several 
years ago outside Doncaster railway s station, I] saw, but did not. secur wh a 
ec which *n, and have ever since, fancied was this species.— 


oO. T. PoRRITT, an January 1899. 


NOTE—-ORNI THOLOGY. 


ies as bln veil agro ' of Game-Fowl: a Query.—Can any 


Ag y 
»reader, whose memory ack to the time when cock-fighting was 


a popular sport, say r hether sy was a res ah custom for breeders of 
game-fowls to place eggs in Magpies’ nests? A few months ago I heard 
of a farmer at Handforth, in Fast Che shire who sed to do so, in the belief 
that eclet Bing incubated by Magpies would devel ra fighting qualities above 
the average. woe infor mant can recollect climbing to a Ma agpie’s nest for : 
is farmer, in order t birth was proclaimed. f 
by their plaintive chip ng. This would be some fifty or sixty years ago, 
when the Magpie s perhaps even more e plentiful in East Cheshire than it 
is now. To stu ents of folk-lore it would be interesting to know whether 
the practice of yeti sista ats tsi! eggs for those of the moore 
Sheed Pica Agel was a gene , or merely the Nar me of a single breeder. 


o 
a> 
= 
w 
= 
> 
- 
€ 
y 
a 
= 
: 


Se eda 
NOTES AND NEWS. 

The death of Prof. Henry Alleyne Nicholson is announced. He was a 
Cumbrian by birth, born at Penrith, in 1844, and was the son of a distin- 
guished philologist. His work and career as a Professor, at Edinburgh, 

Dur y at Abe 


February. 


ae HULL NATURAL HISTORY. 
‘Transactions | of raid A ous ho pb & Field Naturalists’ _— 

1898. | Price One Shilling. | (Free 

Hull: | a harty eee & Co., The Hull Press. | — 


Hull Naturalists are to be congratulated on the appear- 
ance of this their first publication. More especially are they to 
be congratulated on their clear-sighted recognition of the fact 
that the function of a local society when publishing is to deal with 
- local matters, and local matters only. Every paper in this part 
is one of original research, a useful contribution to our local 
knowledge. The first is by Mr. Thomas Bunker on ‘The 
_ Natural History of Goole Moor and its immediate vicinity,’ 
particularly valuable, partly from Mr. Bunker’s long and intimate 
eg eerie with his own neighbourhood, and anid because 
moor is fast losing its pristine character. The next paper is 
ig Mr. H. M. Foster on ‘ The Fishes of the River Hull, which 
-are treated of very fully and with great wealth of anecdote. 
_Mr. Thomas Sheppard, the energetic Secretary of the Society, 
follows with ‘Notes on a large pair of Antlers of the Red Deer 
(Cervus elaphus) from the peat at Hornsea,’ with an excellent 
full-page illustration. Some brief notes on the Society’s pro- 
gramme and work for the past year follow, and there are short 
notes on ‘Pond Herrings’ (H. M Foster), on ‘Odontidium 
harrisonii’ (R. H. Philip), and on ‘Local Entomology, 1898’ 
(J. W. Boult), all of interest. A list of members of the Society 
is given. The Society and Editor are to be congratulated on 
stating the exact date of ae and we wish nee all 
Aesehined prosperity in the futur 
a 


No TES—MA MMALIA. 


Ot 
and compat 4 feet 2 eas in lengt n Jan ge 1899, 
at Willingham, Market Rasen, N. Div. 1 we Heenan, ‘keg Street, 
Market Rasen, goth January 1899. 


Squi and Fungi (Ante, p. 340).— f interest in this 
matter to recall what me age Mr. Tom ‘Deckecas he etwoi feos 
_ Mr. Macpherson, that his experience the fungi a 
Squirrels were y mantta wehelean the red fleshed, and tunis ieterophila 
the variable—mushroom. See Mac rpibings ek “Faun of Lakeland,’ 1 
e.—-S. L. Petty, Ulverston, znd Nov. 1808. 


he ormouse in Lake-Lancashire.— pu Dormouse [Myoxus avel- 
lanarius] occurs spor: spetins in a few of the most sacha 4 age igo ns 
of Lakeland, from Rusland Valley up to the slopes of the Fells at the 
southern end of Wi indermere.’ i ‘Macpherson's ‘Fauna of La ad : a eo 


cutters.—S, L. Petty, ifrevston: ea Nov 


p- 78. This is 5 tbh correct to the ape bienig matieg Eon by the wood- 
1898. +e 


'N ataraliet: f 


53 
CHEMICAL NOTES ON LAKE DISTRICT ROCKS. 
_1.—THE ORDOVICIAN VOLCANIC SERIES. 


ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., : 
St. John’s College, Cambridge. 


SOME years ago, being then engaged with my friend, Mr. J. E. ; 
Marr, upon the geological structure of the English Lake * 
District, | began a petrographical study of the lavas and tuffs ; 
of the Ordovician volcanic series, or ‘ Borrowdale Series,’ which 
constitutes the greater part of the ground in that area. My 
unfinished notes consist chiefly of descriptions based on a large 
suite of microscopical sections, and these could not with 
advantage be published. There are also, however, a number 
of determinations of silica-percentages, kindly made for us by 
chemical friends, and of specific gravities, taken with the hydro- 


Static balance by the present writer. T it is desirable to 
make public for the benefit of other costae who may ; 
occupied with the district in question hie it may be useful 
to bring together references to t data scattered 


through various papers already published, Oo taihes belonging to 
the volcanic series or to other rocks in the district, and these 
references are accordingly collected below. omplete analyses 
are not quoted, but their silica-percentages are given as the 
readiest means of identifying the analyses referred to, 

The present instalment deals with the Ordovician volcanic 
series only, and the remaining rocks will be treated in a second 
part. Those portions of the Eden valley and Teesdale and of 
the Sedbergh and Ingleton districts which consist of Lower 
Paleozoic rocks, are included with the Lake District as Heings in 
a geological sense appendices thereto. 

The late Mr. Clifton Ward published several complete 
analyses by Mr. J. Hughes, of which the silica-percentages _ ie 
are here reproduced.* Ward considered the intermediate group ; 
(andesites) to be the prevalent lavas of the district, and a like 
assertion has been made by myself in ‘ The Naturalist’ for 1891 
(p. 146); but Mr. Marr and I have since found that it is the 
basic group that has the widest distribution. There is little 
doubt that some of Ward’s ‘altered ashes’ are in reality lavas, 


*The first five from Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxi., pp. 408 

_ 597, 1875; also in ‘ The antiga of the Northern Part of the English He 
District’ (Mem. Geol. Surv.), pp. 16, 18, 28, i The next three from 

Monthly Micro, Journ., vol, xvii., p. 246, 80%: 

February : 1899. 


54. Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. 


but this | remark does not, « I think, apply to the two here 

mentione 

(1). 60° 418. ane nats, near ecwick pyroxene-andesite ; 
No. 6 of Ward’s typical section, the basement 
flow of a very thick series. 

cba). Bg 5416) Iron Crag: ee No. 12 of same 

Pie section.” 

(4). 69 673. Base Brown, near Borrowdale: ‘altered ash.’ : 

*(4)- 68° q2t. Slight Side, near Eskdale: ‘highly altered coarse 

inaeees * “ash”. (breccia). sf 

£8). 39151. Lingmell Beck, Wastdale: ‘altered contempora- 

pee neous. trap” (andesite). 

' (6). 53°300. Eycott Hill: hypersthene-basalt; No. 12 of Eycott 

"section, microporphyritic. 

(7). 52600. Eycott Hill: hy Aitigioses es No. 13 of Eycott 

2 wae ~ section, very com 

(8). §1'T00. Ey cott Hill: ‘iipciuitiens soos No. 15 of Evcott 


s 

“For comparison with the last three we have a silica-per- 
centage by Mr. T. Cooksey, published by Prof. Bonney.* 

(9). 53 40 and 52°73 (mean 53°06). Eycott Hill: hy persthene- 
asalt; No. 4 of section, with large porphyritic 
felspars ; sp.gr. 2°754. 

The analyses given by Mr. J. D. Kendallt of lava and ash- 
rock of the Borrowdale series are not new analyses but averages 
deduced from the above, viz., from (1) and (2) and from (3) and (4), 
respectively. Mr. P. F. Kendall,t in describing a large boulder 
found at Manchester, and probably derived from the Lake 
District, gives an analysis of it by Dr. J. B. Cohen, and for 
comparison one of a rock from ‘near Coniston,’ the locality no 
being more closely specified. The silica-percentages are :— 
(10). 63°60. eer! ‘Oxford Street, Manchester: andesite ; 


74: 
(11). Pie, Nea Coniston’ ? andesite. 
add, as probably another Lake District rock, a 
: flpathic trap’ boulder at Manfield analysed by Mr. W. F. 
Stock. 
(12). ie Greystone boulder, Manfield, near Darlington: 
andesite, sp.gr. 2°66 


* Geol. Mag. for 1885, p. 80. 

+ Trans. a Geol. Soc., vol. xvii., p. 294, 1884. : 
t Ibid, vol. Xx., p. 145, 1889. 

§ Naturalist om es es 304. 


Naturalist, 


Hlarker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. 55 


‘The following five silica-percentages were published in two 
apers on the Shap granite by Mr. Marr and the present 
writer.* Of (14) and (15) partial analyses were given; of (13), 
oo and (17) only the silica and lime. The work is Mr. 
E. J. Garwood’s. 
(13). 59°95. Between Wasdale Pike ied Great Yarlside : amyg- 
daloidal andesite ; sp.gr. 2°736. 

(14). 75°95. Stockdale: spherulitic rhyolite; sp.gr. 2-608. 
(15). 76°95. Wasdale Head Farm, close to Shap granite: 
nodular rhyolite, metamorphosed ; sp.gr. 2°623. 
(16). 50°75. Low Fell, Shap: basalt, partly metamorphosed ; 


sp.gr. 2°800 
(17). 50°90. Low Fell, Shien: basic tuff. 

The next six silica-percentages are given by Mr. W. M. 
Hutchings in his Petrological Notes on some Lake District 
Rocks,t and No. (24) is from a complete analysis by Dr. Cohen, 
quoted in the same paper. Three other rocks examined by 
Mr. Hutchings are excluded, since it appears from his descrip- 
tions that they belong to intrusions, not to the volcanic series. 
(18). 51°35.) Scarf Gap, near summit of pass: vesicular basalt 

with porphyritic augite.; sp.gr. 2°82. 
(19). 57°55. Above Nan Bield: augite-andesite ; sp.gr. 2°65. 
(20). 52°45. Easedale Tarn, right side: much altered andesite. 
(21). 60°75. Easedale Tarn, left side: andesite. 
(22). 51°6. Between Seatoller and Seathwaite, roadside quarry: 
much altered andesite. 
(23). 53°55. Seatoller Fell: ‘andesitic basalt’; sp.gr. 2°88. 
(24). 58°69. Thornthwaite Crag, below cairn: andesite (analysis 
made on material picked free from amygdules). 

The five following are from the samé author’s Notes on the 
Ash-Slates of the Lake District, four being by Mr. G. Patterson 
and the last by Dr. Cohen. Of the first two rocks complete 
analyses were made; of the remaining three only the silica and 
alkalies were estimated. For Nos. (25), (26), and (28) the 
material before analysis was treated with hydrochloric acid and 
potash to extract the chloritic matter. No. 30is froma complete 
analysis by Mr. Hutchings published in another paper. § 

(25). 69°22, Mosedale, near Shap: ash-slate (extracted). 


* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlvii., pp- 293,302, 1891; vol. xlix., 
P- 361, 1893. 

+ Geol. Mag. for 1891, pp. 536-544 

+ Geol. Mag. for 1892, pp. 154-161, 218-228. 

§ pine Mag. for 1895, p. 316. 


36 Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. 


. (26). 74°88. Kentmere, below reservoir: ash-slate (extracted). 
(27). 61°75. Grasmere, quarry: ash-slate 
(28). 77°40. The same extracted. 
(29). 62°43. Near Ullswater, on road to Matterdale: andesite. 
(30). 53°10. Wasdale Pike, near eae granite: highly meta- 
morphosed basic tu 
he above ssa ae cover all the published chemical 
information that I have been able to discover concerning the 
Lake District volcanic series. The following are new. They 
are in all cases only silica-percentages, and to most of them 
I have added specific gravities taken on the specimens analysed. 
The first five determinations were made by students of Owens 
College, Manchester, under the supervision of Dr. A. Harden. 
(31). 69°48. Illgill Head, Wastwater, on N.E. slope: compact 
rock with lenticular streaky structure; sp.gr. 


2°682. 
(32). 48°68. Iligill Head, S.W. side, near Devil’s Slidegate: 
porphyritic basalt of Eycott type; sp.gr. 2°7 
(33). 56°2. Great Barrow, Boot: a highly metamorphosed eit 
lier resting on the Eskdale granite; sp.gr. 2°790 
(34). 63°r. Upper part of Eskdale: hornstone (altered fine 
tuff); sp.gr. 2°755 
(35). 66°59. gies Fell, a little S. i summit: dark garnetiferous 
ock ; ek sgr- 2 "704: 
The seventeen role ges which follow are by Mr... J. 
Garwood. 
(36). 52°6. Galleny Force, Greenup Gill: basalt; sp.gr. 2°757. 
(37). 52°95. Brimfull Beck, Overbeck, Wastwater: porphyritic 
basalt; sp.gr. 2°738. 

(28), 53°A5. een Beck, Mardale: pormiuctiie basalt (Eycott 

type) ; sp.gr. 2°736. 

(39). 54°6. opera Pass, Mardale; porphyritic basalt; 
sp.gr. 2°776. 

(40). 58°65. Pooley, Ullswater: andesite; sp.gr. 2°708. 

(41). 61°45. Stoneside Fell, Bootle, N. slope: andesite. 
(42). 62°95. Whiteside Bank, Helvellyn: porphyritic andesite ; 


: Sp-8t- 2°744- 

(43): 56°95. Fordingdale Force, Measand Beck, Haweswater: 
crushed porphyritic lava. 

(44). 61°95. Crags Mill, Shap: crushed porphyritic lava. 

(45). 66°95. Frith Wood, Rosthwaite: crushed lava, garneti- 


ferous. 
(46). 76°95. Frith Wood: breccia. 
(47). 54°6. Borrowdale quarries: agglomerate-slate. 
(48). 53°45. Honister quarries: ash-slate 


es 


Lar ee eee Se 


te, 


Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. 5% 


(49). 61°25. Tilberthwaite quarries: ash-slate. 
(50). 56°60, Hanging Knott, cae Fell: hornstone (altered fine 


tuff); sp.gr. 2°667. | 
45%). 73°45. Upper part of Mena sl Beck: rhyolite intercalated . 
in basalt gro 


| (52). 82°25. Near Hawibwater, Y mile S.E. of Walla Crag ; 


rhyolite, probably altered. 

The following I received from the late Mr. Thos. Tate in 
correspondence, but unfortunately without any precise locality. 
(53). 83°8. Lake District rhyolite [probably with some secondary 

quartz}. 

Finally Mr. Marr has communicated to me the seven given 
below, the work of Messrs. G. MacFarlane and H. H. Thomas. 
In each case the first number given : by the former and the 
second by the latter of the two analyst 
(54). 54°9 and 54 *8 (mean 54°85). ee Force, Crummock ; lava 

n Skiddaw Slates. 
(55). 54°3 and ss 2 Arist +>. Mousegill quarry, Wilton Fell, 
r Egremont; lava with porphyritic augite ; 
x a 2°831I. 

(56). 54°5 aig 54 2 (mean 54°35). E. of summit of Falcon Crag, 
? base of No. 5 of Ward’s section: lava. with 
porphyritic augite. 

(57). 61°2 and 61°5 (mean 61 35) Falcon Crag section, base of 
lava No. 10 of Ward: andesite. 

(58). 57°4 and 571 (mean 57°25). About y seal N.W. of Castle 

rag, Borrowdale : compact lav 

(59). 64°5 and 63°9 (mean 64°2). E.N.E. of Stonethwaits Church, 

orrowdale: garnetiferous rock, ? lav 

{60). 55°7 and 55°9 (mean 55°8). Great Barrow, Siete a highly 
metamorphosed lava resting on the Eskdale 
granite {a different specimen from No. (33)].- 

In conclusion I give a selection of specific gravities of rocks 
not examined chemically, arranging them in numerical order for 
convenience of reference. 

2°852. bad W. side, by road: basalt with porphyritic 


augite 
2°849. Brotto, St. John’s Vale: basalt with porphyritic augite. 
2°837. Matterdale, S.W. of Church: basalt. 
2°833. S.E. of Lanty Crag, Butterwick : bas 


salt. 
2°819. Oliver Gill: metamorphosed porphyritic basalt, close to 


Eskdale granite. 
2°810, Lingmell Gill, at about 500 feet : basalt, porphyritic. 
2°799. Witcham valley, roadside: basalt with porphyritic augite. 
2°791. Clerk’s Leap, Thirlmere: porphyritic basalt. 
February 18 1899. 


. S.E. of Ritchie Crag, near’ Mardale : os with pare: 


. E. of Kail Pot, Eskdale: basalt. 


. Ewe Crag, S. of Ullswater : basalt. 
. Hallin How: compact basalt. * 
. Melmerby, Eden valley: porphyritic hypersthene-basalt_ 4 
. Black Sail Pass, summit : porphyritic basalt. 

. S.W. (4% mile) of Mosedale Cottage, near Swindale : 
e . The Hawk, Appletreeworth B 

. Kidsty Pike: porphyritic and garnetiferous. 

. Falcon Crag, Keswick: andesite, No. 2 of Ward's section. 
. Sty Head Pass, summit: garnetiferous rock. 


. Eel Coop, Naddle Bridge: lava. o 
. Woof Crag, between Mardale and Swindale: compact 


. Backside Beck, Sedbergh : icweet flow of rhyolite in 
. Hanging Knott, Bow Fell: hornstone. 


. Drygill Head, Carrock Fell: rhyolite (in loose blocks). 


. Glenridding, Ullswater: ? rhyolite. 


. Great Yarlside : laminated rhyolite. 


Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. 

_ritic augite. 
on W. of Gosforth Crags basalt 
. Lingmell Gill at about 850 feet : basalt. 
. S. of Stepping-stones, Swindale Churclr: basalt. 
Clough Head, Threlkeld: basalt. 
. Hallin Fell, Ullswater, near summit : basalt. 
. Barrow Crag, Ravenglass : basalt. 

(Eycott type). 

basalt 
Iron Crag, Shoulthwaite : pyroxene-andesite. 

eck, 

. Upper part of Watendlath an andesite, aeieapaienies: 
. Thornthwaite Force, below Naddle Bridge, Haweswater : 


porphyritic lava. 


Tippy Hills, Greystoke Park: lava. 


garnetiferous lava. 

Powley’s Hill, Hareshaw, between Mardale and Swin- 
dale : witty streaky structure. 

. Swindale Beck, Knock, Eden valley: rhyolite flow in 
Coniston Limestone grou 


SS eee ee 


Coniston Limestone group. 


. Roadside by Lower Yewdale, Coniston: rhyolite 


. Falcon Crag: compact andesite, No. 4 of Ward’s section. 


. Taith’s Gill, Sedbergh: spherulitic rhyolite in Coniston 


Limestone group [? intrusive}. 


Great Yarlside : spherulitic rhyolite. 


SOME POLYZOA, ETC., FROM 
WALNEY AND BARDSEA, NORTH min keane" 


ISTER PETTY 
Uibicdivne. North POLES : 
It is stated in Vol. I. of the ‘Fauna of ae Bay,’ 1886, 
that the portion of the area between Blackpool and Fleetwood 


was the least worked. But the higher, say Fleetwood. to 


Morecambe, is still less known, and so far as evidence at present 
goes, the portion of Morecambe Bay from the town of the name 
to Barrow is unknown to workers on the Hydroida and Polyzoa. 
Why, I do not know, unless it be that ‘ working men’ prefer to 
visit good collecting places. The following short list is given 
aS a contribution towards the extension of range .of. these 
classes in Lancashire. All were collected on Walney Island last 
August, during an hour or so I had to spare, after hunting for 
a plant, unseen since 1888. If any reader has specimens from 
this area I shall be glad to name them. Besides the zoophytes - 
and polyzoa some sponges rewarded me, and I have to thank 
Mr. Hornell, of Jersey, for their names. With the exception of 
Sertularia gracilis all were dead; it was not only alive but in 
fine fruit. Unlike the experience at Filey, Corad/ina officinalis L. 
at Walney was a good host; even a sponge (Aymeniacidon 
carunculum) was attached to it. 

The names and order follow Hincks’ books on Hydroida and 
Polyzoa. 

POLYZOA: 


_Eucratea chelata ©. On Sertularta argcntea. 


Gemellaria loricata L. On Flustra and Fucus vesiculosus Le 
Scrupocellaria reptans L. On Flustra- 
Bicellaria ciliata 1. In fruit on Furcellaria fastigiata Lamour. 


Flustra folicea L. In quantity. Seen also at Bardsea. 


etna pilosa L. On Furcellaria Fa ahaa and 


2: onan membranacea L. On Tibularia 

Microporella ciliata Pallas.. On Corallina and Furcellaria, 

Crisia eburnea L. In fruit on Flustra and Corallina. There 
were no specimens of C. denticulata, though carefully 
ought. 

Amathia lendigera L. On Corallina. 


: February 1899. 


60 Book Notices. 

HYDROZOA. 
Tubularia indivisa L. A good piece. 
Obelia geniculata L. On. Fucus; Bardens: 6 on the same. 
Campanularia verticillata L. On Furcellaria. 
-Sertularia gracilis Hassall. In fruit on Fucus. 


Sertularia argentea E.&5. In fruit on TZudularia; a few ‘4 


broken bits, Bardsea, 


Hydrallmania falcata L. On a sponge (Halichondria panicea); 4 


a few bits, beach, Bardsea. 
SPONGES, 
Spongelia fragilis Schmidt. 
Halichondria panicea Johnst. 
Hlymeniacidon carunculum Bk. 
All common species no doubt. 


(The synonyms—perhaps the older names—in ‘Fauna of : 
Liverpool Bay’ are Dysidea fragilis Johns., Amorphina paniceaS., — 
and l 


A. caruncula S., respective y. 
> 
BOOK NOTICES. 


‘A | Dictionary | of | Bird Notes, | To which is appended a Glossary q 
of Popular | Local and Old-fashioned Synonyms of | British Birds. | By _ 


has. Lane Hett. | — | Price 2/6, | — | Ja eben gen t Place, Brigg, 
small cloth bound volume of 138 s, by one of our 
Ligcranahice enitholing iste, . “che little book is chlerinten to a i: con- 
siderable utility as a eck of reference, and the glossary of popular local 
and old-fashioned names is particuladty accepta ble. The fanlgs ne ‘of the 
dicticaary | is devoted to the notes, in alphabetical order, t 
A huck. eee Fb ni 


A-chuck, chuck, chuc n Sandpipe iper 


Com a 
The second 1 Pee is a similar snnioniat pees yaaa of birds and their a 


notes, thus 
Alpine Accentor (44). Call, * tr-tri- ‘inl Note, ‘ chick-ick-ick.’ 
Then the oe of popular local and old-fashioned names 


which serves lain as an index to the prev ners parts of the book. Following 


P 
this is a ae tematic list of British birds as it stood in 1883, copied from the 


B.O.U. list. A pa Pi of terms applied to wild fowl and a postscriptum bri ring 
the book toac Every one will cordially sympathise with the author's — 


ery 
wish to facilitate “the identification of birds by out-door observation w 
does not involve their destruction 


—---0}>e—— 
‘Insect Lives | as told by themselves,’ a small book by Edw 
Simpson, Petipa last September e Religious Tract Sitetye an 
ene it t frequent with tho pahbsberts lies before 


There are D twante ines illustrations, and the nineteen c chapters afte? 
headed by sik! — as ‘a successful trapper,’ ‘a little nuisance,’ ‘a wor 


se o forth. The idea of putting these sketches of popu 


a he first person singular is that the author hopes his readers . 
T 3 


0 rm 
will be led tc take greater interest inthem, The price is 1s. 6d. 


ea ee bh eS 


ee a 


ee aT Nee 


4 
% 
; 


the C 


Oat ee Se ns Pe ee ee Oe ee ee a 


_ Sphagna; I mean the quality, not the quantity. 


’ 61 
MOSSES AND HEPATICS OF STRENSALL COMMON, 


WILLIAM INGHAM, B.A., 


Organising Inspector of Schools, 47, Haxby Road, York. 


Tuts List contains the Mosses and Hepatics I have gathered 
and examined during the last two years. 

ommon, which has been the happy hunting ground of 
g past, years, has lately altered very much in 


backs, owing a the military encampment and to the con- 


sequent a aienok Some of the Mosses and Hepatics for which 
ommon was once famous have become extinct. he 


present List may be interesting, as showing what Mosses 


and Hepatics still exist under the altered conditions. 


The List is by no means complete, but contains only those 
that have been examined and verified and that are now in my 
Herbarium. 

he nomenclature followed is the same as that for the 
‘Skipwith Common Mosses and Hepatics,’ and the plants have 


_been kindly verified by the same gentlemen as those mentioned 


in connection with Skipwith Common. 

I may mention that the rare moss Dicranum spurtum is now 
much dwarfed in habit, and almost extinct. 

The Common at the present time is undoubtedly richest in 
‘The soil here, 
as on Skipwith Common, is siliceous, but the Mosses are not as 
fine as those on the latter Common, through lack of moisture. 

SPHAGNACE. 
Sphagnum cymbifolium Ehbrh. 
Sphagnum cymbifolium v. squarrosulum N.&H. 
Sphagnum cymbifolium v. congestum Schp, 
Sphagnum papillosum Lindb. 
Sphagnum papillosum v. confertum Lindb. 


rigidum vy. compactum Schp. 
tenellum Ehrh. 

subsecundum Nees. 

subsecundum forma. 
subsecundum y. contortum Schp. 
subsecundum v. contortum forma. 
subsecundum y. viride Boul. 
squarrosum forma compacta, 
acutifolium Ehrh. 

acutifolium v. arctum Braithw. 


62 Ingham: Mosses and Hepatics of Strensall Common. 


Sphagnum acutifolium v. patulum Schp. 
Sphagnum intermedium Hoffm. 3 
Sphagnum cuspidatum Ehrh. Sphagnum fimbriatum Wils. ; 
TETRAPHIDACE. 
Tetraphis pellucida Hedw. 
POLYTRICHACE. 4 
Catharinea mrp it W.&M. 4 
Catharinea undulata y. minor W.&M : 
Polytrichum popucntas Willd. Haiiiched urnigerum L. 
DICRANACE 
Dicranella heteromalla Schp. - 
Campylopus pyriformis Brid.. Campylopus flexuosus Brid. — 
Dicranum Bonjeani De Not. Fs. 
Dicranum Bonjeani v. rugifolium Bosw. 
Dicranum spurium Hedw. 
Ceratodon purpureus Brid. 
Leucobryum glaucum Schp. 
FISSIDENTACE sean 
Fissidens taxifolius Hedw. 
. GRIMMIACE2, | 
Rhacomitrium lanuginosum Brid. See note on Skipwith © 
ommon Mosses. e 


TORTULACE. 
Weissia microstoma C.M. 
Weissia microstoma vy. obliqua C.M. 
Barbula fallax Hedw. 
Barbula fallax v. brevifolia Schultz. c.fr. 
FUNARIACE:. 
Funaria hygrometrica Sibth. 
MEESIACE:. 
Aulacomnium palustre Schwgr. 
BARTRAMIACE&. . 
Philonotis fontana Brid. A form approaching Philonotis” 
adpressa Ferg. 
BRYACE&., 
Webera nutans Hedw. Webera albicans Schp. 
Bryum uliginosum B.&S. Bryum bimum Schreb. 
Bryum pallens Sw. 
Mnium hornum L. c.{r. 
LESKEACEZ 
Thuidium tamariscinum B.&S. 


Naturalist, 
- 


Ingham: Mosses and Hepatics of Strensall Common. 63 


HYPNACEAZ. 
Brachythecium albicans B.&S. 
Brachythecium rutabulum B.&S. 
Brachythecium rutabulum vy. longisetum Bry. Eur. c.fr. 
Brachythecium purum Dixon. 
Eurhynchium prelongum B.&S. 
Eurhynchium Swartzii Hobk.- 
Plagiothecium denticulatum B.&S. 
Hypnum riparium _. Hypnum polygamum Schp. 
Hypnum stellatum Schreb. Hypnum chrysophylium Brid. 
Hypnum elodes Spr. 
Hypnum aduncum Hedw. v. intermedium Schimp. 
Hypnum lycopodioides Schwgr. Hypnum fluitans L. 
Hypnum fluitans vy. falcatum Schimp. 
Hypnum fluitans v. Arnellii Sanio. 
Aypnum exannulatum Gimb. 
Hypnum intermedium Lindb. Hypnum cupressiforme L. 
Hypnum cupressiforme L. var. between v. lacunosum Brid. 
and var. elatum Schp. 
Hypnum cupressiforme L. v. lacunosum Brid. 
Alypnum cupressiforme v. ericetorum B.&S. 
Hypnum imponens Hedw. dAypnum patientiw Lindb. 
Hypnum molluscum Hedw. Hypnum cordifolium Hedw. 
Hypnum giganteum Schp. Hypnum cuspidatum L. c.tr. 
Hypnum Schreberi Willd. 
Hylocomium squarrosum B.&S. 
Hylocomium triquetrum B.&S. 
HEPATICS. 
Kantia trichomanis L. 
Cephalozia bicuspidata L. 
Cephalozia lammersiana Hiiben. 


Lophocolea heterophylla Schrad. Lophocolea bidentata L. 
Jungermania inflata Huds. c.tt. 
Jungermania crenulata Sm. 
Nardia scalaris Schrad. Nardia geoscyphus DeNot. c. ff. 
Pellia epiphylla L. eas: calycina Tay. 
Aneura sinuata Dicks 
Fossombronia pusiiin. Li 
February 1899. 


64 
MOSSES NEW TO YORKSHIRE, 
AND ADDITIONAL vcutasae OF RARE MOSSES. 


WILLIAM INGHAM, B.A., 
Organising Inspector of Schools, 47, Haxby Road, York. 


Fontinalis antipyretica var. gigantea Sull. This rare moss — 
I found in a small stream at Saxton, in Mid-West York- — 
shire, 17th May 1897. Both Dr. Braithwaite and Mr. Dixon 
have seen it and say it is quite right. 

Hypnum molluscum var. fastigiatum Boswell. This moss 
[ found goth April 1898 on the Hambleton Hills, near 
Kilburn. Mr, Dixon says my gathering agrees exactly 
with a Staffordshire specimen he has. This is the moss. 
that, when first found in Derbyshire, was referred to 
Hypnum canariense Mitt. 


> gal SEs cee ema Mane ethos ster ca abate 


Hypnum uncinatum Hedw. var. plumosum Schp. This — 
I found on a tree at Saltburn, 17th September 1897. It 4 
is a very delicate and beautiful moss, intermediate between 
the type and the var. plumulosum Schp. Verified by 
Mr. Dixon. 

Hypnum Wilsoni var. hamatum Lindb. In a bog near the 
White Force, Teesdale, 5th June 1897. Verified by Mr. 
Dixon. a 

_ Amblystegium Kochii B.&S. In addition to the two localities 

mentioned in ‘The Naturalist’ for July 1898, I have found 

this moss on Clifton Ings, York, 18th July 1898. The 

Ings plant agrees exactly with German and Austrian — 

specimens. 4 


Ceratodon conicus ier On the Hambleton Hills, near | 
Kilburn, roth April 1898. The leaves in this gathering 
are of a bieaititul ask colour, passing into green below. 

Tortula brevirostris H.&Grev. In the Huddlestone Quarry, — 
Sherburn-in-Elmet, 26th April 1897. This is a new moss o 
for the West Riding. Verified by Mr. Dixon. he 

Bryum cespiticium var. badium Brid. in Arncliffe Woods, 2 
Eskdale, 12th May 1897. Both Dr. Braithwaite and Mr. 


Dixon have specimens of this moss from me. 


eS Se ee Ey Se ae 


The first four mosses and the last one in this List are new 
to Yorkshire as far as I can discover. a 


“Naturalist, | 


LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS 
AT WOODHALL SPA AND TUMBY WOODS. 


Rev. EDWARD ADRIAN WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK, L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.S., 


Vicar of Cadney; Organising and Botanical So aint Lincolushire Naturalists’ Union. 


THE nineteenth meeting of the Lincolnshire Union was held at 
Woodhall Spa for a visit to Tumby and Fulsby Woods, in 
Div. 10, on the 18th of August. As usual at the time of year 


the meeting was a small one, many members being away on 


their holidays, but the company included the President, the 
Rev. W. Fowler, Mr. F. M. Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S., Rev. S. C. 
Wood, of Great Ponton; Dr. R. T. Cassal, of Ashby; Messrs. 
B. Crow and T. Gelsthorpe, of Louth; Mr. W. Lewington, of 
Market Rasen; Dr. G. M. Lowe, President of the Lincolnshire 

H 


Science Society; Rev. H. Barker, of Wrangle; Messrs 


Preston, F.G.S., and W. H. Kirby, of Grantham; the Rev. J. 
Conway Walter, of Langton; Mr. H. M. Hawley and his son, 
of Tumby Lawn; Mr. J. Eardley Mason, of Lincoln; the 
Rev. F. S. Alston, of West Ashby; Mr. G. Alston Ling, and 
the Organising Secretary. 

The party drove in carriages from Woodhall Spa Station 
through Roughton and Kirkby-on-Bain parishes to Fulsby and 
Tumby Woods, where they worked all day under the guidance 
of Mr. H. M. Hawley and the Rev. J. Conway Walter. The 
usual high tea followed at the Swan Inn, Tumby. 

Mr. Henry Preston, F.G.S., said that the geologists had 
enjoyed a pleasant and easy sine the actual work of the day 
having been done by devotees of other branches of Science. 
But Tumby Wood could tell of something else besides botany, 


.4 and entomology, and black ants; it represented an interesting 
_ Section in one of the later chapters of Earth History. ne 
wood stands on a bed of ancient gravel, composed principally — 
of sub-angular fragments of flint which have been derived by 


denudation from the underlying boulder clay. Mixed with the 
flints is to be found an occasional quartzite pebble which, like 


the proverbial straw, serves to show the direction from whence 


the ancient river came which laid down these great gravel 
ds. The geological map shows that these ancient gravel beds 
extend westwards, flanking the deposits of the Witham valley 
nearly up to Lincoln. Without trespassing upon the excellent 
Paper read some time ago by our friend and Vice-President, 


‘Mr. Burton, it may be mentioned that oe westwards © 
Pe March 1899, 


, 


66 Peacock: Linc. Naturalists at Woodhall Spa and Tumby. 


from this place and examining these ancient gravels for flints 
and quartzite pebbles it is found that the flints gradually 
decrease and the quartzites increase in quantity, until at Bardney 
the flints are almost absent and the gravel is almost altogether 


noticed again until, having passed through the Lincoln gap, 
they reappear and extend in a south-westerly direction as far as 
‘the Trent valley at Newark, all the way displaying the same 
characteristic abundance of quartzite pebbles. Following then 
the valley of the Trent, these same sige pebbles occur until 
‘near Nottingham, the source whence they are derived, is 


by the river Trent. Thus we have spent the day on the tail 
end, as it were, of the alluvial deposits of an ancient river 
Trent which, soon after the Glacial period, ran eastwards from 
Newark through the gap at Lincoln and on towards the Wash, 
__ instead of northwards into the Humber, as at the present time. 
s The Witham and the Fen deposits of the Witham valley are all 
i subsequent in date to these ancient quartzite gravels, and point 
to a different origin. Incidentally, Mr. Preston said that as he 
and Mr. Kirkby passed through Tattershall that morning they 


which the clay was mixed previous to burning, for studded all 
over the burnt clay were to be found quartzite pebbles and flint 
fra wea ents ranging up to as much as an inch in diameter. This _ 
ee was noticeable also in the mortar, and clearly showed that the 
: seed quartzite and flint gravels of the neighbourhood had been 
run upon in connection with the building of Tattershall Castle. 
Personally I was too busy working at entomology to take 
much interest in botany. But the Rev. W. Fowler, Rev. F. S. 
_ Alston, and Mr. B. Crow each kindly sent me a list. Less than 
200 flowering plants and ferns were noted. The best things 
were Nepeta Cataria, Hieracium umbellatum, Marrubium vulgare, 
Salix aurita, Samolus Valerandt, Scabiosa Columbaria (a lime- 
loving plant, common enough on limestone and chalk), Calama- 
grostis lanceolata, Corydalis claviculata, Maianthemum bifolium. 
he = . J. Conway Walter sent me the following list of 
Mammals :—Fox, Hare, Rabbit, Mole, Squirrel, Badger (rare), 
Otter aces Hedgehog, Hanover Rat, Water Vole, House 
: Mouse, Common Shrew, Common Field Vole, Foumart (rare), 
©. Stoat ond Ermine partly white in winter, but he has seen them 
; “Naturalist 


composed of quartz and quartzite pebbles. These beds are not _ 


reached, viz., the Bunter Pebble Beds, "Which are there skeen 4 3 


Peacock: Linc. Naturalists at Woodhall Spa and Tumby. 67 


entirely white with the exception of the tip of the tail), Club- 
tail or Weasel (on 29th June he saw a piebald specimen; it was 
very pretty). [The female is much smaller than the male, but 
which is the Club-tail I cannot learn for certain.—E. A. W.-P.]. 

Mr. H. M. Hawley, the Squire of Tumby, kindly supplied 
the following short Bird list:—Barn and Brown Owls, Ree 
Bunting, Redpoll, Goldfinch, Bald Coot, Peregrine Falcon, 
Hawfinch, Nightingale, Heron, Kingfisher, Greater and Lesser — 
Spotted Woodpeckers, Redstart, Creeper, Shoveller and Tufted 
Ducks, Quail, Woodlark, Wheatear (in Roughton Wood), 
Gold-crested Wren, Dipper, and Yellow Wagtail (as a winter 
Visitant). 

The following list of Fish from the Horncastle neighbour- : 
hood was supplied by the Rev. J. Conway Walter :—Trout, 
Grayling (imported from Claythorpe, where it was originally 
introduced; it is now breeding in the river Bain), Pike, Roach, 
Rudd, Dick Bleak (‘ Blick’ locally), Chub, Carp (ponds at 
Wispington, etc.), Bream (Witham, etc.), Tench (ponds 
at Woodhall, etc.), Minnow, Stickleback (the male who guards 
the nest, ‘Blue-eyed Sailor’), Millers Thumb or Bullhead 
(Horncastle Canal, Waring and Bain rivers, as much as four 
inches sometimes), Stone Loach (Horncastle Canal, etc.), Eels 
(everywhere), Burbot (Witham; it has the flavour of the 
Eel), Lamprey (or Nine-Eyed Eels, from the holes in its gills, 
Waring river) 

The following is a list of Lepidoptera seen or taken by 

W. Lewington between Woodhall Spa and Tumby:— 


Pieris brassicz. Epinephele hyperanthus. 
Pieris rape. Thecla quer 
Pieris napi. Polyommatus phloeas 
+ fare edus. = Sia $e: 
rgynnis aglaia. esperia thaumas. 
Argyiitis ca abia Spilosoma mendica. Two 
Vanessa io. rve. 
Vanessa mae Peilura eat 
Apatura i Plusia gam 
Pararge me; era. Geometra papilionaria 
Epinephele janira. Cidaria immanata. 
- Epinephele tithonus. Eubolia limitata. 


The following Insects, collected by W. Lewington and 
. A. W. Peacock, were named by Rev. A. Thornley :— 


EUROPTERA. us horto S oe 
: “ 
Sympetr Formica rufa. Severa 
egos: ‘rabro cribrarius. One 
HYMENOPTERA. rabro albilabris. One 
Vespa germanica. One §. Halictus leucopus. One ¢- 


Vespa vulgaris. One §. Apis mellifica. Two §s. 
Bombus lapidarius. “One o- 
March. 1899. 


radiata at Kirby Moorside. 


Die Lagria hirta. One 

Elatychirus ieee: polyenes s pterygomalis. One. 

Scatophaga s stercoraria, Strophosomus coryli. Sev yeral. 

iG a vomitori Otiorrhynchus picipes. One. 
>sylliodes cupro-nitens. One 
Ragonyc Iva. ‘ 

Bei ccoes spin seks : Meligethes zeneus. Several. 

Geotrupes stercorarius. One ? Necrophorus humator 

Coccinella 7-punctata. Two. vecroph ruspator. Three. 

Coccinell riabilis. Several. Necrophorus mortuo 

Strangalia armata phodius ar 


w 
Several undetermined Orthoptera ica Dipte 
The following species of Hisiitptsid Heieropes’ collected 
in Fulsby Wood by Rev. E. A. W. Peacock, were named by 
Mr. j. see Mason :— 


Miris pol sei iw Leptopterna ferrugata Fall. One. 


Caloco riaaksehaicbinstG DG. Etorhinus angulatus Fall. One. 
s Orthotylus scotti RENE, ne. 
Eélocoris bipunctatus Fab, One. Nabis lativentris. Four, all 
ma 


Mason. Those marked * are new to Lincolnshire. 


*Piezodorus lituratus Fab. Abun- *Orthotylus ericetorum Fall. 
dant on furze (Ulex enropeus). bundant on heather 
m. : : 


as chum 
Stygnus rusticus Fall. ‘Several “Peal us alnicola D.&S. One off 
at roots of heather (Calluna). 
_*Dictyonota strichnocera Fieb. AucibAdcas Maa D.&S. a 
Some on furze. Several off furze, 
Miris calcaratus Fall, One. Lygus viridis Fi all One off birch, 


The Spiders taken were:-— , 


Anyphzena accentuata bas op ? Epeira marmorea C.L.Koch. 
Epeira Bibb sa C. ‘This is not certai “he true 
s is a first fesand tr the marmorea has not in the adult 
ole county. state yet en recorded in iB 
Dictyna arundinacea Britain.’ — Rev d 
cea dorsata Fabr. Another am 
first reco - for NS a S Xysticus pini Hahn. A new 
incs., 54 record again. | 
dicot quidrat ta C.L.Koch. Epeira sollers Walck. 
_ Epeira scala pale Walck. Linyphia triangularis C.L.Koch. 
Meta segmentata C.L. Koch, Theridion varians Hahn. ~* 


The Haves ee or Phalangidea which have been taken this 
; ason in Lincolnshire will be published in a separate list later. 
rhe akey. ae egele= Walter read some natural Peery Dts 


EOSIN DT OR 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
\ Arctia lubricipede var "radint at wei Moo rgion enh t. halter 
H. Barker, of soo ough, n acknowledging some specimens of 


one of which produced a sees of radiata. So very few of this form of 
the iti have — taken in this country in an actually wild state, that — 
this occurrence ought to be placed on re record.— GEO. T. PORRITT oe land. 
Hail, Huddersfield, 1 sth Rehewary 1899. 


YORKSHIRE BATS. 


OXLEY GRABHAM, M.A., M.B.O.U., 
Chestnut House, Heworth, York. 


Ir often appears curious to me how few, how very few, people 


ever 


seem to take the trouble to investigate the habits and 


econony of these little creatures, or even care to know how 
many species we have in our islands. My enquiries on the 
subject are generally met with the reply, ‘Oh, we have the 
Long-eared Bat, the Short-eared, and the Common Large Bat,’ 
and I am often asked most wonderful questions concerning 


them, as to whether they are not really birds? If they lay eggs? & as 


Where they make their nests? etc., etc., and by the great 
majority of people they are looked upon as beasts of evil omen, 
blood-suckers, frequenters of church-yards and other unclean 
places. Yet they are by no means without interest, and I need 
scarcely say bring forth their young in the same way as other 
mammals do. I have at various times kept nearly all our 
British species in confinement, and though they can scarcely be 
called amusing ome still they exhibit a certain amount of 


intelligence, and s 


@ 
o 
ct 
yy 
8 
—_ 
® 
o 
5 
° 
co 

if je} 
= 
o> 
1) 
je 
3 
a 
o 

~p 
3 
io} 
e- 
Ce 


beetle, fly, or piece a raw meat from their master’s hand. 
1 have heard the term ‘flittermouse’ applied to them, but in the | 
Holderness district they are always known as ‘blackbeeraways’— 
mothers frightening their unruly children by calling on the black 


object to bear them away. Varieties are very rare, and out of 

the scores of Bats that I have at antec times examined I have 

only seen one such specimen. This was taken i 8098 by 

the Hon. A. H. Baring, of the baa: Alre sSoitt ipases: being 2 

found by him, as recorded in the ‘Zoologist’ for June, nailed to 

a barn door, and in an advanced state of de sai deerme 
It w 


by 


Lal 


Mr. Baring very kindly sent me this Bat to examine. 


a Long-eared one, and a pure albino, fur very long and silky, 


Austen, of the British Museum, as Wycleribia hermanni Leach, 


Anderson, of York, tells me the station-master’s house at North 
eamstons on the N.E.R., was found to be swarming with a 
1899. 


- March 


the month of January 1893 my friend Dr. Tempest 


ne 


vie)  Grabham: Yorkshire Bats. 


curious kind of parasite! So troublesome did these become 


that, as no remedy was forthcoming, preparations were made 


for pulling down part of the house, and on the work being 


commenced, no less than between two and three hundred Bats 
were found between the laths and plaster. Unfortunately none 
of these Bats or parasites have been preserved. Bell’s ‘British 


- Quadrupeds’ is still the standard work on the subject, and the 


account he gives of the British Bats is excellent as far as it 


brick, the next evening, before dusk, I have fastened a small 
piece of netting over the hole ; the Bats in due course fly into it, 
get entangled, and are easily captured. They will sometimes 
come down to a lantern or light-coloured object thrown up in 


the air, They are not infrequently caught with a fly, and when 


hybernating may be found together in great numbers; but unless 
wanted for scientific purposes, it is a very great pity to kill 
them; they are perfectly harmless, and do much good by 
preying on cockchafers and other beetles. How the expression, 
‘blind as a Bat,’ originated, I know not; for not only have all 
our Bats eyes of considerable size, but that they can and do use 
them I have had ample proof; though from some interesting but 
cruel experiments that were made some time ago by Spallanzani, 
it was proved that they depended ‘on the exquisite sense of 


_ touch of the whole surface of the flying membrane’ to tell them 
‘of the approach of any solid body when threading their way 


through the branches of trees, etc. hen Messrs. Clarke and 
Roebuck brought out their list of Yorkshire Vertebrates—of 
which most useful work I would fain see a new edition—six species 


Of Bats were recorded for the county; now the number has — 


advanced to eight; and I see no reason why, with further investi- 
gation, a still greater increase should not be made. Of these eight 
species, seven are in my own collection. To take them in order :— 

r. esperugo noctula. The Noctule or Great Bat. 
Sometimes called V. altivolans, owing to its habit of hawking 
about very high up in the air; is common throughout the 


“Naturalist, 


Grabham : Yorkshire Bats. 71 


county. It has a greater expanse of wing than any of our 
British species, and I have taken specimens measuring over 
fourteen inches from tip to tip. Last summer, Mr. John Clayton 


hollow tree at Grimston Park. let most of them go, with 
the exception of three or four very young ones, which were 
only just beginning to show indications of fur. hey were 
dark leathery-looking objects, and reminded me of very young 
cormorants as much as anything. I have seen this bat dip 
into a pool of water in the twilight, either for the purpose of 
having a drink or for ablution. I put four adults into a loose 
box where I kept a large Tawny Owl, intending to examine 
them in the morning for parasites; but I found Syrnzwm aluco had 
pulled off and eaten the head of each, and thrust a headless body 
into each. of the four corners of the stall. Bell is most certainly 
wrong in stating that ‘this Bat is seldom seen abroad much later 
than July.’ I have frequently in mild seasons seen it on the wing 
in the evenings up to the end of the first week in October. 

Mr. W. Denison Roebuck remarks that Yorkshire seems to 
be the northern limit for this species; extremely few records 
exist for counties further north, while in Yorkshire it is not 


2. esperugo leisleri. CLeisler’s Bat or Hairy-armed 
Bat. The latter name given to it because of a broad band of 
Short hair extending along the inferior surface of the forearm. 
But the Noctule also has this feature quite as fully if not more 
developed. I have never taken this Bat myself or had it sent 
to me, but I am always on the look-out for it. Messrs. Clarke 
and Roebuck say that three were.obtained by the late F. Bond 
about fifty years ago from an old factory chimney at Hunslet, 
near Leeds. Leisler’s Bat is considerably smaller than the 


the size and arrangement of the teeth. Dobson epitates them 
thus :—‘In V. noctula the fur is uni-coloured above and beneath, 

Or the colour of the hair is slightly paler towards the bases ; 
while in V. deds/er¢ the terminal one-fourth of the hairs above is 
bright yellowish-brown, beneath //gh¢ brown, the basal three- 
fourths of the fur on both surfaces dark brown. The outer 
upper incisor also in V. /ezslerZ is equal to the inner incisor in 
cross section at its base, but in V. moctula it is double the size 
March 7899. . 


“Grabham: ae Bats. 


i ve in the direction of the jaws, a semicircle with hardly any 
verlapping; in V. moctula they are crowded and parallel, set 
Paiisiualy. and largely overlap one another.’ 

In 1881 Mr. Roebuck had some correspondence with 

Mr. Frederick Bond on the subject of this record. Mr. Bon 
wrote under date 17th May of that year as follows:—‘ About 4o 
years ago I paid a visit to Leeds and amused myself collecting 
insects, when I saw in the possession of a working man who also 
collected insects for his own amusement 3 specimens of the Bat, 
all injured by the larva of a Beetle, Dermestes sp. Only one was 
fit to keep, which was kindly given to me; he told me he took 
them from an old factory chimney shaft. a few months before I saw 
them, I think at Hunslet. The two specimens that I did not have 
were so badly injured by the Dermestes larva that they were 
worthless. In 1874 I received two fine ? specimens from 
anderagee, Co. Armagh. They were taken from hollow beth 


P- 3295 is 
“a harbonnier, who Seagate several shot near Mexborough, 
but the Editor Rag diners that they thy 3 have been confused with 
young Noctul 
espe. ks pipistrellus. Pipistrelle or Small Bat. 
Is hie: smallest of our British Bats, and the commonest. 
Throughout the county it is universally distributed. In mild 


year, and I have frequently seen it abroad at midday. It is 

very fond of hawking at night in any ‘sheltered place, farm- 

yards, etc., and it rests in any convenient crevice. It varies 

much in colour, as most Bats do, some specimens being very 
_ dark. It is easily tamed and lives well in ca tivity 


though I have examined many specimens of this Bat, I can 
distinguish very little red about them. However, as I said 
, above, Bats vary greatly i in colour, and the food, surroundings, 


that the same species from widely-different localities may be 
in the county. essrs. Clarke and Roebuck record two as 


oe been taken from a tree in Oakwell Wood, Birstal. 
Naturalist, 


of the same tooth at its base. The lower incisors in V. dezslert 


seasons it is on the wing almost uninterruptedly throughout the’ 


. Vespertilio nattereri. Natterer’s or the Reddish- — 
Grey Bat. The latter term is to my mind a misnomer, as, — 


t 
2 
. 


very rae coloured. his Bat is either rare or overlooked 


= March 1899. 


. Grabham-: Vorkshire Bats. 7S 


I myself have only once taken this Bat, and that was at Flaxton 
on 9th August 1895. It is easily recognisable by its long ears 
and tragus, light-coloured under parts, and long spur. (‘The 
spur is a long, tendinous process from the heel of the foot, 
which runs along the margin of the interfemoral membrane, and 
Serves to stretch it. It, in fact, represents the os calcis. It will 


be found of very different length in different species, varying 
_from three to seven lines or more.’—Jenyns.) Between the end 


of the spur and the tip of the tail the membrane is crenate or 
puckered and set with numerous short hairs. This character at 
once distinguishes the species. It is very gregarious. My 


friend, Mr. James Backhouse, had over thirty sent to him last 


summer from Wales, old and young. Examples of both he very 
kindly gave me for my collection, and the young he described 
for the first time in ‘The Zoologist’ for December 1898. They 
are quite unlike the old in colour, being pure white beneath, and 
mouse-grey above, but in other characters exactly resemble 
adult specimens. In old and young the transverse lines on the 
interfemoral membrane are few compared to those found in the 
Same part in the Whiskered and Daubenton’s Bats. 

Mr. Roeback has had this Bat sent often, and has usually 
considered it as at least as common in Yorkshire as V. mysfa- 
cinus. He has had it a seen it from Thorp Arch, Bingley, 
Nidderdale, and oth 

5: Vespert ilio Linen Daubenton’s Bat. Is not 
recorded by the authors of ‘Yorkshire Vertebrates.’ I have 
had four sent to me during the past summer, taken in different 


parts of the county. The first was very kindly sent to me in 


June by Mr. George Parkin, of York Street, Wakefield; it had 


flown amongst a party of excursionists at Fountains Abbey, and 


had been secured by one of them. r. Parkin also forwarded 
to me two skins of this species, which had been taken some | 
years ago from a Woodpecker’s hole in Hawe Park Wood, 


on Walton. For the fourth specimen I am indebted to the kindness 


of Mr. James Carter, of Burton House, Masham. The Bat was - 
shot flying over a deep pool in the river Yore. It is essentially 
an aquatic species, if this term may be applied to a Bat, and 


out by Mr. W. E. DeWinton, the spur, vide supra, runs three 
Parts of the distance to the tail, and there is always a distinct notch 


at its end. Again, the feet are noticeably larger for the size of 
“i lh 


ope Grabham : Yorkshire Bats. 


the Bat than in any other species, and in adult specimens the 


colour of the back is a dark chocolate brown. Bell states that 


‘the wing membranes extend only to the distal extremity of the 


the tibia, leaving the foot free,’ but this I find to be a varying — 


quantity, and not to be always relied on. 

Mr. Roebuck informs me that the first Yorkshire example of 
this species was one which was sent to Mr. Clarke and himself 
in 1891 by Mr. Basil Carter, who shot it flying over the Yore at 
Masham, toth August of that year. This is the only Yorkshire 

_ Specimen he has seen. It was recorded in ‘ The Naturalist’ for 
September 1891, p. 275. 

6. equities mystacinus. The Whiskered Bat. For 
my own part I cannot see that it is more whiskered than some 
of its confréres. It is a small Bat, and only likely to be 


are. t has 
Clitheroe, near Scarborough, and | have taken it at Flaxton, in 
the streets of York, where it ite against a policeman’s helmet, 
Mr 


flitting about with a butterfly flight, amongst the foliage of 


trees, and between tall hedges in a narrow lane. 
So far as his experience goes, Mr. Roebuck considers this a 


common and widely distributed Bat. He has had it from many — 


places, Pateley Bridge, Masham, Goathland, Ingleby Greenhow, 
Warsill Grassington, Pocklington, Washburn Valley, etc. 
7. Plecotus auritus. The Long-eared Bat. This Bat 


behind a shutter, and one of them was only about half grown. 


Wards, as all Bats do when at rest, the long ears are folded 

bac This ae is easily tamed, and does not appear to 

object to captivi 

» Rhi sap nees hipposideros. Lesser Horse-Shoe Bat. 

So euiicd from the peculiar nasal appendage, the anterior see 
of which is something like a horse-shoe in shape. This 

= 


is easily recognised from the rest of our British species by its 1a 
enormous ears. It is comimon, but not abundant. It generally a 
_uses old buildings as a resting place, but I once took three from 


It was nearly pure white beneath. When hanging head down- 


SRS Ra aN ty 0 po 


Notes—Orntthology. 7s 


was not recorded by Messrs. Clarke & Roebuck, and it appears 
u 


caves and old workings in that district. Of its flight, except in 
aroom, I know nothing 
i Mr. Roebuck semaine that the credit of adding this species to 
the Yorkshire list belongs to Mr. James Ingleby of Eavestone, 
who discovered it near Eavestone, Ripon, as far back as 1875 if 
not earlier, and to Mr. H. Laver of Colchester, who identified 
the species for him. Mr. Laver sent Mr. Roebuck specimens 
about March 1882, which enabled him to record it as an addition 
in ‘The Naturalist’ for May 1882, p. 166. Since then Mr. Ingleby 
_ and Mr. W. Storey have found it in various caves in Nidderdale, 
_ Washburndale and the Ripon District. 
Fae I have to thank my friend, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, who was 
: a much earlier worker in this field than myself, for various notes 
which I have been able to incorporate in this paper. 
In conclusion, I would ask readers of ‘The Naturalist,’ if 
they come across any varieties, or the young of any species, if 
_ they would most kindly send them on to me. Bats travel badly, 
and soon begin to decompose, so that I should infinitely prefer 
them alive if possible ; if dead, they will keep much better if a 
slight incision be made in the abdomen, the entrails extracted, 
and a plug of cotton wool soaked in spirit, whisky will do, 
inserted therein. I shall be happy at any time to identify any 
Specimens about which their owners may be in doubt; and I think 
we ought to still further add to our county list of Cheiroptera. 


Ps SERS tal, <i col SSA ET 
NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY. 

Wax near Scarborough.—Mr. H. B. Ben of Leeds, 
writing ( on February seo) ) from ‘Scachorodgh: says :—‘ A shooter was out 
Mm October last and upon a flock of Facies , Waxwings [Am ‘ates 
Sarrulus L. ,a “f Whilst: ceebing ¢ ne to them a ee cock rose, which h 
_ Shot; this frightened the birds away. io guysucns ly Mr. Morley, the bird. 
_ Stuffer, had seven brought to him.’—-JoHN CoRDEAUX, Great t Cotes House, 
R.S.O., Li coln, roth February 1899. 

Barred * poms in Lancashire.—I am Sinker ge by my friend, 
Mr, Arthur P. Pa e, to place on record the occurrence of an example of 
_ peered Warbler (Sylvia nisoria Bechstein), near Fleetwood, on the 20th 

Page shot the bird with a ‘walking-stick’ gunin the presence 


n adult pl 
The original i a example was detected by Pro f. Alfred Newton, and 
is recorded in the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. for 1879, p. 219. The present 
seems to i te seventeenth ere noticed in the British Islands and the 
act record oo Lancashire.—W. RUSKIN Bu — St. Leonard’s-on- 
i Sea, ea, 8th Feb ry 1899. 


NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY. 
Magpies and af weaved Hawks as linet Rie ena 4 Game-Fowl 


ry, this month’s number of ‘The Natura Ny query from— 
r. Oldham, Alderiey Edge, as to whether it was sty a practice of 
Secon of game fowl to place the eggs of eke Meds in the nests of — 
gpies. : 
I have never heard of this in connection with Magpies’ nests, but I know ~ 
that many years ago the pitmen of Northumberland (who were great — 
breeders of game-fowl) used to place the eggs in the n vat af the Sparrow — 
Hawk (Accipiter nisus). They had an impression that by so he the 


young ong would become stronger and fiercer for fighting Mois 

Ther n old dismantled tower (an old pit shaft) at the north-west & 
corner py our ee oor where : 3 hla s done year after year, and where | 
the Agevdiait es ks were allow nest in safety for this med ting ge 
H. T. ARCHER, restore att 6th February 1899. 


Magpies, etc., as Foster-Parents of Game-Fowl.—Referring toe 
Mr. Oldham’s note on this eathect in ‘The Naturalist for February (p. St) ee 
ee oie. is = in E. Rolland’s ‘Faune Populaire dela Fra ce e 

me 2 I 
e Co 0q- pie Your C6é-pie) passe pour eto trés-méchant. On l’obtient en— 
faisant couver des ceufs de por ule uae e pie dont on déménage le nid. — 
ogs qu illeurs.’ Haut-Maine, MONTESSON. ~ 

Ip Potayen en's ‘Skandinaviens ae Vol. 1, pp. 254, 270, the use 
the nests of both Pica pica and Corvus cornice for the hatching of hens 
eggs is described as practised in certain ai s of Scandinavia, OstergG6th- — 
land being — ularly specified The sib are — ran or. 
otherwise colo oo and the c hitkens of” course, removed as soon as 
betrayed by their piping. The au athe says that he can from his own» 
ex _ har vouc oh 4 the perfect success of the plan. 

Mo: on’s account dates 1859, orang i 1866.—P. RALFE, ‘The 
Fevaae, casita iia Isle of Man, 9th February 1899. 


The Kingfisher in the Huddersfield District. en Joseph H. 
eee 9 Skelmanthorpe, near Huddersfield, Davids: seen my note one 
‘ The Kingfisher at Huddersfield’ (« Naturalist,’ Dec mber r 1868), wrote me 
the other day G wes sbicniereh 1899), as iehewasia On January 6th last, — 
I was fishing for roach in the rae ci? at beaks Hall, and observed a 
Kingfisher (Aled “ispida) fly across the moat. Previous to this I had — 
anil oneon n pond at Railay Old “Hall, and this bird is repeatedly ‘ 
observed by me Saabs er, our family on the pond or dow 4 


‘ 


in the above-mentioned moat and pond, and last week, when our pond w 
frozen over except on a few square yards where the water ms it, the 
Kingfisher was seen on successive days early in the morning oh 
tree which Ws up ou the pond at ast ecipaily, I saw 
another Kingfisher several times by the stream just below B 

Skelmanthorpe, and in this stream there erly sticklebacks, but 
they appear to “ok been killed off by eine and mille t 
when I observed the bird last Saturday, the stream 

by dye-water. Before this year I have never seen a Kingfisher in this distri 
only on the Nidd at Knaresboroug! d the Lave ipon ; 


s 
- Hinchliff kindly allows me to send the foregoing interesting notes 
for publication ; and I may add that at the time 1 observed the bird on i 
nds 1 stic 


AS rke t 

ecently on he erase asions seen the Kingfisher at Slaithwaite, 

ere are evidently a several in this district.—Gro. T. PORRI 
Coosa Hall, Huddersfield, 15th schilcriie 1899. 


EXTRACTS FROM A CONCHOLOGIST’S NOTEBOOK. 


WILLIAM NELSON, M.C:.S., 
Crossgates, Leéds; Hon. Sec., Leeds Conchological Club. 


_ 4.—FROM SELBY TO CAMBLESFORTH AND GOWDALL FOR 
ae _ LIMNZ4GA GLABRA, 


By an early train on Saturday morning, 14th April 1887, 
arrived at Selby, and at once made my way to the canal, 
_ which I had found on previous visits to be a prolific hunting 
i ground for mud-loving mollusks. This morning, however, 
_ Iwas afraid was going to prove a blank, as the weather was 
_ cold, with the wind blowing from the east, the quarter most 

dreaded by the field naturalist. 1 searched for a considerable 

time, but was only rewarded by two or three specimens of 

Limnea peregra. On former visits to this canal I have obtained, 
_ buried in the mud and at the roots of sedges and other mud- 
: oving plants, Spheri corneum, Unio tumidus, Anodonta 
_ “gnea, Paludina vivipara, Bythinia tentaculata, B. leachit, and 
Valvata cristata, the latter very common. ifferent parts of 
the canal had produced Planorbis fontanus, P. albus, P. vortex, 
: : +. carinatus, P. umbilicatus, Physa fontinalts, Limnea ora, 
 £. auricularia, L. stacnalis s, and Z. fruncatula. 


a eer ee ae a ee ey 


_ Planorbis umbilicatus, P. contortus, Limneea peregra, L. palustris, 
id L. truncatula. 1 searched each pond and ditch as I went 
along towards Camblesforth ; at or opposite to a place called _ 
Marshallshaw, a little to the north-east of Camblesforth, I made 


‘0 the aquatic mollusca in the ditch I searched among the moss 
: on’ the bank-side, but only found Zonites fulvus and Cochlicopa 
_lubrica, only single specimens of the former, and it is a curious 

zrcumstance respecting my experience of this shell that I pis 


1899. 


78 Nelson: Extracts Srom a Conchologist’s Notebook. 


as a. rule, found only scattered “cays of it, rarely more than : 


two or three in a locality. e only exception I can call to 


mind at this time is finding it many years ago very common : 
near to Seacroft Hall. Having left the ditch and passed © 
through Camblesforth I came to a small, shallow, grass-grown — 


pond situated in a widening of the road at a place where two 


or three footpaths diverge. The pond is invariably dried up in q 


summer time. I had searched this place two or three times 


before and have obtained examples of Planorbis fontanus, — 
P. sptrorbis, Limnea peregra, and L. glabra. Leaving these — 


I next came to the large pond at Carleton Towers. Here I ~ 


enlisted the sympathy and help of a farmer who was occupier of : 


the land which surrounds that part of the pond which is cut off : 


from the park. Learning from me that I wished to go some 


distance from the margin, where there was an abundance of the 


broad-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton natans), he took me to 
a somewhat large raft which was floating on the water, but 
I soon found that whatever else we were, we neither of us were 
experts with that kind of craft, as we were continually getting 
both to one end, and so submerging it until the water was 

running over the tops of our oe and after all we were 


scarcely adequately rewarded for our exertions and discomfort. _ 


Mates albus, P. umbilicatus, Pros Sontinalts, mtn peregra, 


L. palustris being all we obtained, and those few species — 
were only represented by one or two gerne tag of each. . Our 7 
management of the raft did not induce any desire on my part to” 
stay long on the pond, and I was heartily glad to get away | 
before making a still closer acquaintance with it. I next tried | 


a ditch at a place called the Dumps, which yielded one or two 
examples each of Planorbis contortus and Physa hypnorum. 
Leaving here I crossed the river Aire by the bridge to Snaith; 
passing through part of the town I turned to the right, and on 


a hedge-bank at Pickhill Bank I found Zonztes cellarius and 
flelix arbustorum. Still bearing to the right towards a place 
called Gowdall, 1 came to a small plot of undrained land, most — 
“Saeed a piece of a former common, and after searching for — 

me time I found examples of Planorbis spirorbis and Limnea — 
hn, both being represented by few and very impoverished- 
looking examples. Still keeping westwards I passed through 


Hensall, only adding Limnea peregra from a ditch by the road, 


and so arrived at the station, where I took the train home, and 
thus concluded another ramble which, though unpromising at 
the beginning, ended very successfully, in the addition of two — 


more habitats fox this local shell. 
ead to the Leeds Conchological Club, 21st January 1899: | 
Naturalis 


aie: 


ae SP EIS ae ne ST ie RGR Ce alee SEM Ae OM Teen eal ate PI A eaeieTs . S ST Se ny |e ge an ee a 


79 


VERNACULAR NAMES 
OF BIRDS AT STAVELEY, WESTMORLAND. 


JOSEPH A. MARTINDALE, 


Staveley, Westmorland. 


THE short article on Lakeland Bird-names in last month’s 
‘Naturalist’ interested me very much, and, if I may be allowed, 
I should like to say a few words on the same subject. Staveley 
may, [ suppose, be considered to be within Lakeland, thoug 
three or four miles from the nearest lake ; so that my remarks 
May be taken as supplementary to those of Miss Armitt. Like 
all other dialectal words and modes of speech, the local names 
for birds are gradually dying away under the influence of books. 
| Boys are the great conservators of the local bird-names, and 
Probably the inventors of several of them; but, even among 
them, there has been a great change during the last thirty years 
©r so, and one finds them using book-names for such birds as 
the Barn Owl and Common Sandpiper, for which formerly they 
knew only the rustic appellations of ‘Grey Hullet’ and ‘ Willy 
Wittock.’ Forty years ago, when I first settled in Staveley, 


Comparatively few birds, with the exception of game, were 
- hown to school children by their ordinary English names; but 
the other day, when I asked some boys to write me out a list of 


nee ta? chet) 


n the ‘sixties’ no boy ever thought of calling the Wren 
anything else than ‘Chitty’ or ‘Chitty-wérén.’ The latter 
always considered most interesting, as, in all probability, the 
Only word anywhere spoken in England in which the sound of 
the letter w is given before an r. Miss Armitt’s mode of writing 
the name disguises this, for the short indefinite vowel sound 
between the w and 7 is not at all truly represented by ay; 
heither is the name divisible into ‘chittiwé’ and ‘ren,’ but as 
have written it above, ‘chitty-wérén.’ The vowel sound that 
Comes between the w and ¢ is that represented in Paleotype 
by an inverted italic e (a). I regret to say that this nasi 
Seems now obsolete in this neighbourhood, for, though ‘chitty 
@ppeared in some of the lists, not one boy could recollect 
hearing the full name. : 
. Even in so small a district as Lakeland it is probable that no 
? list of local names could be written that would be absolutely 
- March 1899, 


eee aS Se eI Bi he me re en Ee | 
Mga? < eee Ney ates 27 


pee a ae RR ge Og Sen eel 


80 Cordeaux: Linota extlipes at Skeffling, Holderness. 


4 


correct for each part of it. Thus, though Miss Armitt says 
that ‘Bessie Douker’ is universal and the only name known for 
the Dipper, that bird was never called anything else here than 
‘Water Craa,’ and the name is still generally used among boys, 
although I found ‘ Water Ouzel’ put for it in one of the lists 
I spoke of. Again, the Grey Wagtail is most commonly known | 
here as the ‘ Yellow Willy,’ while its congener the Pied bie dye 
is called the ‘Grey Willy.’ For the last bird the name ‘ Dish- 
washer’ was given in one of the lists, but on questioning the boy 
who wrote it,-he told me that the name was given to him by 
‘one of his play ‘mates, a newcomer to the village, so that 
ingyen it is an imported designation. a 
a-smoor’ used to be a name for the Whitethroat ; and 


<a 


Meadow Pipit. One must remember, however, that boys are 
by no means scientific in their ornithology, and that sometimes 
the same species bears two distinct names, while in other cases 
two or three distinct birds are lumped by them under one name; 
whenever, on the one hand, great variation of eggs and nesting 
place is found in the case of individuals of the same species, or, 
on the other, birds nearly resemble each other in appearance 
and there is no decided difference in the eggs and nest. : 
Long-tailed Tit is always called here ‘the Long-tailed Chitteren 
Magpie ’—all one name. 

Among the Staveley bird-names not referred to above, or 
unmentioned in Miss Armitt’s paper, are the following :— 

‘ Bessie,’ Yellowhammer. 

‘Grey Linnet,’ Common Linnet. 

‘Yellow Linnet,’ Greenfinch. 

‘Jammy’ or ‘Jammy Longlegs,’ Heron. 

a 
NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY. 


Linota exilipes at Sketfling, Holderness.—Since writing (Nat. : 
ey ts 38 in connection with two Mealy Redpolls shot at 
Dee be ; birds to — 


ere ee ees) Cee \ ee Pt hae EE edt Tae 


ea oe es eae 


wn 
a 
a 
= 
= 
a 
Bg 
ts 
o 
a 
be 
ze 
5 
-) 
Faia’ 


referring them to the Arctic and circumpolar Linota exilipes Coues. 
differs wisp from a eo iene) Hecland, and Lee bergen LZ. A 
bein mall Skeffling i 


ea ee eines Ae mae ee eee ee seks ee och Re eee Ea ee ON 
epee ae hem RE 


fee Een eg 
one as Psat eS e 
tigen = oe : 


8r 
BIBLIOGRAPHY : 


- Papers = ya published with respect to the Natural peice 
d Physical Features of the North of England 


GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY, 1894 
THE present instalment has been compiled and edited by 
THOMAS SHEPPARD 
Previous instalments of the Bibliography of Geology and 
Paleontology have appeared as follow 
For 1884, in ‘Naturalist,’ Dec. esi. Pp- 394-406. 
N 


» 1885, = ov. 1886, pp. 349-362. 

», 1886, is June 1888, pp. 178-188. 

» 1887, ce Feb. 1889, pp. 61-77. 

», 1888, vs April-May 1890, pp. 121-138. 
1» 1880, y Nov. 1890, pp. 339-350- 

»» 1890, ‘5 Oct.-Nov. 1891, pp. 313-330. 
yx, 181, 3 July-Aug. 1892, pp. 219-234. 
” 1892, ” Sept. 1893, pp. 265-279. 


x» 1893, a Sept.-Oct. 1898, pp. 273-296. 

I have to thank Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., and 
Mr. Alfred Harker, M.A., F.G.S., for a considerable amount of 
assistance. 

Particulars of papers, etc., omitted from the following list 
will be gladly received and included at the commencement of 
the 1895 Bibliography. Every effort will be made, however, to 
ensure these lists being as complete as possible. 

The lists for 1895-1898 will be published as soon as possible, 
and it would render them more complete if editors of periodicals, 
Secretaries of societies, and especially authors of papers in local 
journals, ete., would send copies to the editor of this journal at 
259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds. Reprints and authors’ separate 
copies should bear the name of the publication, the number of 
the volume or part, the original paging, and the actual date 
of publication. 

The Watsonian vice-counties are adopted throughout these 
bibliographies as more convenient and uniform in extent than 
the political counties ; those comprised within the North of 
England are the followi ing :— 

53, Lincoln S.; 54, Lincoln N.; 56, Notts.; 57, Derby ; 58, 
Cheshire; 59, Lancashire S.; 60, i dachahiew W.; 61, York S.E.; 
62, York N.E.; ; 63, York S. W.; 64, York Mid W.; 65, York 
N.W.; 66, Du haa 67, Northumberland 5. 7. 68, Cheviotland :. 
69, with Furness and Cartmel; 70, Cumberland; 


. ee Isle of Man; with their adjoining seas. 


Mare h 1899. F 


82 Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1890-3-4. 


1890. 
ROBERT MUNRO York S.E. 
e | Lake-Dwellings | of | Smad st | being the | Rhind Lectures in 
‘pice Oey 1 for 1888. | by | R re CM Aas e Ts 
abe Kaa ao | od fv. ..| [the Holderness Lake-Dwellings 
described on pp- 469-474, and specimens therefrom figured]. pp. x 


1893. 
H. G. SEEL 
ae On pencaiecad Phillipsi [from the tice near Slingsby]. Ann. 
: Rep. York Phil. Soc. for:1892, publ. 1893, pp. 52-57. 


1894. 
Anon. [not signed]. CHESHIRE. 
Excursions . Helsby and Frodsham . . July 20th [603 § 
geology briefly summarised]. Rep. and Trans. Manch. Field Nat. | 
1894, Pp. 37: 


for 1893, publ. 


Ry Anon. [not eine Lanc. S. 

Excursions. pecceorte Colliery, Little Lever, near Bolton, 
Saturday, + Be ApH [18935 account of descent of Gingham Pit]. Rep. 
and Proc. Manch. Field . Soc. for 1893, pub. 1894, pp. 6-7. 


ANON. [not signed] XO 
Field Excursion [of the Yorkshire arsine and Polytechnic 
Broad Lane Junction, Bradford [to inspect a section on 
G.N. Railway near Broad Lane Station, in wide h the Crow Coal sae 
the Black par: seam, and Better Bed Coal are exposed]. Proc. Yorks. 
Geol. and Polyt. Soc., Vol. 12, Pt. 5, 1894, p. 441. 

ANON. [not eae York S.E., N.E., S.W. 
eports of Field Excursions [of the Hull Geolo gical Society 
during 1893; Filey, on 3rd April, with description of the Bri ¢ and li ist t of 
} v xa, and te 


l Ss, 2 ts borou 
with lists of fossils collected from the opie clay cliffs and beach; 
Askern, with Yorkshi Ai ea raed Union, on 15th June; Kirkby Moor- 
side, on 1oth July, with - N. U.; Speeton, on 27th July, with list of 
fossils from the Speeton Clash North Grimston and Langton Wold, on 
7th August, with lists of fossils from the Coral Rag and Lower Calcareous 


x on . 
: St te the chalk, and record of Mars ti ornatus in a pit-at Beverley]. 


Trans. Hull Geol. Soc., Vol. 1, 1893-4, p 
‘Siok [not signed]. SHIRE, LANC. 
Boulders of Ailsa Crag Eurite at ripraried aeeaayh the ‘inost ensterks 
atiey 3 yet pera Glac. Mag., April 1894, p 
Anon. [not signed]. DURHAM. 
6 Coalfield. Colliery Guardian, Vol. 67, 1894, pp. 19, 112, 


N. [not signed]. No stare Ss. 
The ‘Northumberland Coalfield. Colliery Guardia, Vol. 67, 1894, 


ON. [not signed]. BERLAND. 
The Sc aibirlana eae aoa Colliery Guardian, Vol. 67, ge: pp: 351) 
414, 451, 543, 592, 
ANon. [not signe ot kK Mip W., S.W. 
The Yorkshire Coalfield. Sores Guardian, Bi oh 1894, p- 5103 
ol. 68, pp. 992, 1,024, 1,074, 1,117. 
Naturalist, 


ON ie a al sas a 


Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 83 


NON. [not signed]. Lance. S. 
The | Lancashire, peel epise Colliery Guardian, Vol. 67, 1894, pp. 640, 
689, 751, 785, 
ANON. [not signed]. DERBYSHIRE, 
The Derbyshire ape tens eae. Guardian, Vol. 68, 1894, pp. 353, 
ia bs 64 4, 607 qs 697; 7 801, 8 


N. [not signed]. ee a ee 
The Nottinghamshire eae Colliery Guardian, Vol. 68, 1894, 
Pp. 205, 262, 293, 395, 427 
ANON. [not dents ea aia FURNESS. 
‘*The Igneous Rocks of England.’’ [Rep communication 
made ‘to ‘The Student’s [sic] Association he Notes pers e, Upsala,’ 
by Herr Otto Nordens geld ris came between the volcanic rocks 
near Ambleside and Coniston and those of Sweden pointe tad ut]. Bulletin 


of the lion aw Instittion of the University of Upsala, Vol. 1, 1892-3, 
publ. 1894, pp. 91- 


N. [not signe York S. rs 


ANO P 
Encroachment of the Sea [at Hornse. 
and his eer details given]. Fretwelt' s Illust. Guide to Hornsea, N.D., 
issue 


in 


N. [not signed]. EY. N. Wis SE 
(Additions to the] Museum lof the hie Philosophical “ae A 
eological Department. [Includes bones o se from the 


Soa of the Wiske (Mr. Hutton) ; six specuuead = osoiee Jurassica 
from the Calcareous Grit, Ruston (Mr. S. Chadwick); three specimens of 
Rhynconella from the Lower sen apa Grit, Hutton Bushell (Mr. J. F. 
+ epg and Quartzite from Teesdale (Mr. Backhouse) ]. Ann. Report 
Yorks, Phil. Soc., 1893, publ. 1894, per 30-32. 
aa [not signed]. LINCOLNSHIRE, CHESHIRE, pipes 
[Review of] Memoirs of ene Geological shige ey of the United 
Kingdom ; the Jurassic Rocks of Britain. Vol. III. The incl ~ Eneinnd 
and Wales A gsten rd excepted) By Horace B. Woodw .Gi 
+) pp. Xil ne with a map and 89 woodcut itusira tions: 
= Map pos 1894, p 85-87. 
N. [not signed]. LE OF MAN, CHESHIRE. 
The. Geological. Serees of the United Kingdom. [A Re eview of 
the D palteaale s bly sagr ¥s for the year ending 31st Dec. 1893; refers 
Me the ar rvey in the ie of patty Cheshire, “ated 


NON. [ , P. F. Kendall, ast at Linc. N. 
oe ype Bibliography. Searterty: fone of the Geological 
na witpge & (London), Vol. , 1895- [Contains peep paper ‘On 
e Re ced yen 2 through the Lower Crstnete s Strata of East Lin- 
colashire, by A, J. Jukes Browne]. Glac. Mag., oe 1894, pp. 18-21. 
ANON, [not signed ; query, P. F. Kendall, Editor}. Lanc., CHESH. 

Current Glacial Bibliography. British Association Report, 1893. 
[Contains abstracts of papers seat ed to the Glacial veyed oBy of Lanca- 
shire, Cheshire, pots etc.|.. Glac. ., June 1894, p 

FREDERICK BARKE. 

Notes on Sections in the Drift in N. Staffordshire and S.W. 
Derbyshire. Ann. Rep. aga ae N. Staffordshire N. F. Club, Vol. 28, 
for 1893 -94, publ. pee - 128. 

NOLD-BEMRO 
Notes on “Crick Hi. yr Derby [not seen]. 
March | 1899. 


DERBYSHIRE. 


DERBYSHIRE. 


84 Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 


H. H. ARNOLD-BEMROSE DERBYSHIRE. 

On the Microscopical Stracture of the Derbyshire eget proaned tr 
Dolerites and Tuffs [dealing with the petrography o oadstones 0 

Derbyshire, which are divided into massive rocks or eee and fragmental 

rocks or tu S; a3 psa are Spee o be more extensive than hitherto 
Nov. 894, pp- 603-64 


Vol. 
2 - ates. Rbatack§ in Geol, Mae ne 1894, rte 333- 


NORTH OF ENGLAND. 
ie ey: ofa our ne 8vo., pp. xvi. 352: with 6 coloured 
plates and map, and about roo illustrations. Lon don, 1894. [Not seen.] 

’ Reviewed in Geol. Way. 1894, pp. 87-89. 
W.H RLAND, Wieebinoes see 
History and Description of the Gieauaie Silver Lead Mine, 
hag arses Trs. N. Engl. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. 43, p. 439, and Trs. Fed. 

Ins . Eng., Vol. 7, p. 645. 


H. BOTHAMLEY. ORK S.W. 
The Mineral edie of oe ” S heteomtigsel tziving detailed 
analyses of the Askern Waters an ing with those of 


Harrogate]. Prse Yorks. Grol! and Polyt. gs Vol ee Part 5, 1894, 
PP- 347-361. 


J. R. C..N., YORK. os 
** The Isle of Axholme and the Level of bated Chase ie labstract 
of lecture to the Hull Geological Society; the peat its ntents 
referred to]. Trans. Hull Geol. Soc., Vol. 1, 1893-4, o ps Y 
GEORGE S. BRAD NORTHUMBERLAND, YORKSHIRE, ETC. 
Address to the Members of the Tyn neside Naturalists’ Sealer Club 
[Refers to the Excursions made by the cota during 1892, gives 
brief geological notes]. Nat. Hist. Trans. rthumberland, poe 
and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Vol. 11, Part 2, ras ae 
W. BROCKBANK. Lanc, S. AND W., CUMBERLAND, WESTMORLAND. 
Glacier Remains in Cumberland ied Weattnontatet with notes on 


n 
a a p- and 3 plates (Views of moraines in Easdale and 
Little wen etic this er was read to the Lit. and Phil. Soc. of 
Manchester i in 1870; an abatears appearing in the Proceedings of that 
Soc ) 


manu 
ALEX. BROWN. York N.E. 
On the Structure and Affinities of the Genus Solenopora, together 
with Descriptions of New Species [including S. 7urassica from the Jurassic 
of Malton]. Geol. Mag., April 1894, pp. 145-151, and Pinte s 
S. S. BUCKMAN. K N.E. 
Jurassic Ammonite On Genus Cymbites ide umayr) 
sear gegse Cymbites, Tekaireabe fYoutig and Bird) from the Yorkshire 
Lias]. Geol. Mag., Aug. 1894, pp. 357-363. 


F, TON. 
[Geologic cal Observations made by] enc eoegiceg Naturalists a 
aOR [on July 5th, 1894]. Nat., Dec. 1894, pp. 349-350- 
F. M. Linc. N. Se 
{Geological ae servations made by yoo eisai Naturalists 
aio at Lincoln [on 24th May 1894]. Nat 1894, p. 


NS avetahets 


_ or 1870 (pp. 19-25); and is now reprinted in full from the original 
vt}. E 


i 


Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 85 


JOHN BUTTERWORTH LANc. 
On some Coal Plants [from Lancashire; structure 8 anid 
figures given, but no names are supplied]. Sci. Goss., Sept. 1894, 


oe 


W. LOWER CarTER. ORK S.E. 
Notes on the Field Excursion [of the Yorkshire ae reer and 
Polytechnic Society] for the examination of the Coast between Bridlington 
and Filey idesedbing the Pte aie: = the Chalk and Glacial Beds 
examined 8th and gth June 1894]. c. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., 
Vol. a 94, 3 


V. LOWER CARTER. K Mip W., Lanc. S 

{Geological eteay'? vations made by] Yorks ane Natu rallats in 

nti -Ribblesdale State Sawley and Gisburn, 7th August, 1893]. Nat., 
an. 18 


WILLIAM CAsH. YORKSHIRE. 
Obituary. ‘: wie Ricloesror Davis, F.G.S., F.L.S., F.S:A, [Points 
out the effect avis’ influence on the progress of Yorkshire 
geology durin aes vesepler i with the Yorkshire Geological an 

Polytechnic Society ; gives ‘List of Memoirs, Papers, etc., 
il Davis * enumera P: n va geological 


li mie el Bae in apers on various geologi 
subjects, though principally having reference to the fossil fishes of th 
coal measures]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., Vol. 12, Part 4, 

334+ 


E. MAULE COLE. YorkK S.E 
epecte | seen [((Huggate Dykes on cover of reprint) ; _— cription 
a Ce presumably ancient British, which have 
ag aioe d on the Chalk Wolds, near the village a Pcie, 
Trans. East Riding Antiq. Soc., Vol. 2, 1894; reprint, oe sae 
- MAULE COLE. . 
Description of ace ier of es Clay Cliffs, Cae Nie Filey 
[describes the boulder cl ay and re fers to its origin and contents; its 
characteristic weat ering is well shown at Filey; a bed o iddle 
Calcareous Grit, upon which the boulder clay rests, forms the base of the 
Section]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., Vol. 12, Part 5, 1 
442-446. 


- MAULE COLE. 
The por ieey wt ee Head —— detailed —— ot * tas 


Upper an r Cretaceous, and a geological sketch-map; pp. 102-108 
of Flamborough Villag ge pe ‘Veudland, ye 1894, pp. xi. +179, Hull. 
G. C. Crick. . See ‘Arthur H. Foord.’ York S.W. 
Wer, ea 
{Boulders at] Cottingham So in The Yorkshire Boulder 
Committee and Its Eighth Year's Work]. Nat., Oct. ‘1894, p. 302; 
and fuller particulars i in Trans. “Hull Geol. Soc., Vol. ¥; ee eae g 


y W. Crossk CHESHIRE, LANCc. S. 


HEN 
Introduction [to the late Carvill Lewis’ ‘Glacial gy of Great 
“a oa an d Ireland’; speaking of the South Lancashire district or eda 


r the guidance of a capable geologist, 
GS mined th hip Canal sections, and can come or 
a part of ‘ha 


the north-west into the Irish Sea, carried the débris it there accumulated 
ver the plains of Lancashire and Ch ye and mixed it with locally 
derived material’], 1894, pp. xxxix.-Ixxxi 
J. R. Daxyns. York Mip = 
Glacial Phenomena of Wharfedale between Bolton Abbey a 
_ Kettlewell_ cites particiars of the striz and glacial beds reagan | in the 


86 Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 


district; the latter contain pebbles of local rocks athe ; illustrated by tw 

diagrams of the upper edges of rock being turned over by glacia at acta 

in the direction of the ice-flow, one of these at Gill Bank, near Storriths; 
rden a, i i i i 


ice, but everything is in favour of huge confluent glaciers .... 0 

home-made ice; Nidderdale, too, suprods the same ie age Proc. 
Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc. 5 1004, Vol. 12, Part 4) pp. 2 5 

. R. Dakyns, York N.W. 

A Sketch of the Geology of Nidderdale and the Washburn North 


of Blubberhouses cies anv particulars of the various members of 
illstone Gri i 


Part 
W. Boyp DAWKINS. ISLE OF MAN. 
**On the Geology of rhs Isle of Man. Part The Per mian, 
Carboniferous, and Triassic Rocks and the new Salth jeld ie the North” 
[description of the Plan hic rocks in the vicinity of Peel, with diagrams 
and sections]. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., 1894, Vol. 22, Barty: pp- 590- 
613. 


M 
mas upon l Brae’ Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., 1894, Vol. 12, 
Miah selena Rasa e 


YD DAWKINS IsLE OF MA 
The Carbon! iferous Li imestone, Triassic Sandstone, and Salt- c haabiae 
Marls of the North of the Isle of Man [giving the results of several borings; 
e most interesting feature being t magi ages? of salt-measures connect- 


ing those of Ireland and Lancashire ; t ulder oy near a! Point of 


Ayre reaches the great thickness of ag: BAL Geol igs er? ec. 1894, 
pp- 558-559; also Re &P: Brit. Assn. for 1894, et 1895, pp. 66 
W. Boyp a is i, OF Man. 


3 gne e Sta 
forms penx. of the same basin as : Anyask eae mag District} 
Geol. Mag., Dec. 1894, pp. 560-561 ; th Rap, Brit. eect for 1894, pub! 


CC. r. Danawce, Pgs S. AND CHESHIRE. 
n the pre-Glacial Form of the Ground in Lancashire and 
Cheshire [attributing the carving out of the te valiaes to pre-Glacial 
ange when the land ee od at faye joo feet higher than now]. Rep. 
Brit. Assn. for 1893, publ. 1894, pp. 779-780. 

C. E. DERANCE fait late NotTtTs., AND LINCOLNSHIRE. 
The Circulation of iret ofa und Waters. Twentieth Report of 
the Committe hh paraeniare of borings at Werner ames 
and several iisealition in cs Lancolaaiie and Yorkshire]. Rep. Brit. Assn. 

for 1894, ite = ae 
KS. W. AND Mip W. 


satan from a paper s, contributed to the Geol. and 
Polyt. Soc. of the West Riding of Works: in 1877]. Glac. Mag., January 
id: are i31- 134. 
C. E, DERANCE. ESHIRE. 
On the Boring for ee in the Freeholders’ Estate at Sa ‘1 ‘eed e 
eas given - 1,633 ft. 2 in. of rock passed through]. Trans. Manch. 
1. Soc., Vol. 22 » P+ 452+ 


oe ra ie ‘ E. 
A paddle of Ichthyosaurus from Whitby, with dean of the 


integument [exhibited at the meeting of the London Geologists’ — 


tion on 1st Dec. 1893]. Proc. Geol. Assn., 1894, Vol. 13, Part 6, » Pp» 187+ 


ee 


ene 


wi 


Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 87 


JOSEPH DICKINSON. CHESHIRE. 
otes on Mr. De Rance’s esos. #9. ‘The Boring pee Coal on the 
agheg ibe Estate at Hazel ” [with gd and section]. Trans. 
Manch. Geol. Soc., 1894, Vol. 22, Pace 18, pp. 548-551- 

. ‘ c. S. AND W, 
The Ribble peasy: heb Notes on the pie dain at Sand and 
the disposal of Dissolved Matter in River Water [remarking on the 
excavations for the Creston oe and giving a list of the various bones 
Urus, etc.) found there; tracing some of the history of the river, a 
especially the changes in its channel rt ren the last oni geo as show 
on various charts]. Proc. Liverp. Geo » 1894, pp. 135-154. 


E, Dickson anp P. HOLLAND. a LE OF vp 
Notes on n Shell Breccia aly etal pag Coast of the Isle of M 


about 25 mil o n 25 fatho wine ptr and shell 

fragments are contained in a sa atari ass cemented by carbonate of 
ime]. Proc. Liverp. Geol. Soc., 1894, pp. 164-171. 

A D[WERRYHOUSE]. Lanc. S., CHESHIRE. 

Current Glacial pee spemca iee sii iasrteh se the Liverpool 

Geological Society, Part 2, Vol. vii. [Gives su es of several papers 


on the ; geology of the district praene bicotnoali: ise. Mag., Nov. 1894, 
PP= 7 3*75- 
A. R. D[WERRYHOUSE]. NORTH OF ENGLAND. 
igs Glacial Bibliogr apy. Geological Magazine. Decade he 
1893. [Gives abstracts, etc., of papers bearing on glaci 
Ms ay several of which have reference to the eee of En Sanat 
Glac, Peal Feb. 1894, pp. 159-166; and March 1894, pp. 187-189. 
F. W. FIerkeE. 
The Mollu fH ensens records (p. 55) inroads rere nus 
(Lightfoot) come the Post-glacial lacustrine deposit expose the cliffs 
at Skipsea]. vi aged Palsstentes Guide to Hornsea, cai. 65 pp., 
Hull, sib date 
J. J. Firzpatrick. ' WESTMORLAND. 
The Permian Conglomerate of the Vale of rena [describing the 


m Appleby, h vit 
23 per cent of carbonate of magnesia, the insoluble residue of silica, etc., 
ee about 3o per cent.]. Proc. Liverp. Geol. Soc., 1894, pp. 212-225 
and pla 


ARTHUR H. Foorp Anp G. C. CrRIc K S. hae 
On Temnocheilus coronatus, M’ ists from the Eciiocn 
— of Stebden Hill, near Cracoe, Yorks Scan ing se 


ring exceptionally good. specimens pt this pout shell]. Geol. 
Mag., July 1894, pp. 295-298, and woodcu 


ARTHUR H. FoorD AND C. CRICK. IsLE OF MAN. 
On the Identity of Ellipsolites compressus, J. ig werby, " 
Ammonites henslowi, J. Sowerby [conclusions based o specimen from 


the Isle of Man, in possession of Joseph Wright, Belfast}. pak: Maa = 
: pp. 11-17 (with plate). 


E NEVE FOSTER. IsLE OF MAN, ETC. 


i Text-book of Ore and Stone Mining. 8vo. G igs 
I 


March 1899, 


88 Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 


ARCHIBALD GEIK NORTH OF ENGLAND. 
Fa aa Report of he Geological Survey and go somee ke pitiegs 9 
eology for the year ending December 31st, 1893. 8vo 
JAMES GEIKIE. NORTHERN Coc 
The Great Ice Age and its Relation * the ripen cand of Man. Third 
Edition, pP- xxvili+850. Maps, charts, woodcuts, etc. London. 1894. 
[Not see pe Resewed by G. J. Hitinde) in Geol. Megan Jan. 1895, pp. 29-38. 
JAMES eras NORTH OF ENGLAND. 
The Great Ice Age, 3rd aoe ines oe pe: maps and 
sae [con ntaining in chapter: 26, account the gincial 
accumulations in iincoinseias Holderness, ike: Norlly Western Counties, 
the Trent Valley, etc.]. 8vo., pp. xxviii.+850, with 17 plates, London, 
1894. 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND DURHAM. 
pensecocrne Sections, Sheet 148 onan Coatitields: 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES. YORK N.E., ScE. 
General Geologi ical Map of England and Wales (4 miles to an inc h, 
hand-coloured edition), oer 3 (Index of Colours) and 6 (Yorkshire 
coast). 


Lanc. S., YORK Mip W. 


Stonyhurst no, [Geology on pp. 0, describing e 
Millstone Grit an rer Carboniferous strata of the neighbourhood, and 
mentioning a er of fossils, including worm-tracks (Chrossocorda 


figured) and a riety collection ba A dicen (Phillipsia) ; see H. Woodward 


below]. 4to., pp. 316, 1894, B 


ELIZABETH ois GORDON. ? NORTH OF er 
The Life and ST ae of eames Buckland, D.D., F.R. 

sometime Dean Westminster, President of = Geological 
ondon 


Society, and First President of the British Rasa 
1894 [not seen]. 
J. .W. GrRAy AND PERCY F. KENDAL CHESHIRE, 
On the Junction of Permian and ‘Tri riassic Rocks at skbciepoet 
[combating the alleged unconformity]. Rep. Brit. Assn. for 1893, publ. 
1894, Pp. 769 770. 
G. C. GREENWELL, JUN. CHESHIRE. 
Bitumen from a Coal Seam at Poynton, near Stockport [specimen 
exhibited and deuavibed at the meeting of the neapiensys Geol. Society]. 
Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., 1894, Vol. 22, Part 14, pp. 444-447. 


W. GREGORY. NORTH OF ENGLAND. 
[Review of] Man sem the Glacial Period. By G. bse k Wright, 
inte ae 8vo., pp. xiv., 385 pp. London... . . [This review principally 


— with that since of the book referring to British Glacia 1 eee 
ich was written by Mr. P. F. Kendall}. Glac. Mag., July 1894, p 


266. 

J. W. GREGORY. York N.E. 
Catalogu urassic rina Aedes in the York Rbag gre: wil 
figures ve aidan tg (Cellaria) smtthi Phil., from the Cornbrash of 
Scarborough, a" Pustulopora sleet deat ag Phil, from the 
Mikepore Dolite of Gristhorpe noting wit oie escription a new 
Species ve the latter _— from thie Millepord Oolite of Westow]. Ann. 

- York Phil. Soc. for 1893, publ. 1894, pp. 58-61. 
N.W., N.E. 


[Boulders at) Kirklington [and] Baldersby Giana 5 ais in The 
ttee and its Eighth Veuite Work]. Nat., 
as ea os Pua 


- Naturalist, 


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EO. T. GROOM York Mip W. 
ane Effect of Faults on the Character of the Seashore [in Barn- 
taple Bay ; a brief reference is made, pp. 3 45: to the joints, etc., on 

] roc. orks, eol. an 


ALFR RK K S.E, 
“Chapters in the Geological History of East Yorkshire’’ 
[a description of the probable aspects of East Yorkshire from Mesozoic 
times to the present day]. Trans. Hull Geol. Soc., Vol. 1, 1893-4, 
m ena 


F MAN. 
The Fo sins Granite [a detailed Piston ores deatticitin of this 
ae vite granite]. Nat., March 1894, p 
D HARKER, KE DISTRICT. 
er veadeed in the Lake District [as sina eopabats in the 
Skiddaw Slates sete ae ap ree by the granite of the Caldew valley in 
Cumberland]. Geol. Mag., April 1894, pp. 169, 170, a woodcut. 
ALFRED HARKE Yor«K S.E, 
Norwegian amet in the English Boulder-Clays ea oe 
the evidence opposed to Sir H. Howorth’s suggestion]. Geol. Mag., 
os os a ee = 
RED 


ale ri Eleolite-Syenite in East Loder recording — 
Occurrence of that. Nor ea rock as bou at 
Dimlington]. ae Mag t. 1894, pp. patra 
LFRED HARK 


ir H. H samee ge on 1 the Holderness egoide [a als fo. that 
author]. Geol. Mag., Dec. 1894, pp. 565-5 


ALFRED HARKER LakE DistRIcT. 
Carrock Fell: a Study in the Variation of Igneous Rock-Masses. 
—Part I. The Gabbro [with a general sketch of the field-geology of the 
district ; the gabbro shows ma ifications, the most important kind 
of variatio being quartz-gabbro with 591% per cent. of isa in 
the central part o e intrusion to an wie -basic iron-ore-gabbro with 
only 3214 per cent. at the margin]. rt. Journ. Geol. Soc., Aug. 1894, 
PP- 311-336, pls. 16, 1 Abstract in Geol. Mag., June 1894, pp. 284-285 

LFRED H AKE DISTRICT 


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é Iso} DERBYSHIRE, LINCOLNSHIRE. 

On the | Search for Coal | in the South-East of England; | with 
Special reference to the Pt We Tee of the | existence of a | Coal-Field 


beneath sey Empl W. Je rome Harrison, eo 
ot | Bien Sep hanes ae | 1 ‘TThe earthquake of 22nd 
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W. Hemineway. YORK 
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THOMAS Hien. YorK S.W. 
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i) 

= 
Pa 
3 

iS) 


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T. M. Hucu Linc. N. AnD S. 

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March 1899. 


92 Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 


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the principal localities in the British Isles’: the Yorkshire chalet is — 

divided as under :—Warsupites zone, 320 ft.; MJicraster zones, 120 ft. 
sea ren zone, Hol. pla nus zone of Barrois, 50 ft.; Terebratulina peace 
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total 790 Rh Proc. Geol. Assn., 1894, Vol. = Part 7, -246 


W. Maynarp HvtvtTcH MBERLAND, berate 
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A. Irvinc. TTINGHAMSHIRE. . 
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jam CUMBERLAND. : 
Hearted of Whitehaven Collieries. Trans. Fed. Inst. pat Eng: 
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OsmuND W. JEFFS. CHESHIRE. | 

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Ep D JON Sek N. W. 
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H fol Part 
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J. D. Kenpat. FURNESS. 
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P.-E Kenparys <: NorTH OF ENGLAND. | 


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, CHESHIRE, ISLE OF MAN. 


F. Ken LANC 
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<€ 


accompanies the paper]. roc. Sue ks. aor and Polyt. Soc., 1894, 
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CHESHIRE, boston. LANCASHIRE, 


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os KIDsToN. LaNc. . 
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Ol 


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» pp- 183 et ree 
eer 


SEN ae sees Fade tien ios pees ee a: ie See poe ke eee = sie 
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> mee 


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: . n 


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a G. W. LAMPLUGH. ORK S.E. 
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ces 


96 Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 


ARNOLD LuPTON. Linc. N., YorRK S.W. ._ as 
n the Yorkshire Coalfield and its Eastwardly we 


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+8 KE DISTRICT. 
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the large Yewdale glacier]. Geol. Mag., Nov. 1894, pp. 489-492, with 


ai? ie LAKE DISTRICT. 
Physiographical Studies in Lakeland. Swindale [giving 
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with two woodcu 


CHESH 
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H. M, PLATNAUER. York N-E., N.W., ETC, 
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HARLES POTTER IRE. 

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T. MELLARD READE. Vee 

An Ancient Glacial Shore [a deposit of shelly sand wit 
balls of clay, seen in a cutting of the aor Branch of the Wirral 
Railway]. Geol. Mag., Feb. 1894, pp. 76- 

F. R. Cowper REED 

Wega wacdian Museum Notes [describing a new s 
trilobite, Phacops (Chasmops) marri, from the Coniston Limestone of 
A poeta Common, near Windermere]. Geol. Mag., June 1594, 

~246, 


LAKE DIsTRICT. 


. 


Btls 
April x oN 


ve 
4. 


938 Bibliography - Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 


ON ReINACH and W. A. E. UssHeEr. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 
e Occurrence of Fossils in the Magnesian Limestone of 
Bulwell, near Nottingham peg ypaaniied Schizodus, Aucella hausmanni, and 
stneyesdigsrn cpaton from the ari Magnesian Limestone]. Rep. Brit 
iene irae ieee 1894, pp- 768-769. 
mat er AND S.W. 


Ned lObituar art “oti "Thom mas William Embleto a te 


ni of the 
= unders of ‘ The ee Dae at of the V "West Riding of, Yorkshire, 
nd 


took an active part oe of geology—espe Finagt in 

etek ence to coal and coal-mining} Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., 
. Vol. 12, Part 4, 1894, pp. 335-339. 

SIDNEY H. REYNOLDs. York N.W. 


Woodwardian Museum Notes. Certain Fossils from 


d Ss . ower 
Paleozoic rocks of Yorkshire [giving additions to the fossil lists from 
> fe 


Li f Nor row and , with page s a 
tsilobite (Dindymene hughesie) and a aed cystidea Ateloa: ystte (?)]. 
Geol. Mag., Ma 1894, pp. 108-111, pl. 4 [also +, fie. 4, in June 
onbert 


J. F. RoBInson. YORK. 5.E. 
{Bould ers at] Sutton cig? Hae [in The are care Boulder Committee. 

and its —: eee Vork]. Nat. oe 1894, - 3; and fuller par- 

ticul ars in Trans. Hull Geol. Soc., V: ol. 1893- cee eae 

FRANK ets EY. DERBYSHIRE. 
On the Origin of certain Novaculites and Quartzites sonenegere of 
eee Limesto one, pt uy Ni n the Carboniferous Limestone Series; 
Cumberland Cavern, Matlock Bath, Housel: in illustration]. aint. Journ.., 
Geol. ies ‘ “Gnas om Vv ee 


2 


FRANK RUTLE ESTMORLAND, 
max” the Sequence of Perlitic and ng tere! Sect res: 
Rejoinder riticism [maintaining the author's opinion a in the 
old hyolite . Long Sleddale the Splieriilitic stricture is of secondary 
origin and pos eag to the perlitic cracks]. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 
Feb. — PP. 4, pl. t 
: LAR. CUMBERLAND, 
Deseription of the St. Helen’s ro Workington. Trans. 
1. Inst. Min. Eng., 1894, Vol. 4 3» PP- 437 et seq. ; also Tr: uns. ~~ 
rae, ‘Min. Eng., 1894, Vol. 7, pp: Giaete 
yg, BY portend Lancy S., 
On Rachiopteris Williamsoni, sp. New Fern from the 
Coal-Measures gestae: ed and ide el as S alied to the  Sanatatea 
vane n. Bot., tn den e 1894, Vol. 8, pp. 207-218, pl. 
DvuRHAM. 
A pan British tesa soda Fossil [found by Geor esvicy: in the 
wer Carboniferous ig yaad s Sandstone of Stainton Geac ies, Barnard 


Bast ; described an “gies its relationships disc ussed, aad eferred 
to Fisaie dentata R, ez. |. Nat., August 1894, pp. 233-240, and ca 
A. C. SEW York N.E. 


rages one the Bunbury Collection of Fossil Plants, with a thst 
type s the Cambridge Botanical Museum figuring Pecopier’s 
(Aluka exilis Phill. from the Jurassic of the Yorkshire coast]. Proc. 
. Soc., 1894, Vol. 8, Part 3, pp. 188-199. 


nee A bw E. CHESHIRE. 
en pesca and some of an Effects [discussing the 
phenomena erosion carried on bene a pe hd eer eiidtticd 


Proc. Chester a Nat. Sci., 1894, No. 4, = 252e : 
Neca 


seine : Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 99 
1. SH 
The Cause of Grateritorst| Sand Saag and ro dnee 1893 pret 
. Chester Soc. N ee 1 Pps 263 
WILLIAM SHON Birnd RE, baie SHIRE, ae DERBYSHIRE, 
Post-Glacial ia in Britain discussing the relative — of 
Post-Glactal Man to Post-Glacial Geology, on ty strength of evidence 
in Yorkshire, Cheshire, etc. ]. Geo l. Mag., Feb. eh pp- 78-80. 
“Wittiase Pn. i amps epee Fr DERBYSHIRE, CHESHIRE. 
No ta and D e Millstone: ek cere titin 
bed as Fe —1, Rou ugh Back or Topaieat Rock, s, 3, Middle 
Grits, 4, ae Si os Kind erscout or Lowest Grits ; cape that all the 
he 


h De y3 

refer the probable origin of the materials composing the beds; 
7 iligutiated by a ‘Diagrammatic Section of the Millstone Grit of Derby- 
et shire and the West Riding of Yorkshire’]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and 
. Olyt. Soc., Vol. 12, Part 5, 1894, pp. 407-420. 


Mip W. ann’ S.W. 
Impressions of the Science of Geol ogy hehe chiefly to ip iertaisic 


ene OBY. Laney escribes in a general way the flagstones around s, the 
boniferous Limestone of the West of Varta shire, etc. ]. The e Ww hite 
oak a Magazine of the past and Aeatie students of St. John’s 
gee York, Vol. 3, No. 3, April 1894, pp. 43-46. 
. E. SPEIGHT. YORK Mip W. 
ke er Wharfedale ie gpg et Committee. First Annual Re 
(1893) [gives = of the articles discovered during the a of 
mounds, ear _ Minmbieots se : hese include numerous relics of British 


te 
sa = nae ‘roshtnan eae Proc. Yorks: Geol. and Polyt. Soc. “ NV ol. 12, 
Part 5, 1894, Pt 374- 


Sea SPENCER. York S.W. 
the Geolo a of Calderdale [describing the SyoetEe in the 
Monta Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, cued Grit and Coal Measures; 
and referring to the physical geography o e district ; Mustrate by 
a * Dias ~ a of Calderdale’ }. Pive! Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. 
Soc., Vol. 12, Part 5, 1894, pp- 369-373- 
, Jo We ae ha [Secretary ; not signed]. York S.E. 
Report of the East Riding Boulder Committee, 1893-4 [details of 
boulders abserve in different parts of the Riding by its members]. 
dt Hull Geol. Soc., Vol. 1, 1893-4, pp- 6-8. 


& 


oe 3 STATH York S.E. 
[Boul iaer at] North Cave. letc.; in} 1 the Yorkshire Boulder Com 
mit and Its Eighth Year's Work. Nat., t. 1894, p. 3025 one falley 
oe petcuar in Trans. Hull Geol. Soc., Vol..1, oe p. 6 
: J. W. STaTHER. York S.E. 
[Geological ' Ohiaey ons made the] Yorkshire ani vs ona 
net at Pockli or [6th Sept. itett Nat., March 1894, p 
STATHER. S.E. 


The Geatogy fof Hornsea, briefly Beocrivics the Giaciat deposits 
and giving some ie cula coe respect the ibe preg 
upon the coast-line ; 59-64 of] Iilustrated Gaal de to Siena pte 
65 soe with aa etc; PP ait ms ie date [1894]. 
S.S 1 DERBYSHIRE. 
The Siksaie Miller’s Dale pena) Brit. Nat., 15th Jan. and 
Mic-hed Feb. 1894, pp- 3-5 jd 36-38. 
‘Mec » 1859. 


100 Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 


WILLIAM STEVENSON. YorRK.S.E. 
Ancient Forest Bed under the Town of Hull [a -giatesbe, of the 
photograph of the ‘Ancient Forest Bed, Chalk Lane, Hull,’ te se 
appears as frontispiece to the volume]. Trans. Hull Geol. Soc:; V.0l. 
1893-4, P- 25 
MARK eee YorK S.E. 
A reply to Sir H. worth’s Paper on ‘*‘ Recent Cuangee of ree its 
se seran'e Ye the ‘oldaiaterd of rapid subsidence in th se of the sub- 
erged forests at Hull]. Geol. Mag., Nov. 1894, pp. pn 
C. Fox STRANGWAYS. YorK N.E, 
The Valleys of North-East Yorkshire and their Mode of Formation 
[a general sketch of the physical geography of the district, here divided 
n inti e mode of e of i 


asses of boulder clay, n 
are rg ve tie discussed]. ns. Leicest Lit; PM Soc. Vol. 2 
Part 7, 1894, pp. 333-344, ‘id large odie 


&. vik es ANGWAYS TORK N 


7 
Dr. Alex. Brown on So lenopora [pointing out that the S. jurassica 
found at Malton comes from the Corallian]. Geol. Mag., May 1894, p. 2 


RosBert M. NORTHUMBERLAND 5S, 
On pet fender: on and cient 2 of the Coast Line from the Low 
oun : 


Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Vol. 11, Part ey 1894, pp. 187-191. 


THomMAsS TAT K S.W3'N.W. Ni ES. Be 
The Yorkshire ‘Rouldes Committee and Its ise Year’ s Work 
i ig ge Sa y Hemingway, s Tate, W. Gregson, J. W. 
Stath . F, Walton, Thomas Thelw it we i. Crofts, , Nicholson, and 
. Hea Rbieon) Nat., Oct. 1894, pp. 297-303. 

. THELWALL. K 

[Boulders at] Skidby and Little ote — Scant Se Yorkshire 
er Committee and Its Eighth Year 1894 

aa fuller particulars in Trane. Hull Geol. ee Vol, pani p. 7: 
. H. TIDDEMAN. York Mip W. 
The oieusaaes = Lim nebo rete on beg North sme? se 
the Craven Faults [bringing evidenc 


rward in support of a proposi 
which he had previously  naioth hat the esate Reefs in the Garhonifecaes 
Limestone had bee res sla sited in shallow w this evidence is in the 
form of a limestone conglomerate pence seen Di Gill, nea 


s at Dibbles r 
Grassington; points ot that other proof may be brought to light in the 
8 rE e r 
Pro 


excavations unde = how Hill, then being carried on for the B ord 

Wate s} Yorks, Geol. and Polyt. Soc., Vol. 12, Part 5, 1894 

P 

WARREN UPHAM, Mip W, 

The Quaternary neon: # and its division in the Lafa ayette, Glacial, 

and Recent Periods [the amount of denudation of limesto 

which drift eeuldecs. lie, in Yorkshire (? at Norber), referred i 3 ibe? cain 

pared with similar evidence in other _parts of the globe, from which the — 

phen ee estimates that the ice d 


the ice only 6,000 to 10,000 years 
ee. du Cones Géologique International, 6° Session 
8-251. 


Com 
(Zurich), 1894, p 


N aturalist;, 


Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 101 


WARREN UPHAM. NORTH OF ENGLAND. 
Quaternary Time divisible in Three Periods, rye pe Glacial 
and Recent [a bstract ; ae ntly a summary of the paper referred to 
ibevel, Teige: erican Assoc. for the DMP hidiont of Science, Vol. 43, 


1894 (5 pp. reprint). 
W. A. E. UssHer. See ‘A. von Reinach.’ 

F. F. WaLTon, YORK S.E,. 
[Boulders at] debates tages rede? Lye : in} Mee Yorkshire Boulder 
Committee and Its hth Yea Oct. 18 «302 ct 

fuller details in Tene Full Geok, Soc Vol ¥ a ogee 
F, FIELDER WALTON, YorK S.E. 
Some New Sections in the Hessle Gravels [describing a series of 
angular gravels and blown sands banked up against the Pre-Glacial 
i : pid d by 


bones of horse and ox have been obtained from the gravels; illustrated 
by plan and section o 40 07). Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc. 
Vol. 12, Part - 1894, pp. 396-406 
C. J. WaTSON. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 
The Hemléct ‘Sloge: Journ. Birm. N. H. Phil. Soc., Vol. 1, 1894, p. 29. 
WILLIAM Watts. Lanc. S. 
On Waterworks _ Const ruction and the use of Concrete and 
hwo nts [refere iscussi 
which followed this paper to the suitability of local rocks for making 
concrete, etc.]. Trans. cts Geol. Soc., Vol. 23, Part. 2, 1894, pp. 
42-63. 


Wu. [sic] Warts. - oy YORE 5S. W. 

-< ow Nodules ’”’ [Notes on a septarian eo echiblied at 

a meeti of the Manchester Geological Society, obtained from the 

one Clay of eee Piethoets Valley]. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., Vol. 22, 
1894, pp. 589-590. 

WwW. W. Warts, YORK -Sc5, 

**Appendix on Some —— i ea pa by dipole ad 


yhich are supposed to have been derived 
Christiania, Proc. Geol. Assn., Vol. 13, Part 9, 1894, pp. 


GEORGE WILD 
Presentation of Fossils [to the Manchester Museum, gel iced Sey bert 
Cairns, of ee Ashton-under-Lyne ; including a large of fish 
s and other fossils, from the Ration Rois: ‘Dukinfield, 
and Bar rds} Collieries, and other places]. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc 
Vol. 13, Par 894, PP. 447-451: 
T..R. WILLiAMs. York S.W. 
**The Ant pepe District of South Wales’’ [abstract ofjlecture 
delivered to the Hull Geological Senay analyses of Barnsley Coal and 
Anthracite "give and compared]. Trans. Hull. Geol. Soc.; Vol. 1, 1893-4, 
De. 
- R. WILLIAMS. . S.E. 
Pronliete at] Walkington [Micaceous gai peeone Grit, and 
hap Granite]. Trans. Hull Geol. Soc., Vol. 1, le 


LIAM CRAWFORD WILLIAMSON, 


WIL 
General, Morphological, and Histological ora the Author’s 
Collective Memoirs on the Fossil Plants of the Coal "eats Part iii. 


Ayait’ 1899, 


102 Bibliography - Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 


aera by a list of paths on the organisation of the Fossil Plants of 
eC 


oal Measures and G — Index to mgr? contents; deals principally 
ra the fossil ferns]. aes and Proc. Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 
ee Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. coda: 

W. C. WILLIAMSON. Lanc. S: 
On the igh NORE of the ean tg Plants of ee Coal Measures. - 
Part x [Oldhamia, etc.]. Trans. Roy. Soc., Vol. 184B, 1894, by 
ond ‘ph. I-9. RS 
WILLIAMSON. Lanc.' S. oa 
Correction of an Error of Observation in Part xix. of the Author’s at 


sao 8 se e 4 etre ey of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures. 
- Soc., Vol. 55, 1894, p- 422. 
~C. Wiitamabnes é «He Lanc. S. 
The wae of Lyginodendron finest: Will, Proc. Roy. Soc. 
London, V pee 

ALBERT WILMO ANC. Ss. 
Correspondence [a ‘iia to the ae = _ peamesen ane yah ha 

recording e boulders in the dis Ine, and subgents went 

|. 


they may ag a been dispersed by sm eciett in an pope apni lake 
Glac. Mag., Dec. 1894, pp- fapicer © 


LINC. Sy 
The Co omposition of the Fen Soils of en Lincolnshire. Chem 
News, 28th S Rar Vol. 70, pp. 153-15. 


Bus L. CHESHIRE. 
Pebbles of Clay i in gsi Gravel a Sand [refers to a paper 
vy eade in ag. for ruary 1 3 in eee it is 
pointed out that ‘eniducen or 1 pebbles 0 of pitas were found in a bed of sand 
a railway cutting in the Wirral; ‘from evidence of similar ands in 
Aiea Prof. Winchell adds :—-‘ The conclusion ae drawn : 
to admit that clay balls . - may be produced and eenbeddiiad 4 in 
gravel and sand which wer e the di fed or of the wastage of the om 
glacier, and that they are oe unquestionable evidence of the former ie 
action of an oceanic shore line’]. Glac. Mag., March 1894, pp. 171-174. am 


THOMAS WISE. LANc, S,; ETC, 


The Flora of the Carboniferous isos {a general seinethbet ae 
but little. definite local application]. and Trans. Manch. Field Nat. 
Soc. for 1893, publ. 1894, pp. 75-80. 


A. SMITH esa ARD, York S.E. 
: d British sp ona of the Jurassic Fish Eury us 
j Tico th ak oe t rst specimen, described Bs Sir Ben Egerton, - 
- me o Seicvebenid egerton?, is said : een obtained from 
he A Gault, ‘Speeton'y Geol. ies, Ma y 1894, ae Wee 


Sa ee Mer ar ; 
alee - aa pee Lae 
ts ai eC GE te cin dee ee FE a ge EIS a) eg es 


A. SMITH WOODWARD York S.E., Linc. N. anp S, 
hited on the Sharks’ Teeth from ey Cretaceous Formations 
[though no specimens from the No ngland are referred to in this 
paper, descriptions and ilustrations of the Sharks’ teeth 
considerable value to workers amongst the oR ee rocks o Sper 
and Lincolnshire]. Proc. Geol. Assn., Vol. 1894, pp- 
and Plates 5 and 6. eS 
HENRY Woopw York Mip W. ss . 
ributions to ¢ wie r knowledge of the Genus Cyclus, from t the . 
Carboniferous Formation of various British Localities TTwith’ woodcut of 


. woodwardi Reed, mt Settle]. Geol. Mag., Dec. 1894, pp. 530-539- 


" Naturalist, 2 


Ornithology and Botany. “(903 


Notes 


NRY WOODWARD LANG. Si 
Note 0 on a Collection of Carboniferous Trilobites from the Banks of 
e Hodder, near Stonyhurst, Lancashire [preceded by some remarks on 
ise geological horizon of these fossils; two new species of Phillipsia, 
named P. van-der-grachtii and P. pollent, are described and figured}. 
Geol. Mag., Nov. 1894, pp. 481-489, Plate 14. 
Horace B. Woopvwarpb. 
Geology in the Field and in the ares Er oceaire Geology. brieily 
referred to}. Proc. Geol. Assn., Vol. 13, Part 7, » PP. 247-273. 
Horace B. Woopwarb. ci COLNSHIRE, 
The ~saeirep'g Rocks of Britain, Vol. 1V. The Lower polite Rocks 


of England (Yo Aung excepted) [treating the various “She damages apa 


and Wales, pp. xiv. + 628, rive fe and 137 Figs. in 1 text; London, 1894. 
Mag., Nov, 1894, pp. 520-525 
Horace B. Woopwarp. Sie pe: C. Ramsay.’ 


cm 
eat 
5° 
* 
bes 
o 
“ 
19) 
z 
Q 
oO 


oo 
NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY. 


_ Is the Missel Thrush Decreasing Ci x Be last ae ial pie 
bird (Turdus viscivorus) seems to have become ich less 
an W h i 


old aga pone — of sep rather i nests of this bird placed in it, 


but now one ees a bird and very few ea ARTHUR JACKSON, 
Eh Tree alee ge mm Cs atnn doth “March 1899. 
>? oe 


NOTE—BOTANY. 


Lobelia Dortmanna in Lakeland.—In ‘The Nebaeie ie January, 
page 4, under the heading of ‘Zobelia Dortmanna, . Wm. Hodgson, of 
“oda on says:—‘ With reference to the ove age ke mentioned in 

r. Baker's ‘ — of the Lake District,” pp. 142-3, I believe ect 
nre Reprint: it to a tarn of that name which lies in < secluded ana males 
Hick Street, in Wasting reland,’ 
erence to ee. map, I find that there is a Blea Tarn in Little 
gus 


mentions an 5 hidner ‘andl Lawes ‘Ten at Wateu 
I judge, rightly or pehtat gf that the Lower fae in which Lobelia Dore 
opt grows (see Bak ‘Flora,’ p. 142, at the bottom of the pessh 
the ta oe hedrtice that goes by the name of the Watendlath Tarn 
Is Upper he ce as Blea Tarn, Watendlath, and if not, es 
is the Loner Toon Waten on 
ker 5 as grow ane Upper Tarn, rapper ” ‘ymphea 


Ba 
(p. 24 of the « Flora’), sriophylun "spicatun (p. 95 of the * Flora’), and — 


S growing by it, on th n, Scirpus grein (p. 216-7 
f the ‘ Flora’); also af oe er oma) lacustris, frequent up to 5 
yards, among others, Blea Tarn, Watendl c to Blea 


ards ars, a diath. > 
Water, High Street, nor to Blea Tarn, itn sonnrtg but I have been to 
Blea Tarn, Site Langdale, several times, and each tin ; be 
Dortmanna growing there.—CHARLES oe Secor gay 10, DeGrey Street, Hull, 
oth Febru uary 1899. 


April 18 1899. 


% 


ea 


NOTES--MAMMALIA. 


Cross between Hare and Rabbit. — Mr. Hawley hasa stuffed specime 
of ‘hie hybrid, between Hare (Lepus europeus). and Rabbit (L. cuni aia): 
and I have also one. As I spoke of this hybrid last year (1897), I need not 
say more now than that it was thought So first that the Hare and Rabbit, 


being so different in their habits, would not interb ni iry, how- 
ever, I that, not only were there eb well-known single cases of 
their having interbred, but that the production of th ss had carrie 


on, rather extensively, for trading setae in France I have shot five 
specimens of this pane on Kirkby Moor, and one has been seen there recently. 
J. Conway WALTER, Langton Rectory, Horncastle, 18th August 1898. 

Fox and Bae Hybrids near Horncastle.—I exhibited, when the 
Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union met at Holbeck and Tetford, in August 1897, 
a cas i i en a fox an reat 

e : he sire i : 
(Vulpes pee and the mother a Sareea bitch between Shepherd Dog 


ved. The port as bough 
iy yh Wack savant, M. M. Suchetet, with a view to further experiments. 


o n one ¢ t Ashby Puerorum, a f ailiff, , tied 
his Shepherd bitch near a fox-earth; and t pup r is now in the 
possession of Mr. Fran e, of Scrivelsby Park , 
a gamekeeper near Lo tied a bitch in the nutting season, to 
give warning of trespassers, and subsequently the bitch had pu vidently 
a cross wi Ox. ne of these is now in the possession of Mr. Waltham, 


dealer in china, High Street, Horncastle. Another is in the possession of 
Mr. E. Walter, farmer, of Hatton, a cous rie of Mr, Stafford Walter, who 


stance, the i 
r shi Ww 


down ram yields lambs wit black points like the sire, though with the finer 
wool of the Merino, as a sort of compromise between the two. 

Speaking of crosses, I may say that there is a living specimen at Horn- 
castle of a cross between a tame R it and a he se 2 hy and I have 
recently heard of a supposed cross Bie ace ane Gam = one in 
scotla gay 


se 
Os 
2 
a 
S: 
e 


Me | 
a. 
ay 
=] 
22 
= 
c 
a3 
qo 
fe) 
a5 
Q 
216s 
w 
2 @ 
og 
cS 
& 
° 
a8 
fo 
ae, 
. 
| 
s 
ies) 


by e 

of outlying Pheasant. Confessions of an old poacher with whom I ovca- 
sionally gee J. Conway WALTER, Langton Rectory, Hornca: tle, 
16th August 1898. 


‘Natura *, 


105 
LINCOLNSHIRE COAST BOULDERS. 


r F.WM. BURTON, F.L.S., F.G.S., 
Highfield, Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. 


{n my former paper on this subject in *The Naturalist’ for 
May 1808, p. 133, I invited information and discussion as to 
the possibility of these boulders being brought to the Lincoln- 
shire coast from that of Holderness by what Mr. Harker—who 

Seems partially, at all events, to entertain the view—calls ‘the 
powerful tidal scour from N. to S.’ In answer to this I have 
had two letters: one from Mr. W. H. Wheeler, M.Inst.C.E., of 
Boston, the other from Mr. A. Atkinson, A.M.Inst.C.E., of 


volume of ‘The Naturalist.’ To this note I need not specially 
allude, as all who take an interest in the subject can read it for 
themselves. 

Before quoting from the letters referred to I will briefly give 
my own views for considering the theory of tidal action as 
being, not partially only, but altogether inadequate to account 
for the presence on the flat, sandy Lincolnshire coast of the 
boulders in question. 

I have already in my previous paper shown that the boulder 
clay (from which deposit the stones are admittedly derived) lies 
all along this coast, and is exposed in various places on the land 
adjoining it near to where the stones occur: a fact which does 
account for their being found where they are; but besides this 
1 would take ordinary reasonable grounds and ask how is it 
- possible that the tidal current could carry heavy material with it 
down the shallow Lincolnshire coast against all the obstacles 


divert the action of the ‘scour’ for a considerable distance, 
and how can the boulders get —first across the strong rush of 
water flowing from the river, and then turn towards the land 
and hug the shore again? Surely great difficulties present 
themselves in the way of this hypothesis! Then, coming 
southwards down the coast, we have, successively, the rivers 
at Tetney Haven, Saltfleet, Wainfleet, with the Witham at 
Boston and the Fossdyke Wash, besides many minor streams 
April 1899. 


106 ~— Burton: Lincolnshire Coast Boulders. 
and outflows; all of which deposit in the aggregate vast tracts 
of mud and sand, covering up the shallow sea-bed and extending 
in places, as at Saltfleet, a mile or more out from the land; and 
in all this I fail to see any evidence of a ‘ powerful tidal scour’ _ 
along the coast, which, if it existed, and was capable of trans- 
‘porting boulders along the shore, would surely be able to sweep | 
away the soft deposits of mud and sand which encumber it. 
It is not, however, with the present day only that'we have | 
to deal; we must go back to the time when the powerful stream 
of the Trent swept through the Lincoln Gap, where the Witham 
now flows, spreading the drainage of the Midlands over the 
shallow sea-bed, and irresistibly opposing any tidal current that 
could, on such a flat coast as that of ‘Lincolnshire, be brought 
against it; and if it could be proved that this river was diverted 
from its course through the Gap before the Glacial period, when 


testified when the land to the east of Lincoln resembled more an 
inland lake, or the bay of a sea, than a river’s flood. : 
Let us turn now to the two letters I have referred to. of 
Mr. Atkinson writes (18th July 1898) :— y 
‘Mr. Harker’s theory that these erratics may have been _ 
brought from the Holderness coast by the tidal scour is scarcely 
tenable. No doubt the action of the tidal drift is a very 
important one, but he has overlooked the existence of the wide 
and deep embouchure of the Humber. The Humber currents © 
are tranverse to the general direction of the littoral drift, and 
probably interrupt its continuity for ‘some distance from the — 
shore.’ 


r. Wheeler, who, it is well known, has pane tidal action — 
aac study, deals more fully with the subject, and writes 

s follows (8th July 1898) :— 

‘I have recently, in pursuit of my investigations into the 

matter of littoral drift, inspected the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire 

coast from Hornsea to Sutton. I was at Sutton soon after the 

great storm in March, which had in several places between 

Mablethorpe and Sutton bared the clay. : I found several | 

patches and small beds of stones. The conclusion I arrived 

‘Naturalist, 


a re 5s ae ee Sa eel ote at 


Ba 


Burton: Lincolnshire Coast Boulders. 107 


that these had been displaced from the boulder clay 
nti "underlies the san This bed of boulder clay extends 
ver a large area of this part of the country. It underlies all 
the alluvial deposit at the mouth of the Witham and forms 
the bed of a great part of the east side of the Wash. I have 
frequently had to excavate into it, and when constructing the 
uct and outfall works had plenty of opportunity of making its 
acquaintance. It is full of fragments of rocks similar to those 
on the exposed beach at Sutton and Mablethorpe. I gave 
a description of it and of the rocks represented in my ‘ History 
of the Fens,’ p. 456 
‘I quite agree with you in rejecting the theory as to ballast. 


- I am also of opinion that these stones have not come from the 


Holderness coast. There - no drift across the Humber. As to 
the ‘powerful tidal scour’ * suggested by Mr. Harker I do not 
know what this means. The only currents along this coast are 
those due to the tides, about two to three knots, and these 
currents are oscillating, and running for six hours one way 
and as many the other. There is, so far as I know, no regular 
current from N. to S. There is a drift of material along the 
beach from N. to S., but this all takes place landward of the 
point where the waves beat on the beach, and is due to wave 
action and not to currents. This drift collects at Spurn Point.’ 

Now, on referring to the chapter in Mr. Wheeler’s valuable 
work, which he calls attention to, I find the following :— 

‘The base or substratum of nearly the whole of the Fenland 


consists of Oxford and Kimmeridge clay. . . Overlying 
this clay, throughout a considerable area, is a oon known as 
the ‘‘boulder clay.” This is an unstratified mass of lead- 


coloured clay, interspersed with fragments of chalk and lime- 
Stone, and also with basalt, granite, sandstone, and other 
formations quite foreign to this part of the country. Many of 
these pieces of rock are polished and scratched, or striated, in 
a manner peculiar to stones which have been subject to glacial 
action. The following specimens of rocks were found by the 
author amongst the clay excavated for the new outfall of the 
river Witham and for the Boston Dock: red granite with large 
quartz crystals, grey granite, volcanic ash, amygdaloid, felstone, 

felspar, and quartz, porphyry, five different kinds of quartz rock, 

jasper, several different flints, ferruginous and argillaceous sand- 
stones, mountain limestone, dark blue silicious limestone with 
quartz veins, silicious, argillaceous, and carboniferous limestones, 
§reat oolite, iron ore, greensand, chalk; also ammonites of large 


1899. 


108 Burton: Lincolnshire Coast Boulders. 


size, some having a diameter of more than a foot. e 
excavation for deepening the upper Witham, some boulders of 
ias li an 


was about 6 feet x 4 feet and 2 feet 6 eee deep, containing 
about 57 cubic feet. 

Many of the fragments of rock found in the boulder clay 
must have travelled very long distances, some from the Nort 
of England and Scotland, whilst some have been recognised as 
belonging to Norway; the rocks being thus pioneers of the 
Scandinavians who followed ave settled here. The surface of 
the underlying strata, on which the boulder clay rests, is very 
uneven, and gives evidence of valleys, river-beds, and other 
depressions having been filled up by it. Large pot-holes, filled - 
with gravel and sand, are frequently met with, and in many 
places this boulder clay rises up above the general level in the 
shape of mounds or hills, as at Sibsey, and at Beacon Hill, near 
Sleaford.’ 

This has a strong bearing on the point; but in a paper 
on ‘The Action of Waves and Tides on the Movement of 
Material on the Sea Coast,’ read by Mr. Wheeler—who is an 
acknowledged authority on the subject—at the late meeting of 
the British Association at Bristol—which paper has since received 
' very favourable mention in the pages of ‘ Nature’—-we find much 
that is more directly applicable to the question, and from this 
paper I must quote at some length :— 

‘Wave action.—With regard to wave action, whether due to. 
winds or tides, Deg aad this is transmitted to the shore from 
the open ocean, the motion is only one of undulation, the 
particles of outee rising and falling vertically, and having no 
forward motion beyond that which they perform in the orbit 
of the wave. i 
shallow water of the shore, and the depth is no longer sufficient 
for the free formation of the undulation, the lower particles 
being retarded by their contact with the shore, and the upper 
particles being also unable to complete their orbital course, are 
projected forward, and the motion becomes horizontal. The 
wave in this condition is capable of carrying forward any 
substance with which it comes in contact, and which is within 
the range of its energy, on to the beach and up its slope.’ 

‘On a flat, sandy shore the water of the breaking wave is. 
distributed over a wider horizontal range, and it comes | 
contact with the beach at a much greater angle than on 
a shingle bank. The force of the impact is therefore less, and — 


© 
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o 
a 
o 
2 
fe) 
= 
be) 
< 
OQ 
3 
2) 
o 
ot 
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p=} 
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1) 
uo} 
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oO 


Burton ; Lincolnshire Coast Boulders. 109 


its effect on the beach less mordant. In this case eee the 
whole of the energy of the wave is absorbed by the friction.’ 

‘On flat, sandy shores, the waves first break seaward of the 
low water line, a succession of smaller waves following up to 
the margin of the water. 

‘From the seaward side of the breaking point of the wave 
no material is carried shorewards on to the beach, the motion of 
the water continuing as an undulation.’ 

‘It is stated that stones lying on the sea-bed are moved and 
displaced during heavy gales by the waves to depths of six or 
seven fathoms and even more. So long as these waves remain 
undulations, the movement cannot extend beyond the orbit of 
wave formation, and there cannot, therefore, be any translation 
of the stones shorewards.’ 

‘In the formation of waves, besides the vertical movement 
of the particles of water which places the crest above the trough, 
there is an oscillating, horizontal movement, alternately towards 
and away from the shore. Any material susceptible of move- 
ment, lying on the bed of the sea, actuated by the waves, is 
moved alternately backwards and forwards, the mass of the sub- 
Stance and the distance over which it is moved depending on the 
height and on the length of the waves. As the places on which 
these waves act incline from the shore seaward, owing to the 
laws of gravity, the retrograde action of the wave must be most 
effective in the movement of material, and the tendency be rather 
to drag the material away from, than to push it towards the shore.’ 

‘Action of gravity. As already pointed out, the slope of 
a beach is seaward.’ 

‘By the law of gravitation, all material in movement has 
a natural tendency to work downwards unless prevented by 
Some stronger opposing cause. Breaking waves no doubt have 
Sufficient force, under certain conditions, to counteract this 
downward movement, but their general tendency is to aid the 
seaward movement by their undertow. 

‘It is due to the seaward action of the undertow of the waves 
that bays and indents along the coast are kept open and free 
from accumulation of deposit.” 

‘It is true that stones and other substances of considerable 
Size and weight, which have been buried in the sand for longer 
or shorter periods, are occasionally, in heavy gales causing high 
Waves, lifted up, carried forward, and left stranded on the 
beach. These, however, are only rare and isolated events which 
occur during very heavy gales.’ 

April: ‘1899. 


yee Ta a ee a, % 


-boniferous shale, flints from the chalk cliffs, or boulders from 


shore, and is found, with very few exceptions, accumulated — 


110 Burton: Lincolnshire Coast Boulders. 


‘ Material of littoral drift. The material may be classed 
as rock fragments, boulders, shingle, sand, and_ alluvial 


‘Sand. The material next in size, or that generally known 
as sand, becomes distributed by the waves on the shore, where 


r 


it is rolled backwards and forwards by the action of the tides ; 


but, under the action of gravity, having a continuous downward 
movement until the shore assumes a slope of from 1 in 30 to 
1 in 100, at which it attains a state of equilibrium.’ 

‘Where there are no cliffs to supply fresh material, sand- 
beaches are not subject to littoral drift, and, except to the 
extent already mentioned, little or no change takes place in 
their condition. They generally extend out from the line of 
high water of spring-tides to that of low water at a very flat 
slope, beyond which the slope becomes steeper.’ 

Thus, for example, on the east coast of England the drift 
from the material derived from the waste of the Yorkshire cliffs 
stops on the north side of the Humber. From the south side of 
that river to the Wash there extends for 25 miles a low tract of — 
flat country, bordered by hills of blown sand. The yi 
consists of sand which extends out at a slope of about 1 in 3 
to low water. On this beach there is no appreciable fiecaesl 
drift or alteration in form. Sand does not accumulate against 
the piers or groynes which extend across the shore; and the 
general outline of the beach remains as it always has been so . 
far as any record exists.’ * 

‘ Shingle. The supply and movement of this material is of 
much greater interest than either that of sand or alluvial matter, 
inasmuch as where it is forthcoming shingle forms one of the — 
most important aids to coast protection. 

‘The supply of shingle is obtained from the destruction of - 
cliffs consisting of granite and similar rocks or the hard, car- _ 


the Glacial Drift.’ . 
‘Shingle, unlike sand, becomes heaped up in banks on “the 


in a zone lying between low water of neap-tides and high water 


and the Chesil Bank, that the bank has been forced beyond | the 
jae limits.’ 

The banking up of the shingle and also the travel along the 

shore i is due entirely to tidal action. 


Notes and News. 1 


‘Frequently the shingle travels directly across a shallow 
bay, and several instances can be given where by so doing the 
shingle has formed a natural embankment 

As one example Mr. Wheeler gives ‘that of Spurn Point, 
which consists of a spit of shingle, which extends southwards 
three miles, across the entrance to the Humber, the width of 
ad bank being about 500 feet.’ 

some cases the shingle bank continues its course across 
the eos of the river, causing the flood tide to take a con- 
siderable turn round the end of the shingle bank before it can’ 
enter the river. The case of the Humber, already referred to, 

affords an example of a spur or natural groyne being thus 
projected out from the coast.’ 

Space forbids my making further extracts, and it is difficult 
to make the argument plain by a selection of paragraphs. To 
be thoroughly understood and appreciated the paper itself 
should be read. 


, 


NOTES AND NE “come 


je are sae to our old colle moa cb Mr. Edga . Wi Angi F.L.S., for 
orts © w 


nd a good : cheap sou upply of food-fish for the colony, and 
our friend, Mr. Waste was attached to the staff of H.M.C.S. ‘ Thetis’ as 
a scientific investigator, Farnel , the we of the peasy 
Legislature at whose tnetigenion thie operations were undertaken, seems 
be con ent of its success from an economical poi xint of view, but however 
this may be, there can sox no doubt ~~, i aite’s share of the results will 
e of great value to scie is appendix to the Report ee ee 
and useful ‘ Dessrwove Ea of Fishes,’ mie figures of many of th 
——-#>e 


aturalists who appreciate the great value of bibliography to all 47 
SP si will be glad t ism nag Mr. ste Ruskin But ial apc of 
Leonard’ oe a, the son of Soe esteemed Yorks ee 
naturalists, has been entru scr — Ds Elliott Coues, of Washington, with 
the task of cniieniataned his ‘ List of Faunal Publications relating to British 
irds,’ which was nh mg in the second volume of t e Proceedings of the 


that these being apres in ghernies chronological order will show the 
ornithology in oric 


4s willing to support this dry department of their subject as antiquaries are 

_ to encourage the seh of matter equally oy and anouged valuable, in 
the form of reprints of parish r egisters. —_- ex e hope, th 

| Mr. cascpre will add to the value of his a eee ae a cone 

_. Summary of the scope. of each paper and even geanod needful give sie 
names of the —— mentioned 
April 1899. 


NOTE-ORNITHOLOGY. 


Unusual Nesting-Places of es Moorhen.—During my rambles in ih 
the past week I have come across the following curious (to me) places for : 


(1) The we of a small fir tree about oe feet high and about 100 yards i 
from any wa This contains two eggs only, which the birds are sitting. re 
2) In ‘fie recy mi idle of a thick Sess n- bush over hanging a pond, 
about six feet from the water. is contained eight eggs. “an 
(3) At the top rors fir tree, quite 14 feet from the ground and 20 yards a 
ec 


a 
troy a know if this information will be of seabereas or not, but I have 
h in such positions before.—E. BANkKs, ‘Salimarehe: 2 
Howden, sth May 1898. * 
tl 


NOTE—ANTHROPOLOGY. 


Lake Dwellings at Pickering.-_The int issued Journal of the 
Ant so Dk clara sang (for ee st “ee November nen contains an 
interesting paper on ‘Evidence of Lake wetines gs on the ss of the 
Costa, near Pickering, North Riding of Fre by Capt n the Hon. 
Cecil Dunco F.G. t appears that whilst a stream was bai ig cleared . 
out in the econ of 1893, Mr. Mitchelson, of the ll, Pickering, noticed 


some pieces of rude pottery had been thrown out. Other finds were made, and 
subsequently four rows of piles in the vicinity, crossing the 
Costa, at a distance of about 100 yards from each sag ae: rows of 
piles seem to converge upon a point Soerittioe the centre of a quasi island, 
which it is thought represents the site of a group of La ke Devel similar 


obtained to fill a cart, it would seem that a find of no mean importance has 
een made. The bones include ibe of man, deer (3 species), horse, 
longifrons, sheep, — Pig olf, fox, otter, beaver, voles (‘ different 
kinds" ), and bi rds. Theh n hones s igre of the remains of at least four 
individuals, and show chat they were a short but mai! set of people. — 
Neither poet nor metal instruments of any kind w t with, and aes ‘ 
pottery is very thick and of a rude type. The ete at are consider 
to be of very great mo aie (earlier than the Crannogs of Ireland a 
Scotland) ae are referable to the age as the Ulrome Lake Dwellings 
in Holderness; certainly in wears case the remains are covered by an 
ormous acc umulation of peat. The author discusses the probable origin 
ui f lers som Unfor- 


‘ : w 
upon; nevertheless, it is ge eeehoreree that t n remains should 
resemble each other in having belonged to ephieaneta small individuals. 
The siclotan of an adult female geen that she could not have exceeded 

et 6 inches in height i 


Ss : e se Th 
accompanied by a p plate showing ‘Fragments of coarse Pottery, and 
antlers and limb- bones of Deer ( Cervus); also perforated tines of antlers of 
I : 


with the specimens collected, appears from the 
2 oceeeas of the erkahics Geological and polpesinie ‘Society for 1 
(pp. 21-24).--T. SHEPPARD, Hull, oth January 1899 


ma: 
fe 


ee 
Natura 


113 


LEPIDOPTERA NOTICED 
IN KILTON WOODS AND VICINITY DURING 1898. 


T. ASHTON LOFTHOUSE, 
SAAS ess 
Tue following notes were made on the occasion of two or three 
visits paid to Kilton Woods in company with Mr. Sachse, of 
Middlesbrough. 

Kilton Woods are situate in N.E. Yorkshire, near Loftus, 
and consist of richly-wooded valleys running from Skinningrove 
upward, and branching out at the upper part into three or four 
smaller valleys. The principal trees are Oak, Ash, and Wych 
Elm, interspersed with Mountain Ash and Bird Cherry, and close 

y the stream at the bottom of the valley Alders grow pretty 
écly ; there are also some young plantations of Scotch Fir, 
Larch, Spruce, interspersed with Birch, etc. 

Sugaring was only tried on two occasions and with very 
little success, the most of the collecting being done during the 
day time. Sugaring, I think, to be successful requires to be 
done for a few ene consecutively, and this we had not the 
Opportunity of d 

The district ane es been worked by Yorkshire lepidop- 
terists, as far as we know, we have thought it advisable to give 
a list of all the species notice 

11th June 1898. —Spzlosoma Wendie. 9 taken; Cr/tx glaucata; 
Lephrosia biundularia, a single specimen me at rest on tree 
trunk; MNumeria pulveraria, 9 taken whic laid ova, which 
hatched out on 26th June; Hybernza defoltaria, larvee ; Cherma- 
tobia brumata, larve very abundant, stripping a great variety of 
trees, Maple especially suffering; Abraxas sylvata (=ulmata), 
plentiful and fresh out, sitting about on low plants underneath 

‘ych Elm; some of the specimens were dark and _ nicely 
marked, but none so blue or suffused as specimens I have seen 
from the York district ; this species was out in this locality for 
a great length of time, being noticed on the occasion of every 
visit up to and including roth September; on the latter date 
larve were also abundant on Wych Elm in all stages of growth; 
Melanthia albicillata, single specimen taken, fresh out ; also one 
or two full grown larve off Wild Rasp in September ; Coremia 
destgnata (= propugnata). 

30th July-rst August.— Vanessa urtice ; Epinephele janira; 
Cenonympha pamphilus; Lycena icarus; Smerinthus popult, 


April 1899. H 


114 Cordeaux » Enormous Skate. 


larve ; Hepialus hectus; Orgyta antigua, larve on bramble, | 


perfect insect dashing about in sun on 1oth Sept.; Xylophasia 
monoglypha, also at sugar on 10th September, when some of the 
specimens seemed to be quite fresh; Agrotis exclamationts, flying 
about in sun; 7riphena pronuba; Aplecta nebulosa, one worn 
specimen taken off tree trunk ; Plusza chrysttis; Plusza iota, at 
ight; Zanclogn natha grisealis, beaten out of spruce; Hypena 
proboscidalis; Ruma luteolata; Metroc athe margaritaria; Urop- 
teryx sambucaria, sparingly; Amphidasys betularia var. double- 
dayaria, a cripple taken which laid a large number of ova, 
which hatched out on the 17th August; Boarmia repandata; 
Asthena luteata, worn; Asthena blomeri, single specimen in 
good condition; Fupisterta obliterata ( = heparata), worn; 
Acidalia bisetata; Acidalia aversata; Cabera pusaria; Abraxas 
grossulariata ; Lomaspilis marginata; Larentia didymata, very 
abundant; Larentia viridaria; Larentia olivata, several speci- 
mens, but mostly worn ; Ammelesza affinttata and var. turbarta ; 
Emmelesia alchemillata, sparingly ; Euptthecta tenuiata; Thera 
variata, also on 10th September; Aypszpeles sordidata, several, 
some very dark vars.; Melantppe sociata; Melanippe montanata ; 
Camptogramma bilineata; Cidaria truncata, a few fresh out, 
common and variable in September, but much worn; Crdarza 
populata; C. fulvata; C. dotata; Eubolia limitata, common ; 
Anaitis plagiata, one or two flying about in sun; TJanagra 
atrata; Tortrix virridana. 

13th August.—Preris rape; P. napt; Polyommatus phieas ; 
Apamea didyma; Tripheena janthina; Plusita gamma; also 
larvee of Acronycta rumtcis. 

1oth September.—/verzs brassicae; Vanessa atalanta; Phalera 
ee. took a batch of Jarve off alder, very small for this 
late , being barely half-an-inch long ; Aydrecta nictitans ; 
Wetes peo) at sugar; 7riphena comes; Anchocelts litura; 
Calymnia trapesina, caught; Polta cht; Phlogophora meticulosa; 
Melanthia bicolorata; Hypolepia sequella, two or three specimens. 

a 


NOTE— FISHES. 
us ety oa apg ag lat; Roebuck's ‘Handbook of | 
‘orks * Vertebrat LD ion is made, on my authority, of an 
enormous e(R tee hatte i . measuring 4 feet 2 inches § in length and 
5 feet 8 inches in breadth, 
These dimensions are now greatly exceeded by one (a Blue apy as 
aitereet call them) a into Grimsby this week by one of the 
boats fishing off Iceland. The length over a8 - this monster “8 g feet 
4 inches and the breadth 6 feet 7 inches. | am told it is the largest ever 
seen on the pontoon,— J. CORDEAUX, Great Cotey: Hose, R.S.O., Lincoln, 
17th February 1899. 


Naturalist, 


FLORA OF CUMBERLAND. 


Flora of Cumberland | containing a full list of the flowering | atGeS 2 
and ferns to be found in the | county, according to the latest and m 
reliable authorities, by | William Hodgson | of Workington | Rania 

f the Linnzean Society of London | and late Botanical Recorder to the 
a i ort 


r 
_ Literature and Science | with an Introductory Chapter | on the Soils 
of Cumberland, by | J. G. Goodchild | H.M. Geological Survey | of the 
Museum of Science and Art, eewiase | with a Map of the County | 
Carlisle | W. Meals and Co me Dpetgne Street | 1898 uti cloth, 
Pp- Xxxvi-+ 398 + folding map, “price 7 
The venerable author of the ne of Cumberland is to ce con- 
gratulated on at last seeing his volume through the press. It has 
been long and anxiously awaited, and I may add that six years 
ago I denied myself the pleasure of publishing a similar work 
because it was understood that everything which was of value 
for the historical portions of such an undertaking were in the 
possession of, or had been specially utilised by, Mr. Hodgson. It 
is therefore with mingled feelings that I take the volume in hand. 
_No one more competent for the task could possibly be found, and 
the work has been a labour of love. It is impossible, however, 
to resist the feeling that, with such resources at his command, 
the author might have given us much more information. There 
is little or nothing in the volume to indicate that access had 
been obtained to special sources of information, and no attempt 
has been made to trace the history of botany in the county in 
a systematic and scientific way, or to supply a key to the dates 
at which first records were made respecting the more interesting 
plants. The list of plants and habitats is no doubt as full and 
perfect as present knowledge could make it, and certainly the 
author has been most careful to verify the records. My own 
copy of Baker’s ‘Flora of the Lake District,’ which has been 
my constant companion for the last twelve years, and is pro- 
fusely annotated with records for every part of the county, has 
been utilised by Mr. Hodgson to the full, and his tribute to the 
same is more than ample. But it would have been an immense 
boon to the student had the author, out of the mass of earlier 
material at his disposal, indicated when the species first came 
under notice. Some few records are quite modern, but many 
date back to the time of Bp. Nicolson and Thomas Lawson. 
Mr. Hodgson has prepared some excellent papers which have 
appeared from time to time in the ‘Transactions of the 
Cumberland and oc canilen 3 Association,’ but we do not 
se nk he has embodied all the results of those productions in 


Pril 1899, ° 


116 ‘Review : flodgson’s Flora of Cumberland. 


the best possible way in his ‘ Flora.’ He has disarmed criticism 
by allusion to the fact that the ‘waifs’ for which Silloth, 
Maryport, Workington, and other places are so famous, are 
incorporated under their proper orders in the text; but all 
students would have been glad if he had also printed one of his 
many valuable essays on the subject, with a full list of the 
‘waifs’ which have been recorded, with indications of their 
native land, the explanation of their casual appearance in 
Cumberland, and notes on those which have temporarily or 
permanently gained a footing there. In the case of those 
plants at least which have not the slightest claim to be regarded 
as natives this would have been a decided advantage : 
The Introduction and the very imperfect chapter on Deceased 


Botanists do not call for special remark. ey add ne 


nothing to what Baker had already supplied, except that 
have a short and welcome appreciation of Dr. Leitch, of Silloth, 
all too early removed from our midst, and the’ Rev. F. * 
Malleson, who had nearly completed his fourscore year 
the Map, the essay on the soils of Cumberland by Mr. Goodchild, 
and its accompanying chart, we are very grateful. After all, the 
value of a work like this depends, not so much on the accuracy 
of the list of plants which a given district yields, as upon the 
helps it gives the student in solving the problems of distribution. 
Why is such a plant plentiful here and missing yonder? What 
light does this or that fact throw on the great problems of plant 
life? Such are the questions we want to answer. The days of 
the mere collector are numbered ; records abound, but problems 
press for solution, and everything that helps towards their 
solution is welcome. 

We cannot fail to regret that so competent an authority has 
not supplied us with at least an attempt at a bibliography of 
the Cumberland flora. No one has a fuller knowledge of the 


&; ap 
veteran botanist to publish in ‘The Naturalist’ or elsewhere as 


complete a list as he can compile, as a starting point for the 


workers of the coming century. The volume covers 398 printed 
pages in addition to xxxvi. pages of introductory matter; is 
well printed and neatly bound, and betokens on every page 
honest and devoted toil. No price is anywhere affixed, and 
while the title page bears date 1898, we find 1899 on the cover. 
The book is one which it is in every way a pleasure to handle. 
OcKER HILL, Tipton. Hi_peric FRIEND. 


"Naturalist, 


117 
MOSSES OF TADCASTER AND IMMEDIATE DISTRICT. 


WILLIAM INGHAM, B.A. 
Organising Inspector af Schools, 47, Haxby Road, York. 
I sEND this List, as it may prove useful to those botanists 
who attend the forthcoming Tadcaster Excursion of the York- 
shire Naturalists’ Union, 

The most interesting spot in this district is the Jackdaw 
Crag Quarry, close by Tadcaster. This is a very large and very 
old quarry on the magnesian limestone, with undulating bed 
and perpendicular cliffs. 

I have visited this quarry six times during the last two years 
and I have found it a most interesting spot for bryologists 
to work, as the large number of Mosses in this List, from this 
quarry alone, will testify. 

Near the entrance of the quarry the Deadly Nightshade 
(Atropa Belladonna) \uxuriates. 

Conchologists will also find this quiirty interesting, for I saw 
here :— 

Helix nemoralis. Of very large form. 
Helix aspersa. In abundance. 

Helix hortensis v. arenicola. 
Clausilia bidentata. Pientiful. 
Clausilia laminata. Of large form. 

On the face of the quarry, in the deep shady parts, the 
Hepatic, 

Jungermania turbinata Raddi., fruits well, and covers the 
cliffs like a carpet. 

I am much indebted to Mr. H. N. Dixon, M.A., F.L.S., for 
kindly verifying all doubtful Mosses in this List 

DICRANACE. 

Ditrichum flexicaule var. densum Braithw. J. C. Quarry, 
Tadcaster, June 1808. 
See purpureus Brid. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 

1898. 


Dicranella heteromalla Schp., the male plant. Church 
Fenton, May 1898 

Dicranella varia Schp. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. 
Boston Spa, April 1897. Sherburn-in-Elmet, April 1897. 

Dicranoweisia cirrata Lindb. Thorp Arch, April 1897. 

April 1899. 


18, : Ingham: Mosses of Tadcaster. 
FISSIDENTACE:. 
Fissidens bryoides Hedw. Church Fenton, February 1897. 
Sherburn-in-Elmet, December eis 
Fissidens decipiens DeNot. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 
1897. Sherburn-in-Elmet, Tentiaey 1898. 
Fissidens taxifolius Hedw. Sherburn, January 1808. 
GRIMMIACE:, 
Grimmia apocarpa Hedw. Sherburn, December 1897. 


Grimmia pulvinata Sm. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 1898. 


TORTULACE. 

Phascum cuspidatum Schreb. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 
1897 Boston Spa, April 1897. Sherburn, January 1898. 

Phascum curvicolle Ehrh. Sherburn, April 1897. 

Pottia recta Mitt. Sherburn, January 1898 

Pottia bryoides Mitt. Sherburn, January 1898. J. C. Quarry, 
Tadcaster, January 1808. 

Pottia Heimii Firnr. Thorp Arch, April 1897. 

Pottia truncatula Lindb. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 
1898. Appleton Roebuck, December 1898 

Pottia intermedia Firnr. _ Intermediate between this species 
and P. ¢runcatula. Sherburn, January 1808. 

Pottia minutula Firnr. Sherburn, seal 1895... Jia 
Quarry, Tadcaster, ve 1898. 

Pottia lanceolata C.M. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 


1897. 
Tortula pusilla Mitt. Barkstone, February 1897. Sherburn, 
April 1897. 
Tortula lamellata Lindb. Sherburn, January 1897. 
Tortula brevirostris H.&Grev. Sherburn, April 1897. 
Tortula rigida Schrad. Sherburn, April 1897 
Tortula Ee Angstr. Barkstone, February 1897. Sher- 


burn, Jan 1898. 
Tortuta print DeNot.. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 


terike margineti Spr. Sherburn, September 1897, 
Tortula muralis Hedw. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. 


Tortula subulata Hedw. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 


1808. 
Tortula intermedia Berk. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 
1897. Soe 
Naturalist, 


Ingham: Mosses of Tadcaster. 119 


Barbula lurida Lindb. Boston Spa, April 1897. 

Barbula rubella Mitt. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, area tl 1808. 
Bramham, June 1897. Sherburn, January 1 

Barbula fallax Hedw.  Sherburn, January ke Seas 2 
Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1808. 

Barbula fallax v. brevifolia Schultz., c.fr.. Sherburn, April 
1897. 

Barbula rigidula Mitt. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. 

Barbula cylindrica Schp. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 
18 


Birbate: revoluta Brid. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 1898. 
Sherburn, January 1808. 

Barbula convoluta Hedw. . C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 
1898. Sherburn, January a 

Barbula unguiculata Hedw. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 
18 Sherburn, April 1897. 

Weisia squarrosa C.M. Sherburn, January 1898; verified by 
Mr. Dixon. 

Weisia microstoma C.M. Aberford, June 1897. Sherburn, 
January 1898. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. 

Weisia viridula Hedw. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. 

Weisia tenuis C.M. Boston Spa, April 1897. 

Trichostomum crispulum Bruch. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, 
January 1808. 

Trichostomum crispulum vy. viridulum. J. C. Quarry, 
Tadcaster, September 1897. 

Trichostomum mutabile Bruch. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, 
January 1 

Trichostomum tortuosum Dixon. A very tall and highly 
tomentose form, J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, September 1897. 

2 ENCALYPTACE, 

Encalypta streptocarpa Hedw. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, 

‘April 1897. 


RTHOT -HACEAE, 
es viridissimus R.Br. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 


AE anomalum vy. saxatile Milde. Barkstone, 
May 18908. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897 (abundant 
in this quarry). 

April 1899. 


120 Ingham: Mosses of Tadcaster. 


Orthotrichum cupulatum Hoffm. v. nudum Braith. Boston 
Spa, April 1897. 

Orthotrichum leiocarpum B.&S.  Barkstone, May 1808. 

whereas affine Schrad. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 

Barkstone, December 1896. 
ae diaphanum Schrad. Boston Spa, April 1897. 
Barkstone, December 1896. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, 
April 1897. 
FUNARIACE/. 

Funaria hygrometrica Sibth. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, 
January 1898. _Barkstone, May 1898, a very tall form. 
Thorp Arch, April 1897. 

BRYACE/EZ. 

Webera carnea Schp. Boston Spa, April 1897. 

Bryum pendulum Schp. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. 

Bryum pallens Sw. Boston Spa, April 1897. 

Bryum intermedium Brid. Sherburn, January 1898. J. C. 
Quarry, Tadcaster, September 1897. 

Bryum cespiticium L. Aberford, June 1897. 

Bryum capillare L. Barkstone, May 1898. Bramham, June 

1897. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, September 1897. 

Bryum argenteum L. Sherburn, January 1898. J. C. Quarry, 
Tadcaster, January 1808. 

Mnium undulatum L. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. 

Mnium cuspidatum Hedw. Sherburn, April 1897. 

Mnium rostratum Schrad. Sherburn, c.fr., April 1897. 

Mnium serratum Schrad. Boston Spa, c.fr., April 1897. 


FONTINALACE/®. 
Fontinalis antipyretica L. Saxton, May 1897. 
Fontinalis antipyretica v. gigantea Sull. Saxton, May 1897. 
NECKERACE&. 
Neckera crispa Hedw. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1808. 
Neckera crispa v. falcata Boul. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, 
January 1898 
Neckera complanata Hiibn. Sherburn, December  1897- 
J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. 
LESKEACE. 
Leskea polycarpa Ehrh. J. C. Quarry, Podcaster: April 1897: 
“Naturalist, 


Ingham: Mosses of Tadcaster. 121 


Anomodon viticulosus H.&T. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 
1897. 

Thuidium tamariscinum B.&S. Sherburn, December 1897. 
J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, September 1897. 


HYPNACEA., 
Pleuropus sericeus Dixon. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, September 


Brachythecium rutabulum B.&S. Sherburn, December 1897. 
J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Barkstone, May 1808. 

Brachythecium velutinum B.&S. Sherburn, January 1808. 
J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. 

Brachythecium purum Dixon. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, 
January 1808. 

Eurhynchium piliferum. Sherburn, January 1898. Bolton 
Percy, March 1808. 

Eurhynchium speciosum Schp. Ulleskelf, December 1897. 

Eurhynchium prelongum. Barkstone, May 1808. J. C. 
Quarry, Tadcaster, a very robust form, April 1897. Ulles- 
kelf, May 1898. Sherburn, December 1897. 

Eurhynchium Swartzii Hobk. Boston Spa, a large form, 
April 1897.  Ulleskelf, a brown form, December 1897. 
Bramham, a yellow form, December 1897.  Barkstone, 
May 1898. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 1898, a very 
glossy form, and another, a very unusual large form. 
Sherburn, January 18908. 

Eurhynchium tenellum Milde. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, 
September 1897. 

_ Eurhynchium striatum B.&S. Sherburn, December 1897. 
J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 1898. 

Eurhynchium rusciforme Milde. Saxton, May 1897. 

Eurhynchium murale Milde. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 
1897. Sherburn, September 1897, a form very near 
v. julaceum Schp. J. C. Quarry, June 1898. 

Eurhynchium confertum Milde. Boston Spa, April 1897. 
Barkstone, December 1897. Sherburn, Dec. 1898. J. C. 
Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1898. 

Amblystegium serpens B.&S. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 
1897. Sherburn, January 1898. Church Fenton, May 

__-1898. Barkstone, May 1898 

April 1899. 


122 Archer: Little Guill on the Tyne. 


Amblystegium Juratzkz Schp.  Sherburn, c.fr., May 1898. 
C. Quarry, Tadcaster, c.fr., June 1898. Appleton 
Reabank! c.fr., May 1898. All these have been confirmed 
by Mr. Dixon. 
mblystegium varium Lindb. Ulleskelf, June 1897. 
Amblystegium filicinum DeNot. Saxton, May 1897. J. C. 
uarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Barkstone, May 1 
Amblystegium Kochii B.&S.  Sherburn, c.fr., May 1898. 
J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 1808. 
Hypnum riparium L. Saxton, 1897. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, 
April 1897. 
olan stellatum Schreb. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, September 


ffs 

iigunle stellatum v. protensum B.&S. Sherburn, September 
1897. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897, abundant. 

Hypnum chrysophyllum Brid. Bramham, December 1897. 

Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. 

Hypnum Sommerfeltii Myr. Thorp Arch, April 1897. 

Hypnum cupressiforme L. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 
1897. Sherburn, December 1897. 

Hypnum cupressiforme vy. resupinatam Schp. | Sherburn, 
December 1 

Hypnum issu ie Hedw. Bramham, December 1897- 
Sherburn, September 1897. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, 
September 1897. 

Hypnum palustre L.  Sherburn, December 1897. J. C. 
Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1898. Boston Spa, April 


ge 
O 


Hypnum cuspidatum L. Bramham, December 1897. J. C. 
Quarry, Tadcaster, c.fr., June 1898. Sherburn, January 


1898. 
Hylocomium splendens B.&S. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, 
April 189 


7 
Hylocomium squarrosum B.&S. Sherburn, December 1897- 
J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. 
Hylocomium triquetrum B.&S. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, 
January 1898. 
a 
NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY. 


Little Gull on the Tyne.—One of these rare birds (Larus nie 
was shot here on 26th January. It is curious to ith that whene 
have occurred here during recent years it has always been during the 
month of January.—H. T. ARCHER, New Be apatite 28th Fe b. 


Natu ce 


Ee hee ee: 


Ibe a es fe Sh er 9 aoe ie ees a 


eS ee aan 


123 
PLANT-NAMES IN USE AT WEST AYTON, YORK N.E. 


Rev... WiC. HEY,-M.-A., 
West Ayton, York. 


SOME months ago I sent a few notes to ‘The Naturalist’ on the 
bird-names in use at West Ayton, and they elicited several very 
interesting communications from observers in other parts of the 
country. I now contribute some notes on the plant-names in 
use at the same village. 

To begin with the trees, the Ash is called ‘Esh,’ the Alder 
‘Eller,’ and the Oak ‘ Yak.’ There is, however, in Forge Valley 
a very conspicuous ancient Alder which is widely known as 
‘Jack o’ Lamb’s Plane.’ It is handed down to posterity that 
this tree grew from the walking stick of the above-named 
individual, and it must be admitted that the perfect straightness 
of its trunk distinguishes it in the most marked manner from 
every other Alder in the neighbourhood. Perhaps some 
etymologist can say whether the name Ayton means Oaktown. 
I Suppose that such is no doubt the derivation of Aysgarth. 
Elder is called ‘Bottery.’ You seldom hear the word used 
alone. The people speak of a ‘Bottery-bush’ or a ‘ Bottery- 
bedf.’ Is the word a corruption of Bower-tree, because the tree 
was often used to form arbours? The Mountain Ash is called 
* Witch-wood,’ and its value as an antidote to witchcraft is still 
well remembered, if no longer put to actual test. aske 
a village lad the other day if he could tell me anything about 
witches. He replied, ‘You want to get Witch-wood, and put 
salt on the lintels of the windows.’ Then he added in a very 
diffident tone, ‘ But there aren’t such things, are there ? 

Very few flowering plants have obtained local names. Wood 
Anemones, which carpet the valleys here in spring, are called 
‘Gammy Nightcaps.’ The Ragw ort (Seneczo Jacobea) goes by 

r 


rapidly eradicate i m flexuosum is called ‘ Yennuts’ 
(Earth-nuts) he children dig up the bulbous root and eat it. 
All the tall white Um re are dubbed ‘ Humlocks,’ and 


regarded with aversion. A//ium ursinum is called ‘ Rams. 

Pastures near woods are not liked for cows, as this herb is said 
to spoil the milk. Wild Cabbage is called ‘ Brassics,’ which can 
hardly be a very old name. Wild Plums are ‘ Bullaces.’ A well- 
polished boot or fire-grate is said to be ‘As breet as a Bullace.’ 


April 1899. 


124 WNotes—-Ornithology and Geology. 


Mr. Blakeborough, in his new book on North Yorkshire, informs 
us in the glossary under ‘ Bullace’ ere the Bullace is a ‘ Wild 
Plum of a green colour when ripe.’ To me they appear to be 
purple-black. The same author informs us that ‘ Wicks’ are 
‘seedlings of the Whitethorn.’ I never heard the term 
applied to anything but the long running roots of grasses 
which cause such trouble in arable land. 

Pteris aqutlina is called ‘ Breckans,’ and is not considered to 
be a fern. I have heard people say, ‘ Them’s not ferns, they’re 
only Breckans.’ The Hart’s Tongue fern is invariably called 
‘ Hartstone,’ and is the only fern that appears to be specifically 
recognised. Rushes are ‘Seaves.’ They are mown in the carrs 
in August to make rough bedding for cattle. 

It is singular that some of the most conspicuous trees of the 
district (e.g., the Wych Elm) and some of the brightest and 
most abundant flowers (e.g., the male Orchis) are undistinguished 
by the people, who are unable to give them any name. 

es 


NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY. 


Bird-names h 
Mary L. Armitt’s notes on Lakeland Bird-names in the last number 


Naturalist,’ may b : o or three o s current in South West- 
morland :—‘ Bottle Tit’ for Long-tailed Tit, ssi or ow mmer 

ur cent ia Ann Gibson, calls it ‘B la eg’), ‘Bessie 
Black-cap’ for Black-headed Bunting, ‘Skell-drake’ for Shell-drake, ‘ Doup 
Cra r Carrion Crow, ‘Ullet’ for Owl, ‘Mountain Thrush sel 
Thrush, ‘Jammie Lang-legs’ for Heron, ‘Sea Maw’ for Sea Gull, ‘ Willy 
Wagtail’ for Wagtail.—G. STABLER, Levens, Milnthorpe, “Westmorland, 
15th February 1899. 


eee 
NOTES—GEOLOGY. 


Fell Granite Boulder in Upper Teesdale.—1 have found — 


Shap 
a large boulder in the London mie wea par s Park, Middleton-in-Teesdale, 
of Shap Fell Granite, siz x 3 ft., originally found in the 
river Lune, but carried + Sriddleton in’ recat ule Park.— Wm. HERDMAN, 
Lanehead Villa, Middleton-in-Teesdale, 7th Jan. 1 


Preservation of the Reveton ‘Shap Granite egeyrnen co 


Ree ty the erratic lay, consented, at the ’ Societ ty "s reque t, to give it to 

e Town Council conditionally ‘pon that body providing a site for its 

display _ “Scena rvation, he condition viigr di eadily acceded to, this 
Pod ‘ 


important boulder, recently threatened with destruction, is now suitably : 
ley; a : ny 


m 
accurate; the act o 
and the published figures. should be altered to & xX 36 x 34 inches 
Brapy, 5, Victoria Road, Barnsley, 22nd Mar \ 


Westmorland.—In connection with Miss — 
of ‘The 


he report r rove to be not quite 
f removing showed the boulder to be partials bee a 
M. Ee 


meena 
Naturalist, 


Pema 
e 

= 

8 

: 

4 

; 


THE BURSTING OF ° THE BUDS IN SPRING. 


cdi. EGAN.-b Lb: Di; 
cer Utiswater. 


‘Solvitur acris hiems grata vice veris et Favoni.'—HoRACeE. 
“CRABBED winter dissolves itself in the joyful alternation of 
Spring and the west wind.’ It is hoped that this translation is 
sufficiently poetical, and will also serve to rivet attention on 
what might be termed a counterpart phenomenon presented by 
science, that is to say, the fact that the unfolding of the buds in 
the merry spring-time is preceded by a physiological or chemical 
dissolving and alternation of a very interesting description. 
Confining our attention to what specially concerns us here, viz., 
the bark of our forest trees, it is known that this in all cases is 
Practically devoid of starch during the dreary winter months, its 
place being occupied chiefly by a fatty oil and glucose. As 
soon, however, as the lengthening days and not-so-chilly nights 
return again soon after the opening of the year, a very serious 
change is brought about in that part of the tree which upholds, 
feeds, and ministers to the timely necessities of those incipient 
organs known as the buds. The barky envelope of every twig 
and bough that has survived the chilly storm and icy blast 
Wakes up, so to speak, from wintry sleep, e dormant 
energies of its living tissues are aroused into activity at the 
imperious summons of the organic needs of what has been 
called ‘the hereditary periodicity of certain properties of the 
protoplasm,’ which is stimulated but not caused by the current 
condition of the environment. The respiratory process, subdued, 
if not quite stagnant, during the winter months, is now sup- 
plemented by another vigorous physiological process akin to 
assimilation. The warm raiment of the winter oil vanishes from 
every twig and bough, and about the 1st of March a quantity of 
Starch steps into its place, beginning in the youngest branchlets 

1 


_ and marching gradually but surely into the crown and centra 
Shaft of the tree. But all this represents what may be termed - 


a general preparation which is by no means sufficient as a basis 
for the operations that are to follow. Other requisites and 
perquisites are indispensable in the spring-time. For instance, 
sometimes the pith of the up-to-ten-year-old branches contains 
at the nodes a sort of diaphragm structure consisting of a kind 
of ‘albumen’ (like as in seeds) destined for future nutrition ; 
and again, at the base of the buds themselves a special tissue 
is detected wholly made up of nucleated cells provided with 
April 1899. ay 


126 Keegan: The Bursting of the Buds in Spring. 


protein and hydrocarbons, and attended by a host of other cells Be 
containing crystals. In fact, one of the most notable features | 
in this connection is the wide distribution, concentrated accumu- 
lation and persistence of lime (as oxalate of calcium) in the _ 
young shoots, pith, bud-scales, and buds during the whole of 
the winter season. we 
But do the buds themselves participate in the important | 
transformations that come to pass in their immediate vicinity ? — 
Yes, they do, but perhaps not quite so completely. In October, 
or at the time of the fall of the leaf, each bud is enriched with 
starch, albumenoids, tannin, and a little fatty oil; but it is very 
remarkable that at this period they are bereft of glucose or 
other respirable material, and hence they cannot then be arti- 
ficially made to grow. During the winter this starch disappears, — 
a portion of it migrating apparently in a modified form into the 
embryonal organs at the base of the buds, while the other 
portion undergoes some unknown decomposition. There is 


See Re fa > ores . 
Sa | es ees ean, Ee 


resistance against the wintry chill? The easily coagulable 
protoplasm, or the passive or active proteid matter, is liberally 
enriched with non-freezable fatty oil, which is encompassed by 
a readily-combustible carbohydrate, physiologically influential 
as a source of heat. In addition to this, moreover, the tannin 
present. in October persistently remains over unaffected in 
quantity during the winter, and occupies chiefly the cells which 
© not contain much oil. In cases like those of the horse- 
chestnut and our fruit trees, where, even already i in the autumn, 
not only the end of the young shoot, but a branch-system with 
flower buds and more or less developed leaves are already so far 
formed, it is evident that a still further resisting coverlet must. 
be provided. This is done, in fact, by the formation of what are 
called leaf-scales, which are incrusted with a waxy, resinous, OF 
gummy exudation, and lined inside by a felt of cellulosic down 
or wool; and our poetical evolutionists are always much pleased 
to trace the gradual transition in form between the scale and the 
— Satria young leaflet. 


Keegan: The Bursting of the Buds in Spring. 127 


| What, then, is a bud? The text-book definition is, that it is 
: “the young condition of a shoot; either the whole young shoot, 
or the young portion at the free end of a shoot already further 
developed’; or it is ‘the growing point of a shoot surrounded by 
its leaves.’ Its formation depends on the under side of a foliar 
organ growing more strongly than the upper side thereof. 
Then again, buds have been regarded as one of the chief 
reservoirs of reserve material, viz., essentially only of proteids, 
carbohydrates, and fats; but this description is correct only 
under the limitations which we have already alluded to. When 
the bud unfolds, growth in length commences to become 
: stronger on the upper side of the embryonic Jeaf, i.e., the blade 
_ extends in surface by intercalation of new substances by means 

of water between its base and its apex, both of which points 

remain as they were before. Strictly speaking, then, it may 

be concluded that in most cases the principal structural and 

functional portions of the mature leaf were non-existent in the 

bud out of which they were produced. In fact, with certain 

exceptions, only a small portion of the skeleton of the leaf, i.e., 
‘ its base and apex, actually existed in the bud (or ‘gem,’ as 
Dryden calls it); the whole of the lamina or blade is formed 
ae Subsequently. In other words, in a rigid scientific point of 


_ View, a bud may be defined as a very rudimentary skeletal 
Re Structure placed in the immediate vicinity of a magazine of 
a . . . - 

j cells, some of which are essentially reproductive, i.e., have 


a clearly defined nucleus and abundant white, translucent 
protoplasm, while others are essentially vegetative, i.e., have 
large vacuoles full of meat or mineral matter, around which the 
protoplasm may be readily transformed into a vehicle of nutritive 
substances. At the commencement of their germination there is 
but little respiration, according to some observers, but its 
quantity increases with the progressive development of the 


see 


time. In fact, the phenomena attending the development of the 
leaf-bud is very similar to those which are observable on the 
development of the flower-bud. 
e need not dwell upon the beauties of the opening woods. 
‘ The tops of the horse-chestnut boughs look as if they glowed 
into the air with life,’ says Hunt. And ‘each young spray 
a rosy flush receives,’ exclaims another poet. Nor need we 
travel as far as the tropical West Indies, where, as has been 
said, ‘at the sii of the rainy season in April and May 
“April, 809. 


Ree Sian cS Saree AE nan oe 
4 $3 = 


ee el ee et eae aS Stes 


128 Keegan: The Bursting of the Buds in Spring. 


numerous ‘trees assume entirely a red appearance % the red 
colouration of the freshly developing twigs: the colour is so 
intense that the landscape acquires thereby a eels coloura- 
tion.’ It will only be necessary to offer a few remarks relative 
to the similar or analogous phenomena presented by our forest 
trees. A cross section through the winter buds revealed the 
presence of tannin in all cases under the form of a hyaline, 
strongly opalescent, and refractive mass occupying a great 
portion of the mesophyll and the vascular sheaths as well as the 
epidermis in beech, oak, hazel, rose, etc.; in the epidermis and 
sub-epidermis of elm, chestnut, walnut, elder, hawthorn, wild 
cherry, sycamore, and horse-chestnut; while in poplars and 
willows it is chiefly sub-epidermal. Some of the leaflets just 
bursting from the buds and the young shoots as well assume 
a decidedly brilliant and beautiful rosy flush of colour, while 
others, such as those of the horse-chestnut and lilac, are only 
feebly, or not at all reddened under precisely similar circum- 
stances. It is in the unfolding leaflets of the oak, chestnut, 
walnut, and of certain species of poplar, willow, and maple, that 
the very pretty pinkish or crimson colouration is most eminently 
exhibited. The young shoots, leaf-scales, or leaf-stalks of 
beech, lime, sycamore, aspen, field maple, etc., are much given 
to blushing very deeply and conspicuously just when, instinct 
with the fresh vitality of the bursting season, they newly enter 
into life. The case of our common beech is especially remark- 
able. No sooner has its young shoot broken through the bud 
than it is immediately coloured red, the leaf-scales which do not 
fall off are also capped with red on their upper surface, while 
a little later the stalks of the tiny leaflets join in the general 
blushing, especially on the side facing the light; and all this 
while the baby leaflets themselves burst forth as clearest emeralds. 
Now, what do those leaflets contain which are specially dis- _ 
tinguished for a pinky red, as contrasted with those which are 
brightly, brilliantly, perfectly pure green? Thus, as has been ~ 
remarked about the oak, ‘a constant succession of pink and 
brown-tinted glories of the young — is kept up in our 
moist summers til] Jate in the autumn.’ These Sgnnicee! roseate 
organisms contain apparently all along and from the first 
moment of their existence a certain quantity of sae chro=' . 
mogen ready formed ; = other leaflets contain merely the — 
tannoid quercetin, or one of its allies, whose presence may 
possibly influence to sine extent the tint of its infantile 
drapery. The deep brown of the opening cherry, etc., leaf is 
due apparently to a decomposition product of albumen called 
tyrosine. ; 


ma 


“Nata uralist, i 


Ss SS ae PR ag 


THE AVIFAUNA OF 
STAITHES AND LOFTUS-IN-CLEVELAND, YORKSHIRE. 


KENNETH McLEAN, 


Harrogate; Joint Secretary of the Vertebrate Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. 


PERHAPS no more interesting district for the ornithologist can 
be found than the bit of Cleveland coast extending from Staithes 
to Skinningrove, and inland for about five miles. 

This piece of ground is cleft at the coast by two deep valleys, 
one at Staithes, the other at Skinningrove. These valleys as 
they go inland are divided and subdivided into many thickly- 
wooded gorges stretching for miles, the sides of which are in 
many places very precipitous, and along the bottom of which 
clear, sparkling streams leap over mossy rocks or ripple over 
sandy bottoms; following these streams to their sources we 
find them springing away up on the heather-clad moors of 
“re shih Waupley, and Liverton. 

Thus we have in so short a distance the beach with its 
Stretches of weed-clad rocks exposed at low tide, amongst 
which we may find hundreds of miniature lakes fringed with the 
most beautiful marine vegetation, rich feeding places for the 
Gulls, Herons, Ducks, etc., and here and there little sandy 
coves where the Sandpiper and other waders find their winter’s 
home and food. The coast cliffs, commanding and rugged, 
broken into by the huge quarries which have been worked out 
in connection with alum making, where the autumn migrants, 
exhausted with their long flight and battles with the wind and 
storms they have encountered as they crossed the wild North Sea, 
land in large quantities, where the Jackdaws, Gulls, Starlings, 
Rock Pigeons, Cormorants, Kestrels, Martins, Swifts, and many 
others have their breeding corners. 

And leading up from the coast the valleys, with sides wooded 
with oak, ash, beech, birch, larch, etc., draped with luxuriant 
undergrowth of hazel and briar, interwoven with festoons of 
ivy and honeysuckle; and underneath all a rich carpet of 
ferns, mosses, and a thousand other beautiful vegetable 
growths, and swarming with feathered inhabitants, Between 
these valleys stretch rich tracts of agricultural land abounding 
with birds belonging to the Fringilline, Sylvine, and Saxicoline 


families; and beyond these we find the moorland rising to 


May 1899. : I 


OR gS Ee’ OSI EE ShBEn We Mea Rage aie eg ee 


130 McLean: Avifauna of Staithes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 


about a thousand feet above sea level, with its Grouse, Wild | 
_ Duck, Snipe, Curlew, and many other moorland birds. Surely, | 
for the ornithologist a richer or more varied field could scarcely 
be found in so small a compass. 

There are, however, some drawbacks from an ornithologist’s 
point of view. There is a want of marshy ground and of mud 
banks. There are certainly some pieces of ground with growths 


this coast a resting-place, a sort of wayside inn, as they pass 

backwards and forwards during their migrations. 4 
nother cause of discomfort to the birds, especially the 

migrants, has sprung up during the last thirty years in some _ 


parts of the district. end 
Skinningrove was once a pretty little quiet village nestling ; 
between the hills. It has now become a town. e banks to 


the west were once covered with a thick pine wood, and bramble 
and gorse bushes stretched nearly down to the sea edge; these | ea 
have been swept away, and the hillside is now a network of 
railroads; and at the top stand a number of black furnaces 
continually belching forth smoke and flame. Up the valley, too, — 
a transformation scene has taken place; the valley, once beautiful, 
is now filled with mines, engine shops, pit props, and smoke. 
Sights and sounds are seen and heard day and night, pleasant 
no doubt from a financial point of view, but not by any means © 
pleasant to the delicate senses of the migrants wishing to land — 
there. 
Again, a little ee up the valley the calcining kilns con- 
nected with the rerton Mines are pouring out sulphurous 
fumes which have ‘Bieced havoc with the vegetation in ei 
adjoining: woo 
e whole of the timber in what is called the West Wood was 

so much injured by the smoke that it had to be cut down. This 
wild, precipitous gorge has, however, again become filled with — 
young trees matted together with tangled undergrowth, and the ~ 
stream at the bottom, which had become sadly polluted with 
sewerage, is pane comparatively clear, and the home of ee ; 
a inate trout. 


ae 
_ Naturalist, 


‘ 


McLean: Avifauna of Statthes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 131 


Inland, however, the woods retain their pristine beauty. 
There are many quiet corners where the homes of beast, bird, 


with. They are full of beautiful scenery, and teem with bird life. 
In many places the north and north-east winds of early spring 
are completely shut out by the many twists and turns of the 
aoe and on these wooded slopes facing the south we may 
fin e primrose and other spring flowers blooming, and the 
hea Thrush, etc., nesting very early. 
ike the wooded valleys on the west of our district we may 
find here many beautiful retired nooks, where the flowers bloom 
unseen, and the birds sing their sweetest songs, heard only by 
their patient sitting mates, or busy feathered neighbours. 


TURDIDAS, 

Turdus viscivorus. Missel-Thrush. Pretty common; breed- 
ing in most parts of the district, and the numbers increased 
by autumn visitors. 

Turdus musicus. Song Thrush. Common. 

Turdus iliacus, Redwing. A regular winter visitor, coming 

; in large quantities, sometimes as early as September. 

Turdus pilaris. Fieldfare. Like the Redwing, coming 
regularly in the autumn months. 

Turdus varius. White’s Thrush. Not seen nearer than 
Danby (Eskdale) by Rev. J. C. Atkinson. 

Turdus merula. Blackbird. Resident and abundant. 
Hundreds of migrants to be seen in the autumn amongst 
the turnips, potatoes, etc., near the coast. 

iia torquatus. Ring-Quzel. Numbers breed on the high 

oor, I have seen them on the banks facing the sea 
in ik Decceber probably some migrants passing southwards. 

Saxicola cenanthe. Wheatear. One of the earliest to make 
its appearance as a spring visitor ; breeds freely, especially 
near the moors 

Pratincola rubetra. Whinchat. Spring visitor, coming in 
April and nesting in most parts of the district. 

Pratincola rubicola. Stonechat. More common than I have 
known it in any other district. 

Ruticilla pheenicurus. Redstart. Fairly common; generally 
distributed as a summer breeder. 


May 1899, 


132 McLean: Avifauna of Statthes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 


Ruticilla titys. Black Redstart. Occasional visitor; I have 
seen it twice, once in mid-winter and once in spring. 
Erithacus rubecula. Redbreast. Common; many near the 
coast amongst the bean fields, etc., in the autumn. 
Dautlias luscinia. Nightingale. No evidence to be depended 
n of its having been heard or seen 


SYLVIINZE. 

Sylvia sylvia. Whitethroat. A ccdeoet visitor, breeding 
plentifully Koso Te distric 

Sylvia curruca. Lesser eee Ta Not nearly so 
common as the preceding, but. generally distributed. 

Sylvia atricapilla. Blackcap. Not by any means common, 
but a few breed every season. Frequently met with in the 
autumn, most likely those which have bred further to the 
north. 

Sylvia hortensis. Garden Warbler. Not common. More 
frequently seen in spring and autumn than in summer. 
Regulus regulus. Goldcrest. Pretty common as a breeder, 

and abundant in the autumn. 
piahactin es cit Chiffchaff. As plentiful as any of the 


Piyitiaamaie noni Willow Warbler. Very numerous. 
Phylloscopus sibilatrix. Wood Warbler. Breeds regularly 
in the district, but is not very numerous. 
Acrocephalus_ streperus. Reed Warbler. Breeds very 
sparingly in the district, but is frequently seen in spring 
and autumn 
Aérocebeiilibe shi seaahceskeia: Sedge Warbier. Fairly abundant, 
chiefly in autumn and spring. Does not breed very freely 
in the neighbourhood. 
Locustella nevia. Grasshopper Warbler. Of rare occur- 
rence as a breeder 
ACCENTORINZ. 
Accentor modularis. Hedge-Sparrow. Abundant; numbers 
increased in autumn. 
SITTIDA. 
Sitta cesia. Nuthatch. Very rarely seen; not known to 
have bred in the district. 
TROGLODYTIDA., 
Troglodytes parvulus. Wren. Very common, numbers 


arriving in the autumn. 
Smee 
Naturalist, 


McLean: Avtfauna of Staithes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 


133 
PARID<E. 

Acredula rosea. British Long-tailed Titmouse. Generally 
distributed over the district, and common. 

Parus major. Great Titmouse. Resident, common. 

Parus britannicus. British Coal Titmouse. Plentiful, some- 
times very numerous in the winter. 

Parus palustris. 


Marsh Titmouse. Not so common as 
others of the family, but frequently seen. 
Parus ceruleus. 


Blue Titmouse. 


Common. 


A retired nook by the side of 
breeds year : 


f the — am in the Loftus Woods, where the Dipper 
after year: nest shown at the right of sketch. 
CINCLID. 
Cinclus aquaticus. Dipper. 


Breeds regularly on all the small 
streams that come down the valleys. In severe weather 
I have seen it on the beach amongst the rocks. 
MOTACILLIDA:. 

Pied Wagtail. Resident; abundant ; 
reeding by the side of all the streams, also among the 
rocks near the beach. 

May 1899. 


Motacilla lugubris. 


De ange MOE yey Dee Pen ate 


134 McLean: Avifauna of Statthes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 


Motacilla melanope. Grey Wagtail. Fairly abundant, 
coming in the early spring, and breeding throughout the 
district. 

Motacilla raii. Yellow Wagtail. Pretty common; breeding 
freely ; comes in March and April and leaves in September 
or October. 

Anthus pratensis. Meadow Pipit. Freely distributed; 
resident; large numbers seen in the autumn, many no 
doubt passing to the south. 

sabigent trivialis. Tree Pipit. Summer visitor; breeding, and 

sappearing in September 

Anthus obscurus. Rock Pipit. Frequently seen, both winter 
and summer; no doubt breeds in the district, but I have 
not seen its nest. 

ORIOLID. 

-Oriolus galbula. Golden Oriole. One shot by Sanderson, 

keeper for Lord Downe, in woods near to Kilton Castle. 


LANIID. 
Lanius excubitor. Great Grey Shrike. Occurs frequently 
from September to December ; also in March and April. . 
Lanius collurio. Red-backed Shrike. A very rare visitor. 3 


AMPELIDA. oe 
Ampelis garrulus. Waxwing. Many specimens both caught 
and shot in neighbourhood; have seen them feeding on 
haws. F 
MUSCICAPID. 
Muscicapa grisola, Spotted Flycatcher. A regular summer 
visitor, arriving late and away again in September. 
Muscicapa atricapilla. Pied Flycatcher. Has nested occa- 
sionally in the district. Is often seen in spring and autumn. 


HIRUNDINID<®E, 
Hirundo rustica. Swallow. Arrives in April and leaves 
September and October. 
Chelidon urbica. Martin. Abundant, breeding under the 
cliff-ledges facing the sea. 
Cotile riparia. Sand Martin. Breeds freely in most of the 
sand quarries round. 


Naturalist, 


McLean: Avifauna of Statthes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 135 


CERTHIIDA, 
Certhia familiaris. Creeper. Very common; more plentiful 
an I have seen them elsewhere. 
FRINGILLINZE. 
elated saber Goldfinch. Frequently one peti 
utumn, but rarely ever breeds in the dist 
Chrysomitris spinus. Siskin. Fairly common in He autumn 
nd winter, and one or two nests have been seen 
Beis cmioits Greenfinch. Very common, bepeding 
freely, and numbers coming as migrants. 
Coccothraustes coccothraustes. Hawfinch. Occasionally 
seen; breeds, if not in the district, very near. 
Passer domesticus. House Sparrow. Very common. 
Passer montanus. Tree Sparrow. Breeds regularly, but not 
in large numbers ; many come as visitors. 
Fringilla coelebs. Chaffinch. Very plentiful. 
Fringilla montifringilla. Brambling. Comes in large 
quantities as a winter visitant. I have known them in 


Linota cannabina. Linnet. Breeds freely on banks facing 
sea, and on the high ground near the moors. 

Linota linaria. Mealy Redpoll. Only known as a winter 
visitor, making their appearance every year, more or less. 

Linota rufescens. Lesser Redpoll. Breeds regularly near 
the moors. The numbers are largely increased by migrants, 
which I have seen landing as early as the end of August 
and September. 

Linota flavirostris. Twite. Breeds sparingly on the moors, 
Waupley and Grinkle. Numbers come along with the 
Linnets, Redpolls, etc., in the autumn, and may be found in 
flocks on the stubble and near the farm-houses; generally 
called ‘Grey Linnet’ by the people of the district to dis- 
tinguish it from the Brown Linnet. 

LOXIHINAE. 

Pyrrhula pyrrhula. Bullfinch. Fairly numerous, breeding 
regularly in the district ; more plentiful in the autumn. 
Loxia curvirostra. Crossbill. A winter visitor of frequent 
occurrence. Large numbers often seen in the Grinkle 
Woods and other parts of the district. Has not been 

known to breed in the neighbourhood. 

May 1899. 


136 McLean: Avifauna of Staithes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 
EMBERIZINA. 

Emberiza miliaria. Corn feesiieeg Very common; numbers 
come in the autumn and win 

Emberiza citrinella. Ci ae Resident, abundant. 

Emberiza schoeniclus. Reed Bunting. Very few breed in 
the district, but a good many come from the north in the 
autumn and leave in the spring. 

Plectrophanes nivalis. Snow Bunting. A winter visitant, 
large numbers coming in October and later if the winter is 
severe; generally in parties of half-a-dozen or so, but 
occasionally in large flocks. 


STURNID. 
Sturnus vulgaris. Starling. The crevices in the face of the 
towering cliffs afford famous one places for these birds, 
which breed there by hundreds. 


Pastor roseus. Rose-coloured Pastor. Rare visitor; several 
shot at Skinningrove in the winter of 1 


CORVIDZE. 

Pyrrhocorax graculus. Chough. Some of the old men, 
many years ago, have told me of Red-legged Daws which 
used to be seen, and most likely bred in the cliffs; there 
is no doubt the bird referred to was the Chough. 

Garrulus glandarius. Jay. At one time common, but getting 
scarce good many come as autumn migrants. 

Pica pica. Magpie. Still pretty common, notwithstanding 
the number of its enemies. 

Corvus monedula. Jackda Very numerous; hundreds 
breeding in the cliffs hence the s 

Corvus corone. Carrion Crow. Getting scarce, but still a few 
pairs breed in the neighbourhood every year. 

Corvus cornix. Hooded Crow. Comes in large quantities in 
the autumn. Have seen scores of them landing in the 
course of an hour. 

Corvus frugilegus. Rook. Plentiful, but there is only one 
rookery (Loftus Hall} in the district. 

Corvus corax. Raven. Occasionally seen in the cliffs, where 
it once bred, but not within the last 60 years. Two once 
seen (one mostly white) perched on a human corpse washed 
up on the beach. ee 


McLean: Avifauna of Staithes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 137 


ALAUDIDE. 

Alauda arvensis. Sky Lark. Abundant; large numbers come 
in the autumn from the northern parts of the Continent. 
Alauda arborea. Wood Lark. Not plentiful, but some breed 

in the district every year. 
Otocorys alpestris. Shore Lark. A cocuuat winter visitor ; 
ave seen scores after severe weather. 


CYPSELIDZ. 
Cypselus apus. Swift. A good many breed in the cliffs; 
plentiful, 
; CAPRIMULGIDE. 


Caprimulgus europxus. Nightjar. Fairly common, many 
- places in the district being visited year after year. 
PICIDA. - 

Dendrocopus major. Great Spotted Woodpecker. Seen 
occasionally as an autumn migrant, but has not been known 
to breed. 

Dendrocopus minor. Lesser Spotted W 
doubtful. I knew of a stuffed specimen in Eofais which 
Was supposed to have been killed in the district, but after- 
wards heard that it had come from near Castle Howard. 

Gecinus viridis. Green Woodpecker. Resident, but not by 
any means numerous. 

IYNGIN/E. 

lynx torquilla. Wryneck. Rarely seen, only spring and 

autumn visitors having been noticed. 


A : 


ALCEDINID. 

Alcedo ispida. Kingfisher. Quite a rare bird. It is very 
doubtful whether any breed in the district. I have seen it 
on the beach in very severe weather. 

: UPUPID. 

Upupa epops. Hoopoe. A good many have been got in the 
district; one shot by Mr. Atkinson, Golden Lion Inn, 
Loftus, 1872, and one by Mr. C. Spink, gardener,. Loftus 
Hall, the following year. 

CORACIIDE. 

Coracias garrula. Roller. I cannot hear of its having been 

seen, but it has been obtained just outside the district, viz., 
near Skelton. 

May 1899. 


138 McLean: Avifauna of Statthes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 
CUCULID. 

Cuculus canorus. Cuckoo. Very plentiful; breeding freely, 

especially near the moors. 
STRIGIDA., 

Strix flammea. Barn Owl. Not common. Have seen a 
pair nesting in the cliffs on the coast. 

Asio otus. Long-eared Owl. Breeding occasionally in the 
woods, Grinkle and Liverton; a good many arriving in the 
autumn from the Continent. 

Asio Reena? Short-eared Owl. Breeds rarely; large 

ers coming from the north in the autumn; after 
a eel storm I have counted twenty in a walk of 
a mile’s length along the cliffs. 

Syrnium aluco. Tawny Owl. Common. Seen and heard 
in the woods throughout the district. 

Bubo bubo. Eagle Owl. One shot by myself on 5th Nov. 

75 on the banks near Hummersea, now in my possession, 
is represented in the accompanying illustration. 


my crease shot on the sea banks 


Eagle Owl, taken fi fe in 
between Sk g 1 ene . sth November 1875 


Naturalist, 


McLean: Avifauna of Starthes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 139 


Nyctala tengmalmi. Tengmalm’s Owl. An owl shot by 
Thos. Metcalf, keeper, Highfields, January 1872, in the 
Handale Woods, seems to have been this species. 


FALCONIDE. 

Circus zruginosus. Marsh Harrier. One shot on Waupley 
Moors, 1859. Has been several times seen. 

Circus cyaneus. Hen Harrier. Occasionally seen. Known 
to the gamekeepers as ‘ Ringtails.’ Have seen specimens 
nailed to walls. 

Circus cineraceus. Montagu’s Harrier. Uncertain, but 
several birds answering the description have been seen. 

Buteo buteo. Buzzard. At one time frequently seen; has 
been known to breed on the high ridge of moor between 
Waupley and Danb 

Archibuteo lagopus. Rough-legged Buzzard. Frequently 
got in the autumn. Saw one last November in the window 
of Mr. Eddis, barber, Loftus, which had been shot at the 
moor end of Grinkle Woo 

Aguila chrysaétus. Golden ae One seen several times 
in the woods near Handale Abbey—‘ about 185 

Haliaétus albicilla. White-tailed Eagle. Several seen. One 

Allinson, Skinningrove, on banks between 
Skinningrove and Cattersty, autumn of 1860. 

Milvus milvus. Kite. Several seen and obtained in the district. 
One shot by William Latty, gamekeeper for Lord Zetland, 
1868, in the woods, Highfields 

Accipiter nisus. Sparrow-Hawk. Fairly common; numbers 
increased in the autumn. 

Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon. Was once of frequent 
occurrence. I have seen several specimens shot. One now 
in my possession was obtained on the Highfields Farm. 

Falco subbuteo. Hobby. Has been frequently seen and shot. 
Several hung on trees and gamekeepers’ houses, Highfields, 
Liverton, etc. 

seebcers islandus. Iceland or Jer Falcon. | followed 

d for some hours in the winter, 1870, but could not get 
wide range; from the colour and flight of the bird I am 
pretty certain it was a Jer Falcon. 

Tinnunculus vespertinus. Red-legged Falcon. Have heard 
Sanderson, keeper for Lord Downe, describe a Hawk he shot 

May 1899. 


140 McLean: Avifauna of Staithes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 


in 1873, near the moor, as having red legs and very dark on 
back. Unfortunately the specimen was not preserved. 

Falco xsalon. Merlin. At one time nested regularly in the 
district on the higher part of the Waupley Moors; is now 
only occasionally seen. 

Tinnunculus tinnunculus. Kestrel. Very common, breeding 
both in the cliffs on the coast and in the woods. 

Pandion haliaétus. Osprey. Several obtained in the neigh- 

od some years ago, but I can only learn of one within 

the last thirty years, which was shot by Mr. R. Stonehouse, 
of Skinningrove, October 1870. 


| 


Nez e highest point on the coast of England, amongst a heap of huge rocks 
which re ive dea from the rs ice of the cliff +, the Corm orants breed. Along the shelves 
higher up amongst the shale and stunted grass roots, the Herring Gulls nest in enor- 
mous quantities, and the — crevices are the attr of Starlings, Jackdaws, Rock 
Pigeons, Swifts, and cast zee — Martins also find aaseabhy places for their 
mud nests under the wit g ledg 


PELECANID 
Phalacrocorax carbo. Cormorant. To be seen in some 
numbers breeding regularly in the cliffs near to Rockcliff. 


Naturalist, 


McLean: Avifauna of Statthes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 141 


Phalacrocorax graculus. Shag. Visiting the coast every 
spring and autumn; sometimes a good many are seen. 
Sula bassana. Gannet. More or less seen every year, 
especially at the end of August, in September and October. 
ARDEIDE. 
Ardea cinerea. Heron. Pretty common; on the moors, in 
e streams, and generally to be found on the beach at low 
tide. It has not been known to breed in the district. 
mredcorax griseus. Night Heron. One seen several times 
on some ponds and marshy ground, Waupley Moors, in the 
autumn of 1860 or 1861; was shot at by Thomas Metcalf 


Ardetta minuta. Little Bittern. Has been seen several 
times, once by myself in January 1870 on the banks facing 
the sea near Loftus Alum Works. 

Botaurus stellaris. Bittern. One seen on the shore in October 
1865; also in Cattersty, November 1865, most likely the 
same bird; it was shot by a man named Bousfield and 
placed in the hand of a miner, who made some attempt to 
preserve it. The effort was so clumsy it could scarcely be 
recognised, and the preserving material used had been so 
poor the specimen soon went to decay. The men called it 

‘Speckled Heronsue.’ 
CICONIIDA. 

Ciconia alba. White Stork. A bird seen several times in 
February 1858 on some boggy ground near the source of 
Grinkle Beck, must have been the White Stork. The man 
I heard speak of it, Mr. Lawson, Waupley Inn, would 
know the Common Heron quite well, as there are many in 
the neighbourhood; he described it as being larger and 
whiter except for the black wings. 

ANATIDE. 

Anser anser. Grey Lag Goose. Has occasionally been got ; 
is seen passing over in the autumn and spring. 

Anser segetum. Bean Goose. Some have been shot on the — 
beach ; seen passing over. 

Anser brachyrhynchus. Pink-iooted Goo Frequently 
Seen in the winter time; flocks ocesionaly on the moors, 
sometimes visiting the autumn stub 

Anser albifrons. White-fronted poe Has been seen on 
the beach in very severe weather Le 

May 18q¢. : 


142 McLean: Avifauna of Staithes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 


Bernicla bernicla. Brent Goose. Frequently seen in the 
autumn near the coast. 

Bernicla leucopsis. Barnacle Goose. One shot by Mr. R. 
Stonehouse, Skinningrove, in 1859, out of a flock of about 
a dozen. 


Crate. cygnus. Whooper Swan. Seen in severe winters — 


nest the rocks’ at low tide. 
a bewicki. Bewick’s Swan. Several seen in the 


Skinningrove Beck, 1864. Sometimes seen passing over-. 


head going south in the autumn and north in spring. 

Tadorna tadorna. Common Sheldrake. Occasionally seen ; 
was at one time said to breed on the banks near Cattersty. 

Dafila acuta. Pintaii. Seen occasionally as a visitor. 

Mareca penelope. Wigeon. A good many seen on the coast 
in severe weather. 

Anas boschas. Wild Duck. Fairly numerous in the winter on 
the beach at low tide and in the streams; it also breeds 

1 the Waupley Moors, and in autumn and spring visits 

the ponds on the moors in large quantities. 

Querquedula crecca. Common Teal. Breeds on the moors, 
sparingly. A good many come in the autumn and winter. 

Spatula clypeata. Shoveller. Not often seen; several have 
been got. One in’ my possession, a drake, got in 1873; 
more were seen at the time. 

Fuligula fuligula, Tufted Duck. A winter visitor of not very 
frequent occurrence. 

Fuligula marila. Scaup. Frequently off the coast. 

Fuligula ferina. Pochard. Pretty common as a _ winter 
visitor; is net known to breed in the district. 


Clangula glaucion. Goldeneye. With the exception of the 


Mallard is the most common of the Ducks, especially on 


the coast in severe weather. 


Harelda glacialis. Long-tailed Duck. Young birds frequently 


seen off the coast, and occasionally old birds have been seen 
on the beach during violent storms. 
Somateria mollissima. Eider Duck. I have not seen it on the 
beach, but several times about a mile out from Hummersea. 
(Edemia fusca. Velvet Scoter. Seen occasionally out at 
sea, sometimes near the coast. 


RUE NCS 
Naturalist, 


3 


McLean: Avifauna of Statthes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 143 


(demia nigra. Common Scoter. Seen every year off the 
coast, occasionally also on the moors. 

Mergus merganser. Goosander. I have seen them from the 
beach, close in to the rocks. : 
Mergus albellus. Smew. Occasionally met with near the 
coast. I remember once after a storm in March seeing 

several in the beck near Skinningrove. 


COLUMBID<E. 

Columba palumbus. Ring Dove. Abundant; numbers largely 
increased in the autumn and winter, immense flocks coming 
in severe weather. 

Columba cenas. Stock Dove. Fairly numerous, breeding in 
most parts of the district. 

Columba livia. Rock Dove. Common; large numbers breed 
in the cliffs. The pigeons from the cotes round about pair 
and breed with them amongst the rocks. I have frequently 
seen their nests with several colours of birds in them. 

Turtur turtur. Turtle Dove. I cannot hear of its having 
been seen except in the autumn and occasionally in spring. 

PHASIANIDE. 

Phasianus colchicus. Pheasant. Abundant. 

Caccabis rufa. Red-legged Partridge. Has occasionally 
been shot early in September, and has most probably bred 
in the district. 

Perdix perdix. Partridge. Numerous. 


Coturnix coturnix. Quail. Has been known to breed, but 


not for some years. 
TETRAONID. 

Lagopus scoticus. Red Grouse. Pientif!; I have seen 
packs leave the moors in very severe weather, and go 
on to the beach. 

Tetrao tetrix. Black Grouse. Very rarely seen. One 
during the autumn and winter of 1864 took up its a»ode 
in a rabbit warren facing the sea, but disappeared in the 
spring. It was a male bird. 

RALLIDA. 

Rallus aquaticus. Water-Rail. Occasionally seen in the 
summer, and no doubt breeds in the district. The numbers 
are increased in the autumn. 


May 1899. 


144 McLean: Avifauna of Staithes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 


Porzana porzana. Spotted Crake. Occasionally seen, chiefly 
in the autumn; I cannot hear of its having nested in the 
district. 

Crex crex. Corn Crake. I have known them sometimes 
come in March and shelter in the plantations until the 
grass, etc., outside is sufficiently grown to cover them. 

Gallinula chloropus. Moor-hen. Common. 

Fulica atra. Coot. Only occasionally seen, not by any means 
common. 

GDICNEMID~. 

(Edicnemus ceedicnemus. Stone-Curlew. Rarely seen, once 

or twice in the spring, but has not been known to breed 


CHARADRIIDA, 

Charadrius pluvialis. Golden Plover. gies: teas 
on the moors, and large flocks coming in the 

Squatarola helvetica. Grey Plover ae hing ate so 
numerous as the Golden Plover, but ‘faieks siesta! in the 
winter. 

Agialitis hiaticula. Ringed Plover. I have seen it on the 
banks facing the sea in May; most likely it nested there, 
but I never found anest. A good many come in the winter. 

Eudromias morinellus. Dotterel. Seen occasionally in the 
spring and autumn. 

Vanellus vanellus. Lapwing. Common; immense flocks in 
the autumn, generally going south if the weather is very 
severe. 

Strepsilas interpres. Turnstone. Seen every year, generally 
in the autumn. 

Hzmatopus ostralegus. Oyster-catcher. Only a few have 
been seen on the coast. 

SCOLOPACID. 

Phalaropus fulicarius. Grey Phalarope. Has been seen on 
several occasions. 

Scolopax rusticola. Woodcock. Has been known to breed 
at least once at the top end of the Handale Woods, near 
Handale Abbey. The coast here is a favourite place for it 
landing in the autumn, the high cliffs attracting it. I have 
seen them come early in September. 

Gallinago gallinago. Common Snipe. Breeds on the moors; 
large quantities come in the autumn. 

Naturalist, 


McLean: Avtfuuna of Statthes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 145 


Limnocryptes gallinula. Jack Snipe. A regular visitor ; 
pretty common all through the winter. 

Tringa alpina. Dunlin. Only known as a winter visitor. 

Tringa minuta. Little Stint. Not an uncommon visitor in 
the autumn. 

Tringa subarquata. Curlew Sandpiper. 

Tringa striata. Purple Sandpiper. 

ese two species are eaten seen in the pools left 
amongst the rocks at low tide. 

Tringa canutus. Knot. ae most winters, but not in large 
quantities. 

Calidris arenaria. Sanderling. To be seen almost any time 
in the winter on the sands at Skinningrove and Hummersea ; 
also in several sandy coves under the cliffs betwixt Hum- 
mersea and Staithes. 

Tringoides hypoleucos. Common Sandpiper. Only seen in 
the spring and autumn;, does not breed in the neighbour- 
hood. 

Helodromas ochropus. Green Sandpiper. Occasionally seen 
in the autumn. 

Totanus calidris. Redshank. Fairly common in the autumn ; 
sometimes seen in considerable numbers, 

Totanus canescens. Greenshank. To be seen frequently on 
the beach in the autumn. 

Limosa lapponica. Bar-tailed Godwit. Not at all common, 
but occasionally seen as a passing visitor. 

Limosa gxgocephala.  Bilack-tailed Godwit. I saw one 
amongst the shingle round Snilah ponds (two large 
reservoirs close to aeRO in November 1870. 

Numenius pheopus. Whimbrel. Occasionally seen in the 
fields near the coast ; ser called ‘ Little Curlew.’ 

Numenius arquata. Common Curlew. Pretty common on 
the beach and in the fields. It does not breed in the 
district, but just outside. 

LARIDE. 

Sterna macrura. Arctic Tern. Frequents the coast in 
numbers in spring and autumn. 

Sterna fluviatilis. Common Tern. Plentiful in autumn and 
spring, going up the streams at Staithes and Skinningrove 
in severe weather. 

May 1899. 


146 McLean: Avifauna of Staithes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 


Sterna minuta. Little Tern. A good many callers as they 
pass by; does not breed in the district. 

Sterna cantiaca. Sandwich Tern. Occasionally seen some 

istance off the coast. 

Hydrochelidon nigra. Black Tern. An occasional visitor. 

wo were seen during a storm up the stream as far as 
Waup Mill, near Staithes; one was shot by a man called 
Shedrack. 

Pagophila eburnea. lvory Gull. One seen at Skinningrove, 
or near to Huntcliffe, November 1871 

Larus glaucus. Glaucous Gull. I saw several at Staithes in 

ovember 1878, some of which were shot. 

Rissa tridactyla. \Kittiwake. Has occasionally bred in the 
cliffs near the haunts of the Herring Gulls. Very common 
in the autumn and spring. 

Larus argentatus. Herring Gull. Large numbers breed in 
the cliffs, especially Rockcliffe and Huntcliffe. 

Larus fuscus. Lesser Black-backed Gull. Quantities come 
in the autumn. 

Larus marinus. Greater Black-backed Gull. .Very common; 
seen with the Herring Gulls on the land following the 


Larus canus. Common Gull. Numbers may be seen all 
through the winter. 

Larus ridibundus. Black-headed Gull. Common, especially 
in spring and autumn. 

Larus minutus. Little Gull. I have seen odd ones several 
times both at Hummersea and Skinningrove. 

_ Stercorarius catarractes. Common Skua. Occasionally seen 
near the coast. 

Stercorarius pomarinus. Pomarine Skua. Not by any 
means common, but occasionally seen a mile or so off the 
coast. I saw aman, Jno. Allinson, of Skinningrove, bring 
two immature specimens on to the beach which he had shot 
whilst out in a boat. 

Stercorarius crepidatus. Richardson’s Skua, Saw one old 
bird about four miles inland, either 1879 or 1880; occa- 
sionally seen at sea. 

Stercorarius parasiticus. Bufion’s Skua. <A few have been 
seen on the sea near the coast. 

"Naturalist, 


McLean: Avifauna of Staithes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 147 


PROCELLARIID. 

Procellaria pelagica. Storm Petrel. Frequently seen off 
the coast. I have picked one up dead after a severe storm, 
and have known others got. 

Puffinus anglorum. Manx Shearwater. Pretty common, 
especially in the autumn. 

Puffinus griseus. Sooty Shearwater. Some reported, but 
doubtful 

Fulmarus glacialis, Fulmar. 1 have seen them out at sea 
within a half-a-mile of the coast. 


COLYMBIDA. 
Colymbus glacialis. Great Northern Diver. Frequently 

seen a short distance off the coast. 
Colymbus arj[cjticus. Black-throated Diver. Occasionally 
Saw one landed at Staithes which had been seas 

in a fishing net. 

Colymbus septentrionalis. Red-throated Diver. The most 
common of the Divers; often seen and frequently shot 


off the coast. 
PODICIPIDA., 


Podiceps cristatus. Great Crested Grebe. An occasional 
visitor in winter on the coast, also on ponds inland. 
Podiceps grisegena. Red-necked Grebe. One or two speci- 

mens have been obtained; one was got on ponds at Waupley. 
Podiceps auritus. Scilavonian Grebe. Is seen occasionally 
in the autumn on the coast. 
Tachybaptes fluviatilis. Little Grebe. Frequently seen; 
have seen several on Snilah ponds near the beac 


ALCIDA:. 


Alca torda. Razorbill. Pretty common in the spring, but © 


does not breed in the district. 

Lomvia troile. Common Guillemot. Frequently seen off 
the coast, especially in the autumn. 

Uria grylle. Black Guillemot. Occasionally seen off the coast. 

Mergulus alle. Little Auk. Often seen off the coast; I have 
seen as many as a dozen washed up dead on the beach after 

continued stormy weather. 

Fratercula arctica. Puffin. Seen occasionally off the coast. 
Like the Mergulus alle, it has been at least twice picked up 
_ dead on the beach. 


vee WP wf 


Af 


eae or gs a et ee ie he ee 


eel ea oie 


148 
ee AND no: 

Through recent death of Mr. te ee ay rogden, Solicitor, of 
acme ah Lineoinshire Natuilists Union have lost a good and valued 
mber. Mr. nly a quick and ‘reliable observer, but 
be was a keen be ole an eyed was no one in South Lincolnshire 
ho possessed such a thorough seg nas of t he topography of th 
Fenlands and their natural history. i vourite shooting and fishing 
grounds were in the fitt zee ma s Gackes the Laicol ir ash, 
and here, he course of years, he became thoroughly acquainted with the 
bi fi a district which “sr es in its re at is 
wildest a ost remo the county ortunatel r. Brogden has 
left copious no connection with th ifaun dm an - 


publication, and, in doing this, feel sure Pes will a a valu 
addition to the natural history of Lincolnshire, for of the southern parts of 
the chai! our knowledge is yet scant.—JOHN Seprane Great Cotes 
House, R.S.O. Tieeoln, Tith April 1899. 


a 
NOTE—MAMMALIA, 
Otters in gine am sorry to say that Be as these animals, 
which are now ing ae among our fere nature this neighbo 


hood, have sg acs Bas led. I mean the Otter (Latra utr One 
was killed at Thimbleby ay on the river Bain, ab es 
i ; < Holi 


“ 
g 
=| 
5 
1 


* 
3 

3 
age 
> 

Dn 

oy 

ce} 

3 


f fish—the chub, roach, and e . 
at Thimbleby Mill, lent to me by the owner, Mr. Joseph Willson, of 
Horncastle. It was caught in the che of the water-mill and killed, 
because they thought e would attack the ducks in the mill-poo 1. 


sa u the se : 
Thimbleby Otter was a young one, and only weighed 13 Ibs. The in of 


y 
_ the Thimbleby specimen—possibly stretched in the curing—though a yo 


: ung 
, is 50 inches in length irom spout to ie of tail. The Goulc Eby. one, 
i en 


de ad ; havi 
thus vic he once, it fou the harder with me against being caught again. 
—J. Conway WALTER, Langton Rectory, Horncastle, 18th “Augu st 1898. 
Naturalist, 


149 
CHEMICAL NOTES ON LAKE DISTRICT ROCKS. 
Il.—INTRUSIVE AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. 


ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., 
St. John’s College, Cambridge, 


In the former part of this paper I have collected the available 
chemical data relative to the ‘contemporaneous’ or bedded 
volcanic rocks, lavas and tuffs, of the Borrowdale Series. 
I proceed now to perform a like office for the intrusive rocks 
of the district, though here I have but little to add to the 
information already published. 

While some of the intrusions are probably of Ordovician age 
and connected with the same period of igneous activity as the 
volcanic series which they often traverse, others certainly belong 
to later dates. The granites and the lamprophyres, for instance, 
must be referred to the Old Red Sandstone period, or at least to 
the interval between the Silurian and the Old Red Sandstone, 
while the Carrock Fell rocks, and perhaps certain others, may — 
be still younger. In the case of many of the minor intrusions 
it is scarcely possible to obtain any direct evidence as to their 
precise age. 

Beginning with the granites and allied rocks, we have five 
complete analyses by Mr. J. Hughes of the principal masses of 
acid intrusive rocks in the districts. The silica-percentages, 
quoted from Clifton Ward’s papers,* are given under the 
numbers (61), (62), (71), (72), and (80). Of the Shap granite 
Ward gave no analysis, but three complete analyses by Dr. J. B. 
Cohen, (67) to (69), and two ia aspen by Mr. E. 5: 
Garwood: (66) and (70), are given in a paper on that rock by 
Harker and Marr.+ Nos. (63) to (65) and (73) to (79) are from 
a paper by the present writer on the Carrock Fell granophyre 
and the Grainsgill greisen.{ Of these, (65) and ua are from 
complete analyses by Mr. L. J. Spencer and Mr. G. Barrow, 
respectively, while the rest are pre hse only. 
Nos. (63), (76), and (79) were made by Messrs. W. A. Brend 
and E. H. Cunningham Craig; (64) in the laboratory of Owens 


* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxi., p. 597, 1875; vol. XXXIL., pp. 5, 75 
22-24, 1876, 

+ Ibid, vol. xlvii., pp. 275, 276, 278, 280, 1891. 

+ Ibid, vol. li., pp. 125-147, 1895. 
May i899. 


ase. - Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. 
College, Manchester, under Dr. Harden; (77) and (78) at the 
- Yorkshire College of Science, under Dr. Cohen 

_ (61). 73°573- Eskdale granite, S. of Great How. 

(62). 75°223. Skiddaw granite, White Gill. A specimen from 

near here gave sp.gr. 2°624.. 

(63). 77°26. Skiddaw granite, bed of Caldew, 300 yards above 

Grainsgill; sp.gr. 2°604. 
(64). 78°13. Greisen, near foot of Brandy Gill; sp.gr. 2°646 
(65) Greisen, Combe Height, 250 yards S. of Grainsgill; 
sp.gr. 2° 
Shap granite, ‘epi gr. 2°687. 
Shap granite, bulk analysis. 
Large porphyritic felspars of the same. 
Ground-mass of the same. 
Dark patch in Shap granite; sp.gr. 2°769. 
. Buttermere granophyre, Scale Force. 
. Carrock Fell granophyre, summit of Carrock Fell. 
A specimen from here gave sp.gr. 2°657. 

Carrock Fell granophyre, 100 yards E. of summit; 
sp-gr. 2°670. 

Plagioclase felspar of the same; calculated from 
analysis (65). 

Augite of the same; calculated from (65). 

Carrock Fell granophyre, below Scurth and 500 
yards W.N.W. of Stone Ends; sp.gr. 2°607. 

Carrock Fell granophyre, in peat-moss S. of 
Drygill Head; sp.gr. 2°530. 

Carrock Fell granophyre, close te gabbro and 
modified by gabbro material, Furthergill Sike ; 
sp.gr. 2°805. 

(79). 58°26. Another specimen of thes 

(80). 67°180. St. John’s quartz-felsite Gallees oaisieet Threlkeld. 
A specimen from here gave sp.gr. 2°63. 

: By a loosely-worded sentence in the Survey Memoir this last 

‘analysis (80) is attached to the Armboth and Helvellyn dykes, 

_and some confusion has arisen in consequence (e.g., in Teall’s 
‘British Petrography,’ p. 343). The rock analysed was from 
_ Threlkeld, as I have verified from Ward’s original specimen in 

the Keswick Museum. 

Of the basic intrusions Ward gave an analysis by Hughes 

_ of the Carrock Fell gabbro only (loc. cit. p. 24). A silica- 
percentage of this rock was sent me by the late Mr. Tate, but 
the want of a precise locality makes this of little value, for 
. " Naturalist, 


Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. I51 


I have shown that this rock varies in a very remarkable degree 

in different parts of the mass.* Hughes’ silica-percentage is 

given here under (81) and Tate’s under (82). My paper contains 

two analyses by Mr. G. Barrow (83) and (92), and eight deter- 

minations of silica-percentages, (84) to (91). Of these Nos. (85) 

to (89) were made by Brend and Cunningham Craig ; (84), oy 

and (91) by students of the Yorkshire College of Science. 

regards analysis (92), it may be observed that, as eae a in 

the Quarterly Journal, it is incomplete. The missing con- 

stituents are alumina 20°64 (probably too high), lime 4°30, soda 

3°18, potash traces, ignition (sulphur) 3°00. To the gabbro 

I append two of the small dykes and veins which intersect both 

that rock and the adjacent granophyre. Of these (93) is from 

a complete analysis by Mr. R. H. Adie,t and (94) is a silica- 

percentage from the Yorkshire College. t 

(81). 56°656. Carrock Fell gabbro, White Crags. 

(82). 53°9. Carrock Fell gabbro. 

(83). 53°50. Carrock Fell gabbro, roadside, 150 yards N.N.W. 
of Chapel Stone; sp.gr. 2°800. 

(84). 50°0. Carrock Fell gabbro, same locality. 

(85). 59°46. Carrock Fell gabbro, White Crags; sp.gr. 2°804. 

(86). 57°7. Carrock Fell ety 350 yards S. of White 
Crags: ep.er. 2°877) 

(87). 50°22. Carrock Fell gabbro, 00 yards S.W. by S. of 
White Crags; sp.gr. 2°939. 

(88). 47°11. Carrock Fell tte 120 yards N. of summit of 
White Crags; sp.gr. 2°848. 

(89). 44°14. Carrock Fell gabbro, oe of cliff above Mosedale, 
S. edge of mass; sp.gr. 3°103. 

(90). 43°4. Carrock Fell gabbro, gill 34 an N. a of Swine- 
side, S. edge of mass; sp.gr. 2°95 

(91). 33°4. Carrock Fell gabbro, mee at ae Sonhergill; 

; . edge of mass; sp.gr 
(92). 32°53. Carrock Fell gabbro, upper st of Furthergill, 
. . edge of mass; sp.gr. 3°265. 
(93). 53°63. Spherulitic tachylyte vein cutting Carrock Fell 

gabbro; sp.gr. 2°99. 

(94). 59°8. Variolilie Gadesite dyke cutting Carrock F ell 
granophyre; sp.gr. 2°763. 


* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 1., pp. 311-336, 1894. 
+Groom, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlv., p. 298, 1889. 
+ Harker, Geol. Mag. for 1894, p. 553. 
May 1899. 


152 Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. 


Of the diabases of the Lake District and adjoining country 
we have the following analyses:—No. (95) is by Dr. R. Hellon;* 
(96) to (98), of a much decomposed rock of doubtful relations at 
Gleaston-in-Furness, by Sir H. Roscoe ;t (99) by Mr. Hutchings, ¢ 
silica-percentage only. 

(95). 48°42. Diabase, Robin Hood, Ravsasthwatte: 

96). 45°54. Diabase, Gleaston, Low Furness. 

(97). 50°96. Another specimen of the same. 

(98). 51°10. Another specimen of the same. The rock where 
freshest gave sp.gr. 2°92. 

(99). 45°65. Diabase, above Easedale Tarn, towards Langdale; 
s "95; 

In the paper just cited Mr. Hutchings also gives silica- 
percentages of two rocks of intermediate composition (pp. 537; 
544). No. (100) seems to be an example of the less acid quartz- 
porphyries or quartz-porphyrites common as small intrusions in 
some parts of the district; (101) is a less usual type of rock. 
(100). 60°45. ‘Quartz-andesite or dacite’ (quartz-porphyrite), 

etween Greenburn and Wythburn; sp.gr. 2°74. 
(101). 61°15. ‘Trachyte’ (porphyry), Shap Wells Plantation. 

Eight analyses (by F. T. S. Houghton) are given in a paper by 
Prof. Bonney and Mr. Houghton ‘On Some Mica-traps from the 
Kendal and Sedbergh Districts.’§ The silica-percentages are 
cited below in numerical order, (102) to (109). It is to be 
noted that most of these rocks have suffered considerably from 
decomposition. Under (110) to (113) | give some figures from 
four analyses communicated to me by the late Mr. Thos. Tate. 
These, too, are lamprophyre dykes. Nos. (110), (i11) are 
duplicate analyses of a dyke at Helm Gill; (103) is from another 
specimen of the same; and (104) is from ‘Phillips’ dyke’ at 
Ingleton, ‘the best preserved of all the West Yorkshire traps.’ 
(102). 61°12. Mica-lamprophyre, Kendal road, 250 yards from 

third milestone 
(103). 58°34. Mica-lamprophyre, S. of Haygarth, Docker Fell. 
(104). 49°52. Hornblende-lamprophyre, Stile End Farm, 5 miles 
N. of Staveley. 

(105). 48°57. Mica-lamprophyre, railway, W. of Docker Garth. 
(106). 47°88. Mica-lamprophyre, Docker Fell; probably a 
different dyke from No. (103). 

(107). 46°17. Hornblende-lamprophyre, Gill Bank, 114 miles 

N.N.E. of Staveley. 


* Postlethwaite, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlix., p. $33, 1893. 
+ Binney, Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manch. (3), vol. iv., p. 93, 1871. 


8. 
§ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxv., pp. 165-179, 1879. ope reas 
Naturalist, 


Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. 153 


(108). 44°44. Mica-lamprophyre, ed eeen ites 34 mile from 

Windermere Statio 
(109). 32°31. Mica-lamprophyre, Helm Gill, near Sedbergh, 

lowest dyke; a much decomposed rock. 
(110). 47°2. Mica-lamprophy re, Helm Gill, ‘the most 
southerly dyke. 
(111). 47°1. The same, duplicate analysis. 
(112). 46°34. The same, another specimen. 
(113). 58°99. Mica-lamprophyre, E. bank of Doe, Storrs, 
Ingleton. 

These last four analyses have not been published, and are 
accordingly given in full below. Since Mr. Tate’s chemical 
work on the, Yorkshire lamprophyres seems otherwise to be 
lost,* I am glad to be able to preserve a portion of it here. He 
had further made analyses or partial analyses of a variety of 
rocks from the Lake District proper, and intended? to give the 
results in this journal, but that design was never carried into 
effect. In analyses (110) to (112) the ‘difference’ represents 
water and carbonic acid. Since these constituents are not likely 
to be negligeable in a rock of this group, it is se Sag that 


analysis (113) was made on material already ignit 
(r42) (113) 


Helm Gil, Kiel Gill, Helm Gill. heotens 
Silica = po ME APA ee BOA I RBG 
Alumina ... Ie a IO a MOM 6G 
Ferric oxide Sy aR eee SB Biel <n Re ng eae 
Ferrous oxide)... = eee Elen Oo eee eS 
Manganous oxide — 0°25 0°20 
Magnesia. oC se 5 3°54 2°30 
ime oe ra | te | i a 12°73 6°74 
Soda ae ee PS ey 40 4°53 3°78 
Potash : ...: nae eo Pe eae ee ae 
Difference eee LG PRO ee ae 
100°O 100°0 00°00 100 10°64 


There remain only a few analyses of sedimentary rocks and 
their metamorphosed representatives. numerous analyses 
of metalliferous ores scattered through mining literature are 
regarded as outside the scope of our subject, and analyses of 
Minerals are excluded for the same reason. Six complete 
analyses of rocks from the Skiddaw Slate group have been 
published, and their silica-percentages are reproduced below for 


* Proc. Yorks. Geol. Pol. Soc. (N.S.), vol. xiii., p. 352, 1898. 
me mae + Naturalist for 1892, p. 240. 
May 1899. 


154 Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. 


reference. Of these the first four, Me, Mr. J. Hughes, are from 

Ward’s paper (pp. 22, 23, 5, 7); No. (118) is from Mr. J. D 

Kendall’s ‘ Mineral Veins of the ie District,’ * where it is 

given without any precise locality ; and (119), by Dr. Hellon, is 

published by Mr. Postlethwaite (loc. cit.). 

(114). 54°480. Altered Skiddaw slate, summit of Red Pike, near 
the Buttermere Granophyre. 

(115). 65°725. Chiastolite-slate, How Gill, Skiddaw. 

(116). 54°448. Spotted schist, Skiddaw Forest. 

(117). 53°174. Mica-schist, close to Skiddaw granite, Sinen Gill. 

(118). 56°76. coco slates, ‘the argillaceous beds’; sp.gr. 


"64. 
{119). 79°92. Grit in Skiddaw ‘slates, Robin Hood, Bassen- 
thwaite. 
Finally we have two analyses of Coniston Flags by Mr. 
tape nah 7 
(120). 58°55. Coniston flags, Wasdale Beck, near Shap Wells. 
{121). pie Coniston flags, highly metamorphosed, Wasdale 
Beck, 34 mile above Shap Wells. 
I append a few specific gravity determinations of Lake 
District rocks not yet examined chemically. 
2°638. Quartz-felsite, intrusive, N. of Wansfell. 
2°61 la granophyre, Armboth dyke, W. of Middle- 


an ¢ 


27598. Felsite ives, Tod Gill, Caldbeck Fells. 

2°675. Mica-lamprophyre, the most easterly dyke, Cronkley, 
Teesdale. 

2°712. Mica-lamprophyre, Long Sleddale, S.W. of Buckbarrow 
Crag; the most southerly of four dykes near sheepfold. 

2°732. Mica-lamprophyre, the most northerly of the same group. 

2°581. Felsite enclosed in preceding. . 

2°706. eleia limestone, E. of Spring Wood, Dalton-in-— 


Furness. 
2932: Cues breccia in Coniston limestone, Waterblain 
Quarry, om. 


2°709. Coniston limestone, b bed next above bg sblpiceteg 


Corrigendum: p. 56, line 1 i es 74°88 read 74°58. 


Addendum: p. 55, last line of text, add A specimen from the — - 


Mosedale Quarry gave sp.gr. 2°711. 


ad 


* Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., vol. xvii., p. 295, 1884. 
Geol. Mag. for 1894, p. 42. pe 
Naturalist, 


155 
THE SOUTHWARD MOVEMENT OF BEACH-MATERIAL 
ACROSS THE HUMBER GAP. 


ALFRED HARKER, M.A,, F.G.S., 
St. John’s College, Cambridge. 


SOME time ago, in correspondence with Mr. F. M. Burton) 
I ventured to point out that much greater caution is needed 


ard movement o ach-mater s here an impor 

factor, the Lincolnshire boulders being probably derived to 
a large extent fro ess er published in 
‘The Naturalist’ for last year (pp. 133-138) Mr. Burton quoted 
this opinion, but dissented from w, in the April 
number, returns to the subject, fortified by the support of two 
engineer authorities, Mr. Wheeler and Mr. A. Atkinson 

o the facts adduce these gentlemen I do not take 
any exception, but i conclusions drawn from those facts 


ut in 
certain essential considerations seem to be left out of account. 
The beach movement is admitte Mr. ihn indeed, objects 
to my expression ‘ powerful tidal scour,’ and here I am willing 
to accept emendation; but as he tells us that ‘there is a drift of 
material along the beach from N. to S.,’ and again that ‘the 
banking up of the shingle and also the travel along the shore is 
due entirely to tidal action,’ our difference is evidently one of 


transport was much greater formerly than it has been during 
the last thirty or forty years, when groynes have been erected 
at numerous points and the getiidial removal of shingle 
prohibited. 

Now, I have not, as Mr. Atkinson suggests, ‘overlooked the 
existence of the wide and deep embouchure of the Humber’; 
but, as Mr. Burton remarks in another connection, it is not with 
the present day only that we have to deal. ‘There is no drift 
across the Humber,’ says Mr. Wheeler. ‘This drift collects at 
Spurn Point.’ True, but it is manifest that this process cannot 
go on indefinitely. Mr. Clement Reid, in the Geological Survey 
Memoir, ‘The Geology of Holderness,’ estimates the average 
growth of Spurn Point during the last 200 years at 13% yards 
per annum; less under the present artificial conditions, but 
May 1899. 


156 Harker: Lake District Rocks, 


formerly more. It is a matter of history that this spit of 
shingle, now more than three miles long, is the growth of the 
last three centuries. In 1586, the date of Camden’s ‘Magna 
Britannia,’ it did not exist. What, then, has become of the 
millions of tons of material swept southward along the Holder- 
ness coast prior to that time? There is only one possible 
answer: it is distributed along the coast south of the 
Humber. 

The cycle of events which must have recurred many times 
since the Glacial Period, when this district was formed, is easily 

h 


begins to form at Spurn, as it did in Camden’s time, the point 


lengthens more and more, the neck becomes thin, the sea 
reaks through, and a bank of shingle becomes detached. Then 
the north channel becomes wider and wider, as the sea and 
wind drive the island southward, like any other part of the 
beach, till at last the bank is transferred from Yorkshire to 
Lincolnshire, and the process recommences.’ 

Clement Reid points to the existence of a very large shingle 
beach near Donna Nook, on the south side of the Humber. 
mouth, which can only have been derived from the other side of 
the estuary; but there are many vanished Spurn Points to 
account for, and it cannot be doubted that the material from 
them is scattered along the coast from the Humber to the Wash 


at least. Hence, while not denying the possibility that some of 


the boulders on the Lincolnshire coast may have a different 
source, I adhere to the view that many, and probably the large 


majority, of them are derived from the waste of the Holderness -_ 


cliffs 
oe 
NOTE—GEOLOGY. 
Lake District Rocks: Additional Note. The sarin hicair 
eae of rocks in the Ordovician Volcanic Series are addit nal to — 
the Chemistry of Lake District Rocke (Nat, Bs 


ate on 
Feb. 1899, pp- 53-58, and May 1899, pp. 149-154). 


6. Gatherstone Head, Black Sail Pass: porphyritic basalt, felspars 


partly epidotize 
2°744. Eycott mp a? apparently No. 16 of Ward's section. 


4 Gill: 
2°735- Brund Gill, Hetvelly n, N.E. of sheep-fold: 1 


3 
2°715. Pdesacty Gill e 600 feet contour-line: cneaaeitacens lava. 
2°672. Rosgill Moor, pions Swindale, — engage 
2°671. E. of Grang e Bri dge, Borrowda le: an 


— Summit of  Ridsty Pike: nodule in rh ae 

‘565. About  m. N.E. of Applethwaite Common : rhyolite. 
Pe FRED Seay Cambridge, 1st April Se 
Naturalist, 


~ 


sl ee pias ts 


: 
F 


$n Memoriam. 


HENRY THOMAS SOPPITT. 
ON the first day of April, while the singing birds cheered us 
and the bursting buds gladdened our eyes, proclaiming present 
spring, there passed from us one to whom all the sights and 
sounds of Nature were dear and familiar—one who was (alas, 


alas, that the tense must be a past one!) himself familiar and 
ear to many of the naturalist brotherhood in Yorkshire and 
elsewhere. 

Henry Thomas Soppitt died on that day at Halifax in his 
4Ist year, and his too early death is mourned not by personal 
friends only, for his labours had made him widely known among 
mycological botanists everywhere, and there are probably few 
May 1899. 1899. 


158 In Memoriam—fTfenry Thomas Soppitt. 


who are competent to resume and continue the work which has 
thus fallen from his hand 
Mr. Soppitt’s short life has not been an eventful one. He 
was born in Bradford on 21st June 1858. His father was an 
estimable man and a philanthropist, but not very prosperous in 
business. In his father’s trade and afterwards in a drysalter’s _ 
establishment at Halifax, Soppitt’s days were spént in earning 
his livelihood. One of his friends writes that ‘his life was only 
one long struggle with adverse circumstances ’-—that ‘he had 
a hard Tite of uncongenial toil for his daily bread.’ In some 
respects this is, no doubt, too sadly true; yet who can measure 
the happiness which he found in his chosen pursuits ? 
e early became a naturalist. In fact, all the manifestations 

of Nature were equally congenial t o him, and it was circum-_ 
stances, rather than any especial seared which made him 
chiefly a botanist. The Lepidoptera were his first love, and he. 
was a most diligent collector and student of all the moths and 


speedily became thoroughly acquainted with British flowering- 
plants. Compelled by his business to be at work during the 
daytime, he would rise early on the summer mornings and so 
get an hour or two in the fields (often in the company of the — 
present President of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, Mr. W- 
West) Bey the day’s labour began. In 1876. Soppitt joined 
the adford Naturalists’ Society; in 1880 he became its 
Uotanicat recorder, and in 1886 its President. He was for many 


As an instance of his thoroughness it may here be recorded 
that, discovering and justly appreciating the difficulty of the 
grasses and the sedges, he gave up one entire summer to them, 
studying them only in his rambles, and not meddling with other 
herbs. Then, encouraged by the persuasion of his friend, 


of the Naturalists’ Union, the late Dr. Williamson, and by 
open, almost unoccupied, field, he was led to the study of the s 
fungi, for which his great powers of observation and his 
wonderful patience and: perseverance alike fitted him. 
Soppitt did not, however, confine his diligence to the 
vegetable kingdom, for (to parody the words of Bacon) he 
may be said to have taken all natural history to be his province. 
He was well acquainted with our native shells. ‘The Land and 
Freshwater Mollusca of Upper Airedale,’ written in collaboratio 
with his friend, Mr. J. W. Carter, was published in this journal , 
and among his contributions to the Bradford Press, for which he 
: Naturalist, 


Ln Memoriam—Henry Thomas Soppitt. 159 | 


was in the habit of writing frequent articles on nature topics, 
are ‘A List of the Macimals of the Bradford District’ and 
‘Our Local Reptiles.” He was a true lover of birds, and knew 
those that came within his ken as one knows one’s friends. 
To the writer’s knowledge he recently made two, if not three, 
inconvenient journeys favolyine. 3 in his much-occupied life very 
early starting and vety late returning, besides the night vigil 
en ai e e 


with rapture as though he had listened to the songs of the 
blessed souls. : 

But Soppitt’s true vocation was recognised when he began 
the study of the parasitic fungi. It was to the minute rusts and 
moulds which appear on many of our native plants that he 
turned his attention—with what success a great authority, 
Dr. Plowright, shall speak :— 

‘Some ten or twelve years ago Soppitt began the biological 
study of the Uredinew, and it is from his experimental 
researches that we know the life-history of several species 
which had previously either been shrouded in mystery or 
Wrongly interpreted. For instance, prior to his work the 
Puccinia and Acidium on Adoxa moschatellina were regarded 
as being of the same species, but he demonstrated that the 
Pacecnen is a Macipucini, and has no relation to Pucctnia 


albescens, which is an Anteupuccinia with Acidium, Uredo and 
teleutospores on prs same plant. Then he cleared up the 
life-history of Zctdium leucospermum, showing it to be an 


Endophyllum. He found its spores perininaced as those of 
Endophyllum do, and that, while they were without effect upon 
adult plants, yet seedling Anemones became affected with the 
cidium after infection, and that the fungus had nothing what- 
ever to do with the Puceinta fusca Which occurs on the same 
host-plant. It fell to his lot to be the first person to demonstrate 
a hetercecious which has its acidiospores on a Dicotyledon; this 
he did in working out the life-history of P. disforte, by proving 
that its ecidiospores occur on Conopodium denudatum. He 
attacked that complicated problem, the life history of the 
Puccinee on Phalaris arundinacea, proving that the czdium 
on Lily of the Valley belonged to one of them, which he named 
P. die. eraphidis, thereby opening a discussion amongst Con- 
tinental botanists as to the relative value of these specific forms 
Which has hardly yet been concluded. His communications to 
‘The Gardeners’ Chronicle’ were mostly upon plant diseases, 
the last being an account of his repetition and confirmation of 
Klebahn’s cultures of P. Pringshetmiana on the eee 
May 1899. 


160 In Memortam—Henry Thomas Sopprtt. 


Gooseberry. Lactarius involutus Sopp. is figured in Cooke’s 
‘Illustrations,’ t. 1194. Dasyceypha Soppittia Mass, is named 
after him, as also is the genus Sopfittella, one of the Thele- 
phoree. His last paper, in conjunction with Mr. Crossland, 
appeared in the January number of ‘The Naturalist,’ and con 
tained areal of several new species of Discomycetes.’ 

Fo or three years before his death Soppitt worked on 


the fungi ae the Halifax district with Mr. Chas. Crossland, and 


some of the results of this joint labour are yet to be published. 

It is to be regretted in the interests of science that Soppitt 
was not left at leisure to prosecute his investigations. Men of 
his perception, and of like industry and enthusiasm, are not so 
common among us that they can be neglected with impunity, 
and our indifference to them is likely to cost us dear. We see 
a fungus threaten our forests and imperil our timber supply; 
the phylloxera beggars a province, and microscopic organisms 
decimate our large cities; yet we will not learn to value those 
whose work might save us from such disasters. 

Mr. Soppitt was a man of a thoroughly human and amiable 
disposition, and had that keen sense of- humour which is often 
the inheritance of Yorkshiremen, and which not seldom enables 
them to ride merrily over many a wave of ill-luck. ‘Devoid of 
personal jealousy, and ever free to impart the information he 
possessed to others,’ says a fellow worker, ‘no wonder he made 
many friends.’ In truth, to be in the open field with him under 
the blue sky was to a nature-lover a liberal education. The 
glorious sun itself did not beam more brightly than did his face 
as he noted each herb and tree and flower, each bird, beast, and 
insect, and poured out of his full brain words of wisdom about 
them all. He was a naturalist alike in head and in heart. n 
the hills, and in the meadows and woods, he was in full 
sympathy with his surroundings. Nothing was strange to him. 


He had made them all his own by his love of them. They were — 


his by the peaceful right of intellectual conquest. The joys of 


Nature were his to the full. A few short weeks passed with him — 


in the Alps will ever be green and pleasant in the writer's 
remembrance. So fitted was he by disposition and culture for 


such scenes that this foreign mountain-land raineibig to belong to 


him by right rather than to its natural inhabitan 

Thus “thie erstwhile joyous springtide Spats “put sadly for 
some of us. The summer, indeed, is coming, the birds and the 
bees and the flowers; the days will be long and the heavens 
will be bright; we doubt not that wood nin field and fell will 


again be as lovely and as fragrant as heretofore; but shall we 
A. 


find them so, wanting our friend ? H. P. 


— 
Naturalist, — 


: 161 
FLORA OF CUMBERLAND. 
ARTHUR BENNETT, FS; 
Croydon, Surrey. 
In the ‘Journal of Botany’ for 3 May 1899 (p. 225), I called 


attention to a few omissions in Mr. Ps s interesting 
book; here it will, perhaps, be slew able to enter more fully into 
particulars, as many may not have access to the authorities. 


Astragalus April tt Culgaith Pike, Keswick; Winch, 
Contributions to the Flora of Cumberland, 1833. is is 
one of Sey hahaa Stor of Cumberland localities; but 


the plant is oe in Westmorland and Northumberland, so is 
likely to occu 

Pikorthe verna. Banik Wool: Contrib. Ic., also aac 
Hutchinson. Mr. Britten, quoting from Mr. Watson’s MSS. 
the British Museum, says Mr. Watson gives ‘Hill a Sihe 
Borrowdale and Newlands,’ adding later ‘P. alpestris?’ In 
Top. Botany he still gives. Cumberland under P. verna; and 
under P. alpestris has ‘Cumberland!’ In the New Botanist’s 
Guide, p. 313 (1835), he records it from ‘Rocks between 
Newlands and. Borrowdale, facing to the former (doubtful 
whether this or the next),’i.e., P. verna. The later work thus 
giving it definitely as 7. alpestris. Whether P. verna as well 
as P. alpestris occurs must be left to future explorers to ascertain. 


Stalice bahusiensis. In Top. Botany, p. 341, Mr. Watson_ 


gives it for ‘Cumberland, Heysham sp.’ I have seen a speci- 
men in Dr. Boswell-Syme’s herbarium, now in Mr. Hanbury’s 
Possession. 

Rumex domesticus. Also Hutchinson’s History. Given 
in Top. Botany with a? Not an unlikely species to. greek; 
as it is found in the neighbouring counties. 


oodyera repens, ‘Fir plantation near the Eden avs 
__ Armathwaite, possibly introduced with seedling fir trees. On — 


om 


ane Béiders,” it is spreading with the plantations.’ 


Ne. 
Lees in Record Club Report for 1879, p. 72 (1880). This ‘line 


has been found in Yorkshire, J. of Botany, p. 379, 1888 (J. J. 
Marshall), Naturalist, p. 312, 1888 (Messrs. West and Slater). 
In Norfolk in two seemingly wild stations, but whether acci- 
dentally. or intentionally introduced or not, it is difficult to 
believe. it a native there. Recorded in Trans. Norwich and 


Norfolk Society, p. 720, es BY? bk peldart. It is also 


reported for Northumberland. 
ce ees 


;: 


162 eee Welec= bora 


Epipactis violacea. Cumberland. Bab. MS. Top. ‘Botany, 
p. 385. The records in Top. Botany must nearly all be verified 
again, as to what was intended. Mr. Watson makes the name 
violacea a synonym of &. media Bab. But how many of the 
counties produce the &. vzolacea Boreau it is impossible to say ; 
in fact our forms of Zpzpactzs need a careful revision. I quite 
agree with the remarks of the Rev. W. H. Purchas in the 
Journal of Botany, p. 201, 1885, where he expresses doubts of 
the Herefordshire plant being the same as the Yorkshire.* Of 
this I possess an original secanionoly and one can quite see why 
Prof. Babington named it £&. ovalzs (English Botany Supp. 
t. 2884). But to my eyes a large number of the specimens so 


4 
ae 
¢ 


i 4 


require special care to dry the flowers separate, and with not 
too much pressure. 

Potamogeton Zizii Roth. No doubt the Derwentwater 
record of P. ducens refers to this, as, I believe, Mr. Bailey so 
named the specimens when he gathered them; but it is given 
as Zisit in Top. Botany, ed. 2. 

Lastrea rigida. Mr. Hodgson mentions this, and numbers 
it, but gives no Coane and no remarks as to its introduction 
into the ‘ Flora. i 
There are some other species Seen for Cumberland not 
given by Mr. Hodgson; but as Mr. Watson does not admit _ . 
them in Top. Betas only in the ‘doubtful’ plants, they may 
well be left. 

—__—_——> >< 


NOTES—BOTANY. : 

Lobelia Dortmanna in Lakeland.—<As the habitat of this beautiful | x 

coe is being discussed, I should like to say that I saw many specimens 

ge in Lake Windermere, between Bowood Hotel and Ambleside, in) 

the bahay ows. A was in July 1894.—W. A. SHUFFREY, Arncliffe Vicarage, * 
1899. 


Skipton, rst April 


Vern ese a names : shear ieee Hey, in his very interesting — 
paper on BS ames in use at t Ayton,’ says :—‘ Mr. Blakeborough, ~ 
in his new ar on North fan shies: informs us in the glossary under 
** Bullace” eat the Bullace is a wild Plum of a green colour when fr 
me they vy kmat to be purple black.’ It will interest Mr 


that the * Bullace ° here is as described by la rou 
t Seve th trees grow at Arncliffe Cote, between 
here and Kilnsey The Bullaces oe a ve ) ‘ 
ave seen a ‘purple black’ variety in Langstrothdale, but the tree was 
probably Prunus fruticans of Mr. 'r. Arnold Lees’ ‘Flora .of West 
Yorkshire,’ st ed., p. 785.—-W. A. SHUFFREY, Arncliffe Vicarage, Skipton, 
‘Ist rede 1899. 


* See also Flora of Herefordshire, se 298 (with plate), 1889. 
Naturalist, 


163 
VERNACULAR NAMES ~ IN NORTH saciaseeceaaiay 


Jo Js. BURTON, 
Rosecroft, ie wie KS.0.5 Siar Ug 
\ 


[ HAve been greatly interested in 1 the articles and notes which: 


a 
country is being planed down scholastically to the dead level of 
Whitehall requirements, and many names expressive of charac- 


fostered by the improved means of inter-communication between 
town and country as well as between different rural districts, is 
also slowly but surely destroying that distinctly local flavour in 
the manners, customs, and language of the last generation of 
country fol 

To aid in the preservation of such local names as still exist 
I would like to add a few to those which have already appeared, 
as well as give some variants of the same. 

_In the Rev. W. C, Hey’s list he says he has not found any 
hame for the Elm. In some parts near York this tree is always 
called ‘Oam,’ with a full round sound. The Bramble is known | 
as ‘Bummelkite.’ The Cow Parsnip is in its young, leafy state 
called ‘Kelks,’ and when in flower ‘Humlocks.’ | It is very 
curious how widespread is the practice of using the common ' 
name of the Elder adjectively. The wood, flower, and fruit are’ 
used for many purposes, but I cannot recall ever having heard 
the word ‘ Bottery’ used alone. 

The fruit of the Hawthorn is ‘Cathaw,’ and that of the Dog 


Rose, ‘Chub.’ Acorns are ‘Yakruns.’ Omonts arvensis is 


only known as ‘Cat-Whin,’ and Cardamine pratensis as ‘ Bird 
Eye.’ Anthemis cotula and Matricaria chamomilla are called ee 
‘Dog-finkle.’ Papaver Rheas is ‘ Cockrose,’ and Lychnis Githago 
is ‘Popple.’ The Meadow Orchis is ‘Crowsfo ot,’ Lotus cornt- 
culatus ‘ Bird’s-foot,’ and Tussilago Farfara ‘ Calf’s-foot ’—else- 
where ‘ Colt’s-foot.’ e Arum is desu only as ‘Cows and 
Calves,’ and the Yellow Iris as ‘Segs.’ Brassica sinapis is 
‘Ketlock’ near York and ‘ Runch’ in Cleveland. The fruit of 


1 - Corbett: RAST Poiopoetede in the Trent Basin. 


_  Malva poheilifolia is ‘Cheese-cakes,’ the plant itself being 
Ty apparently, without a name. Tares are ‘Lints.’ The Bunium 
 flexuosum given as Yennets by Mr. Hey is near York ‘Jack 


‘root scores of tim y> not know, unless it was that 
they were not ordinary articles of diet; but I must have seen 
others do it ralix is kno ly as ‘ Crow-ling. is 
Mountain Ash is, besides ‘Witchwood,’ mentioned by Mr. Hey, 
also ‘Touchwood.’ Potatoes are ‘Taties,’ and often ‘Spuds.’ ‘ 

_ Rye with many of the old folk is ‘ Mazlishun,’ and in my young 
days it was seldom called by any other name; but both in oe 


cultivation and name it is now getting into disus ie 

Mr. Blakeborough is quite right about ‘Wicks,’ but ‘Wick- 
wood’ is the commoner term. The troublesome running roots 
of grass are also called ‘ Wicks,’ but more generally ‘Wickens.’ ag 
The Dandelion is ‘ Pisimire Flower,’ and the Wild Chicory is 
'*Swine Thistle.’ The Ariza is ‘ Doddering Jocks,’ or ‘ Dodder- 
ing Grass,’ and the Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum is ‘Dog | 
_ Daisy.’ Another plant, common in some places, which, if my 
‘memory serves me right is one of the Polygonums, is called 
‘Red Shanks,’ and has this interesting tradition attached to 
it, that when Abel was slain by his brother, some drops of: 
his blood fell upon the leaves of this ac hence the dark ~ 
spots now seen thereon. ; 
I would like to add one or two variants on, the bird- and 


The Woodpigeon is indifferently called ‘Woodie,’ ‘ Cushat,’ jaa 
ey gpa nlog ded ; a generation ago it was, freqhedtly called ‘ Cows a. 
scot,’ and there are places near Loftus-in-Cleveland still bearing ao. 
the old names of ‘ Cowscot Gill’ and ‘Cowscot Wood.’ i 

Starnel’ is shortened to ‘Gyp,’ which is doubtless only a North — 
Riding form of the West Riding ‘Shep,’ allowing for the 
differences of pronunciation of the same dialect words observ- — 
able in places even near to each other.. The Weasel is called . 
‘Clubster’ in some parts of Cleveland. 


A ——$— 
NOTE—FLOWERING PLANTS. 


Songer ulus ieee gents wn the Trent agi near Doncaster.— 
Beck Wood,.a station in 


Doncaster, and at 50 


eet above sea level.— 
% Priory hates peers ist May 1899. 


Puke 


HYMENOPTERA SESSILIVENTRES 


OF THE COUNTIES OF 
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE AND LINCOLNSHIRE: 
A PRELIMINARY LIST. 


Rev. ALFRED THORNLEY, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., 
Vicar of South Leverton, Notts. 


Tue following short but interesting list of Saw-flies taken in 
the counties of Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire will, it is 
oped, direct the attention of entomologists once more to this 
exceedingly interesting group. ‘The combined lists contain an 
aggregate of about 56 species, some of which may prove new to 
science and some new to Great Britain. Further, this list would 
have been quite impossible but for the great pains and trouble 
taken over the specimens by the Rev. F. D. Morice, of Woking, 


a well-known student of the Order. Not only has Mr. Morice 


seen the bulk of the specimens recorded, but has sent away all 
doubtful examples to Pastor Konow, of Teschendorf, Mecklen- 
urg, an expert of European fame. To these two workers 
entomologists in our counties owe a very great debt of grati-~ 
tude. As Saw-flies are commonly taken in the Sweeping-net, 
I should be glad if our naturalists would let me have any speci- 
mens to look at, thus taken. Nor, because a species occurs 
abundantly in a certain locality, let:them think that therefore it 
is acommon one. There is no need to set out these insects. 
Larger species may be stuck on tall pins, near the top; an 
small species on very fine ones, which may then be inserted on 
a tiny slip of card, through which a larger pin passes. A little 
judicious blowing after the insect is set on the pin will cause the 
wings to separate a little, thus exposing these latter organs an 
the body better. The larve, which are very like caterpillars, 
mostly feed exposed on various plants and shrubs, and can — 
easily be reared. The phenomenon of parthenogenesis is Of 
very common occurrence in this group, and of many species only | 


the females are known. Asa rule, they are very pretty insects, 


and many species occur commonly almost everywhere ; and as 
they do not possess a sting, in spite of their menacing appear- 
ance, they may be freely handled. I need hardly say, that any 
Specimens collected should have a neat and accurate label 


Bresohed, giving on and date of panies 


166 Thornley: Hymenoptera Sesstliventres of Notts. and Lincs. 


-In the following lists, thirty species are to be credited to _ a 
Nottinghamshire ; and fifty to Lincolnshire. This is due to the Bee 
greater number of workers in the latter county ; and in some 
measure to the more varied character of the collecting grounds. — ae 

: NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, a 

Sirex gigas L. Worksop, ‘where it occurs regularly’ 
os G. Alderson, Ent., Oct. 1893, p. 303). Chilwell, 
‘common there’ (Douglas H. Pearson, Ent., Nov. 1892, 
p.. 202)... Grove, ane ¢ (Revo G. Shipton). South 
Leverton, one 2 in my’ greenhouse, about 1887; two ?S 

_ brought to me 28th June and 22nd July 1898 (Thornley). 

Sirex juvencus L. - Worksop, twice (E. G. Alderson, Ent., 
Oct. 1891, p. 248). Chilwell, 8th October 1892 (ougias 
H. Pearson, Ent., Nov. 1892, p. 291). 

pe one. Jucorum L. — South Leverton, one ¢, 1895 
(Thornle 

Trichiosoma tibialis Steph. (= betuleti Cam.). South Lever- 
ton, two ¢s, May 1896 (Thornley). 

Pamphilius depressus Vill. South Leverton, one ¢, about 
1895 (Thornley). ay 

Pamphilius sylvaticus L. South Leverton, two ¢s, 1896 | 
(Thornley). a 

Tenthredo atra L. South Leverton, one @, var. dispar a. 
Klug, May 1896 (Thornley). = 

Tenthredopsis campestris L. Treswell Wood, one @ (var.), 
27th June 1898 (Thornley). 

Nore.—This species is the scufellaris of Panzer. 
Tenthredopsis spec. nov. South Leverton, two examples, 

May and June 1897 (Thornley). 4 
Ves iirodopsls litterata Geoff. South DANSE OTs one 6g, jaye 
1898: (Thornley). 
Norre.—Mr. Morice remarks that this is the true male of ~ 
cordata, microcephala, etc. ; see Ent. Mo. Mag., Sept. 1897- 
hae ee tiliz Pz. (=raddatzi Konow). South Lever- 
ton, May 1897. Retford, July 1896 (Thornley). e 
Ducky jrolache rape L. South Leverton, May, July, Aug. 
1896 (Thornley). 
Macrophya ribis Schr. South Leverton, one ?, July 1897 : 
(Thornley). : 
Allantus arcuatus Férst. South Leverton, very c 
Umbellifere. Treswell Wood, with var. sidiog inst J aly 
1897 (Thornley). 


7, 
ae 


eS Eire Gres 
Seg oy cle gee jp oe ne 


Thornley: Hymenoptera Sessiliventres of Notts. and Lincs. 167 | 


Allantus vespa Retz. Treswell Wood, two ¢s, 21st and 30th 
July 1897 (Thornley). 

Rhogogastera aucuparie Klug. Nuthall, one 2 18908 (Free- 
stone). Broxstowe, one 9, 1898 (Freestone). 

Rhogogastera lateralis F. South Leverton, two 9s, May and 
June 1896 (Thornley). Lambley, 1898 (Freestone). 

Selandria serva F. South Leverton, 2 9s, May 1896 
(Thornley). 


_Pecilosoma tridens Knw. South Leverton, one example, 


7th May 1898 (Thornley). — 
Emphytus cinctus L. South Leverton, one ¢, May; 12, 
June 1897 (Thornley). Not uncommon this year, 1898 — 


Athalia rose L. South Leverton, June. 1897 (Thornley). 


Treswell (Thornley). Retford (Thornley). 

Priophorus padi .L. South Leverton, two examples, ¢s, May 
and June 1896; one 9, 1897 (Thornley). 

Monophadnus albipes Gm. South Leverton, one 2, June 
1897 (Thornley). Treswell Wood, one 2, 27th June 1898 


Dolerus #xneus Common, South Leverton (Thornley). 
Retford ee Gedling, 21st April 1898 (J. W. Carr). 
Dolerus gonager F. South Leverton, one 9, May 1896; one 
ay May 1897 (Thornley). Nottingham, 21st May 1808 


We Caar), 
Dolerus lateritius Klug. Retford, one example, 1896 (Pegler). 
Dolerus pratensis Thoms. Sutton (Retford), one example, 
1896 (Thornley). 


Pachynematus caprex® Pz. South Leverton, one 9, May 1896 


(Thornley). 

Pachynematus sp. nov. (or incog.). South Leverton, one ?, 
June 1896 (Thornley). 

Holocneme lucida Pz. South Leverton, four 9s, May and 
June 1896 and 1897 (Thornley). 

“ LINCOLNSHIRE. 

Sirex gigas L.  Kirton-in-Lindsey (C. F. George, Science 
Gossip, Nov. 1886, p. 259). Gainsborough, ‘One just 
emerged from pupa,’ 5th July 1859 (E. Tearle, Ent. Wkly. — 
Intell., 16th July 1859, p. 273). Lincolnshire, in the year 
1887, an unusual number of S. gégas occurred in the county 
(A. B. Wilson, in ‘The Naturalist,’ March 1896, p. 60). 


: June 1899. : 


168 T) eat Sey Wehechop ire ‘Gosselinonbvck of Notts. and Lincs 


Belton (Grantham), three examples, all 9s, July and Sept, 
1896 (Miss F. Woolward). Market Rasen, two ?s, . 
(Peacock). Ashby, two ?s and one g ne Cassal). Brigg, a 
y 12th July 1898, one 2? (Peacock). ee 
_ Sirex juvencus L.  Kirton-in-Lindsey (C. F. George, Science a 
e Gossip, Nov. 1886, p. 259). Tothill near Alford, one 9, 
18th Sept. 1889 (J. E. Mason). Belton near Grantham, — 
z one 2, oth Sept. 1896 (Miss F. Woolward). 
_ Tenthredo atra L. Torksey, one ¢, June 1897 (S. Pegler). 
_Tenthredo livida L. Cadney, four examples, 1898 (Peacock — 
and Thornley). Ashby, three examples, 1898 (Dr. Cassal). _ 
Tenthredo mandibularis Pz. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, — 
one ?, 13th July 1898 (Thornley). 
_Tenthredo mesomelena L. Ashby, one example, 1898 — 
(Dr. Cassal). Cadney, seven examples, 1898 (Peacock and — 
eh. LNOrmey.): ; 
_Tenthredopsis campestris L. = (scutellaris Pz.). Scotton. ; 
Common, one ¢, 1898 (Peacock). Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 
marae ~*~ July 1898 (Thornley). Torksey, June sted 
e 2 (Thornley). 
bennicbacraes saiisbiiedt Klug. Great Cotes, 21st June 1898, 
one example (Thornley). Cadney, one ?, 1898 (Peacock). 
Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, one example, 13th July 1898 
(Thornley).’. Mablethorpe, three 9s, June 1897 (Thornley). 
: Torksey, one ¢, June 1896 (Thornley). 
Tenthredopsis dorsalis Lep. Mablethorpe, one 2, June 1897 
(Thornley). 
Tenthredopsis dorsivittata Cam. Great Cotes, 21st June 1898 ; 
(Thornley). a 
Tenthredopsis litterata Geoff. Theddlethorpe, two ¢s, June 
1896 (Thornley). Ashby, one var. ‘caliginosa,’ 1898 
(Dr. Cassal). Cadney, two var. ‘ cordata,’ 1898 (Peacock, 
and Thornley). ‘See earlier note about this species, A. T. | 
Tenthredopsis tiliz Pz. (=raddatzi Knw. =sagmaria Know. he : 
Mablethorpe, June 1897 (Thornley). Torksey, June 1897 
(Thornley). Great Cotes, 21st June 1898 (Thornley). e 
Tenthredopsis sp. nov. Theddlethorpe, June 1896 (Thorney) 
Mablethorpe, June 1897 (Thornley). These examples a 
in the hands of Pastor Konow. a : 
Rhogogastera aucuparie Klug (=gibbosa Cam.): Louth. 
Recorded as Tenthredo aucuparie by H. Wallis ews, in 
‘The Naturalist,’ 8 1886, Pp hae 


Thornley: Hymenoptera Sessiliventres of Notts. and Lincs. 169 


oe lateralis Fab. Linwood Warren, one ¢, 1808 
(Peacock). Cadney, one example, 1898 (Peacock). 

vis a. cces punctulata Klug. Great Cotes, one example, 
21st June 1898 (Thornley). Cadney, two examples, 1898 
(Peacock). 

Rhogogastera viridis L. " Scotton Common, four ceatiiels 
22nd June 1898 (Thornley). 

Allantus arcuatus Fést. Torksey, common as early as May 
(Thornley). Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). Great Cotes and 
Freshney Bogs, 21st June 1898 (Thornley). 

Alfantus tenulus Scop. Cadney, one ¢ + two ? s, 1898 (Peacock 
and Thornley). 

Allantus vespa Retz. Ashby, one example, 1898 (Dr. Cassal). 

Athalia rose \.. siete June 1896 (Thornley). Mable- 
thorpe, June 1896 and 1897 (Thornley). Theddlethorpe, 
June 1896 and 1897 (Thornley). Linwood Warren, one ?, 
1898 (Peacock). 

Blennocampa tenuicornis Ki.  Cadney, one example, var. 
humeralis = alchemilla Cam., March 1808 (Peacock). 
Cephus pallipes Htg. ( = phthisicus Fab.). Great Cotes, 

21st June 1898, one 2 (Thornley). 

Cephus pygmzus L. Mablethorpe, several specimens picked 
up half drowned on the shore, June 1897 (Thornley). 
Cadney, common, both ¢ and 2, June 1898 (Peacock and 
Thornley). Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, 13th July 1898 

i (Thornley). 

Dolerus gonager Fab. Theddlethorpe, June 1896 (Thornley). 

Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). Linwood Warren, 1898 (Peacock). 

Great Cotes and Freshney Bogs, 21st June 1898 (Thornley). 

Louth (H. Wallis Kew, Nat., Sept. 1886, p. 276). 


Dolerus zneus L. Torksey, May 1896 (Thornley). Theddle-. = 


thorpe, June 1896 (Thornley). 
Dolerus hematodes Schr. Cadney, one example (Peacock). 
_Dolerus lateritius Klug. Theddlethorpe, June 1896 (Thornley). 
Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). Linwood Warren, 1898 (Peacock). 


_ Dolerus pratensis L. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, one ?., 


13th July-1898 (Thornley). Cadney, one ¢, March 1898 
(Peacock). South Kelsey, 1898 (Peacock). Epworth, 14th : 
July 1898, two examples (Peacock and Thornley). 
Dineura nigricans Chr. (viridedorsata Cam.).  Scotton 
: Common, one R 22nd June 1698 teperaley : 
Ei 


170 Thornley: Hymenoptera Sessiliventres of Notts. and Lincs. 3 a 


Emphytus cingulatus Scop. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 
Emphytus rufocinctus Retz. Cadney, two ¢s, 1898 (Peacock). — 
Emphytus serotinus Klug. (var. tarsatus Zett.). Somerby, 
2nd Oct. 1897, one example (Peacock). 
Monophadnus albipes Gmel. Hibaldstow, one @, 1898 
_ (Peacock). ‘ 
Pachynematus caprew Pz. Theddlethorpe, one ?, June 1896 “ 
(Thornley). 
Pachynematus sp. nov. (allied to above). Theddlethorpe, 
three examples, June 1896 (Thornley). 
Pachyprotasis rape L. Torksey, one 2 , Aug. 1897 (Thornley). 
Peecilosoma longicornis Thoms. Linwood Warren, one ¢, 
1898 (Peacock) 


Pristiphora (Nematus pars) pallidiventris Fall. | Theddle- 
thorpe, one 2, June 1896 (Thornley). 


(Pea 

Preroms Pie oes ribesii Scop. Cadney, one ¢ and one — 

, 1898 (Peacock). 

Sian: interstitialis Th. (=sixii Cam.). Theddlethorpe, - 
both ¢s and 2s, common, June 1896 (Thornley). 

Selandria serva F. Mablethorpe, common in June (Thornley). 
Theddlethorpe, common in June (Thornley). Torksey, not 
uncommon (Thornley). 


oe A Sepmeciee’ myosotidis F. Cadney, one ¢, 1898 
ck). 


Taxonus glabratus Fall. Mablethorpe, two ¢s, June 1897 — 
(Thornley). Theddlethorpe, one ¢, June 1896 (Thornley). 
Torksey, one ¢, May 1896 (Thornley). 

*Tomostetias fuliginosus Schr. Freshney Bogs, Great core a 
one 9, 14th July 1898 (Thornley). te 

Tomostethus gagathinus K|. Great Cotes, 21st June 1808; ag 
one ¢ (Thornley). Ze 

Tomostethus luteiventris KI. (= fuscipennis Fall.). Great 
Cotes, one 9 , 21st June 1898 (Thornley). Scotton Common, 
one 9, 1898 (Peacock). = 

Tomostethus nigritus Fab. Theddlethorpe, one ?, June 1896 : 
(Thornley). ee 

Amauronematus vittatus Lep. Scotton Common, one 2; 
(Peacock). 

Macrophya ribis Schr. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 


et aoe. | 
Naturalist, 


A > So ee ee 


- NOTE—BOTANY. 
Bortree or esern hig de Bush=the Elder.—In reply to Rev. W. C. 
Bey: the name Bor or Bortree-bush is common enough in the north of 
: a j “a 
; liv 
ch, rae and Provincial Worda ads i yy 4847, va 221) gives a reference 


ptoriu p.137;:an En 
compiled, [ SS in 1440 by one of the Dominicans, or Black Friars, of 
fi M i Med.,’ 


eh rahin Norfolk, and also a quotation from ‘MS. Lincoln i; 
reds f 


it is Bur-tree. In the abridgment of Jamieson’s ‘Scottish 
Dictionary. Tag , p» 80, col. 2, ‘Borral Tree supposed the Bourtree,’ and 
4 Biiveeee Bush, Boretree, Bountree, N, of Eng. Burtree, 
i, is So called because boys bore it, or in some manner extract the pith for 
r 


Stile, just outside Ulverston. I ot phar: what trust is «4 be placed in 
oe iho aoe but Bye it as a papiosity :—1640. Parkins c Heri of 
ts io be: ‘ink ambucus, of Sarhbix as it is thought 


This is, I suppose, a ‘pipe’? The tea ae scree n in N. Lancashire 

and Cumberland is Bur-tree, hence B = Bort T have no access = 

the ‘Oxford En ng. Dict.’ or Bretton pay Hollands “Plant N Names,’ but n 

etna the question is sles foh ae out there,—S. ETTY, Ulverston, tars 
1899. . 


NOTE—MAMMALIA., 


Badgers in Lincolnshire.—1 exhibited to the Lincolnshire Peat cee 

‘Union pe Woodhall Spa the skin of a rie a Sek PR meles), killed at Wood- 

hall. They used to be common on ie <irkby Moor, near Woodhail Spa, 
re. ie 


a 
iv ve rocks at Holbeck. Thi Ss one was caught by some boys in a large 
bit hole on my land, within a hundred yards of the blacksmith’s shop at 
W oodhall Spa. 1 have anot specimen stuffed, which was killed at some 
re : 


arths. 12S 
my stuffed speci about the same.—J. CONWAY WALTER, Langton 
Rectory, Homeastle, 1 18th At ug. 1898. 


3, Care 


cena aaa mriat 
Badger near Tadcaster.—I have in my possession a living pxamnele . 
of Meles meles which wa arate in my grounds at the Castle Hill, on r4th — 
weighing 12 lbs., and Preto about 2% years old 
out twelve or fourteen 
5th ewey dog.— 


‘99: 
bi . Hares near x epelanieanset R gg hin Aa a white Hare — 
n Lin n Castle two 


ns 
iene sah which jhe heocined, and the substance of them may 
Saige sated ‘th 
no ‘are was shot by the Rev. R. W. Otter , in Ranby, on 19th 
Mr. Otter re reports that two were seen in the parish of 
Nee 
shooting with Mr. Vyner's party, in Baumber, 17 ith 


Ree 
Mr. Charles ee Melville, in ot in September 
cebr a abot me 
odha Hl 


shot at Thorpe Tinley, in the parish of Ti siagisure Sp Mr 
(hD owling’s shooting, of Thorpe Tinley Hall, on roth October 1897 — 
(with stent tinge of brown on the tips of the ears); and in aay of this. — 
(1898) there was still 6 one se eage to be seen in the same place. and ‘ 

ee ish ir : 


ing seen in my own oa es each cig geri 
bes: the Sneeie g has been so excessive that, igh hare airly 
plentiful last year, we have now hardly a nari ee si fact, ie bas been apts 


ll-know ‘ 

taker, of Rainsiorth Load, eum hep: 

collection’ of uinos, which mad cia 
S 


at Woodhall | 
I suppose, the sag on hen wo years ago a 
a a ag Pa county. 
Balog aber ve data will show, however, that the Albi1 ino Hare i ee ab so o great 
_. @ rarity as has been 2g etm and that it is found over a 
| this Pee pretiicet —J. Conway | WaLTE retin "Restor, “Homeastle 


BIRD-NOTES FROM THE HUMBER DISTRICT. 


JOHN CORDEAUX, J.P., F.R.G.S., M.B.0.U., 


Great Cotes House, R.S.O., ae ph a ie mee the Yorkshire and Loleoleshive 
ists’ Un 


(Continued from ‘The Naturalist’ for February 1899, p. 35.) 


Pugnacity of Redbreast. Recently, when writing, I observed 
two cock Robins on the lawn desperately fighting, their feet 
locked and rolling about. When I next looked one ha 
flown, the other remained, a little puffed-out ball of phen 
on the grass. I found it was quite dead; smoothing its 
feathers, I placed it in quite a natural position on some moss 
of a rockery near the window, intending to instruct my 
little granddaughter in the art of putting salt on a bird’s 
tail. The dead Robin, however, had not been long in 
this position before it was furiously attacked by another, 
presumably the victor; feathers were struck from its head 
and the body thrown to the ground, and the determined 
small assailant executing a sort of war dance in the air 
or flutter above the body. We are so accustomed to 
associate the ‘messenger of calm-decay’ with Christmas 
cards and ‘peace on earth,’ that this exhibition of vindic- _ 
tiveness towards a possible rival was a proof that there is 
more than one side to the Redbreast’s character. 

Coccothraustes vulgaris Pallas. Hawfinch.  Pyrrhula 
europea Vieillot. Bullfinch. On 28th January I saw 

a Hawfinch and Bullfinch on the same curved shoot of the 
wild rose regaling themselves with hips. 

On 11th February, when rabbit-shooting with Mr. Haigh 
in one of his covers, I noticed during the day scores of 
Bullfinches, also several Hawfinches; the latter were 
quickly on ‘the wing, collecting near the top of some high 
ash, otherwise they did not seem greatly disturbed by the 
noise. e cover was just such a haunt as the Hawfinch 
loves, old hawthorns and much thick blackthorn and 
gorse, with here and there a solitary forest tree. 

Grey Geese. 1oth and rith February. Mr. Haigh says the 

_ coastguard of North Cotes saw many pass over at this date. | 
renags vulgaris L. Starling. 12th March. A very warm, 
' summer-like day, There were about a score of Starlings 
on the wing over the house from 12.30 to 2 p.m. taking 
flies. The air was full of these insects, which appeared to 
_ be about the size of the hawthorn = 


Sea serene em 


Fs aushes oie a ae : bec 


174 Cordeaux: Bird-Notes from the Humber District. 


Anas boscas L. Wild Duck. 1st April. I saw twelve pair 
to-day, male and female together, dabbling in the tide edge 
of the Humber. | 3 
Rallus aquaticus L. Water Rail. 4th April. One struck 
Flamborough light soon after midnight and was ee 
On the same night, and about the same hour, two 

crested Wrens. A remarkably fine Woodcock also ‘killed 
against one of the wires near Filey Station on night of 4th. 
Saxicola cenanthe (L.). Wheatear. fst to 4th agai’ : 
First arrivals on Yorkshire coast. very considerable 
immigration at the Spurn, Flamborough, Filey Brigg, and | 
Scarborough Castle Hill; at the two latter observed by 
W. J. Clarke we 
On 3rd May, at Great Cotes, I saw two pair, males and 
females, of the handsome large tree-perching race, which 
each year in May pass northward through this district, 
presumably en route for Iceland and Greenland. 
beige cristatus K. L. Koch. Golden-crested Wren. In 
e last week of March and early in April quite.a number 
ok in the coast districts on their spring migration. On 
1st April I saw one caught in the main street of Grimsby. _ 

On 21st April there was a swarm of Golden-crested W rens | 
at Flamborough, filling the hedges, and on the 18th asi ee 
subsequently many also at Easington, in the Spurn district, 
some being picked up dead, suggestive of an unfavourable. 
passage of the North Sea. The wind N.E., and hazy during — 
the period. This is the first time I have had to record an- ; 
immigration of these little wanderers in the spring. yas 
Uria troile (L.). Guillemot. Mr. Bailey told me (4th April 


Syrrhaptes paradoxus Pallas. Sand- aber A pa ee 


er 
who were well acquainted with the birds in 1888. 
present occasion their chief haunt was a sandy field on 
the same farm where they were first seen in 1888, and 


Cordeaux: Bird-Notes from the Humber District. 175 


severe arctic weather in March, resorting to the vicinity of 
a row of wheat stacks on the slope of the wold. They 
were not seen after the break-up of the storm. 

| have fairly reliable evidence from a man who shot some 
in 1888 that a small flight were seen at Flamborough in 
March. The probability is that they have left the country 
altogether, none having been. so far recorded in any other 
part of Great Britain. Since writing this a friend sends 
word that on 19th May he saw a single Sand-grouse on his 
property; this is the adjoining parish on the Lincolnshire 
Wolds to that in which they were first seen. A small flight 
also near Easington on 13th May, as Mr. Loten informs me. 

Charadrius pluvialis L. Golden Plover. 25th March. Some 
arge flocks in summer plumage on grass and wheat lands 
in the middle marsh; they left before April came in. 

Numenius arquata (L.). Curlew. Very abundant in flocks, 
both inland and on oe coast in the last week in March; 
20 to 100 

Upupa epops L.- Hoopoe. 18th April. One seen at Kilnsea 
near the Spurn. 

Eudromias morinellus (L.).  Dotterel. ist May. This 
beautiful spring visitor appears to become scarcer every 

ear. At this date one was killed against the road-side 
telegraph wire at Skeffling, near Easington, and taken to 
Mr. Philip Loten. This bird has a melancholy interest, for 
it is mentioned in the very last note sent me by the late 
Mr. H. B. Hewetson, as dictated by him to his nurse a few 
days before his deat 

Plectrophenax nivalis (L.). Snow Bunting. 3rd May. 

r. Bailey saw one at Flamborough. This is a very late 
occurrence. 

Arrival of Summer Migrants.—8tb April, Cuckow (Flam- 
borough), 12th April (Easington), seen; 1st April, Wheatear; 
2oth April, Swallow (Great Cotes); 21st April, Common 
Whitethroat and Redstart (Flamborough); 29th April, | 
House Martin and Whinchat (Great Cotes); 3rd May, Yellow 
Wagtail; 4th May, Lesser Whitethroat; 6th May, Spotted 
Flycatcher; 11th May, Sand Martin, in great numbers; 
13th May, Reed and Sedge Warblers, most abundant in 
willow holts; 14th May, Swifts; roth May, Garden Warbler; 
all these latter at Great Cotes. 

June 1899. 1899. 


: Notes—Ornithology. . : 
Fuligula marila (L). Scaup. 20th May. I noticed one adult ; 
male and female off the sluice in this parish this morning, 

y some small flocks of the Common Scoter, male and 


female, all It. Further out in the river some other — 
i ducks, probably—from their size, colour, and pose on the 
os water—Fuligula cristata. 


Limosa lapponica (L.). Bar-tailed Godwit. 20th May. — 

A small flock boring the muds along the tide edge; no 
red- uesksted birds amongst them ao 
Muscicapa atricapilla L. Pied Plycet tcher. Mr. Philip Loten 
oe says—in litt.—.a considerable number the last fortnight and 
1 up to the 19th May near and about Easington. 


4 
cod 


PEGS: Nagi taps ss 1, aoa PE 


_ NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY. 


_ Kingfisher within aly araicbi bg kt n the year 1897 a pair of 
_ Kingfishers (Alcedo ispida L din Aabewe tae overhanging an eee ae 
pool containing Trout (S 0 a Mr. Gs) 4} 
es 


Oo 
Jas. EARDLEY MASON, Kenmare, Ireland, Apr 
Nidification o 


imself, and “have ber seen the spot.— 


rs near Harr 


samers yea (1898) 


an i be 

ink the a Breeding: of the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker in this neghe 

_ bou tiaod is worth recording.—KENNETH MCLEAN, Pennine View , Harro- 
eit ist May 1899. 


_. Horncastle cade ee —In wa thiste: to Tumby a fortnight ago, along 
the i sean Canal, I put up a Green Jeary fn lar aha gs ochropus), 
; y one “se y of t 


birds seem to pass over us and stay a few da on with eas sehen course i 
_ migrating early in August. Most years lately I cave seen two or thre 
- them, pang. them up at solitary pon 
The n raat va after Pg Ged “the ‘Green Sandpiper, I put up a Snipe 
i 


(Gallinago eallinaga fe from a pond in one of my fields in Langton. — I} 
e Snipe inal shi but sits was evidently on its poset £ 
and probably ait stayed a as I have not seen 

A flight Anas doschas) a 


f Wild Ducks ( 
n 


r 


‘J 


177 
NOTES SUPPLEMENTARY TO 
ae FLORA OF DERBYSHIRE, 
INCLUDING THE MOSSES, 


Rev. W. H. PAINTER, 

Stirchley Rectory, near Shifnal, Corre ae Member of the Birmingham Natural 
Flistory and Philosophical Society, and of the Birmingham Microscofpists’ 

and pe Union. 
Since the publication, in 18 of my ‘Contribution to the 
Flora of Derbyshire,’ several plants have been discovered in the 
county, and additional habitats have been obtained through the 
diligence of resident botanists ; hence ey time has come for the 
ie cake of these supplementary no 

e arrangement and nomenclature of the plants in the 

following pages are the same as those of my book above 
mentioned, and to facilitate reference I ie quoted he number 
of each plant recorded, as well as the page of the book on which 
it occurs. I have also given, where necessary, as synonyms, the 
names which have appeared in the ninth edition of the London 
Catalogue of British Plants, where they differ from those given 
above. These synonyms are printed in italics. 

I am indebted to the Rev. R. C. Bindley, Vicar of Mickleover, 
for some additional plants and habitats, to the Rev. Hilderic 
Friend, of Tipton, Staffordshire, and Mr. Thomas Fox, of 
Sheffield, for much information respecting plants growing in the 
eastern part of the county. e names of these three botanists 
are placed against the plants recorded on their authority. 

The reports of ‘ The Exchange Club for the British Isles’ for 
the years 1890-6 have been examined for Derbyshire plants 
mentioned in them, and are quoted under the letters B.E.C. 
The names of the Revs. E. F. and W. R. Linton frequently 
appear in connection with these reports. When Linton only is 


_given, the latter gentleman is intended, as his name occurs very 


often, and to him I am indebted for many specimens, especially 
of the Rubi. I am also indebted to Dr. Focke, of Bremen, 
and to the Rev. W. Moyle Rogers for reporting on the Rubi. 
book several plants were quoted from the ‘ Topo- 
graphical Botany’ of Mr. H. C. Watson, without any authority 
being given; but latterly I have been able to trace the authorities 
upon which that author relied, and these are now given. 
The following books are added to those mentioned in my 
‘Contribution’ in connection with the ees of the 
botany of this county :— 


J une 1899, M 


178 Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 


1640. Theatrum Botanicum ; J. Parkinson. 
1650. Phytologia Britannica ; W. 
1666. Pinax Rerum Naturalium Brvaddhonrein; C. Merrett. 
1855. Wilson’s Bryologia Britannica. 

1882-96. Braithwaite’s British Moss Flora. 
1886. Handbook to the Peak of Derbyshire, by W. H. 
ertson, M.D., with a as nical Conia 
ary, etc., by Miss Hawkin 

Bae cateace with some of the friends who co-operated 
with me in compilation has brought to light various errors, some 
of them my own. The more important of these are corrected in 
the following pages. Here I seize the opportunity of expressing 
my regret that the name of my friend, the late Mr. J. Whittaker, 
of Morley, was not included amongst those who assisted me in 
compiling my book. 

Since the publication of my ‘ Flora,’ I have had to deplore the 

decease of five of the botanists who took an active part with me 

in compiling it, viz. : 

Mr. J. Hagger, F.L.S., Repton, deceased March rst, 1895, 

whose Herbarium is now at University College, 
Nottingham. 
Mr. J. T. Harris, Burton-on-Trent, deceased Oct. 3rd, 1892. 
Rev. J. C. Hassé, Ockbrook, deceased December 12th, 1894. 
Mr. J. Whitehead, Oldham, deceased May 6th, 1896. 
Mr. J. Whittaker, Morley, deceased March 2nd, 1894, whose 
Herbarium is now in the Museum, oe 

With three of them, Mr. Hagger, the Rev. J. C. Hassé, and — 
Mr. Whittaker, I was more intimately associated than with the 
others, and the memory of the pleasant intercourse that I had 
with them will be always fresh with me. Thus the stream of 
time flows on; thus one labourer follows another; but happy 
are those who exchange earthly for heavenly service in the 
presence of God! 

In my ‘Contribution’ no mention was made of the Mosses _ 
growing in Derbyshire. This defect is now remedied. These © 
‘Supplementary Notes’ include not only those found by 
Mr. Whitehead in the northern part of the county, but the 
Rev. A. Ley has placed at my disposal notes upon those he met — 
with in the neighbourhood of Buxton, etc., between the years 
1871-86, whilst the Rev. R. C. Bindley above-mentioned has 
handed me a list of those observed by him chiefly in the neigh- 
bourhood of Derby. To these I have added a few found by my self 
in various parts of Derbyshire, all of which have been submitted 
to Mr. Whitehead. Against these the above names have been 
placed, whilst the usual sign ! appears against those seen by me- 

Naturalist. 


Patnter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 179 


The Census of Plants for Derbyshire now stands thus :— 


TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION. 


British?" 4 a a8 a8 Bs fort pO 
English 222 
Germanic 14 
Highland 9 
Scottish 29 
Atlantic Me 3 ee Abe . 4 
latermediate vee ve es ‘be a 
Local 3 
—~ 782 


zone of nearly all the dae recorded in my ‘ Contribu- 


tion,’ and in the following ‘ Notes,’ have been placed in the 
Dérby Meseiel and my own Stlanlan will now be presented to 
the British Museum. 


I 
. 


Baad 


Pe hs 
25. 


206, 


PHANEROGAMIA. 
Clematis Vitalba L. Page ir. Ill. Muggington ! 


- Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. Page 12. 


II. Spinkhill, near Chesterfield, C. Waderfad/. 
III. Between Stanton-by-Dale and Dale Abbey ! 


- Ranunculus fluitans Lam. Page 12. 


I. Bradwell, Fox. Ul. Brailsford, Zznton, E. C. Report, 
Between Chellaston and Swarkestone! 


P- 
- Ranunculus Lenormandi F . Schultz. Page 13. 


Ill. Mickleover, Bzndley. 
Ranunculus hederaceus L. Page 13. 
I. Bradwell, Fox. III. Mickleover, Arndley. 
Ranunculus Lingua L. Page 13. 
I. Cottage Pond, Chatsworth, Gem of the Peak. 
II. South Normanton, Coe in Pilkington 
III. Ingleby, Glover; formerly at Woodville, Nat. Hist 
Tutbur 
Ranunculus auricomus L. Page 13. 
Il. Hague Lane, Renishaw, Waéerfad/. 
IIf. Near Sudbury! 
Ranunculus sceleratus L. Page 13. 
III. Mickleover, Bindiley. 
Ranunculus arvensis .. Page 14. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. 
Caltha palustris L. Page 14. 


New. Var. Guerangerii (Boreau). 


Il. Bradley, Zinton, B. E. C. Report, pp. 244 and 399. 


‘Seis une 1890. 


87. Cardamine impatiens L. Pa ge 20. I. Monsal Dale. 


180 Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 


29. Helleborus viridis L. Page 15. 
I. Dovedale, C. 7. Green. Near Ashbourne, Bindley. 
Delphinium Ajacis Reichb. Page 15. 
III. Repton, Hagzger. 
ah. ern vulgaris L. Pages. - 
Millhouses, near Sheffield, Fox. 


41. Proavee dubium L. Page 16. Var. Lamottei (Bor.). 


III. Findern, Bindley. Swarkestone ! 
42. Papaver Rhoeas L. Page 16. 
III. Repton, Hagger ; Mickleover, Bindley. 
45. Chelidonium majus L. Page 1 
. Mickleover, Etwall, Biadles 
48. Corydalis (Neckeria) claviculata DC. (N.E.Br.). Page 16. 
indleford, Fox. III. Near Muggington ! 
Ri. Poms dificinalts L. Page 16. 
I. Norton, near Sheffield, Aox. 
II. Near Chesterfield, Fox. III. Repton, Hagger. 
58. Coronopus Ruellii Gaertn. (All). Page 17. 
III.. Mickleover, Bindley. 
60. Thlaspi arvense L. Page 17. _ III. Stapenhill, Harris. 
70. Lepidium campestre L. (R.Br.). Page 18 
I. Matlock Bath! 
72. Cochlearia officinalis L. Page 18. 
AR. alpina Wats. 
I. Pindale, near Castleton : ; Bradwell Dale, Fox. 
78. Draba muralis L. Page 19. I. Dovedale, Bindley. 
79. Draba verna L. (Evophila vulgaris DC.). 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. 
84. Cardamine amara L. Page 1 
Haddon ; Cromford, Bindley. 
II, Canal Bank, Renictaur Waterfall. 
III. Mackworth! Between Duffield and Ireton! Repton, 
Bindley. 
868. Cardamine sylvatica Link. (C. Jlexuosa With.). Page 19. 
III. Breadsall! 


88. Arabis Thaliana L. i Stoymnhitcsinn Thalianum J.Gay). P. 20. 
I. Cromford; Dovedale, Bindley. Matlock Bath! 
Ill. Anchor Ovakch: Bindley. 
Arabis petrea. |. Middleton Dale, Mr. Coke in Bot. Guide. 
[Arabis albida Stew. Rocks opposite High Tor, Matlock _ 
Bath, Hind, J.B. High Tor; well established !] 


Naturalist, — 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 181 


Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Page 2 
I. Bradwell, Fox. III. Mickleover; arian, Bindley. 
Chellaston! Near Breadsall Priory! 


. Nasturtium terrestre R.Br. (NV. palustre DC.). Page 21. 


III. Mickleover, Bindley. 


. Nasturtium sylvestre R.Br. Page 21. 


I]. Between Renishaw and Eckington, Waterfall. 


. Nasturtium amphibium R.Br. Page 21. 


III. Canal, Findern, Bindley. 


. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Page 21. 


III. Cultivated ground, Mickleover, Bizndley. 


. Raphanus Raphanistrum L. 


III. Between Etwall and Willington, Hagger. Not 
epton, as in Flora. 


. Reseda Luteola L. Page 22 


Il. Stretley, near rE Lox. 


. Viola odorata L. 


Page 
Il. Renishaw ; aC Waterfall. Nr. Norton, Fox. 
f. alba (Lange) non Besser. II. Near Norton, Fox. 


. Viola sylvatica Fries. var. Riviana R. (V. Riviana 


ich.). Page 23. III. Quarndon! Morley! 
Viola Riviniana Rchb. x sylvestris Rchb. 
III. Hollington, near Shirley, Zznfon, B. E. C. Rep., p. 325- 
Viola canina Auct. Markeaton Wood, Glover’s History. 


. Viola lutea cds.” 


24.- 
I. Bradwell Hills; Bradwell Edge; Castleton, Fox. 
Var. amoena Syme. (Symons). I. Matlock Bath, Smzth. 
Drosera longifolia L. (anglica Huds.). 
ney Moor; East Moor; Moors near Buxton, 
Gem of the Peak. 


. Polygala vulgaris L. Page 


24. 
I. Grindleford; Bradwell, Fox. 


. Polygala depressa Wender (serpyilacea Weihe). Page 25. 


I. Cromford Dale! III. Repton Rocks, Hagger; Morley ! 


. Dianthus Armeria 


L.. Page 25 
The Hague, Renishaw, Waterfall. 


II. 
. Silene inflata Smith (S. Cucubalus Wibel). Page 25. 


II. Cresswell, Fox. III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 


. Silene nutans L. Page 25. 


I. Flag Dale, near Buxton, C. 7. Green. 
yen Githago Scop. Page 26 
I. Brough. II. Norton, Fox. III. Mickleover, eaees 


June 1899. 


i 


182 Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 


171. Sagina nodosa E. Meyer (Finzl.). Page 2 
I. Near Heights of Abraham, Matlock Bath, Waterfall. 
172. Spergula arvensis L. Page 27. 
III. About Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bzndley. 
178. Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Page 27. 
Ill. Turnditch! Mickleover, Brndley. 
Var. leptoclados(Guss.). III. Wall, Knowl Hills, Bzndley. 
179. Arenaria tenuifolia L. Page 27. 
he record in my book, ‘ Miller’s Dale, Whzttaker,’ 
should read, ‘ Whitehead,’ and the other record, 
‘Heights of Abraham, Matlock Bath,’ was an 
error of the recorder. 
180. Arenaria verna L. Page 27. 
I. Bradwell, Fox; Wirksworth, Bindley. 
184. Stellaria nemorum L. Page 28. 
II. Renishaw, not Eckington, Waderfadll. 
185. Stellaria umbrosa Opiz. Page 28. III. Near Sudbury! 
191. Cerastium aquaticum L. (Stellaria aquatica Scop.). P.29. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. 
Linum angustifolium Huds. Page 2 
II. Railway sidings, Renishaw, Waterfall. Six plants seen. 


204. Malva moschata L. P. 29. III. Near Ashbourne, Bind/ley. ° 


205. Malva sylvestris L. Page 
I. Bradwell, Fox. III. iickiewe: Bindley. 
206. Malva rotundifolia L. Page ; 
III. Milton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. 
211. Tilia parvifolia Ehrh. (7. cordata Mill). Page 30. 
III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 
213. Tilia Papeete Ehrh. (7. platyphyllos Scop.). 
gh Tor, Matlock Bath, /. H. A. Stewart, B. E. C. 
en eport, p. 404. III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 
Tilia intermedia DC. (7. vulgaris Hayne). Page 30. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. 
215. Hypericum perforatum L. Page 30. 
I. Bradwell, Yox. 
II. Renishaw, Scarcliffe Woods, Waterfall. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley; Breadsall! Near Muggington ! 
216. Hypericum dubium Leers. Page 31. 
I. Matlock, Ch. Babington in New Bot. Guide. 
217. Hyp. quadrangulum L. (H. quadrutum Stokes). Page 31: 
I. Bradwell, Fox. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley; near Muggington ! 


Naturalist, — 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 183 


218. Hypericum humifusum L. Page 31. 
I. Bradwell, Fox. III. pega Bindley. 
220. Hypericum pulchrum 1. Page 
I. Bradwell, Fox. III. Between Eewall and Barnaston, 
flagger; Mickleover, Bindi. 
ee i euiaia teas L.. Page 31. 
III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 
222. Hypericum montanum L. Page 31. 
I. Near Hartington, Bindley. 
225. Acer campestre L. Page 
II. Stanton-by-Dale ! Absus Renishaw ; Clinker Wood, 
Waterfall. 
230. Geranium sylvaticum L. Page 32. 
I. Zig-zag Walk, ‘Matos Biers History. 
31. Geranium pratense L. Page 32. III. Swarkestone! 
232. Geranium pyrenaicum L. Page 33. 
III. Markeaton Road, Derby, Glover's History. 
245. Euonymus europeus L. II. Stretley, Fox. 
246. Rhamnus catharticus L. Page 34. 
I. High Tor, Matlock Bath! III. Mickleover, eeu t 
Between Stanton-by-Dale and Dale Abbe 
248. Sarothamnus scoparius Koch (Cytisus scopartus ck : P. 35. 
I. Edale, Fox. II. Between Renishaw and Staveley, 
_ Waterfall. 11. Willington! 
250. ares Gallii Planch. Page 35. I. Bradwell, Fox. 
III. Near Muggington! Near Breadsall Moor! 
251. Genista tinctoria L. Page 35. 
I. High Tor, Matlock Bath! Bradwell, Fox. 
II. Stanton-by-Dale! Hawthorn Mill, between Eckington 
and Staveley, Wazerfall. II. Mickleover, Bindiey. 
254. Ononis arvensis L. (QO. repens L.). Page 35. 
I. Wormhill! II. Cresswell, “ox. 
III. Repton and Milton, Hagger. 
257. Anthyilis Vulneraria L. Page 36. I. Matlock Bath! 
Il. Cresswell, Fox. Wl. Mickleover, Bindley. 
New. Medicago denticulata Willd. III. Mickleover, Bind/ey. 
264. Melilotus officinalis diate (Lam.). Page 36. 
Ill. Mickleover, Bzxdle 
Melilotus arvensis Walle. Alien. Page 36. 


New. Melilotus indica All. Alien. II, Mickleover, Bzndley. 


_ June 1899. 


ee ees le hee SU ee Ee ek Oe eee el iy Cie 


184 Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 


Trifolium medium L. Page 37. 
Ill. Mickleover, Bindley ; Gana bank, Willington ! 
275. Trifolium arvense L. Page 37. III. Findern, Bindley. 
284. Lotus major Scop. (L. uliginosus Schkuhr). 
lll. Findern, Bzndley. Willington! 
291. Ornithopus perpusillus L. Page 38. 
III. Findern; Eggington, Bindley. 
297. Vicia Cracca L. Page 38. 
I. Brough, fox. III. Turnditch ! 
298. Vicia angustifolia L. Page 39. 
III. Turnditch! Morley! : 
303. Vicia hirsuta Gray. Page 39. III. Mickleover, Bindley. 
304. Vicia tetrasperma Meench. (V. gemella Crautz). Page 39. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. 
312. Orobus tuberosus L. (Lathyrus montanus Bernh.). Page 40. 
I. Near Bradwell, Fox. 
Il. West Hallam, Bzndley; Totley, near Sheffield, Fox. 
III. Mickleover; Repton Shrubs, Azndley. 
314. Prunus spinosa L. Page 4o. 
II. Near Holmesfield, Fox. III. Near Derby! 
314. Prunus insititia Huds. Page 4o 
Il, Stanley, Hassé (not Hintey. as in ‘ Flora’). 
Ili. Derby! 
Prunus domestica L. Page 4o. II. Staveley, Waterfull. 
316. Prunus Avium L. Page 41. III. Duffield! 
318. Spirwa Filipendula L. P. 41. 1. Youlgreave, C. 7. Green. 
[Spirwa opulifolia W. ? 
Hedges, Hassop, planted, Baz/ey. | 
322. Geum rivale L. Page 41. 
* [. Haddon and Cromford, Bindley ; near Bradwell, Fox. 
III. Hognaston, Bindley. 
3228. Geum intermedium Ehth. (G. rivale x urbunum). P. 41. 
I. Chee Dale! 
322. Potentilla procumbens Sibth. Page 42. 
III. Bradley, Zzn/on, B. E. C. Report, p. 250. 
334. Comarum palustris L. (P. palustris sit Page 42. 
I. Hogshaw Lane, Buxton, C. 7. Gre 
339-*Rubus Ideus L. Page 43. 
New. Var. Leesii Bab. III. Shirley, Zzméon, B. E. C. Report, 
page 284; Hulland Ward, Zznfon, l.c., p. 326. 


tb 


272. 


*I have arranged this genus according to Lond, Cat., Ed. ix. The 
numbers prefixed to the species are those of my book. Ss ne 
: Naturalist, 


340. 


New. 


New. 


he ieo7) SS StS Wie is eng ol Saab 6 ge Rey Lit ata Eee a alae ad Me Me el te a ered Miao) 
Lai aS Pek pls  a a-alk aed stat fags ah 


Painter: Supplement Zo the Flora of Derbyshire. 185 


4. Rubus fissus Lindl. Page 43. 

III. Osmaston Park, Zznfon ; Gunn’s Wood, Muggington! 
5- Rubus plicatus W.&N. Page 43. 

III. Bradley, Zznton, B. E. C. Report, p. 285. 


. Rubus Rogersii Linton. 


III. Shirley, Zzzfon. This plant was formerly considered 
to be R&R. opacus Focke (B. E. C. Report, p. 285), 
but is now placed here by Rev. W. Moyle Rogers. 


. Rubus nitidus W.&N. 


III. The Holt, Edlaston, and Brailsford, Zzntfon, B. E. C. 
Report, p. 285. 
6. Rubus affinis W.&N. Page 43. 
I. New Mills, east of R. Goyt, Rev. W. Moyle Rogers. 


. 18. Rubus carpinifolius W.&N. Page 45. 


III, Shirley Brook ; Bradley Wood, Zznéon. 
9. Rubus incurvatus Bab. Page 44. 
III. Yeldersley, ZzxZon, B. E. C. Report, p. 288. 
7. Rubus Lindleianus Lees. Page 44. 
I, Matlock Bath! III. Willington ! 


. Rubus durescens W. R. Linton. 


II, Pondarns Wood; Belper, £. /. Linton. 
III, Near Cross 0’ th’ Hands, 2. F. Lenton ; near Shirley ; 
near Brailsford ; near Bradley (as 2. septorum Mill, 


Rogers has referred me to J. of Bot., 1892, 


8. Rubus rhamnifolius W.&N. Page 44. 
No additional habitats. 
20. Rubus pulcherrimus Neum. Dave 45. 
his is the plant which was formerly placed under 
R. nemoralis Mill., R. Maastii Focke, R. macro- 
phyllus var. sales Bab. 
III. Hulland Moss; Brailsford, Linton, B. E. C. Report, 


p- 290. 
Rubus damnoniensis Bab. 
Ill. Near Long Lane, Zznéon, B. E. C. Report, p. 288, 
seg villicaulis Koehl. 
Selmeri Lindb. 
I. Bugworth and New Mills, Rev. W. Moyle Rogers, 
B. E. C, Report, p. 406. 
II. Ashopton, Zznfon. 


: June 1899. 


186 Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 


Var. calvatus Blox. (2. Salter Bab. var. calvatus Blox., 


Pp 45-) 
III. Shirley, Purchas, B. E. C. Report, p. 251; Ednaston 
and Brailsford, Zznton, p. 289; Repton, Hagger. 
340. 19. Rubus gratus Focke. 
III. Shirley, Zznfon. Passed by Dr. Focke. 


Rubus ramosus Bloxam. P. 44. No additional habitat. 


New. Rubus argentatus P. J. Muell. 
Var. robustus (P. J. Muell.). 
III. Yeaveley, Stydd, Zznzon. 


This plant was issued. through ‘the. Exchange © 


Club for the British Isles,’ by Rev. W. R. Linton as 
R. macroacanthus Blox., but has been named as 
above by Mr. Rogers. Perhaps the plant named 
Speen eens Blox., and found by him ‘at White 
Lees Br saudatotins Tickenhall, should come here. 

TAO 125 na. rusticanus Merc. Page 4 

Ill. Muggington! Stanton-by- Bridge! ! 
340. 13. Rubus pubescens Weihe. Page 44. 
No additional habitats. 

Rubus thyrsoideus Wimm. Page 44. 

. Stanton-by-Bridge! Repton! 

A specimen of this bramble was sent me by 
Mr. Hagger from Repton, and named as such by 
Mr. Purchas. Since then I have submitted speci- 
mens, obtained at Stanton-by-Bridge and Repton by 
myself, to Dr. Focke, who said respecting them, 
‘Indeed ¢hyrsoideus.’ Whether I gathered my speci- 
mens at Mr. Purchas’s and Mr. Hagger’s habitats 
I cannot say. 

340. 20. Rubus macrophyllus W.&N. Page 45. 
’AR. amplificatus (Lees). 
II. Pincham’s Hill, Belper, Zzzéon. 
III. Shirley, Zznéon, B. E. C. Report, p. 364. 
340. 22. Rubus Sprengelii Weihe. Page 46. 
III. Gunn’s Hill, Muggington ! 
340. 14. Rubus leucostachys Schleich. 
I. High Tor, Matlock Bath! 


— 
—_ 
—_— 


III. Osmaston-by-Ashbourne; near Shirley, Z7nfon, s 


B., Ee. Gy. Repect, p..328. 
Rubus anglosaxonicus Gelert. Page 


46. : 
AR. raduloides Rogers (R. radula Weihe, Pp . 46). ie 


“Naturalists 


AR oe Te oe eS ly MiP, ee eS aie 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 187 


Ill. A curious form, Aldercar, near Bradley ; Osmaston- 
by-Ashbourne, Zzzfon, B. E. C. Report, p. 328. 
Rubus Leyanus Rogers (R. Drejeri Jens.). Page 46. 
III. Brailsford, fide Dr. Focke, Zznéon. 
Rubus radula Weihe. Var. echinatoides Rogers. 
Ill, Shirley, Lenton; Rev. W. hea Rogers. 
New. Rubus nédobiy ies Ps J: M 
I. Chinworth, Zzntfon; near Se Bailey, J. B., 


894, P. 24. 

Rubus echinatus Lind). Page 46. No additional habitat. 
340. 28. Rubus rudis W.&N. 

I. Near New Bath Hotel, Matlock Bath! 

Rubus melanodermis Focke (R. melanoxylon P. J. 
Muell.). Page 47. 

III. Brailsford, Zzntfon; Shirley, Purchas, B. E. C. 

Report, p. 251; Ednaston, Zzzfon, |.c., p. 2809. 

Rubus scaber W.&N. 

II. Near Belper, &. /. Zinton, B. E. C. Report, p. 366. 

III. Cross 0’ th’ Hands, &. F. Linton, B. E. C. Report, 


Pp. 440. 
Rubus fuscus W.&N. Fide Dr. Focke. (R. hetero- 
clitus Blox., fide Prof. Babington. ) 
{ll. Hulland, Lcasiie B. E. C. Report, pp.331,: 409. 
Rubus foliosus W.&N. 
. Charlesworth, Zznton, B. E. C. Report, p. 4o9. 
Rules rosaceus W.&N. 
Var. hystrix (W.&N.). No additional habitat. 
New. Var. infecundus Rogers. 
III. Shirley, Zzzéon, B. E. C. Report, p. 366. 
340. 30. Rubus Koehleri W.&N. 
Var. pallidus Bab. IJ]. Breadsall Moor! 
Rubus fusco-ater Weihe. 
III. Shirley, Zzwton, B. E. C. Report, p. ons 
New. Rubus saxicolus P. J. Muell. 
III. Willington and Repton! Dr. Focke. 
New. Rubus dumetorum W.&N. 
Var. ferox Weihe: 
III. Shirley, Zznéon, B. E. C. Report, p.°368. 
Var. diversifforus (Lindl.). 
III. Muggington, Linton; Mackworth, Bindley. R. dume- 
torum W.&N. var. intensus Blox. should be placed 
here. Page 47. 
June 1899. 


188 Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 


Var. rubiflorus Purchas. 
III]. Osmaston-by-Ashbourne; Shirley; Yeaveley; Edlas- | 
ton; Brailsford; Hulland, etc., Purchas, J. B., 
1894; Bradley, Lznton. 
340. 12. Var. tuberculatus Bab. (2. scabrosusP. J. Muell). P. 48. 


I. Near Whaley Bridge Sulor Batley, B. E. C. Report, 


258. 
40. 40. Dobe corylifolius Sm. - 
Var. sublustris Lees. Page 48. 4 
III. Muggington! Chellaston ! Be 
r. cyclophyllus Lindeb. (var. conjungens Bab.). : 
Page 48. No additional habitats. : 
Rubus althezifolius Bab. 
Is thought by Rev. W. Moyle Rogers, to be of too 
indeterminate a character to claim a place in our 
list of Rubi at present, while the name FR. deltoideus 
Mill., Dr. Focke has assured Mr. Rogers, belongs 
to a hybrid, R. cestus x tomentosus, which we cannot 
expect to find in Britain, where 2. fomentosus is un- 
known. ; 
340. 43. Rubus cesius L. Pa age 48. 
I. Bradwell, Fox. III. Mackworth, Bindley. L 
Var. aquaticus W.&N. (umbrosus Reich. Page 48). a 
No additional habitat. 
338:, Rubus saxatilis L. Page 43. 
337- Rubus Chamzmorus |... Page 
No_ additional tle aban has been received 
respecting these two Audz. 
Rubus Idxus x cesius (R. cesius var. Pseudo-Idaus). 
No additional habitat. 
Rubus Lindleyanus x radula. 
III. Shirley, Zznton, B. E. C. Report, p. 368. 
Rubus calvatus x pubescens. 
III. Shirley, Zzzton, B. E. C. Report, p.. 328. 
Rubus leucostachys x rusticanus. 
I. Matlock Bath, Zizfon, B. E. C. Report, p. 412. 
Rubus leucostachys x Sprengelii. 
Ill. Shirley, Zzxfon, B. E. C. Report, 412. 
Rubus anglosaxonicus x rudis. 
I. Matlock Bath! fide Rev. W. Moyle Rogers. 


ioe) 


mali 


Naturalist, : 


Painter: Suppiement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 189 
Page 49. III. Mickleover, Bindley. 


343-*Rosa involuta Sm. 
Mickleover, Bindley. 


344. Rosa mollis Sm. Page 4g. _ III. 
V ods. 


III. A form with white flowers, dense aciculation of stem 
and fruit. Brailsford, Linton, B. E. C. Report, 


DP. 259: 
345. Rosa tomentosa Smith. Page 49. 
II. Brailsford; near Manshull Park; near Shirley, Zzon, 
Bue. Cy Report, py 334. 
New. Rosa sepium Thuill. III. Near Repton! 
Rosa obtusifolia Desv. 
Var. tomentella (Leman). Page 51. 
Ill. Longford, Zznfon, B. E. C. Report, p. 208. 
f. decipiens (Dum.). Shirley, Zznéon, B. E. C. Report, 


Pp. 414 
351. Rosa canina L. Page 50. 

Var. lutetiana (Leman). Page 50. 

f. andevagensis (Bast.). Page 51. 

III. With glandular sepals, Atlow, Zznton, B. E. C. 
Report, p. 297. 

Var. senticosa (Ach.). 

III. Atlow, Zzzfon, B. E. C. Report, p. 260. 

Var. dumalis (Bechst.). Page 50. 

Ill. Bradley, Zznton. B. E. C. Report, p. 260. 

Rosa glauca Vill. Page 51. 
I. Whaley Bridge, Bazley, B. E. C. Report, p. 260. 

Ill. Hulland, Zznton, B. E. C. Report, p. 260. 

Var. coriifolia (Fr.). Page 51. 

Ill. Bradley; Atlow, Zznton, B. E. 
an 2 

353- Rosa arvensis L. Page 52 

III. Atlow; Hollington, Zinéon, B. E. 

Var. gallicoides Baker. 

III. Ashbourne; Bradley; Hollington, Zénfon, B. E. C. 


C. Report, pp. 261 


C. Report, p. 261. 


Report, p. 261. 
354. Agrimonia Eupatoria L. Pag 
II. The Hague, Renishaw, ti aborfall. Ili, Chellaston ! 


354.? er aa L. [| Poterium officinale Hook. fil. | 


age 
I. Bradw ell, "Fox 
II. College Meadow: The Hague, Chesterfield, Waterfall. 


* This genus I have arranged according to the London Catalogue 


June 1899. 


190 Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 


355- Poterium Sanguisorba L. Page 52. 
I. Miller’s Dale, Hannan; Matlock Bath, Azndley. 
Il. Markland Grips, Clowne, Waterfall. [College 
Meadow, etc., Waterfall, is an error. 
New. Poterium polygamum Waldst & Kit. Casual. 
II. Mickleover, Bzndley. 
350. Alchemilla arvensis Scop. Page 53. 
addon, Bindley. III. Repton Rocks, Hagger; 
Mickleover and a Bindley. 
363. Pyrus Malus L. Pag 
Var. mitis Wallr. TIL Bréadsall Moor! 
Var. acerba DC. III. Ireton; Qruandon! 
305. Pyrus Aria Sm. Page 5 
. Blackwell Dale! High Tor, Matlock Bath! 
307. Epitobium angustifolium L. Page 54. 
‘Mickleover ; Radbourne, Binds; ; Muggington ! 
368. atic hirsutum L. Page 54. 
I. Bradwell, Fox. III. Willington 5 Hazlewood ! 
369. cir mtn parviflorum Schreb. Page 54. 
Bradwell, Fox. III. Widilecvar " Bindley. 
ue III. Brailsford Brook and Bradley, Zzn/fon, 
B. E. C. Report, p. 262. 
Epilobium montanum x obscurum. Page 55. 
Bradley Wood and Edlaston, Linton, Bo BooG 
Report, p. 262. 
371. Epilobium roseum Schreb. P. 535. II]. Winshill, ar77s. 
373-“Epilobium obscurum Schreb. Page 55. 
Miller’s Dale, Searle. III. Muggington ! 
377. Circea lutetiana L. Page 56. 
Brough, Fox. III. Repton, Hagger; Mickleover; 
Radbourne, Bindley; Muggington ! 
381. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Page 56. 
I. Renishaw Canal, Waterfall. 
384. Callitriche platycarpa Kutz. (C. stagnalis Scop.). Page 57 
II. Breadsall! 
390. Lythrum Salicaria L. Page 57. III. Repton, Bindley. 
393- Bryonia dioica Jacq. Page 58. 
III. Swarkestone! Findern, Bindley. 
404. Ribes rubrum L. Page 58. 
III... Mickleover ; as Bindley. 
ie onda Grossularia L. Page 
. Stoney Middleton, Fox. TLL. Radbourne, Bindley. 
Naturalist, 


434. 


470. 
479: 


482. 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. IgI 


. Saxifraga granulata L. Page 60 


I. Charlesworth, Whitehead; near Strines, Sunderland: 
Corbar Wood, Mrs. Loosmore; near Bakewell, 
friend; Hopton; Edensor, Binmdley; Bradwell and 
Hathersage, Fox. 

III, Mickleover; Repton, Bzndley. 


; rasa tridactylites L.. Page 60. 


epton, Hagger. 


‘ a ie hypnoides L. Page 60. 


I. Near Bakewell, Friend; Miller’s Dale! Bradwell, 
Fox. 
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium L. Page 61. 
I. Lee Hill, Cromford! Bradwell, Fox. 
III. Ashbourne ; Kirk Langley, Bindley. 


. Chrysosplenium alternifolium 


L.° Page 61. 
I, Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, Whiteleg, ove. 


. Parnassia palustris L. Page 61. 


Cressbrook, Fox. II. Shireoaks, Frzend. 


. Adoxa Moschatellina L. Page 61. 


I. Hathersage, Fox; Dovedale, Bindley. 
Il, Totley, Fox. I. Dalbury, Bindley. 


. Cornus sanguinea L. Page 61. 


I. High Tor, Matlock Bath! II. Cresswell, 7ox. 


. Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. Page 62. 


I, Near Bradwell, Fox. II]. Repton Rocks! 


. Sanicula europea LL. Page 62. 


II. Totley, Hox. III. Mickleover ; Mackworth, Bzndley. 


. Conium maculatum L. 


e 62. 
II. Banks of R. Rother, Renichuw: Waterfall. 
Ill. Mickleover, Bzndley. 


. Helosciadum nodiflorum Koch. (Apium nodzflorum Reich. 


Page 62. I. Miller’s Dale! Bradwell, Fox. 


; Pinipinetla saxifraga L. Page 63. 


II, Norton, near Sheffield, Fox. 


. Pimpinella major Huds. Page 63. 


Ill. Mickleover; Radbourne, Arndiley. 


. Sium angustifolium L. (S. erectum Huds.). Page 64. 


Ill. Findern, Bindley. 
CEnanthe fistulosa L. Page 64. Ill. Twyford, Bindey. 
Silaus pratensis Bess. (5. flavescens Bernh.). Page 64. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley.. 
Angelica sylvestris L. Page 64. III. Willington, Bind/ey. 


June 1899. 


. Scabiosa Columbaria L. P. 70, I. Hartington, i 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 
Pastinaca sativa L. ne sativum ied & Hook. 
1. 


Page 
Ill. Railwas Bank, Micldeaver: Bindley. 


. Daucus Carota L. Page 65. III. Mickleover, Bindley. 
. Torilis nodosa Geertn. (Caucalis nodosa Scop.). Page 65. 


I. Dovedale, Nat. Hist. Tutbury. 
III. Breadsall, Whzttaker. 
Scandix Pecten-Veneris L. Page 65. 
II. Norton, near Sheffield, Fox. 
III. Cornfields, Mickleover, Bindley. 


. Myrrhis odorata Scop. Page 66. 1. Blackwell Dale! 


Viburnum Opulus L. Page 66. 
II. Clinker Wood, oo Waterfall. 
III. Mickleover, Bzndle 


. Galium ee L. Van. Witheringii (Sm.). 


I. Axe Edge! 
III. Morley! Canal at Chaddesden! Willington! Repton! 


. Galium Mollugo L. Page 68. 


III. Railway Bank, Mickleover, Bindley. 


. Galium sylvestre Poll. Page 68. 


I. High Tor, Matlock Bath! 


. Sherardia arvensis L. 


Page 68. 
iH. Norton, near Sheffield, Hox. III. Mickleover, Bindley. 


. Asperula odorata L. Page 68 


I. Hathersage, Fox. Via Gellia, Bindley. 


. Valeriana dioica L. Page 60. 


I. Near Bakewell, Arend. 
Il. Scarcliffe Woods, Waterfall. 


. Valeriana officinalis L. Page 


ag 
Var. sambucifolia Auct. Ang. (Willd.). 
I. Bradwell, Fox. Ill. Mickleover, Bindley; Repton! 
Searhces carinata Lois. Page 69. 
asual, as stated in my Flora. 


Ik. Deepal etc., Buxton, Rev. A. Ley, Journal of . 
Botany, 1884; near Lover’s Leap, Ashwood Dale! = 

: age: spivcatiis Huds. Page 69. 
III. Mickle 


over; Rea ei Bindley. 


. Dipsacus pilosus L. Page 7o. 
Hie KR 


Dove, Uttoxeter, ‘ Frieuik 


. Scabiosa succisa L. Page 7o. 


> 
I. Bradwell, Hope. 11. Norton, near Sheffield, ox. 
Ill. Mickleover, Bindley, 


turalist, 


Ete eae Me 5h estat, 5 ewe ae 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 193 


544. Tragopogon pratense L. Page 7o.. 
Var. minus (Mill.). 
I.. Blackwell Dale! II. Norton, near Sheffield, Fox. 
III. Mickleover; Findern, Bizmd/ey ; Chaddesden ! 
547. Picris hieracioides L. Page 71. 
I. Matlock Bath! 
III. Mansfield Road, Breadsall! Chellaston ! 
548. Leontodon hirtus L. Page 71 
III. Between Swarkestone and Chellaston ! 
553- Hypocheeris radicata L. Page 7r. 
If. Grindleford; Norton, near Sheffield, Fox. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. 
554. Lactuca virosa L. Page 71. TH. Radbourne, Bindley. 
Lactuca Searie 
Pea 5 Hole. Martyn, Phil. Trans. of Royal Society. 
557. Lactuca muralis Fresen. Page 7r. 
Iii. Anchor Church ; Ra dhinrne, Bindley. 
. Sonchus arvensis L. Page bs 
I. Bradwell. Il. Totley, 
Ill. Vee Bindley; Breadsall Moor! nr. Muses 
ton ! 
560. Soenchus asper Hoff. Page 72. 
III. Mickleover, Aindley. 
561. Sonchus oleraceus L. Page 72 
I. Bradley. 


un 
csr 
Xe) 


II. Holmesfield, Fox. 
III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 
_ New. Crepis taraxacifolia Thuill. UI. Yeldersley, Zznfon. 
; Crepis nicwensis Balb. Page 
III. Yeldersley, Zznéon, B. E. C fia 1880, p- 262. 
_ New. Crepis biennis 
III. Burnaston, Binaiey, 
tNew. Hieracium britannicum F.J.H. 1. Chee Dale! Ash- 
wood Dale, Buxton; Monks Ghyll, Millerdale, 
/1. 


572. Hieracium murorum L. pt. Page 73. 
I. High Tor, Matlock Bath! 
Var, ciliatum Alm 
I ock Sewer Buxton and Miller’s Dale, ZznZon, 
Jj. of B., 1893, p. 179. \ 


I have arranged this. genus according to the last edition of the London 
Catalogue, the oth. 


_ July 1899. 


ut 


New. 


New. 


New. 


New. 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 


,. Hieracium rubiginosum F. J. Hanb. 


I. Blackwell Dale! 


. Hieracium pallidum Fries. Page 73. 


I. Blackwell Dale ! 


75*. Hieracium argenteum Fries. is H. vulgatum Fries, fide 


ev. W. R. Linton. Before submitting this plant to 


Mr. Hanbury I called it H. vulgatum. 
Hieracium holophyllum VW. R. Linton. 
I. Dovedale, Zzzfon, B. E. C. Report, p. 304. 
Hieracium Orarium Lindb 


I. Dovedale, £. #. Linton, J. of B., 1891, p. 273- 


*, Hieracium vulgatum Fr. Page 73. 


III. Dalbury ; Mickleover, Bzndley. 


. Hieracium diaphanoides Lindeb. 


I. Chee Tor, near Woanhill, Rev. A. se 


Report, p. 264; Ballidon, Zznfon, B. E. C. Report, 


P- 305 
Hieracium schapithies Uechtrits. 
C 


I. Charlesworth, Lzzfon, B. E. C. Report, p. 456; 


near bs oe aa oo 
asks OB. 


Ce 


Purchas, ; ay. Pe 
III. ne Shirley: Vuidevsles; ; Ballidon; Atlow, 


Linton, B. E. C. Report, p. 304. 


. Hieracium boreale Fr. Page 


III. Mickleover, pte Muggington ! 


. Hieracium umbellat 


mL, Page 74. 
IT. Speen er, Becks, ; Atlow, Zznfon, B. E. 


p- 
Arctium reel Bernh. Topographical Botany, 


[Arctium lappa, Pilkington’s History; no habitat given.| _ 


Arctium intermedium Lange. Page 75. 


C, Report, 


Ki rk M. ‘Se 


Not included in A. nemorosum Lange, as in my book, 


_ Topographical Botany.) 


‘ Serratula tinctoria L. Page 75 


Il. Park Hall Woods, Spinkhill, Chesterfield, 
Norton, near Sheffield, Fox. 
III. Mickleover; Barnaston, Bindley. 
Cnicus pratensis Willd. 
IfI. Findern and Radbourne, Bindley. 
Carduus Marianus L. (Mariana lactea Hill). 


III. Mickleover, on cultivated ground, Bindley. 


Waterfull; 


Page 76. 


Naturalist, 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 195 


613. Centaurea Scabiosa L. Page 76. II. Cresswell, Fox. 
619. Eupatorium cannabinum L. Pa 
I. Haddon, Bindley. II. Besa ey. near Shireoaks, Fox. 
Ill. Muggington ! 
626. Artemisia vulgaris L. P.77. Ill. Mickleover, Bindley. 
630. Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. Page 77. 

Ill. Mickleover, Bindley ; Muggington ! 
632. Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Page 77. 

III. Mickleover and Long Lane, &zndley ! 

635. Filago germanica L. Page 78. I. Tideswell, Bindley. 
642. Solidago Virgaurea L. Page 78. II. Holmesfield, Fox. 
644. Senecio sylvaticus L. Page 78. 

III. Mickleover and Findern, Bzndley. 

647. Senecio erucifolius L. Page 79. 
II]. Haythorne Hill, between Eckington and Staveley, 
Waterfall. Wl. Mickleover, Bzndley. 
Doronicum Pardalianches L. Page 79. 
I. Haddon Hall, C. 7. Green; Bindley. 
656. Inula Conyza DC. Page 79. II. Steetley, Fox. 
658. Pulicaria dysenterica Gertn. Page 79. 
II. Holmesfield, Fox. III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 
661. Chrysanthemum segetum L. Page 79. 
II]. Mickleover ; Swarkestone, Bindley. 
663.*Tanacetum vulgare L. 80. 

II. Banks of R. Rother, onihaw, Waterfall, 

664. Pyrethrum inodorum Sm. (Matricaria inodora L.). P. 80. 

III. Mickleover, Bindley ; Swarkestone! 

665. Matricaria Chamomilla L. Page 8o. 

III. Mickleover, Bindleyv. 

669. Anthemis Cotula L. Page 80. III. Mickleover, Bindley. 
670. Achillea Ptarmica L. Page 80. I. Near Brough, Fox. 

Il. Norton, Fox. III. Mickleover, Bindley. 

678. Campanula latifolia L. Page 81. I. Matlock Bath! 

Il. Woods and Hedges, Renishaw, Waterfall. 

III. Ashbourne, Bindley; near Cubley, Friend; near 
Muggington! Chaddesden, probably a garden 
escape! 

680. soins Trachelium L. Page 81. 

. Cressbrook, Fox. II. Plcariey Vale, Friend. 
687. Seslae montana L. Page 82. III. Findern, Bindley! 
July 1 1899. 


196 Painter: Supplement to the Flora of ere 


691. Erica cinerea L. Page 82. 
I. Bradwell; Ringinglowe (borders of Yorkshire), Fox. 
699. Andromeda Polifolia L. Page 83. 
II. Coombes Moss, Waterfall. 
705. Vaccinium Vitis-idea L. Page 83. 
I. Wirksworth, Bindley; Ringinglowe, Fox. 
713. Ilex Aquifolium L. Page 84. 
II. In flower rst May 1893 at Ireton! 
714. Ligustrum vulgare L. Page 84. II. Steetley, Fox. 
716. Vinca minor L. Page 84. III. Radbourne, Bzndley. 
719. Gentiana Pneumonanthe L. Page 84. 
III. Eggington Heath, Pilkington’s History. ; 
721. Gentiana Amarella L. 1. Crich! : 
724. Erythrea Centaurium Pers. Page 85. 
I. Near Dore, Fox. III. Mickleover, Bindley. : 
725. Chlora (Blackstonia) perfoliata L. (Huds.). Page 85- 'f 
I]. Near Clowne, Waterfall. 
728. Polemonium czeruleum L. Page 85. 
I. Winnatts! Hogshaw Lane, Buxton, C. 7. Green. 
737. Solanum nigrum L. Page 86. 
III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 
739. Atropa Belladonna L. Page 86. 
I. Haddon Hall, C. 7. Green. 
740. Verbascum Thapsus L. Page 86. 
II. Cresswell and Steetley, Fox. 
New. Verbascum virgatum S/okes. 
III. Near Chellaston, Rev. A. C. Hassé. 
754. Veronica Anagallis L. Page 87. 
II. Cresswell, Fox. 
756. Veronica officinalis L. Page 87. 
F I. Matlock, Bindley. 
III. Mickleover; Radbourne; Knowl Hills, Bzndley. 
. Veronica montana L. Page 87. 
I. Haddon, Bindley; Chee Dale! 
Ill. Kirk Langley, Brindley. 
759. Veronica hederefolia L. Page 88. 
III. Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. 
761. Veronica polita Fr. Page 88. 
II.' Between Cresswell and Clowne by a Water~ 


Of os eed ees: 


“I 
on 
~T 


Ja 
Ill. Misicleover, Bindley. 


808. 


July 1899. 1899, 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 197 


Veronica Buxbaumii Pen. (Veronica Tournefortii Gmel.). 


Page 88. 
II. Ockbrook! Mickleover, Bindley. 


. Bartsia Odontites Huds. Page 88. 


I. Bradwell; Hope, Fox. II. Holmesfield, Fox. 
III. Ockbrook! .Mickleover, Bzndley. 


. Pedicularis sylvatica L. Page 8o. 


I. Bradwell, Fox. I]. Norton, Fox. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. 


‘ palpate Smee pratense L. _ Page 88. 


III. Morle 
ae: ss ai Bab. 
aven’s Dale, Sear/e. 


; sees Balbisii Horn (S. aquatica L.). Page 89. 


I. Matlock Bath ! 
Ill. Repton, Hagger; between Chellaston and Swarke- 


Stone: 
. Linaria Cymbalaria Mill. Page 


Near Hathersage, Fox. II]. Stanton-by-Bridge! 


. Linaria Elatine Mill. Page 80. 


III. Boozwood, near Holbrook, Pilkington. 


. Linaria vulgaris Mill. Page 89. 


I. Bradwell Dale, Hox. Il. Banks of R. Rother, near 
Renishaw, Waterfall. II. Breadsall! 


. Linaria minor Desf. (Z. visczda Moench). 


Page 
II. Railway between Chesterfield and Clowne, W aterfall. 


Mimulus luteus L. Page oo. 
I. Hathersage and Bradwell, Fox. II. Cresswell, Fox. 


. Lycopus europzus L. 


Page 91. 
II, Canal Bank, Renishaw, Waterfall. 
Ill. Burnaston; Findern, Bzndley. 


. Mentha Piperita Huds. 


Page oI. 
II. Belper and Snelstone, Zinéon, B. E.C. Report, p. 382. 


- Mentha hirsuta L. 


Page 91. 
i}; Sa sol : Willington ! : 
Pa 


. Mentha sativa age 92. 


Ill. Atlow, Zznfon, B, E. C. Report, p. 307. 
Var. rubra Sm. (1/. rubra Sm.). 
ILL. Shirley, Zinton, B. E. C. ee p. 307- 
Mentha arvensis L. Page 

III. Yeldersley, Zénton, B. E. C. - Report, p- 308. 


co 
ioe) 
rs 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 


Var. Nummutaria (Schreb.). 
III. Yeldersley, Zzzfon, B. E. C. Report, p. 308. 
Mentha arvensis x sativa. 
III. Shirley, Zzv¢on, B. E. C. Report, p. 267. 
Mentha Pulegium L. Page 92. 
III. Ockbrook; Radbourne and Langley Commons, 
Pilkington’s Hrstory. 


. Thymus Serpyllum Fr. Page o2. 


I. Turnditch! Bradwell ommnal Fox. 


. Origanum vulgare L. Page 92. 


I. Bradwell, Fox. 


: Calamintie Acinos Clairv. (C. arvensis Lam.). Page 92. 


I. Miller’s Dale! 


. Calamintha officinalis Mcench. Page 93. 


Il. Cresswell Crags, Friend. 


. Calamintha Clinopodium Spenn. Page 93. 


I. Bradwell, Fox. III. Mickleover, ABzndley. 


. Ajuga reptans L. Page 93. 


I. Hathersage, Fox. Il. Omit, Waterfall. 
III. Mickleover ; Radbourne, Bindley. 


. Ballota nigra L. Page 93. 


III. Mickleover; Burnaston, Bindley ; Swarkestone ! 


. Lamium Galeobdolon Crantz. Page 93. 


I. Via Gellia, Bindley ; Grindleford, Fox. 
II. Clinker Wood, Waterfall; Totley, Fox. 
III. Anchor Church; Dale Abbey; Kirk Langley, Bzndley. 


. Galeopsis Ladanum L. Page 94. II. Totley, Fox. 
- Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Page 94. I. Bradwell, Fox. 
5. Galeopsis versicolor Curt. Page 94. I. Bradwell, Fox. 


II. Near Renishaw, Waterfall. U1. Eggington, Brindley. 
Galeopsis intermedium Vill. (Not in Lond. Cat.). 
II. Bolsover, Zzzton, Journ. of Botany, 1895, pp. 155-186. 


. Stachys Betonica Benth. Page 94 


I. Bradwell, Fox. II]. Mickleover, Bindley. 


. Stachys palustris L. Page 95. 


I. Near Brough, Fox. 
III. Findern; Mackworth, Bindley. 
ambigua Sm. ( x sylvatica). 
III. Muggington! 


. Stachys arvensis L. Page 95. 


III. Eggington, Bindley. 
; 4 


. Naturalist, — 


845. 


un 


847. 


July 1899. 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 199 


Nepeta Cataria L. Page 95.- 
III. Tickenhall Lime Quarries, Rev. W. H. Purchas, 
J. of B., 1887, p. 141. Accidentally omitted in 
‘Flora of Derbyshire.’ 
Scutellaria galericulata L. Page 96 
I]. Canal bank, Renishaw, Waterfall. 
LE, Cand: Findern, Aindley; Canal, Willington! near 
Muggington ! 
se to esses Relh. Page 
Gellia ! id and ae Fox. 
ee Findern, Bindl 
Var. strigulosa Wes & Koch. 
III. Canal Side, Willington! Breadsall ! 


. Myosotis repens G. Don. Page 


e 96. 
III. Between Chellaston and Swarkestone! Repton! 


. Myosotis cespitosa F. cnn Page 96. 


Ill. Near Breadsall Priory 


. Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. Sigg 97. 
I 


shford Dale! Blackwell Dale! near Cromford ! 
III. Mickleover and Radbourne, Aizd/ey ; near Mugging- 
ton! 


. Myosotis collina Hoffm. 


age Q7- 
I. Blackwell Dale! III. Bidcgrove, Smith LSS. 


y Myosotis versicolor Reichb. Page 97. 


III. Mickleover, Bindley. 


. Lithospermum officinale L. Page 97. 


II. Steetley, Fox. 


. Symphytum officinale L. Page 97. 


I. Bradwell, Fox. 


i nico piscn officinale L. Page 98. 
Fox 


. Cresswell, 


. Echium vulgare L. Page 08. 


Il. Cresswell, Fox. 


. Pinguicula vulgaris L. 


Page 99. 
Foot of Axe Edge, C. 7. Green ; Ashwood Dale ! near 
Bradwell, Fox. 


Lysimachia vulgaris L. Page go. 
I. The entry for Dovedale in Flora is an error on my 


part. 


200 Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 


888. Lysimachia Nummularia L. Page 9g. 
II. The Hague habitat has been destroyed; near the 
Ball Inn, Renishaw, Waterfall. 
III. Findern; Knowl Hills, Bzndley. 
889. Lysimachia nemorum L. Page gg. 
I. Bradwell, “ox ; Whatstandwell, Bindley. 
II. Park Hall Woods, near Spinkhill, Waterfall. 
890. Anagallis arvensis L. Page ioo. II. Totley, Fox. 
Var. cerulea Schreb. (A. cerulea Schreb.). 
Ill. Mickleover, Bindley. ta 
891. Anagallis tenella L. Page too. I. Near Bradwell, Fox. 
893. Samolus Valerandi L. Page 100. s 
IL. Shireoaks, rzend. 
got. Plantago major L. Page roo. 
New. Var. intermedia (Gilib.). 
III. Shirley, Zznton; Muggington ! 
902. Plantago media L. Page 100. 
. Matlock Bath! III. Chellaston! 
909. Chenopodium polyspermum L. Page 101. 
III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 
11. Chenopodium rubrum L. ‘Page 101. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. 
917. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L. Page t1o1. 
II. Holmesfield, Fox. 
922. Atriplex hastata L. Page 102. 
I otley ; Norton, Fox.’ ; gy 
9238. Atriplex erecta Huds. [A. pate tula L. var. erecta Huds.] A 
Page 102. III. Mickleover, Bzndley. : 
933. Polygonum amphibium L. Page 1 
I. Bradwell, Fox. III. Repton Park Pond, igi 
934. Polygonum Japathifolium L. Page 102. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. - 
934. Polygonum aviculare L. Page 103. 
New. Var. vulgatum Sy 
II. The a Sects: near Chesterfield, Waterfall 
- Polygonum Convolvulus L. Page 103. 
II. Totley and Norton, Fox. 
943+ ere Hydrolapathum Huds. Page 103._ 
. Findern, Bindley. 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 201 


947. Rumex obtusifolius L. Page 103. 
I. Buxton! III. About Derby ! 
948. Rumex nemorosus Schrad. (R. sanguineus ie ). Page 103. 
Var. viridis (Sibth.). II. Muggington! 
Rumex crispus x obtusifolius. 
III. Edlaston, near Shirley, Linton. 
960. Empetrum nigrum L. Pag 
I. Coomb’s Moss, eengs Waterfall 
962. Euphorbia Helioscopia L. and 
971. Euphorbia exigua L. Page 105. 
Ill. Mickleover, Bindley. 
974. Euphorbia amygdaloides L. Page 105. 
Il. Omit, Waterfall 
978. Urtica urens L. 
Ill. Mickleover, Bzndley; Willington ! 
982. Parietaria diffusa Koch (P. officinalis L.). Page 106. 
Il. Cresswell, Fox. 
983. Humulus Lupulus L. Page 
II. Hedge near Rihishaw: Woke IIf. lc : 


Ill. Hulland, Zznfon. 
989. Fagus sylvatica L. Page 106. 
I. Lee Hill, Cromford ! 
Castanea vulgaris Lam. (C. sativa Mull.). Page 107. 
III. Robin’s Cross, Repton, Hagger. 
995- Be sae alba L. Page 107. . ‘ 
. Field near Renishaw, Wazer/al/. ae 
jonas nigra L. Page 108. - 
{If. Swarkestone ! 
1001. Salix fragilis L. Page 108. 
Var. britannica B. White. 
th Ashiwodd Dale 
Ill. Mickleover ! SG ag Normanton ! es 
1002. Salix alba L. Page 108. a 
III. Markeaton! Littleover! Willington! Chellaston ! - 
Muggington ! 
1006. Salix rubra Huds. a purpurea L. x viminalis). P. tog. 
; . Dovedale, Linton 


aR. Forbyana Sm. 
us Near the General Cemetry, Derby ! ! 


_ July 1899. 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 


202 
1007. Salix viminalis L. fala a 109. ie 
. Ashwood Dale ‘3 
1908. Salix pains Willd. (S. viminalis x Caprea).  P. 109. | a 
Ii. Ashover, Bazley. q 
1008*, Salix rugosa \Leefe. Page tog. 
Ill. Bradley, Linton. a 
1010. Salix cinerea L. Page t1to. i‘ 
Ill. Ireton Wood! ee 
toil. Salix aurita L. Page 1io. 
I. Mellor, Hannan. 
III. Bradley; Yeldersley ; Shirley, Zzndon. : 
x cinerea L. (dudescens A. Kern). 
III. Shirley; Atlow, Z7n/on, B.E.C. Report, pp. 310-311: 
x Capre. 
lil. Atlow ; Bion Shirley, Zznfon, B. E. C. Report, 
PP: 311, 423: 
x Smithiana. 
Ill. Shirley, Zzzton, B. E. C. Report, p. 310. 
1012. Salix Caprea L. Page ito. 
I. Lee Hill, Cromford! Chee Dale! 
1029. Pinus sylvestris L. Page 110. 
Lee Hill, Cromford ! 
1038. Listera ovata Br. Page 111. 
. Haddon, Bindley. 1. Cresswell, Fox. 
III. Mickleover; Radbourne, &zndley. 
1039. Epipactis latifolia All. Page 111. 
High Tor, Matlock Bath! Bradwell, Fox. 
Il. Near Holmesfield, Fox. . 
1041. Cephalanthera grandiflora Bab. (C. pallens Rich.). 
age III. 
Newton Wood, Mr. Coke in Pilkington. 
10453. Orchis Morio LL. Page 112. “oF 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. pe 
1046. Orchis mascula L. Page 112. soe 
I. Lathkill Dale! Cromford, Bindley; Bradwell, /o*- 
[Ul. Radbourne, Bzndley. 
1051. Orchis pyramidalis L. Page 112. 


II. Cresswell, Fox. : 
. Gymnadenia oo, Br. (Habenaria conopsea Benth. ) 
Pa 


age I 
ii See Fa 


PIO. 


1103. 


1104. 


1109, 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 203 


. Habenaria viridis R.Br. Page 113. 


I. Whatstandwell, Frzend. 
Ophrys apifera Huds. Page 113. 
IJ. Shireoaks, Friend. 


. Ophrys muscifera Huds. Page 113. 


Il. Shireoaks, Frzend. 


. Iris Pseudacorus L. Page 113. 


III. Findern, Bzndley 


. Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus L. Page 114. 


II. Scarcliffe Woods, Waterfall. 
III. Spondon, Bzndley 


. Allium ursinum L. Page 115. 


I. Grindleford and Hathersage, Fox. 
Il. About Renishaw, Waderfal/. 


. Convallaria majalis LL. Page 115. 


I. Bakewell, Friend; High Tor, Matlock Bath! 
II. Cresswell, Fox 
Polygonatum wintitioraus All. Page 115. 
II. Pleasley Vale, #riend. Most likely Howitt’s habitat. 
Vide Top. Botany. 
Paris quadrifolia L. Page 115. 
II. Omit, frets 
Tamus communis L. Page 116. 
Il. Cresswell ; neces and Totley, Fox. 
Ill. Mickleover, Bindley. 
Elodea canadensis Mich. 
IlJ. Findern ; Markeaton, Sindley. 
Alisma Plantago L. (A. Plantago-aquatica L.|. Page116. 
II. About Renishaw, Waterfall. 
III. Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. 


. Alisma ranunculoides L. Page 117. 
nd. 


Il. Shireoaks, Fre: 
. Triglochin palustre L. 
II. Near Clowne, sSraea ea. Pied. 
. Potamogeton pectinatus |. Page 117. 
II. R. Rother, near Renishaw, Waverfall. 
I{f. Canal, Borrowa 


sh! 
.“Potamogeton zosterzfolius Schum. Page 117. 


Ill. Canal, Borrowash! 


. Potamogeton crispus L. Page 118. 


Il. Between Stanton-by-Dale and Dale Abbey ! 


JIL. Canal, Findern, Bind/ey ; Canal, Borrowash! 


July 1899. 1899. 


204 Painter; Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 


1125. Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Page 118. 
II. Canal between Staveley and Renishaw, Waterfall. 
III, Canals, Willington and Borrowash ! 
1132. Potamogeton natans L. Page 118. 
I. Bradwell, Fox : 
1136. Zannichellia palustris L. Page 1109. 
II. Shireoaks, /rzend. 
III. Repton Brook, Hagger. 
1140. Lemna trisulca L. Page 1109. 
III. Pools, Stanton-by-Bridge ! 
1145. Sparganium simplex Huds. Page 
II. R. Rother, near Renishaw, Waterfall. 
1146. Sparganium ramosum Huds. Page 120. 


II]. Renishaw Canal, Waterfall. of 

Ill. Mickleover, Bindley. 

New. VAR. microcarpum Neum. ~ 
I. Dovedale! named by W. H. Beeby, A.L.S. i 


1151. Juncus conglomeratus L. Page 120. 
III. Willington, Bzndley. 
1156. Juncus acutiflorus Ehrh. Page 121. io 
III. Breadsall! Repton Rocks ! a 
1162. Juncus bufonius L. Page 121. ee 
UII. eas Bindley. :. 
1163. Juncus squarrosus L. Page 121, i 
Ill. Wiskeworth, Bindley. 
1169. Luzula sylvatica Bich. (maxima DC.). Page 121. : 
I. Dovedale, Bindley; near Coombs Moss, Water- — 


all 
II. Quarry Dam, Park Hall Woods, Waterfall. 
Ill. Anis Church; Dale Abbey Woods, Bindley. 
1170. Luzula pilosa Willd. (LZ. vernalis DC.). Page 122. 
I. Lee Hill, Cromford ! Whatstandwell, Bindley. 
1200. salar had vaginatum L. Page ¥29: 
. Derwent Edge, Fox. 


ae. it gemeap hese Ly te. phbushioisubl Roth.). 


age 
hi Suey Edge, Fox. 


1211. Carex ovalis Good. Page 12 “ 
. Breadsall Moor! Mickleover ; Burnaston, Binds. 
“Naturalist, 


1214. 


I217. 


L220. 


1222. 


1261. 


New. 


o 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 205. ; 


Carex remota L. Page 12. 
II. Quarry Dam, Park Hall Neste: Spinkhill, Waterfall; 
Canal bank, Renishaw, Waterfall. 
III. Mickleover ; Radbourne, Bindley. 
Carex intermedia Good. (C. disticha Huds.). Page 124. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. 
Carex muricata L. Page 125. 
I. Haddon, Bindley. 
Ill. Mickleover, Bind/ey. 
Carex vulpina L. Page 125. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley; Canal, Derby ! 


. Carex paniculata L. Page 
Can 


al bank, Renishaw, Waterfall 


. Carex vulgaris Fries. (C. Goodenowit J. Gay). Page 125. 


I. Haddon, Aindley. 


. Carex pallescens L. Page 126. 


Ill. Mickleover, Bzndley. 


7. Carex sylvatica Huds. Page 127 


III. Radbourne ; Repton Shrubs, Bzndley. 


. Carex Pseudo-cyperus L. Page 127. 


Il. Findern, Bindley. 


. Carex glauca Scop. (C. ree Schreb.). Page 127. 


Ill. Mickleov : Bindley 


. Carex precox Jacq. (C. verna Chalks Page 128. 


i: een! Mickleover, Bzndley. 


. Carex hirta L. Page 128 


III. Mickleover; Burnaston, Bindley. 


. Carex ampullacea Good. ae rostrata Stokes). P. 128. 


I. Buxton, Brindley ; Chee 
Ill. Mickleover, Bindley. 


. Carex vesicaria L. Page! 


II. Quarry Dam, Park Hall Woods, Spinkhill, Waterfaid. 
aon paludosa Good. (C. acutiformis Ehrh.). Page 129. 
Haddon, Bindley. 
Miculesver. Bindley. 
Carex riparia Curt. Page 129. 
III. Mickleover; Findern; Radbourne, Aindley. 
Phalaris canariensis L. Page 120. 
III. Mickleover, roadsides, Bindley. 
Setaria viridis Beauv. 
III. Mickleover, railway banks, Bindley. 


__ July 1899. 


a Fe a BN 
Paes 


206 — Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 


Agrostis vulgaris With. 
New. Var. mutica Doell. 
I. Snake Inn, Zznéon, B. E. C. Report, p. 427. 
1294. Arundo Phragmites L. (Phragmiles communis Trin.). 


age I3I. 
Ill. Mickleover; Radbourne, Bzndley. 
1302. Aira flexuosa L. (Deschampsia flexuosa Trin.). P. 131. 
IfI. Mickleover, Bindley 
1309. Avena pratensis L. Page 132. 
Chee Dale! 
1310. Avena pubescens L. Page 132. 
III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 
11. Avena flavescens L. (7risetum pratense Pers.). Page 132- 
III. Mickleover, Bindley; Swarkestone ! 


cl 


I a1 Koeleria cristata Pers. Page 133. 
I. Matlock Bath, Brindley. 
1317. Melica uniflora Retz. Page 133. 
I. Via Gellia, Waterfall. 
I]. About Chesterfield, Omit an error, Waterfall. 
Ill. Repton, Bindley; Repton Shrubs! 
1318. Melica nutans L. Page 133. 
I. Via Gellia, Waterfall; Cromford, Bindley; High 
Tor, Matlock Bath! 
1320. Breen aquatica Presl. (Beauv.). Page 133. 
, Swarkestone ! 
13 Ree aquatica Sm. Page 133- 
I. Cromford, Bailey. 
III. Spondon! Findern, Bindley. 
13228.Glyceria plicata Fries. Page 134. 
Mickleover, Bindley. 
1331. hae pratensis L. Page 134. 
I. High Tor, Matlock Bath ! 
Ill. Mickleover, Bind/ey. 
1333. Poa compressa L. Page 
lif. Stanton-by- Bridge ! Voidevsiais Linton, B. E. E 
Report, p. ‘275. 
Poa nemoralis L. Page 135. 
Var. angustifolia Parnell. 
1, Chee Dale! named by C. Bailey, F.L.S. 


“Naturalist, 
! 


1342. 


1343. 


July ‘Bos 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 207 


Festuca ovina L. Page 136. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. 
Festuca duriuscula L. (/. rubra L.). Page 136. 
I. Blackwell Dale! 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. 


. Festuca elatior Auct. (L.). Page 136. 
ey: 


IIl. Mickleover, Brindle 


‘ Bromus giganteus L. 137: 


III. Mickleover, Bindley 


. Bromus asper L. (2B. ramosus Huds.). Page 137. 


I. High Tor, Matlock Bath! 
III. Mickleover ; Radbourne, Bindley; Mugg zington ! 


- Bromus sterilis L. Page 137. 


III. Mickleover, Bzzdley; Markeaton! > 


. Brachypodium syivaticum Beauv. (2. gracile Beauv.). 


Page 128. 


> 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. 


- Brachypodium pinnatum Beauv. Page 138. 


II. Bolsover, Zznton, B. E. C. Report, p. 429. 


- Hordeum sylvaticum Huds. Page 138. 


I. Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, Hannan, not White- 
head. 


. Hordeum pratense Huds. (7. secalénum Schreb.). P.1 


III. Mickleover, Azndley. Between. Chellaston ie 
Swarkestone ! 


- Hordeum murinum L. Page 139. 


I. Chapel-en-le-Frith, Hannan. 


. Nardus stricta L. Page 139. 


III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 


. Allosorus crispus Bernh. (Cryvpfogramme crispa R.Br.). 


Page 140. 
I. Chinley Hills, near Chapel-en-le-Frith, Mr. Z. 
Howard in Bot. Guide. 


. Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. Page 140. 


I. Via Gellia, Waterfall. 
If. About Chesterfield, Omit, Waterfall. 


3: Polystichum aculeatum Newm. Page 140. 


VAR. cen Sw. (P. lobatum Presl. var. genutnum 
Sym 


a Blackwell Dale ! 
___Ill. Trusley, Bzndley. 


ee Ena) ae 
* 
ai al Z a 
rae TY Ly Cas bie Nhe 2a Ga FAs a ¢ 
he Phi es ih ar ? Be Pail Le ; 
A ¥ 
* 


1410. 


I4{l. 


1424. 


1425. 


Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 


. Lastrea Oreopteris Presl. Page 140. Horsley Car! 
. Lastrea dilatata Presl. Page 141. Horsley Car! 
5: Asplenium viride Huds. Page 141. 

I. Wo 


rmhill, C. 7. Green. 


‘ Asplenium Trichomanes L. Page 141. 


I. Bradwell and Froggatt Belpre, Fox. 


. Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum L. Page 141. 
I 


Near Eyam, Fox. 
Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. Page 141. 
I. Cressbrook, Fox. 


: haat vulgare Symons. Page’141. 
I 38 


a Gellia, Waterfa 
Il. reals Chesterfield an error, Waterfall. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley 
Botrychium Lunaria Sw. bis: 142. 
I. Cromford, Bindley. 
Jil. Mickleover, Bindley. 
Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Page 142. 
I. Monsal Dale! : 
II. About Renishaw, Waterfali. 
III. Mickleover; Radbourne, Bzndley. 


. Equisetum maximum Lam. Page 143. 


lil. Muggington! 


. Equisetum.umbrosum Willd. (#. pratense Ehrh.). P. 143- 


t is feared that both the entries for this plant 
in my Flora are errors, as it has been searched for 
at Ashbourne in vain. 


. Equisetum arvense L. Page 143. 


II. Near Holmesfield, Fox. 


. Equisetum sylvaticum L. 


Near Bakewell, Friend ; outa, Bindley. 
Ill. Kirk Langley, Bzndley. 
Equisetum palustre L. Page 143. ry 
III. Repton! Markeaton! Mickleover and Radbourne, 
Bindley. 
Equisetum limosum L. (Sm.). Page 144. 
Var, fluviatile (L.). 
Ill. Radbourne, Pea Morley! Repton! 


Chara vulgaris L. 


age I 
Ill. Ponds, Tickenhall Lime. Works, Bloxam! See 
Flora, p. 57. pe; 
Naturalist, Le 


INTEGRATION IN SCIENCE 


a (Presidential Address to the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, delivered 
14th December 1898). 
SIR MICHAEL FOSTER, K.C.B., M.A., Etc., 


Secretary of the Royal Society, Professor of Physiology in the University of Lambctice, 
President of the Yorkshire Naturatists’ Union for 1898. 


WE are told that when the world was young and ‘the will 


¢ 


n 
bricks, burning them thoroughly, and with these strove to build 
there a city and a tower whose top might reach unto heaven. 
We are also told that as they wrought, raising their handiwork 
higher and higher, their language was confounded, so that they © 
might not understand one another’s speech, and hence could not 
carry out their work. They left off to build the city. 

During the long years which have passed away since those 
early days, generations of men, still journeying from the East, 
have been making bricks of another kind, burning them more 
or less thoroughly, and with them have gone on building a city 
which they call the city of Natural Knowledge, have gone on 
raising higher and still higher a tower which they call the tower 
of Science. During these. latter times, during the last two or 
three centuries, especially during this last century, the tower has 
risen rapidly, storey has been added to storey; and, indeed, some 
have thought, or have seemed to think, that its top was reach- 
ing unto heaven. But as the tower has been rising higher and 

higher, especially as the newer stories have been a-building, 
something of the fate of the old tower of Babel has fallen on the 
builders ; their language is showing signs of being confounded ; 
ear by year they are becoming less and less able to under- 
Stand each other’s speech. The old example of the plain of 
Shinar bids every thoughtful man ask himself the question, is 
not this confusion of languages hindering and spoiling the work, 
even if it will not, as it did of old, stop it altogether ?. Cannot 
something be done to check this development of tongues, or at 
least to provide adequate interpreters 

Let me make use of the opportunity you have to-day offered 
me, by attempting to illustrate the reality of the danger which 
threatens us, and possibly to suggest some means to avoid or 
at least lessen at 
doh Oe 


Foster : Integration in Science. 


The Journal Book of the Royal Society of London for the 
Advancement of Natural Knowledge, contains the following 
record of the ordinary meeting of 


[Sorted Septemb: y® 10": 1662. 
Mersennus his account of the tenacity of Cylindricall bodies 
was read by Mr. Croone, to whome the prosecution of that matter 


Italian treatise, wherein he handleth of this Subject, shall be 
printed. 
It was order’d, that, at the next meeting, ee ides should 
bee made with wires of severall matters of y® same size, ge 
copper, iron, &c. to see, what bi Sa will beset them e 
Curatour is M' Croone 
he reading of the french Manuscript brought in by St Robert 
Mo about taking heights & atindie a by pan tone was 
differred, till the description of the instrument should c 
D* Goddard made an aig AES: concerning the pi ‘that 
presseth the aire into lesse dimensions; and it was found, that 
twelve ounces did contract ¢ part of Aire. The quantity of Aire is 
wanting. 
My Lord Brouncker was desired to send his Glasse . 
D* Goddard, to make further ea ts about the force of 
pressing the aire into lesse dimens 
D' Wren was put in mind to preeaeuis M’ Rook’s observa- 
tions concerning the motions of the Satellites of Jupiter. 


Charleton read an Essay of his, concernin g the velocity — 


of sounds, direct and reflexe, and was desired to prosecute this 
matter; and to bring his discourse again geet day to be enter’d. 

D' Goddard made the Experiment to shew how much aire 

a man’s lungs may hold, by sucking up water into a separating 

glasse after the lun s have been well emptied of Aire. Severall 


three-quarters, &c. Here was observed the variety of whistles or 
tones, which i water made at the severall hights, in falling out of 
the seme again. 

‘ Evelyn’s Re pacuneat was brought in of Animal engraft- 
ings, and in particular of making a Cock spur grow on a Cock’s 
head. 

t was discoursed whether there be any such thing as sexes in 
trees and other plants; some instances were brought of Palme- 
trees, plum-trees, hollies, Ash trees, Quinces, pionies, &c.: wherein 


_a difference was said to be found, either in their bearing of fruit, 


sterility, may bee made by ingrafting. 


or in their hardnesse and softness, or in their medicall operations: 


some said that the difference, which is in trees as to fertility or 


Naturalist, 


_ Foster: Integration tn Science. 2I1 


Mention was made by S" Rob. Moray of a French Gentleman 
who having been some while since in England, and present at 
a meeting of the Society, discoursed that the nature of all trees 
was to run altogether to wood: which was changed by a certain 
way of cutting them, whereby they were made against their nature 
to beare fruit, and that according as this cutting was done w 
more or lesse skill, the more or lesse fruitfull the tree would bee. 

A proposition was offered by S' Robert Moray about the 
planting of Timber in England, and the preserving of what is now 
growin 

Mr Royle shew" a Puppey in a certaine liquour, wherein it had 
been preserved during all the hott months of the Summer, though 
in a broken and unsealed glasse. 

We learn from the entries of the Society that there were 
present at that meeting men of very different callings and 
stations in life, noblemen, men of fashion, doctors, lawyers, 
soldiers, divines, and men of business as well as_ professors. 
They all seem to have appreciated all the diverse topics, and 
many to have given their opinions upon them. They each 
uriderstood each other’s speech. The tower had risen to a very 
little height in those days. 

The Journal Book of the same Society in its record of the 
meeting of 16th June 1897, gives the following list of titles of 
papers read :— ¢ 

Cerebro-cortical Afferent and Efferent Tracts. 

H and K lines of the Spectrum of Calcium. 

Enhanced Lines. 

Stars of the 6 Cephei Class 

Cleveite and other New Gas Lines. 

Stress and other effects in Resin. 

Lunar and Solar Periodicities. 

A Maya Calender Inscription. 

Morphology of Spore-producing Members 

Vector Properties of siege rides 

‘Magneto-optic Phenomena of I 

The Chemistry of the Contents of he pone rics Canal. 

; ide 


The Electrotonic Currents of Medullated Nerves. 
Variation and Correlation of Barometric Heights. 
Openings in the Wall of the Body Cavity of Vertebrates. 
Electrification of Air. 
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat. 
I make bold to say that neither the President of the Society, 
nor any other of the Officers nor any one of the Fellows, could, 
of his own knowledge, state what was the exact meaning of 


fe ae 1899. 


4 


212 foster: Integration tn Science. 


each of all those titles. If you asked such a one to do it, he 


would tell you that he did not understand the speech of most 
of them. To-day, as of old, the Royal Society at each of 
its ordinary meetings listens to communications on diverse 


branches of natural knowledge; but not, as of old, are all 


the Fellows present, ready to offer opinions on most of the 


topics dealt with. A stranger at any of the meetings will often . 


observe that, at the conclusion of the reading of a paper, or 
of the discussion sequent upon it, a number of those present 
will rise up and walk away. If he ask the reason, he will be 
told that these are physicists or chemists, and that the next 
paper is on a biological subject; or he may observe that while a 
paper is being read, some are paying no heed to it, but are 
reading or writing, or it may be slumbering or whispering. 
And if the stranger, fearing that such listlessness may be due 


a 
would probably receive as an answer, ‘I have not the 
slightest idea.’ 
One day, when a botanical author was expounding, with 


ne 
the help of a projection lantern, certain remarkable results 
r 


the room to hear a physical paper later on, leaning over to an 


eminent biologist in front of him, whispered, ‘Is it a disease?’ | 
Th 


wer has risen to a considerable height since the Royal 
Society was founded, and its Fellows are no REET able to 


ec 
or is it merely the case that the votaries of one science 


y 
speak a tongue sence to the followers of another science. 


Within what may be called ie and the selfsame science, the 
ee often fail to Demet one another. a 

nowledge of living things stands sharply apart from all a 
other hind of knowledge; it constitutes a distinct science, | 
which we sometimes speak of as ‘biology,’ though exception : - 


might be taken to the term, since Bios means ‘the course of 


life,’ ‘ the span of life,’ rather than that which is at the bottom — 
of the phenomena presented by living beings. This one science, — 


the knowledge of living things, may be at once divided into the 


knowledge of plants, which we call botany, and the knowledge 
im, which we call zoology, using both these terms in 


their wider sense. Time was when the same _ intellectual 


ie 209? vl pele Sree 


? 


foster: Integration in Sctenee. 213 


tendency which led a man to study plants, led him also to study 
animals, and it was at least the case that the man who busied 
himself abo the one could readily hold converse upon their 


circumstances over which he has no control to listen to a com- 
munication from his eminent brother in zoology or botany, he is, 
as in the rarest instance, fain to say, ‘It is all Greek to 

This mutual unintelligibility may in part be due to the 
piste use of technical terms. Every year, almost every 
day, our language is, shall I say enriched or burdened? with 


ear, made of bits of each stuck together ; ; and the meaning 
of these new words becomes known only to those who 
make frequent use of them. But the real discordance goes far 
deeper than this. New terms are forced even upon those most 
unwilling to use them by the necessity of expressing new ideas ; 
for each new idea must have its new sign, otherwise confusion 
also comes, though in a different way from that on which we 
are dwelling. The botanist and the zoologist fail to understand 
each other, not because they use different terms for the same 
idea, but because each one is gaining new ideas unknown to the 
other, and is doing that more and more as each science 
progresses. | 

: Moreover, even within each of these two great divisions 
of botany and zoology, further sub-division has split up, an 

is unceasingly splitting up, the followers of biology into camps, 
each camp speaking its own tongue and understanding that 
alone. Both these branches of biology have, in this process of 
differentiation, followed lines of development more or less 

parallel, and the changes which have taken place in the one 
are analogous to those which have taken place in the other ; 
what can be said of the one can also be largely said of the other. 

If we take zoology in its wide sense, as the study of animals, 
we find that it naturally divides itself into three lines of investi- 
gation. 

In the case of any animal we want to know its form and 
structure, of what parts it is made up, and how it is put 
together; we thus enter upon the study of anatomy or 
morphology. We also want to know how it lives, how it gets 
along, how it does what it does, and are thus led to the study 


ie of physiology. We further want to know how far it is like or 


July 1899. 


214 Foster: Integration tn Sctence. 


unlike to other animals, what are its relations, its affinities to 
other animals, and are thus brought to the study of taxonomy — 
or of zoology in the narrower sense in which that word is 
sometimes used. 

In the old time the student was in respect to anatomy 
content with a knowledge of the outward form and of such of 
the grosser details of structure as could be learnt by simple 
dissection, aided at most by nothing more than a simple lens. 
This gave him all which he at that time wanted for the determi- 
nation of the relation of this or that animal to other animals for 
fixing its position in the animal world; it also supplied him 
with all the data which he supposed he needed for solving the 
problem as to how the animal performed this or that act. The 
same student was at once anatomist, zoologist, and physiologist. 

m 


oO 
explained his physiology, and his zoology was the outcome of 
the two. He readily passed from the one to the other, and was 
equally or nearly so at home in all three. 

Nowadays we have changed all this. 

The anatomist has pushed his analysis of animal structure to 


no longer be even largely carried on ‘in the field’; the animal 
can no longer be anatomised on the spot where it is found, or in a 
natural condition; it has to be treated in special ways by special 
methods ; the examination has to be conducted in a laboratory 
fitted up with special means. 

He replaces the normal hues furnished by the red blood and 


by natural pigments with the stains of artificial dyes, purpling ~ 
with gold, blackening with silver, and ransacking the colour — 


shops to gain some new differential tint. He dips, and soaks, — 
and washes, and soaks again, now in this fluid and now in that, 


having built up for him an art far exceeding in intricacy that — 


of any fuller. He disintegrates with solvents, he hardens with 
corrosives, he supports the frail fragments of the tissues in beds 


of cunningly-contrived material, now hard as rock, now melting — 


into fluidity, and calling in to his aid intricate instruments of 
precision which will cut with an accuracy defined by a small 
fraction of a millimetre, he prepares for study by displaying 
what was once an animal in the form of a riband, of a series of 
many hundred slices, each of vanishing thinness, and tinted 
with the somes of the rainbow. 


praca 
Naturalist, 


a 


M2 ee 2 he ale 


Foster: Integration in Science. 215 


One result is, that his conclusions can rarely be criticised or 
even appreciated and understood save by those who have passed 
through a training in his elaborate technique. 
Moreover, the progress of his study has carried him on to 
problems essentially his own. He has left far behind the 
position in which he was content with physiological explanations, 
in which the question why a part or an organ had a certain form 
or structure, seemed to be answered by the fact of its being 
put to such and such a use. The anatomist now explains the 
phenomena of animal form and structure by referring them to 
what he calls morphological laws, laws deduced from the obser- 
vation of a multitude of facts in different animals and in the 
Same animal at different periods of its growth. In the deter- 
mination of these morphological laws physiology appears to 
take no part, and the anatomist as morphologist becomes or 
seems to become more and more estranged from the physiologist. 
Further, as the anatomist stretches forth his hand to lay 
hold of laws more and more general, of laws holding good over 
a larger and larger part of the animal kingdom, the little 
differences between this and that animal seem to him to be 
less and less worthy of his attention. The morphological 
comparison of extinct with living forms, of embryonic with 
adult forms, lead him, it is true, to construct phylogenies 
which, in his view, correctly define the relations and affinities 
of animals; and so far he still has to do with zoology, that 
is, with taxonomy. But in these phylogenic speculations he 
deals with the larger groups of animals only; he rarely, if 
ever, touches, still less weighs, the importance of those 
likenesses or unlikenesses, which are all in all to what we may 
call the zoologist proper who is busied with such small things 
as genera and species, and even worries himself about mere 
varieties. Thus the anatomist gets farther and farther apart 
from the zoologist, each of them less and less able to under- 
stand and appreciate the other. 
In like manner the phyiologist who, in times of old, looked 
mainly to the facts of anatomy to help him in the solution of the 
problems how and why such and such action took place in the 
living body, has by the progress of his science been led to seek 
the solution of the new problems opening up before him, not so 
much in visible features of structure, whether large and seen by 
the eye, or minute and revealed only by the microscope, as in the 
hidden properties of matter common to non-living and living 
things, properties which men call einen and chemical. He, too, 
July 1899. ; 


216 Foster: Integration tn Science. 


has been brought to use methods all his own, and carries out his 
researches, not as largely of old by simple observation and 
reasoning, but by means of elaborate apparatus. He, too, can 
no longer work in the field. To pursue his inquiries he needs 


to be installed in a laboratory, which, in the complexity and 


variety of its fittings, rivals, if it does not excel, that of the 
physicist or the chemist. He looks upon all animals as mere 
material for experimental investigation. He has no interest in 
the affinities of this or that animal, for these are of little or no 
help to him, either by suggesting or guiding an experiment. The 
morphological laws of the anatomist are of no concern to him, and 
the only morphological facts which seem of any use to him, 
are those which suggest to him, that, in this or that animal the 
dispositions of this or that tissue or organ may offer him special 
facilities for the application of his experimental method. o 
far from being familiar with the language of the anatomist and 
the zoologist, the physiologist feels himself more and more at 
home in company with the physicist and the chemist. 

Hence the zoologist, deserted alike by the anatomist and the 
physiologist, goes also his own gait. He is led more and more 
to make his own selection of the features of form and structure 
which he finds useful to him in the determination of affinities 
and in the laying down of systems of classification, regardless 
alike of the morphological or physiological significance of the 
facts with which he deals. 

Anatomists, zoologists, physiologists, have thus from being 
brothers closely bound together become, through the very 


progress of their respective sciences, more and more estranged — 


from each other. Instead of working hand in hand to build 


together the common tower of biology, each has been con- 


structing his own chambers, not only without reference to, but 


in more or less complete ignorance of, what the others are — 
doing. And now they are so far apart, that even when they 


wish to call to each other, they can rarely be understood. 


This estrangement of those who ought to be closest com- — 


panions has, moreover, been nursed into ex xaggeration by our 


present systems of education. e exigencies of modern life 
have, by the very necessity of things, given to the training of — 


the young, whether at school or college, an increasingly formal 
character. The growing need that what is taught should directly 


_ aid the learner in the struggle for existence awaiting him inthe 
future, and the corresponding wish to ascertain from time to ~ 
time during the period of instruction whether the teaching has — 


Foster: Integration in Science. at? 


been effective, has led to the present complicated system of 
formal examinations. These, instituted in the first instance at 
all events as mere aids and servants of teaching, have, by the 
mere force of circumstances, become its masters. The growth 
of the empire of examinations in these modern times is indeed 
a striking example of the sain of machinery, of the triumph 
of the letter over- the spir 

Acknowledging that ae object of teaching any ‘branth of 
knowledge is to nurse the young mind in that branch so that it 
may not only learn the results already gained by inquiry, but be 
imbued with the spirit ruling that branch, the spirit which has 


only. The test, however, is in nearly all cases so loaded ; it is 


come about that the examination system, with its increasingly — 
tremendous power, has placed a high premium on knowledge 
gained in what may be called a mechanical manner, and has 
tended to drive out of the schools all knowledge which does not 
fit the examination machine. 

Hence in biology it has come about that the student is 
encouraged not only to study anatomy apart from physiology, but 
to devote himself to the study of the one to the exclusion of that 
of the other. For not only does the machine provide, or even 
insist upon, an examination in each, of such a kind that the other 
is wholly ignored, but also the rewards which attend success in 
the test, tempt or even compel the student to narrow his efforts 
to one alone;. lest by attempting both he should fail in each. 


— 1899. 


218 Foster: Integration tn Science. 


Moreover, in each study the machine heavily handicaps all 
knowledge which is not of a formal mechanical nature; it gives 
the prize to that kind.of knowledge which best suits a pointed 
question and a succinct answer ; for it works easily and exactly 
when it deals with the letter, but gets entangled and clogged 
when it tries to touch the spirit. Hence the student in anatomy, 
guided by the desire to come well out of the machine, spends his 
energies on the things of morphology, which can be swiftly 
learnt in the laboratory, with help of the microscope and the 
microtome, and afterwards deftly put down on paper; or busies 
himself with the formal questions of the school, in which the 
arguments for and against this or that view can be repeated with 
formal precision. In like manner the student of physiology, 
guided by a like desire, has his horizon likewise bounded by the 
laboratory and the discussions which arise out of laboratory 
work. 


And what can I say of the study of zoology? That is either 
pushed out altogether, or made a mere appendage to anatomy, 
a something to illustrate morphological laws and phylogenic 
speculations, or, if it is allowed to have an independent existence 
at all, becomes a gathering of the dry bones of formal schemes 
of classification. 

As the twig is bent so grows the.tree. The influence of our 
modern teaching is to intensify the differentiation, and with the 
differentiation the narrowness and formal character of the 
biologic learning of our 3 

There is a good old word, ‘naturalist,’ which, though it 
originally had to do with the nature of all things which exist, 


himself with ‘Nature’ as manifested in living creatures, who 
sought to solve all the problems which life presents. Form, 
structure, function, habits, history, all and each of these supplied 
him with facts from which he wrested his conclusions. Obser- 
vation was his chief tool, and the field his main workshop. To 
him invidious distinctions between different parts of biologic 
learning were unknown. e had not learnt to exalt either 
form or structure or function to the neglect of the rest. Every- 
thing which he could learn came to him as a help towards 
answering the questions which pressed on him for an answer. 

A naturalist of this kind, however—a whole-minded inquirer 
_ into the nature of living beings—is for the most part a thing of 
the past. He has well nigh disappeared through that process of 


Naturalist, 


Foster: Integration in Science. 219 


differentiation of which I have spoken. He has, as we have 
seen, been cut up into little bits, and while the bits have 
Bh ctished and grown great, the whole has vanished from sight. 
Not only so, but in the partition something has been lost. If 
you attempt to put the pieces together, you will find that they 
do not piece into a whole; gaps are left where fragments have 
fallen away. 

Looking at the matter more closely, you will find that the one 
thing which is missing is just that upon observing which the old 
naturalist was chiefly bent. Watch the work of the modern 
morphologist, physiologist, systematist, whether he labours 
among plants or animals, be by his side in the laboratory or 
the museum, read wha it is only 1 
paratively rare instances you shall find that in his discussions 

and speculations, in working out the morphological, 2286 
logical, taxonomic, systematic, conclusions to which he comes, 
he makes much use of, or even takes much count of, dae which 
was the chief occupation of the naturalist of old, the study of 
the habits and ways of living things, such as can only be carried 
out in the field. 

This is not a wholesome state of things. But how shall it be 
mended ? 

It is no use kicking against the pricks, it is no use attempt- 
ing to go backwards, it is no use trying to stop the tide of 
differentiation on which I have dwelt ; that will go on, must go 
on, swelling as it goes. We must look for help by going 
forwards, not backwards. And we may do so with hope, confi- 
dent that the full development of difference will end by opening 
up the path to unity. We may indeed even now see signs that 
there is a goal before us toward which we may stretch. 

The morphologist, when, having satisfied himself touching 
his lesser morphologic laws, he attempts to go beyond these, 
finds himself grappling with problems, to solve which he has to 
join hands with the physiologist from whom he has been parted 
so long. Along one line of inquiry he has already reached this 
point. Among the researches of the past few years, none are 
more pregnant than those in which the morphologist, studying 
the problems of embryology, has left the beaten track of tracing 
out the phases through which the developing animal successively 
passes in the normal course of events when left to itself, and has 
tried to see what happens when the ovum or the embryo is 
interfered with on its road. In doing so he has been putting his 
hand to the physiologist’s chief aid in inquiry, the experimental 


oe 
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77) 
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July 1899. 


yt 


220 Foster: Integration tn Science. 


method ; he will not use that method long before he finds that 
he is ckeipiting with questions which belong to the phy siologist 


that the problems presented by the actions of the individual 
being, when these are pushed beyond a certain limit, carry him, 
as he seeks their solution, beyond the individual to the race, 
and land him in the same questions as those with which the 
morphologist has met. And the taxonomist is finding, or rather 
has found these many years past, that the affinities of animals or 
of plants, as they are determined by, so are they to be judged 
by a knowledge of, things which it is the province of the 
morphologist and the physiologist to make clear. 

One, and perhaps not the least part of the many-sided good 
which Charles Darwin brought to biologic science was that the 
views which he made known have already served and promise to 
serve still more in the future as a chain, a golden chain, binding 
together the several branches of biologic study. The three 
great divisions of biology—morphology, physiology, and 
taxonomy — however divergent they may have been during 
the past, and may still seem to be, give promise of uniting 
again when they near their ultimate goal; for that is one and 
the same for each of them. Whether you busy yourself with 
questions of form and structure, or of action and function, or of 


_ affinities and relationships, your inquiries all tend to the ultimate 


question how and in what way have all the phenomena of life 
come about? How did life originate? How is it renewed? 


And how in its origin and its renewal has it embodied itself 


in the long series of living beings, presenting differences of 


form and differences of function, and yet arranged in an order . 


marshalled by some pogo or other? It is one, I say, 
of the many merits of rwin’s work, that he anticipated, 
in a way, t the final union ‘of the three chief biologic studies. 
The origin of species is, by its very enunciation, a zoological 
problem, but the appearance of a variation is essentially a 
morphological problem, while the influence of the struggle for 


- existence on the variation is no less a problem of physiology; 
a problem of physiology, however, in the wide sense of that 
‘word, not a problem merely of the limited mechanical physiology 


of the schools. In that wider sense physiology means the 
influence of circumstances of the surrounding world on the 
Organism as well as the influence of the organism on the sur- 
rounding world. Whether we seek for confirmation or for 


refutation of the particular thesis put forward by Darwin, we 


talent neti, 


Naturalist, 


4 


= 


Foster: Integration in Science. 221 


are led, whichever of the two be our motive, to consider a 


hoological problem from points of view which are at once 
_ morphological att aaa So and further, we are bid to 
pass beyond the museum an e laboratory, even though we 


may make full use of all that can be learned there, and go out 
into the field and watch Nature at work in her own way. . It. 
is not the least of the results of the direction which the Mino 
of natural selection has given to biologic study, that it has led 
the biologist back to his earlier methods, and bid him scrutinise 
with care the ways of living things, how they tell upon and are 
told upon by the world around them. The outcome of the 
eepest, most far-reaching biologic inquiry has been the rehabi- 
litation of the naturalist of old. 
On the whole, then, we need not despond.. We may boldly 
. encourage the divergences of modern study in the sure hope 
that union will come in the end. We may bear with the con- 
fusion of tongues while the middle stories of the tower are 
a-building, feeling confident that the workers will once again 
understand each other’s speech, and that the more clearly the 
nearer they reach to the top. ‘ 
Meanwhile we may do what in us lies to help things onward 
towards the good end. So far as inquiry is concerned, it is as 
I have said, not by deprecating and attempting to check, but 
rather by encouraging and furthering specialisation and differen- 
tiation that we can hope to hasten the ultimate integration. 
As regards teaching, however, it might be wished that the paths 
along which young minds are led were not so narrow and not 
so bounded by high walls which shut in the view. It is a matter 
of regret that the enthusiasm of the young learner should be 
spent wholly on the museum and the laboratory, that he should 
be pushed by compulsion and drawn by rewards into morpho- 
logical and physiological studies of the more formal and 
mechanical kind, while no encouragement is given to him to 
look Nature face to face in the field, and to catch direct from her 
lips the catholic teaching which she alone can give. But so 
long as all our teaching is made to pass beneath the heavy 
roller of a rigid examination system which flattens out every- 
thing over which it is dragged, I see no hope of change. 
Some kinds of learning may, perhaps, be consolidated by the 
pressure of the roller, but that of the naturalist will be squeezed 
out of him altogether. Such naturalists as we may hope to 
rear must be raised apart from, and indeed in spite of, the 


~ schools. 


July 1899. 1899. 


222 Foster: Integration tn Science. 


Learning, of one kind and another, from the times of old, 
has been encouraged and supported by societies instituted for 
that purpose, and general biologic learning, the studies which 
keep in view the fundamental unity of the knowledge of living 


things, may be greatly aided by such societies, and that in very — 


different ways. 

n the one hand, such an encouragement of general in- 
tegrating biologic studies, as indeed of like studies in other fields 
of science, is, I venture to think, one and not the least important 
of the functions of the Royal Society of London. At its origin 
it was the only scientific society in England, and as we have 
seen took all the sciences in charge. Since that time, and 
especially in these latter days, societies have been formed in 
respect to most of the several sciences for the purpose of doing 
for each what the Royal Society desired to do for all. In great 
measure these children have taken up the work of their mother, 
and relieved her hands. But none of them is in a position to do 
what she alone can fitly do, none can bring to bear upon a general 
question, involving more than one science or more than one 
branch of a science, the energies of minds trained in wholly or 
greatly differing studies. The Royal Society possesses an in- 
tegrating power absent from other special societies, and, wield- 
ing this power aright, may greatly aid the consummation of 
that unity of biologic studies which we so much desire. 

n the other hand, societies such as the one to which I now 
have the honour of speaking, have a no less important function. 
Your society, if I judge its aims and work aright, is also an in- 
tegrating machine of no small power. By your very circumstances 
you are precluded from devoting yourselves to any narrow end, 
from making yourselves the slaves of any school. You are not 
‘cabinned and cribbed’ in any building, you are not trammelled by 
any traditions, you are not confined to any special line of study. 
The field is your laboratory, Nature herself is your teacher, and 
you can roam at your will over all the pastures of biology, 
without the let and hindrance of prescribed study and academic 


ordinance. You are the complement of the University and of | 


the Special Society, and it is your privilege, and in the interests 
of science your duty, to nurse and cherish that which they, 
willingly or unwillingly, neglect. It is for you to see that the 
naturalist of old does not die out; and indeed, as elsewhere, 
learning goes on its way differentiating and narrowing more and 
more, your work is more and more called for. It is for you, and 


such as you, to gather and preserve the bits of knowledge which ee 
Naturalist, ; Se 


> 


Fate t 


Haworth-Booth: Autumnal Immigration of Goldcrest. 223 


help to bind together diverging inquiries carried on in other 
places, it is for you to keep free from the rust of disuse the 
simpler way of asking questions of Nature, without the com- 
plicated machinery which others use; the simpler way, which 
often brings answers of no little moment in their right place; 

the simpler way, which others may be apt to overlook. 

One little bit of advice, perhaps, I may be so bold as to offer 
you ; if it is needless you will forgive me. Your main work is 
to preserve and keep intact from the destructive influences which 
are withering him, the good old naturalist of old, and so to serve 
as an integrator of biologic studies. To carry on this work 
efficiently, you must, so far as you can, keep yourselves in touch 

with the modern developments of our science. Should your 
ranks be joined by an academic neophyte, trained exclusively in 
the newest morphologic school, accustomed to view an animal 
form only through the long vista of a lengthy ribbon of gorgeously 
‘stained microtome-cut sections of exquisite thinness, and should 
you find that in the field, with only homely objects of observa- 
tion before him, he is, literally speaking, ‘all abroad,’ do not 
thereby be tempted to look down on his attainments and his 
methods. Seek rather to bring his results into line with those 
of your simpler ways. So far as you can, work the one in the 
other. And in like manner with the gains and the manners of 
other schools of inquiry. Strive so far as you can, to fit the 
results of these various methods into those of your own more 
straightforward ways. Doing so, you will enlarge the. power 
of the naturalist without spoiling his character, and will increase 
manifold your office of integration. 

Such advice, however, I feel sure is needless. One sure token 
of this is that you have entrusted to me, an academic person, 
a man moving in a narrow groove, with no claim whatever to 
the grand old name of naturalist, the honourable duty of 
addressing you on this occasion as your President. 


> 
ovina sieiodomians 


Autumnal Immigration of the Goldcrest observed in 
Holderness.—The Golden-crested Wren (Rerun requis) the smallest 


of British, and indeed pean, bi appea e 
making its departure to and arrival from No sn cae in central 
Holderness ast October, on their return migratio ds were seen 
in the hedgerows and bushes near the cliff at props — Mappleton 
near Hornsea. In the latter part of April this year a great departure in 

siuilne hen nu was made fro m Aldborough, a few miles further south, 


—- 1899. 


S 


wth 


NOTES—BOTANY. 


Ray’s and Nicolson’s och Cumberland preg ptaaete amo 
readable notice of eee: s Petiver and his Collections,’ in t ohne 
sts coy 1899, p. 12 and seq., Me ‘G. ti — tells us shat “the tine 1695 

endl Fetiver’ s first appearance as an author, as in that year was issued 

Gibs son f Camde ns torwhich Bativer contetuibad the list of Middlesex 

plants. “Says Mr. Apperson :—‘ Ray contributed these lists in every case 
a 


botany, but as a sam sou abpanas iF ore ar of a north country 


ple 

matter.—S. L. PETTY, Livesaions el April 
Parable of the Mustard -—I have ee a reprint from the 
‘Thirsk and District News’ (no date) of a lecture by Mr. William Foggitt, 
f Thi Jog a ry of the Bi Wit i 
matters our journal o business, but some portions Yorkshire 
botanists may be ‘terested: Speaking of ae paces af. the mustard seed, 
he says that in his young days he had never seen the plant more than two 


or two and a half feet high, but a few years ago, in 1 oke’s, 
one mile south of Thirsk, he saw a number of plants, with stout stems and 
strong, spreading branches, which he recorded as four and a fer feet high, 

and two years hegre, tly he saw some taller still, in any o 
called ‘fowls heaven’ could have lodged. It must have hee a good 
“saree judging from the range of topics and the known ability of the 
. ie sie is a far cry to’—we _ ron Sigaedrrrprs! man to the Unicorn, 
cepa s milk’ on the way, f -are told that ornithagalum bears 

Rae ianecaretation —S. L. Petty, Ulverston, ye pril 1899. 
Blea nar: Watendlath Tarns in Baker’s ‘Flora of the Lake 
District.’ e April number of ‘The Naturalist’ Mr. Waterfall re 

‘Flo 


attention ap some unc ertaitity in the naming of these tarns in the 
as the sniewend of certain ts. 

Mr. Bak aks of ‘Blea Tarn’ (p. 24), ‘Blea Tarn, 500 yds.’ (p. 142), 
‘Little Langdate e Blea Tarn’ (pp. 173 and 215), ‘Blea Ta ne Watendlath’ 
(pp. 197 and 247), ‘ Upper ‘Watend- 

4 « 


ntry: 0 
(612 ft.), another in Eskdale above Boot (700 ft.), and a third at the head of | 
the Watendlath Valley sais ft.). There is also Blea Water (1,584 ft.) in 
High S ds.,’ 


Mardale under Hig’ reet. Sipe is likely to be the ‘ Blea Tarn, 500 yds., 
because the Watendlath "Blea rn is distinguished elsewhere by name, but 


ittorella. 
There is only one Watendlath Tarn (847 ft.): this is prow Baker's 
‘Lower Watendlath Tarn.’ By the ‘Upper Tarn’ I feel sure that Dock 
r 


Tarn (1, t.) is meant. This is usually reached from Water lath Tarn 
and hamlet, to which place, although draining into another vane it lies 
ch nearer than does Watendlath’s own mother tar i 

especially mentions (p. 24) that the White Waterlily is very fine the — 
‘Upper Watendlath Tarn,’ and I have never seen this noble plant in ein reater 
perfection than in Ww it o ies a great part of the centre 
of the water, i beautiful crescent-shaped ga It h 
g y isit it in July, when it is is 


a long journey to July, fale) Dock Tarn 

unusually sheltered in its high position, lying deep Borctignet eric eaolls: 

Watendlath Blea Tarn (which can be the only other competitor Sie the 
ar 


name ‘ r ) es, on the other hand, bleak and bare r- 
lily certainly does not flourish there, for few plants 

waters, although under their shallower margins Subularia and Jsoetes lacustris 
take re uge i in great abundance, and probably al SO J obe z 


Littorella, 
ania t Leeds, 7th. April 1899. 


i 


WATER-PLANTS AS AS LAND-WINNERS. 


ALBERT HENRY PAWSON, F.L.S., 
Farnley, Leeds. 


THE struggle for life which seems to be the ruling power of the 
animal and vegetable world, to which our biologists refer all 
the modifications and varieties of the objects of their study, is 
not confined to organic things alone. The solid crust of the 
earth is engaged in like warfare; land and water are in per- 
petual conflict. This is a true war of the Titans: it is like 
a battle among the gods. All the four elements are drawn into 
the struggle. Fire takes the side of the Land, and Air joins 
itself to Water ; but these last are in their nature fickle and 
uncertain, and they do not always prove themselves trustworthy 
allies. The sea wastes the shores and crumbles the cliffs on one 
coast, at another point he is driven back by shoals and sand- 
banks. Rains and frost and wind wear down the mountains, 
but the routed battalions rally again on the lower ground, filling 
up lakes and forming deltas. In one place the land sinks, in 
another it is thrown up. So the war rages unceasingly with 
varying fortunes, 

Neither are the citizens of the animal and vegetable kingdom 
altogether neutral in this strife. It is the land which really 
nourishes all of them, and they have thrown in their lot with it, 
and in building up coral islands and in filling up swamps and 
fens they greatly further the cause which they have espoused. 
The old proverb, ‘It is an ill wind that blows nobody any good,’ 
will serve us in this case also. In the erosion and redistribution 
of the land which is continually taking place it must be allowed 
that the balance of advantage lies with man. If we lose some- 
thing on one shore line we gain it on another, and in the rich 
deltas about the mouths of our rivers and in our fertile valleys 
and deep alluvial plains we find our chief wealth. It is certainly 
to our profit that the hard rocks are ground up into cornfields, 
that the soil is removed from bleak heights where it will not 

reward the tillage and that it is spread out in the warmth of 
a lower level, that the whole country is being flattened, however 
gradually, for the plough. 


It is to the part which plants play in increasing the land 
surface that I wish to refer—plants which grow everywhere in_ 


- Our own country and which come under our own observation, 
as Reeds, Sedges, ee and floating water-plants. There are 
ts August 1899. oe P 


% 


226 Pawson: Water-Plants as\ Land-Winners. 


several ways in which these plants tend to diminish the water- 
space and to increase the dry land. By their own decay they 
form vast masses of vegetable soil in shallow waters and on 
water margins ; by occupying running streams they moderate 


the flow of the current and give it time to deposit its silt; by 


their creeping rhizomes and spreading roots they fix the bed of 
a stream and prevent it from being scoured and deepened by 
floods, and again in times of flood they serve as a sieve or 
strainer, arresting all floating and much suspended solid matter. 

In England we have not to do with mangrove swamps and 


the jungle shrubs of tropical deltas, and yet even on the sea-_ 


shore there are plants which are helping the land to fight the 
waves. Many small herbs flourish on the brackish mud-flats 
where the shore is gaining on the sea, and by fixing the soil 
with their roots and by retaining the mud which every high tide 
throws over them they aid in securing the conquest. These are 
chiefly Chenopodiacee, with some Grasses and Rushes, and their 
work may be well seen on the northern shores of Morecambe 

ay. Where the wind blows the sea-sand into hillocks and dunes 
it is the Marram-grass which renders them firm and stationary, so 


that in many places a penalty is enforced on those who disturb it. 


But it is our freshwater plants that we must chiefly consider, 
and these are nearly all herbs and for the most part Grasses and 
Sedges and their allies. margin of the water seems to 


nourish vegetation better than the land; it is noteworthy that — 


the various species which choose shallow water or the edge of 
the water for their home are nearly all the most robust of their 
family. The common Reed is by far the largest of our grasses, 
taking bulk as well as height into consideration, and next to 
it, and at a long interval from those ofthe land, come other 


water-grasses, as Digraphts and Glyceria aquatica. The same 


rule holds good of the Sedges and other Cyferace@. The Club- 
rushes and Bulrushes are large plants, so are the Water-flag and 


the Bur-reeds ; the Hairy Willowherb, the Loosestrifes (purple 


and yellow), the Hemp Agrimony, the Flowering Rush, the 


Great Spearwort and the Arrow-Head, the Fen Ragworts (now, 


alas, all but extinct !), and the Marsh Umbellifers, Crcuéa, 
Stum, Genanthe, and Peucedanum are among the stoutest of 
our native herbs. 

t no doubt, the necessity of preserving shondetees 
from Hanis overwhelmed that has made these water-plants So 


vigorous, but the consequence is that their annual rise and _ 
_ decay soon accumulates an enormous amount of vegetable ‘ 


Naturalist, 


i 


ae oe 


Pawson: Water-Plants as Land-Winners. 227 


matter amongst which they flourish yet more luxuriantly, until 
at length the water is altogether excluded. 

The Norfolk Broads are a network of fens-and shallow meres 
formed along the lower course of several sluggish streams which 
drain an almost level country. They were formerly much deeper 
and more extensive than at present, and the city of Norwich— 
which is now almost in the middle of the county, twenty miles 
from the coast—was a sea-port in the time of the Plantagenets. 
Slowly but surely the marsh-plants are turning these fens into 
dry land. Some of them, although waist-deep, are almost 
grown up by the common Reed; only a narrow water-way 
shows the course of the stream, and the rest of the mere is a 
forest of this, gigantic grass, which rises from the water on 
either side like a wall. In other broads, as Hickling, the smaller 
Bulrush takes the place of the Reed, and entirely overgrows the 
shallow water. Inthe opener and deeper places the S/rafio/es, all 
submerged except its flowering spike, makes a thick subaqueous 
tangle, preparing a place for the Reeds and Rushes, as they in 
their turn will make ready for the plants of more solid ground. 

Where a river enters a lake there is usually a wide stretch of 
Sedge and Flag, which forms a natural filter-bed. This is well 
seen in several of the Westmorland and Cumberland lakes, and 
notably at the head of Derwentwater. Here the stream, which 
in ordinary times flows in a well-cut channel, spreads, when 
in flood, its thick and turbid waters over a square mile of Rushes 
and Reeds before reaching the lake, and leaves behind it a thick 
deposit of mud and wreckage. Thus little by little the marshy 
delta advances and the meadows and pastures steal after it. 
If it were not for these filtering tracts of rank vegetation the 
swollen river would carry its solid freight far into the aoe water 
and the process of lake filling up would be much slower 

The form of these water-plants is nicely adapte oe to this 
purpose. Firmly anchored by their tough, matted or creeping, 
roots in the soft ooze of the bottom, they rear aloft tall, 
upright, slender stems ranged in endless succession like 
a fine screen. They bow to the current but they do not break; 
they take their toll of the water and yield it free passage. 
Their leaves are all narrow and pointing upwards, so as 
t r no unnecessary obstacle. In quieter water floating 
and submerged plants, generally with mesh-like foliage (as 
Myriophyllum, oo Hippuris, Hottonta, Utricularia, 

nacharis, the water Ranunculi, Callitriche, Chara, Nitella, 
and others), are nee busy strainers and mud-gatherers, and 


August 1899: 


4 


228 Pawson: Water-Plants as Land-Winners. 


some of them, as the Pondweeds, are often unpleasant to handle 
on this account. There are water Mosses, too, which show like 
é lumps of solid earth coated with black or green velvet, so much 
soil have these tiny plants contrived to amass. 

Not many things in Nature are more beautiful than these fen 
plants as we may see them in the summer time in the marshes of 
our eastern counties or elsewhere. They court the full sunshine 


the Great Spearwort displays its cups of polished gold, and the 
Sweet Flag unfolds its scented leaves; secure the white Water- 
Lily, though a treasure which a king might covet, floats on the 
still water. The common Reed, and the two 7yphe and Scirpus 
lacustris (which share among them the name of Bulrush) venture 
furthest into the water. With nodding plumes and banners flying, . 
brandishing their tall clubs and maces, they stand waist-deep and. 
yield no ground, well stayed by their branching root stocks which 
are fully as thick as their sturdy stems. In the open spaces 
_ between them, trusting in their shelter, many floating plants lie 
at anchor, some of them half submerged and unsuspected during 
- a great part of the year, the Water Lilies, yellow and white, the 
a prickly Water Soldier, the delicate Frogbit, and the lovely 
wis Water Violet; here, too, the hitherto unnoticed Uéricularia, 
suddenly rivalling a tropical orchis, displays its splendid spike 
of bloom, and claims our homage for evermore. As the water 
grows shallower the scene is even more gay, for the purple 
Loosestrife is abundant, though the yellow one is less common, 
and here the fern-like foliage of the Marsh Umbellifers, Water 
Hemlock, and Hogs’ Fennel grows about gay clumps of lilac 
Hemp Agrimony, and Yellow Iris, and rosy Flowering Rush. 
Water Plantains, Marsh Speedwells, and Stitchwort, and floating 
_ grasses bring us to the Mints and the smaller Rushes, and the 
dry land. Inch by inch as the result of this accumulation and 
decay, the land creeps in upon the mere ;-more and more solid 
grows the edge; the aqueous plants retreat from the too shallow 
margin, the terrestrial plants advance, finding firmer footing; the 
_ Sedges and Reeds crowd on their floating neighbours which need 
: space, and cannot endure their shade; these, too, press forward 
and the open water grows less and less; it is invested on every 
side, and it is plain that its complete soir is now only a — 
‘matter of time. 


a 


“Naturalist, i 


PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 
TO THE LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION: 
DELIVERED AT LINCOLN, 24TH NOVEMBER 1898. 


: Rev. WILLIAM FOWLER, M.A., 
Vicar of Liversedge, Yorkshire; President of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, 1508. 


Ir I take Lincolnshire Botany as my subject for to-day, it is not 
that I either undervalue or am uninterested in other branches of 
natural history.. In a union such as ours, some are specially 
interested in the geology, others in the zoology, others again in 
the botany of-our county ; and it is well that it is so, for (even 
if we could give up all our time to the study.of nature) so vast 
is the subject that we should be utterly unable to master it. 
Most of us, however, if not all, have daily work to do in con- 
nection with our profession, or trade, as the case may be, and 
it is only as a relaxation that we can either study natural history 
at our homes or collect objects for study on those excursions 
into the country, which are so health-giving, so instructive, and 
so enjoyable. There are very few who can devote more than 
a small portion of time to any one branch of natural history, to 
say nothing of other branches. Still, it is not always those who 
have the most leisure who do the greatest amount of work. 
Perhaps the very opposite is nearer the truth. In my experience 
excellent work has been done by many before or after business 
hours. Without any neglect of the duties pertaining to their 
daily occupation, they have found interest and pleasure in 
natural history studies, and have, in addition, greatly increased 

cnowledge, both in their own department and in 
It is one of the great advantages of a union 
such as ours that, whatever branch it be to which we give our 
chief attention, we can receive help from, and give help to, 
those whose special interest is in other branches. If the 
geologists disinter from the rocks remains of vegetable and 
animal life, botanists and zoologists are helpful to them in 
_ deciding to what class, or order, or genus those remains belong. 
If the botanists find that certain plants will only grow on 

i ists are of assistance to them in 


plants, the botanists can be of service to them in pointing out 
to them those plants, or informing them where they may be 


August 1899. 


% 


230 Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 


found; while, on the other hand, if the botanist meets with 


a plant infested by galls, or denuded of its leaves, he can learn 
from the entomologist what the insects or larva are which have 


been the cause. We are field-naturalists, but we are a unzon of 


field-naturalists, ready to receive or give help as occasion may 
arise ; chiefly interested, no doubt, in our favourite study, but 
not so absorbed in it as to work only for ourselves and to be 
indifferent with regard to all knowledge which is not directly 
~ peta with geology, botany, or zoology as the case may be. 

e collectors of natural history objects, but we are not 
isisctics only. e times at which, the circumstances under 
which, the places in which, they occur are noted by us, and 
their mutual relations are studied by us. We collect, not in 
order to be able to say we have a larger number of specimens 
than others, but in order to draw conclusions as to the distribu- 
tion of animal and vegetable life, in time and space, or to enable 
others to draw them. Hewett Cottrell Watson was a collector 
of plants, and the head of a band of collectors, but those who 
are acquainted with his works know what valuable service he 
rendered by his topographical division of Britain, by his demar- 
cation of climatic zones, by his grouping of species under six 
types of distribution. It is only when collection of specimens 
is regarded as an end, and not as a means to an end, that it can 
be said to be of little value. It was once said to me, ‘any fool 
can collect,’ but my reply was, ‘Yes, but it is not any fool who 
can see the significance of what is collected.’ 

Now our work, I take it, as Lincolnshire field naturalists is, 
to find and record what our county contains in the first instance, 
and from the results and comparison with those obtained in 
other counties, to draw what conclusions we can in the second. 

Ba 


Secretary has not only made several additions to it himself, but 
has stirred up many others to search for and send to him 
records and specimens, which have taught us much as to their 
distribution and as to the soils on which they grow, and which 


a flora of Lincolnshire is written, his systematic and exhaustive 
Legros of ee will pomsmensits Laval the labour of f the 
"Naturalist, s 


% 


Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 2 231 


author, whoever. he may be. Not many years ago compara- 
tively little was known of Lincolnshire botany, but that is not 
the case now; at any rate with regard to flowering plants. 
Now and then a species new to the county may be discovered, 
but it is becoming more difficult every year to make any 
addition. The woods, the limestone quarries, the sandy 
warrens, the peat bogs, the drains, the gravelly and clay soils, 
and the sea-shore have been so well investigated that we know, 
practically, the species proper to each; so that, knowing the 
habitat, we can predict what is the nature of the soil, or con- 

versely, knowing the nature of the soil, we can predict, to 
a great extent, what plants will be found on it. In Lincolnshire 
climate and altitude have little or nothing to do with distribu- 
tion, so far as I can see. North or south, on hills or on plains, 
certain plants occur, if the soils suitable occur; if not, they are 
absent. It is a well-established fact that some plants require 
more lime, others more silica, others more salt, others more 
decaying vegetable matter, others more water than the average 
plant, and will not flourish unless they get it. Let me give you 
a single illustration. A friend of mine in Yorkshire has the 
wild Clematis (a southern species) growing in his garden. 
A few years ago he told me that, though it was to all appearance 
healthy, it never flowered. Knowing it to be a lime-loving 
plant (though in this instance growing on clay), I suggested 
that lime should be artificially supplied in the autumn, This 
was done, with the result that it flowered freely ; but now, when 
the lime is exhausted, the Clematis has ceased to flower. Surely 
this is a proof that it was not northern air which prevented it 
from flowering, but the absence of food convenient for it. 

Many similar instances might be adduced. In the same 
garden (and therefore in the same climate and the same alti- 
tude), highland and lowland, northern and southern plants are 
seen to flourish, if soil suitable to each be supplied. In a limited | 
area, like that of Lincolnshire, the distribution of plants depends 
mainly, at all events, on the nature of the soil. A farmer once 


told me that, on removing from a limestone to a sandy neigh- 


bourhood, he had quite a different set of weeds to contend with, 
and the same would no doubt be the case were he to take 
a farm on clay or warp land, though in the same county. From > 
this point of view even common plants are not without interest, 
showing, as they do, that they flourish best in soil congenial to ~ 
them, and are much more dependent on it, than on climate or — 


height above sea-level. 


August 1899, 


232 fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 


But I must now hasten to give some idea of the richness 
of our flora. Through drainage and cultivation we have, I ait 
fear, altogether lost Drosera anglica, Cicuta vtrosa, Peucedanum : 
palustre, Senecto paludosus, S. palustris, Statice reticulata, Carex 
filtiformis, and Lycopodium alpinum, and are on the way to losing — a 

other rarities, such as Lathyrus palustris, Selinum Carvifolia, 

Senecio campestris, Andromeda polifolia, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, 

Melampyrum cristatum, Tris fetidissima, Maianthemum Conval- 

larta, Acorus Calamus, Lastrea Thelypteris, Osmunda regalis,— 
e 


Ae 


these works must needs go on, we shall have to reconcile our- 
selves to the loss of some of our rarest plants from time to time. ss 
But, though some plants which once occurred in the county are ~ 
extinct, and some others seem not unlikely to become so, we 
can yet produce a list of species, which, though by no means 
common, are likely to continue with us and those who ceme 
after us. It would be tedious (at least to those who are not 
botanists) to enumerate all species occurring in the county, 
many of which are universally distributed. I shall therefore ; 
content myself with giving a list of those which, having only — 
a limited distribution in Britain, are of special interest. Ta ing 
into consideration the fact that, as a rule, none but lowland i 
species can. be expected to occur in Lincolnshire, we have, 
I think, a fair share of uncommon plants, in addition to the very 
rare ones already mentioned. No flora can well be considered 
an uninteresting one, which contains such species as the follow- 
ing, to say nothing of many others, which (owing to their wide, 
if not universal, distribution in Britain) I shall not include. 


Thalictrum dunense. Stella nemorum. 
hz 


yper 
rosurus minimus. aiken oii aR 


inum peren 
Geranium rotunelfotiven, 
nant 


nocti 
Stell aria aquatica. 


ys 


Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 233 | : 


athyrus Nissolia. 
} Potentilla argentea. 
rosera intermedia 
Myriophyllum os ventilated 
Callitriche obtusangula. 
ilobium m 


_ Salictornia 5 eae 
Polygonu 

Rumex was tank. 
Rumex limosus. 


Hydrocharis Morsus-ranz. A 


Ophrys api ; 
Ophrys muscifera. 
spara officinalis. 


pars: _ eccrstay minimum. 


Lemna ee 

nia POyTe 
Sagittaria eek: é aa 
Bu umbellatus. ‘ 
Potamogeton coloratus. : 
Potamogeton nitens. Nee 


Potamogeton acutifolius. 
Potamogeton obtusifolius. ‘ 
Potamogeton Friesii. 

gach ren Loghohe ae 


— 


ira 
Zanichellia pedune ulata. 


Cladium Ginacbiok 
Carex divisa. 
Carex divulsa. 
Carex elongata. 
Carex Hudsonil. 
Carex distans. 
Carex extensa 


Spa stricta 
Alopecurus bulbosus. 
pity he lanceolata. 
ra Spica-venti. 
bok discolor. 
Festuca Rottb ‘ellicides.” 
stuca Myu 


234 Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 


Very few of these occur in more than half of the 112 counties 


stations will be found, perhaps, for species already recorded, 
ut the day for recording species new to the county has well 
nigh gone by. 

It must not, however, be concluded that there is nothing left 
for botanists to do. e non-flowering plants are full of 
interest, and though more difficult of determination than flower- 
ing plants, may be made out, by the exercise of patience, 
perseverance, and care. The Mosses and Hepatics, the Lichens, 
the Fungi, and the Algz of Lincolnshire have been only partially 
recorded, and there is plenty of scope for useful work, if only 
those willing to give attention to them can be found. The 
flowering plants (on account of the size and beauty of many of 
them) are no doubt attractive objects for study, but the lowlier 
ones have their advantages. Many of them can be found at 
seasons of the year when flowering plants are few and far 
between, and have a beauty of their own when examined by the 
help of the microscope. They are, moreover, full of instruction 
for those botanists who are interested in the physiology and . 
development of plant life, since the larger and most highly 
organised forms can only rightly be understood, when a know- 
ledge has been gained of the smaller and lower forms. We | 
have a few members in our union who have shown an interest in 
cryptogams, and I feel sure there would be more, if some were’ 
not frightened by imaginary difficulties. Minute organisms— 


can, if equally patient and persevering. I hope we shall soon 
have more students of what are sometimes called ‘ the neglected 
orders.’ I can assure any such that they will be rewarded by 
the sight of many beautiful and curious objects, and by a con- 
sequently fuller knowledge of plant life. They will also have 
the satisfaction of feeling that, instead of recording what has 
been already recorded again and again, they are adding fresh 
records, and so increasing the knowledge of the botany of the 
county. To such intending students I would recommend ‘The 
Collector’s Handy-book of Algw, Desmids, Fungi, Lichens, — oe 
Mosses, etc.,’ by Nave, translated and edited by the Rev. W. W- 
Spicer, M. tae which gives instructions as to where these lower 


Se anaes wee 


! "Naturalist, 


Fowler: Presidential Address to Lines. Naturalists’ Union. 235 


plants may be found, and as to how they can best be obtained 
and preserved. It is published by Gibbings & Co., and though 
quite a small book, contains much interesting and valuable 
information. Every plant, whether flowering or non-flowering, 
is full of interest, when not only looked at, but examined. It is 
sometimes said of us botanists that the beauty of plants is lost 
upon us, and that our only pleasure seems ‘to consist.in pulling 
them to pieces. For myself, and I think for many others, I beg 
to decline accepting this view, and hold that our admiration is 
greatly increased, rather than diminished, by our knowledge of 
their structure, of their nourishment, of their habitats, and 
of the marvellous means taken for ensuring their reproduction. 

I have yet to meet with the botanist who is insensible to the 
beauty of the Pasque-flower, the Meadow Geranium, the Drop- 
wort, and the Bee Orchis in our pastures ; of the Marigold, the 
Blue Bottle, the Greater Yellow Rattle, and the Larger Hemp- 
nettle in our cultivated fields; of the Marsh Gentian, Grass of 
Parnassus, Bog Pimpernel, Buck-bean, Asphodel, and Andro- 
meda on our boggy heaths; of the Wood and Tufted Vetch, the 
Rose, the Broad-leaved Campanula, the Yellow Loosestrife, and 
the White Convolvulus in our woods and hedges; of the White 
Water Lily, the Purple Loosestrife, the Yellow Iris, the Arrow- 
head, and the Flowering Rush in our drains and pools 5 of the 
Viper’s Bugloss, Broom, Gorse, and Rest-harrow in our waste 
places. These, and many other smaller plants which I have not 
time to mention, are beautiful to behold, but the unscientific 
have not a monopoly of their beauty, as they sometimes seem to 
think. We, who study them, see all that they see, but much 
more in addition; and the more we know of them the greater is 
our admiration of them, and our reverence for their Maker. 
An interesting subject for’ those botanists who are favourably 
situated is that of the extension of maritime plants inland, by 
way of tidal rivers. Most of them seem unable to exist far 
beyond the Humber mouth, but a few of them not only live but 
seem at home on the Trent banks for a considerable distance, 
Scirpus maritimus, Rumex maritimus, Aster Tripolium, Juncus 
Gerardi, and Glaux marttima to wit. The seeds of many others 
must often be carried up by the Humber, but not developed, 

probably because they require more salt than the plants above- 
d if any members finding maritime 


d 
may be added to those I already have. With a better collection 


- of data and comparison with those from other counties into 


ao oe 


236 Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 


which tidal rivers run, we may be able at some future time to — 
draw some interesting conclusions. 
In conclusion, may I be allowed to urge upon all collectors 

of natural history objects the necessity of making notes in 
writing as to the time and place of collection? It is possible to 
forget these particulars in a few years; or the specimens may 
pass into other hands, and without such notes become almost 
valueless. I myself know of collections of fossils, of insects, of — 
plants, which, in consequence of not being labelled, are all but — : 
worthless. If we have no information as to where and when | 
a specimen is gathered, its chief interest for us is gone. I hope ~ 
yet to see a County Museum, in which natural history objects _ : 
may be safely stored and arranged, and so made useful to the 

‘many instead of to the few. I am convinced that, if such 
a museum were provided, interesting objects in every branch of 
natural history would be forthcoming, which at present are held 
back, and without it may eventually pass out of the county in 


; 
Tonia pe eee notes are of the utmost value, ‘litera scripta 
t.’ In bringing my presidential year to an end, allow me ~ ie 

to thank my fellow-members of the Union, for their readiness to . eo 
give me information and to send me specimens, as also for their _ 
kind hospitality, without which it would have been difficult for — 
me to attend all the meetings during the year. Though my 
lot is cast in another county, I was born in Lincolnshire, and, = 
botanised in it between forty and fifty years ago. Since then, 
have generally spent my holiday in it, and always been 


knowledge of its natural history. So I hope I shall continue to 
be. And if, in consequence of parochial and other engagements, ~ 
I am unable to attend some of the meetings of the Union, I look _ 
forward to being present with you at others, and to keep alive — 
friendships which I so highly value. With advancing years, — 

dily activity must needs decrease, but this should not be the 
case with the mental and spiritual part of our nature. To know — 
more, and to be more, should be our aim, not thinking we know — 

all because we know something, and not thinking ourselves : 
perfect because we have made some advance. ‘We know — 


‘that which is ieticte is. ene eu that which is in ae 
shall ~~ done ecainide 


cies oe 


‘ 


$n Memoriam. 


HENRY BENDELACK HEWETSON. 
THE death of Mr. H. Bendelack Hewetson, at the comparatively 
early age of forty-nine, has caused a wide-spread feeling of 
regret amongst a large circle of friends and acquaintances, 


Mg CF SO | 


many of whom have benefited by his skill as a surgeon. His 
loss, however, will especially be felt by his scientific friends and 
naturalists, members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and 


ugust 1899. 


Memoriam—Henry Bendelack Hewetson. 


> 


238 


the Leeds Naturalists’ Club, of which latter he was four 
times President. It is not now our purpose to write of his 
distinguished position in the medical world, and his skill as 
a surgeon in all cranial diseases, but rather of his place amongst 
us as a naturalist, for Mr. Hewetson was much more than 

octor; in Natural History and other kindred sciences he was 
an cunt! and when off his regular work every spare hour 
of his life was given to the pursuit of his favourite studies. No 
one ever saw him idle. Whatever at the time was his special 


ur first acquaintance with Mr. Hewetson commenced many 


years since in that corner of Holderness—the Spurn district— 
which he loved, so well, and where subsequently he became 
a regular resident; a pleasant retreat at the end of every week's 
work in Leeds, and in holiday times of the year. 

Mr. Hewetson was a keen archeologist, and in the last 
fifteen years of his life brought together a very interesting 
collection of prehistoric stone implements and pottery, also 
extinct animal remains from tumuli along the coast and search- 
ings in the ancient forest bed, at low water mark. These relics 


of ancient man and beast were as they were got deposited and 
arranged by him in a small museum attached to his house, at. 


Easington, best known to his friends as Mount Pleasant. Alas! 


ow memories crowd in of gatherings of naturalists at that 


hoepitable board, of the MNoctes ‘Ambrostane there, or in the 
parlour of the little village inn, or the home of the two Lotens, 
ather and son. 

‘Mr. Hewetson’s finds in his previous exploration of the 


‘kitchen middens,’ exposed by the action of the sea along the 


coast of Holderness, were placed by him some years since in 
the Museum of the Hull Institution in George Street. Amongst 
many other things he collected some hundreds of coins, ranging 


over a wide period, found on the beach, washed out of those 
fast-vanishing clay cliffs by the united action of frost, rain, and — 
sea. In fact, anything found in the neighbourhood was certain | 
to find its way to ‘the doctor,’ for he had a host of friends and 


neighbours on the outlook who were, in a way, educated by him 
to take interest in these things. 

Hewetson was a man of the quickest perception, and always 
took the greatest possible interest in noting, during the periods 
of migration, the various species of migrants which found 
a temporary resting-place in the district, and he assisted in 
adding edi new birds to the avifaunal list of the county. 


Naturalist | 


Sg ee oa ee Te ee 


Memoritam—Henry Bendelack Hewetson. 239 


His notes, too, sent from time to time, to the writer, on the 
migration of insects, were of great and marvellous interest. 

A cetacean of any sort, a seal, or any rare and curious fish or 
marine object cast up by the sea was certain to receive attention, 
photographed and described ; nothing being overlooked or con- 
sidered valueless or unimportant. No man was more capable 
of inditing the chronicles of a sea-side village. 

During all the useful and busy period of his medical career 
in Leeds he found time for foreign travel, and in the course of 
years made two visits to Egypt, two to Morocco, also to Algiers 
and the Sahara. He had also spent holidays in the south of 
France and Italy, the Canaries and Cape de Verde Islands, and 
shorter visits to Norway, Sweden, and Hol .*. His last 
holiday, of any extent, was made under failing heatth to South 
America. 

In all the places he visited he was unwearied in collecting 
and bringing home objects of interest, amongst these a large 
dollectibn: of bird skins from Northern Africa. Recently he 
presented a valuable collection of Egyptian antiquities to the 
Museum of the Philosophical Society of Leeds; also a fair col- 
lection of orchids from South America to the Hull Park gardens. 

During these travels he also took hundreds of views with 


on 18th October 1896, pictures which were afterwards exhibited 
at Leeds. 
_ Mr. Hewetson was a brilliant lecturer and a telling platform 
eaker ; we were never more struck by this than when listening 
to his excellent remarks after our reading of Mr. Wm. Eagle 
Clarke’s Report on Migration in the theatre of the Victoria 
University at the meeting of the British Association at Liverpool. 
His language was always good, and his ideas clearly and con- 
cisely expressed. 

Mr. Hewetson was a Fellow of the Linnean Society and 
also of the Zoological Society, and more recently a Fellow of 
the Royal Geographical Society and a member of the British 
Ornithologists’ Union, besides several local societies. 

s a personal friend and a regular correspondent of more 
than twenty years, we are in a position to speak highly of his 
abilities and the versatility of his genius. His fault, if any, 


240 Prior: Water Shrew mn Dentdale, Forkshire. 


was in not concentrating on one or two studies instead of © 


taking up so many various matters which by the very nature 
of things could not be worked out in a busy professional life. 
We well recollect, before failing health incapacitated him 


‘from exercise, our last visit to the coast together ; this was 


near the old warehouse on the Humber side. Immense flocks 


of various waders were gyrating, wildly over the muds, from 
every side came the cries of birds, the shrill A/ee-e-eep of Grey — 
Plover, douey-louey of the Godwits, the more distant Aleep-kleep — 


of Oystercatchers along the tide edge, shrieks of the angry 
Curlew. On the land side of the protective embankment Lap- 
‘wings were all on the wing, careering and tumbling in an 
agitated fashion. What did it all mean this mighty disturbance 
of the bird population along leagues of shore? It was 
Hewetson who was quick to divine the cause. Pointing aloft 
he drew our attention to three magnificent Peregrines, barely 
out of gunshot, passing down the coast, their presence sufficient 
to disturb the various fowl and throw them into ecstacies of 
alarm. pee 
Mr. Hewetson will be a much missed man in the Easington 
and Spurn districts, and memories of the ‘good doctor’ will 
linger amongst the fisher-folk and farmers when all present | 
voices have become silent. _ His cheery manner and pleasant 
smile have comforted and buoyed-up many an old village worthy 
in his passage down the valley of shadow Always anxious 
and willing to do a kind action to those he liked and who loved 
and respected him in turn. 

An arm of aid to the 

A friendly hand to re Trends, 


u o ‘ee 
The world is wide—these things are aural, 
They may be nothing, but ae are All. 


: ; 


NOTE—MA MMALIA, | 


er Shrew in Dentdale, Yorkshire.—I forward you one of the = 


Wat 
mice Shh are in this valley, which I do not recollect seeing elsewhere. 
found along the is or brooks, a 


Deeside, Beak: Sedber rgh, R S. 3., ged. May 
[The example sént was the Water EBore Crossopus eer Ns D. R: 
Naturalist. 


LIST OF DERBYSHIRE MOSSES. 


Rev. W. H. PAINTER, 
Stirchley Rectory, near Shifnal, Corresponding Member of the Birmingham Natural 
History and Philosophical Society, and of the Birmingham Microscopists’ 


and Naturalists’ Union. 


The only published list of South Derbyshire Mosses known 
is that which is included in ‘The Flora and Fauna of Repton,’ 
the joint work of the late Mr. W. Garneys, surgeon, of Repton, 
and of the late Mr. J. Hagger, F.L.S., one of the masters 
in Repton School, 


MUS CE. 
Section I.—ACROCARPI. 
SPHAGNACE#. 
1. Sphagnum acutifolium Ehrh. 
I. Frequent on Kinder Scout, Charlesworth Coombs, 
and near Buxton, Whrtehead. 
III. Repton Rocks, Repton F. & F. 
Var. deflexum Schpr. 
I. Kinder Scout, Holt in Whitehead’s Derbyshire List. 
Var. lzetevirens Braith. 
I. Kinder Scout, Holt in Whitehead. 
Var. patulum Schpr. 
I. Kinder Scout, Hol¢ in Whitehead. 


bag 


Sphagnum fimbriatum Wils. 
I. Kinder Scout, Whitehead. 
3: Sphagnum strictum Lindb. 
I. Kinder Scout, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. 
4. Sphagnum squarrosum Pers. 
I. Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout, Whitehead, 
III. Repton Rocks, Hagger ; Breadsall Moor, Brickfield, 
in fruit! 
5- Sphagnum intermedium Hofim. 
I. Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout, Wahztehead. 
; Q 


August 1899. 


‘ gai 


ye 


242 


m 


“TI 


% 


‘© 


° 


i 


Painter: List of Derbyshtre Mosses. 


Sphagnum cuspidatum Ebrh. 
I. Kinder Scout; Axe Edge, Whitehead. 
III. Repton Rocks, Repfon, F. 


. Sphagnum rigidum Schpr. 


Var. compactum Brid. 
I. Kinder Scout, Whztehead. 
Var. squarrulosum Russ. 
I. Kinder Scout, Holz in Whitehead. 
Sphagnum subsecundum Nees. 
I. Kinder Scout; Charlesworth, WaAztehead. 
Var. contortum Schultz. 
I. Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout, near Wood- 
head, Whitehead. 
Var. auriculatum Schpr. 
I. Kinder Scout, Whzvehead. 
Sphagnum papillosum Lindb. 
I. Kinder Scout, Hod¢ in Whitehead. 
pai ist cymbifolium Dill. 
I. Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout, Whitehead. 
III. Repton Rocks, Hagger. 
Var. squarrulosum Nees. 
I. Near Buxton, Zey, 1869; Kinder Scout, Molt in- 
Whitehead. ; 


ANDREAZEACEE. 


. Andreza petrophila Ehrh. 


I. Charlesworth Coombs ; Kinder Scout ; Edale, Whzte- 
ead. 


. Andrezwa crassinervia Bruch. 


I. Kinder Scout, West; near Woodhead, Whitehead. 
WEISSIACE. 
Gymnostomum rupestre Schwg. 

I. (Wetssta rupestris Schwg. Deep Dale, Buxton, Zey, 
1886). Fernilee and Miller’s Dale, Barker in 
Whitehead. 

Var. ramosissimum Br.&Sch. 

I. Castleton, Rogers, 1881; Miller’s Dale, 1882, Holt i in 

Whitehe ad. 


“Naturalist, 


Lal 
ot 


i 
_ 


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to 


i) 
> 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 243 


Gymnostomum calcareum Nees et Hornsch. (In ex- 
cluded species, Lond. Cat.). Mollia calcarea (Nees et 
Hornsch,) Lindb., Brazthwatte, Moss Flora. 

I. On toadstone at Dale End, near Buxton; Monk’s 
Dale, near Worm Hill, 1886; Miller’s Dale, 1887, 
Ley; Chee Dale, Holmes, 1874; Monsal Dale, 
Raven’s Dale, and Ashwood Dale, 1883, Ho/¢ in 
Whitehead 


. Gymnostomum curvirostrum Ehrh. 


I. Wet rocks, Castleton, Ho/t in Whitehead. 


. Gymnostomum commutatum Mitt. 


I. Raven’s Dale, Holt, 1883, in Whitehead. 
Gymnostomum microstomum Hedw. 

I. (Wetssta microstoma Weiss. Buxton, 1869, Ley). 
Castleton; Monsal Dale; Miller’s Dale and Lath- 
kill Dale, Whitehead. 

Gymnostomum squarrosum N.& H. 
I. Banks at Mellor, 1868, Scholefield in Whitehead. 
Gymnostomum tortile Schwe. 
I. (Werssia tortilis Schwg. Miller’s Dale, Weld, Ley). 
athkill Dale, 1838, Wezlson; Ashwood Dale, 
Whitehead. 
Weissia viridula Brid. 

I. Banks at Edale; Whaley Bridge; Mellor and Cress- 
brook Dale, Whitehead. 

III. Milton and Foremark, Hagger; Mickleover. and 
Radbourne, Bindley. 


. Weissia mucronata Bruch. 


III. Mickleover, Bindley. 


. Weissia cirrhata Hedw. 


I.. Buxton, 1869, Zey; rocks and walls, Charlesworth ; 
Mellor and Whaley Bridge, Whitehead. 
III. Repton, Hagger; Mickleover and Findern, Bindley. 
Cynodontium Bruntoni B.«S. 
I. Matlock, Cash in Whitehead. 
Dichodontium pellucidum L. 
I. Buxton, 1874, fruit, Zev. Wet rocks, Charlesworth ; 
Kinder Scout ; and Chapelc ate Frith, Whitehead. 


Aupust 1899. 


244 Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 


Var. serratum Schpr. 
I. (D. flavescens Dicks.) Matlock and Rowsley, Wison, 
1834; Castleton, Whitehead. 
. Dicranella Schreberi Hedw. 
Var. elata Schpr. 
I. Clay bank, Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, fruiting, 
Whitehead. 
26. Dicranella squarrosa Schrad. 
I. Edale Head, 1881, Zey; Charlesworth Coombs and 
Kinder Scout, Whitehead. 
. Dicranella cerviculata Hedw. 
I. Charlesworth Coombs and Kinder Scout, Whitehead. 
III. Repton Rocks, Hagger. 


iS) 
ut 


rs) 
J 


te 
= 


Dicranella varia Hedw. 
I. Youlgreave, 1876, Zev; frequent on clay banks, 
Whitehead. 
Var. callistoma Dicks. 
I. Ashwood Dale, Hol¢ in Whitehead. 
29. Dicranella rufescens Turn. 
I, Clay banks, Charlesworth; Mellor, Hayfield, Edale, 
and Coombs Moss, Whitehead. 
30. Dicranella heteromalla Hedw. 
I. Rowsley, 1876, Zey; common, Wazitehead. 
III. Common in the district ! 
. Dicranum fuscescens Turn. 
I, Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout, Whitehead. 
Var. falcifolium Braith. 
‘* Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder patsle Schotefeld i in 
Whitehead. 
. Dicranum scoparium L. 

I. Frequent ; Charlesworth Shoihe and near Buxton, 
in fruit, Whitehead; Lea Hill; Cromford! Dove- 
dale, Bindley. 

Var. orthophyllum Schpr. 
I. Carmeadow, near Hayfield, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. 
Var. paludosum Schpr. 7 
Kinder Scout, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. 


Ww 
~ 


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nN 


Naturalist. 


ie 
Rei e: 
Migs. teeta sate 


Peli Wek ret me Mee 2 is ¥ 
St Ya rae ak 


i 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 245 


33. Dicranum majus Turn. 
I. eae Dale, 1870, Zey; frequent, Fernilee, near 
Buxton, Gordon in Whitehead. 
IIl. eae Bindley. 
. Dicranum palustre Bry. Brit. 
I. Charlesworth and Kinder Scout, Whitehead; near 
Erwood, Buxton, 1874, Ley. 


wW 
BS 


[Dicranum Bonjeani DeNot. | 
Charlesworth and Kinder Scout, Whitehead. 
. Dicradontium longirostrum Web. & Mohr. 
I. Kinder Scout, Ao/¢f; Stirrup and Whitebottom 
Woods, Charlesworth, Whitehead. 
36. Campylopus atrovirens DeNot. 
I. Kinder Scout, Gordon in Whitehead. 


w 
wm 


- Campylopus flexuosus Brid. 
I. Charlesworth Coombs, Kinder Scout, and Cromford, 
Whitehead. 
III. Repton Rocks, Repfon F. & F. 
vise i tb paradoxus Wvils. 
I r Scout, Whitehead. 


Loe) 
J 


w 
ge 


a) 
© 


Campytopas setifolius Wils. 
I s Dale, fruit, Barker in Whitehead. 
; Sern fragilis B.&S. 
Chee Tor, Matlock Bath; Miller's Dale, Holt; 
Mellor, Wahttehead; Dovedale and Matlock, 


+ 
oO 


41. Campylopus pyriformis Brid. 
I. Kinder Scout, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. | 
LEUCOBRYACE. 
42. Leucobryum glaucum L. 
I. Moorlands near Buxton; Coomb’s Moss, fruit, 1886, 
Ley; Charlesworth Coombs, Kinder Scout, and 
near Glossop, Whitehead ; Whatstandwell, Bindiey. 
BRUCHIACEZE, 


. Pleuridium nitidum Hedw. 
Clay banks, Charlesworth and Chapel-en-le-Frith, 


+ 
wo 


Whitehead. 
: Ill. Mickleover, waarted 
fee August 1899. 


246 


44. 


aS 
oat 


- 
OV 


> 
sI 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 
Pleuridium subulatum L. 

I. Buxton, 1870, Zev; Mellor, Whitehead. 

III. Milton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. 


. Pleuridium alternifolium B.&S. 


III. Ingleby, near Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. 


SELIGERIACE., 


. Seligeria Doniana Sm. 


I. Lathkill Dale, 1886, Zey; Ashwood Dale; Raven’s 
Dale and Monsal Dale, Holt; shady limestone 
rocks, Castleton, Whitehead. 


. Seligeria pusilla Hedw. 


I. Lover’s Leap, Buxton, 1886; Monk’s Dale, 1886; 
Lathkill Dale, 1890; Dovedale, 1891, Zey ; Castle- 
ton, Whitehead. 

Seligeria acutifolia Lindb. 
‘I. Tideswell Dale, 1886; Litton Dale, 1887, Ley. 
Var. longiseta Lindb. 

I. Raven’s Dale and Monsal Dale, Holé; Lover’s Leap, 
Buxton, Welson, 1831; Tideswell Dale; Miller’s 
Dale and Chee Dale, Whrtehead. 


. Seligeria calcarea Dicks. 


1. Taddington Dale, Ho/¢ in Whitehead: on Travertin, 
Via Gellia, 1887, Zev. 


. Seligeria tristicha Brid. 


I. Miller’s Dale, P. Cunliffe; Castleton, Rogers and 
Cunliffe in Whitehead. 


. Seligeria recurvata Hedw. 


I. Kinder Scout and Monsal Dale, Whitehead. 


. Campylostelium saxicola Web. & Mohr. 


I. Near Crich and Rowsley, W7lson in Whitehead. 
Blindia acuta Hedw. 
I. Kinder Scout and Edale, AH/o/¢ in Whitehead. 
POTTIACES., 
Spherangium muticum Schreb. 
I. Charlesworth, Whztehead. 
Naturalist, _ 


U1 
Ve) 


OV 
nN 


= ON 
as) 


65. 


Patnter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 247 


. Phascum cuspidatum Schreb. 


I. Miller’s Dale; Tideswell Dale and Chapel-en-le- 
Frith, Whitehea 
III. Milton, Hagger ; Mickteover: Bindley. 


. Phascum bryoides Dicks. 


I. Wormhill, 7, Nowell, 1845; Miller’s Dale, R. Schole- 
field; Buxton, Wood; Monsal Dale, Ashton ; Chee 
Dale, Whitehead. 


Phascum rectum Sm. 
I. Miller’s Dale and Monsal Dale, Whztehead. 


. Pottia cavifolia Ehbrh. 


I. (Zortula cavifolia Ehrh. Between Tideswell and 
Miller’s Dale, Zey). Miller's Dale, Cunliffe in 
Whitehead. 


. Pottia minutula Schwg. 


I, Miller's Dale, Whitehead. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. 
Pottia truncata L. 
I. Frequent, Whitehead. 
Il]. Foremark, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. 


. Pottia intermedia Turn. 


I. Miller’s Dale, Ze¢/ow in Whitehead. 


. Pottia Starkeana Hedw. 


I. Buxton, Hunt, 1872, in Whitehead. 


. Pottia lanceolata Dicks. 


i. Taddington Dale; Monsal Dale; and Miller’s Dale, 
Whitehead. 


. Didymodon rubellus B.&S. 


I, Frequent on walls, Whitehead; Dovedale, Bindley. 
Il}. Shobnall, Repton F. & F. 
Var. dentatus Schpr. 
| Seas richostomum rubellum B.&S. var. densum. Ash- 
d Dale, 1887, Zev). Miller’s Dale, West in 
Whitehead 
Didymodon flexifolius Dicks. 
I. Moorland near Stanton, 1880, Zey; near Buxton, 


August 1899. 


~} 
° 


x 
—_ 


~] 
ty 


Painter: List of Derbyshtre Mosses. 
Dr. Greville; Kinder Scout, Hol¢; Charlesworth 
Coombs, Waiztehead; moors north of Manchester 
Road, Buxton, Wes¢. 

Didymodon cylindricus Bruch. 

1. (Zrichostomum cylindricus Hedw. Brown Head, 


near Chapel-en-le-Frith, Ley). Kinder Scout, Holt 


in Whitehead. 


. Didymodon sinuosus Wils. 


I. (Zortula stnuosa Wils. Lathkill Dale, Youlgreave, 


Ley). Monsal and Miller’s Dales, Ho/¢, 1883; Chee 


Dale, Whitehead. 
Eucladium verticillatum L. 
onk’s Dale, fruit, 1887, Zey; Peak Forest and Chee 
Due, Whitehead. 
Ditrichum homomallum Hedw. 
I. (Leptotrichum homomallum WHampe. Wildmoor 
Clough, Buxton, 1874, Zey). Castleton, Holt; 
Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder 
Scout, Whitehead. 
III. Repton Rocks, Purchas, Braithwaite. 


. Ditrichum flexicaule Schw 


. (LZ. flexicaule Schwg. Common, Zey). Common on 
limestone, Whitehea 
Var. densum Schpr. 
I, Monk’s Dale, fine; Deep Dale, Buxton, 1886, Zey ; 
Miller’s Dale, Ho/¢; Lathkill Dale, Whitehead. 


. Trichostomum tophaceum Brid. 


I. Kinder Scout and Miller’s Dale, Whitehead. 
III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 


. Trichostomum mutabile Bruch. 


I. Dovedale, Wrlson, 1867; Lathkill and Taddington 
Dales, Whitehead. 
Ill. Repton, Hagger. 
Var. cophocarpum Schpr. 


I. Litton Dale, 1889, Zey; Chee Dale; cave Dale, - 


Castleton, fr.; Tideswell and Taddington Dales, 
Whitehead. 
Ldeergattosanym crispulum Bruch. 
. Monk’s Dale, 1881 ; Rares, s or 1881 ; : Dovedale, 


Naturalist, : 


Avgust 1899. 


Painter» List of Derbyshire Mosses. 249 


1875, Ley; Cave Dale, Castleton, West; Chee 
Dale, Holt in Whitehead. 
Var. nigro-viride Braith. 
I. Monk’s Dale, 1886, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. 
74- Trichostomum nitidum Lindb. 
I. Dovedale, Holmes, 1875, in Whitehead. 

- Barbula brevirostris B.&S. 

I. Ashwood Dale, George, 1873, in Whitehead. 
76. Barbula rigida Schultz. 

I. (Tortula rigida Schultz. Topley Pike, 1869-1886, 
Miller’s Dale, Zey). Walls at Peak Forest and 
Topley Pike, Whztehead. 

77- Barbula ambigua B.&S. 
I. (Tortula ambigua B.&S. Topley Pike, 1876, Zey). 
II. Repton, Hagger. 
78. Barbula aloides Koch. 
I. Topley Pike, 1870, Zey; frequent on walls in the 
limestone dales, Whitehead. 
- Barbula lamellata Lindb. “ 
, -J. Near Miller’s Dale Station, 1889, Ley. 
80. Barbula muralis L. 

I. Common on walls, Whztehead ; Matlock Bath! 

III. Repton, Aagger; Mickleover, Bindley; common 
about Derby! 
Var. rupestris Schultz. 

I. Raven’s Dale, 1881; Lathkill Dale, 1886, Ley; 
frequent on the rocks and walls in the limestone 
districts, Whitehead. 

III. Dovedale, Bindley. 


81. Barbula unguiculata Dill. 
e pe eee on the limestone; abundant at Matlock, 


~~ 
or 


wT 
\O 


Eh Michledver, Bindley: Repton, Hagger. 
VAR. obtusifolia Schultz. 
I. Miller’s Dale, Ho/t, 1882, in oo 


82. Barbula fallax Hedw. 
I. Frequent in Ashwood and Miller’ s Dales, Whitehead. 


III. Mickleover, meniersce 


[e.2) 
Se 


ee) 
i | 


= 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 


Var. brevifolia Wils. 
I. Buxton and Miller’s Dale, Holz, 1883 ; Chapel-en-le- 
Frith, Whitehead. 


. Barbula recurvifolia Schpr. 


I. Abundant in the limestone dales near Buxton, 1874; 
Ashwood Dale, fr., 1874, Lev. (Barbula refiexa 
Brid.) Walls, Chapel-en-le-Frith ; Buxton and 
Miller’s Dale; Matlock; Castleton, Whztehead. 

Barbula rigidula Dicks. 

I. Buxton, Wilson, 1864; Raven’s Dale, 1881, Zev; 
Castleton, Holt; Whaley Bridge ; Ashwood Dale, 
Whitehead. 


. Barbula spadicea Mitt. 


I. Buxton, Wilson, 1863 ; Dovedale, Holmes; Castleton, 
Whitehead. 


Barbula cylindrica Tayl. 
I. Buxton, Matlock, and Castleton, WaAztehead. 


. Barbula Hornschuchiana Schultz. 


I. Topley Pike, 1881, Zey; Cromford, Aunt, es 
Miller’s Dale, /o/¢ in Whitehead. 
Ill. Shopnall, Repton F. & F. 


. Barbula revoluta Schwg. 


I. Monsal Dale, 1881, Zev; walls, Buxton; Miller’s 
Dale ; Chapel-en- Mec Frith, Whitehead. 


. Barbula convoluta Hedw. 


I. Ashwood Dale and Topley Pike, 1874, Ley; frequent 
on banks and walls, Whitehead. 
Barbula inclinata Schwg. (Mollia inclinata Lindb.) 
I. Staddon Heights, Holmes, 1867, in Braithwaite. 


. Barbula tortuosa L. 


I. Very abundant on limestone, Buxton, 1869, Zev; 
Ashford, fr., Meld and Ashton in Whitehead 5 
Matlock Bath; Dovedale, Bindley. 


. Barbula squarrosa Brid. 


I. Lathkill Dale, Whztehead. 


. Barbula subulata L. 


I. Abundant, Buxton, 1869, Zey; Miller’s Han Hagger; 
frequent in. limestone coins Whitehead. 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 251 
III. Repton, Hagger. 
94. Barbula lavipila Brid. 
I. Monsal Dale, Holt; trees, Dovedale; Chapel-en-le- 
Frith, Whztehead. 
95. Barbula ruralis L. 
I. Buxton, on limestone, Zey; Ashwood Dale ; Worm- 
hill; Dovedale; Castleton, Whztehead. 
IIl. Porcine near Repton, Hagger. 
96. Barbula intermedia Brid. 
I. Common on limestone, ge 1869, Ley; walls in 
limestone dales, Whitehea 
97. Barbula princeps DeNot. 
I. Near Buxton, S. Ashfon; near Miller’s Dale, Cash in 
Whitehead. 
98. Trichodon cylindricus Hedw. 
I. Matlock, Wzlson in Whitehead. 
99. Ceratodon purpureus L. 
I. Common on walls and banks. 
III. Common on walls and banks. 
100. Distichum capillaceum L. 
I. Ashwood Dale, Holt in Whitehead. 
III. Gunn’s Hills! 
CALYMPERACE. 
101. Encalypta vulgaris Hedw. 
I. Miller’s Dale, 1871 ; Dovedale, 1875, Zev; Harting- 
ton; Dovedale, Whztehead. 
III. Repton, Hagger. 
Var. pilifera Funck. 
I. Castleton, Miller’s Dale, and Lathkill Dale, Whzve- 
head. 
Var. obtusifolia Funck. 
I. Miller’s Dale and Lathkill Dale, Whitehead; Dove- 
dale, Bindley 
102. Encalypta streptocarpa Hedw. 
I. Rather abundant on the limestone, Youlgreave, 
owman in Wilson, Whitehea 


August 1899. 


105. 


. Grimmia apocarpa L. 


. Rhacomitrium fasciculare Schrad. 


. Rhacomitrium lanuginosum Hedw. 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 


GRIMMIACE/E. 


I. Walls, Ashwood Dale; Kinder Scout; Whaley 
Bridge, Whitehead; Dovedale, Bindley; Matlock 
Bath ! 
Var. pumila Schpr. 
I. Miller’s Dale, Holt, 1879, in Whitehead. 


. Grimmia pulvinata Dill. 


I. Frequent, Whitehead. a 
Ill. Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley; Belper and : 


Var. obtusa Hiibn. 
I. Tickwall, Hunt, 1863, in Braithwaite. 
Grimmia tricophylla Grev. 

I. Sandstone walls, Stanton, 1886, Zey; Rowsley, 
Boswell; Chee Dale, Holt, 1885; Kinder, near 
Hayfield, Whitehead. 

Grimmia Doniana Sm. t 

I. Wall, Coomb’s Moss, 1880, Zey; Axe Edge, Holmes, 
1874; Charlesworth, 7imker; walls, Kinder Scout; : 
Castleton; Fernilee, near Buxton, Whztehead. . 

Rhacomitrium aciculare L. ; 

I. Moorland streams near Buxton, 1870, Ley; Charles- 

worth Coombs and Kinder Scout, Whztehead. 
Var. denticulatum Wils. 
I. Kinder Scout and Stenior Clough, WaAztehead. 


. Rhacomitrium heterostichum Hedw. 


I. Stenior Clough, and near Buxton, Whrtehead. 


Var. gracilescens Bry. Eur. (Rhacomitrium obtusum Sm.). 
Kinder Scout, Whitehead. 


Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout; Stenior © 
Clough, and near Buxton, Whitehead. 


I. Raven’s Dale, 1881; Deep Dale, 1880; Lathkill Dale, — 
1886, Ley; Kinder Scout ; Charlesworth Coombs ~ 
and Chee Dale, sfoape tases F 


" Naturalist, 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses 253 
Rhacomitrium canescens Hedw 
Lathkill Dale, 1886, Zey; Fernilee, near Buxton, 


; Chapel-en-le- 


I, 
Waiitehead. 
VaR. ericoides Bry. Eur 
I. Fernilee; Chee Dale 
Frith, Whitehead. 
112. Ptychomitrium polyphyllum Dicks 
I. Abundant on the Millstone Grit, near Buxton, 1869- 
1881, Zey; walls, Ashwood Dale; Furnilee, near 
Buxton ; Kinder Scout, Whitehead. 


Kinder, Scout 


113. Amphoridium Mougeotii B.&S 
I. Edale Head, 1881, Zey; near Woodhead; Stenior 
Clough; Kinder Scout; and Ashwood Dale, 
Whitehead. 

114. Zygodon viridissimus Dicks 
Abundant on limestone, Buxton, Zey; on trees 
Monsa ale, Holt; Matlock and Chapel-en-le- 
Frith, Whztehead. 
Castleton, Chee Dale, 


Var. rupestris Lindb 
I. Ashwood Dale, 1867, Hunt 

and Miller’s Dale, 1886, Ho/¢ in Whitehead 
115. Ulota Drummondii Grev 
I. On trees near Whaley Bridge, Scholefield in 

Whitehead. 
116. Ulota Bruchii Hornsch. _ 

I. On trees, Monsal Dale, Holt; Dovedale and Castle- 

ton, Barker in Whitehead 


117. Orthotrichum anomalum B.&S 
Var. cylindricum Schpr. 
I. On limestone rocks and walls, rather frequent 
: Whitehead. 
III. Trees and rocks, Repton, Repion #. & F. 
118. Orthotrichum saxatile Brid. 
I. Very abundant on limestone near Buxton, Ley; 
Dovedale, Bindley. 
119. Orthotrichum cupulatum Hofim. 
I. Dovedale, 1886, Zev; frequent on limestone rocks 
and walls, WaAztehead. 


‘5 August 1899. 


254 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 


Var. nudum Dicks. 
I. Miller’s Dale and Monsal Dale, 1884, Holt; Chee 
Dale, Whitehead. 


120. Orthotrichum affine Schrad. 


_— 
to 
ut 


126. 


I. Very scarce near Buxton; hawthorn stems, Ash- 
wood Dale, 1870, Zey; on walls, Chapel-en-le- 
Frith, and near Whaley Bridge; on trees, Topley 
Pike, Whitehead; Dovedale, Bindley. 

Var. rivale Wilson. 

I. R. Wye, Cheedale, Whitehead, 1878; Miller's Dale, 

ffolt, 1884, in Braithwaite. 


. Orthotrichum stramineum Hornsch. 


I. Matlock Bridge, Spruce; Monsal Dale, Holt in | 
Whitehead. 


. Orthotrichum tenellum Bruch. 


I. Matlock Bridge, 1844, Spruce in Whitehead. 


3. Orthotrichum diaphanum Schrad. 


I. Miller’s Dale ; Matlock Bath ; Fernilee, near Buxton, 
Whitehead. 
III. Mickleover; Findern, Bzndley. 
Orthotrichum Lyellii H.&T. 
I. Ona tree, Ashwood Dale, Whitehead. 


. Orthotrichum Sprucei Mont. 


I. On trees by the Derwent, Matlock, Spruce in White- 
head. 


Orthotrichum rivulare Turn. 
I. By the Wye, Chee Dale, 1878, Whztehead. 
SPLACHNACEZ. 


. Splachnum spheericum L. fil. 


I. Kinder Scout, 7. W. in Whitehead. 
FUNARIACEE. 
Discelium nudum Dicks. 
I. Milton Reservoir, Chapel-en-le-Frith, Barker; clay 
banks, Charlesworth, Whztehead. 
Epherum serratum Schreb. 
I. Hedge bank, Charlesworth, Wahztehead. 
Ill. Mickleover, Brndley. 


133. 


_ 
o>) 
mn 


136. 


_ 
&e 
<7 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 255 


. Physcomitrella patens Hedw. 


I. Milton Reservoir, Chapel-en-le- Frith, Barker in 
Whitehead. 
Var. Lucasiana Schp. 
I. With the foregoing, 1887, Barker in, Whitehead. 


. Physcomitrium sphericum Schwe. 


I. With the foregoing, 1893, Barker in Whitehead. 


. Physcomitrium piriforme L. 


I. Mud of a pond, Buxton, 1890, Zey; Charlesworth, 
and Chapel-en-le-Frith, Whztehead. 

III. Spurs Bottom, Repton, Hagger; moist bank, Mickle- 
over, Bindley 
Funaria calcarea Wahl. 

I. Deep Dale, 1870; Miller's Dale, 1872; Dovedale, 
1886, Ley; Matlock and Miller's Dale, W/son ; 
Castleton; Wormhill and Taddington Dale, Whzte- 
head. 


. Funaria hygrometrica L. 


I. Common on banks and walls, Whitehead. 
III. Repton Shrubs, Hagger ; walls, Mickleover, Bindley. 


BARTRAMIACE. 


- Bartramia pomiformis L. 


I. Goyt’s Bridge, Buxton, 1869 ; Hollings Clough, 1870, 
Ley; Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth ; Charlesworth 
Coombs; Kinder Scout, Wahztehead. 

III. Bank, Eggington, Bindley; Repton, Hagger. 
Bartramia Cderi Gunn. 

I. Lover’s Leap, Buxton, 1870; Dovedale, 1881-1886, 

Ley; limestone rocks, sagieton and Ashwood 
Dale, Whitehead. 


j Philonotis fontana L. 


I. (Bartramia fontana Brid. Edale Head, 1881, Zey), 
Charlesworth Coombs and Kinder Scout; Castle- 
ton; Fernilee, near Buxton, Whitehead. 


. Philonotis calcarea B.&S. 


L (Bartramia calcarea B.&S. Monk’s Dale, 1881, Zev). 
inder Scout. and Chee Dale, male plants only, 
Whitehead. 


144. 


145; 


146. 


148. 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. — 


. Breutelia arcuata Dicks. 


I. (Bartramia arcuata Brid. Raven’s Dale, 1881, Zey). 
Chee Dale and Kinder Scout, Whitehead. 


BRYACEZE. 


. Leptobryum pyriforme L. 


I. Shady limestone rocks, Castleton, Whitehead. 
III. Newton ee Hagger; stonework, Mickleover, 
Bindley 


oy 


. Webera cucullata Schp. Not in Lond. Cat. 


I. Kinder Scout, Whitehead. 


. Webera nutans Schreb. 


I. Not uncommon on the Millstone Grit and Coal 
Measures, Whitehead. 
III. Repton Rocks, Hagger. 


. Webera cruda Schreb. 


(Bryum crudum Schreb. Near Hollinsclough, fruit, 
1881; Raven’s Dale, 1881, Zey). Miller’s Dale, 
Flolt ; Castleton, Whitehead. 
Webera annotina Hedw. 
I. Kinder, near Hayfield ; Charlesworth, Wahztehead. 
lil. Tickenhall, Hagger. 


Var. angustifolia Schpr. 
I. Castleton, West in Whitehead. 


Webera carnea L. 
I. Clay banks at Charlesworth, Whitehead. 
III. Damp railway bank, Mickleover, Bzndley. 


Webera albicans Wahl. 

I. (Bryum albicans Wahl. F aang at Dale End, 
near Alstonefield, 1879, Zey). Banks at Castleton; 
Stenior Clough; Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth ; See 
and Kinder Scout, Whitehead. 


. Zieria julacea Schpr. 


I. (Bryum Ziertt Dicks. Cave Dale, Castleton, 1881 5 
Raven’s Dale, 1881, Zev). Cressbrook Dale, Ho/t; 
Cave Dale, Castleton, West in Whitehead. 
Bryum pendulum Hornsch. 
I, Wall near Chapel-en-le-Frith, Whitehead. 
III, Foremark and ies Rie san F..& F.. 
Mareen ; 


157: 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 257 


-. Bryum inclinatum Swartz. 


I. Wall in Miller’s Dale, Whztehead ; Cromford ! 


. Bryum intermedium W.&M. 


I. Walls, Miller’s Dale and Charlesworth, Whitehead. 
III. Newton Solney, Hagger. 


. Bryum bimum Schreb. 


III. Boggy place, Findern, Bzndley. 


Var. cuspidatum Bry. Eur. 
I. (Bryum affine Bruch). Buxton, Aunt, 1871, in 


. Bryum pallescens Schleich. 


I. Monsal Dale, Holt, 1879, in Whitehead. 


. Bryum murale Wils. 


I. Wall top at Cressbrook Mills, 1877, teste H. Boswell, 
Ley. 


. Bryum atropurpureum W.&M 


I. Ashwood Dale, Whitehead. 
III. Willington, Hagger. 
Var. gracilentum Tayl. 
I. Near Castleton, West in Whitehead. 


- Bryum cespiticium L. 


I. Wallis near Tideswell and Bakewell, Whitehead. 
III. Ingleby, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley; common 
about Derby! : 


. Bryum argenteum L. 


I. Common, Waiztehead; Matlock Bath! 

III. Willington and Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. 
Bryum capillare L. 

I. Frequent on walls, Whitehead. 

III. eee Hills and Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, 
ndley; Quarndon and Duffield. 

VaR. macrocarpum Hueben. 

I. Wall at Castleton, Whitehead. 
Var. Ferchelii B.&S. 

I. Buxton, Prof. Barker in Whitehead; Litton Dale, 

_ Whitehead. 


qth Sept. 1899. : ‘ : R 


\ 


258 


158. 


ie 159. 


160. 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 
Bryum pallens Swartz. 

I. Via Gellia, Matlock, 1887, Zey; Ashwood, Miller’s 
and Monsal Dales; Chapel-en-le-Frith and Matlock, 
Whitehead. 

III. Willington, Hagger. 
Bryum pseudo-triquetrum Hedw. 


I. Monk’s Dale, 1881, Zey; wet bank near Castleton ; _ 


nr. Woodhead, male pl.; Charlesworth, Whitehead. 
Bryum roseum Schreb. 
I. Cressbrook, Hol¢; Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth ; 
Castleton; Chee Dale, Whztehead. 


61. Bryum filiforme Dicks. 


Oz. 


163. 


164. 


165. 


166, 


I. Edale, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. 


MNIACE:. 
Mnium cuspidatum Hedw. | 
I, Chee Dale and Matlock, Whitehead. 
Il. Anchor Church, Hagger. 
Mnium affine Bland. 
I. Monsal Dale and Matlock, Waztehead. 
Var. rugicum Laur. 
I, Monsal Dale, Holt in Whitehead. 
Mnium undulatum Hedw. 
I. Common. Ashwood and Monsal Dales; Matlock, 
a 


III. Bretby, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. 


Mnium rostratrum Schrad. 


I. Stirrup Wood and Whitebottom Wood, Charles- 
worth; Lover’s Leap, Ashwood Dale, Whitehead. © 


III. Foremark, Hagger. 
Mnium hornum L. 
I. Frequent in fruit, Whztehead; ‘ta 1 Wood, Cromford! 
III. Foremark, Hagger; Dale Woods, Bindley; Ock- 
brook ! 


167. Mnium serratum Schrad. 


I. Fernilee Wood, “near ea. ey Matlock, 
_ Whitehead. 


€ * a Fe 
Oe st ae eens ie ~ 
Fgh Lote Mates Sei Tah nee tee See 


Se ae 


Se ee 


‘ ; 
: S poy: 
Naturalist, 

CAL at ee me 


pte 


169, 


I 


~~ 
oe; 


176, 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. LS 59 


. Mnium stellare Hedw. 


I. Raven’s Dale, 1881, Zey; Odin Mine, Castleton, fr., 
' 1884, Holt; Ashwood and Taddington Dales; 
Edale, etc., Whitehead. 
Mnium punctatum Hedw. 
I. Rather common in woods and shady places, White- 
head; Death o’ Lumb, near Belper! 
III. Knowle Hills, Hagger; Dale Wood and Mickleover, 
Bindley. 


. Mnium subglobosum B.&S. 


I. Carmeadow, near Hayfield, 1882, AHo/¢t; Kinder 
Scout and Charlesworth Coombs, Whitehead. 


. Aulacomnium androgynum L. 


I. Plare Wood, Youlgreave, 1877, Ley. 
III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 


. Aulacomnium palustre L. 


I. Whatford Wood, Buxton, 1874, Zey; Charlesworth 
Coombs; Kinder Scout; Coombs Moss, White- 
head. 

III. Repton Rocks, Repion F. & F. 


TETRAPHIDACE. 


. Tetraphis pellucida L. 


I. Near Rowsley, 1880, Zey. Rather frequent. Stirrup 
Wood, Charlesworth, and Whitebottom Wood, 
fr., Whitehead. 

III. Repton Rocks, Repion F. & F. 


. Tetradontium Brownianum Dicks. 


I, Wooded Gritstone rocks, between Rowsley and 
Stanton, 1880, Ley; Kinder Scout, Ho/¢.in White- _ 
head. 

POLYTRICHACE, 


; Oligotrichum hercynicum Ehrh. 


I. Near Goyt’s Bridge, 1874; Brown Head, near 
Chapel-en-le-Frith, 1881, Zev; Kinder Scout and 
Edale, Whitehead. 


Atrichum undulatum L. 
I, Common in woods and shady banks, Whitehead. 


th Sept. 1899, 


iy, 


Lal 
¥ 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 
Ili. Foremark, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. 
Pogonatum nanum Neck. 
I. Clay bank at Charlesworth, Clough in Whitehead. 
III. Repton, Hagger. 


. Pogonatum aloides Hedw. 


I. Near Buxton, very common, 18609, 1874, Ley; rather 
frequent on clay banks, Whitehead. 
III. Repton Rocks, Hagger. 


. Pogonatum urnigerum L. 


I. Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout ; Chapel-en-le- 
Frith ; Buxton; and near Whaley Bridge, Wazte- 
head. : 

III. Repton Rocks, Hagger. 


. Pogonatum alpinum L. 


I. Kinder Scout, Clough in Whitehead. 


. Polytrichum gracile Menz. 


I. Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth; Ernicroft Wood, 
Mellor, Whitehead. 


. Polytrichum formosum Hedw. 


I. Monsal Dale, Whitehead. 
Ill. Foremark, Hagger. 


. Polytrichum piliferum Schreb. 


I. Whatford Wood, Buxton, etc., 1869, 1870, Ley; 
Charlesworth Coombs; Raworth; Kinder Scout; 
Stenior Clough, Whitehead. 


III. Repton Rocks, Hagger. 


. Polytrichum juniperinum Willd. 


I. Charlesworth Coombs, Schofield in Whitehead. 
Ill. Tickenhall, Hagger; Findern, Bindley. 


. Polytrichum strictum Banks. 


I. Kinder Scout, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. 
Polytrichum commune L. 
I. Abundant on the moorlands, Whitehead ; ephatond | 
Ill. Repton Rocks, Hagger. 


: Diphyscium foliosum L. 


I. Goyt’s Lane, near Buxton, 188r, eo 


Seale reese 
‘Naturalist. - 
™, ; ‘ 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 261 


Section II.—AMPHOCARPI. 
FISSIDENTACE., 
188. Fissidens bryoides Hedw. 
I. Grin Wood, Buxton, 1870, ee : ieee! and White- 
bottom Woods, etc., Whiteh 
III. Repton, Hagger ; Mickleover, is Quarndon ! 
189. Fissidens exilis Hedw. 
I. Clay banks, Charlesworth, Whitehead. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. 
190. Fissidens incurvus W.&M. 
I. Clay banks, Charlesworth, and near Whaley Bridge, 
Whitehead. 
191. Fissidens viridulus Wils. 
I. Monk’s Dale, 1887, Zey; banks at Mellor, Schofield 
in Whitehead. 
192. Fissidens pusillus Wils. 
I. Lover’s Leap, Buxton, Hunt; Chee Dale; Monk’s 
Dale, Barker in Whitehead 
Var. madidus Spruce. (/issidens minutulus Sull.). 
I. Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, Gordon, Nield, Ashton, 
and Zedlow in Whitehead, 


al 


93. Fissidens crassipes Wils. 
I. Via Gellia, Matlock, 1887, Zev; Monsal Dale and 
Raven’s Dale, Hol¢ in Whitehead. 
194. Fissidens osmundoides Hedw. 
I. Edale Head, 1881, Ley ; abundantly. 4 in fruit at Kinder 
Scout, Whitehead. 
195. Fissidens decipiens DeNot. 
. Buxton; Deep Dale; Raven’s Dale; Lathkill Dale, 
1869-1886, Zey ; frequent in Ashwood and Miller’s 
Dale and Stenior Clough, Whitehead. 
196. Pisdidens adiantoides Hedw. 
I. Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth; Kinder Scout; Fernilee, 
near Buxton, Whitehead. 
: ens taxifolius L. 
I, Clay banks, Charlesworth, and near Whaley Sridge, 
Whitehea 
Ili. Milton, asbne. Mickleover, Bzndley. 
ne Soi Sept. 1899. _ , 


262 


198. Schistostega osmundacea Dicks. 


Cinclidotus fontinaloides Hedw. 


. Hedwigia ciliata Dicks. 


. Leucodon sciuroides L. 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 
SCHISTOSTEGACE. 
I. Rocks near, Stanton, 1880, Zey; Cratcliff Tor, near 


Youlgreave, Pullinger ; sliady rocks, Charlesworth 
Coombs; and in an old coal drift near New Mills, 


III. Repton Rocks, Hagger. 2 


Section IJ].—CLADOCARPI. 
RIPARIACEZ. 


I. On stones in the Wye at Chee Dale and Miller’s Le 
Dale, and in the river at Dovedale, Whitehead. ‘ 


. Fontinalis antipyretica L. 


I. Not uncommon in the streams on the limestone, 
such as the Wye, re and Lathkill rivers, 
Whitehead. 

III. Ponds, Mickleover, Bind/ey. 
Var. gigantea Schpr. 

I. Miller’s Dale, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. “ 
Var. gracilis Lindb. e & 

I. Carmeadow, near Geatheseon Holt; Charlesworth 
Coombs, Whitehead. 


. Fontinalis squamosa Se a 


I. Edale Head, 1881, Zey; in the Goyt, near Fernilee, , 
fr., Clough; Kinder Scout, Whitehead. me: 


CRYPHASACEZ. 


I. Kinder Scout; Fernilee, near Buxton, Whitehead. a. 


Section I1V.—PLEUROCARPI. 7 | 
LEUCODONTACE. Be 


I. Limestone wall, Hartington, in Dovedale; with abortive — of 
setae, near Matlock and Bakewell, W/son in wee 
head. 


Ill. nae nesaet eI giant 


Painter: List of Derbyshtre Mosses 263 
NECKERACE. 
204. Neckera pumila Hedw 
I. Derbyshire, Wz/son in Whitehead 
205. Neckera crispa L 
I. Abundant on the limestone, Buxton, Dovedale, etc., 
on rocks in the limestone dales, mostly Chee 
Dale, Whitehead; Dovedale and Matlock Bath, 
Bindle 
Var. falcata Boulay 
I. Castleton, Whztehead. 


206. Neckera complanata L 
I, Rare on the Coal Measures ; common on walls in the 
Monsal Dale, fr., Ho/¢ in White- 


limestone dales. 
head ; on a tree, Matlock Bath, Aindley 


III. Shobnal, Repton F. & F. 
207. Homalia trichomanoides Schreb. 
Fernilee, near Buxton; Matlock Bath, Wahztehead. 


III. Mickleover, Bindley 
HOOKERIACEE. 
208. Pterygophylum lucens Sm. 
I. (Hookera lucens Sm. Fruiting in Wildmoor Clough, 
Buxton, 1870, Zey). Stirrup Wood; woods at 
Mellor; Fernilee, near Buxton; Lover’s Leap; 
- Kinder Scout, Whitehead. 
III. Repton Rocks, Repton F. & F, 
LESKEACE2. 
209. Leskea polycarpa Ehrh. © 
I. On stones by the Wye, Chee Dale; on tree by the” 
Wye, Miller’s Dale, Cressbrook Dale, and Monsal 
Dale ; by the Derwent in Chatsworth Park, Whzte- 
head ; Dovedale, Bindley. 
Ill. Tree by water, Anchor Church, Mickleover, Bindley. 
210. Anomodon viticulosus L 
I. Abundant on the limestone, Buxton ; Dovedale, Zey ; 
Miller’s Dale, fr., Whztehead. 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 


. Heterocladium heteropterum Bruch. 


I. Wet rocks, Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, Mellor, and 
Kinder Scout, Whitehead. 


. Thuidium tamariscinum Hedw. 


I. Not uncommon, Fernilee and Chee Dale, fr., Whzte- 


ead. 
III. Bretby, AHagger; Mickleover, Bindley; Quarndon 
and Duffield ! 


. Thuidium recognitum Hedw. 


I. Romantic Rocks at Matlock Bath, 1790; and again 
in 1820 with perfect fruit, Szr_/. Z&. Smith (Herb. 
Smith); Wélson’s Bryologia. In the above place 
in 1884, Whitehead; Monsal Dale, Holt in White- 
head ; Dovedale, Bindley; Miller’s Dale, Hagger. 


HYPNACE:. 


Cylindrothecium concinnum DeNot. 
Il. Tickenhall, Hagger. 


. Thamnium alopecurum L. 


I. Dirnin Dale, near Ashford, 1869, Zey; wet rocks at 
Charlesworth and Mellor; rather plentiful on wet 
rocks in the limestone dales, but-the fruit is rather 
rarely produced, Whitehead ; Dovedale, Bindley. 

Thamnium angustifolium Holt, Jour. of Bot., 1886; not 
in Lond. Cat 

I. Wet rocks, Raven’s Dale, Hol¢ in Whitehead. The 
only British habitat. 


. Climacium dendroides L. 


I. Buxton, 1869, Zey ; marshy meadow, Charlesworth, 
with abundance of fruit, Scholefield; Matlock 
Bath; Caves pipe Castleton, and Kinder Scout, 
Whitehead, 

III. Repton Rocks, Repton F. & F, 


. Pylaisia polyantha Schreb. 


I. On trees, Matlock Bath, Whitehead. 
Isothecium myurum Poll. 
I. Stanton, 1886, Zey; on trees, Fernilee, near Buxton, 
Lathkill Dale, Whitehead. 
III. Burton Road, Repton, Rein E ks 
“Naturalist, 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 265 


220. Orthothecium intricatum Hartm. 
I. Deep Dale, Buxton; Lathkill Dale, 1886, Ley; 
Chapel-en-le-Frith, Barrat; Castleton, West; Chee 
Dale, Whitehead. 


221. Homalothecium sericeum L. 
I. Rare on the Coal Measures; plentiful on limestone 
walls and rocks, Whitehead; Rowsley, Hagger. 
III. Common; Mickleover, Aindley. 


222. Camptothecium lutescens Huds. 
I. Rather frequent on limestone rocks and walls; Ash- 
wood Dale, fr., Schofield; near Wormhill, White- 
head. 
III. Wood, near Repton Rocks, Hagger. 


223. Scleropodium cespitosum Wils. 
I. Shady places on limestone; Lathkill Dale, 1886, Zey; 
Cressbrook Dale, Holt; Miller’s Dale, Whitehead. 


224. Brachythecium glareosum B.&S. 
I. On banks, Ashwood Dale and Fernilee, near Buxton; 
Over Haddon ; Chapel-en-le-Frith, Whztehead. 
225. Brachythecium velutinum L. 
I. Raven’s Dale, 1881, Zey; frequent, Mellor; Whaley 
ik ils Miller’s Dale, ead Ashwood Dale, Waz‘e- 


Ill, Wma Bindley ; Quarndon ! 
226. Brachythecium rutabulum L. 
I. Rather common throughout the district, Whztehead; 
Matlock Bath! 
III. Tickenhall and Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bind- 
levy; Gunn’s Hills; Mackworth; Ireton and Ock- 


227. Brachythecium rivulare B.&S. 
I. Wet rocks, Kinder Scout and Castleton, Whztehead. 
III. Ireton! 
228. Brachythecium populeum Hedw. 
I. Raven's Dale, 1881, Zey; Whitebottom Wood, 
Charlesworth; Mellor; Fernilee, near Buxton, 
Whitehead. 
III. Knowle Hills, Hagger; Breadsall Moor! 


230. 


_ 


22%. 


234. 


235- 


yy ER Pett ee ee ee ee 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 


. Brachythecium plumosum Swartz. 


I. Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth; near Glossop ; Kinder, 

near Hayfield, Whitehead. 
Eurhynchium myosuroides L. 

I. Wood at Fernilee, near Buxton; Whitebottom 
Wood, Charlesworth; Edale, Whitehead; Dove- 
dale, Bzndley. 

III. Repton, Hagger. 
Eurhynchium circinatum Brid. 
I. Lathkill Dale, 1886, Zey. 


. Eurhynchium striatulum Spruce. 


I. Wormhill, West in Whitehead. 


. Eurhynchium striatum Schreb. 


I. Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth; hedge bank, Mellor ; 
and near Whaley Bridge, Whitehead. 
II. Common, Scarcliffe, 1870, Ley. 
III. Duffield ! 


Eurhynchium crassinervium Tayl. 
I. Dovedale, 1877; Rowsley, 1880; Lathkill Dale, fr., 
1876, Ley; Matlock, Wilson; by the Wye in Chee 
_ Dale and Miller’s Dale ; limestone rocks, Castleton, 
Whitehead. 


Eurhynchium piliferum Schreb. 
I. Whitebottom Wood, Charlesworth; Fernilee, near 
Buxton; Cressbrook Dale, Over Haddon and | 
Castleton, Whitehead. ‘ 


. Eurhynchium Swartzii Turn. 


I. Raven’s Dale, 1881; . Lover's Leap, Buxton, 1886, — 


Ley; Stirrup and Whitebottom Woods, Charles- Ee 


worth; Dell at Mellor, and Castleton, Whitehead. 
Ill. Bretby, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. 


. Eurhynchium preiongum Dill. 


I. Frequent in woods on the Coal Measures, White- 


bottom Wood and Whaley Bridge, fr., Whztehead. 
Ill. Near Bretby, Hagger ; Mickleover, Bindley ; Little 
aton! . Actas 


238. 


239- 


241. 


242. 


243. 


245 


246. 


247 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 267 


Eurhynchium pumilum Wiis. 
I. Cressbrook, Holt; Wormhill, West; Stirrup Wood, 
Charlesworth, Whitehead. 
Eurhynchium Teesdalii Sm. 
I. (Rhynchostegium Teesdalit Sm. Mill wheel, Crom- 
ford, 1887, Zey.) Chee Dale and Miller’s Dale, 
ffolt in Whitehead. 


. Hyocomium flagellare Dicks. 


I. On rocks by streams, Kinder Scout, Charlesworth 

Coombs, and Stenior Clough, 7, W. in Whitehead. 
Rhynchostegium tenellum Dicks. 

I. Raven’s Dale, 1881, Zey; shady wall at Mellor; 

shady rocks in the limestone dales, Whitehead. 
Rhynchostegium depressum Bruch. 

I. Raven’s Dale, 1881; Lathkill Dale, 1886, Ley; 
Cressbrook, Holt; Matlock Bath and Chee Dale, 
Whitehead. 

Rhynchostegium confertum Dicks. 
I. Frequent on walls through the district, Whitehead. 
“III. Mickleover, Béndley. 


. Rhynchostegium murale Hedw. 


I. Very abundant on the limestone near Buxton, Ley; 
on walls and rocks in the limestone dales; a form 
near the var. judaceum Schpr. occurs near Whaley 
Bridge and Buxton, Whitehead; Matlock, Hagger. 

III. Mickleover, Bizndley. 
Var. julaceum Schpr. (Teste H. Boswell.) 

I. On the Lathkill near -Youlgreave, 1877, teste 
H. Boswell, Ley. 

Rhynchostegium ruscifolium Neck. 

I. On stones in streams near Whaley Bridge; Stirrup 
Wood, Charlesworth ; and Mellor, Whitehead. 

III. Foremark, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. 
Plagiothecium latebricola Wiils. 

I. Charlesworth Coombs, Whztehead; Dovedale, Aind- 

ley. 
Plagiothecium pulchellum Hedw. 
I. Miller’s Dale, Hod¢ in Whitehead. 


our 


Painter: List of Derbyshire’ Mosses. 


. Plagiothecium denticulatum L. 

I. Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, Whitehead. 

III. Repton; near Eggington, AHagger; Mickleover, 

Bindley ; Dale Woods! 

Var. sulcatum Spruce. 

I. Castleton and Miller’s Dale, Whztehead. 

. Plagiothecium Borrerianum Spruce. 

I. (P. elegans Hook. Edale, 1870; Stanton, 1886; 
Whatford. Wood, Buxton, 1874, Zev). Common 
in woods at Charlesworth and other places on the 
Coal Measures; Ernicroft Wood, Mellor, Meld 
and Ashton, c.fr. in Whitehead. 

. Plagiothecium sylvaticum L. 

I. Wood at Mellor, Whitehead. 

III. Dale Woods! 

. Plagiothecium undulatum L. 

I. Whatford Wood, Buxton, 1869; Stanton, 1886, Zev ; 
common in the hilly districts; Fernilee Wood, 
near Buxton, fr.; Ernicraft Wood, Buxton, White- 
head; Dovedale and Matlock Bath, Bindley.; Lea 
Hill, Cromford! 

III. Wood near Repton Rocks, Hagger. 

. Amblystegium confervoides Brid.! 

I. (Hypnum confervoides Brid. Raven’s Dale, 1881, 
teste Rev. C. H. Binstead, Zey). Cressbrook Dale, 
Holt in Whitehead ; Dovedale, Dr. Fraser, Braith- 
waite. 

. Amblystegium serpens L. 

I. Common, Whitehead. 

III. Mickleover, Bindley; Gunn’s Hills, Mackworth and 

ckbroo 

. Amblystegium radicale P.Beauv. 

I. Milton Reservoir, Chapel-en-le-Frith, Barker in 
Whitehead. 

. Amblystegium irriguum WVils. 

I. (A. trriguum Wils. In the Wye, Blackwell, 1870; 
and in the Dove, Dovedale, 1887, Zev). By a 
rivulet and by the Goyt at Mellor, AHo/¢ in White- 
head; Matlock Bath! 


es ices te 
Naturalist, 


b| 


to 
uo 


2m: 


56. 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 269 


Amblystegium fluviatile Swartz. 

(AZ. JSiuviatile Swartz. In the Wye, Miller’s Dale, 
1881; in the Dove, Dovedale, 1887, Zey). By 
the Wye, Chee Dale; by the Derwent, “Matlock 
Bath, Whitehead. 

Amblystegium riparium L. 
I. Whaley Bridge and Chapel-en-le-Frith, Barker; 
Mellor, Whitehead; Dovedale, Bindley. 
III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 


. Hypnum aduncum Hedw. 


I. Miller’s Dale, Hagger. 


. Hypnum exannulatum Giim 


I. Bogs on Kinder Scout ae Charlesworth Coombs, 
Whitehead. 
Aypnum vernicosum Lindb. 
I. Kinder Scout, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. 


. Hypnum Cossoni Schpr. 


I. Kinder Scout, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. 


. Hypnum Sendtneri Schpr 


I. Kinder Scout, Ao/¢ in Whitehead. 


. Hypnum revolvens Swartz. 


I. Whatford Wood, Buxton, 1874, Zev; Kinder Scout, 
Whitehead. 


. Hypnum fluitans L. 


I. Kinder Scout, Edale, and Axe Edge, Whitehead. 
Var. submersum. 
Brownhead, Chapel-en-le-Frith, 1881, teste Rev. C. H. 
Binstead, Zey. 


- Hypnum uncinatum Hedw 


I. Ashwood Dale, Viiieroa, Charlesworth Coombs, 
and Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, Whitehead. 


-. Aypnum filicinum L. 


I. Not uncommon on the limestone, as at Castleton and 
Tideswell, Whitehead; Miller's Dale, Hagger. 
III. Mickleover, Bindley. 
Var. vallisclause% Brid. 
I. Miller’s Dale, HYo/¢ in Whitehead. 


. Hypnum commutatum Hedw. 


I. Buxton, 1869; Monk’s Dale, 1881, Zev; frequent, 
Kinder Scout; Whitebottom Wood, Charlesworth, 
Whitehead. 


7th Sept. 1899. 


i) 
“I 
ut 


Painter» List of Derbyshire Mosses. 


. Hypnum virescens Boulay 


I. Monsal Dale, Ho/¢ in “Wihtehead. 


. Hypnum falcatum Brid. 


I. Buxton, 1869, teste Rev. C. H. Binstead, Zey; Ash- 
wood and Monsal Dales, Barker; bog on Kinder 
Scout, Wahztehead. 


. Hypnum rugosum Ebrh. 


I. Dovedale; Tideswell Dale; Raven’s Dale, 1881, 
very luxuriant, Zey; rather frequent amongst lime- 
stone rubble; Chee Dale; Miller’s Dale and Dove- 
dale, Whitehead. 


. Hypnum incurvatum Brid. 


I. Monk’s Dale, Barker; Duke’s Drive, Buxton, Whzte- 
head. 


. Hypnum cupressiforme L. 


I. Frequent on rocks and walls; on a tree, Stirrup 
Wood, Charlesworth, Whitehead. 
III, Repton, Hagger ; See: Bindley. 
Var. tectorum Schpr. 
Ashwood, Chee, and Miller’s Dales; Cressbrook, 
Whitehead. 
Var. ericetorum Bry.Eur. 
I. Among heather, Charlesworth Coombs, Wahztehead. 


. Hypnum resupinatum Wiis. 


I. Dovedale, 1869, Zey; Carmeadow, near Hayfield, 
flolt; near Whaley Bridge, Whitehead. 


. Hypnum patientiz Lindb. 


I. Near Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth ; Chelmorton, 
Whitehead. 


. Hypnum molluscum Hedw. 


I. Very common; Ashwood Dale, 1869; Raven’s Dale, 
1881, Zev; rather rare on the Millstone Grit; 
abundant on limestone, Whitehead; Buxton, West; 
Miller’s Dale, Hagger. 

Ill. Mickleover, Bzndley. 
Var. condensatum Schpr. 
I. Kinder Scout, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. 


. Hypnum palustre L. 


1. Chapel-en-le-Frith ; Fernilee, near Buxton ; Castle- ae 
ton; Miller’s Dale and ek cikoe sian ad. 


ianenies S 


277. 


280. 


Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. at 


AHypnum ochraceum Turn. 
I. Hayfield, fr., Holt; Kinder Scout, Stirrup Wood, 
and Charlesworth Coombs, Whitehead. 


- Hypnum polymorphum Hedw.  (Sommerfelti Myr.) 


I. Ravensdale, 1881, Zey; wall near Ashford, Ashton — 
and Nzeld in Whitehead. 


. Hypnum chrysophyllum Brid. 


I. Miller’s Dale; Lathkill Dale and Castleton, WA7zte- 
head. 
Hypnum stellatum Schreb. 
onk’s Dale, Zey; frequent on limestone rocks and 
walls; rather rare on the coal measures, Whzte- 


Var. protensum Brid. 
Miller’s Dale, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. 


. Hypnum cordifolium Hedw. 


Ill. Old brickfield, Breadsall Moor ! 


: Hypnum cuspidatum L. 


Buxton, fr., 1870, Zey; common in marshy places, 
Whitehead. 
Ill. Litcoe tage Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley; Little 
; Mackworth and Ockbrook ! 


¥ oe: Shc Ehrh. 


I. Buxton, 1870, Zey ; Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder 
Scout and Chee Dale, Whzttehead ; Whatstandwell, 
Bindley. Lea Hill! 

III. Tickenhall Lime Quarry, Hagger; Quarndon ! 


. Hypnum purum L 


I. Rather frequent, Whitehead. 
Ill. Milton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. 


. Hypnum stramineum Dicks. 


I. Charlesworth Coombs and Kinder Scout, Wahztehead. 


Hypnum scorpioides lL. | 
I. Fairbage Moor, near Glossop, Whitehead. 


. Hylocomium splendens Dill. 


I. Rather plentiful on banks in the limestone dales, 
Whitehead; Whatstandwell, Bindleyv. 
_ WM. A A geamaay Hagger. 


272 Painter: List of Derbyshtre Mosses. 


288. Hylocomium brevirostrum Ebrh. 
I. Charlesworth Coombs; Chee Dale, fr., Whitehead. 
289. Hylocomium squarrosum L. 
. (Hypnum. Pig Tor, Buxton, fr., 1870, Ley). 
Common ; Paik rbage Moor, near Giacein: ; Miller's 
Dale and Charlesworth Coombs, fr., White- 
head. 
III. Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bzndley; Little Eaton! 
Var. calvescens Wils. 
I. Near Whaley Bridge and Mellor, Whztehead. 
290. Hylocomium Joreum L. 
I. Charlesworth Coombs and Kinder Scout; wood near 
Whaley Bridge, fr., Whitehead. 
291. Hylocomium triquetrum L. 
J. Rather frequent in the limestone dales, Whitehead ; 
Dovedale, Azndley 
Ill. Repton, Hagger. 


ADDENDA. 
In Bibliography add— _ 
Science Gossip, 1873, p. 71, 113, 21%. 
Add Rosa obtusifolia Desv. 
Var. tomentella (Leman). 
Repton ! 
Rosa glauca Vill. 
Var. inflexa (Gren.). 
epton ! 


CORRIGENDA. 
Rubus saxicolus P. J. Muell. tp 
his is now aig nee by the Rev. W. Moyle Rogers 
to be Rubus Bloxamianus (Colem). 
Rosa sepium Thuill. Supp. 
his is an error. 
381. For Myriophyllum spicatum L., p. 190 of Sup., read 
382 Myriophylum alteréietiow DC. 
382. This entry should be omitted: it is an error. 
75. Hieracium argenteum Fries. 
I. Matlock Bath! An error. 


There has been some 
confusion here ! : 


Naturalist, 


BORSA 


~ 


level, also bought by my rene § et not. ye eibvee is about 


BOULDERS NEAR HORNCASTLE. 


Rev. J. CONWAY WALT 
Rector of Langton, Horncastle, PRS ER 


In the parish of Langton by Horncastle we have at least five 
large boulders within a distance of some five hundred yards ; 
and several smaller ones. They lie—or rather did lie, for one 
has been removed to my own garden at the Rectory—along the 
road which runs through the village. The road is probably 
a very ancient one, for, like a Devonshire lane, traffic or some 
other cause has worn it down to a depth of from four to five 
feet below the level of the land on either side of it. These 
boulders are found, one (a) tilted up, doubtless artificially, 
against the bank slightly above the road level; another (b) on 
the road level; a third (c) about a foot below the road, in the 
bank of the ditch; and a fourth (d) is low down in a ditch, two 
feet or more below the road level. The fifth (e), now in my own 
garden, used to be close to the road-side, within a couple of 
yards of (a) the one tilted up. It was nearly three hundred 
yards from my garden; but it, with another one still in situ, 
had been bought of the parish by my father many years ago; 


'and in the year 1890 I determined, if possible, to transfer it to 


the Rectory garden. I made a very strongly-constructed sledge, 
and, with the help of two men, I got it levered on the sledge ; 
and it took five good cart horses to move it, and some chains 
were broken in the process; for the five horses could only drag » 
it a hundred yards or so at a time, and at each fresh start there 
Was a very severe strain on their gear. Arrived in the garden, 
with the aid of two more men, five of us in all, we managed to 


lever it on to a flower bed, and worked it round to form a> 


prominent wing of a rockery, which I had constructed. There 
it was seen last year by Mr. John Cordeaux, when he paid me 
a visit from Woodhall Spa, and was pronqunces by him to be 

‘one of the finest boulders in the county.’ We had one, how- 


ever, very much larger in this neighbourhood, in the parish of 
_ Edlington, on the farm of Mr. Robert Searby, ‘as big as a hay- 


stack,’ but that was destroyed by dynamite some two years ago. | 
The dimensions of the one in my garden are: length about 
4 ft. 5 in., height 3 ft. 5 in., and thickness about 2 ft. The one 
down the village (a) tilted up is less than a being about 3ft. 
2 ft. 6 in., thickness not known; the one (b) on the road 


274 Notes— Ornithology. 


the same size as my own. The third (c) in the ditch about” Be 
a foot below road level is partly buried in the bank, and its size 
cannot be accurately ascertained ; but it is thicker than my own, | 
say some21% ft., shorter than my. own, about 3 ft., but how far 
it is embedded in the bank we cannot say. Of he remaining 
boulder (d) which is in the ditch, two feet below road level, only 
one side is visible, which is between 2 ft. and 3 ft. long, thick- 
ness and other dimensions not known. The boulder (c), one 
foot below road level, is remarkable for having on its surface 
the matrix of an ammonite, about 10 in. in diameter and 2 in. 
er so deep. This locally is supposed to be the impression of a 
a horse’s hoof, surmised to have been left ets the steed of a local 
St. George fighting his dragon. ee 
Mr. T. Sheppard, of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ 
Club, visiting me on the 3rd of this month (July 1899) inspected 
these boulders ; we scraped the soil away from the surface of this 
particular boulder (c), and he agreed that there was no doubt 
that the impression was that of an ammonite of large size. He 
chipped fragments from the different boulders, and pronounced . 
them all to be ‘Spilsby sandstone (Neocomian).’ They are very 
hard, from the presence of carbonate of lime. 


We have many smaller boulders in the parish; and in the 
adjoining parishes of Woodhall and Thimbleby some large ones. 


a 
NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY. _ 

Unusual Nesting-place of a Spotted Flycatcher.—We have at the \ 
present time a pair of Flycatch up four young ‘ 


ones in a Swallow's nest. The nest is about seven feet from the around and 
is situated under the roof that overhangs the driver's seat of an old van, 
o asa k-room. Swallows 


disturbed, as they then forsook the nest, which was later on aay tLe 2 ession | 
of ne the Flycatchers, who used the nest just as it was.—S. C.S ww, Court — 
Leys. Brandon, Grantham, 16th August 1899. 
— e Number of Eggs of the Blue Titmouse. —I lately saw ina : 
ess Vicarage garden (Mappleton, near igh ote: a nest of oe Lobe (Parus — 
perio: in a disused with 1 e hen was ntly seen 


roth July 1 


NOTE—BOTANY. 
on’s ie of ages tah —In the June issue of ‘The 
enn 


criticisms on my recently sablistied mberland.’ Serious illness 
has prevented me from replying to his strictures until to-day, Mr. Ben 
ies which, in his opinion 


und plac oe me take these plants in the order sdantod by my 
friendly ne as follo 
alg ba eiyexphylus. Fagor Seats Keswick (Winch, Contributions 

to the pee of Cum and). Thi ne of Hutchinson's History of 
Cumber aad Tocalities Shorty after 7 first: commenced to take preparatory 
rity 


Notes, about i pis s ago, I discovered that Hutchinson 

as to wa cs eme ely unreliable,-and I therefore declined, for 
the Holy ae om to Si them, unless supported by modern confirmation. 
In addition to this, the localities indic aa, though divided only by a comma, 
are in reality thirty miles apart, and this fact ad my mistrust. 

have erred by c¢ ing my doubts a little too far. 

Potentilla v Wood. Contributed also from Hutchinson, 
Here, again, uncertainty was accentuated by divergence of the views praeeta 
tained by 1S etent authoritie nk Woods there are 

any in our he is the i ve a o Mr. 
Bennett's c mehding sentence I heartily say Am mu ave the 
sie eatios ihoident to old age Fabia any p awh rock 


Statice Avs In Top. Botany, P- 341, Mr. Watson tae? it for ~ 
Cumberland, Heysh sp.’ Here the question arises which Heysham is 
meant, the old doctor, or his as . C. Heysham, subsequently Micros of 
Carlisle, some of whose notes, itten on tin slips of. paper, are in my 
possession. Where was the eferred to gathered? In this con- 
nection I happen to k where a collection of plant of the Statice family 
exists, Mick ga athered in Cumberland, but on th arte — f th lway 
in the county eg Ki rkcudbright, which sees not a Store en named, 

ex domesticus. Hutchinson ag ter vers ago I found. 
amples ex maritimus (Golden Cae Maryport, and I found 


ex les of Rumex 

another at the same station a fortnight ago, w wien I failed to ides ti A to my 
i t was, re ii, a little too young. The m ‘Try 

again,’ must be put in practice 


yera Aes This species will “rab to Sree ac Fy a on the high 
r. 


t it has been noted rtd 


‘Cumberland, Bab. MS. Top. Bota By Be 38S 
He crepant doctores, whose difficulties I a 
little prepared to solve. Cogie to treat only of the two watts 
mentioned in the volume, inasmuch as, apart from £. palustris, all the other 
helle oy I have noticed, with a solitary exception, may be referred to 


Ep tpactis violacea. 
is another illustration of discr 
ed lve. I have 


Pota ‘on Zisii Roth. With regard to this species, I accept with 

Backs. Mr pik ti explanation, confirmed as it is by the naming of 

Mr. Bailey. 

tes experience lio ape fern insets on the humorous, 

3 Shs ~ and r my ey! r the stations men- 

that they were al Me the aiaining county of 
hrough what I had inad- 


arvohity Se 
am s cet geet to Mr. Bennett for the pains he has been 
~ ly os ‘better way.’—-W™M. Hopeson, A.L.S., Werkiiatre, 


pointing gute 
‘21st July 


= nt, 


276 
NOTE—FUNGI. 
pomaphors gigas at eae kt Lincolnshire.—I found — Saturday 
at Burw eam nes., Div. in a plantation, one of t ee herer inci: 
M . 


fe Hobineon6 reat authority here, says it is Mitrophota ‘gigas 
BENJN. CRow, ea goth May 1899. 


ee 
NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA. 


Hummingbird Hawkmoth near Horncastle,—I have twice within 
wk 


the last few days seen a Hummingbird Hawkmoth (iacragtssa ties rum) 
in my garden here. I also saw one in the adjoining parish o ornton, and 
I hear that two or three have b een at Woodhall Spa. They were first 
seen t by myself about fifteen years a if ye not seen any here, 
nor have | heard of their being seen in this neighbourhood, for a last six 
rears s se the lon ell of abnormally ho ather ha 

brought them out.—J. CONWay WALTER, Langto on Dogaieh Horneastle, 


29th August 1899. . 
a 
NOTE—PROTOZOA. 


Food of Hydra viridis.—On 3rd June I made an excursion to 
Swillington, and brought home Aydra viridis. I put them into a basin with 
tap water and the little sediment which was at the bottom of my bottle. The 


basin was put into my greenhouse, and next morni I put in a few bre 
umbs, which we oO use. n put the green fly we is, of the 
young shoots of the rose ee and found they soon devou t n 


fact I allowed them to eat all the Aphides I could get. The ‘Ryden etidca 
thus be very serviceable in a greenhouse it nay could live on plants. —EpDWw 

WHITEHOUSE, 89, Clarendon Road, Leeds, roth June 1899. 

heen in 

NOTE—ENTOMOLOGY. 

South American Insects in England.—The occurrence of insects 
in the neighbourhood of our important seaports, import rted from South 
America, or any part of the globe from which live sheep and cattle are 


brought to my notice on ig quantity of insect life in the Alfalfa, Anglice 
Lucerne (Medicago sa L.) which is shipped in Buenos Ayres for ca tle 
food. The Alfalfa aoe literally swarmed with life, butterflies, mote, 
beetles, flies, and other forms of insect ite = ae to me. Asw wallow-tailed 
butterfly of large dimensions crawled ou the last consignmen 

' that I took up out of the hold just Retire we entered the Tha whee as also 
did beetles and flies and a small sort of bee. When passing the Isle of _ 
Vi happe rnin ith ev ig 


rend 


277 
gn Memoriam. 


JOHN CORDEAUX. 
By the death of John Cordeaux this journal loses one of its oldest 


and most valued contributors; Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, a 


distinguished naturalist; and British ornithology, a leading 
authority. 

He was born in the year 1831 at Foston Rectory, Leicester-. 
shire ; and was the eldest son of the Rev. John Cordeaux, M.A., 
rector of Hooton Roberts, Yorkshire. He died in his 69th year 
at his residence, Great Cotes House, on the 1st August 1899, 
after a short but painful illness. 

a young man he went to live at Great Cotes, on the 
Hincolashive bank of the Humber Estuary, and here he made’ 
for half-a-century those interesting and valuable observations 
on birds and their migratory movements which have not only 
made his name familiar to all British ornithologists, but also to 
those of Europe and America. These records were contributed 
to the pages of the ‘ Zoologist,’ ‘ Naturalist,’ ‘ Field,’ and other 
natural history publications and Transactions. In the year 1873, 
Mr. Cordeaux published his ‘ Birds of the Humber District ’— 
a book teeming with original observations on the birds resident 
and migratory of the district whic ad made so pre- 
eminently his own. Quite recently—indeed it was his very last 
published work—he issued ‘A List of British Birds belonging 
to the Humber District,’ in which he brought the information 
relating to this remarkable region down to date, and wherein no 
less than 322 species are enumerated, with brief particulars of 


their occurrence. 


_ It is, perhaps, in connection with the interesting phenomenon 
of the migrations of our British birds that Mr. Cordeaux has 
come most into prominence. He was practically the founder of 
that elaborate and exhaustive enquiry which was undertaken by 
the British Association in 1880, in which year a committee of 
experts was appointed to investigate the subject of bird migra- 
tion as observed on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland. To — 


this end the various light-houses and light-vessels were supplied 


with schedules on which the various movements and occurrences 


of birds were recorded by the light-keepers. This work of 


collecting data (as well as of reporting annually on the results 
obtained) was carried on for a period of eight years, and the 


mass of information thus obtained was so vast that much of 
x ne neice) obtained is still under consideration, although the 


\ 
278 In Memoriam—jJohn Cordeaux. 


main facts derived from the inquiry have been made public. 
During all this period—now well nigh on to twenty years— 
Mr. Cordeaux acted as Secretary to the Committee, a post 


J hin eee 
Itet (ose PT paca 32 


which was no sinecure, especially during the years of the 
Committee’s active existence, 1880-1887 ; and it is not too much 
to say that he was the life and soul of the enquiry, while in later 


— 


Naturalist, 


Notes— Ornithology. 279 


years he has been the valued adviser of him who undertook to 
prepare the results of the investigation as a whole. 

- Mr. Cordeaux had a competent knowledge in several other 
branches of natural history, especially as regards botany, 
mammals, and fishes. He filled, with distinction, the important 
office of President of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and, 
on its formation in 1890, he was elected to the chief post of honour 
in the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union as its first President. He 
was gifted with a graceful pen and a poetical imagination, and 
these contributed to make his writing peculiarly attractive. 

As a friend and a man it is impossible to speak in terms too 
high. He possessed a singularly charming personality, and was 
beloved by all who knew him, while his sterling worth and lofty 
principles won for him universal esteem. 

By his death a wide circle has lost a true and very dear 
friend, and British natural history an Eee Mustaste and accom- 
plished devotee. W. EAGLE CLARKE. 


> oo 
NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY. 


Wryneck on the Coast of Holderness.—A female Wry —_ ve 
torguilia) as caught by a dog near git cli e 4 Ro elation on on the 11 
It was in very poor sige I have never before heard of this species in 
Holderness. pad Dar » the: bird stuffer in in Hull, told me it was 37 ye 
_ Since he had seen a pe n.—B. B. HAWORTH- seer Hullbank Hall, 


mall manufacturing eal about two miles from here. e plumage 
of both birds is much dir than those met — in Norfolk or Essex. 
—JOHNSON WILKINSON, Huddersfield, sth June 

N es near Horncastle.—One rara avis of these parts is the 
Nightingale (Daulias luscinia). Whether Mr. "Hawley i is op ee with 
visits of this bird I do not know, but the first seca le it in 
Lincoinshire was as I was walking one mby iia oy is ne 
morning, on my way to fish at Dogdyke. This work ns ‘before Mr. Hawle 

is 


ood of Do 
recent years, been reported at Welbeck Wath in Yorkshire. It also bred in 
Northumberland in 1895. In Lincolnshire it has been heard, within the last 


$n Memoriam. 
JOHN CORDEAUX, J.P., F.R.G.S., M.B.O.U. 


WortTuHiER hands than mine will record my good friend’s 


sketch in rough outline the events of his life, and to attempt 
to draw a short word picture of the man himself. 


John Cordeaux, the eldest son of the Rev. John oa 
at 


M.A., Rector of Hooton Roberts, Yorkshire, was bor 


Foston Rectory, Leicestershire, on 27th February 1831. At an - 


early age he was sent from home to Liverpool Collegiate School, 
where he obtained a thoroughly sound.education. His vacations 


were very frequently spent with his maternal grandfather, — 


Christopher Taylor, at Tothill, near Louth. There, or at 
Gayton-le-Marsh, close by, wandering over ‘the clays’ or true 
‘marsh’ of the Lincolnshire coast, the love of natural history 
first began to assert itself, along with a keen desire for sport 
which such a bird-infested coast fostered. Still quite a young 
man, Mr. Cordeaux settled as a farmer at Great Cotes, near 
Grimsby, and resided there up to the time of his death, which 
occurred on the 1st of August, with the exception some years 
ago of a short residence at Eaton Hall, near Retford. He was 
ever a keen sportsman, at one time regularly hunting with the 
Yarborough hounds, and to the day of his death was an exceed- 


ingly fine shot, and yet found time to take an active part in» 


estate management and in local affairs. The youngest daughter 
of Dr. W. Wilson, of Horton Hall, Cheshire, was wooed and 
won in 1860; and a widow, with two sons who hold Her 
Majesty’s commissions, are left behind to mourn his loss. 

The tastes and inclinations of Mr. Cordeaux were singu- 


larly wide; few men have his grasp or range of interests, 


but those who knew him most intimately will never think 
= of him only as ornithologist, zoologist, entomologist, botanist, 
- geologist, anthropologist, antiquary, or lover of dialect and 


folk-lore ; all-round student of nature and mankind, he was still _ 
sdinething more; the man himself overshadowed his interests — 
and his works. If this is rarely true of the majority of us, it was_ 


certainly the case with the first President of the Lincolnshire 


Humber District,’ Anseres in Frohawk’s ‘Illustrations of British 


Birds,’ or his still later pamphlet on ‘The Humber District — 


Ornis,’ give no idea of the kind, wide-hearted, sympathetic 


a brother worker in difficulty. Few people knew that the care- 


Naturalists’ Union. The ‘Migration Reports,’ ‘Birds of the 


Fe Pe ae arate 


student, ever ready to lend a willing ear or helping hand to ~ 


- ful recorder and pnleas maker ar a pen at command which 
Naturalist, 


et 
a et ose St 


F 


In Memoritum—/John Cordeaux. 281 


could recall ome i past in graphic flashes, and with equal 
felicity throw off sketches and verse, which his modesty 
generally ane eh the wor 
Above the average height, id of upright and good, if fairly 
full figure, Mr. Cordeaux was a striking man anywhere with his 
keen face and soldierly bearing. It is reported that when the 
hi C 


Mr. Cordeaux was ready at once with the reply, ‘ Hardly 
compliment. Ten years older, and not half so good looking.’ 


JOHN CORDEAUX. CLAUDE LEATHAM. KENNETH MACLEAN. 
atfield West Moor, 30th May este 


wv Pameg, 


Ph ' 4 by Mr. R. A. Bellamy, of Doncaster, at a 
Union Excursia 


The Norfolk shooting dress he Boavs wore in the field might 
mag been designed specially for his use, so well was it adapted 

the figure and character of the man and his pursuits. His 
oe stooping walk when busily engaged in observing, with 
hands ever ready to bring his field-glass to his eyes, or to take 
up anything for SS if searching, examination, were quite as 
characteristic of the man as another pose more difficult to 
describe. When cnidyie out the solution of some difficult 


282 In Memoriam—John Cordeaux. 


problem or thoughtfully reflecting, the two first fingers and 
thumb of his left hand had a way of seeking the upper part 
of his nose or forehead, as if to aid cogitation. 

Never shall I find another such untiring companion for 
wandering by shore and mud flat, upland common, or tree 
shaded beck. He was so genial, and yet so full of varied 
information, as apt in teaching as he was ready to impart, and, 
withal, as willing and eager to learn himself, as if life were only 


just unrolling the variegated phantasmagoria of modern know- | 


ledge to his gaze. If ever a man’s mental characteristic was 
‘universal inquisitiveness into things which should be generally 
and fully known,’ as he said, it was Mr. Cordeaux’s 

‘Forty years ago,’ he cried, throwing himself back against 


the sea-bank we were lunching under, a merry twinkle playing © < 


in his eyes, ‘I was considered a good-natured lunatic by every- 
body round Cotes, running about with a field-glass and gun to 
study birds instead of doing what every other young farmer 
se ‘‘the thing.” There were only two other scientific 

orkers known to me in the county then—tor the Boggs were 
ier out of my line. I had not, at that time, taken much 
interest in geology or botany. The two workers were the Rev. 
R. P. Alington, of Swinhope, and your kind friend Sir Charles 
Anderson. Both were good men as far as their opportunities 
went. Sir Charles told me the last eggs of the Great Bustard 
ever known in England were taken in ’35 or 36 on his father’s 
property at Haywold, near Driffield, on the Yorkshire Wolds. 
In these days we can form a Naturalists’ Union without being 
laughed at, and the man who has other sokeaahiig besides the 
prize ring and racing is not considered an ass.’ Then, perhaps, 


would follow racy tiles with all Mr. Cordeaux’s picturesque © 


gift and memory for detail to give them point, now of the 


parson, who, ‘in his sermon, gave the little Syrian Bear all the — 


, 

potentialities of the Grisly, till his mystified congregation were 
fairly kept awake through the summer afternoon’s heat, and 
worked up into mildly wondering, ‘‘How David ever escaped, 

and what was coming next!” You want to put fire and 
animation into what you do or say in the pulpit as everywhere 
else, but there must be something else besides manner. The 
sparrow that sitteth ‘‘alone upon the house top” will give some 
men occasion to talk undiluted rubbish for half-an-hour, an 


then they will say nothing whatever—not even where ‘‘the — 
sparrow hath found an house,” or that human beings ‘‘ are of 


common enough in Southern Europe.’ He would end _ this 


masters. His 


Ln Memoriam— -fohn Cordeaux. 283 


discourse on natural history preaching in response to the loud 
laughter of his audience, with merry, sparkling eyes, and a 
short, chuckling laugh which was ever infectious. Standing on 
the same sea-bank later in the year, he pointed out the spots in 
the famous North,Cotes thorn hedge where he had first viewed 
some of the rarest visitors to our coast, or where his friend, 
Mr. G. H. Caton-Haigh, had added the Greenish Willow- 
Warbler and Rodde’s Bush-Warbler to the British List 
Walking over what to other people would have been an 
endless succession of uninteresting fields, he was ever ready 


does the Bog Rhubarb (Peéasites offictnal’s) grow here and 
nowhere else for miles? Why does it always grow in clumps, 
rapidly spreading, unless prevented, wherever it is found?’ On 
Aylesby Beck, on another occasion, he was peering through 
a bush, to get a view over the bank, with all the circumspection 
of a master in woodcraft, searching the feeding-ground of the 
Summer Snipe (Zo/anus ochropus) with the fieldglass ‘to find out 
if the young have yet appeared.’ Later on he was advancing 
theory after theory why the nest was never found, though they 
seemed to ‘remain with us all the year round. I have had boys 
climbing the trees and looking into every old nest and likely 
place, but it is no good. We cannot spo ot it—and they must 
breed here, for I have seen the young.’ Later in the day he 
was pointing out the place where the Grass of Parnassus still 
grows in all its beauty, but from which the more lovely Marsh 
Helleborine had departed for ever. ‘You have a specimen from 
this very spot,’ he finally added, ‘ gathered by the Rev. M. G. 
Watkins and myself. Your problem is, Why has it gone? 
Now find the true solution; no other will do!’ Space fails me 
to tell half the thronging memories which come crowding on 
the mind of his observations, happy suggestions, and general 
mental position of—‘ Why, would you kindly help me to under- 
stand, and explain !” 

In reality birds had no greater interest specially for Mr. 
Cordeaux than many other natural objects and phenomena that 


- surrounded him. The circumstances of his life had given him 


unusual opportunities for observing them, and he had made the 
most of his time, and prepared himself for taking full advantage 
of any chance that offered by studying the literature of orni- 
thology, visiting Heligoland, Norway, and Vads6, and forming 
a long and cali ee with Herr Gatke and many other 
, however, was wider than any one science. 
Chipped flints, aca mounds, ancient camps, or the forest beds 
7th Sept. 1899. 


284 In Memoriam— -John Cordeaux. 


with the remains of man, ox, deer, and smaller feral units of 

geological or prehistoric time, found a diligent student and 
‘hue thoughtful SE ponent in the ise tone oer master of Great:Cotes 
House. He showed me the maps, drawings, and notes from 
“ fete by which he had Seunanuib that the lost villages 

th mber shore of the East Riding were long ago buried 

Resa ro waters of the North Sea; Spurn Head being slowly 
but surely pushed westward into the embouchure of the river, 
as the Boulder Clay of the east coast of Yorkshire gives way 
before the action we frost and waves, and is dispersed over the 
sea floor. His arguments as he explained everything were so 
concise, clear, cae suitable that it seemed as if one were listen- 
ing to a learned professor of geology demonstrating the action 
of tidal currents and oceanic scour. Truly did a recent writer 
in ‘The Field’ say of him, ‘Few country gentlemen have done 
more than he has done to foster a love of natural history in the 
county in which he resided, and to add to the common store of 
knowledge by the patient collection of observed facts and the 
subsequent publication of t 

The moral and <aeanacrsal seacaphers of that home, where — 
all true workers were made hospitably welcome, and the only 
self-seeking was a desire for further and fuller knowledge, made 
it a rallying place for many a jaded worker, and a starting 
place for fresh efforts and exertions. ‘In this age in which 
men value one another for what they have rather than for what 
they. are, John Cordeaux stood forth as a sturdy and noble 
protest. 

The characteristic words spoken within two months of his 
own departure of his friend the late Mr. Hewetson, ‘I tell you 
what it is, I shall soon have to follow him; I miss his friend- 
ship and his letters so. When my time comes I should like to ‘ 
be buried on the top of the wolds, where the cry of the Pink- 
footed Goose can be heard as it flies over in spring or returns in 
autumn ;’ or his last message to the members of the Lincoln- 
_ shire Naturalists’ Union, concerning their meeting at Frieston — 
Shore, dictated from his deathbed, ‘I cannot possibly come, but 
I shall be with them in apne if not in person,’ show the true 
man in all he was, The ‘Humber ornithologist’ was a man, — 
but the least part of the man was given to the world by his pen — 
his personality outshone his works. He lies at rest in Louth 
Cemetery, ‘on the top of the wolds,’ and no more fitting motto — 
could be found for his tomb than—_ 
He prayeth best who loveth best oe 

All things; both great and small. cas ale 
Ez * . Wooprurrs-PEacock. 
paaocenies 


285 
LINCOLNSHIRE NAT URALISTS AT HARTSHOLME. 


- Rev. EDWARD ADRIAN WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK, L.Th., F.L.S., 
Vicar of Cadney; Organising and Botanical Secretary, Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union : 
Curator of the Lincolnshire (iain Herbarium 


Ox the 15th of September, 1898, there was a joint meeting of the 3 


Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union and the Lincolnshire Scientific 
Society at Hartsholme Hall, near Lincoln, the seat of Mr. 

Nathaniel’ Clayton-Cockburn, J.P., situate in the parish of 
Skellingthorpe, in Div. 13. This was the twentieth meeting of 
the Union for field-work. A lovely summer day made every- 
thing pass off very well indeed, under careful supervision of the 
two presidents, Rev. W. Fowler, M.A., and Dr. G. M. Lowe, 
M.C. The members of the Societies turned out very well, 
considering the lateness of the season. Amongst others present 
were the Revs. A. Thornley, A. Hunt, J. Conway Walter, 
J. Gurnhill, E. R. Walker, and E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock, 
Messrs. F. H. Harrison, A. Fieldsend, J. Cordeaux, G. A. 
Grierson, W. Scorer, W. Lewington, M. Peacock, Musham, 


Greaves, and Dr. Cassall; also an unusually large number of ~: 


ladies, amongst whom were the Misses Stowe and Miss Harrison. 

The geology of this neighbourhood is not very interesting, 
except to the specialist in river-drift deposits. The rock, which 
consists of Lower Lias, is almost wholly covered with the 
ancient gravels and sands of the river Trent, deposited while 
it still flowed through the Lincoln Gap, or the much more 
recent gravels and sands the same river accumulated while 


passing off some of its flood waters along its old course after 


its present bed had been finally taken. The pond at Hartsholme 
is of modern artificial construction, made by deepening the 
outfall of a natural brook now called the Prial Drain, which 
formerly emptied into the Catch Water Drain; precisely in the 
same way as the lake at Boultham, the next parish on the east, 
_has been made by the waters of modernly-named Pike Drain, 
the Swallow Beck of more ancient days, which has handed on 
its name to the hamlet close by on its bank. 
Of the Duck Pond, Mr. N. Clayton-Cockburn writes :—‘ As 
a rule, about October, 300 or 400 Mallard come here to stay till 
_ the spring, when they leave the place to nest, I suppose, only 
a very few remaining here for that purpose. 
Widgeon come, too. I have never seen any Sheld-duck, but in 
i the spring a few Pochards regularly make their appearance, but 
_ do not stay any length of time. A Goosander once arrived 
ath pt. 1899. : ; : e 


A few Teal and 


a 


286 Peacock: Lincolnshire. Naturalists at Hartsholme. 


in the spring and stayed for two months, becoming so tame 
that I hoped it would finally remain. It would allow me to get 
within twenty yards of it, but it eventually vanished. I should 
have said that it was an immature bird. In January 1892 a 
beautiful specimen of the Bittern was picked up from under the 
ice of the lake at the end of the long frost. Kingfishers are 


fairly common. We once had a black duck, which I imagined 


to be a Scoter, here for three seasons. I have never seen wild — 
geese, but in 1892, I think, about Christmas, four Wild Swans 
settled on the lake, but they soon left. Herons are common, for 
there is a small Heronry at Doddington, about three miles 
away. We BtSsBone are becoming quite a nuisance, but I very 
rarely see a Coot 
About 120 species of plants were noted, the four best sales 
Ranunculus hederaceus, Lythrum salicaria, which is rather local 
than rare, Rumex palustris, and Scirpus setaceus. 
Five fungi only were seen, reported on by Rev. W. Fowler 
as follows :— 
Amanita rubescens. Marasmius oreades. 
manita muscaria. Calocera. carnea. 
Psalliota arvensis. 
he mosses were ae as disappointing, the following being 
named by Rev. W. Fow 
Dicranella heteromalla. Hylocomium squarrosum. 
‘Funaria hygrometri 
The following is a ist of eter seen and nes by 
Mr. W. Lewington and friends 


Pieris brassicz. Polyommatus phleeas. 
Pieris rapz Triphzna p b 
Pieris napi Xanthia flavag: 
Pararge me Thera variata. 

They met with ie following larvee :— 
Dasychira pudibunda. Acronycta ees NNT 
Notodonta dictzoides. Hadena olerace 


We were a little more lucky with our other slant captures. 
The following is the Rev. A. Thornley’s list :— 


OLEOPTERA. in mistake for a green seed 
Loricera pilicornis. by some larva 
Philonthus fimetarius, Longitarsus tonenerets  Duft. 

+  $tilbus consimilis. Common Common 

Aphodius contaminatus. Coccinella “decémpunctata. 

Agelastica halensis. Common. 

Cassida nobilis. One example, es ema septempunctata 

Cassida flaveola. One example. Commo 

Cassida viridis. One example. Adalia bhscnulata: Common. 
The thorax of this cre aig _ Exochomus quadripustulatus. 
has ki beoraeed been ‘nibbled ' iH Sommon. | 


hi 


Peacock: Lincolnshire Naturalists at Hartsholme. 287 


Strophosomus coryli. Stenus picipes. One example. 


Stenus similis. Co . HYMENOPTERA. 
Stenus» pubescens. One ex- Bombus agrorum. A few ex- 
amp les. 


e. 
The long period of dry weather had made insects rather scarce, 
By very careful sweeping I added the following :— 

COLEOPTERA. Telephorus lituratus. One. 
Malachius bipustulatus. One. 


Anaitis ocellata. Two. i é 
Staphylinus stercorarius. One. 


Sermyla halengis. Four. 


Adalia bipunctata. One var., HEMIPTERA. 
one type. Acanthosoma dentatum. Two. 

Exochomus 4-pustulatus. Six. _ Acanthosoma erste, 

Halyzia 14-guttata. Two. 

Coccinella 1o-punctata. One RIS ae decoratus. One 


Our most indefatigable of workers, Mr. J. Eardley Mala: 
got together the following list : — 
HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA. Gerris gibbifera Schum. Sener 
aa ears er interstinctum L. Gerris lacustris L. 
One (A. Thornie Ploiaria vagabunda L. One. 


Yd 
Peritrechus sake Schill. ; 
Twenty-ei Nabis oe Dahlb. on 


Drymus syivutteus Fab. ‘One. (W. Lewington 

Piesma cupitata Wolff. One. Téthaphiens vias Fieb. One. 
Many Corixe also from the lakes not yet examined. The extra- 
ordinary abundance of Perttrechus luniger, which swarmed under 


Capsidz, the most numerous family of the order. They feed on 
the sap, and many plants have species peculiar to themselves 
alone, but none were taken after diligent search save the first 
on the list. The rest find their food in other insects. 

The Spiders taken on this occasion were not very numerous 


Clubiona brevipes Bl. Pachygnatha degeerii Sund, 
Dictyna ra a i Privata hygrophilus Thor, 
Epeira oyenata C.-L ; Theridion sisyphium C,L.K. 
Epeira ay «K Theridion varians Hahn. 
Epeira diademat a Bl. Xysticus cristatus C.L.K. 
Linyphia triangularis C.L.K. Zilla atrica Koch. 

a segmentata C.L.K. Zilla x-notata C.L.K. 


Ocyale mirabilis C. LK: 

The two Societies joined at a convivial high-tea at the 
Saracen’s Head Hotel. After the usual reports on the day’s 
stoi and fitting speeches from the leading members, the party 

broke up into chatty groups, comparing anaes or reviving :old 


a memories of sag days in the fiel 
ath Sept. Sent 1800. 


mn ‘ 


‘ 


method of, and its pagination runs om the end of, the parent volume 

Only a limited number of have been done, presumably in consequence 

of the poo ‘ It is the only rk on th bject, and it is 

no credit to workers in English botany t the compilers should have to 

bear a loss after years of careful and thankless labour. fea he k fills its i 
gap in biographical literature. The present writer can add nothing, except i 
praise, where it is cap aug due. The price is cighteenpence for thirty | 


NOTE—MAMMALIA, 


Putorius hogs near Louth.—yYesterday I received from Mr. 


Chowler, of this town, a male Polecat (Putorius putorius) in the flesh and 
i h. He f it the same day fr ar L 


the tail itself being 7 in. in length.—H. H. CorsBett, 9, Priory Place, 
Doncaster, 25th April 1899. 


NOTE—COLEOPTERA. 


- Bembidium ee in Cumberland.—On 6th May this s year, m aa 
friend, Mr. F. H. Day, and I worked im river Irthing below Lanercost for ta 2 
Bembidi e species taken were Bembidium punctulatum, B. litt > se 
B. atroceruleum, B. tibiale, and B. decorum—all c 7 Colts | ee 

got several, and two specimens of 2. schiippeli Dej. They were running 
ont y ich abound alon river ra ‘ . 

eine visit to this locality, and on this occasion cimens found their ase 
into my collecting bottle. This is the loca ality, where « Wes Ge was 57 14 
Poet by Bold more than half a century ago, and Mr. A. Ne wberys Ki 


= Pslcites i gods i were sent for verification, yearn us "hit it has no 
n Britain for a good many years.—JAs. MuRRAY, 11, Clos 
peticlty Co dtiske, ai Fay 1899. 


>> 
NOTES AND NEWS. 


The ‘ First Suppl ement’ to Messrs. Britten and Boulger’s pea 
dex of British and Irish Botanists’ has lately appeared. It follows ae { 
and its inati on from end o 


pages and wrappers, a by no means exorbitant figu 
Se 
By the recent death of Edward Woodthorpe, of Alford, Lincolnshire, 
a victim of phthisis, the county has lost a most promising young naturalist. 
his i i aim 


considerable mee in sideenpe co while his data as to time an place were 


and was a ight example o life 

~atipeasin J limited time at his disposal. was the first to take the Purple - 
Emperor (Apatura iris) at Welton Wood, jae ar Alford. His captures I had 
the opportunity of seeing.—J. E. "M., 17t th May 


_Lepidopterists will be sorry to dp Koat of the death of an old member of the ¥ 
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, Mr. George Jackson, of Nunnery Lane, — 
ea ay e. 


York, at th f 63, which took place on the 3oth June, after a long an 
lingering e hard-working entomologist and a thorough 
eld naturalist of th ype, and he a nd varied 
experience in the branch (Lepidoptera) in which he was interest 
was very successful in eding the rk variety of Arctia lubricipeda, 
y of the cabinets in the country being enrich series from his 
results, H so bred at different times y fine varieties o a 
caja and Abraxas grossu ariata, and hi ction (as a e) might be 
considered the best in the district. He was one wists ipsam of the York 


and District Field gan Society, and was e eady to mags suse 
devoutly ata to its mem ie ro a to that ‘Section ‘to which hi 


AIR BLASTS BELOW GROUND. 


HENRY PRESTON, F.G:S., 


Hawthornden Villa, Oe ee Geological olgeesitd to the Lincolnshire 
turalists’ Union j 


IN relation to soil and romnaie Kaisa and a whole class 
of facts especially interesting to naturalists at the present time, 
I send you a few particulars of an air-blast in a well recently 
sunk at Boothby Pagnell, Lincolnshire, by the Hon. Maurice R. 
Gifford. On 23rd January 1899, Mr. Gifford wrote to me 
respecting this well, which was then being sunk :—‘At the 
106 feet bed there is a most tremendous blast of fresh air from 
a fissure in the rock. On Saturday last (21st January), the wind 
being S.W., it blew the candles out in the bottom of the well. 
To-day (afternoon), the wind being N.W.., if you put the candles 
near the fissure it draws the flame out, and when I was down 
this morning the wind was roaring in the fissure as it escaped 
like blowing a hurricane.’ 

Now the 106 feet bed of rock above mentioned is 68 feet in 
the Lincolnshire Oolite, which is overlaid at Boothby Pagnell by 
38 feet of clays and limestones of the Great Oolite and Upper 
Estuarine series. On Thursday, 26th January, I went down the 
well and saw the fissures. There are three openings, varying in 
size. Into the principal one a man could easily insert his arm 
and shoulder, but I did not measure it. The blast at that time 
from this largest fissure would blow out a candle held six inches 
from the opening into the well. The air was quite ‘fresh,’ and 
so cold that the men had to work with jackets and scarves on. 
On 23rd February the blast was still blowing into the well; on 
the 24th there was a slight draw from the well into the fissure ; 
in fact, the ‘ blowing’ and ‘ drawing’ varied very often, as was 
noticed by the smoke from the blasting shots. Water was first 
- reached at 131 feet, or 25 feet below the fissures. The theory 
of explanation drawn up at the time when all the facts were 
before me I give here ; it is as follows :— The underground 
waters having risen in wt ee of the heavy rains during 
the past few weeks, the in the rocks and that which was 
drawn down entangled in Bee descending water, had become 
compressed, and would even be pushed before the water in its 
easterly and downwards course, if no sufficient outlet was found, 
and this compressed air would not have the same opportunity to 
escape during a continuance of wet weather such as was the 
ease at the time. Therefore as soon as the fissure was opened 


~ October 1899. ; bs 


290 Neale: Short-eared Owl at Ackworth. 


there would be a strong rush of air. The intensity and length 


normal, but as the water slowly sank after the rain ceased by 
escaping in springs, etc., at a lower level, air would e drawn 
from the nearest point of access, for a flow of nai 
water cannot take place without a corresponding air movement, 
hence a back draught would occur into the fissures, which 
might or might not continue. The fall of the water level might 
be stopped by more rain, or less violently by a fall in barometric 
pressure. In the case of this fissure, while under observation, 
barometric pressure did not seem to explain matters much. 
I have seen no reason to alter this opinion, although when 
writing on the matter, as I hope to do in a paper on ‘The 
underground water supply from the Lincolnshire Oolite,’ I may 
enlarge upon it. I have made numerous inquiries, but can only 
obtain the following Mrcner ents facts :—Mr. J. E. Noble, well- 
borer, of Thurlby, writes me, ‘I had a similar experience at 


into it, we learned that ij would carry the waste close to the 
ys taba side of the bore.’ 

If readers of ‘ The Naturalist ’ have any further facts about 
underground air blasts, I should be glad if they would com- 
municate with me on the point, or publish them in its pages ; 
for, as my friend Mr. Woodruffe Peacock has pointed out to me, 
every fact of this kind is most invaluable in:showing how soils 
are aérated by a downward and upward draught of air as the 
rain falls or ceases, or even as the barometer changes. It is 


only by noting such facts as they come under observation — 
_ that the presence of fresh air in the soil, which the cerobic 


micro-organisms must have to enable them to break up an 
re-form the soluble ae cea of organic matter, can be fully 
demonstrated. 


+ 
NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY. 
hort-ea ort Owl at Ackworth.—The Ackworth ela gl Natural 
History Society have to note with regret that a specimen of the -eared 
Owl (Asio accipiorinns) was shot on Ackworth School count, ieee Na 16th 
Se —— inst.—Jos. NEALE, Ackworth School, 't roel pie 1899. 


eSNG Pe 
Naturalist, 


+ 


29¢ 
INTERESTING BOTANICAL FINDS IN CUMBERLAND. 


WILLIAM HODGSON, A.L.S., 
Workington, Cumberland. 


In the course of the last few weeks several finds of plants not of 

common or everyday occurrence have taken place, chiefly in the 

immediate neighbourhood of Carlisle. These finds are due to 
ho : 


for inspection and corroboration or otherwise of the finder’s own 
ideas as to their identity. I am glad to report that these ideas 
have in the main proved quite accurate. One of the most 
productive stations examined by Mr. Thomson appears to have 
been a gravel bed by the river Eden, opposite the village of 
Grinsdale, and on the right bank of the river. This gravel bed 
was mentioned to me some years ago by Mr. W. Duckworth, of 
Ulverston, during his abode in Carlisle, as a favourite hunting 
ground in his time, and Mr. Thomson’s recent forays go to verify 
Mr. Duckworth’s high opinion of its attractiveness in the eyes 
of a student of botany. The following, with other species, ae 
been gathered there recently, viz.:—Raphanus sativus, Asperu 
arvensis, Saponaria Vaccaria, Scandix Pecien-veneris, Sar 
latifolia, Caucalis nodosa, Stlaus pratensis, this last at King 
Garth, a fishery station belonging to the Carlisle Corporation, 
where also he gathered specimens of Thalictrum minus var. 
montanum, a lakeland species which I had met with long years 
ago, growing at the foot of the cliffs a pp eget in the 
Ullswater district of Westmorland. It i ‘far cry,’ surely, 
from the latter station to King Garth. Mr. Thomson further 
noted the occurrence of the Knotted Hedge Parsley on the 
' opposite bank of the river, near the Caledonian railway bridge. 
Erigeron acre and Arabis sagittata were found on a garden wall 
near the Gelt Woods, between Carlisle and Brampton; Pulicaria 
dysenterica on the Eden banks nearly opposite to the village of 
Kirkandrews. This plant was formerly reported from Etterby 
Scar, nearly opposite to Carlisle city, but it is questionable, in 
the estimation of the Rev. H. Friend, whether it any longer 


cillatum, which is also a confirmation of previous records by 


Mee OMe. Duckworth and Mr. T. C. Heysham, at one time Mayor 


- October 1899. 


es i 


292 Notes—Ornithology. 


of the city, and a naturalist of more than average ability. 
Centunculus minimus, heretofore little known to the county, 
was found both at King Moor and by the edge of Thurstonfield 


interesting, the similarity in the finds on the river Eden nae 
beds by Mr. Thomson, and those from the same class of . 
stations on the river Derwent as described by myself in 1896. 
Mr. Thomson has since reported the occurrence of Ginanthe 
Lachenalit from the vicinity of Bowness-on-Solway, and of 
a considerable patch of Melissa officinalis from the upper portion 
of the Green at Dalston, towards Hawksdale. This last, of 


course, is a garden escape. 18th September 1899. - 


rl i ' 
NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY. 4 


Nightingale at Doncaster.—A on (Daulias luscinia) has 
been constantly singing ina garden in Regent Square in ne town during © 
the present spring.—H. H. Corsett, fietonstel: 5th July 1899. 


Colour-variety of Chaffinch at gird toting e Lincolnshire.—The 
son of a farmer, young Gibbins, of the Abbey Farm, Stixwould, recently 


sage- Another 

about it. Ther were feeding with Shesianen: ie in a ike stackya rd. I sa 

stuffed by Mr. Fieldsend, of Lincoln, on 7th June.—J. Co NWAY WALTER, 
Langton Rectory, Horncastle, 12th June 1899. ‘ 


Cleverly-constructed Thrush’s Nest in Lancashire.—I wish to — 
note a Song Thrush’s nest in a garden near here, It is in a small fir and — 


ee 


pole of the tree, 


u 
all twigs o on “oe 
was much expo: osed- 


ion 
snajoining ite b 
thus giving the nest support against the it 
JOHN pas 1809, . 
[A couple of photographs sent for edi torial i inspection by Mr. Thomasson, 
sho wed the nests from two different i saia ce iew, —Ep. a a 


pee ) 293 
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE DIPTERA: 

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO MR. PERCY: H. GRIMSHAW’S 
PRELIMINARY LIST OF MARCH AND APRIL 1898. 


Rev. A, THORNLEY, M.A., F.E.S., F.L.S., 
Vicar of South Leverton, Notts. 


OwING to pressure of work, Mr. Grimshaw has asked me to 
continue his preliminary lists of the Diptera of the counties of 
Nottingham and Lincoln. The naming and verification has, 
however, been done very largely by him, and he has earned the 
gratitude of the entomologists of these two counties for the 
great trouble he has taken over local collections of this neglected 
order of insects. In the county of Nottingham we have not yet 
many workers, but I am indebted to Professor J. W. Carr, of 
the University College, and some few other members of our 
Naturalists’ Society, for several good records. I have also 
recently received great assistance from our veteran dipterist, 
Dr. R. H. Meade, of Bradford, whose great kindness I would 
here publicly acknowledge. There are 45 new records for the 
county of Nottingham, thus bringing up the number of species 
recorded to 279. There is one serious error to correct. The 
examples recorded in the previous list as Arctophila mussit/ans 
Were not that species, and are now correctly named in the 
present list. New records are marked with an asterisk. Other 
species previously recorded are inserted again, because they 
have been found in new localities, or the discovery of some 
peculiarity of habit, etc., calls for further remark. It might 
seem of but small importance to record the date of the capture 
of a specimen, yet this is often a matter of the utmost moment ; 
for example, the dates of the appearance of pests, such as 
_ Hessian Fly. The asterisk * signifies a species new to the 
county. 
ae Fam. MYCETOPHILID. 
*Mycetophila cingulum Mg. One ¢, South Leverton, October — 
1897 (Thornley). : 
*Mycetophila punctata Mg. One ¢, 20th January 1898; one 
2, gth February 1898; both South Leverton (Thornley). 
*Scatopse notata L. Two ¢s, South Leverton, 13th March 
_ 1898 (Thornley). 
_ October i859. 


294 Thornley : Nottinghamshire Diptera. 
Fam. BIBIONIDE, 

Bibio marci L. Gedling, ¢ and 9, 22nd May 1808 (J. W. 
Carr). I once saw a fine dance of this species by a sheltered 
hedge-side, roth May 1897. 

Fam. CULICIDA. 
*Culex annulatus Schrk. Three 9s, 26th January, 30th March, 
4th May 1898, South Leverton (Thornley). 
*Culex nemorosus Mg. South Leverton, three 2s, 12th and 
26th January, roth February 1898 (Thornley). 
*Anopheles maculipennis Mg. South Leverton, one ?, 7th 
April 1898; one 9, 1toth February 1898 (Thornley). 
Fam. PTYCHOPTERIDA. 
*Ptychoptera paludosa Mg. South Leverton, one 2, June 
1897 (Thornley). 
Fam. LIMNOBIDZ. 
*Limnobia quadrinotata Mg. Treswell Wood, one 9, 27th 
June 1898 (Thornley). 
*Trichocera hiemalis DeG. South Leverton, abundant in 
winter (Thornley). 
*Poecilostoma punctata Schrk. South Leverton, one ¢, 7th 
May 1808 (Thornley). 
Fam. TIPULID/E. 
“Pachyrrhina quadrifaria Mg. South Leverton, one 2, July 
1898 (Thornley). 
*“Pachyrrhina histrio Fab. South Leverton, two ¢s and one?, 
3 July 1898 (Thornley). 
Pachyrrhina maculosa Mg. Nottingham, a pair, 16th July 
1898 (J. W. Carr). 
Fam STRATIOMYIDA, 
*Oxycera pygmzxa Fin. Misterton, one ¢, 7th July 1898 
(Thornley 
* Beris anni Mg. Treswell Wood, one 9, 27th June 1898 
(Thornley). 
Sargus “ deppueae L. var. nubeculosus Ztt. Nottingham 
(Ryles). o 
Fam. LEPTIDE. 
Leptis tringaria ©. South widhaoears one @, 7th July 1898 
(Thornl ey) 
Naturalist, 


Thornley: Nottinghamshire Diptera. 205 
Fam. ASILIDAE. 

*“Leptogaster cylindrica DeG. South Leverton, ¢ and ?, oth 
July 1898 (Thornley). 

*Asilus crabroniformis L. Bulwell Forest, Nottingham, taken 
Some years ago (see J. W. Carr, ‘ Naturalist,’ June 1898, 
p- 170). ; 

Fam. BOMBYLID. 

*Bombylius major L. Winkburn Woods, Notts, several 
specimens in April 1898 (J. W. Carr ; see ‘The Naturalist,’ 
June 1898, p. 170). Treswell Wood, one example, 6th May 
1899 (Thornley). 

Fam. EMPIDA. 

*Empis pennipes L. Treswell Wood, one ¢ and four 2s, 27th 
June 1898 (Thornley). 

*“Cyrtoma spuria Flv. Treswell Wood, one 9, 27th June 
1898 (Thornley). 

Fam. DOLICHOPODIDE. 

*Dolichopus griseipennis Stan. Treswell Wood, one ¢, 27th 
June 1898 (Thornley). 

“Dolichopus trivialis Hal. Treswell Wood, two ¢s, 27th June 
1898 ; South Leverton, one ¢, 9th July 1898 (Thornley). 

*Chrysotus gramineus Flin. Treswell Wood, one ? , 27th June 
1898 (Thornley). } 

Scellus notatus Fab. South Leverton, one 9, July 1898. 

Fam. LONCHOPTERID. 

*Lonchoptera lacustris Mg. South Leverton, one 2, 7th May 
18098 (Thornley). 

Fam. SYRPHID. 

*Pipizella virens F. One example from Notts, locality label 
lost (Thornley, 1898). : 

Chilosia grossa Fin. Roe Woods, Winkburn, one ¢, 11th 

April 1898 (J. W. Carr). 

Chilosia flavimana Mg. Gedling, one 9, 22nd May 1898 
(J. W. Carr). 

Platychirus albimanus Fab. Nottingham, one ¢ and three 
Qs, 27th July 1898 (J. W. Carr). 

Platychirus manicatus Mg. Gedling, three ¢s, 22nd May 
1898 (Carr); Nuthall, two ¢s, 26th May 1898 (Carr); 
Colston Bassett, one ¢, 8th May 1898 (Carr) ; oe 

~ one ¢, 28th July 1898 (Carr). 

October 1899. 


296 - Dhoraley: Nottingleameshive Diptera, 
Platychirus scutatus Mg. Nottingham, one ¢, 27th July 
1898 (J. W. Carr). 


Syrphus balteatus DeG. Nottingham, one ¢, 24th July; 
one 2, 5th October 1898 (J. W. Carr). 


Syrphus luniger Mg. Nottingham, two ?s, 24th and 28th 3 


July 1898 (J. W. Carr 3 

Syrphus corollz F. Nottingham, three ¢s, 24th and 27th 
July 1898 (J. W. Carr); Hucknall Torkard, 7th June 1898 
(J. W. Carr). 

Syrphus ribesii L. Nottingham, three ¢s, 24th July 1898 
(J. W. Carr); Gedling, one ¢, 22nd May 1898 (J. W. Carr) ; 
Nether Langwith, one ¢, 2oth July 1898 (J. W. Carr). 

Catabomba pyrastri L. Nottingham, 28th July 1898 (J. W. 
Carr). 

Volucella bomaylans L. Teversall, one ? (red-tipped form), 
14th July 1898 (J. W. Carr). 

[Arctophila mussitans F. Must be removed from the List. 
The examples so named were species of Criorrhina, viz. :] 

*Criorrhina floccosa Mg. South Leverton, one ?, June with! ; 
one ¢, May 1897 (Thornley). 

*Criorrhina oxyacanthe Mg. South Leverton, one 3) June 
1896 (Thornley). 

Eristalis tenax L. Nottingham, several specimens, 24th July 
1898, with a very ly: ere of the ¢; and 8th to 12th 
October 1898 (J. W. Carr). 

Eristalis arbustorum L. Fanise 18th July 1898 (J. W. Carr). 

Eristalis pertinax Scop. Nottingham, 9th October 1898 
(J. W. Carr); Gedling, 24th April 1898 (J. W. Carr); Roe 
Woods, Winkburn, 8th and 11th May 1898 (J. W. Carr); 
Broxtowe, April 1898 (Freestone). 


Syritta pipiens L. Nottingham, ¢ and 2, 8th October 1898 
( - are 


*Chrysotoxum arcuatum. South Leverton, one?, June 1898 » 


(Thornley). 
Through the kindness of Dr. Meade I am able to add— 


*Chilosia intonsa Lw. South Leverton, four 9 s, May and July ; 


1897 (Thornley). 


May 1897 Neate 


*Pipiza (Cnemodon) vitripennis Mg. South Sas heed one d ee 


me “Natwralist, oe 


Thornley: Nottinghamshire Diptera. 207 
Fam. CONOPID. 
*Conops flavipes L. South Leverton, one example, August 
1897 (Thornley). 
Myopa testacea L. Rainworth, one ¢, 28th May 18908 (J. W. 
Carr). 


Fam. GSTRIDA, 
*Gstrus ovis L. South Leverton, July 1898 (Gent.). 
Fam, ANTHOMYID&., 

Hyetodesia lucorum Fin. Roe Woods, Winkburn, one ¢, 
11th May 1898 (J. W. Carr). 

*Hyetodesia basalis Ztt. Treswell Wood, several, July 1897 
and 1898 (Thornley). 

Fam. HELOMYZIDA. 

Tephrochlamys rufiventris Mg. South Leverton, common 
in the house, 9th February 18098 (Thornley) ; Treswell Wood, 
5th March 1898 (Thornley). 

*Blepharoptera serrata L. South Leverton, common in the 
house and stable on gist January and oth February 1898 
(Thornley); Roe Woods, Winkburn, 2nd April 1898; 

_ Nottingham, roth March 18908 (J. W. Carr). 
Fam. SCIOMYZID 2. 

*Tetanocera elata F. Treswell Wood, one ¢, 27th June 1808 
(Thornley). 

*Tetanocera punctulata Scop. Treswell Wood, 27th June 1898 : 
(Thornley). 

Limnia unguicornis Scop. Treswell Wood, one ¢, 27th June 
1898 (Thornley). — 

Elgiva albiseta Scop. Linby, 7th April 1898 (J. W. Carr). 

*Sepedon sphegeus F. South aiid srg) two examples, Sep- 
tember 1808 (Thornley). 

Fam, ORTALID&. 

Ptilonota centralis F.  Treswell Wood, two examples, 29th 
May 1899 (Thornley). 3 

Fam. TRYPETIDA. 

*Tephritis miliaria Schrk. Treswell Wood, one ?, 27th June 
1898 (Thornley). 

Fam. LONCHACIDA 

*Lonchea vaginalis Fin, South Leverton, twods, May 1897 © 

“ ___ (Thornley). 

Fig October 1899. ei 


298 Notes—Lepidoptera. 
Fam. BORBORIDA, 

*Borborus geniculatus Mcqg. South Leverton, two examples, 
7th April 1898 (Thornley). 

*Borborus equinus Flin. South Leverton, 29th January 1898 
(Thornley). 

*Borborus niger Mg. South Leverton, September 1897 and 
17th April 1898 (Thornley). 

*Phora rufipes Mg. South Leverton, abundant, taken on the 
following dates :—3oth January, roth February, 2nd and 
17th March, be May 1808 (Thornley). 

HYTOMYZIDA 


ADbyeorivvnk obscurella Flin. South Leverton, common 
(Thornley). The larve of this little fly feed between the 


upper and lower surface on the parenchyma of holly leaves; — 


sometimes quite disfiguring the trees by giving the leaves 
a blistered appearance. The fly appears in May. According 
to Dr. Meade there seems yet to be some difficulty about 
the specific name.—A. T 


ee 
NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA. 

Vanessa fener at rate ats katte specimen of the Camberwell 
Beauty (Vi ) was se n Oliver's Mount on the at September 
inst.—J. H. Reow TREE, Reaebbidingt, 15th September 1899. 

Pyralis paaslabarte at Doncaster.—This weer I had a female of 
the above species brought to me. It was found dead in this bipicbe in the 
centre of Doncaster. The only records for the ae y in Porritt’s List are 
from York.—H. H. CorsBett, Doncaster, 5th July 1899. 

Abundance wd Grammesia trigrammica - Doncaster.— During 
the past ten years I have oped seen two specimens of this spe ecies at 
Doncaster; but this year it is one of the commonest insects at ‘sugar 
H RBETT, secaon ed sth July 1899. 

ngbird Hawkmoth at Ackworth.—The Ackworth Schoo 


in our neighb s. NEAL shew rth School, th t. 
sé: Hanae H st August 
found a freshly-emerged speci f the Hummingbird Hawkmoth (Ja 
glossa stellat. wel = r ee ue a chink of a wall in the railway station at 
oceans Ed taying at sg wri St. Mary, Cambridgeshire, 


seth ie fortnight in September, I had many opportunities watching 
this interes sting species, which has been unusually abundant there, as it has— 
in ot arts o she co untry, during the past hot summer. "The oths 
Hequently visited jasmine and honeysuckle in the garden, and some beds of 
geraniums proved specially attractive. From early morning until seven 
o'clock in the evening I could always count on seeing one or two of t 


si is 


299 
THE FLORULA OF BARE, WEST LANCASTER. 


F. ARNOLD LEES, M.R.C.S., 


Except Walney and the limestone south of Silverdale, the vice- 

county of West. Lancaster has been sadly neglected since the 

Rev. .E. F. Linton resided at Preston, from which it follows that 

the observations of a few days in early September (1899) made 

on the beach of the Morecambe estuary, strictly confined to the 
shore and a mile inland between Bare and Hest Bank, have 
some little value from the definite parochial limit, and the 
thoroughness with which the small field was investigated by 

_ the writer. The appended asterisk indicates the species that 

are adventive although naturalised; and the letters ‘N.C.R.’ 

stand for a new vice-county record for the Watsonian area 60 of 

Topographical Botany. . 

Clematis Vitalba.* Several fine plants about Bare, crowning 
and festooning Yews amongst other trees, but, of course, 
originally sown or planted. 

Adonis autummnalis.* Waste arable where iene ts operations 
at Bare have broken the ground ; and wit 

Meconopsis cambrica* about poultry-runs in rough field- 
corners: probably garden ground originally—the stations 
being doomed of bricks and mortar both species must soon 
disappear, as well as their companions, Figwort, Mugwort, 
Agrimony, and Burdock. 

Silene maritima. Several pebble banks between Bare and 
Hest Bank, accompanied by 

Honkeneya peploides, locally termed by rustic children ‘ Fat- 
grass ’—a term not in Britten and Holland’s classic Plant- 

- Name Dictionary. : 

Geranium purpureum Forster. N.C.R. This or a deep-red, 

: divaricate and prostrate form of the ubiquitous ‘ Stinking 
Bob,’ modified by environment, was noticed on a pebbly 
spit of foreshore north of Bare, growing with the ‘ Fat- 
grass’ and succulent great-headed Matricaria salina, hard 
by several spray-washed boulders medalled over with 
Parmelia parietina and other lichens. 

Ononis repens (inermis Lange). Here and there on the beach 

anks, wit 

Lotus crassifolius Pers., but neither abundant nor continuously. 

ber 1899. Or 


md gs 


300 Lees: The Florula of Bare, West Lancaster. 


Prunus fruticans Weibe. N.C.R. (Perhaps this equals var. 
b. macrocarpa Wallr.). The eas yellow-green leaved 
Sloe. One or two bushes in thic near canal south of 
Hest Bank. ‘This might pass for clip insititia, the wild 
Bullace, but it was only in plum very sparingly. 

Rubus rusticanus Merc. was the vastly preponderant Bramble 
in the hedges of the narrow field ‘slypes’ or lanes through 
the pastures, but now and then by dikes or on earth-banks 
the writer noticed Rubus rhamnifolius, R. radula, R. coryli- 
folius, and R. cesius. 

Spirza Ulmaria var. denudata Hayne. N.C.R. This nude 
form of the white under-leaf Queen of the Meadow was | 
noted to occur at intervals for over half a mile on the west © 
bank of the Lancaster Canal north of Bare. It is a less- 
robust plant than the silver leaved type, and flowered here 
as elsewhere only sparingly. It usually grows zm the water 
not in peat-wet soil, and may be more frequent than the 
sparing records (eight or nine counties} would indicate. 
The early leaves of the type even, springing up through the 
standing fluid of a springtime ditch are unfelted I have 
noticed. 

Hippuris vulgaris. N.C.R. In several plashes and muddy 
+hedge bottoms about Bare. I was told a curiously-distorted 
notion about this by a farmer-like man, who watched me 
gazing at the serried ranks in the water. He gravely 
informed me that it was called Marestails, because it only 
grew in water wherein ‘mares, but I think horses, too, had 
staled’—that. is, made water! I objected that there were 
‘ Horsetails’ as well. ‘Yes,’ he admitted, ‘and some on 
‘em calls it that, I’ve heard, tew,’ or a saving phrase to 
similar effect. 


Lythrum Salicaria. Frequent by drains, and the Lancaster 


Canal south of Hest Bank. 

Cornus sanguinea. In hedge, Hest Bank. 

Sium erectum. Brook, Bare Lane. 

Tragopogon minor. Sea banks, 

Carduus tenuiflorus, with 

Carlina vulgaris very sparingly on the sandier banks of the 
beach. 


Filago germanica. N.C.R. A form approaching spathulata he 


seen sparingly on a hen-run near Bare, where the earth: had 
been much Geo e up. 


ESAS “a ae 
Cg arin Naeacalet.. 
eee nein ieee a Net - a4 


Bon ca WE 
Bet ae a2 iS Pitta. Lo! ah 


ea rhe fe 
esis ak a ; ie h Co NNER SOE ee ped fe ater ak ag re: 


ch ees Ea > The Florula of Bare, West Lancaster. 301 


Inula dysenterica. Hedge-bank of one lane off Bare towards 


Matsicacis salina Bab. N.C.R. This handsomest of the 
+ gathas’ or ‘False Marguerites,’ with neat foliage and 
a disproportionately large anthodes, grew in clumps on the 
f pebble beyond Scalestones Point ; with a bold condensed 
form of Linaria vulgaris almost meriting the term ‘speczosa,’ 
but that its ‘fat’ leaves were only one-nerved. The salinity 
ii of the air seems to dwarf the fodder and enlarge the 
blossoms of many plants, so that, weedy inland, they 

become posy-worth by the sea. 

Achillea Ptarmica, with full rosy blossom heads, grew by a 
ditch in one spot inland, and on a bank near it the common | 
Yarrow was of a fine red also. The Eyebright of the turf 
showed a disposition to empurpling of the corolla as well. 
This may be an exceptional seasonal influence, for the ~ 
Convolvulus Sepium of the hedges was. pinked, too, in places; 
and the dykeful Mints were purple-bronze of leaf everywhere; 
likewise the Black Bryony and Bindweed foliage. Nowhere 

in the district, either, did the writer notice an albino, a white 
Harebell, Bugle, Betony Basil, or Self-heal, such as are 
me years so very frequent. 

Gentiana Amarella. On sea bank turf north of Bare, sparingly, 
with Scabzosa Columbaria, rayed Centaurea nigra, Erythrea 
Centaurtum, and Lycopsis arvensis, Bare, one plant only. \ ae 

ae Clinopodium Spenn., N.C.R., we rather “a5 
common (go vice-counties) high-census species. This was 
sada on dry, bushy banks in three other spots. 

Verbascum Blattaria.* Moth Mullein. N.C.R. Three plants 

in bloom of this fine biennial grew in a poultry-run on.a 
waste strip of ground near the Elms Hotel at Bare. _ 
Possibly alien, but harder than usual to decide, as Verbascum — 
Thapsus grew near it, and in several other places, even on 
the shingles by the seaa little to the north. The Verbascums, 
too, are everywhere uncertain visitors, and their seeds are 
amongst those which can lie, viable yet ungerminating, in 
soil for considerable periods. This Moth Mullein, too, has, 
I see from Petty’s Lake Lancashire Flora, turned up occa- 
sionally in gravelly places in Furness and Cartmel, at least 
Since 1843, the date of the first record. In the north at 
any rate—and now seldomer than ever—are these biennial 
Mulleins grown in gardens as border flowers. 


Tee 


302 Lees: The Florula of Bare, West Lancaster, 


Veronica Anagallis. Brook, Bare. 

Linaria Cymbalaria.* Old walls, Bare. 

_ Mentha sativa var. rivalis.. N.C.R. . By the Lancaster Canal, 
south of Hest Bank, with a bushier, taller, red-stemmed 
mint of the saéva section, which most probably is 42. rubra 
Sm., but as it was on the further bank of the canal I could 
not get to it. On the tow-path side, where the herbage 
was much trodden and beaten down, I found only a red- 
stemmed subglabrous form, with long runners. At the 
water-edge grew also, fine and handsome, the English 


lovely picture, both are on record already for the vice- 
unt 


county. 

Lycopus europeus. Gipsywort. In several places. 

Iris Pseudacorus L. Yellow Flag. Marshes and pool-sides, 
frequent. Mentioned here only for its extraordinary rustic 
name. The seed clubs, at this date opening lip-like and 
revealing the (as yet) ivorine seed squares within, are 
called (so the urchins told me) thereabout ‘Eyeteeth’ or 


*Teatheads.’ Boys gather the full-grown green but hard— 


triangulate pods and pit one against another in a war game, 


chestnuts perforated and slung on a piece of whipcord. 
Sparganium simplex. Bare brook. 
Sparganium ramosum,. Frequent. The caltropsian burr-fruits 
of both these are styled ‘Wiskers,’ or ‘Whiskers’ by the Bare 
-boys, and a similar game-use is made of them. I never 
heard either of these names in any other county, and 
Britten has neither in his book, before alluded to. 


Elodea canadensis.* In the canal south of Hest Bank, ‘less | | 


common than it used to be,’ I was told. Is this aquarium 
outcast now again on the decline in this country ? 
Juncus diffusus Hoppe. N.C. R. Three or four clumps of this 


hybrid in a marsy pasture near a turkey-run, south of Hest 


Bank ; /. effusus near but not /. glaucus. 
Juncus obtusiflorus Ehrh. N.C.R. In a bed of Arundo Phrag- 
mites, by a brook, near the L. & N.-W. Rail. line, north of 
Bare. A few luxuriant stems (3 feet high) only. 
Scirpus incurs L. N.C.R. Noted in one place only, by the 
Marestail duck-pool at the back of Bare neg, With it 
grows Eleocharis alas hee. 


DAN ROS IEL ANA 


like unto that lads play with Ribwort Plantain or Horse- 


e 


- Natur. i A Ae i 


= 


r 
is, I believe, the first record for this part o 


Notes—Coleoptera and Flowering Plants. | 303 


Carex ampullacea (rostrata Stokes). N.C.R. A small form of 
this, not—me judice—the elatior Blytt, but too advanced in 
its shedden catkins to be sure it is zrvoluta, though its wiry 
leaves were rolled and narrow, grew in tufts by a ditch 
bordering the reed-bed mentioned above in connection with 
Juncus obtusiflorus. The type was seen on Torrisholme 
moss. ce make an end to these excursive remarks the only 
Gra of any note seen besides Arundo was 

Triticum Htbtate Reichb. N.C.R. The squary glaucus-eared 
grass formerly regarded asa variety of 7. repens, but now 
allocated to 7. pungens. 1 am not sure (with Watson, 
Top. Bot.,; p. 503), however, that there is not a bloomy- 
blue glumed state of both ‘species,’ since the pungens of 
the southern and eastern coasts is a plant of sandhills, and 
this grew on a steep hedge-bank facing the bay above 
Scalestones Point; and the ‘sea change’ facies of plants at 
the sheltered head of Morecambe Bay is much less marked 
than even on Walney, not to say the Cumberland seaboard. 
Explicit. 

gth September 1899. at ll dp abit 
NOTE—COLEOPTERA. 

Rhipiphorus gyda and Carabus coseeer near Ackworth., 
—The Ackworth Sch ol Boys’ Natural History Society have to record that 
this September two specimens were taken from conti Wasps’ nests of 
Rhipiphor rus paradoxus, female; and that at Ferry Bello Gy ate. 
in osiers as if in search of larvae oe food, were found t specimens of 
Carabus granulatus. These fin new records for us ar Pe NEALE, 
Ackworth School, 19th September 


i tn a 
NOTES—FLOWERING PLANTS. 


Fer errybridge Plant Records,—The Ackworth ae 1 Boys’ Natural 
History Society have to note that in June were gathered near Ferrybridge 
Allium Scorodoprasum ors Scirpus sylvaticus. They v identified by 

oth new records for us. Pig aa ck ALE, Ackworth 


W. Gowice, poraig sai hee ce 
t previously seen it. In an old Flora it is said to have been observed in 
Gaitaan only. —BENJ. Crow, Louth, 15th Sept. 1899. 
Sedum — in Littondale, Mid ee Lbcsumtonaigy Se origi. 


I found Sedum oe um growing and in bloom between Arncliffe and 
Hawkswick na ary, ately. and stony Toei tion; which is sometimes 
ublic road, and about a mile from any house. The 


us and were e ecideaity suffering dens the drought, This 
orkshir Mr. F. A. Lees 


speaks it as ry rare on Silurian slate ;’ he een it on weill 
Fells, Littondale is on the lim s must have been carried 
by a bird to the place mention it is pos [Nam sgn escape, 
bu A oy. now be _ id to be firoaly established her — see 


NOTE—MOSSES. 
m ——- in Wh seme le eee the last few weeks - 
pa 


ams 
the Naturalist, 1866, Pe 266, in a paper on the Botany of Malham, under 
#1. scorpioides—‘\ belie e the Beamsley rocks, cited as a station in ‘‘T “ 
Flora of bers West Riding” with name is ge kage in The moss I foun 
Has e been any record a 
Wharfedale since iti above ?—C. P. HopKIRK, tikley, po July 1899. 


$= 
NOTES—FLO WERING PLANTS. 


Stratiotes aloidea near Doncaster,—This plant is now aeabe ge ng eye! zy 


in a ditch by the side of the Great N others Railway a n Doncas 
and Rossington.—H. H. CorBett, Doncaster, 5th July ¥ 

Ranunculus arvensis and Epilobium hadaeiil at 750 feet in 
Wharfedale. —The former of these plants - as appeared in a border in my 
ord there is i 


dale, under a Holly tree in the same garden, ees says it is ‘rare in 
the dales epee 450 feet.’ ave never seen it before this above Kilnsey.— 
; FFREY, Arncliffe Woamee: toth August 1899. 


arn and Lobelia Peale RED some comments of mine 


id tarn n Mr. J. G,: 
District,’ pp. 142-3. A few weeks have ret tein since, in ~ course of 
. on 


fae he t ta me 
a. was to the effect that he had himself forgotten Geterty Hi n which sheet » 


water he had observed 6 Re nie suggested that the ee 


Sactened y him, viz., 500 sufficient to determine 
dispute. 1 had mentioned ay “belief t that “Bie Tarn, under High Street, in 
Westmorland, was the locality meant by Mr. Baker, a view which has 


2 Bisa ‘ F 
hitherto failed to meet with general acceptance. Among the objectors 1s 
i i e e Nat 


o 
» 
Q 


ate ‘al may not have = an experience 0} 


2 
a 
2 
cae 
» 
5 
=] 
i 
2 
= 
Q 
gs 
ae 
se 
Q 
o 
ye 
a 
Qo. 
z 
toad 
1 


t, Baker's given altitude of 1,500 _ 
feet. I have nee sree persona ally the ‘shore of either the Cum berla oe roe 


a tenant of both wt of water.—W™M 
+ BBQ, - 


surrounding eg and shoul not be ir aay to grea ai 
HODGSON, ie 


Sa ESE me 
Naturalist, Fe 


BIBLIOGRAPHY : 
_ Papers and records published with respect to the Natural History 
and Physical Features of the North of England. 


‘ 


GEOLOGY AND PALAZONTOLOGY, 1895. 
THE pressst rita ie has been compiled and edited by | 
THOMAS SHEPPARD. a 
Previous instalments of the ntwdiaaid of Geology and 
Paleontology have appeared as follow 
For 1884, in ‘Naturalist,’ Dec. 188. pp: 394-406. 


i. TooR, yy SNOW. 1886; ‘pp. 340°362. i 
5, 1886, i June 1888, pp. 178-188. : 
3 Oy 1S; Feb. 1889, pp. 61-77. 
: », 1888, ' April-May 1890, pp. 121-138. 
», 1880, is Nov. 1890, pp. 339-350. 
“oe », 1890, age Oct.-Nov. 1891, pp. 313-330. 
: »» 1891, ” July-Aug. 1892, pp. 219-234. 
: 3) e802, aes Sept. 1893, pp. 265-279. 
* » 1893, 7. Sept.-Oct. 1898, pp. 273-296. 


», 1894, A March-April 1899, pp. 81-103. 
I, have to thank Mr. W. Denison Roebuck,. F.L.S., and 
Mr. Alfred Harker, M.A., F.G.S., for assistance. t 

Particulars of papers, etc., omitted from the following list . _ 
will be gladly received and included at the commencement o o, 
the 1896 Bibliography. Every effort will be made, however, to 
ensure these lists being as complete as possible. 

The lists for 1896-1899 will be published as soon as possible, 
and it would render them more complete if editors of periodicals, 
secretaries of societies, and especially authors of papers in local = __ 
journals, etc., would send copies to the editor of this journal at _ 
259, Hyde Pack Road, Leeds. Reprints and authors’ separate _ 
_ copies should bear the name of the publication, the number of © 

the volume or Pact, the ee paging and the actual: date — 

of publicatio: on. . 
> We would here refer to the difficulty of ascertaining the date 
Etc Of publication of certain Transactions and Proceedings, such as, 
_ for instance, those | of the Manchester Geological Society; the 
date of the meeting reported does not afford any real clue, and _ 

_ We venture to suggest that the actual date of publication should 
always be indicated on the cover of each part ie 
bo ae Ee: Watsonian vice-counties are adopted throughout hats 
et oemabie « as more convenient | ne uniform in extent than : 


306 F Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1893-5: 


the political counties; those comprised mahi the North of | 


ngland are the following :— 
§3, Lincoln S.; 54; Lincoln .N.; 56; Notts.; os Derby; 58, 
Cheshire; 59, Lancashire S.; 60, Lancashire W.; 61, York S.E.; 


O2;> York N. Bis Gae:¥ orc S.W.: 64, York Mid BEN 65, York — 


_N.W.; 66, Durham; 67, Northumberland S.; 68, Cheviotland ; 


69, Westmorland with Furness and Cartmel; 70, Cumberland; 


and 71, Isle of Man; with their adjoining seas. 


1893. 
Boyp DAWKINS LANG, Sa, DERBYSHIRE. | 
The Coalfields of New anspad Wales [under ‘ haipaatadil with the | 
ritish Carboniferous Rocks Sib sa with the beds of Lancashire and ~ 


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ANON. [not signed]. DERBYSHIRE. 
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ANON. [not signed]. York Mip W. 

Field Meeting [held at Clapham; Report of eager 4s 
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Assn., Vol. na 1894-5, 

Aue [not sign me Lanc. S., CHESHIRE, ~ 

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the Sistéion Quarries, rekisinh Journ. Liv. Geol. Assn., Vol. 25, 
1894-5, PP- 30-31. 

ANON. [not signed]. ' Iste oF MAN. 


_ An Auriferous Quartz-vein . . [near Douglas, Isle of Man; first 
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East Riding Antiquarian Society. The Danes’ Graves [Report of 
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ON. [not signed]. York Mip W. 
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a Pp. 20 


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Geotoxical Excursion to Saltersgate and Winny Nab [Brief Notes . 


sion organised and reap ted by the Rev. E. M. Cole]. 
Natusahe Notes; Vol. 4 1894-5, p. 27 

d}. E NORTHERN COUNTIES, 

Geologic ogre | cage to me | feces secant s Library 


| during the | half year ended D 
| BRE es 1895 | . ity : Copiata ns numerous | peferences to 
papers bearing on the geology of the northern counties}. 

oN, [not signed]. ISLE OF MAN. 


— pes the Isle of ory fa paying vein found at Douglas}. — Nat. 


» Feb. 1895, p- 3 


th 8S: 


ee ak ane Ae = 
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ANON. [not signed]. YorK N.E. anv S.E. 


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a and Glacial beds ; to Marsh Lane Cutting. i 8 Sue 4 on 8th July, sec- 

: ie 


e Co n rot 
Yorkshire Na torsiinis Union, sections in the fe) ae Glacial beds, e 


to Bolton and Eastby, on 15th July, Carboniferous Limestone, Millstone 
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sp Satedlamimd imestone, Millstone Grit, etc Jetherby, on h 
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Ronald’ oor, on 2nd tember, Millstone Grit and Glacials; to 
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U., on 14th May, Carboniferous basement beds, etc.; to Ferry- 
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eats DISTRICT, 
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Glac. Mag., Sept. 1895, pp. ene 


452 
re =, 
ue) 
Pon | 
° 
3 


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Glacial Geology at yee? British Association [abstracts of Bee 
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an excursion moraines tr York, whi ore e laid down by the | 


Vale of York piabier Glac. Mag., pet 1895, p 


J. B. ATKINSON. ; ALL THE NORTHERN COUNTIES. — 
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Great Britain — eo with the a. of Mpc for the year eit ; 
London. 1895 [no 


“Naturalist 


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THE NORTHERN COUNTIES. 

Ann ake - ‘British Geology, B93, A digest of the Books and 

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HERBERT BOLTO Lance. S. anD W. 
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T. G. BONNEY. K S.E., Linc. N. AN 
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bably came from Yorkshire or Lincolnshire; but in a footnote ade 
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October 1899 


310 Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1895. 


Bur Linc.cN, 
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J. Burt York S.W 
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3 
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Part 3, i pp- 2 


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ARTHUR H. Foorp. N.E. 

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est 
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Wz MAYNARD. » HeTeHes. ,. c. A McMahon,’ 


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Bae OsMuND W. JEFFS [Secretary]. YORKSHIRE, LANCASHIRE, 
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: Along the Cliffs oe Tayoure Wyke to Robin Hood’s Bay 
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A. J. Juxes-Browy{E]. Inc. N, AND S, 
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; ALL. CUMBERLAND. . 
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Ay. sigs Glaciers [describes an excursion made by som pene: moinbers of 
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on me gravelly mounds near the =a of Premier r with similar 
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3 18 Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1895. 


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A. H. KENNEY, RK N.E. AND S.E. 
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G, MPLUGH. York S.E. 
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% 
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JosepH Lomas, CHESHIRE. — 

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JOSEPH eee c. S,, CHESHIRE, - 
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C, A. MCMAHON AND W. Maynarpb Hutcnuines. York N.W. or N.E. 
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Me 


4 


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and Polyt. Soc., 1895, pp. 1-14, with s 


THOMAS SHEPPARD, YORK = : AND S.E. AND Linc. N. AND S, 
On the Occurrence of Scandinavian Boulders in England (criticises. 
Sir H. H. Howorth’s hypothesis that the Scandinavian boulders found in 
England had been brought over as anchor ikings ; gives full list 
f recor ndi —— erratics found in England, some bein m 
— depths in the ground several miles from the sea]. Glac. Mag., 
1895, pp. 129-132 toad two tables), 
= SHEPPARD York S$ 
[Boulders mer Burstwick [in dors hipirigha ot yoga Combesivtee 
and its Ninth Year's Work ’]. » Dec. 1895 
J. SHIPMAN. NOTTS. 


he Coal apes Sed of the Leen Vall any: Ann. Rep. and Trans. 
roe sieve Nat. Soc., 1894 (see Nat., 1895, p. 308). 


J. SHIPMAN. 
sda Leen Fibers Coal Measures. Colliery Guardian, Vol. 69, 1895, 


o ef LAN 
ug od Flints {note suggesting that the minute flakings on te 
soe gf the Rev. R. A. Gatty in a previous issue are the results 
oe te — of the flints; see ‘Reginald A. Gat tty’}. ‘Sci. Goss., May 
1895, p- 
Wes eae 4 op ee. 
An Expeliinent t to Illustrate the Mode of Flow of a Gane us Fluid 
[confirms y experi Poe: the ig gee made by P. F. Kendall that the 
ice sheet which covered the Isle of Man lifted boulders from Granite 
Mountain wgit bnerg’ ying to the — of South Barrule up to 100 feet below 
its summit, which is f,588 feet above sea level]. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 
Vol. a Part 3, Aug. 1895, pp. 361-368 (sections), Q J x 
ee i in the Vale of Pi York N.E. 
tiluetrwe ngs in the le o gem descri ies of 
pec. unearthed from the bed of t ting P eonaed worght nt os pe 
also found]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Boye Soc., 1895, pp. 


cor 


Liblugraphy: Geology and Paleontology, 1895. 323 


J.W K N.E. ann S.E. 
(Boulders. er ‘Melt ton and Bessingby {in ‘ The exis Boulder 
mmittee and its Ninth Year's Work’]. Nat., Dec. 1895, PP- 343-344- 


OX-STRANGWAYS. ‘VALE OF YORK 
bigitai Phenomena near York [describes oe various glacial beds in 
the Vale of York, ith, ges ire referen the ic moun 


: riticisms 
a paper by P. F. Kendall in a previous volume]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and 
Polyt. Soc., 1895, pp. 15-20, with large folding map. 
OX-STRANGWAYS, 


t. ees . 
Estuary of the Humber [erosion of the shores a in the Brit. 
Report on the Rate of Erosion of the Sea-coa s of En rae nd 


Wales. between Ferriby Sluice and Ferriby Hall es and 80 yards 
Stag high have prpticcar ie since Ordnance Map sheet 86 was made]. 
Rep. Brit. Assn., 1895, p. 377: 


J RS. 
nee of Strata at Ganstead, in Holderness alien sia a 
iF re d finally chalk mart]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., 
1895,. p- 
Pek. ee See W. L. H. Duckworth. 
, CHESHIRE. © 


M. SWeny. Lan 
ihe oy Approaches to the Mersey. 1895, 8vo, elk ‘plects [not 


THOMAS. TATE. K N.W., Mip W., S.W., N.E., AND S.E. 
The Yorkshire Boulder be na lie and (ov Ninth Year’s Work 
[gives Lobb cede of boulders observed in various parts of the county, 
and table of over 2,000 boulders observed on t the Holderness coast by the 
East Riding Boulder racer Nat., Dec. 1895, pp. 339-3 
THOMAS TATE. YorK Mip W. 
The Malham Dry River Bed [refers to previous literature on the 
subject to oe ngth; the author's views are also briefly given ; illus- 
trated by map and nine ea oe <4 Godfrey Bingley]. Proc. 
Yorks Geol. and Polyt. Soc., 1895, pp. 58-6 
H TATE. Dp W. 
(Geological bienighg age made with bio Yorkshire oan ive at 
nar gh ., May 1895, pp. 
WARREN UPHAM. E NORTHERN COUNTIES. 
View of the Ice Age as Two Epochs, res Glacial and the Champlain 
e with 


Nemes pt Be cont of north-western Eur hose of North 
Ame 


ca]. . Mag., 1895, pp- 113-122 lew plats es). 
Ae H, ORK N.E. 
Geologic al Notes of an Ex oni we ree oF the [Cleveland 
oe Field Club to Runsw Bay {de s the beds in the A 
; then examined}. Pro fapecdeeate Nat. Field Club, oe pp. 12- 
E OF . 


W. W. " 
Petrographical Notes on the ‘ Crush-Conglomerates’ 2 tie Isle of 
Man [appendix to Mr. Lamplugh’s paper]. _ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 
Vol. 51, Part 4, Nov. 1895, pp- 588-599 19 (plates). 
E. ETHERED. DERBYSHIRE. 
The Formation of Oolite [pointing —* the importance of Girvanella 
and other tubular organisms in the formation of oolitic structure: two 
grains from the carboniferous limestone of Buxton figured]. Quart. 
Journ. Geol. Soc., May 1895, pp- 196-205, plate 7. 


324 Bibliography: Geology and cieainiate os 1895. 


- WHI Linc. S. 
Unde erhinda in in Suffolk and its Borders: Address to the Geological 
Fig. oe n [of the British Association; refers (p. 469) to a boring, 1,500 feet 
n depth, which penetrates into the ah bokiteeties rocks, at Scarle, south- 
‘aint of Lincoln]. Geol. Mag., Oct. 1895, pp. 461-471. 
: : ALL THE NORTHERN COUNTIES. 
Second pera cee: List of Works referring to Underground 
Water, England Wales [being Appendix to the Brit. Assn. Report on 
ecw Cicetlation o Fides ground Waters; contains numerous references of 
value to north of Ragland geologists]. Rep. Brit. Assn., 1895, pp. 394-402." 
ALL THE NORTHERN COUNTIES. 
Second staal ahr List of Works on the Coa rae a and 
Shore-deposits of England a aoe [being Appendix IV. t © Repor 
ont ec “of Erosion of the Sea Coasts of England and Wales on- 
tains references to several Saves wae with the coasts of the pena 
counties]. Rep. Brit. Assn., 1895, p 8-392. 
W. C. WL esc c. S., YorK S.W. 
On the light thrown upon the Question of a Growth and 
evelopment of the Carboniferous Arborescent a ee by the 
: e 


Study of the Details of thei tine ation nch. Lit. and Phil. 
oc., 1895, Sec. 4, Vol. 9, pp. 31 et seq. [not see nj. 

W. C. WILLIAMSON AND D. H. Scort. Lanc. S., YORK S.W. 

whocdage 29 Hyped abe on the Orpenication of the Fo ssil Plants of 


he Coal Measures.—Part I. Calamostachys, an eno- 
‘ohitica, Phil. “Tr rans. Roy. ce poten (B), Vol. 185, 1895, pp. 863 
et seq. [not seen]. 


WILLIAMSON AND D. H. Sco Lanc. S., YORK 
Further Observations’ * boa Organisation of ae Fossil Plants - 
the Coal Measures.—Part II. The Roo Joe Calam Pro 
London, Vol. 57, 1895, vol 1 et seq. ~ nj. 
W. C. WILLIAMSON AND D. H. 5 a eS, 
Further ‘Observations on Mir Organisation of the, Fossil Plan 5 of 
the Coal Measures.—Part . Lyginodendron and se roc. 


Roy. Soc. London, Vol. 58, “cas pp. ci et seq. ae 
W. C. WILLIAMSON AND D. H. Scor cS: 
On Se and “Heterangium latving lengthy. ciacane of 


r in rans . Oldhan num, one of commo: nest 
polls Vokes en -measure 5 ae. and Because paige: 
in the coal- measures Dulesgate, Lanes., and A. tilieoides from Halifax 
coal-measures]. of Bot. , Sept. ae PP- 525-535- 

R. WINSTANLEY E OF MAN, LAKE DISTRICT, ETC. 
A Few Thoughts. on serpy 3 ne ere the Presidential Address to 
the Manchester Geolo 1 Society; various geological. features in the 


north of En oy broad peer te to]. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., Vol. 24, 
Part 2, 1895, pp- 38-52. 
petit tin Woopwarp [not signed]. p S.E. 
Malton Naturalists’ Society. Presidential Adress * vk rthur 
Smith Woodward ; cee ains gd notes on the of the district, 
3 Yorks. Science Notes, Nov. 1895, pp. mer 
RD. 


RTHUR SM Caden, 


Henry Woopwarp. See ‘T. Rupert Jones.’ 
‘ Naturalist, 


$45 
LINCOLNSHIRE COAST BOULDERS. 


F, M. BURTON, F.L.S., F.G.S., 
Highfield, Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. 


In dealing with this subject Mr. Harker, in his recent article in 
‘The Naturalist,’ on ‘The Southward Movement of Beach- 
material across the Humber Gap,’ gives an explanation in favour 
of his view which requires attention and consideration, He 
abandons ‘the powerful tidal scour,’ and, ‘while not denying 
the possibility that some of the boulders on the Lincolnshire 
coast may have a different source,’ he still adheres ‘to the view 
that many, and probably the large majority, of them are derived 
from the waste of the Holderness cliffs. 

As I understand it, he allows that the material from the 
Yorkshire coast cannot pass the Humber current at the present 
day (and of this the existence of the narrow bank of shingle at 
Spurn Point is a sufficient proof), but he raises the hypothesis 
that this shingle bank, now some three miles long and only 
some 300 years old (for it did not exist, he says, when Camden 
described the locality in 1586), is merely a repetition of other 
banks of a similar nature, which have been formed from time to 
time in the same situation, and which have been successively 
breached by the river, near the point of their junction with the 
land (the neck as he terms it), allowing the current to resume 
its former course, and thus transferring the material collected in 
the north to the south of the river Humber. 

Now what proof there is of this ever having occurred he does 
not say; but, supposing it to be an authenticated fact, would 
the material so situated ever be able to reach the Lincolnshire 
shore? Certainly not, I think, unless the coast in question in 
former days differed altogether from its present character. 

It is difficult, of course, to speak with any precision as to 
what has taken place on land surfaces during long-past pees. 
as such surfaces are necessarily continually changing; but, t 
all appearance, the contour, depth, and nature of the jest 
shire coast has (speaking generally and allowing for denudation) 
continued the same as it is at the present time for ages past ; 
ever since the Trent flowed in its old course into or over what is 
now the Wash; before the time when the dominant Humber 
captured it: a time which takes us back to the far off Glacial 
period. 

As regards Mr. Harker’s reference to Camden I have not the 


November 1899. 


326 Burton: Lincolnshire Coast Boulders. 


work before me, but might not the author have treated the bank 


eet in existence when he described the locality, then that must 

ve been one of the periods referred to when the spit had been 
saicne at the neck and the material swept away by the river 
current. And, surely, had this been the case, there would have 
been some existing record at the time of the event; for unlike 
the building up of the bank, which would be of comparatively 
slow growth, the sudden breaching of the structure would, 
I should imagine, be more or less of a catastrophic nature. 

Then supposing again the theory to be true, would not the 
river, in resuming its old course, be more likely to carry the 
shingle. by its broad current out to sea instead of banking it up 
on the south ? 

Mr. Clement Reid, as Mr. Harker reminds us, ‘ points to the 
existence of a very large shingle beach near Donna Nook, on 
the south side of the Humber mouth,’ which he, Mr. Harker, 
says ‘can only have been derived from the other side of the 
estuary ;’ and he adds, ‘there are many vanished Spurn points 
to account for, and it cannot be doubted that the material from 
them is scattered along the coast from the Humber to the Wash 
at least.” To my mind, however, there is a great deal of doubt 
as to this. | 

should not this large shingle beach have been derived 
from the Lincolnshire coast : y rely on a ‘Deus ex machina’ 
for the existence of Lincolnshire boulders on the Lincolnshire 
coast when the material itself is found there? No one can deny 
the existence of boulder deposits all over the land bordering 
this coast to the east of the wolds, where they lie under the 
post-glacial deposits and are exposed in many places; and no 
one can doubt that cliffs like those at Holderness once skirted 
the shore, of which the cut-down cliff at Cleethorpes is the only 
remnant. And is it not more likely that this bank at Donna 
Nook is the result of the wearing away of these cliffs by the 
current on the Lincolnshire side than of its being derived from 
the Yorkshire cliffs on the other side of the river ? Its position, 
too, would confirm this, for it lies just where one would expect 
to find it, if brought down by the river on the Lincolnshire side ; 
as the land at Donna Nook forms a sort of promontory, beyond 
which the coast line takes a more southerly course 

Mr. Harker further asks what has become of the millions of 
tons of material swept southwards along the Holderness coast 

: Naturalist, 


Burton: Lincolnshire Coast Boulders. 327 


prior to 1586—the date of Camden’s work—and he says, ‘There 
is only one possible answer: it is distributed along the coast 
south of the Humber.’ This is entirely begging the question, 
for it assumes that the material, from whatever source it comes, 
once on the south side of the river, would be able to reach the 
coast and be carried down it by currents; a fact which, after 
reading Mr. Wheeler’s lucid account of wave and tidal action 
generally, and of that of the district in question in particular, 
seems to me impossible. 

On the other hand, I would ask what has become of all the 
material which has been denuded from the boulder cliffs of the 
Lincolnshire coast? And, again, which is the most likely to be 
the case, that the material now found there should have been 
derived from the northern side of the Humber current, whic 
would prevent its crossing to the south; or, from the southern 
Lincolnshire side, where it would have no current to oppose it, 
and where the material lies ready to hand ? 

In connection with the question of currents, Mr. Harker in 


Lincolnshire oni we ee no element of 
that kind; ait - sand and mud; and the boulders, which lie 
hidden under it, are only occasionally revealed when storms 
have swept the covering of sand and mud from off them. With 
reference to this latter coast Mr. Wheeler says :—‘On this 
beach there is no appreciable littoral drift or alteration in form. 
Sand does not accumulate against the piers or groynes which 
extend across the shore; and the general outline of the beach 
remains as it always has been so far as any record exists.’ 
That this is so, surely the large bank of shingle at Donna Nook 
is a proof, for if any strong drift existed would not this bank be 
carried down the shore instead of eenee heaped up as 
Mr. Clement Reid describes it ? 
The whole of the evidence, as well as the facts, seem to m 
to point conclusively to the erratics on the Lincolnshire ac 


November 1899. 


328 Burton: Lincolnshire Coast Boulders. 


being derived from the cliffs and boulder deposits south of the 
Humber; and if any came from the Yorkshire coast it muSt 
have been before the Humber gap was formed: a time so dis- 
tant that to speak about it with authority would be impossible, 
and speculation idle. 

Since writing the above I have received a letter from 
Mr, Wheeler, and send the following extracts from tt:— 

‘I cannot follow Mr. Harker as to what happened in remote 
times. My geology is only that relating to what is going on 
now, and is of use to engineers in sea coast protection and other 
works. [ do not accept his theory as to Spurn Point. To quote 
Camden as an authority on such a matter counts for nothing. 
He was a very good general observer, but, like the old chart 
and map makers, ‘‘de minimis non curant,” to use an adapted 
legal term. Spurn Point was worse to get at then than it is 
now, and I cannot conceive that he would have devoted his 
time and energies to a few yards of shingle beach. 

‘Of one thing I am as certain as one can be about anything of 
the sort, that there is no travel of stone from the north to the south 
side of the Humber now. The millions of tons of material that 
must have washed, according to Mr. Harker, from the York- | 
shire cliffs show no trace of their existence along the Lincolnshire 
coast. It is one mass of sand resting on soft clay, under which 
is a layer of peat and trees, and then the boulder clay with stones. 

‘As regards the ‘millions of tons,” this is surely a 
exaggeration. The Yorkshire cliffs consist of boulder clay ; 
the stones do not form, probably, one-tenth of the mass. Many 
of them, in being rolled about, get ground to sand; and the 
bulk of the material goes away in suspension, and is deposited 
on the bed of the sea. 

‘] made a purpose journey to Sutton and Mablethorpe a few 
days ago to have another look at the beach. The stones 
are few and far between. Here and there a small packet is 
gathered,.and this principally at low water, or say the line of 
three-quarter ebb. They are not buried in the sand, as, for 
a large area between low water and high water, the beach has 
been denuded and the soft clay exposed 

‘If the stones had travelled in number from the Yorkshire 
cliffs, they would have been aggregated in a mound at or about 
the level of high water, like all other shingle banks; instead of 
which, such few as there are are not in this position, and are 
only collected in small heaps near the groynes, or in holes in the 
clay. 

“Naturalist, 


Notes— Ornithology. 329 


‘If they had travelled the thirty or forty miles from York- 
shire they would be rounded and waterworn, and be like 
shingle, The bulk of the stones have their edges rounded, 

ut not sufficiently to indicate any long journey (the stones 
along the Yorkshire coast itself are more worn), and there are 

many, especially the flints and some of the granite, which have 
their edges as sharp as the day they were. born, and every 
appearance of only having been released from the drift in which 
they had been bedded very recently. 

‘They are of the same character as those I have found:in the 
boulder clay in other parts of this coast, except that I did not 
come across any Oolite stones, but I found several fragments of 
Septaria, similar to those found in the excavations here.’ 

‘June 1899.’ ‘(Signed) W. H. WHEELER.’ 

aha haere . 


NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY. 

Wryneck at Raa Wi ayneck ne ep has occurred 
in the East “ge his summer, ‘as d luc - ched 
on a thorn bus nig secges 4 on the per es oe oth aoe and obtained 
an excellent view it.--J. R. Lowruer, Crane Hill, eeuaiiey, oth 

er 1899. 


s in Northumberland.—I was in some very large and dense 
I 


~—H. T. ARcHER, 3, Burnside Terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 26th 
Late Sin nging of Nightingale.—On the 8th July I = a Night mE 
(Dautias luscinia fa le ih fig inaw gies, ar here, where there are always 


a 
been robbed of its — or had los mate esting a 
F Burton, Highfield, sa teabrchiaeh: 28th hay: emtey 

Early Arrival of Migrants near Horncastle.—On the roth October 
ig observed in this parish a ciibe (Gallinago gallhcigo) and a Woodcock 


Thrush (7urdus viscivorus), the harbinger of winter, has vel arrived. 
J. Conway Water, Langton Rectory, opncketl e, 13th Oct 
Relics of the Storm.—On Friday afternoon, 22nd Se sere as. 
Mr. H. Preston, F.G.S., was cycling home from the Waterworks, he noticed 
u he 


Grant capturing the bird it pr } 

droma pelagica > or Mother Carey's Chicken—a bird met with far 
out at sea, and frequently seen riding on the waves in the more stormy 
weather, No doubt the ‘pretty little creature had drifted inland with the 


m 
rown shot another hovering over a sma ewes of turnip in 
optic et between the 22nd and 3oth September. — . WOODRUFFE- 
k, Cadney, Brigg, 4th October 1899. 
— A ies 


NOTES—FLOWERING. PLANTS. 

Walney alana in V.C. 60!—See ante, p. 299. May I ask on what 
authority Mr. F, Arnold Lees places Walney in the same Watsonian vice- 
county as the limestone south of Silverdale?’ In the map reed Suite g 

s V.C.. 69. 


e : claim for V.C. 60. Further 
Mr. Lees fami his own finds on Walney in na Record Club’s issue in the 
V. ssibly there is some o her means of explaining the apparent 
divergence, ‘te exc mx some printer's pe al i is not easy to see what way 
remains.—S. L. Petty, Ulverston, 4th October 1899 


cn ‘versicolor i nm mass near cts: rough,— Sas ar as my 
ca 


hedge which skirted the bank ; and forming one of the most beautiful plant- 
objects I ever po ember oe iii in this country. I shall be gla 
know Landen his is of ¢ urrence in other localities or not.— 
RTON, Highfield, Eaiaiberolgk, 28th July, 1899. 
ane Tarn.—If your readers have not had sufficient of this rages i 
may I reiterate the necessity of a wandering pctaalal carrying a small 
e d marki is it, and the date 


ordnance map an ing his route on it, date at end of ¢ each 
s note-book and map will then show him, at any future time, t 

exact line traversed and what he saw on the way. It is what I should do if 

over the borders of th ighbouring count cashire I do no 


ne rf eS 
date the map; that is not necessary, as the 6-inch to mile is used, and o 
ee every house, or to be more correct, gee uilding, is marked and paced. 
as are the cuiverts, ve ; besides I know somewhat of rea 
Th e terms ‘Tarn’ and ‘ Water’ are inoveuanaeeble. e.g., Esthwaite 
rn. e plac h 


e the ter ater and, 
palin Water Of Elterwater, Mr. H. S. Cowper in his recently issued 
‘Hawkshead, its History an cucon gy’ ide p- vs; The: tach or 
** water ’’ is somewhat featureless.’—-S. L. Pett TY; Ulverston, 4th Oct. 1899. 

[This note will serve to conc inde the Sry Shesnarin but the ies series of 
notes prams that a little poate care ane acy in making observations 
saves much subsequent trouble.—Ep, ach 

cal blew in Lakelan are. uring a recent visit to Keswick 
sp nee pre und a number of es by the railway station at Braith- 
waite which erhaps s deserve to be recorded. Mr. S. T phe nn, B.A., 
of Kew a edoda a 1S bs present engaged on working o t the aliens which 
arts o i 


n 
Phat é 
Melilotus i a Lam, 
é€ 


lygonum Co montis var. ppenlidwonnteenin: 
Atriplex patula for 
Trifolium resupinatin L. 
inum usitatiss 
Polygonum lapathifoli me 1s, 
—HILDERIC FRIEND, Chichester, 4th Coir 1899. 


eae panes 
Naturalist, 


LINCOLNSHIRE 
HARVESTMEN ate PHALANGIDEA, 


Rev. EDWARD ADRIAN WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK, L.Th,: FLS., F.G.3.; 
Vicar of Cadney; Organising and Botanical Secretary, Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. 


THE present list of Phalangidea, or Harvestmen, has been been 
made up from species taken this season (1898), by the men on 
whose authority they are now published, while hunting for 
Araneidea, or Spiders, to complete our Lincolnshire list. They 
have all been submitted to the Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge, 
Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham, for identification ; to whom our 
very best thanks are due. The order followed is that of his 
monograph Ox the British Species of Phalungidea or Harvestmen 
in the Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian 
Field Club, Vol. 11, pp. 163-216, with five plates, published in 
1890. Of the 24 recorded British species 11 have been taken 
this season in Lincolnshire. 


Our workers have been the Rev. H. C. Brewster, South 
Kelsey Rectory, Lincoln; W. Hunter Gandy, Wellingore Hall, 
Lincoln ; W. Lewington, King Street, Market Rasen; A. Smith, 
24, Peaksfield Avenue, Grimsby; W. Worsdale, Grantham ; 
and myself. No records appear to have been published before. 

The numbers prefixed to the records denote the districts in 
which the localities are situate; and ‘N.’ and ‘S.’ stand for 
North and South Lincolnshire a 


‘POR rotundum Latr. N. 10, Tumby Wood, Peacock. 


Liobunum blackwallii Meade. S. 13, Hartsholme, Lewington. 


Phalangium opilio Linn. N. 3, Cadney, Peacock. N. 5, Kirton 
and Gainsborough, Peacock. N. 7, South Kelsey, Brewster. 
N. 10, Tumby Wood, Peacock. S. 15, Grantham, Worsdale. 


Phalangium parietinum DeGeer. N. 7,- Market Rasen, 


Lewington. 
Petree saxatile C. L. Koch.. N. 5, Cleatham, Gandy 
and Peacock. N. a Market Rasen, Lewington. S. 15, 


Graieen Worsdale. 
Platybunus corniger Herm. N. 3, Cadney, Peacock. 
Platybunus kgs seca Herbst. N. 3, Cadney, Peacock. 
November 1899. 


332 Various Short Notes. 


Oligolophus morio Fabr. N. 4, Ravendale, Smith. N. 7, 
Market Rasen, Lewington. N. 10, Tumby Wood, Peacock. 
S. 13, Hartsholme, Lewington and Peacock. 

Oligolophus agrestis Meade. N.7, Market Rasen, Lewington; 
South Kelsey, Brewster. N. 10, Tumby Wood, Peacock. 
S. 13, Hartsholme, Peacock. 

Oligolophus spinosus Bosc. S. 15, Grantham, June and Sep- 
te r orsdale. 

Nemastoma lugubre O. F. Muller. N. 3, Cadney, Peacock. 

. 15, Grantham, Worsdale. 


2nd Dec. 1898. 

Se 
NOTE—HYDROZOA. 

Early Records for Cumberland Hydrozoa, etc. — The earliest 
record that I have found so far for this class is in Ellis’ ‘ An Reged cadets 
a Natural History of the Corallines,’ 1755, p ‘ Corallina ramosa, ramis 
singulis equisitiformibus, in summis eapillamentis eS oe verticellatin 
dispositis vesiculas campaniformes gerens, This s Coralline 
collected on the sea coast near Whitehay ven, in Sdtabertadds by that teatned 
and eminent physician, Dr, William Brownrigg, Fn igs is species is 
Campanularia verticillata an any reader assist an earlier 

rd i 


ie 
record of this or any other species of Polyzoa or Hydrozoa in Cusiberidnd ? 
—S. L. Petty, Ulverston, 17th October 1899 


SE SALIDA Tae, lL TET 


NOTE—COLEOPTERA. 


Ga lerita yt ea at Doncaster.—Some time ago, in looking ef 
the collection r. Paterson, 4 noticed a Carabid which appeared to m 


nc 
Doncaster, is, to say the least, curious, and I tho bro ie a attest interest 
to exhibit on your behalf at the Entomological ety’s meeting 
Wednesday.’—E. G. BayFrorD, 2, Rockingham Steet Pawnies, 15th Oct. 
1899. 


—> > oe —_ 


NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA. 
Aa th’s-Head Moth at Wakefield.—Two fine larve of acheronte 
were picked up when npr ott a “gnghee in our public park, one o 
jetlt August, the other 2nd September ; rather singular both were gathered 
at one place.—G,. W. PARKIN, 15, York Steset. Wakefield, 3rd Sept. 1899: 
Hummingbird Hawkmoth in Lake Lancashire.—Not being a 


active entomologist, it is only occasionally that an insect attracts ie 


was busy 0 e flowers ng He a coccinea. It stayed about ten minutes 
= did not return so far as my chddren could see, and they wanted it.— 
. L. Petry, Ulverston, ail "Ocho ber 1899. 


Naturalist, 


333 
THE THREE GRACES. 


F..ARNOLD LEES, M.R.C.S., 


Leeds, 


Flora of Cumberland. By Wm. Hodgson, 1899. 

Flora of Cheshire. By the late Lord De Tabley (Hon. J. B. Leicester 
Warren), Edited by SPENCER Moore. Witha Pest 4 Notice of the 
Author by Sir M. E. Grant DurFF. 8vo., cl., pp- cxiv., 399. Port., Map. 
1899. Longmans. Price ros. 6d. net. _ 

Flora of Kent: being an account of the Flowering Plants, Ferns, ete., 
with notes on the Topography, Geology, and Meteorology, and a History 
of the Botanical Investigation of the County. By F. J. Hanbury, F.L.S., 
and E, S, Marshall, M.A., F.L.S.  8vo., pp. Ixxxiv., 444. Two Maps. 
1899. Hanbury, 37, Lombard Street. 12s. 6d. 

Here are three Graces, indeed! arrayed in all pride by their 
begetters, charming as ‘the three maids of Lee,’ yet differing 
from one another in their respective complexions as blonde from 
brunette, yet of course somewhat alike, as fair sisters should 
be, in their general features. Yet they differ in consistency and 
character as Kentish chalk from Cheshire cheese. he Cum- 
brian one is the poorest, maybe in part because least worked ; 
Lord Tabley’s florograph is like his own rich buttercupped fields 
and well-preserved woods, utilitarian from cover to cover, but 
a pictirasane product for all that, with the smack of a natural 
Sub-acid ‘green fade’ through its every part; whilst Messrs. 
Hanbury and Marshall’s flower-picture is opulent with parti- 
coloured detail, stippled in with a painstaken technic—the 
completest phyto-historically and most up to date of the three. 

With the Cumbrian work it is not necessary to go into 
detail here. Certain vital omissions have been made which will 
doubtless form the subject of a special enumeration else- 
where. would just say, here, only, that it is rather a skeleton 
than a full-built body, not up-to-day in its nomenclature, and 


ten in number, viz. ; Myosurus minimus, Arabts petrea, Astragalus 
eiveypils, Lathyrus palustris, Potentilla vhs sangha Statice rart- 

a, Rumex aquaticus, Goodyera repens (Hutton’s old authority 
ecg by an Armathwaite specimen!), Apzpactis violacea 
(Prof. Babington’s authority), and Pocamogeton Zisii. e of 
these may have become extinct through that Ichabodic change 
in the sum total of locality-epvironment which is subtly affecting 
the items in the flora of areas all over this country; but all 
November 1899. 


334 Lees: The three Graces. 


have occurred; whilst at least two species-names have been 
admitted into the book for which no station of growth is or can 
be given. 

The county of Kent comes not within our purview, but it 
may be worth the pointing out that Kent shares with Lincoln- 
shire the distinction of furnishing a naturalising field for Falcaria 


vulgaris Bernh. (Rivini), No. 688 in the oth edition of London. 
This h 


Catalogue. his handsome-leaved plant, tenacious of life 
through tough quitch-like roots, has established itself near the 
Barracks at ae just as it persists in arable ground at 
Wingham, miles east of Canterbury. Once introduced, 
with peace probably, no ploughshare furrows deeply enough 
to eradicate it. Kent, too, has a few north-country indigens, 
witness Draba muralis, Pyrola minor, Eriophorum vaginatum, 
and others. 

Lord De Tabley’s posthumous Flora of Cheshire demands a 
fuller examination at our hands. The author was both scientist 
and poet, plus a classic scholar and an antiquarian. From such 
a conjunction of capacities we should expect something out-of- 
the-way, perhaps even great—and we get it! The Grant-Duff 
sympathetic memoir shows us what to look for ; Spencer Moore’s 
judicious editing, how to find it ; and, again, with such excellent 
guides we see it at once—a grand picture, broadly pre-explained 
and framed. The unfortunate omission of two common ditch 
and hedge plants, Arenaria trinervia and Myosotis caespitosa, 
noted at once by Mr. W. Whitwell’s customary acumen, do not 
mar the picture to which they are but as a few strokes in 
a corner of the foreground. 

is Flora is charming in style as well as great in character. 
There is a felicity of phrase and allusion in the notes and 
descriptive observations, the essentials without the immaterial 
being subtly arrayed for the reader, which will enable him at 
near view to understand a chine, or glen, or hollow lane much 
better than might be thotight possible ; for Tabley understood, 


like Kingsley, how many and close are the inter-dependencies | 


between soil, configuration, and investiture with apparently 
haphazard kinds and hues of vegetation. It cannot be too often 
repeated that just as geology is the groundwork of scenery, so 
iaindie sa botany enables one to look with enlightenment on 
the coat of many colours worn by Flora in the passing seasons ; 
for ans as Lord De Tabley could not help carrying his botany into 
his verse, so he could not avoid infusing his science description 
with the poetic aroma, thereby —— on both a distinctive 

° Naturalist, 


= 


Lees: The Three Graces. 335. 


vraisemblance carrying a kind of conviction with it, somewhat 
after the nature-studied method of the late Lord Tennyson. He 
saw, we would repeat, so clearly how one thing in this world 
hangs on some other thing, how nothing really stands absolutely 
alone. The late Archer-Briggs’ Flora of Plymouth is the only 
work that can compare with it in this conjunction of qualities. 
The dominant note is a fearless, unbiassed accuracy, and it is 
Struck in the very first Peengreyss — dealing with the 
Clematis, Traveller's Joy, we read: s garden origin with us 
(in Cheshire) is always obvious. A ool test species of Mr. 
Watson’s infer-agrarian zone, ies initial absence from our county 


praiseworthy i is the restraint shown; never an attempt to strain 
a point in favour of a claim to indigenity, or inclusion, so that 
the words ‘without comment,’ often appended to pre-existent 
records, acquire a peculiar force. 

An enthusiast (as the writer admits, while claiming to be 
something judicial also) might expatiate over many pages on 
the vividity and convincing character of the botanical picture 
wrought in with many strokes of true genius, coupled—rarest 
conjuncture of all—with a sure flair for the most striking way of 
throwing the light on the fact. 

As a letter writer, Lord De Tabley was, in a way, inimitable. 
He called field-collectors of Rubi ‘bramblers,’ suspecting a 
dying-out, seemingly degraded form of the raspberry, Rubus 
Leestt, to be the original and primordial Zypus—the opinion of a 
young Swedish rubologist, Areschoug—and added as his version 
of the Latin tag, ‘Life is short and brambles interminable. 

- One or two evidences we have that the Flora is not quite up 
to date; and these incompletions point the time when ill-health 
and increasing responsibilities made the hand loose its hold on 
the reins of detail, held up to then in so sure a grip. Certain 
points with regard to suggestive varieties, with a significant 
distribution, appear to have been neglected. Those widely 
diverging forms of the Spurrey (sa¢iva and vulgaris) in which 
we have, as it were, Evolution ‘caught in the act,’ though both 
in evidence in Chester fields, lack the elucidation one looked for 
at such hands. : 

s for Changes, as one would expect from the proximity of 
Birkenhead, chemic Runcorn, and octopoid hives of industry, 
‘Ichabod’ is the epitaph with regard to many dozens of species 
November 1899. 


330 Lees: The Three Graces. 


and localities along the littoral and riparial county borders ; but, 
as was grandiloquently yet not untruly said by Leo Grindon 
nigh half a century ago, ‘the right-onward furrow of a generous 
utility’ must outweigh the Beture rights to existence of a 
thousand wild-flowers ! 

Interspersed in the book are some quaint economic informa- 
tions laid to the door of empiric fancy or superstition: Ragwort, 
we read (p. 182), ‘is supposed by Farmer Old-Style to be a test 
plant of good-cheese-producing pasturage.’ This is true enough, 
as the milk off old, fine mushroom turf proves the reverse in its 
tough, not readily greening ‘wangby,’ that is, poor cheese. 
The aromatic quality in the Seneczo Jacobeua, another one of the 
genus, being esteemed in the milk-fever of cattle, gives a peculiar 
ethery smack to cheese, and it is by no means so unsavoury 
as it is untidy in its weedy, chrysanthemoid appearance. Li 
several other herbs, it affects milk not only in flavour, but 
‘ es curding it sooner than fattier samples off clean lush 
pastur 

ee the Bilberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus) our author (p. 198) 
quotes Watson—I think too hastily—in his assertion that it is 
one of the species that, if allowed, would overrun Britain and 
form with Heather and Crowberry much of the phytognomic 
character of its vegetation. Here an apprehension of the 
gradual natural change coming over the surface, due to varying 
environments in different areas, has not been sufficiently taken 
into account. Bilberry is a tenacious, ‘strong’ species ; but its 
migrating powers are obviously limited, and its seeds are not 
everywhere in the soil beyond the coal-measure grit areas, or 
the silurians, and the influence of their disintegrations; and 
after a long experience in Lincolnshire, one’s doubt of the entire 


Lincoln 
covered with Erica cinerea and Golden Rod (Solidago) lack 
a trace of ity and historic evidence of its ever having had a 
marketable quantitative existence are also wanting. 

These microscopic flaws, and some few others of omission 
hardly detract at all, however, from the pleasure to be derived 
froma perusal of this most captivating book. 

The work is well bound, has a good map, and a fine electro- 
type portrait of Lord De Tabley ; but the Blackberry spray in 
gold leaf on the cover is not, alas, with certainty referable to 
Rubus Warrenti or any other spies form known to science. 

~ Naturalist, 


337 
THE MODERN TENDENCY OF MYCOLOGICAL STUDY. 


AN ADDRESS 
DELIVERED AT THE YORKSHIRE FUNGUS FORAY OF 1899, 


GEORGE MASSEE, F.L.S., 
Royal Herbarium, Kew. 


THE morphological method of research, rendered possible by 
the perfection of the microscope, combined with the insight 
derived from pure cultures, initiated by DeBary, have within the 
past twenty-five years completely revolutionised the study of 
Fungi. Old schemes of classification have been rathlessly— 
perhaps too precipitately—swept away and new arrangements 
substituted. Those who first commenced the study of Fungi 
under the new dispensation indicated above have no qualms of 
conscience; on the other hand, those who entered the field 
under the old regime, and who consequently absorbed the 
Friesian scheme of classification so thoroughly that it became ~ 
an integral part of their being, perhaps naturally resent all 
innovations, and depending on their temperament and stock of 
knowledge, challenge such departures from the old love on 
every possible occasion, Nevertheless, all who desire to know 
more about Fungi than is conveyed by a bald name—and such 
as do not are not mycologists in any sense of the term—must 
of necessity admit that all additions to our knowledge have 
been made by those who have utilised both modes of research, 
and I can only suggest that if still greater pleasure is to be 
gained from the study, it can only be secured by accepting the 
inevitable, which means the revelations made and to be made 
by morphological and culture methods, as compared with 
deductions derived from naked-eye or pocket-lens observations. 

That modern ideas are being accepted by all classes of 
mycologists is proved by the fact that heteraecism is generally 
accepted ; the old supposed genera Uredo, d:cidium, etc., have 
gone for ever, their departure being in several instances precipi- 
tated by the researches of one the ‘loss of whom from our midst 
‘we all deplore 

In che: Hy fabnomycetes, a group perhaps the least disturbed 
by modern research, the microscope has proved of value in the 
discrimination of species; having in several instances shown 
that forms considered as entities by the old authors include 
more than one species universally acknowledged by systematists 
at the present day, as in the well-known instances of Agaricus 
rimosus Fries, and Clavarta tnequalts F1. Dan., each of which 
November 1899. x 


338  Massee: The Modern Tendency of Mycological Study. 


embodies two distinct species characterised entirely by micro- 
scopic features. The presence or absence of cystidia, form of 
basidia, also the number of sterigmata they bear are also 
microscopic features of systematic value in the same group of 
fungi. 

From a broad point of view modern research has not very 
materially affected species, in most instances the additional 
microscopic characters going to confirm the opinion of old 
goaniirs especially i in the Basidiomycetes, which received most 
attention at their hands. This statement, which is true of 
aide of species, points to a condition of things which is 
much to be deplored, namely, the comparative neglect of naked- 
eye characters by members of the new school, who frequently 
boast that a mere fragment examined ina tg is sufficient 
for the determination of a species. may in many instances 
be true, but evidence is by no means cose to prove that such 
determinations have frequently resulted in disaster. Perhaps 
nowhere in the vegetable kingdom are species more clearly 
defined than in the Agaricinez, or even in the fungi as a whole, 
but as in other groups of organisms there is no royal road to 
this knowledge, which can only be acquired by long-continued 
macroscopic and microscopic observation. As a rule morpho- 
logists and biologists lack this power, sometimes even essaying 
to scorn it, nrg the material they investigate is usually 
considered as new to science, and inadequately described, or i 

old soidion is too frequently incorrectly determined, as 
indicated by such names as Pesisa Wilkommii, 2 vametes 
radiciperda, etc. 

When morphologists and systematists are more in touch ait 
sympathy with each other there will be less literature, but what 
is written will be of more value, as everyone then will be certain 
as to, the exact species discussed, which unfortunately is by no 
means the case at the present day. 

As already stated, species are not disturbed to any extent by 
morphological investigations, but when we come to the affinities 
of species and groups, everything i is topsy-turvy, compared with 
old arrangements, which in many instances have little more 
than antiquity and prejudice as théir sheet-anchor. On the other 
hand, the latest schemes of affinity can only be considered as 
tentative, numerous brilliant modern discoveries from repeated 
confirmation must be accepted as facts of great importance ; the 
interpretation of these facts is as yet mostly a personal opinion, 
which will undoubtedly be modified from time to time as our 
knowledge increases. On one point, however, all are agreed— 
that no natural scheme of classification can possibly be formu- 


Naturalist, 


Stock: Geuster bryantii at Dinsdale. 339 


lated from the sum of characters — from an examination of 
fully developed and mature organism 

Quite recently it has been shown ae in Stilbum vulgare, a 
species hitherto considered as a typical Hyphomycete, the spore- 
bearing bodies resemble in structure the basidia characteristic 
of a section of the Basidiomycetes, hence S. vu/gare has been 
placed by the author of this discovery amongst the last named 
group. Still later it has been found that another S¢/éum, called 
S. fasciculatum, has also basidia-like structures bearing the 
Spores, and it is quite probable, from analogy, that all the 
hundred and odd species known throughout the world agree in 
this point of acd and hence, according to Juel, should be 
ranked amongst the Protobasidiomycetes, Now it is known 
that Stilbum. Sasciculatum is a form-species only, and is in reality 
the conidial form of a species of Nectria, an ascigerous fungus, 
hence, if Juel’s idea is correct, we are face to face with an 
entirely new revelation, proving that an ascigerous fungus has 
a basidiomycete as its conidial condition. Further research is 
necessary before this point can be considered as settle 

Again, Brefeld sees in the winavi bearing the spores in the 
Ustilaginem, the ‘smut’ and ‘bunt’ of our cereals, structures 
resembling i in appearance the basidia of the Protobasidiomycetes, 
hence in his scheme of classification the Basidiomycetes as a 
Stroup are considered as having much affinity in common with 
the ‘smuts. 

These ideas may prove eventually to be correct or otherwise ; 
but it must be distinctly understood that in the event of their 
being shown to be wrong, and that in certain instances analogy 
has been mistaken for homology, this does not invalidate the 
Principle, but only means that certain facts have been mis- 
interpreted. i 
> 


NOTE—FUNGI. 


te ged oo at eee 13th of December 1898 I sent 

to Mr. M tarfish gus specimens were found growing 

in c iene, Pet 1 eee, ordinary soil, and situate in the 
he specimens were forwarded t 


belonged to the Gastromycete group of the i 
Geaster bryantii Berk. (Berk. Pag Flora, V Vol. 5s P . P- 399 Outlines, oi 
Cooke, Handbook, No. 10735 Massee iba 


13th Decunker 


N jovember 1899. 


340 Notes—Mollusca and Mammalia. 
CLEVELAND NATURAL HISTORY 


Cleveland er oe aaa I sna Club. | = | Record of Proceedings, 
| 1896, Vif be 18 =i Be One Shilling. | = Pi Middlesbrough : | 
Jordison & = i Pri rey poe a Publishers | — | 1899. [Demy 8vo., 


52 pages, in ctiee covers]. 


This is a record of admirable work by the members of a club 


that has never failed to recognise the high value of local investi- 
gation, and which does not yield to any temptation to stray beyond 
the limits of its own district so far as publication is concerned. 


The archeological ‘side of the Club’s work-is represented by 
a beautiful photograph of ‘ Whorlton (Holy rnd and a con- 
tinuation fthouse’s account e Remains of 


Norman Architecture in Cleveland Churches, ou the photo- 
graph illustrates. There is a valuable paper by Mr. W. Y. 
Veitch on ‘ Prehistoric Middlesbrough,’ illustrated by photographs 
of skulls found in the neighbourhoo The Rev. John Hawell, 
, F.G.S., pives a list of the Hollises of the’ Cleveland 
aiebrict; including the results of the work of many collectors, both 
of marine and at land and freshwater species. Mr. T. Ashtort 
Lofthouse then follows with a narrative account of Lepidoptera 
noticed in Cleveland during 1896, and Mr. M. L. Thompson gives 
a report on the Coleoptera observed in Cleveland in the years 
1896, 1897, and 1898. Then follow Ornithological notes for 186, 
1897, and 1898 by Mr. R. G. Clayton and Mr. R. Lofthouse, and 
similar notes on Mammalia and Fishes by Mr. Clayton. The 
whole forms a series of most valuable papers and records which 
will always be indispensable for reference, and the Cleveland 
Field ‘Club and its active body of members are to be most 
heartily congratulated on the results they have achieved. 


Deer erence 
NOTE MOLLUSCA. 
Limax cinereo-niger in Cheshire.—In Cheshire this slug appears to 
be restricted to the hilly region in the east of the county, and is not 
ses in the 


uncommon in sev places the Goyt Valley between Marple and 
Errwood Hall. In May last I ie it in a new loc , the Dane Valley a 
Wincle where I fo nd you oe — beneath the bark of ore ash trees 


PASM Ech selt 
NOTE—MAMMALIA. 
Lepus sonny in Lakeland.—Are black Hares in general common ? 
The ordinary Hare is not common hereabouts, accordin ng to my exper rience 


lands. It was abou 5-30 p. ‘m. of a ot day: 08 they were engrossing in 


% 


341 

LINCOLNSHIRE ' DIPTERA: : 

ADDITIONS TO MR. PERCY H. GRIMSHAW’S PRELIMINARY LIST 
IN ‘THE NATURALIST’ FOR MAY AND JUNE 1898. 


Rev. A. THORNLEY, M.A. F.E.S., F.L.S., 
Vicar of South Leverton, Notts, 
Tue remarks with which I prefaced the Notts List of Diptera 
will apply here also. I should like, however, to acknowledge 
the great help I have received from the Rev. E. A. Woodruffe 
Peacock, F.L.S., Vicar of Cadney, Lincolnshire, and his brother. 
The number of new records for the county is 60; this will bring 
the total records up to 255. I hope that many more workers 
will turn up, and this list be rapidly increased. 
Fam. BIBIONIDZ, 
*Dilophus febrilis L. Linwood Warren, 1898 (Peacock). 
Hibaldstow, 1898 Pescocks "Cabiee: one ? , 1898 (Peacock). 
Dilophus geehonnd Mg. Linwood Warren, one ? , 1808 
' (Peacock). 
| *Bibio venosus Mg. Linwood Warren, one ? , 1898 (Peacock). 
Fam, CULICID. 
*Culex pipiens L. Epworth, one ?, 14th July 1898 (L.N.U.). 
Fam. PTYCHOPTERIDA, 
Ptychoptera albimana Fab. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, 
one 2, 21st June 1898 (Thornley). 
.Ptychoptera contaminata L. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 
Fam, LIMNOBIDA, 
*Limnobia nubeculosa Mg. Ashby, 1808 (Dr. Cassal). 
Limnobia tripunctata F. Cadney, one 2, 1898 (Peacock). 
*Limnophila lineola Mg. Scotton Common, one 2, 22nd June 
1898 (Thornley). 

*Limnophila lineolella Verr. Epworth district, one example, 
14th. July 1898 (Peacock), [Marked (?) by Mr. Grimshaw. | 

*Limnophila ferruginea Mg. Scotton Common, one ¢, 22nd 
June 1898 (Thornley). 

*Pedicia rivosa L. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, one 9, 21st 
June 1898 (Thornley). 


November 1899. 


342 Thornley: Lincolnshire Diptera. 
Fam. TIPULID. 

Pachyrrhina histrio F. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, one @, 
13th July 1898 aaa Epworth district, one 2, 14th 
July 1898 (L.N.U.). 

* Pachyrrhina isceitoee Mg. Torksey, one 9, June 18097 
(Thornley). Cadney, one ?, 1898 (Peacock). 

*Tipula nigra L. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, two ds, 21st 
June 18908 (Thornley). 

Tipula lunata L.  Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, two Qs, 
21st June 1898 (Thornley). 

‘Tipula gigantea Schrk. Grantham, 1898 (Peacock). Freshney 
Bogs, one 2, 21st June 1898 (Thornley). 

*Tipula oleracea L. Epworth, 14th July 1898 (L.N.U.). 

Tipula ochracea Mg. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). Epworth, 
one 9, 14th July 1898 (Thornley). 

Tipula lIutescens F. Ashby, 1898 (Dr. Cassal). 

ren Fam. STRATIOMYIDA. 

*Nemotelus pantherinus L. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, 
one ¢, 13th July 1898 (Thornley). 

*Nemotelus nigrinus Fin. _Freshney Bogs, one ¢ and one ?, 
July 1898 (Thornley). 

*Oxycera trilineata F, Grimsby, in garden, 1897 (A. Smith). 

Sargus nubeculosus Ztt. (Var. of S. cuprarius L.). Cadney, 
1898 (Peacock). 

Chloromyia formosa Scop. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). Ashby, 
1898 (Cassall). South Kelsey, 9th July 1898 (Peacock). 
Freshney Bogs, one ¢ and two 9s, 13th July 1898 
(Thornley). 

Microchrysa polita L. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 

*Beris vallata Forst. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, common, 
on 21st June 1898 (Thornley). 
Fam. TABANID. 

Hematopota pluvialis L. (The Clegg). Freshney Bogs, 
one 9, 13th sine 1898 (Thornley). - Epworth, 14th July 
1898 (L.N.U 

Chrysops caeione L. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, one g 
and two ?s, 13th July 1898. (Thornley). 

Leptis scolopacea L. Grantham, two ?s, 1898 (Peacock). 
Scotton Common, one 2, 1898 (Thornley). Freshney Bogs, 
13th July 1898 ae 


a N iaecalte 


Thornley: Lincolnshire Diptera. 343 


_Leptis tringaria L. Ashby, 1898 (Dr. Cassal). Freshney 
Bogs, one 9, 13th July 1898 (Thornley). 

*“Leptis conspicua Mg. F reshney Bogs, Great a one d, 
13th July 1898 (Thornley). 

Chrysopilus aureus Mg. Freshney Bogs, common, 13th July 
1898 (Thornley). 

Fam. ASILID. 

*Dioctria atricapilla Mg. Epworth, one 9, 14th July 1898 
(Peacock). 

Dioctria rufipes DeG. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 


Fam. THEREVID. 
Thereva nobilitata F. Epworth, one 9, 14th July 1898 

_.. (Peacock). 

*Thereva bipunctata Mg. Epworth, one 9, 14th July 1898 
(Peacock). 

i Fam. CYRTIDE. 

*Paracrocera globulus Pz. Scotton Common, one ¢ and two 

2s, from birch trees, 22nd June 1898 (Thornley). 
Fam. EMPIDE. 

: *“Ramphomyia ieecenmad Filn. Linwood Warren, one ¢, 1898 
(Peacock). 

*Ramphomyia geniculata Mg. Scotton Common, ¢ and ?, 
22nd June. 1898 (Peacock). 

‘Empis tesselata F. Freshney Bogs, 1898 (Thornley). Lin- 
wood Warren and Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 

Empis livida L. Freshney Bogs, 1898 (Thornley). Cadney 
-and South Kelsey, 1898 (Peacock). 

Empis trigramma Mg. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 

*Empis opaca F. Cadney, 1898 shuns Linwood Warren, 
1898 (Peacock). 

“Hilara maura F.  Scotton Conimon, 1898 (Thornley). 
Tachydromia flavipes Fab. Cadney, one ¢, 1898 (Peacock). 
Fam. DOLICHOPODID. 

*Dolichopus picipes Mg. Freshney Bogs, one 6, 13th July 
1898 (Thornley). (This species is marked by Mr. Grimshaw 
with a !.) 

Dolichopus #neus DeG. Grantham and Cadney, 1808 
(Peacock). : 


November 1 1899. 


344 Thornley: Lincolnshire. Diptera. 
*Gymnopternus cupreus Fin. Scotton Common, one ¢, 1898 
(Peacock) 
*Porphyrops elegantulus Mg. Scotton Common, one ¢, 1898 
(Peacock). 
*Scellus notatus F. Cadney, one ¢, 1898 (Peacock), 
Fam, SYRPHIDE. 
Chrysogaster hirtella Lw. (=macquarti Lw.). Freshney 
Bogs, 13th July 1898, very common (Thornley). 
*Chilosia chloris Mg. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, one 92, 
21st June 1898 (Thornley). 
Chilosia flavimana Mg. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 
Chilosia cestracea:L. Cadney, one ¢, 1898 (Peacock): 
*Chilosia proxima Ztt. Cadney, one ¢, 1898 (Peacock). 
[Marked by Mr. Grimshaw with a !.] 
Melanostoma mellinum L. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 
Platychirus manicatus Mg. Cadney and Linwood Warren, 
1898 (Peacock). Ashby, 1898 (Dr. Cassal). 
Platychirus peltatus Mg.  Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, 
two 9s, 21st June 1898 (Thornley). 
Platychirus scutatus Mg. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 


Platychirus scambus Stoeg. Freshney Bogs, 13th July 1898 
(Thornley). 


*Syrphus maculicornis Ztt. (=auricollis Mg.). Ashby, 1898 
(Dr. Cassal). 

Syrphus Sree pies F. Cadney and Hibaldstow, 1898 
(Peaco 

A a PEE Mg. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). Ashby 
(Dr. Cassal). : 

Syrphus ribesii L. Hibaldstow, 1898 (Peacock). Ashby, 
1898 (Dr. Cassal). Grimsby, 1897 (A. Smith). 
*Syrphus lunulatus Mg. Hibaldstow, one ¢ , 1898 (Peacock). 
Spherophoria scripta L. Linwood Warren, 1808 (Peacock). 
*Spherophoria picta Mg. Scotton Common, three ¢s, 1898 

(Thornley). 
ein cine rostrata L. Cadney and Linwood Warren, 1898 

(Peacock). 
Vehacit bombylans L. Cadney (Peacock). 4 
Eristalis tenax 1. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). eS 
"Naturalist, 


Thornley: Lincolnshire Diptera. : 345 


Eristalis arbustorum L. Cadney and Hibaldstow, 1898 
(Peacock). Ashby, 1898 (Dr. Cassal). Grimsby, 1897 
(A. Smith), 

Eristalis pertinax Scop. Cadney and Hibaldstow, 1898 
(Peacock). 

*Myiatropa florea Rnd. Torksey, one 2, roth September 
1898 (Thornley). 

Tropidia milesiformis Fin. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, 
13th July nes (Thornley). 

Xylota segnis L. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, one ¢, 
13th July 1898 (Thornley). 

Syritta pipiens L. Scotton Common, 1808. Freshney Bogs, 
1898 (Thornley). 

*Chrysotoxum arcuatum L. Cadney, one ?, 1898 (Peacock). 

*Chrysotoxum bicinctum L. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, 
one ?, 13th July 1898 (Thornley). 

Leucozona Iucorum L. Cadney,two examples, 1898 (Peacock). 

Fam. CONOPID&. 
Sicus ferrugineus L. Ashby, one example, 1898 (Dr. Cassal). 
Fam. TACHINID. 

*Exorista cheloniw Rnd. Ashby, 1898 (Dr. Cassal). [Several 
specimens which Dr. Cassal bred from Chelonia caja larve ; 
and which agree very well with the description of the above 
in Dr. Meade’s synopsis of the Tachinide. Alfred Thornley. | 

*Tachina rustica Mg. Cadney, September 1897 (Peacock). 
Somerby, 1897, one ¢, October (Peacock). Freshney Bogs, 
Great Cotes, 13th July 1898 (Thornley). 

In the list received from Mr. Grimshaw this species 
is marked (!); but they agree perfectly well with a speci- 
men I sent to Dr. Meade, taken in the New Forest, and 
returned by him as 7. rustica. 

*Tachina brevipennis Mg. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, 21st 
June 1898 (Thornley). 

This appears to be a very rare species, and is not men- 
tioned in Mr. Verrall’s List ; but is described by Dr. Meade 
in the Ent. M. Mag., Vol. 28, p. 38. 

Fam. DEXIDA:. 
Thelaira leucozona Pz. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, one ?, 
13th July 1898 (Thornley). 
November 1899. 


346 Thornley: Lincolushire Diptera. 


Fam. SARCOPHAGID. 

‘Sarcophaga carnaria L. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). Freshney 
Bogs, 21st June 1898 (Thornley). Grimsby, in garden 
(A. Smith).: 

Sarcophaga melanura Mg. Cadney, one ? , 1898 patenar 
Marked (!) by Mr. Gringobiien, 

Fam. MUSCID. 

Lucilia cesar L. Freshney Bogs, 14th July 1898 (Thornley). 
Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). Ashby, 1898 (Cassal). 

Calliphora erythrocephala Mg. Freshney Bogs (Thornley). 
Cadney (Peacock). 

Calliphora vomitoria L. Ashby, 1898 (Dr. Cassal). 

*Mesembrina meridiana L. . Hibaldstow, 1898 (Peacock). 

Graphomyia maculata Scop. Torksey, ds common on 1oth 
September 1898 (Thornley). , 

Morellia hortorum F'n. Freshney Bogs, June and July 1898 
(Thornley). Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 

Stomoxys calcitrans L. Freshney Bogs, June and July 1898 
(Thornley).» Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). South Kelsey, gth 
July 1898 (Peacock). 

Fam. ANTHOMY IDA, 

*Polietes Yaiguria F. Freshney Bogs, June and oe 1898 
(Thornley). 

Hyetodesia incana W. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 

Hyetodesia Jucorum Fin. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 

Mydza impuncta Flin. Cadney, July 1898 (Peacock), 

Hydrotea irritans Fin. Freshney Bogs, June and July 1898 

'. (Thornley). 

Ophyra leucostoma W. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 

*Drymia hamata Fin: Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 

*Hydrophoria conica W. Ashby 1808 (Dr. Cassal). 

Hylemyia strigosa F.  Cadney, one g, 1898 (Peacock). 
South Kelsey, gth July 1898 (Peacock). 

*Hylemyia variata Flv. _Cadney, 6th October 1898 (Peacock). 

*“Homalomyia hamata Mcq. Cadney, one ¢, 1898 (Peacock). 

_ *Homalomyia scalaris F. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). Freshney 
Bogs, 13th July 1898 (Thornley). 

*“Coenosia elegantula Rnd. Epworth district, 14th July 1898 
(LN Us). 


Naturalist, 


Thornley: Lincolnshire Diptera. 347 
Fam. CORDYLURID. 
Scatophaga stercoraria \... Great Cotes, 1898 (Cordeaux and 
Peacock). Ashby (Dr. Cassal). 
*Hydromyza livens F. Mablethorpe, June 1897 (Thornley). 


Fam. SCIOMYZIDE. 
*Sciomyza schenherri Fin. Great Cotes, one ¢ , 1898 (Cordeaux 
and Peacock). 

Tetanocera elata F. Grantham, one ¢, 1898 (Peacock). 
Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, four gs, 21st June and 13th 
July 1898 (Thornley). 

Tetanocera sylvatica Mg. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, 
one g, 21st June 1898 (Thornley). South Kelsey, 9th July 
1898, one example (Peacock). 

Tetanocera reticulata°L. .Freshney =e Great Cotes, one 
?, 21st June 1898 (Thoralcy)- 

*“Limnia_ rufifrons F. "Scotton Common, one 2) 22nd June 
1898 (Thornley). 
*Elgiva dorsalis F. Great Cotes; one ¢, 1898 (Cordeaux and 


Pea : ene 
*Sepedon spinipes Scop.  Hartsholme, Lincoln, Sept. 1898 
(Thornley), as 
Fam. PSILIDAS. 

*Psila fimetaria L. Linwood Warren, 1898 (Peacock). 
*Psila nigricornis Mg. Cadney, one example, 1898 (Peacock). 


Fam. ORTALID. 
Ptilonota centralis Fab. Linwood Warren, 1898 EN 
*Pteropxctria frondescentiz L. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, 
very common, 21st June 1898 (Thornley). 

*Pteropxctria nigrina Mg. Cadney, one ae ‘September 1897 
(Peacock), , ; ‘ 
*Ceroxys crassipennis F.  Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, 

13th July 1898 (Thornley). 
Platystoma seminationis F. Cadney, “1808, common :(Pea- 
cock and Thornley). Grantham, 1898 (Peacock). 
-Seoptera vibrans L. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). 
Fam. TRYPETID®. 
*Tephritis bardanze Schrk. Cadney, one ¢, 1898 (Peacock). 
November 1899. 


348 -* Book Nottces: 


Fam. LONCHAID:, 
Palloptera arcuata F\n. Linwood Warren, 1898 (Peacock). 
Fam. SAPROMYZID. 

Lauxania wnea Fin. Cadney, September 1897 (Thornley). 
*Sapromyza apicalis Lw. Mablethorpe, June 1897 (Thornley). 
Fam. OPOMYZID EZ. 

*Balioptera combinata L. Mablethorpe, June 1897 (Thornley). 
Opomyza germinationis L. Freshney Bogs, 13th July 1898 


(Thornley). 
Fam. ‘SEPSIDZ. 


Sepsis cynipsea L. Cadney, July 1898 (Peacock). 
Fam. PHORIDE. 


*‘Phora opaca Mg. Great Cotes, one 9, 1898: (Cordeaux and 
Peacock). 


ale 


Fam. MICROPEZIDA. 
Micropeza corrigiolata 1... Cadney, 1898 (Peacock), 


BOOK Mages 


We have oe from Messrs. R. Friedlander & Sohn, of Berlin, 
the bound volumes of their ‘ Nature Novitates’ for 1897 a nd for 1898. 
No words of ours pee needed to commend to workers in all branches of 
science this exhaustive and indispensable account of the literature of their 
subjects for the years specified. Each year's volume, in paper, is priced 4s. 

a 


weet-Briar | Sprays | being | Posies ete in a Random Walk | 
al this still beautiful 4 England of Ours y | Harry Lowerison | 
sleefsete.fs}os | Remacis Riddell sata on|..| London’ is a 
little book ‘of irregular size, dated ‘ Hay-Harvest, 1899,’ “and running to 
r 150 pages. It is a series of Jeffreysian essays arranged according 
Sai the months in which they were written. The lo ease eure to are 
diverse, and one or two of the chapters are of interest t rth-Country 
naturalists, as, for example, that riers. h dat Thir etvatie in side a a 
and another by the Trent at eta aage The price is 1s, 6d. net. 


BEES: eat; 
owers; | an ocal and old-fashioned names, | by | W. Percival— 
Westel | Author. of| ‘fall about Birds,” etc. | With a Preface by the late 
» B. a DSTONE, and an 4 Introduction by CLAUDE ST. JOHN. | 
caer | London | Henry J. ne. | Salisbury House, Salisbury 
mare gies Str ir E. 
This is little square book © f 188 pages, in ba hee author disclaims 
any aitaason to cater for any but those who wish to acquire rudimentary 
poiaedgr, of birds. Its scope is sufficiently dénoted | in pg xtended title- 


“Naturalist, 


349 
THE CHEMISTRY OF THE LAKELAND TREES. 


ale; 


Patterdale, Wistmitland 


In view of the eminent interest et importance of the subject, 
and of the considerable attention now bestowed in this country 
on the science and art of Forestry, I have deemed it advisable to 
supplement the account given in ‘The Naturalist’ for June 1808, 
pp. 181-87, of the chemistry of the Lakeland trees by a further. 
notice of a few other trees frequently to be met with in that 
enchanting region. Comm Poor: as before with the Gymno- 
sperms, I i now consider 
Scotch Fir. Pinus ieion. This is a true and sturdy 

native of the district. ‘Formerly the whole country,’ says 
Wordsworth, ‘must have been covered with wood to a great 
height up the mountains ; where native Scotch Firs must have 
grown in great profusion.’ Unfortunately the profusion is not 
quits So great to-day; but still there do exist some spots where 

“a sombre cloud of pine-tree foliage’ is tolerably forcibly 
suggested. In fact, this Pine is relieved very Soe icvousy 
indeed in several places by its dark and lofty aspect, its ‘massy 
dome of sombre foliage’ in contrast with and against the back- 
ground of the lighter and more siviney eee Spruce, Larch, 
Hei etc., which zone the mountain sides. The great economic 
value of the tree as a source of resin, scereutiaal abd timber has 
Stimulated chemical research on the part of several German 
investigators. The more interesting facts brought to light are 
that in winter there is no starch at all in the wood, pith, bark, 
or leaves ; in March there is much starch, especially in the older 
wood and in the leaves; and during the summer the wood is par- 
ticularly poor in fatty matter. The largest amount of resin occurs 
in the wood of the root, and the sales: in the bark. The latter 
contains about 7 per cent. of a highly oxygenated tannin it 
its phlobaphene ; also wax, quinovic acid, sugar, and a yellov 
bitter matter called pinipicrin. According to Kawalier, a 
wood contains resin, turpentine, and mucilage, but has no 
tannin, bitter principle, starch, wax, or citric acid.’ A little free 
phloroglucin is found in the pith and medullary rays. I have 
not succeeded in isolating coniferin from this tree, although 
according to macro-chemical reactions it certainly exists there. 
The lenis contain little or no carotin, but have large quantities 
of a yellow fat, wax, and resin:(the whole, with the | chlorophyll, 
contributing to impart the. very sombre shade), also rutin, 
mucilage, sugar, quinovic acid, with small quantities of tannin 
and :citric acid; the volatile oil Abe EO oil) is not the same as 
November 


350 Keegan: The Chemistry of the Lakeland Trees. 


turpentine, it is of a greenish-yellow colour and saa an 
odour recalling that of a mixture of lavender and lem 
spen. Populus tremula, It seems rather difficult to 
believe that this species is truly native and prehistoric, yet there 
is no doubt whatever about the fact, its occurrence being 
recorded as ‘ frequent up to 900 feet in woods and hedges.’ It 
is extremely hardy and adaptable, although rather light-needing 
on account of its sparse leafage. The most remarkable feature 
about the Poplars is that they are fat-trees, whereas the Willows 
are starch-trees, i.e., while in the former the starch almost 
entirely disappears from all parts during the winter months, in 
the latter the starch remains at all times in the wood and pith, 
but it vacates the bark in winter. The Aspen is especially 
distinguished by the presence in its bark and leaves of a gluco- 
side called populin C*H*O%, which is allied to salicin (found in 
numerous Willows), but it contains the benzoyl radicle (i.e., it 
yields benzoic acid as well as saligenin on decomposition by 
dilute acids), has a sweet taste, decomposes with far greater 
facility, and is much less soluble in water and alcohol. In other 
respects the chemical composition of the two genera of the sub- 
order Salicackes is pretty similar. The ‘golden perch of Aspen 
spray’ in October is (Aree by the large amount of carotin 
which the leaves contai 
Oak. Quercus coker. This grand national tree flourishes 
in sturdy and stately grandeur in the woods and among the 
crags, the mountain winds contributing to impart a peculiar 
character of. pict uresque intricacy to the curiously tortuous 
branchlets, twisting: zigzagedly hereabouts even more than is 
their wont. As might be expected, this tree has been the 
subject of a vast amount of chemical research; but it is only. 
recently that its power as a starch-producer has been fully 
recognised, and this is the reason of its special liability to be 
struck by lightning. It will hardly be necessary to give a full 
recital of the numerous and interesting constituents of so well- 
known atree. The tannin of the wood is different from that in 
the bark and leaves, and approaches more decidedly that in the 
galls and acorns; it is what is called a digallic-methy]l ester or 
a derivative of pyrogallol, whereas that of the bark and leaves 
is phlobaphenic and a derivative of pyrocatechin. The bark 
contains from 6 to about 15 per cent. soluble and insoluble 
tannin, the parenchyma of the bast and the primary cortex being 
especially rich; in the wood it occurs sparingly up to about 
5 per cent. A trace of free gallic acid sometime occurs in the 
bark, which also contains phlobaphene, wax, pectin, levulin, 
quercite, starch, oxalate of calcium, and about 2 per cent. ash 
Naturalist, 


. 


Keegan: The Chemistry of the Lakeland Trees. 351 


rich in lime (and manganese in the best barks), but poor in 
potass and silica. The leaves, are extremely interesting, being 
rich in tannin (even in the bud), carotin, wax, nitrogenous 
matters, and silica, but rather poor in fat, fibre, and ash’: the 
actual amount of starch on analysis seems moderate, but the 
storing capacity of the tree for this’ substance is, in certain 
circumstances, altogether extraordinary. In this connection a 
casual mention might be made of the Beech, but as this tree is a 
decisive alien in Lakeland, and a by no means contented or pros- 
perous one either, although decidedly vigorous locally, it must 
suffice to observe that it is much richer in oil and much poorer in 
tannin than the Oak, its grey, smooth -DaEk 1 es mailed with silica 
and charged with lime, and tl its foliage 
is attended with physiological consequences altogether unique. 

Hazel. Corylus avellana. This true native is one of our 
commonest truly wild trees, or rather shrubs or bushes, flourish- 
ing in a characteristic tufted or ‘concentrated’ manner on banks, 
edging the wood-side; or in damp hollows overhanging some 
murmuring beck. The chemical analysis recalls somewhat that 
of the Alder, but the constituents are not developed in anything 
like the same strength. _The bark contains a considerable quantity 
of a tannin like that in other Amentacez, and is associated with 
much phlobaphene and ‘humus’ matter. The very tough and 
close-grained wood is richly charged with starch, phloroglucin, and 
coniferin, together with a small amount of a tannin which is not 
the same as that in the bark. The leaves are rich in albumenoids, 
and have a full share of carbohydrates, also inosite, etc., but are 
rather poor in fibre and ash (which contains much silica, especially 
in the autumn); rutin and tannin amount to about 5 ad cent., 
and the easy resolution of the latfer into high, nut-brow a anby- 
drides (recalling the case of the Alder) forbids any brilliancy of 
autumnal livery on the part of the foliage. The tremendous activity 
of the chlorophyllian protoplasm of this bush is manifested notonly 
by the richness of the wood in starch at all seasons, but by the 
very high, 67, percentage of oil contained in the nut, wherein it 
is intimately associated with a large quantity of albumenoids 
existing in three different states ; sugars and a volatile aromatic 
substance also occur in this favourite comestible ; the oil 1s 
pale yellow, drying, and consists mostly of olein, with a little 
palmitin, and is coloured greenish by nitric acid. 

Sycamore. Acer pseudo-platanus. This tree is pronounced 
to be an alien in our district, and again it is said to be ‘ doubt- 
fully a true native,’ but at all events it is here both common and 
luxuriantly developed in plantations and about farmhouses up 
to 1,500 feet. As Wordsworth says, ‘it has long been the 


Noyember 1899. 


352 Keegan: The Chemistry of the Lakeland Trees. 


favourite of the Sriagerss and with the Fir has been chosen 
_ to screen their dwellings.’ In fact, the ‘massy Sycamore that 
spreads in gentle pomp its honied shade’ has claims upon the 
attention of the scientist no less than upon that of the poet; 
an may add that it is a special favourite of my own, my 
whee studies in plant analysis being devoted chiefly to this 
r s often self-sown, and the seed has about 30 per cent. 
oil ae 6 per cent. albumenoid, oa no starch; these facts, 
however, do not indicate that it is a fat-tree, they nly suggest 


locally deficient. The yellow flowers contain no carotin, but 
have abundant rutin and saccharine matter. The bark contains 
a considerable amount of waxy and fatty matter, and it is» 
encrusted with silica; the phelloderm, collenchyma, and the 
ast erate ee are rich in tannin, which is identical with 
the Horse-chestnut, and is conjoined with its phloba- 
anny and a small quantity of free phloroglucin; but the 
most remarkable constituent is a kind of saponin-glucoside 
which occurs about September apparently in some quantity, it 
dissolves in sulphuric acid with a dark red colour passing to 
violet red, with ultimately a deep blue granular deposit ; with 
alcoholic HCl it yields a bright permanent pink solution; and 
with a solution of bromine in chloroform a bright red colour in 
a few minutes. The wood contains much coniferin and starch. 
The leaves are enriched with an abundance of carotin, wax,‘ fat, 
and resin, and in the autumn the epidermis is encrusted with 
silica; in May a large quantity of quercitrin can be extracted 
from them, together with tannin and rye tll mannite, — 
cane-sugar, and about 4 per cent. starch are also to be found 
among the constituents- : one of the most remarkable foliar 
organs of our woodlan 
inden. Tilia intermedia: No chemical account of the trees 
of sey British region would be complete if this one were passed 
over. It is frequently to be seen in the Lakeland parks and hedge- 
rows, and although certainly not a native, it suits itself very con- 
formably to the circumstances of itsimmigration. It is mentioned 
here only incidentally as a sort of foil or contrast chiefly in regard 
to the fact that, except the Walnut, it is the most fat-producing 
tree in our sylva. For about nine months of the year its wood 
teems with -oil, and during winter there is no starch at all in the 
wood, pith, or bark. The quantity of mucilage in bark and leaves 
is exceedingly great; while the combination of volatile oil, sugar, 
rion and carotin in the flowers constitutes a feast-of delight 
mie dito Rae to account for the phenomenon of— 
e Lime, a summer home of murmurous wings.’ 


ad 


. 


"Naturalist, 


353 
NOTES ON THE FLORA OF CHESHIRE. 


ARTHUR BENNETT, F.L.S., 
rovdon, oe 


THE publication of Lord De’ Tabley’s Flora has added another 
to the list of Floras that are gradually giving the base on which 
to build future Floras of Britain, which will not be quite in the 
same groove as those gone by. Already the idea that is being 
so strongly worked out in America, with regard to what Hackel 
called the cecological conditions of a Flora, may perhaps be 
looked for in Britain before long; and the Cheshire Flora is one, 
among many now, that will contribute its quota to that Flora. 
The only thing one misses is the ‘touch of the vanished hand’ 
in its completion in this, like Mr. Prior’s ‘Flora of Hertford- 
shire,’ the two botanists being in many respects much alike: 
careful as to what they admitted, and with good ‘ideals’ as 
to what a Flora should be. 

In looking through the Cheshire Flora a few things _ 
Occurred to me as perhaps worth noting, and as they make 
One or two additions to the Flora, they may be worth recording. 

And I have also noted some omissions, which would have 
been no doubt explained had the author lived to complete 
his work. These are taken from the second edition of Watson’s 

‘Topographical Botany’ (1883). 

Thalictum minus L. 4. 1 think the Little Eye specimens 
must be referred to Dumatier’s 7. dunense. But I am quite 
inclined to think we may have two forms on our coasts, 
especially in Scotland. 

Nuphar pumilum DC. The Salopian plant ‘ uatenien 


the true plant. I submitted specimens of it to the late 
Dr, Caspany, of ge alee who affirmed ie name. One 
of these I then sent Mr. Watson, and in a letter 


acknowledging its feat et he remarks:—‘ Thanks for the 
specimen of Nuphar pumilum from Shropshire—a desirable 
one for my herbarium, having myself raised a query as to 
the certainty about the species there. It is curious that 
this species of the Highland lakes should occur in Shrop- 
shire and apparently not in any of the Welsh lakes.’ 
19, 11, "79. Since this date it has been found in Merioneth 
by the Rev. Ley. 

Stellaria nemorum L. 1. Woods on the banks of the 
Etharrow at Mottram, W. I. Harman sp. 

Spergula arvensis. P. sativa Boenn. Field, Little Sutton, 
A. C. Lomax. 


December 1899. 


354 Bennett: Notes on the Flora of Cheshire, 


Vicia tetrasperma Moench. Roadside between Frankby and 
West ssid Cheshire, W. Whitwell sp. Is West Kirby 


meant ? 
edapnene odorata Mill. 2. Wood, Rostherne Mere, Sep- 
tem 1880, H. Searle sp. 


Eeaen procumbens Sibth. 5. Chester Racecourse, Dr. 
 N. L. Britton, sp., 7, 1888. 
Cicuta virosa L. Near Dunham-on-the- Hill, Eddisbury 
Hundred, R. Brown sp. 
Mentha arvensis L. Var. nummutlaria (Schreb.). 2. Ros- 
therne Mere, 8, 1884, H. Searle sp. 
Senecio vulgaris L. Var. radiatus. 4. Sandhills between 
asey and Leasowe, S. Slater in ‘Science nates 
p- 188, 1884. 
Vaccinium Oxycoccos L. 3. Moss near Delamere, 23, 8, 
1879, J. C. Melvill sp. 
Monotropa Hypopitys. ‘Chester,’ Top. Botany. 
Erythrea pulchella Fries, 4. The Horles, Seacombe, 9, 1869, 


. H. Lew 
Statice ‘auriculzfolia Vahl.’ S. binervosa. G. E. Smith. 
e var. intermedia Syme grows on Hilbre Island, August 
1873, R. Brown sp., August 1873. 
Statice bahusiensis Fr. Muddy shore of the river Mersey, 
en Eastham and Bromborough Pool, September 1876, 
R. Brown sp. The specimen, though not so typical as 
one of the original specimens from Hants, gathered by 
Mr. Notcutt, that I possess, is to be referred to the 
S. rariflora of Drejer, rather than to S. Zimonzum. 

Chenopodium rubrum L. 4. Seacombe, C. A. Lomax. 

Utricularia neglecta Lehm. 3. Characteristic specimens, in 
go ower, from ‘Bolesworth, Cheshire, July 1857, 
A. Croall,’ are in my herbarium. 6. I have a specimen 
under the name of ‘ U. major, Wybunbury Bog, September 
1875, Dr. J. Fraser.’ 

Utricularia minor L. 6. Wybunbury Bog, 26, 8, 1873; 
Dr. J. Fraser sp. Although not named at p.°242 in the 
Flora, this is recorded under Mr. Spark’s name (in Garner’s _ 
‘ Staffordshire’) at p. Ixxxix. 

Atriplex hastata L. 4. Bromborourgh, A. E. Lomax. 

Atriplex deltoidea Bab. Field, Rock Ferry, A. E. Lomax. 

age ties portiandica L. ‘Chester,’ J. L. Warren, cat. Top. 

No note or remark in Flora. 

Didetigeedc densus L. 3. Delamere, August 1884, H. Searle, 

sp. Recorded in the ‘Journal of Doteay p. 140, 1886. 


Naturalist, 


Bennett: Notes on the Flora of Cheshire. 355 


Not recorded in the Flora, at p. 286; the probability of its 
occurrence is noted. It is recorded for South Lancashire, 
Yorkshire, Derby, and Stafford; but neither for Salop, 
Denbigh, or Flint. The note in the Flora on this must be 
read in conjunction with the remarks in the preliminary 
explanations. If Potamogetons are distributed by birds 
this stands a much less chance than P. crispus, as its fruits 
are much more delicate, and do not survive so long to 
exposure, etc. 

Potamogeton zosterifolius Schum. 5. River Dee, near Shoc- 
lack, Major Wolley Dod sp., August A good 
aiddition to the county Flora, it occurs in Derby !, Stafford !, 
Salop !, and in Yorkshire!, though not in the part adjoining 
Cheshire. I have seen no Welsh specimens, but it may 
perhaps be found in the Dee watershed. 

Potamogeton Friesii Rupr. (‘ P. mucronatus Schrad.’). There 
is a Cheshire specimen of this in the herbarium of Mr. 
Charles Bailey, of Manchester. 

Potamogeton pectinatus L. The remark on Mr. Hunt’s 

eptember gathered specimens, as contrasted against 
September gathered ones of var. scoparzus from Sussex, is 
instructive, as Mr. Fryer would place scoparius under 
Jlabellatus, and in this I agree. 
Potamogeton flabellatus Bab. 4. ‘In stagnis salsis, Wallasey,’ 
Ber. 


. E, Lomax sp. : 
Ruppia rostellata Koch. 4. Shallow pit on Bidston Marsh, 
Hundred of Wirral, 7,'75, R. Brown sp. Most certainly 
the &. rostellata of Syme’s ‘English Botany,’ and not 
Sptralis, The Anornadt on Ruppia in the Flora are not very 
clear as to what is mea 
Epipactis Jatifolia All. 3. “Boleswortis 9, 1860, A. Croall sp. 
f the four specimens, one has very much narrower leaves 
than the others. ; 
Juncus lamprocarpus Ebrh. The /. nigrite/lus of Don was 
probably really J. alpinus Vill. (see Beeby in ‘Scottish 
Naturalist,’ p. 92, 1887-8). The specimens usually named 
nigritelius in Britain are called by Dr. Buchanan ‘forms in 
some instances approaching the var. pauczflorus of lampro- 
zs.’ In others they are simply dwarf damprocarpus. 
Petit obtusiflorus Ehrh. 5. Near Chowley, 7, 1857, A. 
Croall sp. This was long before Mr. Webb gathered it, 
at or near the same spot. The author’s remarks on the 
distribution of this plant are true in many counties; in 
Surrey ~I have only once gathered it, but in Norfolk, 
Suffolk, and — it sometimes occurs by the 
December 1899. 


350 Bennett: Notes on the Flora of Cheshire. 


acre, the vegetation of the ‘ Broad’ country in Norfolk 
especially being comprised of few — sharers 
while the numbers in some cases are immen 

sagan fae pgales lL; G:,.This is one ey our decreasing 

e notes on ap occurrence will be found in thie 
tee gee p.. 360, 4,.1808. — It séenis: to be 
entirely extinct in its eee locality ; and Mr. F. A. Lees 
seems to regard it as Ail or nearly so, in Yorkshire. 

The latest gatheri ing I ware of (other than Mr. 

Marshall’s (1896)) is sie pe “she late Mr. Beckwith in 

Salop in a new locality, whence he sent me specimens. 

As Mr. Sims (‘ Phytologist,’ 2, 576, 1858) acknowledges to 

having gathered ‘over 300 specimens in one day” in Perth, 

t must have been abundant there. 

Carex teretiuscula Ehrh. The remarks on this Carex and its 
var., p. 321-2, are amply borne out by Mr. J. Bagnell’s 
experience in Warwickshire ; and on this point the remarks 
of Mr. Watson (Cyb. Britt., Vol. 3, 107, 1852) are very 
pertinent :—‘If I rightly know that variety it occurred on 
Wimbledon Common, in Surrey, some few years ago, in 
a drying up swamp.’ 

Carex limosa L. 6. Wybunbury Moss, Herb. E. S. Marshall. 

Carex strigosa Huds. 2. I have a specimen gathered by Dr. 

od in ‘ Cotteril Clough, May 1841. 

Carex fulva Good. Fields near Stathip (?) Wood, 27, 8, 1881, 

H. Searle. I cannot read the word, it may be ‘Stirrup?’ 

aie riparia Curtis. 2. Rostherne Mere, 8, 1883, H. Searle 

: his is a variety that is probably the same as Kries * 
caaned ‘C. nutans,’ but afterwards as C. riparia var. 
obesa Fr. =var. deformis Beml. It has much’the habit and 
look of C. nutans Host. 
dorprprstanas Epigejos Roth. 3. Hedge near Bolesworth, 
g, 1860, A. Croall sp. 

Aira Pastel Weihe. Chester, Miss Potts. Top. Botany. 

Festuca uniglumis Soland. The description of the growth 
(p. 356) is very like that of F. ambigua Le Gall, and the 
date is early for it to turn brown. In St. Helen’s Spit, in the 
Isle of Wight, they both grow together, and have been 
gathered mixed, and named uniglumzs, but uniglumis is 
green! in the middle of June, when ambdigua is quite a rich 
yellow-brown. In Norfolk ambigua can be seen for some 
distance by this colouring and its gregarious growth. 

Nephrodium cristatum Rich. 6. I have a specimen gathered 
at Wybunbury Bog, roth September 1847, by Dr. J. Wood, 
and in 1875 by Dr, Fraser. 


"Naturalist, 


4s 
FISH OF THE LINCOLNSHIRE WASH AND FENLAND. 


Tue Late T. J. H. BROGDEN, 
Spalding. 


TuE following notes have been transcribed and arranged in 
_ order from Mr. Brogden’s manuscripts; they are a list of such 
marine and freshwater fish as have come under his notice in the 
18th Division (Spalding and Holbeach) of the Natural History 
Map of Lincolnshire (the Rev. E. Adrian Woodruffe-Peacock’s). 
JoHN CoRDEAUX. 

Galeus canis Bonap. Common Tope. Frequently to be found 

dead on the Holbeach out-marshes, having been left by the 


tide. 

Mustelus vulgaris Mill. & Henle. Smooth Hound. The 
Same remark applies. 

Acanthias vulgaris Risso. Picked Dogfish. The only specimen 
I have caught is now in the Leicester Museum, but I believe 
it is frequently taken in the nets set for flounders. 

Raja clavata L. Thornback Ray. Frequently taken in the 
shrimp and flounder nets. 

Raja batis L. Common or Blue Skate. Frequently taken 
in the shrimp nets at the Welland mouth. 

Acipenser sturio L. Sturgeon. Frequently ascends the 
Welland. One was taken exactly in front of my gate 
a few years ago by a blow from a boathook. The same 
man who took it caught one in the same year at the mouth 
of the river, weighing eighteen stone. They have also 
been taken in the New river in Cowbit Wash and in 
Vernatt’s drai 

Perca flavintilis i Perch. Unfortunately, although very 
slightly decreasing in number is certainly doing so in size. 
The largest on record taken in our Spalding Club waters 
was ae Ibs. My own record for weight in one day is four 
fish, weighing collectively 9 lbs. 6 oz 

Acerina cernua (L.). Pope or Ruffe. To be found in the 
Spalding Fishing Club waters, but not common. 

Mullus barbatus L. Red Mullet. Very occasionally ascends 
the Welland. 

Lampris luna (Gm.). Opah. King-fish. [ have only seen 
one specimen of this fish, caught about 1879, and weighing 
63 Ibs. I believe it has also been taken at the lower part 
of the Welland brushwork. 

December 1899. 


358 Brogden: Fish of the Lincolnshire Wash and Fenland. 


Scomber scomber L. Mackerel. Only caught when driven 
out of its course by storms. 

Trachinus draco L. Great Weever. Occasionally met with 
at the mouth of the Welland. 

Lophius piscatorius L. Angler. Odd specimens taken after 
rough weather in the estuary of the Wash. Last seen 
personally in September 1892, at Fossdyke. ; 

_Cottus gobio L. River Bullhead. The Miller’s Thumb is 
not uncommon in both the Welland and Glen, especially 
after a long drought. 

Cottus scorpius L. Short-spined Sea Bullhead. Plentiful 
in the Wash. 

Trigla cuculus L. Red Gurnard. 

Trigla gurnardus L. Grey Gurnard. 

Trigla peciloptera Cuvier. Little Gurnard. 

e Red and Little very rare; have only seen one 
specimen of the former (caught by myself) and two of 
the latter, taken at Fossdyke. The Grey is very common. | 

Agonus cataphractus :(L.). Pogge or Armed Bullhead. One - 
of the commonest fishes in the Wash. Has a nasty habit 
when taken by the tail of striking round and inflicting 
a painful wound with its armoured d 

Cyclopterus lumpus L. Lumpsucker. Very common during 
the spring months. 

Anarrhichas lupus L. Wolf-fish. Frequently taken by the 
trawlers. I sent a fine specimen a few years ago to the 
Leicester Museum (1894), which I saw killed with a boat 
sprit at the mouth of the Welland. When struck it bit 
nearly through the shaft of the sprit. 

Blennius pholis L. Shanny. Very plentiful in the Wash, 

and taken in great numbers by the shrimpers. Shrimps 
appear to be its favourite food. 

Centronotus gunnellus L. Butterfish. Very plentiful in the 
_ Wash in the warm months (May to September). Is more 
slippery than any eel. 

Zoarces viviparus L. Viviparous Blenny. Very common 
in summer in the Wash. Twenty to thirty may often be 
taken in one lift of the shrimp trawl. 

Atherina presbyter Cuv. Atherine. Sand-Smelt. © Of 
annual occurrence; occasionally covgbt in shrimp trawls 
in the Wash. 


Pe ae 
Naturalist, 


Brogden ;. Fish of the Lincolnshire Wash and Fenland. 339 


Mugil capito Cuv. Grey Mullet. As a rule very common in 
the early autumn in the lower reaches of the Welland. 

oy doa aculeatus L. Three-spined Stickleback. Not 

all as plentiful as might be expected, Sa Aas the 
at of ditches in the district. 

Gastrosteus pungitius L. Ten-spined Stickleback. Fre- 
quently found in the drains and ponds in the neighbour- 
hood, but not so plentiful as the former. 

Gadus morrhua L. Common Cod. Codlings are destroyed 
in immense quantities by the shrimp trawlers in the Wash. 
The pressure of the water in the net no doubt kills the 
majority before trawling in. 

Gadus xglefinus L. Haddock. Small Haddocks are killed 
in large quantities by the shrimp trawler 

Gadus merlangus L. Whiting. Small ones are taken in 
large quantities at times in the shrimp trawls at the mouth 
of the Welland. 

Gadus virens L. Coal-fish. Occasionally found stranded on 
the sandbanks at the mouth of the Wellan 

Merluccius vulgaris Fiem. Hake. Occasionally washed on 
shore after a heavy storm. 

‘Molva vulgaris Flem. Ling. Only taken after heavy storms 
by which it has been stranded on the sandbanks. 

Ammodytes Janceolatus Lesauv. Greater Sand-Launce. 
Plentiful in the Wash and the mouth of the Welland. 

Ammodytes tobianus L. Lesser Sand-Launce. Occasionally 
taken in the shrimp trawls in the Wash. 

Fam. PLeuRoNEcTID#.—Brill, Dabs, Flounders, Fluke, Hali- 
but, Plaice, Soles, and Turbots are all found in more or 
less quantities according to season, but with the exception 
of the Common Sole (Solea vulgaris) are usually small. 
I have taken the Common Sole in the Wash up to 3% Ibs. 
the pair. 

oe carpio L. Common Carp. Only an introduction 

nto the district, and not at all plentiful anywhere. 
eRe ceruleus Jenyns. Azurine. Believed to have been 
taken in the Glen river by more than one angler. 

Cyprinus auratus (L.). Gold-carp. Imported into local ponds. 

Cyprinus fluviatilis (Flem.). Gudgeon. Common in Welland 

and Glen, in which latter river it attains an unusual size. 

December 1899. 


360 Brogden: Fish of the Lincolnshire Wash and Fenland. 


Leuciscus rutilus (L.). Roach. Very plentiful; the largest 
specimen from Spalding Club waters, 2 Ibs. 10 ozs. 
(preserve 

Leuciscus pails (L.). Chub. To be found in the upper 
reaches of the Welland and Glen, but not plentiful; has also 
been taken in the Vernatt’s drain. 

Leuciscus vulgaris Flem. Dace. Common in the rivers and 
drains of the district and attaining large dimensions. 

Leuciscus erythrophthalmus (L.). Rudd. Plentiful i in all the 
large drains; also in the Welland and Glen.’ A stuffed 
specimen, belonging to the Spalding Fishing Club, sup- 
posed to be a cross between a Roach and a Rudd, was 
taken in 1896 in the Vernatt’s, and weighed 2 lbs. 10 ozs. 
some time after being caught. 

Leuciscus phoxinus (L.). Minnow. Only to be found in the 
Glen and the upper portion of the Welland. 

Tinca vulgaris Cuv. Tench. Common in all the drains and 
in many ponds. Runs up to 5 lbs. in weight. 

Abramis brama (L.). Bream. Has in the last few years> 
become plentiful in the river Glen. I sent a specimen 
I caught in the Glen at Surfleet, weighing 514 lIbs., to the 
South Kensington Museum. 

Alburnus lucidus Heck.& Kner. Bleak. To be found in 
sparse numbers in the upper parts of Welland and Glen. 

Cobitis tenia L. Spinous Loach. Have only caught one 
example and in river Glen. 

Belone vulgaris Flem. Gar-fish. Occasionally taken in the 
‘Butt’ nets. a? 

Esox lucius L. Pike. Very plentiful ; the record fish for the 
Spalding Fishing Club waters is 22 lbs.; 12 lbs. to 16 lbs. 
used frequently to be taken, but now (probably to over- 
stocking) a 12 lbs. fish is considered very good. 

Salmo salar L. Salmon. Taken in odd numbers almost 
annually in the Flounder nets at the mouth of the Welland. 

Salmo trutta Flem. Sea-Trout. Frequently taken in the 
Flounder nets in the Welland. 

Salmo fario L. Common Trout. Occasionally taken in the 
Welland, Glen, and Vernatt’s. The specimen belonging to 
the Spalding Fishing Club measured 29 inches; it was 
caught in the Glen, but was in bad condition, having lost 
the sight of one eye and many teeth. 


Naturalist, 


Cole: Little Auk at Wetwang-on-the- Wolds. 361 


Osmerus eperlanus (L.). Smelt. Taken in large quantities. 

ree years since I assisted in drawing a net through 

a deep hole in the Welland, when in one haul we caught 
751- 

Clupea harengus .. Herring. Very plentiful in certain 
seasons. 

Clupea sprattus L. Sprat. Frequently taken in tons at the 
mouth of the Welland; also often left on shore in great 
quantities. 

Clupea alosa L. baer Shad. Occasionally taken at the mouth 
of the Wellan 

Clupea pal abies Walb. Pilchard, Have only seen three 
specimens, taken in the ‘ Butt’ nets at Fossdyke, 1895. 

Anguilla vulgaris Flem. Sharp-nosed Eel. 

Anguilla latirostris Risso. Broad-nosed Eel. 

Anguilla mediorostris Yarrell. Snig Eel. 

All plentiful, but the broad-nosed undoubtedly attains the 
greatest weight—locally called ‘ Browits.’ There is also an 
Eel which attains a great size, but weighs very lightly, 
locally called ‘ Frog-mouthe el.’ One day in August of 
1897 I caught five, weighing 1134 Ibs., in the Spalding 
Club waters, when out with the keeper. 

Conger vulgaris Cuv. Conger. A few are annually taken. 
The largest I have caught was 6 ft. 6 in. long and weighed 
38% Ibs. This was in 1894 at Holbeach Marsh. 

Syngnathus acus L. Great Pipe-fish. 

Nerophis lumbriciformis (L.). Lesser Pipe-fish. 

Syngnathus ophidion Conch. Snake Pipe-fish. 

former of these is undoubtedly the most uncommon 
of the three, and owing to chances of observation I am not 
certain the second has not been overlooked. 

Petromyzon marinus L. Sea-lamprey. Fairly plentiful ; 
specimen I caught at Surfleet in 1884 measures 2 ft. 9 in. 
Petromyzon fluviatilis . Lampern or River Lamprey. 

To be found both in the Welland and Glen. 


Tae, ly, «sa RRR 
NOTE— ORNITHOLOGY. 
Little Auk at Wet wang-on-the-Wolds.—A Little Auk wd dy ee alle) 
has just = picked up here in an exhausted condition. 
several heavy gales, but all from the west, none from the oo so T ie not 
see how ‘ie rio r wanderer could have found its way here except from the 
west coast. Anyhow t so fact is worth recording.—E. MAULE COLE, Wet- 


wang, 14th November 


December 1899. 


362 Notes—Mosses and Flowering Plants. 


NOTE—MOSSES. 


Gymnostomum fragile Ibbotson.—By the kindness of the family - 
my pei friend Mr. Sylvanus Thon se i of adap and Settle, I have becom 
d 


possessed of his fs prone of mo; In this ave found one sheet 
bearing several tufts Aloe itn with a general label to them in Henry 
Ibbotson’s own characteristic writing, though not signed by him, as 
follows :—‘ Gymmnost. ig eh Pits MSS. Bolton Megas 1842.’ This 
suggests an inquiry whether any other specimens of t < cabo species 

were distributed, Ha er Ibbotson described and cnate any other mosses 
as new, whether his description Ss pe names were ever published and where, 


and if his manuscripts are in exis 
Forgetting the man’s i ect: “of which the hurt and disgrace were 


to himself alone, Be ran n’s pete should still be honoured by Yorkshire 
anists. But it must te ubied that if no moss-species have been publishe 
his name, it ‘i okay better so. Dr. Braithwaite has saeitvinls e by 
examini specimens in the present case, an m to be 
adrbull igi Sek alt db. n as such, however, the eo cality is worth 
recording. In . Arnold Lees’ ‘ iva ° — Yorkshire’ this species 


is described (un sit Gym mnostomum) as are, and only one station, 
ou ak is given for headend —WI Pike iWartweil. Balham, London, 
8th November 1 


ooo 


NOTES—FLOWERING PLANTS. 
Galeopsis versicolor in mass pe r Stickney.—Some years a 
a peaty field near Stickney, I saw pickadie of this beautiful gone 
Galeopsis versicolor Pipi in full Parse and well remembe pleasure 
sight dging fr ight 


me. 

the individual plants, they were similar to those seen by Mr. Burton on the 

bank of the Trent. It is always more lux scat in po Ante or turnip fields 

than in cornfields, so far as my experience goes, but I nev r before ot or since 
it i e ioned. ed 


y :—‘ Lamium cannabino folio, flore amplo luteo, labio purpureo,’— 
W. Fow_er, Liversedge sla 16th Noveohe | it 


Galeopsis versicolor rig mass.—Apropos of Mr. Burton’s interesting 
sith in a indy eel ‘ Naturalist’ Waites ies aye I ky record that in 
exper e Galeopsis patie Curt. has been what Colias edusa and 
h 


Macrplsse stellatariom are to the lepidopterist, a species of singularly 
irregular oce ce. I remember a field above Valle Crucis Abbey, near 
Llangollen, bate. pointed out to me in 1863 as a locality for it, but it was 
sidered a rare plant, and I did not meet with it anywhere else in a wide 
district of which my then residence, Oswestry, in Salop, was the contre. bed 
in 1865 it sprang up sre vere e in profusion in 
side rubbish heaps, in tens of thousands. The plants ran vaboees mii rc 
feet high—or that might “at their average—an nd the flowers were magnificen 
in size and colouring. uring I the species was still abundails thowgtt 
less so than in 1865. In the following years it returned’ to its origin nal 
scarcity ; indeed, I do not recollect seeing it again while I ry ined in 
er of 1 


Oswestry, which was till the summer But in fn E754 | during a visit, 
I again found it in plenty in the neighbourhood of Trevor Hall, near 
Ruabon, and have no record or memory of then n seeing it sinew 


- 


363 
EXTRACTS FROM A CONCHOLOGIST’S NOTEBOOK. 


WILLIAM NELSON, Hoy.M.C.S., 
Crossgates, Leeds; Ex-President of Leeds Conchological Club. 

5-—TO WHINMOOR IN SEARCH OF LIMN4G@A GLABRA. 
Ar the latter end of April 1899 I started after dinner with 
my friend Mr. G. Walker, of Stanks; we went along the old 
§tass-grown lane leading to Whinmoor, and after proceeding 
along this most rugged sof roads for some little distance, we 
turned along a footpath to the right across some fields. As we 
went slowly: along we disturbed a weasel, which crossed an 
angle of the field and disappeared in a dry dyke by the hedge-side. 
We then reached the historic Cock Beck, which we crossed by a 
small wooden bridge; here we stopped some time, and, examin- 
ing some small stones where the beck runs swiftly, found a 
number of Ancylus fluviatilis. 

Leaving here we entered an old lane, each side of which is 
lined by honey-suckle plants and rose-bushes, both of which 
were putting forth their foliage for the coming season; the 
wayside was further enlivened and beautified by a number of 
bushes of gorse with their golden-coloured flowers. Having 
arrived close to the railway bridge, we looked around for some 
signs of a pond, and at the far side of the field towards Morwick 
Hall we saw indications of one ; my companion being the most 
agile crossed to examine and signalled me to follow. We found 
the pond a rather small one; evidently it had been dug for cattle, 
for though full of water there seemed to be no apparent source 
from which it was supplied. The shallow end had a quantity of 
long grass growing in it which lay along the surface and at the 
deeper end, water-cress and other aquatic plants. The first dip 
of the net fished up a number of Planorbis contortus, the next 
brought in addition Zimnea peregra and one specimen of Limnea 


glabra; this at once whetted my, appetite for more, but after a 


tion of species here is in my experience unique, Physa hypnorum 
and Planorbis spirorbis being both absent. 

The clouds had been for some time gathering in a threatening 
manner, so we deemed it best to return to the lane again, where 
we secured our first flowers of Anemone nemorosa. My com- 


December. 1899. 


364 Notes—Mollusca. 


panion seemed to have an innate faculty for finding bird’s nests, 
and was continually pointing them out to me, and before leaving 
me in the old lane leading from the Barwick road to Manston 
he pointed out to me a robin’s nest built beside this busy road ; 
standing a few yards away we watched the parent bird sitting 
on its eggs, and left hoping that no marauding youngster would 
discover its snug home. 


> 
NOTES—MOLLUSCA. 


Planorbis corneus at Skipton.—-When in Skipton ie He sday, 


4th March 1 my friend, Mr. . Wilkinson, and myse t down 
the Skipton Beck, which has been straightened by the local aati to 
prevent the flooding of the lands which adjoin it, to study the lateral 
corrosion ts by t ater. to peculiarities, 
notic wide line of flood débris, amongst which w 
a great number of Planorbis corneus L., in various stages of growth, con- 
tai he contracted bodies of the animals. any of the shells were 
broken, as if by birds in aah be the contained cpa and we noticed 
several jackdaws in the fields through which sat beck 

Je suspected that these oottes had bee washed out of some still 


water en a flood which happened some ten da ag previous to our visit. The 
record, even as it stands, is of interest.—HENRY CROWTHER, The Museum, 
Leeds, 11th April 1 

[It would be of great aici pi if Mr. Wilkinson, or some local naturalist, 
would ascertain the source whence the shells in this flood-refuse were 
derived, i.e “5 whereabout near Skipton the species occur, and whether 
the Ne is a true native of the district.—Ep. Nart.] 


the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Stutton Carrs.—On 
the ‘ett of June 1899 I arrived at Stutton Station, pee taking the road to the 
Hoht 3 : ‘ in PE : 


So! 
and found that I w ery fortunate in the dry weather 0 previous visits 
to this locaaity having jointly vinided t three small Spans oti maan peregra 
on 

n the present occasion, crossing the osier-beds which are here cut 
down, I was enabled to reach the water that supplied the mill, and was at 
once gladdened by the sight of very fine examples of Limnea peregra. 
I did not search long before Z. auricularia appeared amongst them. They 

er small i 


and 
sweeping the net amongst t e Equiseta where ssible to so, 
[ obtained aisle zs albus very sparingly, and P, Pipe sfontinadis rather more 
wie In the oozy mud at the bottom ac gr of Valvata piscinalis 
po ge sizes aay their home; here also I obtained examp 
Pisum. Santina 
Turn oek, aoe in and ss - the ee side of the mill I found 
Bythinia tentaculata, Searching the marg the Cock Beck at this 
poin Shire nothing, which is soon "fully pind eh when a few ducks came 
seed ong the water. 
Having now spent from two to three hours here in the hot sunshine 


Naturalist, 


a 


oP) 
an 
t 


THE SOURCE OF 
THE LINCOLNSHIRE COAST BOULDERS. 


ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., 
St, John's College, Cambridge, 

It appears from Mr. Burton’s communication in the November 
number of ‘The Naturalist’ that he and Mr. Wheeler still 
reject the idea that boulders have been transported coastwise 
across the Humber mouth. As I think they have not quite 
appreciated the cogency of the argument, I will venture to 
re-state it more pointedly. 

It is admitted that the Holderness coast is, and always 
has been, rapidly wasting. Mr. Wheeler thinks that I have 
exaggerated the amount of this waste, but it is easy to make 
a rough calculation from approximate data. Taking the 
average loss at one yard, the average height of the cliffs at ten 
feet, and the length of coast-line from Bridlington to Kilnsea at 
thirty-five miles—-all well within the mark—lI find the amount of 
boulder-clay removed in a century to be more than two millions 
of tons. If we further suppose 10,000 years to have elapsed 
since the Glacial Period, and estimate the boulders at one- 
twentieth of the whole mass, we have ten millions of tons of 
boulders to account for. 

While the fine anbertad is rapidly washed away, the boulders 
travel slowly southward along the coast. They can be traced 


extension of more than a mile-and-a-half in two hundred years. 

w it is manifest that this process cannot go on for long in 

the future, and cannot have gone on for long in the past. Spurn 

Point must be only a temporary resting-place for the boulders: 
r. 


that resting-place, and so it cannot help to solve the problem. 
Reid’s explanation, which I quoted in my former note, 
seems to be the only possible deduction from the, facts. 


December 1899. 


366 Petty: Early Notices of Yorkshire Hydrozoa. 


Further, the cycle of events as pictured by Mr. Reid, explains 
not only where the Yorkshire coast boulders go to, but also 
where those on the Lincolnshire coast come from ; and in reject- 


o sho 
in the boulder-clays of Lincolnshire is not enough. It must also 
be shown that such clays are found in places where they are 
exposed to marine erosion. The distribution of the boulders 
along the Lincolnshire coast is also a point of importance, and 
here the large shingle beach of Donna Nook is a crucial test. 
The stones there cannot have come from the warp-covered shore 
of the Humber, and any accumulation of boulders derived from 
the Lincolnshire coast itself must be sought southward, not 
in the extreme north. : 

There is one more significant point which has been over- 
looked. The Lincolnshire coast boulders, according to Mr. 
Burton, are mostly of small size: of the twenty specimens 
which he has described, none measured more than five inches. 
This accords with the supposition that they have travelled far. 

he boulders embedded in the Lincolnshire boulder-clay, as 
7 


a foot in diameter. A collection of boulders on the shore, if 
derived from an immediately local source, ought to have a fair 
proportion, and indeed more than a fair proportion, of the large 

ones. This is the case on the Yorkshire coast; but, so far as 
our infee ee goes, it does not seem to be the case in 


Lincolnshire. 
<-> 


NOTE—-H ee wae 
Early Notices of Yorkshire Hydrozo ot know how many 
references there are in e Naturalist’ to ‘Satine sa? Hydr ozoa, and 
the following may have already been entered as old records for that place. 
The mode me iv! at 


Sertularia Heats a E.& Ti is cheaiane found on the coast of Scar- 

borough, in Yorkshire.’ Ellis & ee » Nat. Hist, of Zo paige Soa 
1.786, p. 8% es name, Hincks’ H. a a 265, ‘Common . Sca 
borough, Filey, ete.’ 

Sertularia jon essina L. * The ‘Se wie agg ook s name] is hiefly 
found in “ih water on yi: coast of Yorks! , Ellis & Solander, 
p- 39. incks, p. 7% says, ‘Common on Vormskive pias 

Thuiaria a thuja L ‘They are found on the noe i mer and in ei 
North of England, particularly about Scarbor the fishe cae 
have given them the name of Bottle- sdlesr ene Ells, Polat 1755» P- 

A prevalent northern form, mcks H. 2,4 

Plumularia frutescens E.&S. ‘This Comins} was found 7 Seater 
Ellis & Solander, 1786, e 55 as gota f. Hincks’ 308, says, 
‘Rare on Yorkshire Coas as dredged it at Sa hore = 
S. L. Petty, Ulverston, ced Nodiaibe aoe 


ae 
Naturalist, 


367 


FUNGUS FORAY AT SUTTON, NEAR ASKERN, 
25rH, 26, AND 271 SEPTEMBER 1899. 


CHARLES CROSSLAND, F.L 
Halifax; Hon, Sec. Yorkshire Mycological Ciindition, 


Tue Annual Fungus Foray was “held at Sutton, near Askern. 
The selection of the district, under the advice of Mr. W. Denison 
Roebuck, F.L.S., was a most happy one. To further ensure the 
success if the raetiette Mr. Roebuck recommended that the 
headquarters be at Sutton village, situated in the heart of 
the district to be worked, and by arrangement the house of Miss 
Sorby was placed at the disposal of the Mycological Committee 
and friends. The committee turned up in good force. The 
gathering included Messrs. G. Massee, F.L.S., of the Herba- 
rium, Royal Gardens, Kew; Harold Wager, F.L.S., Leeds; 
U. Bairstow, Halifax; W. N. Cheeseman, Selby; A. Clarke, 
Huddersfield; Thos. Gibbs, Sheffield; Thos. Hey, Derby; 
James Need iver: Hebden Bridge; J. Wms. Sutcliffe, Halifax, 
and C. Crossland, F.L.S., Halifax, Secretary. Letters express- 
ing regret at their inability to be present were received from the 

ev. W. Fowler, M.A., Liversedge; Mr. Thos. Birks, Yarm- 
on-Tees, and Mr. M. B. Slater, J.P., Malton. 

Permission was obtained from Mr. F. Bacon Frank, Camp- 
sall; Mr. C. E. Charlesworth, Owston; Mr. G. B. C. Yarborough, 
Camps Mount; Mr. P. S. Neville, Shelbrook, and other land- 
Owners, to visit their woods and ‘parks. 

Mr. A. Clarke and the writer spent the previous week-end in 
Surveying the district in preparation for the general foray, so 
that the work should be carried on with as little loss of time as 
possible. 

With all these excellent woods, parks, and pastures to 
explore, and all close at hand, this would have been one of the 
choicest districts ever visited by this section of the Union, had 
not the preceding dry season kept back its undoubtedly rich 
_ fungus flora. In many places, both in woods and bare pastures, 
the ground was parched and cracked; crevices one to two 
inches wide were common. In the drier parts of woods the 
dead leaves and twigs crackled under one’s feet with a dis- 
appointing crispness. The light rains of the previous week had 
improved matters a little in the moister places. 

Five of the members, including Mr. Massee, arrived on the 
scene on the 23rd, the remainder on the 25th. Monday’s pro- 
ceedings commenced, after the arrival of the 10.12 train at 
Decembe: : 


368 Crossland: Fungus Foray at Sutton, near Askern, 


Askern, by the investigation of Campsall woods. The game- 
keeper’s son acted as guide and pointed out a few special places 
where three, at any rate, of the chief combinations favouring 
the growth of fungi prevailed, viz., plenty of fallen trunks and 
branches, ground moisture, and shade, Here a few choice 
things were picked up, ebeing. one of the earth-stars, Geaster 
michelianus W.G. Sm. ; this occurred in quantity, specimens in 
all stages of development being collected. There were also 
micro-species in abundance about, and a few Agarics. Parks 
and pastures, however, were found to be almost destitute of 
fungi; even the ubiquitous S¢rophuria semiglobata Batsch was 
somewhat scarce. Species of Hygrophorus, pong Entoloma, 
and pasture-land lovers of several other nera were con- 
spicuous by their absence. Not a single ” paropnibace was 
collected. The moist places in the woods had to be relied upon, 
as was the-case last year at Harewood and East Keswick. 

Mr. Clarke was fortunate in picking up in a wood near 
Sutton a peculiar Hyphomycete resembling a large Sé/bum ; 
the genus (Symphosira) to which it belongs is new to Britain, 
and the species new to science. There was plenty of it, and 
good specimens were gathered; its life-history is in process of 
being worked out, and will be duly reported upon at some 
future time. 

The woods were not so well stocked with Agarics as 
one could have wished, but a few choice places were come 
across which yielded very well. The bright-looking Lactarius, 
L. volemus Fr., was met with abundantly in one part of Owston. 


interesting species were discovered in an old quarry ; | ‘here 


FLelotium Pao tibces (Pers.) on beech-mast was much in evidence. 


Xylaria carpophila Fr., strange to most of the party, was also 
found plentifully on the same matrix. In one place Clavaria 
cinerea, in the best of condition, was so plentiful that one could 
scarcely put a foot down without crushing a tuft. This being 
a delicious edible species advantage was taken of its abundance, 
and a good dish gathered. It was nicely prepared by the 
hostess, and fully came up to expectation. Nectria apiats 
a new Yorkshire species, was found at Sutton. 

The unsightly Sycamore 1 ehe BIST. Rhytisma acerinum 
(Pers.), was exceedingly common in many places. Young 
Sycamores were noticed having their leaves so covered with big 
black blotches that the trees appeared at a distance as if they 
naturally bore black leaves. This fungus does not mature on 
the fallen leaves until the following spring, thus there is ample 


Opportunity in the meantime to collect and burn diseased leaves, é 


Naturalist, 


Crossland: Fungus Foray at Sutton, near Askern. 369 


and so arrest its recurrence, The rarer Rhytisma punctatum 
was also present on sycamore leaves. 

A field of clover near Campsall was noticed to be badly 
infected with the Clover Leaf-Spot, Pseudo-pesisa trifolit Fckl. 
Most of the leaves were more or less scabbed with this fungal 
parasite. The disease greatly reduces the quality of this 
valuable forage plant. Both these plant scourges are referred to 
in Massee’s recent ‘Text Book of Plant Diseases’ (Duckworth 
and Co.). This most valuable, practical book ought to be in 
the hands of every forester, farmer, and gardener in the country. 
It deals with the various plant diseases iv language free from 
unnecessary: technicalities, and, in most cases, figures are given 
of the parasite. In all cases methods of prevention are added. 

On Wednesday a portion of Burghwallis woods was looked 
through with fairly satisfactory results. On the same day a 
second visit was paid to a good corner of Owston Woods, when 
Hlelvella ephippium Lévy. and a few others were added to the list. 

n all 238 species were collected. 

On the Monday evening Mr. Massee gave a paper on ‘ The 
Modern Tendency of Mycological Study,’ which has already 
been printed in ‘The Naturalist’ (November 1899, Pp- 337-339): 

On the Tuesday evening Mr. Wager spoke on ‘ Fertilisation 
in the Fungi,’ in which he pointed out that in the Alga-like 
fungi such as Peronospora and Cystopus there is a very 
distinct sexual differentiation of male and female organs, and 
the phenomena of fertilisation are in every way comparable in 
their essential characteristics to those which occur in the higher 
plants. In some of the simpler forms of fungi there is a much 
less complete sexual differentiation; and in the higher forms, 
such as the Hymenomycetes, Ascomycetes, etc., there is what 
may be termed a pseudo-fertilisation, which replaces physio- 
logically the true sexual process, and may have been derived 
from it. The study of fertilisation processes in the fungi offers 
a wide field of research for the investigation of the problems 
connected with sexual processes. Mr. Clarke exhibited a fine 
series of stereoscopic photographs of fungi, some of which he 
has prepared from photographs taken at previous Y.N.U. 
Fungus Forays. The Secretary had a collection of water-colour 
drawings, accompanied by descriptions and notes of micro-fungi. 

On the Wednesday evening the committee was nominated for 
re-election for the ensuing year, with Mr. Massee as President 
and Mr. C. Crossland as Secretary. It was decided to recom- 
mend Mulgrave Woods, near Whitby, as the place for next 
year’s meeting. Thanks to the local landowners concluded 
a very pleasant and successful meeting. 
December 1899. 


379 


Crossland: Fungus Foray at Sutton, near Askern. 


In the following list of species collected the Hymenomycetes 
are arranged according to Fries’ system, but the names are as in 


Massee’s 


British Fungus Flora. 


In all cases the initial B. indicates Burghwallis ; C. Camp- 


sall; O. Owston; S. Sutton 


+ 


BASIDIOMYCETES. 


S.& 0. 


Mycena galericulata sr 


PO: & B. 
Also the terrestial ae S:, Ce © 


Mycena discopoda Lev. S. 
Mycena setosa Sow. C. 
Omphalia campanella pe Ss. 
Omphalia fibula Bull. 


Clitopilus prunulus Scop. O. 
Clitopilus cancrinus Fr. O. 


Leptonia formosa Fr. C. 

Nolanea pisciodora Ces. C. 

Claudopus variabilis Pers. C.° 

Pholiota togularis Bull. F 

Pholiota comosa Fr. ; 

Pholiota spectabilis Fr. S. & O. 
S. 


Hebeloma Seaton Bull, 
Cc. & O. 

Flammula picrea Fr. 

Galera tener Scheff. C. & O. 

Gaiera antipa Lasch. S. 

Galera hypnorum Batsch. S. & O. 


Stropharia semiglobata Batsch. 
S oO 


ck J Bil: 4 
Hypholoma sublateritia ae 


Cc. & Oo. 
Hypholoma aise tee! = ie 
; 0. Oa 


Hypholoma velutina met S. & O. 
Hypholoma appendiculata Bull. 5S. 


Psilocybe foenisecii Pers. S. 
Psathyra elata Massee. O. 


’ Psathyra mastiger B.& Br. 


adiceo-grisea Scheeff. Ss. 

Psathyra seunivestite B.&Br. B. 

Annellaria seperata (Linn.) Karst. 
Ss. & O 


Paneolus retirugis Fr. 


Crossland: Fungus Foray at Sutton, near Askern. 


Coprinus comatus Fr. 


Coprinus atramentarius Fr 
Coprinus soboliferus F 

Coprinus niveus Pers 

Coprinus micaceus Bull & O. 
Coprinus radiatus Bolton. S.,C.& B 
Coprinus stercorarius Bull. C 


Coprinus plicatilis Curt. 


Bay 5 0s Be 


Cortinarius saturninus Fr 


arasmius $s androsacets tink GG. 
RACE, 
Boletus Rate iy oO 


Fomés ferruginosus (Fr.) Massee. 
, Oi 


December 1899. 


371 

Polystictus versicolor ely S. 
Poria vaporaria Fr. py Ove By 
Poria vulgaris F 
Poria medulla-panis Fr. S 
Deedalea quercina Pers. S 
Merulius corium S. 

CEZE. 
Hydnum viride Fr. S.& O 
Hydnum nodulosum Fr. C 
Hydnum niveum Pers. S.& C 

ydnum argutum C. 

Grandinia granulosa Fr. S.& O. 


THEL EPHORACEA. 
Coniophora puteana Mass. 
5. 


Corticium sebaceum (Berk.) Mass. 
S.& O 


Corticitum arachnoideum Berk.  S. 
0.8 


CLAVARIACEA. 
Clavaria cinerea Bull. O. 
Clavaria cristata Bull. O. 


Clavaria inzequalis Flo.Dan. O. 
Odontia fimbriata Pers. S.& C, 
ras aaa 
Exidia recisa Fr. 
Tremella lutescens 
Dacryomyces deliquescens ey 
acryomyces stillatus eae Sa oO. 
Calocera viscosa Fr. S,& C. 
Calocera cornea Fr, S.& C. 
GASTEROMYCETES. 


Scleroderma vulgare 
wy Ge &-O. 


Sphzrobolus stellatus Tode. 
S., C. & B. 
Lycoperdon pyriforme Scheff. 
S. & O. 
Geaster michelianus W.G.Sm. C. 
Ithyphallus impudicus Fisch. S.&C. 


372 
HEMI-BASIDIOMYCETES. 
Hirneola auricula-judz Berk. S.&C. 

UREDINACEA®. 
Uromyces fabz (Pers.). 
Puccinia violze (Schum.). 

rs. 


Puccinia hieracii (Schum.). S.. 

Puccinia sonchi Rob. 

Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz). 
eC 

~ ASCOMYCETES. 
DISCOMYCETACEA:. 
Helvella ephippium L 
Peziza subrepanda Ck. & Phill C. 


Dasy scypha nivea (Hedw.). S. 
Dasyscypha hyalina (Pers.). O. 
Dasyscypha calycina (Schum.).  B. 
Chlorosplenium zruginosum (Oed.). 

Ss. 
Helotium pallescens Fr. 

Helotium lutescens (Heawid): Cc. 
Helotium virgultorum var. fructi- 
Bull.). - 

Helotium cyathoideum (Bull.). S.&C. 
Helotium scutulum (Pers.). 
Helotium epiphyllum Sri Cc. 
Helotium fagineum (Pers 

Belonidium pullum Phill. + Keith. >. 
Mollisia cinerea (Batsch). C. & O. 


Ss. 
Ascophanis granuliformis (Croana. 
oO. 


Ascophanus carneus (Pers.).  S. 
Orbilia auricolor (Blox.).. O. & C 
Rhytisma acerinum wee ). 
eC, & s. 
Rhytisma punctatum (Pere. ). 
i Gok Ox 
PYRENOM YCETACEAG3. 
PERISPORIACE 
Sphzrotheca pannosa (Wallr.). 
S&C 


Crossland: Fungus Foray at Sutton, near Askern. 


Erysiphe umbelliferarum = Bary. 
7+ OV & B. 
Erysiphe sichpractetiams os 
. & B. 
Microspheeria g encmauleriae (w allr.). 
Cc 


HYPOCREACE AG. 
Hypomyces rosellus Tul. O. 


Nectria cinnabarina (Tode). 

S.,O- 2 G, 
Nectria episphzria (Tode). O. & C. 
Nectria affinis Cke 


SPHAERIACEA3. 


Lasiospheeria ovina (Pers.).  S. 
Eutypella prunastri (Pers.). S. 


Xylaria carpophila (Pers.). 

Xylaria hypoxylon Linn. 

Sphzeria pulvis-pyrius (Pers.).  C. 
‘ v) 


Diatrypella discoidea 
(Cooke & Phill.). B. 


DOTHIDEACE 4. 
Dichzena quercina (Pers.). S. & O. 
PHYCOMYCETES. 
Pilobolus crystallinus Tode. S. & C. 


Sporodinia aspergillus Schroet. B. 


HYPHOMYCETACE. 


Stilbum fimetarium B.& Br. S. 
Tubercularia zsculi Opiz. C. 
Egerita candida Pers. S. 


MYXOGASTRES. 


Stemonitis friesiana DeBary. 
Perichena depressa ne 
Arcyria punicea Pers 

Arcyria incarnata (Pers. ; Rost. O. 
Trichia varia Rost. S. 

Trichia scabra Rost. C. 

eso mieroearpon (Fr.) Rost. 


O 


nigripe 
‘oocuen fragilis (Dicks.). ‘O. 
Fuligo varians Rost. S. 
—— 
Naturalist, 


CLASSIFIED INDEX. 


CONTRIBUTORS 


Archer, H. T., 20, 76, 122, 3 


see Miss Mary 1:5 8; 35; Ae 


340. 


Banksy ety S S.,F.Z.S.,M.B.O.Us)3s 


Brogden iate't. j.H 
n, F.M 


357: 
Burt S.,F G S., 105, 325, 329) 


Barton, John, 2 
n, J. J., 
Slay W. {a 75. 


172. 
Clarke Wark Eagle, F.L.S.,M.B.0.U., 277. 
Clayton-Cockburn, Mitta Dike, 28s. 
vy: Es Grete, BOd- 


49. 
M.R.C.S., 164, 288, 298, 


F.R.G.S., M.B.O.U., 
148, 173, 237: 


o¢ 


298, 304. 

Cordedar John, J.P 

21, 33, 75, 80, 
Cook ea a Ti I 14, 
Crossland, Charles, F.LS.5 27," 3075 

row, Benjami min, 276, 303. 
Crowther, Henry, ¥.R.M.S., 364. 
Curtis pide 4. 


Dutton, Robert, 288. 


Foster, Abar Sir Michael, K.c.B., M.A., 


D.C.4., LUD, , etc., 2 
Fowler, Rev. Willian, M.A., 229, 286, 362. 
— » Rev. Can on W. W., M.A., ¥L.8, 


Prod Rev. Hilderic, 115, 330. 
Grabham, Oxley, M.A., re » 69. 


Gregso n, Wm., F.G.S., 
Haniby, J. Walling, $2. 
Harker, Alfred, M.A., F.G.S., 53, 1497 | 
155, 157, 365+ | 
Hawkins, ay = 
Hawley, H. 
— laid Biewtcot B. 8., 3. 
L.y 223, 274, 2 
Herdma n, Wm. pk ae aag, 


pile srceonse Ai 
December 189. 


“ 


} 


| Hodgson, William, hk S., 


Hey, Rev. W. C., M.A.; ee 

Hobkirk, Charles P., F.L 04. 

1, ors 275, 291; 
304. 

Howarth, James H., F.G.S., 13. 

Ingham, William, B.A., 61, 64, 117. 


Jackson, J. Arthur, 103. 


Kee P.Q., " a ie 
Kendall, Percy B. as 

Lawton, Fred, 

Lees, F. Arnold; pe R.C.S.,. 209, 333: 
Lewington, W., 52, 67, 2 286. 
Lofthouse, T. Ashton, 113. 
Lowther, J. R., 329 


McLean, Kenneth, Ao me 


Martindale, Joseph A., 


Mason, James Easiley; és, 176, 287, 288. 
iu e, George, F.L.S 
Murray, James, 288. 
| Neale, Joseph, B.A., > we 303, 303- 
Nelson, Wm., HON. M.C.S © Fs 303s 
364. 


Oldham, Charles, M.C.S., 51, 298, 340. 


Painter, Rev. W. “g 5 177s 24t- 
Parkin, G. 
Pawson, Albert ee F.L.S., 157, 2245 


225. 
eacotk, Rev. E. Adrian Woodrafte, . 
F.L.S., F.G.S., 65, 280, 285, 329, 
331. 
Peacock, Max, 276. 
Petty, S. Lister, 52, 52, 59 171, 224, 224, 
330s 330s 332+ dis 


a Geo ‘+ P.L.S., F.3.S.; 19; 
2, 32, a, $1, s1, 68, 76. 

Pre ‘ston, Henry, F.G.S., 65, 289. 

Prior, W., 240. 

Ralfe, P., 76. 

Robinson, J. F.; 

Roebuck, W. Destoon, F.L.S., 240. 


208. 


agnor James Henry, 


374 


Classified Index. 


CONTRIBUTORS—continued. 


Sales, Harold, 


Sheppard, Thomas, 305 
Shuffrey, Rev yr, W. A, AF Ga, "303, 304. 
pit 2}. 


io 9 Be 
Sto ,W. F. Keating! 339- 
Soe. Miss’ S.C. , 274. 


Thomasson, John P., 292. 


owes Rev. Alfred, M.A., F.L.S., 
E.S., 67, 165, 286, 293, 341 


Walter, Rev. J. Conway, M.A., 66, 67, 1 
oat mney Eo Tess 196, 5293; 276, pis 


Wateriall, Charles, i 
We iiburn, David, 20 
Whitehouse, Edwin, 276 
Whitwell, William, 362, 362. 
Wilkinson, Johnson; M.B.O.U. Peery (8 


BOOK NOTICES. 


Britten and Boulger.—First Supplement 
to Biographical In Index of British and 


The Farmer and 


e Birds, ro 
Cleveland Nat. Field hg —Record of 
Proceedi a os 1896-7-8, 340. 
De Ta wikia d.—Flora. of Cheshire, 


zg, George.— tig Wanton Mutila- 
ee: Animals, 

Friedkin * she “Sohn. “Nature Novitates 
for 1898, 34 

Hanbury. uaa a Mace Fibra of Kent, 


Heit, C. L.—Dictionary of Bird-Notes, 
60, 


ae oe Wm.—Flora of Cumberland, 


ASE 
Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ 
Soc nsactions, No. 1, 52- 
Sswersont Har Py —Sweet BriarSprays, 


348. 

Manchester Museum.—Report for 1897- 
12 

Monckman, J.—Skertchly’s Geology, 


47- 
Norman, A.M.--Museum N ianum, 


Percival- Westell, W.—Everyo 
gers of British Breeding Birds, 


Simpson Edward.—Insect Lives as told 
by theniaatves, 60. 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Eagle Owl, shot at Skinningrove, 138. 
Nesting Oak si Lee Flycatchers, phot. 


. R. White, 
Nesting-places ‘of Cormorant, 
Cliff, 1 
Nesting place of Dipper in Loftus 


Boulby 


Woo 
New British Puigl: del. C. Crossland, 
gi. 


Oak, ae Re and Rowan, phot. J. R. 


Whi 
Portra it of late _ pn var a 278. 
ortrait- a Sigh po ae oe ae cee 


Leatham, and K. 
Portrait Of: ir H. Pee acs" Hewatsna: 


237, 
Portrait of late H. T. Soppitt, 157- 


SPECIES NEW TO BRITAIN. DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME. 


oleate modesta (Karst.), 27. 
Hum —— oud., 27. 
Humaria deerata Sacc., 28 and figs. 1 2g 
Mollisia plein Karst, 28 and figs 
18-21 


cobolus Leveillei Boud. di 
| Aseobolas (Sphariiobotis) Crosslan i 
Boud., d figs. 9-13, 


SPECIES NEW TO SCIENCE DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME. 


Saccobolus granulospermus sp. n., Soppitt and Crossland, 30 and figs- 34-572. 
Naturalist, 


Classified Index. 


ue 
“I 
we 


CHESHIRE. 


Birds: Magpies as Foster-Parents of | 


Game-Fowls, a Query, C. Oldham, 51. 
cer cring Senos Critical Review of | 
ord ley’s Flora of Cheshire, 

F Arnold satay 333-330; Notes on the 
Flora of Che shire, A. Bennett t, 353-356. 
Geology: Bibliography of Geology and 
Palzontology for 1894, T. Sheppard, 


eae for 1895, T. Sheppard, 305- 


ara 

Lepidoptera: Abundance of the Hum 

| mingbird Hawkmothat Alde brs de ge 
| and in Cambridgeshire, C. Oid 

| 

| 298. 

| Mollusca: Limax cinereo-niger in 
Cheshire, C. Oldham, 340. 


CUMBERLAND. 


phn oo Bird-Names, M. L. 


Coleo en : Bembidium pa pace and 
other Bembidia near Lanercost, J. 
Murray, 288. 


sir Sd Plants: Occurrence of Rare 
Plants in Cumberland, Wm. Hodgson, 
1-33 “plrenetrsen Vaccinium ene rt 


ortmanna in thence nd, soe Wiatareal, 
103; Review of H s Flora of 
Cumberlan ee j eres the 
Bursting of the Buds in Spring, P. Q. 
Keegan, Lice ; Fi of Cumber- 


bp 
S 
a 


nett, 161-162; Bortree or 
Bottery ance Elder, Siihe. Patty, 
171; Ray's and Nicholso 


@ And a 


275; In- 

mber- 
and, W. Hodgson, 291-292; Double 
Ling at Uliswater, B. Crow 


| Review 


Blea Tarn and Lobelia Dortmanna, 


W. Hodgson, ; Blea 
| Petty, 330; Botanical Waifs 


panes of the —— Trees, 
P. Q. Keegan, 349- 


| 
a | sian ia prenrels aa on Fungi, 
| Y> 52- 


Ge on Biography of Geology and 
Paleontology f 74 Sh heppard, 
81 r 


rdovician Wolexsis 
9 53°58 a oo ve 


4A. Har 
149-154 3° District Teche: addi 
tional note, 2: Harker, 156. 


Hydrozoa: Early 
ag Hydrozoa, etc., 


Re wi for Cum- 
S. L. Petty, 


bene Squirrels and Fungi, S. L. 


Petty, 52 
Personal Notices: tees of Prof. H. 
Alleyne Nicholson, 5 


» 3933 
DERBYSHIRE. 
Characes:: Chara tno in cane — ceomong Soy of Geology and 
e, W. H. Painter, 208. Palz 1894, T. Sheppard, 
paral ‘and Fert Allies Notes Sop- 82-993 for 5, T. nani 395-324- 
13 rms seat to the Flora of De | "Moses bad Hepat y nol- 
» Wz ninriand 207-208. m var fasfigiavie in gal tere > 
Flowering gs + Note “Sapok W. ag oly 64; List yshire 
“Hore: _ 
reagonig to the ge of Derbyshi Mosses, W. H. Painter, 241-272. 
’. H. Painter, 177-2 lang pret _ Trichoptera: Halesus Orig ee at 
a W. HL P. lat | Lathkildale, G. T. Porritt, 51. 
DURHAM. 


Birds: Little Gull on the Tyne, H. T. 
Archer, 122. 


ock, 
Geology : Bibliography of Geology and 
December 1899. 


Fungi: Geaster Bryantii at Dinsdale, 
W. PK: St 339- 


pla a eda aee Volcanic 
Seciek, A. hate rT, 53-5 


376 


Classified Index. 


LANCASHIRE 


peer Barred Warbler in pre gear ae 


Butterfield, 75; Is the Missel 
Thrash decreasing near n 
J. A. Jackson, 103; Cleverly-con- 
structed Thrush’s saa in Cauctiine, 
J. P. Thomasson, 

a rula eet 


Flowering Plants: 
Bare, West Lancashi re, F he 
Lees, 299-303 


| Geology: pornrreny 2 Geology and 
Palzonto o8y, for ies T. Sheppard, 
81-103; a lrage § Sheppar rd, 305° 
324; Chemi al Notes on Boulder 
Manchester, A. Harker, 54. 


Museums: Notice of Report of Man- 
chester Museum for 1897-8, 12 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 


Birds: aie nt fe from the Humber 
© 


District, J. eaux, 21-26, 33-35, 
175.178; Birds noted on Excursions 
N.U., wler, 38, 39 


City limits, Linco 
Js aie rdl ley Mason, 176; 
Bird- alter 


Stow, 274; Nightingales n 
castle, J. a aner ry ot 
illo adde 


Colour-variety of of 
Chaffin ch at. Giswoald; J. C. Walter, 
292; Late Singing of Nightingale 


and in Lacoutnshine, 
Paasooks 329. 


: Monochammus sartor at 
Grimsby Docks, J. Curtis, 4; and a 
Lincoln, W. W. er, 393 Beetles 
ollected near Woodhall Spa, A. 


holme, A. Thor 

Bipteret Ravages a Fat ggsocpiy — 
in 1897, W. W. Fowler, 40; Dipte 
vote r Woodhe A. 
Thornley, 68; Lincolnshire Diptera, 
additions r. Grim re- 


liminary List of eat and June 1898, 
A. Thornley, 341- 

Ferns _— Fare Alles : Extinctions 
and Impending Extirictions of Lin- 
pa a8 Ferns, W. Fowler, 232. 


etoalay ey, 68; eas saa at Harts- 
286. 


simone Fishes noted near Woodhall 
and b 


fe) 
Ponies 114; Fish of 
and Fenland, 


"232-236; 
E. A. 


; Galeopsis versicolor in mass 
near Gainsborou FMM n, 
; Non-Presence of Bilberry 1n 
the County, F. nold Lees, 336: 
Galeopsis versicolor in mass near 
Stickney, W. Fowler, 362. 
Fungi: Mitrophora gigas at Burwell, 
Benj. Crow, 276; 


bes ngi noted at 
Hartsholme, W. Fow 286 

logy: Bibiogerpty a i eA and 
Paleontology for 1894, T. Sheppard, 


Geo 


Meee. Ravages 


Aphis a + 493 Hea sd 
Heteroptera ‘collected in Fulsby an 
Tumby Woods, J. Eardley Mason, 


Naturalist, | 


Classified Index. 


wo 
I 
“I 


LINCOLNSHIRE— continued. 


; Hemiptera aoe ~ hci coda 
4 Thornley an fc i. Rel 


Hymenoptera: Absence in sie of 
ge pygmzeus om “Lincolnshire 
W. owle ; noptera 

AR near Woodhall Spa, rm- 


eT hcealey, Ws-179 
agrorim at Hartsholme, A 
Shariiey. 287. 
Lepidoptera: oe . — in 
incolnshire rena 


Lepidoptera aria near Woodhall 

Spa, W. ewington, 67; pesto ro 

bird Hawkmoth, near astle, 
-W 


at Harteh olme, W. Lewin 


Sie ag pene Otter near ved Rasen, 
Ww. Mammals n 
W. 


Horncastle, J. C. Walter, 104; Fox 
nd Do brids near Horncastle, 
J. C. Walter, 104; Otters in Lincoln- 
hire, J. C. Walter, 148; Badgers in 
Lincolnshire, C. Walter, vii 
White (Albino) Hares r Hor 
castle, J.. C. Walter, 172; Polecat 


near Louth, H. H. Corbett, 288. 


‘ Brogden, J. Cordea 
n 


alter, 276; Lepi idoptera nebed 
286. 


Beara Mosses noted at Hartsholme, 
. A. W. c 286. 
| Neuropte ra: Nake era collected 
ear Woodhall Spa. # Thonaley, 167. 
roma Notices: Death o 
} 
s 
ene 277-279; E. A. W. Peacock, 
ae gin 4; death of E. Woodthorpe, 


| sieheblas Presidential Address to the 
| Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, gth 
Nov. 1897, W. 

Lincolnshire Naturalists’ 
Woo Ping ot Spa date Tu 
E. 


owler, ' 37-44; 
Union at 
mby jah com 


ck; 5-68; Pres 

at aks ss rapes the bivcaltotire 

lists’ Union, 2 Novem 
W. 


fe en 
| Natura 


holme, E. A. W. Peacock, 285- 287. 


| Spiders: Spiders gohee vd near Wood- 

hall S eet vs “at aa Bi nd 

é: ye Hat 

List of Lincolnshire Pasa coir 
a WwW. 


287; 
Peacock, 


or sfemappcgmen E. 
3t- 


3 
i Zrichoptera: a bene at 
d,.G: 2. Porrit 


ISLE OF MAN. 
Geology: erg hy ed of agua n2Be and Palzontology for 1894, T. Sheppard, 


‘NORTHUMBERLAND. 


82-94; for 1895, T. Sheppard, 305-324. 

irds: St. Mary’s re pl Cant | 

Attractive to Bird Archer 

2 vesting if Nightingale in 

Werihyenherlond, W. W. Fowler, 38; | 
agpi and rrowhawks as 

Areher s wl 6 y 


er, 133; 
Nightingale in Northumberland, J. 


at | 


C. Walter, 2793 Herons in Northum- 
berland, H. T. Archer,’ 329. 
Flowering Plants: "aly sly- 
cyphyllos and Goodyera repens 
Northumberland, A. Renae tt, 161. 
Geology: Bibliography of begat Basen 
aggaseensriag d for 1894, T. ppard, 
81-100; for 1895, T. has teh psig 


NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 


Diptera: Nottinghamshire Diptera, | 


pt 

pedseea Corrections to Mr. 
cues s relgninery List 

March and April 1898, A 


Geo Gia: Bibliography of Geology wad 
: _ Paleontology for 1894, T. Sheppard 


December 1899 


of | 
. Thornley, 


82-10r; for 1895, T. Sheppard, 305- 
324- 


menoptera: Hymenoptera aoe 
ventres of the Counties of Notts. and 
| Lincolnshire, a Preliminary rig A. 
Thornley, 165-170. 


378 
WESTMORLAND 
open eS and Tree-Nesters, M. L. 
rmitt, 5-12; Curlew’s Nest ban 
Nine ggs, ” David Wellburn, 2 
Lakeland Bird-Names, M. rmitt, 
36; Vernacular Bi meth at Stav 
ley, Westmorland, J. A. Martindale, 


; re near Milnthorpe, 

G. Stabler, 

si le apie Spies in Westmor- 
and, W. Hodgson, 275. 


vleweriog yl 9 wiley and Vac- 
ountry, m. 

Hodgson, 4; at san Peat Nesters, 
.L. Armitt, 5-12; Lobeli a Dortmanna 

ia Lakeland, C. Waterfal 


ios) 
b 
A 
co 
4 
>» 
' 


at Windermere, 


= Elder, S$... 
Blea ae! Watendlath 
re) 


304; Walney Tsland i in v. c. 60! S. L. 


Classtfied Index. 


AND 'LAKE LANCASHIRE 


Petty, 330; Blea Tarn, S. L. 
3303 Ve ings eS of the pene! 
Trees, P. Q. Keegan, 349-352. 

Geolo ogy: “Bibliography of Geology and 
Paleontology for 1894, T. Sheppard, 


82-98 ; tors 5, I. Sheppard, 305-3243 
Chemical Notes o ake District 
Rocks, 1 o ep ician Volcanic 
Series, A. Harker, 53-58; 2, Intrusive 
nd Sedim Athi Rocks, A. Harker, 
9-154; Lake District Rocks, addi- 
tional note, A. Hark suid, 156. 
Lepidoptera: Humm Hawk- 


gbird 

moth in Lake pprrencry h S.L: Pétty; 
337 

Mam ene ce yare ae nae peek 
Arnblesid M. L. Armitt, 

ake ae ashire, S. . 
Lepus europzeus in Lakeland, 
Armitt, 340. 

Polyzoa: Some Polyzoa, etc., from 
Walney and Bardsea, North Lanca- 
shire, S. L. Petty, 59-60. 

Sponges: Spon nges 
and Bardsea, S 


Petty, 5 ; 


seoshg at Deere 
ie Pett iy SOM 


YORKSHIRE. 


cha 70 posse observed at Hatfield 


a ‘ : 

w Desmids noted, 50. 

Anthropology: Pa a at 
Pickering, T. Sheppard, 

a: Sect ted Crake and Albing Sand 

Martin near Harrog: ackhouse, 


1-26, 33- scar vas 76 Waxwings n near 
Scarbero 


176; Autumna Immigration of the 
a rest as cheng eer agp Holderness, 
B. Haworth-Booth, 223; Large 


Number of Eggs of Blue Tit in 
oe Mapes 


Be WwW Balas 


k Beverley, J. 
$09 ; Little Auk a "Wetwang-on-the- 
re bin’s Nest 
ee Manston n, 364. 
Coleoptera: Rhi ipiphorus paradoxus 
and Carabus ee near Ack- 
worth, J. Neale, 3035 ee bicolor 
at Doncaster; . age a . 
Ferns, etc.: aioe zi 
Use at West Ayton, W. c. Hopes ee 
Fishes: Serge sen on _ of dried- 
at Wistow, W. 


pre an, ge% 
Abemolie and Oxalis at Gascoigne 
psisatetet ice 

Naturalist, 


Classified Index. 


379 


YORKSHIRE—continued. 


Wo elson, 47; od as 
influencing Variation in Helices near 
York, kins, 48; Potamogeton 
natans at Carleton, W. Nelson, 78 
lant-N s in Use at West Ayton, 
: He 3-124; kshire 
Occurrence of Goodyera repens an 
Epipactis violacea, A. Bennett, 161- 


ffrey 
namesin North Yorkshire, J J. Burto on, 
eh Ranunculus Lenormandi i 

B 


Thirsk, S. L. Petty, oe 
= Paes Records, 1; Nea 
anglicum in ieoadale: 
Mid West t Vorehice W. A. Sh ype ady 
Stratiotes aloides near Don 
et 


; Anemone near Whin- 
moor, W. Nelson, 363. 

Fungi: New British i — in 
West Yorkshire 


Uredines, A H votre Fungus 
Foray at Sutton, near Askern, and list 
of species found, C. ‘Ciasland 367-372. 

Geo} inh toned aia. of Geology and 
Palze pard, - 
3243 


1897-8, P. 


Sedimentary R a 

154; the Sout d Movement of 

Beach-Material acr he Humber 
A. » 155-156; Lincoln- 

shire Coast I Bu on, 


325-329 5 
shire Coas t Boulders, A. Hark 
365-366. 


December 1899. 


ee: : Early notices of Yorkshire 
Hydrozoa, S. tty, 366 
Lepidoptera: Orth otzlia sparganiclla, 
ew to West ¥ orkshire, ne rHu dder 


. Neale, 298; 
at Wakefield, ‘eC W. 


Curious Malformation in 


e-Book, 3, to = pag and 


els 4 ; 
Camblesforthand Gowdali for Limnza 
ra son, 77-78; 5, to 
inmoor in sear of Limnz 
bra, W. Nelson, 363-364; Food as 
influencing Variation in Helices near 
rk awkins, 48; wit e York- 
gad gh noe Union at Stutton 


Ingham, 61-63; Mos 
shire, and Additional ecards of Rare 
Mosses of 


; Hy 
c. P. Hob 
3045 Peedimitoawais: fragi le ternal 
W. Whitwell, 362. 


380 - Classified Index. 


YORKSHIRE—continued. 


Societies: Review of N of Tran 
H 


Orthoptera: haat australasize 
aad _ actions of Hull Scientife: and Fie id 


at Halifax; G. T: Por I 
Personal Notices: Edgar R. Waite Science, Presidential Address to 
d Yor kshire gies alists’ Union, Dec. 


111; W. Ruskin Butterfield’s con- € 
tinuation of Coues’ Ornithological | e Modern Tenden f Myco 
Bibliography, ted i ary Notice shire Fungus Foray, G. Massee, 337- 
oppi a enor | 339; Review of Cleveland Naturalists’ 
ee etsom, fs Cor of H. - Bende lack Field Club’s Record of Proceedings 
ew fete rdeaux, 237-240 
Obituary Notices of John ‘Cordeaux for 1896, 1897, 1898, 340. 


a ches, aa Colpotaulius  incis 
o Yorkshire, and Lim ophils 
sega near Huddersfield my, 
G. T. Porritt, 19; Halesus pee 
pennis at Pickering, G. T. Porritt, 
of. 


W. Eagle Clarke, 277-279, 
Peacock, 280-284; Death of George 
son, 288. 


os 
a 
QO 
BE 
WN vs 
oo 
c 
QQ. 
a 
pe oS 
me 
<4 
oO 
a 
oO 
ag 
ih) 
—- 
o 
c 
o 
ws 
° 
oF 
mS 


Protozoa: Food of Hydra viridis at 
Swingin, E. Whitehouse, 276. 


MISCELLANEA. 
Entomology: South American Insects in England, Max Peacock, 276. 


Cambridgeshire Pa oo Abundance of Hummingbird Hawkmoth at 
Wisbech St. Mary, 1899, C. Oldham, 208. 


Printed by Chorley and Pickersgill, The Electric Press, Leeds. 


H 
i 
} 
} 


: PITT. 


HENRY THOMAS SOP 


Henry Thomas Soppitt. 


Born JUNE 21ST, 1858. Diep APRIL Ist, 1899. 


Y the death of H. T. Soppitt which took place on April 
Ist, at his residence, 12, Glen View, Halifax, botanical 

science loses one of its most devoted adherents. He suc- 
cumbed, after a short illness of about a fortnight, through 
complete nervous prostration, the result of an acute attack of 
pneumonia. 

He was born at Bradford, June 21st, 1858. His father, 
by trade a grocer, was a much respected man, well-known as 
a temperance advocate and a philanthropic visitor to prisoners 
at the Bradford Town Hall. Mr. Soppitt was brought up in 
his father’s business. In his early manhood he began to show 
a strong liking for natural history. Soon after the formation 
of the Bradford Naturalists’ Society in August, 1875, Mr. 
Soppitt became one of its members and so remained until his 
death. In 1885 he was vice-president, and in 1886, president. 

His attention was at first given to butterflies and moths, 
and being possessed of untiring energy and perseverance he 
soon got together a good collection of local species. Finding 
his study of Entomology required some knowledge of plant 
life he joined a botany class at the Church Institute under 

Mr. C. Pocklington. Mr. J. W. Carter of Bradford, an old 


4 


naturalist friend of his says :—‘ After successfully going 
through a course of elementary botany he joined, with other 
members of the Naturalist Society, in real practical field-work, 
to him the most enjoyable part of natural history.’ 

Mr. Soppitt, along with Mr. W. West, F.L.S., Mr. Car- 
ter, and others, investigated and catalogued in a very short 
time the flowering plants of the Bradford district so com- 
eigen that comparatively few additions have since been made. 

Mr. Carter continues— 
At this time Mr. Soppitt and Mr. West had often long walks before 
breakfast in search of nature’s treasures. For a few years he worked in- 
defatigably at our British flowering plants, walking long dincanes: in the 


him as the common daisy is to an ordinary observer. He did not stop 
here. ‘ Onward’ was his motto, and, after making an acquaintance with the 
Phanerogams, he commenced the study of fungi, both large and small, 
through the instrumentality of Mr West, who strongly urged him to take 
up this neglected branch of science. Here was a wide field open for origi- 


results which are known to Mycologists throughout the world.” 

As one instance of the thoroughness of his method of 
working, we may here state that he devoted one whole season, - 
_ scarcely including anything else, to the tedious study of 
grasses and sedges. 

Being so ardent a lover of nature all her works were full 
of interest for him ; birds, insects, flowers, ferns, moths, or 
fungi were equally his delight. He knew the birds as inti- 
mately as one knows his closest friends. The notes of each 
one were familiar to him. He would stand and listen with 
rapture to their songs and calls. He often went many miles 
on purpose to hear the songs of the Nightingale. and the 
Grass-hopper Warbler and would talk with ecstasy of their 
charming notes. For fifteen years he contributed weekly, 
often jointly with Mr. Carter, to the Naturalists’ Column of 
the Bradford Weekly Telegraph. Among the joint articles were 
“Rural Walks Round Bradford,” “ The Flora of the Bradford 
District” being a list of 550 species of flowering plants and 
ferns found within a radius of six miles round Bradford; ‘A 
List of the Mammalia of the Bradford District,” ‘‘ Our Local 
Reptiles,” etc. Mr. Soppitt and Mr. Carter prepared a list of 
‘Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Upper Airedale,” which 
appeared in the Naturalist for March and see 1888. Ninety- 
three species were enumerated. Not more than two species 
have been added since its publication. This list also appeared 


a 


in pamphlet form. Anxious to encourage others in the study 
of nature, he in 1886 conducted a series of free botanical classes. 
at Saltaire. At the close of the series he was presented ‘by 
the students with a valuable collection of books in recognition 
of his services. 

Ten or twelve years ago he turned his attention more’ 
especially to working out the life histories of those troublesome: 
fungal parasites known as Uredines, which prey so disas-’ 
trously upon many of our flowering plants, both wild and’ 
economic. Most of this class of fungi have two or three 
stages in their complete life-cycles. Sometimes all the stages 
are developed on the same host-plant, whilst in other cases 
the fungus requires a couple of hosts for its full development’ 


acters. The respective stages were formerly considered to be 
distinct species of fungi having no direct relationship with 
each other. Again, two species of fungi may affect one plant, 
even grow on the same leaf, thus making their investigation 
more complicated. His wide knowledge of flowering plants 
helped him materially in his biological studies of these fungi. 
His experimental researches have made known the life-his- 
tories of several species ‘ which had previously been shrouded 
in mystery or wrongly interpreted.’ Dr. Plowright, of King’s 
Lynn, one of our best British authorities on this class of fungi 
Says: ‘* Prior to his work the 42cidtwm and Pucrinia on Adoxa 


next cleared up the life history of Avcidium leucospermum which 
occurs on the wood-anemone, Anemone nemorosa, showing it by 
careful experimental cultures, to be an Endophylium * and that 
the fungus had nothing whatever to do with the Puccinia fusca 
which occurs on the same host-plant.” Dr. Plowright further 
says : “ He attacked that complicated problem, the life-history 
of the Puccinia on Phalaris arundinacea, proving that the Acidium 
on Lily-of-the-Valley belonged to one of them, which he named 
P. digraphidis, thereby opening a discussion amongst con- 
tinental botanists as to the relative value of these specific 
forms, which has hardly yet been concluded. His communi- 
cations to the Gardeners’ Chronicle were mostly upon plant 
diseases, the last being an account of his repetition and con- 
firmation of Klebahn’s (a Hamburgh botanist) cultures of 
P. Pringsheimiana on the garden gooseberry” and Carex 
ences The Aicidium was procured from the wild gooseberry 


6 


at Windermere, with which material Mr. Soppitt produced the 
Puccima by infection on Carex vulgaris growing in his own gar- 
den at Halifax. He contributed occasionally to the Journal of 
Botany, and a paper on “‘Bermerkungen tiber Puccima digraphidis 
Sopp.” in Zeitschrift fiir Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1897, vol. 
viii, p. 8. Mr. Soppitt was the first to demonstrate the con- 
nection of an 4cidimm on the earthnut, Conopodium denudatum, 
with a Puccinia on sweet dock, Polygonum Bistorta. In 1892 
while on a visit to Hardcastle Crags with the writer, Mr. 
Needham of Hebden Bridge told him that he and Mr. H 
Pickles had often noticed on their botanical rambles a yellow 
fungus on earthnut, and that wherever this occurred the sur- 
rounding sweet dock plants were soon after affected with a 
brown one; also, that in places where the earthnut was free 
from disease the sweet dock remained the same. This 
information led Mr. Soppitt to undertakea series of experimental 
cultures, with a view to testing whether any relationship 
existed between thetwo. Eventually he succeeded in proving 
they were but two separate stages in the life history of one 
fungus. The experiments are detailed in full in Grevillea, 
vol. xxii, no. 102, 1893, and a lucid description of the whole 
life-history was given under the title of ‘A Remarkable 
in the Halifax Naturalist, vol. ii, pp. 108-113. 

Though he paid special attention to the Uredines, no other 
branch of mycology was neglected. Mr. Soppitt contributed 
very largely to the list of fungi in Lee’s Flora of West York- 
shive. His only regret in connection with this, expressed 
many a time, was its premature appearance and consequent 
almost out-of-date classification. 

He discovered a Lactarius at Bolton: Wood; new to science, 
which he named L. involutus; this is figured in Cook’s 
Illustrations, t. 1194. Mr. Massee of the Royal Herb- 
arium named a genus of Thelephorez, Soppittiella, and a 
species of Dasyscypha, D. Soppitii in his honour. The generic 
name has been adopted by continental botanists. 

Since first coming to Halifax five years ago, he has stead- 
fastly worked with the writer at the cryptogamic flora of the 
parish, more especially the fungi. In this department many 
of the rarer discoveries are due to his diligent investigations ; 
many species new to science have been added. By his aid 
this branch of botany has been more thoroughly worked at 
Halifax than at any period since the time of Bolton (1761-1795) 
a pioneer of British Mycology. At intervals during the last 


7 


three winters many local mosses, collected by Mr. Needham, 
about Sketon gira Su and oh ee ooppnt i in gid eed = ee 
parish h 
We well remember his eagerness to visit the birth-place and 
local hunting grounds of that famous Todmorden botanist — 
that Prince of British artisan moss gatherers—John Nowell. 
With his strong kindred natural history tastes he appeared as 
if he could adore the very house where Nowell and his friends, 
four or five decades ago, used to look over and discuss their 
moss treasures. He stood long, reverently gazing at 
_ Nowell’s monument in Todmorden old Church-yard. In 
1894 he left Bradford and settled in Halifax, where he was 
employed in the order department in the wholesale druggist 
business of Mr. W. C. Hebden. He became a member 
of the Halifax Scientific Society, and was a much valued 
contributor to the Halifax Naturalist. For many years he had 
been a member of the Executive of the Yorkshire Naturalist 
Union. He was an original member of the * British 
Mycological Society,” and was present at the last meeting, 
held in Dublin, October, 1898. His last paper was in con- 
junction with myself and appeared in the Naturalist for 
January, 1899. It contained a description of five species of 
Discomycetes new to Britain and two new to science. All 
were found in the Halifax district except one of the latter. 
This, Saccobolus granulospermus, Sopp. and Crossl., was dis- 
covered at Harewood, near Leeds, during the Yorkshire 
Fungus Foray held at East Keswick, September, 1898. 

He had great powers of observation. He seemed to know 
exactly where to look for the things-he went in search of. He 
~was-always a-welcome addition to-any of thenaturalist excur- 
sions, and will be missed by naturalists in every part of the 
country, and especially by those of his native county. His 
memory will long be cherished by many who had the good 
fortune to work with him. Our district was dear to him, as 
here he could, during his leisure hours, roam the fields, woods, 
and moorlands to his heart’s content without any hindrance. 
One friend says of him, ‘‘ It was impossible to know Mr. Sop- 
pitt and not to respect his simple honest life and his whole- 
hearted devotion to science.” 

In the Naturalist for May, Mr. A. H. Pawson, of Farn- 
ley, with whom, and Mr. Stansfield, a Southport, Mr. Soppitt 
visited Switzerland, says— 

“Mr. Soppitt was a man of a thoroughly human and amiable disposi- 


8 


tion, and had that keen sense of humour which is often the inheritance. 
of Yorkshiremen, and which not seldom enables them to ride merrily 
over many a wave of ill-luck. In truth, to be in the open field with him 
was to a nature-lover a liberal education. The glorious sun itself did not 


sympathy with his surroundings.: coreg was strange tohim. He 
made them all his own by his love of them. . . . The joys of Nature 
weie his to the full. A few short wie: passed with him in the Alps 
will ever be green in our remembrance. So fitted was he by disposition 
i i d to 


_His remains were interred at Eccleshill, on the 4th of April. 
A large number of Yorkshire naturalists attended at the 
Church to pay their last tribute of respect. He leaves a wife 
and four children to mourn his loss. . CROSSLAND. 


JANUARY 1899. . 32 No. 504. 
$3 che: 7 40D 7) (No. 282 of current series). 


a 


Ml Mi li 


MONTHLY JOURNAL OF 


NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 


EDITED BY 
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., 


259, Hype Park Roap, LEEpDs; 


WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF 
J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., 
W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S., 
ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. B. TURNER, F.R.M.S. 
Contents :— 


Occurrence of Rare Plants in Cumberland—/! liam =e ALS. 

Trees and Tree-Nesters—Miss Mary L. Armitt (IMustrated 

The —— Boulder Peper g and Its Tw est "Year s Work, 1897-08 
-y F. Kendall, F.G.S., and J. H. werk. F ; 

Master al ee the ache District—/ohn Cnn ; P col gh sk FR. G.S 

New British Fungi found in West Yorkshi slat a conan and C. riled 


(illustrated) 
Notes: Bp sence odes spores oe and Aibino Sand Martin near yee ogat 
Tees wore e, oe aah a4 - ve deg ars Grebe in the ies st 
Ridi Ox Mary's ees Ps, ohne 
jet iia 20; ors Hinds phew ar Eges— vee = ‘elburn, 203 


Veconesla? Names of Birds at Societies ier Lawton, 2 
Note: Coleoptera :— ee sartor at Grimsby—/. Curt 
Note: Pl sata Plants :—Lobelia and Vaccinium in the cine Seicass — William 
i aes" 
Note: Trichoptera:Colpotmlion incisus in Yorkshire—G. 7. Porritt, F.L.S., PLES., 


Notes: Bie, ES. ge} Xsleph sparganiella near Huddersfield--G. 7. Porritt, 
= Xylophasia scolopacina at Huddersfield—Geo. 7. Porritt, 


EL Cs. FE 
Notes: Mammalia s Malformation in Teeth of Rabbit—Z.G. Bayford, 32: 
Cay ¢ Finds i in T Ripblesdale J, Walling Handby, 32. 


Notes and News, 72. 
Ssctataces —Old Oak, containing two a and a Rowan, 8; Nesting pet of Pied 
Flycatcher, 70; New British Fungi, , 


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BOOKS RECEIVED. 
Zoological Record.—Vol. 34, for year 1897, 8vo, pub. 1898. [Zoological Soc. Lond. 


Philadelphia Acad. of Nat. Sci.—Proceedings, 1898, Part 2, Ap.-Sept. [Academy. 
Notes of Manchester Geogl. Soc.—No. 26, July 1898. 
Ormtiiog ee ches Jahrbuch.—Jahrg. 9, Heft 6, Nov.-Dec. 1898. [Zu Schmidhoffen 
3 alifax Moma iano Se . 3, No. 17, for Dec. 1898. [Halifax Scientific set 
Biich R Friedlznder & —. aoe 433, Anthropologia e 
gia, 2, Hani europzus, Received No Pu meses 
" 


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No waiinhiee 1808. [C. W. Smiley, Publ. 
Yn Lioar Manninagh, Vol. 3, Part 8, fecewred 16th Oct. 1898. Hsle a Man N.H.S. 
The Museum, Vol. 5, No, bel November 1898. [Walter F. Webb , Albion, N.Y 

Naturaleza, Tomo 9, Num. 31- de Noviembre 1898. [El rtd a ‘Jefe, Madrid. 
Naturz Novitates, 1858, biggie 18-20, Sept.-Oct. [Friedlander & Sohn, Publishers. 
Knowledge.—Vol. 21, 158, December 1898. [H. F. Witherby, Editor, London. 
— istory a Vol. 22, No. 198, 15th December 1 [Editors, York. 

seam i oc 


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The Irish Naturalist, Vv ol. 7, No. 12, for December 1898. The Pdiinas: Dublin. 

The Zoologist, 4th Series, ver a; No. 690, 1 5th Dec. 1898. wert Newman &Co., Publ 

Nature Notes, Vol, 9, No. , December 1808. The Selborne Society, London. 

Natur und Hau at Tabegaaie 7, Hefte 4-5, emerge: 1808. [Gustav Schmidt, Berlin. — 

oad be rm Nos. 160-3, eg 5,1 , 26, Eo [The rhea 
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Contents :— PAGES. 
Bird-Notes from the Humber District—/ohn Cordeaux, /P., FR.GS., M.B.O.U. 33°35 
Lakeland Bird-Names— Miss Mary L. Armitt 36 


Glanotigt age Address to the rage ee pistaivabiete? Untenixie. [Canon 
. Fowler, M.A.; FALLS. : ie a -44 
bas, sic a Conchologist’s bane HW ‘liam Nelson, M.C_S. ae 1 AS @7 
Food as Influencing Variation in Helices-—/ohn Hawkins is “4 
Diatoms Nesgerattza” ae — —— a near cue soon J. Newton Coombe 
a AE FT se oy g9-S1 
ee Hull elatoie “fees 52 
Chemical Notes on Lake eet oe Rocks : i, ‘The Ordovi ician Votcanic Series — 


Alfred tate, M.2 53-58 
Some Polyzoa, etc., from Wainy and ‘Bacdces, North — puke L. Petty 59-60 
' Mosses and Hepatics of Strensall Common—//diam /ngham, B.A. 61-63 
Mosses New - bey and Adaltiona — ds of cya Mosses—Ii liam ‘ 
Ingham se 
Note: pctioedinete Suen ihcculeane at Halifax— ea Tr. Porritt, E. LS 
FES 5 Be 


Notes: Barrage ie m Lincolnshi ire—WV, Lewingion, 51; in pots and Fungi— 
: L. Petiy, 52; Dormouse it n Lake-Lancashire—S. L. Petty, 
Note: Orniehotony ?—Magpies as Foster-Parents of Bootes af Query—Chas. 
Note: Lepldontera:— Eehestia kiihniella in Yorkshire—Geo. 7. Porritt, F.L.S., 
Note: cr asap siehtatnaees guttatipennis in Derbyshire—Geo. 7. Porritt, FP EaSey 
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at. Hist. Soc. Glasgow.—Transactions, Vol. 5, Part 2, 1897-98. ' [The e Soci no 
journal of Malacology, Not 7, No. 1, 2nd December Se |W. E. Collinge, Editor, 
uova Notari Serie X 1899. 
rs 


he Cc 
Museo Nacio) hal se Monte ier ae ales, toitid” ae fase.’ 10, Diciembre 1898. | Museo. 
Revue Bryologiqne, 26° Anne, ides. No. 1, 23™¢ Janvier. | [M.‘T. Husnot, Cahan. 
Science Gossip, N.S., Vol. 4, No. 55, Dec. 1898. [John T Cabrio Editor. 
Sikes — Bos Friedlender & Sohn.~-No.' "434 arse! rope oy ti ‘et 
oe aks. 


€ 
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onchological Society. 
b 98. | Musec 


ay Sy Pt -europzeus, received Nov. 
Asnetican Monthy are. rey No. 228, December 1 Ic. Ww Shilitey, Publ 
l. 5, No. 2, Dee r 1898, [Walter F. Webb; , Albion, 


e. rr 
> . ec. + vf 
Naturé alists’ Chronicle, Vol. 4, No. 48, zoth January 1899. fA. Hi Waters, Editor. 
= # Feuille = Jeunes Naturaises, No 339, 1% Janvier 1899... [M. Adrien Dollfuss. 
yche: Journ, of .Entom., 7, Nor 3, January 1899.. [Cambridge Ent. Club, 
S 


Naturalists Tose nal, Vol. 7, 79, ae fecal 1899. [S. L. Mos ley, Editor. 
us, Vol. 12, No. 9, fi or jan ry 1899. [H. A. Pilsbry, etc.» Editors 

Entomologists Record, Vol. II, No. ro I eth January 1899. [J. W. Tutt, Editor. 
Natural Science, Vol. 14, No. 83, January:1899.. [Young J. Pentland, Publisher. 
The tr rish Naturalis t, Vol. 8, No. 1, for nk uary 1899. [The Editors, Dublin. 
he Zoologist, uthiSeres, Vol. 3, No. ne bg foo [West, Newman & Co., Publ. 
Nature } e Notes, Vo No. 109, Janua: Selborne Soci “London. 
Natur und Haus, piles 7, Hefte 6-7, December a {GustavSchimdt, Berlin. 
ies, Vol. 6, Nos. 164-8, December 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 1898. Spe 8 


Ente jet don. — gag aetr Deceit’ 
spite N.H. and Phil. Soc.—Jou Vol. 2, No. 11, Sept.-Oct. 1897- Socie ty- 
Report of the Secretary of Aankenies + eee. {The Secretary, Washington, ir ‘SLA. 

r. Heim.—The Biologic Relations between Plants and An = 
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Theodore Gill,—Some Questions of Nomenclature, 8vo ne cergy 

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MONTHLY JOURNAL OF 


0. 5006. 
(No, 284 of current series). 


NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND 


EDITED BY 
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., 
259, Hype Park Roap, LEEps; 
WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF 
J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., 
W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., 


ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G. W. B. TURNER, F.R.M.S. 


Contents :— 
Beinsebieg sb Sangria eg at Woodhall Spa and Bier Woods— Rev. 
oodruffe-Peacock, L.Th., F.L.S., F.GS. 


- Yorkshire Bats—Oxley Grabham, M.A., M.B.0.U. 


Extracts from a Conchologist’s Notebook —-I!7i//am Nelson, M.C.S.. 

Vernacular Names of Birds at Staveley, Westmorland—/. 4. Martindale 

Bibliography : Geology and Palzontology, 1894— Thomas Sheppard 

Note: procter deer oo oe mies var. radiata at Kirby Moorside—Geo. 7. 
Porcitt; FLCS., Fé. 


Notes: Ornithology :—Waxwings near Scarborough—/ohn Cordeaux, J .P., . 
Gal B. 0. U.,75; Barred Warbler in Lancashire— WwW. . Ruskin Butterfie rid, M. B © T 


Fowl Archer, 


Magpi r-Pare f G Seoul Fg Ralfer 76; 
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British Association.—Report of 68th Meeting, at Bristol, Sept. 1898. [Association. 
Manche ster ae Handbooks.— Marine Mollus ca of Madras, Falkland, ess ” 
by J. Cos rite hi and R. Standen, 8vo., 1898. The Muse 

il Nalvratista ‘Sel ano-—Anno 2, N. 9-12, 30 Settembre 1898. [Soc. Nat. “Sicil 
ajzi Vol. 22, 1899, Pars 1, 25th Jan. 1899. [ Hung. Nat. Mus. 

Aah Toe oologicz Japonenses, Vol. 2, pars 4, 31st Dec. 1898.[Zool.Soc.of Tokyo. 
The Halifax Naturalist, Vol. 3, No. 18, for Feb. 1899. [Halif: iety 
aturze Novitates, 1898, Nos. 21-24, Nov.-Dec. Friedliinder & Sohn, Publishers. 


a 
44 
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3 
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ta 
oa] 
S 
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= 
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= 
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Huddersfield Nat. & . Soc.— Monthly Circ., N 1899. So 
Saunders’ Illus. Man, of Brit. Birds, Part 14, December 1898. Ge mney & Jacks son, Publ. 
Science Gossip, N.S., Vol. 4, No. 575 Feb. 18 [John T. Carringt ie Editor. 
we Weegtoloe ee Fla von R. Friedlander & S niet he 431, Pathologia et 
Ter a Plantarum, Cecidia, received Nov. Fi abuoheae 
The Museu, EVOL , No. 3, January 1899. [Walter F. Webb, ioe se — © 
Naturalists’ Chronicle, Vol. 4 4, No. 49, 30th January 1899. A. ers, ‘Editor. 


utilus, Vol. 12, No. 10, for” Pebruar + 1899. [HL A. Pilsbry, etc., Editors. — 


TheZoologis 4th Series, Sa 4; Wo. 692, a5thFeb. ie wa ee ee : 
cee Notes, Vol. 10, No. 110, February 1899. [The Selborne Society, London. 
Natur Ss, Jahrgang 7, Hefte 8-9, Nanuae Bice [Gustav Schmidt, Berlin. — 
Hobbies, site 6, Nos. 169-172, Jan. 7, 14, 21, 28, 1899. [The Publishers. _ 
Entomologica | Society a Bees on, a, ek 5, 9th Feb. 1899. [Soc 
aE case N.H. and Phil. Soc.—Journal, Vol . 2, No. 12, Nov.- athe (arco h: ; 
1.8. Department of Ageia: —Farmers’ Bulletin No. "86, 1898 (V K. Chesnut — 

sonou 

N 


on irty nts). 
The Wombat, Vol. 4, ! ee 1, Nov. 1898. [Gordon Technical College, Geelong. — 
Science Work, Vol. 1, No. 1 age cond sere So mber 1898. . Aikman & Co, ee 
Catalogue of Pas Rocks, and Fossils, Thos. D. Russell. — 
seb e of Microscopic Obj eae: eit D. — London. — 
Yorkshire Archeological Society.—34th a, ere or “1808. ociety+ 
saeonsh Geol. and Nat. Hist. oe ey. — Ne r (Filibert Roth on the 
Forestry Contino of Northe aM irge, Director. — 
Charles Oldham.—Whiske red Bat ( tntyotie sepa hiscniee) in Capaven 8vo ie ag 
b. 1 


ae Duncan. Birds of the British Isles, 8vo, age 1898. sess Scott, Ltd. 
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Contents :— PAGES. 
Bibliography : Geology and Palzontology, ee. Sheppard QF - 103 
OS - TIT 


ncolnshire Coast Boulders—/. 7. Burton, FL. 2 
Lepidoptera ne noticed in — — and Vicinity “during 1808 r. pene 
ft. ; 113-114 


Review: Flora a ‘Coubbétland—Jev. Hilderie Friend 115-116 
Mosses of Tadcaster and Immediate District.—/V7/liam [ngham, B.A -. 4dIZ-122 
Plant-Na in use at West Ayton, York N.E.—Rev. WC. Hey, M.A. gape 
The B Bursting of the Buds in —P. Q. Aasgan, es dD. soo Ea oe 


Notes: Ornithology :—Is the Missel Thru ush ?—/. peers ee: 
Unusual Nesti ie sig ces “ ne: Seemann = Boake. 112; Little Gull on et 
Tyne—A. 7. « er, 122; B n South Westmorland—G. Stadler, F24. 

Note: Renae grate set in SL — Waterfall, 103. 

otes: mmalia:—Cross — Hare and Rabbit—Rev. /. groan he ite er, 104; 
Fox and ig Hy bee ar "Womcastle—fter. of. eset Ww alter. 

Note: Anth T. Sheppard, 112. 

Note : Sisiied*<Bkgruiias Skate—/. inliwus, rs P, FR. G.S., pyle OU 11k 

Notes: Geology: be Fell Granite Boulder in U ae Teesdale—Wm. Herdman, 
F.G.S., Ss ; Preservation of the Royston Granite Boulder. Wm, E. 
Brady, 

Notes and sen mt. 


Wyk pi. 


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No. 508. 


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MAY 18099. 


MONTHLY JOURNAL OF 


NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 


a 


EDITED BY 
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., 
259, Hype Park Roan, LEEps; 


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ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. B. TURNER, F.R.M.S. 


Contents :— PAGES. 

The sgh sua of Staithes and Loftus-in-Cleveland, Yorkshire—Kenneth 
x (Three iitustiations ) 129-147 

rict oe ll., Intrusive and Sedimentary 
: et oy a -: T4Q-1ISG 


Chemical Notes on Lake Dis 
Rocks—<Alfred Harker, Fe Aes 

The Southwar ment Pe dt icox endshoorapyas across the Humber = 
Alfred sroeivlamt Poe oe 155-156 

In Memoriam: Henry Thomas Soppitt—4. /7. P. (Iilustrated) Sa 157-160 

Note: Mammalia :—Otters in Lincolnshire—Xev. /. Conway W ‘alter, 148. 

Note: Geology :—Lake District Rocks: Additional Note—Aifred Harker, M.A 


Notes and News, 7/6. 
INustrations:—View in Lof Woods, 133% Eagle Owl, 738; Boulby Cliffs, 740; 
Portrait of the late H. ny Soppitt, 25 


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cooriate. ete—Art icles and notes sent for publication in ‘The Naturalist’ are 
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journal mention should always be made of such wish. The apy iient a all thd contents 
of ‘The Naturalist’ is reserved to the proprietors. This will not prevent reproduction 
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NOMENCLATURE RULES.—The Nomenclature adopted in ‘The Naturalist’ will be 

as far as possible—in accordance with the latest standard list or monograph, with such 
prkciations as are iedarauey to bring the name into accordance with the strict law o 
priority. 

Mapes rascaitd Meng ag SPECIFIC asa Piette the rule ri ‘The ts abst has 

logical 


been that es names shall invariably commence with a small 
moors haese ie ane Genttsle rot rth, thie’ rule will still apply ss all Zoological cies 
but in srokis to the wishes nical contributors the specific names of plants 


will conform in this respect si he standard citi ogue or monograph in each branch 


BOOKS RECEIVED. 
Royal Dublin Society.—Scient. Enemies Vol. 8, — 6, Nov. 1898. Tas Soc Society. 
4, April 1 


pe be ace a —Scient. Trans., Vol. 6, Par <3 ciety. 
Nautilus.—Index and Title, Vol. 12, May 1898-April ‘oc. ‘Publisher, Pralsdelotias 
seuss al Msgs ine, Vol. 12, No. 4, April 1899. {The Mineralogical Society. 
labret esa aa es Nat. Hist. Socie ety.—Journal, No. 73, a 1898. foes Society. 
Geek. Society. Phar = <; VOL 26, Part 15-1 The — 
Philadephia Sire of Nat. Sci.—Procee edings, 1898, Pate a Sept. -Dec. [Academy 
phy tes of Maneh, Geog. Soc.—Nos. 28-30, Oct.-Dec. sisal i cehy. 
sed Naiceatist ol. 10, — 21, July-Sept. 1898. B See d Club. 
Annals of Scottish Nat. His o, for Ape 1899. (The E tore * Edinbu rgh, 


Journal of Conchology Vol. - oy} No 7 for April 1 The Co aubelo ical Society. 
ll Natucioacs Sicili ano. wie ts ta arzo ew t Soc at. Sicil. 
The Halifax Naturalist Vol. - er We. 19, for April Peas [Halifax Scientific Society. 
Hobbies, Vol. 6, Nos. 173-180, Feb. 4, 11, 18, 25, March 4, 11, 18, 2 


he Publishers. 
Entomological Society of London.—Transactions, 1899, Part 1, 15th He: ril 1899. [Soc 
eee. ches Ja a ch.—Jahrg. 10, Heft 2, Mirz-April 1899. [Zu Schmidhoffen 


nowledge.—Vo : 22, I No. 162, April 1 1899. {H tages Ss 
Naturalicts? Chronicle, Vol. 4, No. 51, 30th March aie [A. H. W ers, eae 
= che des Jeunes Naturalistes, No. ne 1% Avril 1899. “ ageied Dollfuss. 
e: Journ of Eatom.,.1 No. 276, April 1899. icambrdee Ent. Club, U.S.A. 
Naturalist Vouk Vol. 7, No. "31, for April 1899. {S. L. Mo osley, Editor. 
The Nautilus, Vol. 12, Be 12, fo r April 1899. [H. A. Pilsbry, etc., Editors. 
Entomolo: pinta Record, V bn ix, oe Pas I Visas ane 1899. [J. W. Tutt, Editor. 
ae Irish Naturalist, Vol 8, No. Apri The Editors, Dublin. 
he Zoologist, athSeries, Vol 3, No. cn 5th he ee [West, Ne iplueemeriy ati 
Nature Not otes, Vol. . 112, April 1899. [Th e Selborne Society, London 
Natur und Haus, Fahrgang 7 7; Hefie 12-1 % Marz stav Schmidt, Berlin. 


1899. [Gu 
ety.—46th Annual Report, for 1897-8. [The Society. 
nt, 


R. gran olds.—The Besaags of the Yorkshire College, sm, 8vo. reprin Ss 
or. 

R. epnoiie a orbit Brady, sm. 8vo. reprint, Bigs. [Author. 
(age Reynolds.—Abnormal Barhanetdca! Disturbances in Yorkshire in 1883 
1884, ae gM nk Author. 

‘Ss - Rey nolds].—In M ~—Richard Carter, 8vo. reprint, 1896. [ Author. 


—La Specincite C Cellulaire. a Tb Nout; 1 
[G . Carré and C. Naud, Paris. 


Fossil Mollusca from Eocene and sara Paris Basin. Suites of these — 


interesting Fossils, boxed, named, and localised, 40 varieties, by parcels 
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Dr. Josef F. Babor; The Rev. 4 H. Cooke, M.A., F,Z.S.; 
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MONTHLY JOURNAL OF 
NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., 


259, Hype Park Roan, Leeps; 


WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF 


J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., 


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ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. B. TURNER, F.R.M.S. 
ntents :-— 
Flora of Cumberland-- Arthur Bennett, F.L.S 
Vernacular Names in North Yor ee —/j, Td. sehen zt 
Hymenoptera Sessiliventres ats Countie: Not inghamshire. and 
Line olns hire: a at als tat he ar pron M.A 
PES 


Bird-Notes iia the Gicbee Disthicl Jaen Candee x, 7 Ps FR. GUS:, MB. O.7 U. 


Notes era ae to the Flora of Derbyshire, ae the Mosses— 
Rev. W. HH. Painter ; 
Notes: ‘Botan ny:—Lobelia Dortmanna in “Gaede Reo w. A. Sects: ad: 
Vernacu ra Plant-names : = ace—Rev. W. A. Shuffrey, M.A., 162; 
abies or Bottery-Bush=t Elder—S, LZ. Petiy, 172. 


Note: Powering la se eS a. Lenormandi in the Trent Basin near 


Doncaster—A. es foe 164. 


Notes: Ornithology :—Kingfisher within AER: Lincoln—/as. Eardley Mason, 
776; Nidification of ‘Woodpe ckers nez farrogate—Kennéeth McLean, 176; 
Horncastle Bird-notes—-Rev. /. Canam W set 6 


Notes: Ge see rs in barre gage ev. J. » Walter, 777; White 
(Albino) Hares near Horncastle—ev. he ae Pp ieee, 772; Badger near 
Tadcaster— W. Callum, 172 


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peri ae as are necessary to bring the name into accordance with the strict law of 
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BOOKS Cour: VED. 


W. W. Watts, Sec.—Ninth Report on Geol. Photos., 1899. 8vo.reprint. [The Author. 
J.-B. Bailli¢re et Fils.—Bibliog. Géol. et Palgontologiaue, No. 6, Nov. 1897. [Publs. 
Smithsonian Inst. —Rep. o Ue S. Nat. Museum 0 30th Jun e 1896. (‘The Institution. 
as sc tiseaee Museum duiowengtis = Memoir 3 the Atoll of Pian, Ellice Group 
rt 7, 6th Marc The Ets ee 
eenickabiic has Club P Procsedugs. Vol. 16, No. 2, for 1897. [The 1ety. 
ournal of Mal acology, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1st May 1899. {W.E. bulbs Rance 
fanchester Lit. and Phil. Soc.—Mem. and Pro Vol. 43, Pt. 1, May 1899. [Soc. 
ermészetrajzi Pazetek, Vol. 22, 1899, Parks, rth May , 1899. Hung. Nat. Mus. 
cevue Bivslopida ue, 26¢ Anne, 1899, No. 3, 1 M. T. Husnot, Cahan. 
aturze Novitates, 1899, Nos. 5-8, Marea “[Fviedlinder & Sohn, Publishers. 
cience Gossip, ie Vol. 4, No. 60, June 1899. [Joh oe Carrington, Editor. 
cience ative! Vol. 1, No. 3, 20th April 1899. [R. Aik & Co., Manchester. 
] she Dublin Socie sy. ’—Scient. Trans., Vol. 6, Part 15, Apel oe The Society. 
Northa Etec a Nat. Hist. Society. —Journal, No. 74, por 1898. |The Society. 
Fa Néaee er Geol. § ociety.—Trans., Vol. 26, rd 2,1 The Society. 
h oc. iety. 


oe et ne) tet ed ey 
4 oe 


; 18 So 

ssex Naturalist, Vol. 10, Nos. 22-4, Oct. Bee: ‘oe [Essex vista Club. 
lobbies, Vol. 6, Nos. cn -185, A pt i; na 15, 22, 29, 1899. [The Publishers. 
‘nowledge,—V ol. 22 ; a es toe 1899 fH. F. Witherby, Ed., London. 
aturalists’ Chronicle, Vol. 4, No § oy 8th Ape 1899. A. HOW: aters, Editor. 
La Feuille des Jeunes N ppt Bees N JO. 343, 1&° Mai . [ Mons. Adrien Dol ome 

he Nautilus, Vol. 13, No. 1, for May 1899. eee Pilsbry, etc., Edi 
Entomologists’ Record, Vol. 11, No. 5, 15th May Peay . W. Tutt, Editor. 
he Irish Naturalist, Vol. 8, No. 5, for May 1 [Th e Editors, Du = : 
he Zoologist, 4thSeries, Vol. 3, No. 695, 15th May 1899. [ West, Newent o., Pu 
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2 


Fossil Mollusca from Eocene pear ee Paris Basin. Suites of these 
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Notes Supplementary to the Flora of ee oe including the Mosses— 
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Integration in Science— Michael Foster, K.C.B., M.A., etc. 209 - 227 


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Presidential! arias to the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union—Rev. Hiliram 


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BOOKS. RECEI VED. 


Vova Scotia Institute.—Proc. and Trans., Vol. 9, Part 4 1897-98. [The Institute. 
rborough Philosophi cal pre Arch. Soc.— for [The Society. 


I 
Sca 
Che ciety of rt fo 898-9. Th iety. 
Manchester ath ier ann Soc.—Trans. and Ann. eine for 1898. Jas Society. 
Mu vary = Mion Museo 
4 
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i ’ y 
atone slo: ogical Saciots of ol 9, No. 7, for July 1859, 1899, Part 2, 22nd June 1899. [Soc. 
a Natura ee 10, pod 1-18, nonnti ac 1899. [El Redactor Mie Madrid, 


25 Ju ye 1899. [The Museum. 

Saunders Illus. ‘Mas: of Brit. Birds, Part 17, March 1899. [Gu ee er Publ. 

e Museum, Vol. 5, Nos. 8.9, Ju une-July 1899. [Walter F. Webb. Ed., Albion, N.Y. 

Papehe: Journ. f Entom., No. 279, July 1899. [Cambridge Ent. Club, U.S.A. 

Naturalists’ Journal, Vol. 8, Nos. 84-5, for June-July 1899. [S. L. omer <& Editor. 
Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc.—Mem. and Proc., Vol. 43, Pt. 3, Jun 

Science Gossip, N.S., Vol. 4, No. 62, for Lie 1899, [John T. Carrington, E ‘Editor. 

oyal i i ient. Trans — 


Royal Dublin Society.—Scient. Vol. 7, Part 1, August 1 Society 
Northamptonshire dies Hist. Society. —Journal, No. 76, Dec. 1898. jety. 
Hobbies, Vol. 8, Nos. € 3, 10, 17, and [T - eualiees 
Knowledge.—Vol. 22, Na, 165, ngs uly 1899. EL F dance Ge Ed., n 
La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, No. 345, 1° Juillet aera A iccor n Dollfuss. 
The Nautilus, Vol. 13, No. 3, for Ju uly 1 Pilsbry, wes ditors. 
——o ologists’ — Vol. 11, No. 7, 1st July 1899. [J. W. Tutt, Editor. 


The Irish Na t, Vol. # No. 7, for July 1899. fics Editors, Dublin. 
Th ote Anes {thSeries, Vol - 3, No. 697, 15th July 1899. Bade wman ag oo 
aetna Se otes, Vol. 10, No. 115, for July 1899. [The Sel borne Society, 


Nat d Haus, Jahrgang 7, Hefte ie Jun. 1899. [Gusta Schmidt, eee 
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Contents: PAGES. 
List of sted hire Mosses—Rev. W.H. Painter .. “i oz NS ne <. Ser-a72 
Boulders near Horncastle-——Xev. /. Conway Waiter .. 273-274 


In. kines John Cordeaux—/¥. Zagle Clarke, FL. s, “MB.O.U. {iustrates 277-279 


In syggeyr nino John Cordeaux, J.P., F.R.G.S., M. ~ 0.U.—Rev. E, A. Woo trate: 
ock, L.Th,, F.L.S., F.G.S. (Mustrated) 280-284 


Lincolnshire Sgr -e ames at ee foe < W ‘odruffe Peacock, S si h., 


285 - 287 
Note: Sc a usual Nestiog- olacs of a Spotted Flycatcher- Miss +S. C. 
Stow, 274; Large pss 3) of ER of the Blue Ti i 2 ge F 
Haworth-Booth, J. P., D.L., i: Weyn a i i Coast of Holder ies - 
Col. B.D. Pca Boake T : di ed-legged Pacsidas | in Hudders- 
field—/Johnson Wilkinson, iB O 0. te bee Nicene near Horncastle—FRev. 
J. Conway Walter, 279. 


Note: gua ot s ‘Flora of Cumberland’— Wm Soi a LS. 


Note: Fungi:—-Mitrophora gigas at Burwell, Lincolnshire—Zeny. Crow 
Note: Lepidoptera: Humming Hawkmoth near cgi alie- Rew. ir Conway 
alter, 271 

Note: Protozoa:—Food of Hydra viridis—Edwin Whitehouse, 276. 

Note: Entomology :—South American Insects in apogee —Max Peacock, 276. 

Note: aeauenssagee aioe putorius near Louth—H. H. Corbett, M.R.C.S., 268. 

Note: Coleoptera:—Bembidium schiippeli in Cumberland—/as, Murray, 288. 

Notes and duboa 288. 

Illustrations :— 1it of the late John Cordeaux, J.P., F.R.G.S., M.B.O.U., 278; 
John tli kiddy at Hatfield West Moor, 287. 


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BOOK. Sk RECEI VED. 


Liverpool Nat. Field Club.—Proceedings for the Year 1898, [The Club. 
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Manchester Museum.—Report fo or the y 1898-99, RE Sn Committee. 
Yn Lioar Manninagh, Vol. 3, Part oe received 11th E Asp: 1899. [Isle of Man erin 
Riladeiphia Acad. 7 at. Sci.— , 1899, Part 1, tak a: ar. [Academ 

ssex Naturalist, Vol. o, Nos. ae yitte 1898. [Essex Field Club. 
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a Naturaleza, Tomo 10, Num. pate 2 A Ped ge 1899. [is Redactor Jot, Madrid 
i i tall Gurney aobevers n, Publ. 
syche: Journ. of Entom., No. 280, August Ci8op. [Ca sans: 5 Ent fats U. S.A. 
oe Journal, Vol. 8, No. 86, for August 1899. ley, apie 
Science Gossip, N.S., vol. 4, No. 63, for Aa ae 1899. [John Fe Cine. Edito 
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K <nowledge. V gust-1899. L 
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The Nautilus, Vol. 13, No. 4, i test 1899. [H. A. Pilsbry, etc., Editors. 
ec V J. Wat i 


port 


und Haus, Jabrga ang 7, Heft 20, Juli 1899. [Gus aka pera. 
peat Gatke.—Die Vesare Hageiaad, Lieferungen . "Ae 


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I 


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OCTOBER 18099. No. 513. 


(No. 291 of current series). 


MONTHLY JOURNAL OF 
NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH. OF ENGLAND. 
EDITED BY 


WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., 


259, Hype Park Roap, Leeps; 


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ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. B. TURNER, F.R.M.S. 

Contents :— PAGES. 

Air Blasts ts below Ground—Henry Preston, F.G.S. i .. 289-290 
Interesting Botanical Finds in Cumberland— JI. Hogs, “ te ai vi .. 294-202 

ttinghamshire Diptera—Rev. A. Thornley, W.A., F. Rae ME Sesh na .. 2Q3- 
The Florula of Bare, West Lancaster—/. Arnold Lees, . Ruby s. re -. 299-303 


Bibliography : Geology and Palzontology, 1895— beer Sheppard 
Notes: veld soba :—Short-eared Owl at Co, es Cal eale, B.A., 290; Nightingale 
Doncaster—H. Hl. Co: — MRL Cc olour-variety =. Chaffinch | at 
Stixwould. Lincolnshire—Rez ee rt alter 292 
Thrush’s Nest in L, Scashine fade P. Thomasson, 202. 
Notes: Lepidoptera :—Vanessa antiopa at Scarhorough—/ H. Rowntree, ralis 
fimbrialis at Doni eat H. Co vate ett, M_R.C 298; Abundance sgh ee 
tis Ses mica at Doncaster—H. H. Covbett, wRheCS ., 2908; Hummingbird 
Hawkmoth at Ackworth—/os. / feale, poems 298; Abundance of the Hummingbird 
Hawkmoth—C = has. baci tag mM. see 
Note: Coleoptera: | P g latus near Ackworth— 
opts — iA. ca 


; Dou 
ane m ar welt el in hee xen h IX tia West 


Ling at hes Ww. ree. ect Cae “7033 


Yorkshire—Rev. W. A. Shuffrey, M M.A. ; Stratiotes aloidea n ne Doncaster 

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Note: Mosses :—Hypnum ochraceum i in Wharfed: rag P. Hobkirk, FL S., 304. 


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NOVEMBER 1899." “224-7977 No. 514. 


(No 292 of current series). 


MONTHLY JOURNAL OF 


NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 
EDITED BY 
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., 
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259, Hype Park Roap, LEeps; : 
WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN. SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF 

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ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. B. TURNER, F.R.M.S. 


Contents :— PAGES. 
Bibliography: Geology and Palzontology, 1 1895— Thomas Sheppard he a Gat- J 
Lincolnshire Coast Boulders—/. M. Burton, F.L.S., /.G.S. + J25-229 
eS oy Nara or ee E AW Foodraife- Peacock. L. Th. ; 


SGI-HG2 
The Three G esa eg bnult Lees, M.R. e we, GRIARIO 
n Tendency of Mycological ear gee aie Pde s ecu io ae De 
Review: Cleveland Nat ral Histor ee ne S 340 
Lincolns nae Diptera—Rev. A. eects M. ae E ES. itt bsak i : 341-348 
e try of the Lakeland Tre P.O. isonet £2. ask ee -. G4Q-352 
Notes: “raiding aed es at md ine “hs wther, 329; les ons in 
Hf. ase os 329; Late Sioging t NighGneale—-F. M. 
boat ers. g29; Ear rly: Pesce F Risarthe near Horncastle— 
Rev. ox — ia alien 3293 see of the Storm—fev. Z&. A. Woodruffe- 
Peacock, £.Th., 5 PGS, Fa0e 
Notes: Flowering soos ww alney Island in V.C. 60 L. Petty, 330; Galeopsis 
versicolor in mass poor a Free ie gy Hi to PE Sc das p03 
Blea Se Sy Lh. Pet Botanical Waifs in Lakeland— ‘Rev. Hilderi 
Friend, 330. 
acnons. —Early Records for Cumberland Hydrozoa,. ete.—S, L. Petty, 332- 


Note: 

Note: Coleoptera:—Galerita bicolor at Doncaster—Z. G. Bayford, 33 

Notes: Lepidoptera:—Death’s s-Head Moth at oe at a nt Parkin, aga: 
Hummingbird Hawkmoth in Lake Lancasbir . Petty, 

Note: enna Seer bryantii at Dinsdale—W7 F. ue Stock, 359- 

Note: Mollusca:—Limax cinereo-niger in Cheshire~Chas. Oldham MC. Sr FZ 

Note: Mammatlia:—Lepus evropzus in Lakeland—J/iss Mary L. denis, aay 


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Yorkshire Na Naturalis 
Lepidoptera 
Birds at The Willows, Ripon.— 

List of Lincolnshire 


—+Major Sr. Pau 


g and The Wash.—The | 
Fishes of Spalding and The Sahay TS late T 
Lincol piders,—Rev a Woo 
Mosses New 8 Lincol roar ihe C. 
List of Flowering 
Li ire 
Iris spuria: a ca Escape 
An Olid Leeds Herbary.—F. Arvor 
Geology of Brow 


and Crypto: ieee Plants 
aturalists at Somercotes and Saleetby Rex E. A. W. 
—F, M.B F.G.S 


noted at une Sack Joes cig 


Freshwater Al: ett i hibe 
ate T. J. 1, Beason, ef J Comoe 


t402%. Broo sped Conon 


RUFFE-PEACOCK, L. og . L. S.; 
Sto 


all Spa.—Miss S. C. Stow 
Puicoes: 
on, F.L.S 


EES, 
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MONTHLY JOURNAL OF 
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Contents :— 3ES. 
Notes on the Flora of Cheshire—<Artiur Bennett, PLES. 353-350 
Fish of th: Lincolnshire Wash and Fenland— 7) he late 7. J. H. — n B57 ~FOL 
Extracts from a Conchologists’ Notebook—/i illiam Nelson, Hion.M.C.S . GOP -304 
The Source of the Lincolnshire Cozst Boulders—<Alfred Harker, M.A., F.G.S. -- 305 -GOO 


Fungus Foray at Sutton, rear Askern—Charles Crossland, F.L.S. 
Note: ae eae BON Auk at Wetwang-on-the-Wolds—Rev. E. Maule Cole, 


Note: Mosses :—Gymnostomum fragile Ibbotson— William Whitwell, 562. 
ypsis versicolor in mass near Stic We. 


Notes: panies Plants :—Galec y—~Rer 
icolor in mass—Welliam Wake at: 


; M.A., ZFO2; Cialeoues versi 


Notes: Pan —Planorbis corneu Skipton—Henry Crowther, F.RM.S. : 
i erg oe kshire Nlsiextioes nia at Stutton Carrs— W Flliam Nolan. 


paeiecs 
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Trans. Wisconsin Academy of Science, etc., Vol. 12, part 1, 1898. [The Academy. 
The Wombat, Vol. 4, No. 4, for July 1899. [Gordon Technical College, Geelong. 
Australian Museum Publications.—Memoir 3, the Atoll of Funafuti, Ellice Group, 
Part 9, 7th August 1899. [The Trustees. 
Geography : Notes of Manch. Geog. Soc.—No. 38, November 1899. [The Society. 


- Le Mois Scientifique, pour Aofit-Septembre 1899. [J. B. Bailliere & Fils, Paris. 


Manchester Geog. Soc.—Journ., Vol. 15, Nos. 1-3, Jan.-March 1899. [The Society. 
anchester Geol. Society.—Trans., Vol. 26, Part 6, 18 [The Society. 


‘Psyche: Journ. of Entom., No. 283, November 1899. ioaabraee Ent. Club, U.S.A. 


Naturalists’ Journal, Vol. 8, No. 89, for November 1899. [S. L. Mosley, Editor. 
Science Gossip, N.S., Vol. 4, No. 66, for Nov. 1899. [John T. Carrington, Editor. 
Hobbies, Vol. 8, Nos. 203-207, September 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 1899. [The Publishers. 


-Knowledge.—Vol. 22, No. 169, for November 1899. _ [H. F. Witherby, Ed., London. 


La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, No. 349, 1°" Nov. 1899. _[Mons. Adrien Dollfuss. 
The Nautilus, Vol. 13, No. 7, for November 1899. [H. A. Pilsbry, etc., Editors. 
Entomologists’ Record, Vol. 11, No. 11, 15th November 1899. [J. W. Tutt, Editor. 


The Irish Naturalist, Vol. 8, No. 11, for November 1899. {The Editors, Dublin. 
The Zoologist, 4thSeries, Vol. 3, No. 7o1, 15th Nov. 1899. [West, Newman &Co., Publ. 
Natur und Haus, Jahrgang 7, Hefte 1-3, Oct. 1899. {Gustav Schmidt, Berlin. 


Boston Society of Natural History.—Proceedings, Vol. 28, No. 13, Jan. 1899. [Soc. 
Botanical Soc. of Edinburgh.—Trans., Vol. 21, part 3, publ. 1899. [The Society. 
Nature Notes, Vol. 10, No. 119, for Nov. 1899. [The Selborne Society, London, 


_ Hertfordshire Nat. Hist. Soc.—Trans., Vol. 9, Parts 4-6, for 1897. [The Society. 


i 


es British Association, Dover,1 1899.—Various Journals, Lists, Addresses, a R 


Southport Soc. of Nat. Science.—grd Report, for 1893-98. [The Society. 
T. Sheppard.—The Mortimer Museum, 8vo. reprint, 1899. [The Author. 
A. Bennett.—Hierochloa borealis as a Scottish Species, 8vo. reprint, Oct. 1899. 

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Catalogue de la Bibliothéque et des Collections de feu Crosse, Nov. : 
[Emile ss 

Paul Busquet.—Les Etres Vivants, Organisation— tes 8vo. 
rré et Naud, Baris: 
Richard Howse.—Index-Catalogue of the Birds in the ees Collection, 
Newcastle-on-Tyne, 8vo. paper, Sept. 1899. ; [The Author. 


_ C.S. Rutlidge.—Guide to Queensland, 8vo. stiff covers 1899. 


Queensland Agent-General. 
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Dur the next month or two it is hoped to insert the following articles :- 
Tarkshite Nciavalede at Boston 
Lepidoptera noted at Everingham. ee SUMNER. 
tere at The Willows, Ripon.—Major Sr. Pavut. 
List of Lincolnshire Freshwater Algz.—J. Larprr, 
uae of Spalding and The Wash.—The late T. J. H. BRoGpEN, ed. J. CoRDEAUX. 
Lincolnshire Spiders.—Rev. E. A. Wooprurre-Peacock, L.Th., F.L.S., etc. “# 
Mosses New to Lincolnshire.—Miss S. C. Stow. 


List of Flowering and Cryptogamic Plants of Woodhall Spa.—Miss 5. C. Stow 
Lincolnshire “Naturalists at Somercotes base beanie ot hai E. A. W. PRAcockK. 
lris spuria: a Lincolnshire Escape.—F. on, F.L.S., F.G 

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Geology of Brough, al Yorkshire.—TuHomas Suepparp. 


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